text:
Summary: Ephrin receptor ligand binding domain
Pfam includes annotations and additional family information from a range of different sources. These sources can be accessed via the tabs below.
This is the Wikipedia entry entitled "Ephrin receptor". More...
The Wikipedia text that you see displayed here is a download from Wikipedia. This means that the information we display is a copy of the information from the Wikipedia database. The button next to the article title ("Edit Wikipedia article") takes you to the edit page for the article directly within Wikipedia. You should be aware you are not editing our local copy of this information. Any changes that you make to the Wikipedia article will not be displayed here until we next download the article from Wikipedia. We currently download new content on a nightly basis.
Does Pfam agree with the content of the Wikipedia entry ?
Pfam has chosen to link families to Wikipedia articles. In some case we have created or edited these articles but in many other cases we have not made any direct contribution to the content of the article. The Wikipedia community does monitor edits to try to ensure that (a) the quality of article annotation increases, and (b) vandalism is very quickly dealt with. However, we would like to emphasise that Pfam does not curate the Wikipedia entries and we cannot guarantee the accuracy of the information on the Wikipedia page.
Editing Wikipedia articles
Before you edit for the first time
Wikipedia is a free, online encyclopedia. Although anyone can edit or contribute to an article, Wikipedia has some strong editing guidelines and policies, which promote the Wikipedia standard of style and etiquette. Your edits and contributions are more likely to be accepted (and remain) if they are in accordance with this policy.
You should take a few minutes to view the following pages:
How your contribution will be recorded
Anyone can edit a Wikipedia entry. You can do this either as a new user or you can register with Wikipedia and log on. When you click on the "Edit Wikipedia article" button, your browser will direct you to the edit page for this entry in Wikipedia. If you are a registered user and currently logged in, your changes will be recorded under your Wikipedia user name. However, if you are not a registered user or are not logged on, your changes will be logged under your computer's IP address. This has two main implications. Firstly, as a registered Wikipedia user your edits are more likely seen as valuable contribution (although all edits are open to community scrutiny regardless). Secondly, if you edit under an IP address you may be sharing this IP address with other users. If your IP address has previously been blocked (due to being flagged as a source of 'vandalism') your edits will also be blocked. You can find more information on this and creating a user account at Wikipedia.
If you have problems editing a particular page, contact us at email@example.com and we will try to help.
Contact us
The community annotation is a new facility of the Pfam web site. If you have problems editing or experience problems with these pages please contact us.
Ephrin receptor Edit Wikipedia article
|Eph receptor ligand binding domain
Structure of the kinase domain of human eph type-A receptor 5 (EphA5)
Eph receptors (Ephs, after erythropoietin-producing human hepatocellular receptors) are a group of receptors that are activated in response to binding with Eph receptor-interacting proteins (Ephrins). Ephs form the largest known subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Both Eph receptors and their corresponding ephrin ligands are membrane-bound proteins that require direct cell-cell interactions for Eph receptor activation. Eph/ephrin signaling has been implicated in the regulation of a host of processes critical to embryonic development including axon guidance,[1] formation of tissue boundaries,[2] cell migration, and segmentation.[3] Additionally, Eph/ephrin signaling has recently been identified to play a critical role in the maintenance of several processes during adulthood including long-term potentiation,[4] angiogenesis,[5] and stem cell differentiation and cancer.[6]
Ephs can be divided into two subclasses, EphAs and EphBs (encoded by the genetic loci designated EPHA and EPHB respectively), based on sequence similarity and on their binding affinity for either the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked ephrin-A ligands or the transmembrane-bound ephrin-B ligands.[7] Of the 16 Eph receptors (see above) that have been identified in animals, humans are known to express nine EphAs (EphA1-8 and EphA10) and five EphBs (EphB1-4 and EphB6).[8] In general, Ephs of a particular subclass bind preferentially to all ephrins of the corresponding subclass, but have little to no cross-binding to ephrins of the opposing subclass.[9] It has recently been proposed that the intrasubclass specificity of Eph/ephrin binding could be partially attributed to the different binding mechanisms used by EphAs and EphBs. There are exceptions to the intrasubclass binding specificity observed in Ephs, however, as it has recently been shown that ephrin-B3 can bind to and activate EphA4 and that ephrin-A5 can bind to and activate EphB2.[10] EphA/ephrinA interaction typically occur with higher affinity than EphB/ephrin-B interactions which can partially be attributed to the fact that ephrin-As bind via a "lock-and-key" mechanism that requires little conformational change of the EphAs in contrast to EphBs which utilize an "induced fit" mechanism that requires a greater amount of energy to alter the conformation of EphBs to bind to ephrin-Bs.[11]
16 Ephs have been identified in animals and are listed below:
The extracellular domain of Eph receptors is composed of a highly conserved globular ephrin ligand-binding domain, a cysteine-rich region and two fibronectin type III domains. The cytoplasmic domain of Eph receptors is composed of a juxtamembrane region with two conserved tyrosine residues, a tyrosine kinase domain, a sterile alpha motif (SAM), and a PDZ-binding motif.[4][11] Following binding of an ephrin ligand to the extracellular globular domain of an Eph receptor, tyrosine and serine residues in the juxtamembrane region of the Eph become phosphorylated[12] allowing the intracellular tyrosine kinase to convert into its active form and subsequently activate or repress downstream signaling cascades.[13] The structure of the trans-autophosphorylation of the juxtamembrane region of EPHA2 has been observed within a crystal of EPHA2.[14]
The ability of Ephs and ephrins to mediate a variety of cell-cell interactions places the Eph/ephrin system in an ideal position to regulate a variety of different biological processes during embryonic development.
Bi-directional signaling
Unlike most other RTKs, Ephs have a unique capacity to initiate an intercellular signal in both the receptor-bearing cell ("forward" signaling) and the opposing ephrin-bearing cell ("reverse" signaling) following cell-cell contact, which is known as bi-directional signaling.[15] Although the functional consequences of Eph/ephrin bi-directional signaling have not been completely elucidated, it is clear that such a unique signaling process allows for ephrin Ephs to have opposing effects on growth cone survival[16] and allows for the segregation of Eph-expressing cells from ephrin-expressing cells.[17]
Segmentation is a basic process of embryogenesis occurring in most invertebrates and all vertebrates by which the body is initially divided into functional units. In the segmented regions of the embryo, cells begin to present biochemical and morphological boundaries at which cell behavior is drastically different – vital for future differentiation and function.[18] In the hindbrain, segmentation is a precisely defined process. In the paraxial mesoderm, however, development is a dynamic and adaptive process that adjusts according to posterior body growth. Various Eph receptors and ephrins are expressed in these regions, and, through functional analysis, it has been determined that Eph signaling is crucial for the proper development and maintenance of these segment boundaries.[18] Similar studies conducted in zebrafish have shown similar segmenting processes within the somites containing a striped expression pattern of Eph receptors and their ligands, which is vital to proper segmentation - the disruption of expression resulting in misplaced or even absent boundaries.[19]
Axon guidance
As the nervous system develops, the patterning of neuronal connections is established by molecular guides that direct axons (axon guidance) along pathways by target and pathway derived signals.[20] Eph/ephrin signaling regulates the migration of axons to their target destinations largely by decreasing the survival of axonal growth cones and repelling the migrating axon away from the site of Eph/ephrin activation.[16][21] This mechanism of repelling migrating axons through decreased growth cone survival depends on relative levels of Eph and ephrin expression and allows gradients of Eph and ephrin expression in target cells to direct the migration of axon growth cones based on their own relative levels of Eph and ephrin expression. Typically, forward signaling by both EphA and EphB receptors mediates growth cone collapse while reverse signaling via ephrin-A and ephrin-B induces growth cone survival.[16][22]
The ability of Eph/ephrin signaling to direct migrating axons along Eph/ephrin expression gradients is evidenced in the formation of the retinotopic map in the visual system, with graded expression levels of both Eph receptors and ephrin ligands leading to the development of a resolved neuronal map[23] (for a more detailed description of Eph/ephrin signaling see "Formation of the Retinotopic Map" in ephrin). Further studies then showed the role of Eph's in topographic mapping in other regions of the central nervous system, such as learning and memory via the formation of projections between the septum and hippocampus.[24]
In addition to the formation of topographic maps, Eph/ephrin signaling has been implicated in the proper guidance of motor neuron axons in the spinal cord. Although several members of Ephs and ephrins contribute to motor neuron guidance,[25] ephrin-A5 reverse signaling has been shown to play a critical role in the survival of motor neuron growth cones and to mediate growth cone migration by initiating repellence in EphA-expressing migrating axons.[16]
Cell migration
More than just axonal guidance, Ephs have been implicated in the migration of neural crest cells during gastrulation.[26] In the chick and rat embryo trunk, the migration of crest cells is partially mediated by EphB receptors. Similar mechanisms have been shown to control crest movement in the hindbrain within rhombomeres 4, 5, and 7, which distribute crest cells to brachial arches 2, 3, and 4 respectively. In C. elegans a knockout of the vab-1 gene, known to encode an Eph receptor, and its Ephrin ligand vab-2 results in two cell migratory processes being affected.[27][28]
Eph receptors are present in high degrees during vasculogenesis (angiogenesis) and other early development of the circulatory system. This development is disturbed without it. It is thought to distinguish arterial and venous endothelium, stimulating the production of capillary sprouts as well as in the differentiation of mesenchyme into perivascular support cells.
The construction of blood vessels requires the coordination of endothelial and supportive mesenchymal cells through multiple phases to develop the intricate networks required for a fully functional circulatory system.[29] The dynamic nature and expression patterns of the Ephs make them, therefore, ideal for roles in angiogenesis. Mouse embryonic models show expression of EphA1 in mesoderm and pre-endocardial cells, later spreading up into the dorsal aorta then primary head vein, intersomitic vessels, and limb bud vasculature, as would be consistent with a role in angiogenesis. Different class A Eph receptors have also been detected in the lining of the aorta, brachial arch arteries, umbilical vein, and endocardium.[29] Complementary expression of EphB2/ephrin-B4 was detected in developing arterial endothelial cells and EphB4 in venous endothelial cells.[30] Expression of EphB2 and ephrin-B2 was also detected on supportive mesenchymal cells, suggesting a role in wall development through mediation of endothelial-mesenchymal interactions.[31] Blood vessel formation during embryogenesis consists of vasculogenesis, the formation of a primary capillary network followed by a second remodeling and restructuring into a finer tertiary network - studies utilizing ephrin-B2 deficient mice showed a disruption of the embryonic vasculature as a result of a deficiency in the restructuring of the primary network.[18] Functional analysis of other mutant mice have led to the development of a hypothesis by which Ephs and ephrins contribute to vascular development by restricting arterial and venous endothelial mixing, thus stimulating the production of capillary sprouts as well as in the differentiation of mesenchyme into perivascular support cells, an ongoing area of research.[29]
Limb development
While there is currently little evidence to support this (and mounting evidence to refute it), some early studies implicated the Ephs to play a part in the signaling of limb development.[18] In chicks, EphA4 is expressed in the developing wing and leg buds, as well as in the feather and scale primordia.[32] This expression is seen in the distal end of the limb buds, where cells are still undifferentiated and dividing, and appears to be under the regulation of retinoic acid, FGF2, FGF4, and BMP-2 – known to regulate limb patterning. EphA4 defective mice do not present abnormalities in limb morphogenesis (personal communication between Andrew Boyd and Nigel Holder), so it is possible that these expression patterns are related to neuronal guidance or vascularisation of the limb with further studies being required to confirm or deny a potential role of Eph in limb development.
As a member of the RTK family and with responsibilities as diverse as Ephs, it is not surprising to learn that the Ephs have been implicated in several aspects of cancer. While used extensively throughout development, Ephs are rarely detected in adult tissues. Elevated levels of expression and activity have been correlated with the growth of solid tumors, with Eph receptors of both classes A and B being over expressed in a wide range of cancers including melanoma, breast, prostate, pancreatic, gastric, esophageal, and colon cancer, as well as hematopoietic tumors.[33][34][35] Increased expression was also correlated with more malignant and metastatic tumors, consistent with the role of Ephs in governing cell movement.[29]
It is possible that the increased expression of Eph in cancer plays several roles, first, by acting as survival factors or as a promoter of abnormal growth.[36] The angiogenic properties of the Eph system may increase vascularisation of and thus growth capacity of tumors.[29] Second, elevated Eph levels may disrupt cell-cell adhesion via cadherin, known to alter expression and localisation of Eph receptors and ephrins, which is known to further disrupt cellular adhesion, a key feature of metastatic cancers.[36] Third, Eph activity may alter cell matrix interactions via integrins by the sequestering of signaling molecules following Eph receptor activation, as well as providing potential adherence via ephrin ligand binding following metastasis.[35][36]
Discovery and history
The Eph receptors were initially identified in 1987 following a search for tyrosine kinases with possible roles in cancer, earning their name from the erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma cell line from which their cDNA was obtained.[37] These transmembranous receptors were initially classed as orphan receptors with no known ligands or functions, and it was some time before possible functions of the receptors were known.[20]
When it was shown that almost all Eph receptors were expressed during various well-defined stages of development in assorted locations and concentrations, a role in cell positioning was proposed, initiating research that revealed the Eph/ephrin families as a principle cell guidance system during vertebrate and invertebrate development.[38]
- ^ Egea J, Klein R (May 2007). "Bidirectional Eph-ephrin signaling during axon guidance". Trends Cell Biol. 17 (5): 230–8. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2007.03.004. PMID 17420126.
- ^ Rohani N, Canty L, Luu O, Fagotto F, Winklbauer R (March 2011). Hamada H, ed. "EphrinB/EphB signaling controls embryonic germ layer separation by contact-induced cell detachment". PLoS Biol. 9 (3): e1000597. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000597. PMC 3046958 . PMID 21390298.
- ^ Davy A, Soriano P (January 2005). "Ephrin signaling in vivo: look both ways". Dev. Dyn. 232 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1002/dvdy.20200. PMID 15580616.
- ^ a b Kullander K, Klein R (July 2002). "Mechanisms and functions of Eph and ephrin signalling". Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 3 (7): 475–86. doi:10.1038/nrm856. PMID 12094214.
- ^ Kuijper S, Turner CJ, Adams RH (July 2007). "Regulation of angiogenesis by Eph-ephrin interactions". Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 17 (5): 145–51. doi:10.1016/j.tcm.2007.03.003. PMID 17574121.
- ^ Genander M, Frisén J (October 2010). "Ephrins and Eph receptors in stem cells and cancer". Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 22 (5): 611–6. doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2010.08.005. PMID 20810264.
- ^ Eph Nomenclature Committee (August 1997). "Unified nomenclature for Eph family receptors and their ligands, the ephrins". Cell. 90 (3): 403–4. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80500-0. PMID 9267020.
- ^ Pitulescu ME, Adams RH (November 2010). "Eph/ephrin molecules--a hub for signaling and endocytosis". Genes Dev. 24 (22): 2480–92. doi:10.1101/gad.1973910. PMC 2975924 . PMID 21078817.
- ^ Pasquale EB (October 1997). "The Eph family of receptors". Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 9 (5): 608–15. doi:10.1016/S0955-0674(97)80113-5. PMID 9330863.
- ^ Himanen JP, Chumley MJ, Lackmann M, Li C, Barton WA, Jeffrey PD, Vearing C, Geleick D, Feldheim DA, Boyd AW, Henkemeyer M, Nikolov DB (May 2004). "Repelling class discrimination: ephrin-A5 binds to and activates EphB2 receptor signaling". Nat. Neurosci. 7 (5): 501–9. doi:10.1038/nn1237. PMID 15107857.
- ^ a b Himanen JP (February 2012). "Ectodomain structures of Eph receptors". Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 23 (1): 35–42. doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.10.025. PMID 22044883.
- ^ Kalo MS, Pasquale EB (October 1999). "Multiple in vivo tyrosine phosphorylation sites in EphB receptors". Biochemistry. 38 (43): 14396–408. doi:10.1021/bi991628t. PMID 10572014.
- ^ McClelland AC, Hruska M, Coenen AJ, Henkemeyer M, Dalva MB (May 2010). "Trans-synaptic EphB2-ephrin-B3 interaction regulates excitatory synapse density by inhibition of postsynaptic MAPK signaling". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107 (19): 8830–5. doi:10.1073/pnas.0910644107. PMC 2889310 . PMID 20410461.
- ^ Xu, Q.; Malecka, K. L.; Fink, L.; Jordan, E. J.; Duffy, E.; Kolander, S.; Peterson, J. R.; Dunbrack, R. L. (1 December 2015). "Identifying three-dimensional structures of autophosphorylation complexes in crystals of protein kinases". Science Signaling. 8 (405): rs13. doi:10.1126/scisignal.aaa6711. PMC 4766099 . PMID 26628682.
- ^ Daar IO (February 2012). "Non-SH2/PDZ reverse signaling by ephrins". Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 23 (1): 65–74. doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.10.012. PMC 3288889 . PMID 22040914.
- ^ a b c d Marquardt T, Shirasaki R, Ghosh S, Andrews SE, Carter N, Hunter T, Pfaff SL (April 2005). "Coexpressed EphA receptors and ephrin-A ligands mediate opposing actions on growth cone navigation from distinct membrane domains". Cell. 121 (1): 127–39. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.01.020. PMID 15820684.
- ^ Jørgensen C, Sherman A, Chen GI, Pasculescu A, Poliakov A, Hsiung M, Larsen B, Wilkinson DG, Linding R, Pawson T (December 2009). "Cell-specific information processing in segregating populations of Eph receptor ephrin-expressing cells". Science. 326 (5959): 1502–9. doi:10.1126/science.1176615. PMID 20007894.
- ^ a b c d Holder N, Klein R (May 1999). "Eph receptors and ephrins: effectors of morphogenesis". Development. 126 (10): 2033–44. PMID 10207129.
- ^ Durbin L, Brennan C, Shiomi K, Cooke J, Barrios A, Shanmugalingam S, Guthrie B, Lindberg R, Holder N (October 1998). "Eph signaling is required for segmentation and differentiation of the somites". Genes Dev. 12 (19): 3096–109. doi:10.1101/gad.12.19.3096. PMC 317186 . PMID 9765210.
- ^ a b Flanagan JG, Vanderhaeghen P (1998). "The ephrins and Eph receptors in neural development". Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 21: 309–45. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.21.1.309. PMID 9530499.
- ^ Triplett JW, Feldheim DA (February 2012). "Eph and ephrin signaling in the formation of topographic maps". Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 23 (1): 7–15. doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.10.026. PMC 3288406 . PMID 22044886.
- ^ Petros TJ, Bryson JB, Mason C (September 2010). "Ephrin-B2 elicits differential growth cone collapse and axon retraction in retinal ganglion cells from distinct retinal regions". Dev Neurobiol. 70 (11): 781–94. doi:10.1002/dneu.20821. PMC 2930402 . PMID 20629048.
- ^ Cheng HJ, Nakamoto M, Bergemann AD, Flanagan JG (August 1995). "Complementary gradients in expression and binding of ELF-1 and Mek4 in development of the topographic retinotectal projection map". Cell. 82 (3): 371–81. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90426-3. PMID 7634327.
- ^ Gao PP, Zhang JH, Yokoyama M, Racey B, Dreyfus CF, Black IB, Zhou R (October 1996). "Regulation of topographic projection in the brain: Elf-1 in the hippocamposeptal system". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 (20): 11161–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.20.11161. PMC 38301 . PMID 8855326.
- ^ Kao TJ, Law C, Kania A (February 2012). "Eph and ephrin signaling: lessons learned from spinal motor neurons". Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 23 (1): 83–91. doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.10.016. PMID 22040916.
- ^ Robinson V, Smith A, Flenniken AM, Wilkinson DG (November 1997). "Roles of Eph receptors and ephrins in neural crest pathfinding". Cell Tissue Res. 290 (2): 265–74. doi:10.1007/s004410050931. PMID 9321688.
- ^ George SE, Simokat K, Hardin J, Chisholm AD (Mar 1998). "The VAB-1 Eph receptor tyrosine kinase functions in neural and epithelial morphogenesis in C. elegans". Cell. 92 (5): 633–43. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81131-9. PMID 9506518.
- ^ Chin-Sang ID, George SE, Ding M, Moseley SL, Lynch AS, Chisholm AD (Dec 1999). "The ephrin VAB-2/EFN-1 functions in neuronal signaling to regulate epidermal morphogenesis in C. elegans". Cell. 99 (7): 781–90. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81675-x. PMID 10619431.
- ^ a b c d e Cheng N, Brantley DM, Chen J (February 2002). "The ephrins and Eph receptors in angiogenesis". Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 13 (1): 75–85. doi:10.1016/S1359-6101(01)00031-4. PMID 11750881.
- ^ Wang HU, Chen ZF, Anderson DJ (May 1998). "Molecular distinction and angiogenic interaction between embryonic arteries and veins revealed by ephrin-B2 and its receptor Eph-B4". Cell. 93 (5): 741–53. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81436-1. PMID 9630219.
- ^ Adams RH, Wilkinson GA, Weiss C, Diella F, Gale NW, Deutsch U, Risau W, Klein R (February 1999). "Roles of ephrinB ligands and EphB receptors in cardiovascular development: demarcation of arterial/venous domains, vascular morphogenesis, and sprouting angiogenesis". Genes Dev. 13 (3): 295–306. doi:10.1101/gad.13.3.295. PMC 316426 . PMID 9990854.
- ^ Patel K, Nittenberg R, D'Souza D, Irving C, Burt D, Wilkinson DG, Tickle C (April 1996). "Expression and regulation of Cek-8, a cell to cell signalling receptor in developing chick limb buds". Development. 122 (4): 1147–55. PMID 8620841.
- ^ Wicks IP, Wilkinson D, Salvaris E, Boyd AW (March 1992). "Molecular cloning of HEK, the gene encoding a receptor tyrosine kinase expressed by human lymphoid tumor cell lines". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89 (5): 1611–5. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.5.1611. PMC 48502 . PMID 1311845.
- ^ Kiyokawa E, Takai S, Tanaka M, Iwase T, Suzuki M, Xiang YY, Naito Y, Yamada K, Sugimura H, Kino I (July 1994). "Overexpression of ERK, an EPH family receptor protein tyrosine kinase, in various human tumors". Cancer Res. 54 (14): 3645–50. PMID 8033077.
- ^ a b Easty DJ, Herlyn M, Bennett DC (January 1995). "Abnormal protein tyrosine kinase gene expression during melanoma progression and metastasis". Int. J. Cancer. 60 (1): 129–36. doi:10.1002/ijc.2910600119. PMID 7814145.
- ^ a b c Surawska H, Ma PC, Salgia R (December 2004). "The role of ephrins and Eph receptors in cancer". Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 15 (6): 419–33. doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2004.09.002. PMID 15561600.
- ^ Murai KK, Pasquale EB (July 2003). "'Eph'ective signaling: forward, reverse and crosstalk". J. Cell Sci. 116 (Pt 14): 2823–32. doi:10.1242/jcs.00625. PMID 12808016.
- ^ Boyd AW, Lackmann M (December 2001). "Signals from Eph and ephrin proteins: a developmental tool kit". Sci. STKE. 2001 (112): re20. doi:10.1126/stke.2001.112.re20. PMID 11741094.
External links
- Eph Family Receptors at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
This page is based on a Wikipedia article. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
This tab holds the annotation information that is stored in the Pfam database. As we move to using Wikipedia as our main source of annotation, the contents of this tab will be gradually replaced by the Wikipedia tab.
Ephrin receptor ligand binding domain Provide feedback
The Eph receptors, which bind to ephrins PF00812 are a large family of receptor tyrosine kinases. This family represents the amino terminal domain which binds the ephrin ligand [1].
Literature references
Himanen JP, Henkemeyer M, Nikolov DB; , Nature 1998;396:486-491.: Crystal structure of the ligand-binding domain of the receptor tyrosine kinase EphB2. PUBMED:9853759 EPMC:9853759
External database links
This tab holds annotation information from the InterPro database.
InterPro entry IPR001090
The Eph receptors, which bind a group of cell-membrane-anchored ligands known as ephrins, represent the largest subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). The Eph receptors and their ephrin ligands control a diverse array of cell-cell interactions in the nervous and vascular systems. On ephrin binding, the Eph kinase domain is activated, initiating 'forward' signaling in the receptor-expressing cells. Simultaneously, signals are also induced in the ligand-expressing cells a phenomenon referred to as 'reverse' signalling. The extracellular Eph receptor region contains a conserved 180- amino-acid N-terminal ligand-binding domain (LBD) which is both necessary and sufficient for bindings of the receptors to their ephrin ligands. An adjacent cysteine-rich region might be involved in receptor-receptor oligomerization often observed on ligand binding, whereas the next two fibronectin type III repeats have yet to be assigned a clear biological function. The cytoplasmic Eph receptor region contains a kinase domain, a sterile alpha motif (SAM) domain, and a PDZ-binding motif. The ligand-binding domain (LBD) of Eph receptors is unique to this family of RTKs ans shares no significant amino-acid-sequence homology with other known proteins [PUBMED:9853759, PUBMED:11780069, PUBMED:19525919].
The Eph LBD domain forms a compact globular structure which folds into a jellyroll beta-sandwich composed of 11 antiparallel beta-strands. It has two antiparallel beta-sheets, with the usual left-handed twist, packed against each other to form a compact beta-sandwich, and a short 3(10) helix [PUBMED:9853759, PUBMED:11780069, PUBMED:19525919].
Gene Ontology
The mapping between Pfam and Gene Ontology is provided by InterPro. If you use this data please cite InterPro.
|Molecular function
|protein binding (GO:0005515)
Domain organisation
Below is a listing of the unique domain organisations or architectures in which this domain is found. More...
The graphic that is shown by default represents the longest sequence with a given architecture. Each row contains the following information:
- the number of sequences which exhibit this architecture
a textual description of the architecture, e.g. Gla, EGF x 2, Trypsin.
This example describes an architecture with one
Gladomain, followed by two consecutive
EGFdomains, and finally a single
- a link to the page in the Pfam site showing information about the sequence that the graphic describes
- the UniProt description of the protein sequence
- the number of residues in the sequence
- the Pfam graphic itself.
Note that you can see the family page for a particular domain by clicking on the graphic. You can also choose to see all sequences which have a given architecture by clicking on the Show link in each row.
Finally, because some families can be found in a very large number of architectures, we load only the first fifty architectures by default. If you want to see more architectures, click the button at the bottom of the page to load the next set.
Loading domain graphics...
Pfam Clan
This family is a member of clan GBD (CL0202), which has the following description:
This large superfamily contains beta sandwich domains with a jelly roll topology. Many of these families are involved in carbohydrate recognition. Despite sharing little sequence similarity they do share a weak sequence motif, with a conserved bulge in the C-terminal beta sheet. The probable role of this bulge is in bending of the beta sheet that contains the bulge. This enables the curvature of the sheet forming the sugar binding site [1].
The clan contains the following 70 members:7TMR-DISMED2 Agarase_CBM Allantoicase ANAPC10 Arabino_trans_C Bac_rhamnosid_N BcsB BetaGal_dom4_5 BPA_C Calpain_III CBM-like CBM27 CBM32 CBM46 CBM60 CBM65_1 CBM_11 CBM_15 CBM_17_28 CBM_26 CBM_35 CBM_4_9 CBM_6 CE2_N CIA30 Clenterotox Cry1Ac_D5 DUF4465 DUF4627 DUF5000 DUF5010_C DUF5077 DUF5625 DUF642 Endotoxin_C Ephrin_lbd Exop_C F5_F8_type_C FBA FlhE GH101_N GH115_C Glft2_N Glyco_hydro_2_N GxDLY HA70_C Laminin_B Laminin_N Lectin_like Lipl32 Lyase_N Malectin Malectin_like Muskelin_N NPCBM P_proprotein PA-IL PAW PCMD PepX_C PINIT PITH PPC PulA_N1 Sad1_UNC SGBP_B_XBD TcA_TcB_BD Thioredoxin_10 XRCC1_N YpM
We store a range of different sequence alignments for families. As well as the seed alignment from which the family is built, we provide the full alignment, generated by searching the sequence database (reference proteomes) using the family HMM. We also generate alignments using four representative proteomes (RP) sets, the UniProtKB sequence database, the NCBI sequence database, and our metagenomics sequence database. More...
There are various ways to view or download the sequence alignments that we store. We provide several sequence viewers and a plain-text Stockholm-format file for download.
Alignment types
We make a range of alignments for each Pfam-A family:
- seed
- the curated alignment from which the HMM for the family is built
- full
- the alignment generated by searching the sequence database using the HMM
- Representative Proteomes (RPs) at 15%, 35%, 55% and 75% co-membership thresholds
- UniProt
- alignment generated by searching the UniProtKB sequence database using the family HMM
- alignment generated by searching the NCBI sequence database using the family HMM
- meta
- alignment generated by searching the metagenomics sequence database using the family HMM
You can see the alignments as HTML or in three different sequence viewers:
- jalview
- a Java applet developed at the University of Dundee. You will need Java installed before running jalview
- an HTML page showing the whole alignment.Please note: full Pfam alignments can be very large. These HTML views are extremely large and often cause problems for browsers. Please use either jalview or the Pfam viewer if you have trouble viewing the HTML version
- PP/Heatmap
- an HTML-based representation of the alignment, coloured according to the posterior-probability (PP) values from the HMM. As for the standard HTML view, heatmap alignments can also be very large and slow to render.
You can download (or view in your browser) a text representation of a Pfam alignment in various formats:
- Selex
- Stockholm
You can also change the order in which sequences are listed in the alignment, change how insertions are represented, alter the characters that are used to represent gaps in sequences and, finally, choose whether to download the alignment or to view it in your browser directly.
You may find that large alignments cause problems for the viewers and the reformatting tool, so we also provide all alignments in Stockholm format. You can download either the plain text alignment, or a gzipped version of it.
View options
We make a range of alignments for each Pfam-A family. You can see a description of each above. You can view these alignments in various ways but please note that some types of alignment are never generated while others may not be available for all families, most commonly because the alignments are too large to handle.
|Representative proteomes
1Cannot generate PP/Heatmap alignments for seeds; no PP data available
Key: available, not generated, — not available.
Format an alignment
Download options
We make all of our alignments available in Stockholm format. You can download them here as raw, plain text files or as gzip-compressed files.
|Representative proteomes
|Raw Stockholm
You can also download a FASTA format file containing the full-length sequences for all sequences in the full alignment.
HMM logo
HMM logos is one way of visualising profile HMMs. Logos provide a quick overview of the properties of an HMM in a graphical form. You can see a more detailed description of HMM logos and find out how you can interpret them here. More...
If you find these logos useful in your own work, please consider citing the following article:
This page displays the phylogenetic tree for this family's seed alignment. We use FastTree to calculate neighbour join trees with a local bootstrap based on 100 resamples (shown next to the tree nodes). FastTree calculates approximately-maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees from our seed alignment.
Note: You can also download the data file for the tree.
Curation and family details
This section shows the detailed information about the Pfam family. You can see the definitions of many of the terms in this section in the glossary and a fuller explanation of the scoring system that we use in the scores section of the help pages.
|Seed source:
|Previous IDs:
|Sequence Ontology:
|Bateman A
|Number in seed:
|Number in full:
|Average length of the domain:
|168.60 aa
|Average identity of full alignment:
|50 %
|Average coverage of the sequence by the domain:
|19.45 %
HMM information
|HMM build commands:
build method: hmmbuild -o /dev/null HMM SEED
search method: hmmsearch -Z 45638612 -E 1000 --cpu 4 HMM pfamseq
|Model details:
|Model length:
|Family (HMM) version:
|download the raw HMM for this family
Species distribution
Sunburst controlsHide
Weight segments by...
Change the size of the sunburst
Colour assignments
|Other sequences
|Unclassified sequence
Align selected sequences to HMM
Generate a FASTA-format file
Clear selection
Currently selected:
- 0 sequences
- 0 species
This visualisation provides a simple graphical representation of the distribution of this family across species. You can find the original interactive tree in the adjacent tab. More...
This chart is a modified "sunburst" visualisation of the species tree for this family. It shows each node in the tree as a separate arc, arranged radially with the superkingdoms at the centre and the species arrayed around the outermost ring.
How the sunburst is generated
The tree is built by considering the taxonomic lineage of each sequence that has a match to this family. For each node in the resulting tree, we draw an arc in the sunburst. The radius of the arc, its distance from the root node at the centre of the sunburst, shows the taxonomic level ("superkingdom", "kingdom", etc). The length of the arc represents either the number of sequences represented at a given level, or the number of species that are found beneath the node in the tree. The weighting scheme can be changed using the sunburst controls.
In order to reduce the complexity of the representation, we reduce the number of taxonomic levels that we show. We consider only the following eight major taxonomic levels:
- superkingdom
- kingdom
- phylum
- class
- order
- family
- genus
- species
Colouring and labels
Segments of the tree are coloured approximately according to their superkingdom. For example, archeal branches are coloured with shades of orange, eukaryotes in shades of purple, etc. The colour assignments are shown under the sunburst controls. Where space allows, the name of the taxonomic level will be written on the arc itself.
As you move your mouse across the sunburst, the current node will be highlighted. In the top section of the controls panel we show a summary of the lineage of the currently highlighed node. If you pause over an arc, a tooltip will be shown, giving the name of the taxonomic level in the title and a summary of the number of sequences and species below that node in the tree.
Anomalies in the taxonomy tree
There are some situations that the sunburst tree cannot easily handle and for which we have work-arounds in place.
Missing taxonomic levels
Some species in the taxonomic tree may not have one or more of the main eight levels that we display. For example, Bos taurus is not assigned an order in the NCBI taxonomic tree. In such cases we mark the omitted level with, for example, "No order", in both the tooltip and the lineage summary.
Unmapped species names
The tree is built by looking at each sequence in the full alignment for the family. We take the name of the species given by UniProt and try to map that to the full taxonomic tree from NCBI. In some cases, the name chosen by UniProt does not map to any node in the NCBI tree, perhaps because the chosen name is listed as a synonym or a misspelling in the NCBI taxonomy.
So that these nodes are not simply omitted from the sunburst tree, we group them together in a separate branch (or segment of the sunburst tree). Since we cannot determine the lineage for these unmapped species, we show all levels between the superkingdom and the species as "uncategorised".
Since we reduce the species tree to only the eight main taxonomic levels, sequences that are mapped to the sub-species level in the tree would not normally be shown. Rather than leave out these species, we map them instead to their parent species. So, for example, for sequences belonging to one of the Vibrio cholerae sub-species in the NCBI taxonomy, we show them instead as belonging to the species Vibrio cholerae.
Too many species/sequences
For large species trees, you may see blank regions in the outer layers of the sunburst. These occur when there are large numbers of arcs to be drawn in a small space. If an arc is less than approximately one pixel wide, it will not be drawn and the space will be left blank. You may still be able to get some information about the species in that region by moving your mouse across the area, but since each arc will be very small, it will be difficult to accurately locate a particular species.
Tree controlsHide
Download tree
- Save a text representation
Selected sequences
- (Uncheck all)
- graphically
- as an alignment
- sequence accessions
- sequences in FASTA format
The tree shows the occurrence of this domain across different species. More...
Species trees
We show the species tree in one of two ways. For smaller trees we try to show an interactive representation, which allows you to select specific nodes in the tree and view them as an alignment or as a set of Pfam domain graphics.
Unfortunately we have found that there are problems viewing the interactive tree when the it becomes larger than a certain limit. Furthermore, we have found that Internet Explorer can become unresponsive when viewing some trees, regardless of their size. We therefore show a text representation of the species tree when the size is above a certain limit or if you are using Internet Explorer to view the site.
If you are using IE you can still load the interactive tree by clicking the "Generate interactive tree" button, but please be aware of the potential problems that the interactive species tree can cause.
Interactive tree
For all of the domain matches in a full alignment, we count the number that are found on all sequences in the alignment. This total is shown in the purple box.
We also count the number of unique sequences on which each domain is found, which is shown in green. Note that a domain may appear multiple times on the same sequence, leading to the difference between these two numbers.
Finally, we group sequences from the same organism according to the NCBI code that is assigned by UniProt, allowing us to count the number of distinct sequences on which the domain is found. This value is shown in the pink boxes.
We use the NCBI species tree to group organisms according to their taxonomy and this forms the structure of the displayed tree. Note that in some cases the trees are too large (have too many nodes) to allow us to build an interactive tree, but in most cases you can still view the tree in a plain text, non-interactive representation. Those species which are represented in the seed alignment for this domain are highlighted.
You can use the tree controls to manipulate how the interactive tree is displayed:
- show/hide the summary boxes
- highlight species that are represented in the seed alignment
- expand/collapse the tree or expand it to a given depth
- select a sub-tree or a set of species within the tree and view them graphically or as an alignment
- save a plain text representation of the tree
Please note: for large trees this can take some time. While the tree is loading, you can safely switch away from this tab but if you browse away from the family page entirely, the tree will not be loaded.
There are 3 interactions for this family. More...
We determine these interactions using iPfam, which considers the interactions between residues in three-dimensional protein structures and maps those interactions back to Pfam families. You can find more information about the iPfam algorithm in the journal article that accompanies the website.
For those sequences which have a structure in the Protein DataBank, we use the mapping between UniProt, PDB and Pfam coordinate systems from the PDBe group, to allow us to map Pfam domains onto UniProt sequences and three-dimensional protein structures. The table below shows the structures on which the Ephrin_lbd domain has been found. There are 83 instances of this domain found in the PDB. Note that there may be multiple copies of the domain in a single PDB structure, since many structures contain multiple copies of the same protein sequence.
Loading structure mapping...


text:
Puppy Linux Discussion Forum
Puppy HOME page :
"THE" alternative forum :
Log in to check your private messages
Log in
The time now is Tue 19 Mar 2019, 05:40
All times are UTC - 4
Forum index
House Training
Beginners Help ( Start Here)
Newbies - Puppy needs YOUR help too!
View previous topic
View next topic
Page 54 of 74
[1099 Posts]
Goto page:
Joined: 19 Jan 2012
Posts: 237
Location: South Wales
Posted: Wed 13 Jun 2012, 01:12
Post subject: Linus Torvalds on the BBC site today...
Back to top
James C
Joined: 26 Mar 2009
Posts: 6729
Location: Kentucky
Posted: Wed 13 Jun 2012, 01:40
Post subject:
Back to top
Joined: 19 Jan 2012
Posts: 237
Location: South Wales
Posted: Wed 13 Jun 2012, 01:49
Post subject:
Uh, thank you, I couldn't post the link, message body was blank when I hit submit...
Back to top
Joined: 03 Sep 2009
Posts: 2181
Location: Out wandering... maybe.
Posted: Wed 13 Jun 2012, 01:53
Post subject: Re: Linus Torvalds on the BBC site today...
It's because you placed the closing URL tag after the "Saw this on BBC new site, if the link works...
" text, rather than after the "18419231". The forum setup is a little problematic with 'incorrect' links inside the URL tags. (You'll get the blank post error, in that case.)
[ Puppy 4.3.1 JP, Frugal install | 1GB RAM | 1.3GB swap ] * [ Puppy Precise 5.7.1 JP, Frugal install ] * [XenialPup 64 7.5, Frugal install]
In memory of our beloved American Eskimo puppy (1995-2010) and black Lab puppy (1997-2011).
Back to top
Joined: 19 Jan 2012
Posts: 237
Location: South Wales
Posted: Wed 13 Jun 2012, 01:57
Post subject:
Is that what it was? Okay, thanks again, I thought it was me being a bit thick.... which frequently happens...
Back to top
Joined: 07 Jun 2009
Posts: 10
Posted: Sat 07 Jul 2012, 16:23
Post subject: Puppy on old laptops
Subject description: Experience/questions about using puppy on old laptops
As a new Puppy Linux user, I've had my share of issues, but most involve how to get a configuration I can live with, and on a range of laptops. I use old Fujitsu Lifebooks for travel, a P-series as the source, and a B-series, one without a CD drive, as the target. The P-series uses a Crusoe 800 MHz processor (no fans) and the B a Pentium III. Wary 5.3 runs rather slowly on the P version, so I am looking for an earlier one that would work better, like tux 2.14, or Puppy 4.3.1?
In reading this thread, it is clear that many new users don't understand the level of knowledge required even to run one of the larger, and more commercial-like Linux systems (I run ubuntu on my desktop). I find that I am referring to reference materials on Unix/Linux often to make the systems do what I want them too. This is especially frustrating for Apple users, closed systems run so well, but Linux is designed to be the opposite, and is maintained by people who prefer supremely open systems. I'm not sure this divide can ever be bridged successfully as the approaches are so totally different. I congratulate you on the attempts.
Back to top
Joined: 11 Oct 2007
Posts: 394
Posted: Sat 07 Jul 2012, 18:26
Post subject:
drphysic, I think you make a key point in your second paragraph - one which I and many others had not fully grasped - thank you.
To paraphrase, if you really want to make it play your way, you really have to put in a bit of effort. I think Puppy has gone a long way to minimise the latter, but it remains as someone once said - 'the price of freedom is constant vigilance!' I'd certainly agree with that. Dumbing-down too far just doesn't cut it, the real challenge is getting the balance just right.
Although this thread is intended for comments rather than answers, I think your choices are wise .... I have great admiration for ttuuxxx's development, and I'm posting from an old box running 4.3.1 - my all-time favourite.
Back to top
Joined: 15 Apr 2010
Posts: 1779
Posted: Sat 07 Jul 2012, 22:21
Post subject:
Two "retro" versions of 4.3.1, built with older kernels but otherwise the same, are available
Back to top
Joined: 29 Jun 2012
Posts: 13
Posted: Tue 24 Jul 2012, 20:03
Post subject: well well well long road but back here
Subject description: Slacko!
Well I have used windows all my life from 3.1 to vista. I picked up a dead laptop and tried all different versions of Puppy Lucid Racy Wary etc. even DSL Retro with little luck and put 98se on it for free. I then picked up a second newer one with better luck as I can do full installs on it. I have to say each version has it's good and bad points maybe that's just my experience Currently I am running Slacko on a Compaq Presario 700u with good performance etc except for wireless so I am using it's built in ethernet wired to my router not convenient but it works I tried Mint I had success with wireless but couldn't access repositories then I upgraded and then no wireless so here I am back with Slacko which I do like. I can download the software I need like Audacity So all in all I got what I paid for. So this laptop is one of 4 used units I have.
My last comment is Linux promises a lot friendly helpful people to help with problems but that was not what I found at Mint was zero zilch except for criticism of why didn't I do a search? . if I could find it by searching I wouldn't post a question. Here was pretty much the same I only got as far as I did was on my own. So I continue on my own but I had to post this here
Back to top
Joined: 24 Jul 2005
Posts: 1305
Location: UK
Posted: Wed 25 Jul 2012, 08:07
Post subject: Re: well well well long road but back here
Subject description: Slacko!
sasha wrote:
My last comment is Linux promises a lot friendly helpful people to help with problems but that was not what I found at Mint was zero zilch except for criticism of why didn't I do a search? . if I could find it by searching I wouldn't post a question. Here was pretty much the same I only got as far as I did was on my own. So I continue on my own but I had to post this here
That's a bit unfair Sasha. I have just checked your posts and except for the last thread you started you have had plenty of replies.
It is not often that someone is told to search on this forum - if only because it is quite difficult to do unless you use the Wellminded search. Nevertheless, it happens sometimes, usually with very common problems that keep being raised, such as getting wireless to work. That particular problem seems to be a bugbear of Linux in general, not just Puppy. I don't know why because I am not knowledgeable in that area. All I know is wireless works for me in my fairly nondescript laptop. Perhaps specific wireless implementations are hard to get Linux drivers for and this causes the problem. Drivers for Linux are always a problem. Everybody writes a driver for Windows - only a select few for Linux and enthusiasts have to write the rest.
Back to top
Joined: 29 Jun 2012
Posts: 13
Posted: Wed 25 Jul 2012, 08:52
Post subject: I really do like Puppy!
I don't want to be mean spirited. For what it is a free os and except for the wireless issue I think Puppy is great. I shouldn't base my opinion of the community on a couple of comments. I am usually pretty diligent about searching and that is how I found Puppy in the first place. I am going to see if I can find a different card to try. I am on line right now with puppy but wired. I do have to say Puppy is friendlier to install and use than mint especially the newer versions that take forever to install. It was just weird that the one version of mint I did get to work flawlessly wireless the repository was dead Enough of this I do like Puppy and hope to meet some nice people here and maybe get my wireless to work
Back to top
Joined: 01 Aug 2012
Posts: 24
Location: United Kingdom
Posted: Wed 01 Aug 2012, 09:10
Post subject:
I just installed Puppy this morning. I mainly use Atari (TOS), with a Windows laptop for a few odds and ends, and it's that laptop I am thinking of swapping to Puppy (at the moment it's on USB). Working with the Atari I consider myself fairly tech literate, but one thing that is confusing for a newcomer is the file system and I just can't find a really approachable tutorial that presents a clear, newbie friendly explanation of how that works - where to put stuff and things.
Coming from Atari, having HD partitions for different elements of the system make sense, but the way they are presented is very different, and I imagine for those coming from Windows it must be very confusing indeed.
Also the way non Pup applications have to be put together and installed for tarballs could also do with a little demystifying - that said the Pup system (and Quickpet) is absolutely kick-ass and I'm really and genuinely impressed with that, as one reason I've avoided Linux is the tarball confusion.
One idea might be having a tutorial program to guide new users through elements like this in same sort of way (but without the condescending attitude!) Windows does, but as well as just showing "how-to" having brief explanations as to "why" and what goes on when you perform certain actions as well as a simple "type this, click that - dont ask questions" affair.
Back to top
Joined: 11 Oct 2007
Posts: 394
Posted: Sun 05 Aug 2012, 14:27
Post subject:
Thanks, grr_argh
Agree 100% about that so-important "why".
If you really want to get to grips with the filesystem, you could take a sniff at these:
Back to top
Joined: 08 Aug 2012
Posts: 52
Posted: Fri 10 Aug 2012, 20:17
Post subject:
Last edited by Clive on Sat 08 Sep 2012, 18:58; edited 1 time in total
Back to top
Joined: 11 Aug 2012
Posts: 2
Posted: Sat 11 Aug 2012, 01:05
Post subject: I have no idea what I'm doing
So my computer with Windows 7 went to shit, so I decided to try and rescue some files, wipe the hdd, then reinstall. When the reinstall failed I decided that I hated Windows and would force myself to learn to use Linux, but I have to say, I have no idea what I'm doing. I have Slacko Puppy on a USB drive, and I have no idea how to install it to the hdd without burning a disk, which I don't have. My only other USB drive has my backed up files, so I can't use that for anything either.
I searched youtube for puppy tutorials but I couldn't play the video because I didn't have flash, so I went to the flash website and downloaded a tar.gz version because someone on google said that was the one for puppy, but when it finished downloading I had no idea what to do. I searched forums forever but people kept using terms that I didn't know or referring to programs that I didn't have.
I'm still completely lost. What the fuck is bash and do I have it, or do I need to get it somehow? I'm so lost here. I can't even install the Windows 8 beta because I have to install silverlight first, and even if I did download it I wouldn't know what to do with it. How do I use this? Can you point me in the right direction? I mean, I am an ultimate linux-noob. Even getting the internet working took me about 20 minutes.
I typically read previous posts in a thread, but I don't understand most of what is being said...
Back to top
Display posts from previous:
All Posts
1 Day
7 Days
2 Weeks
1 Month
3 Months
6 Months
1 Year
Sort by:
Post Time
Post Subject
Page 54 of 74
[1099 Posts]
Goto page:
View previous topic
View next topic
Forum index
House Training
Beginners Help ( Start Here)
Jump to:
Select a forum
Forum index
|___ House Training
| |___ Beginners Help ( Start Here)
| |___ Users ( For the regulars )
| | |___ Usuarios de habla Hispana
| | |___ Für deutschsprachige Anhänger
| | |___ Pour les francophones
| |
| |___ HOWTO ( Solutions )
| |___ Bugs ( Submit bugs )
|___ Advanced Topics
| |___ Additional Software (PETs, n' stuff)
| | |___ Package Collections / Repositories
| | |___ Browsers and Internet
| | |___ Business
| | |___ Compiling
| | |___ Desktop
| | |___ Documents
| | |___ Drivers
| | |___ Educational
| | |___ Engineering/Science/Simulation
| | |___ Eye Candy
| | |___ Filesystem
| | |___ Games
| | |___ Graphics
| | |___ Multimedia
| | |___ Network
| | |___ Security/Privacy
| | |___ System
| | |___ Utilities
| | |___ Virtualization
| | |___ Unsorted
| |
| |___ Cutting edge
| | |___ Multi-session live-CD/DVD
| |
| |___ Hardware
| | |___ Audio
| | |___ Networking
| | | |___ Dialup
| | | |___ Ethernet
| | | |___ Wireless
| | |
| | |___ Printers
| | |___ Video
| |
| |___ Puppy Derivatives
| |___ Puppy Projects
| |___ Next Puppy Development
| | |___ 4.x
| | | |___ Bugs (4.x dev)
| | | |___ Usability Issues (4.x dev)
| | |
| | |___ 5.x
| | |___ Bugs (5.x dev)
| | |___ Usability Issues (5.x dev)
| |
| |___ Localization Project
| |___ Documentation Project
|___ Taking the Puppy out for a walk
| |___ Announcements
| |___ Puppy Power
| |___ Suggestions
| |___ Misc
|___ Off-Topic Area
|___ Programming
|___ Security
post new topics in this forum
reply to topics in this forum
edit your posts in this forum
delete your posts in this forum
vote in polls in this forum
attach files in this forum
download files in this forum
Powered by
© 2001, 2005 phpBB Group
[ Time: 0.2991s ][ Queries: 12 (0.1893s) ][ GZIP on ]

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Contact Us
Tel: +86-510-83291139
Fax: +86-510-83273338
Mob: +86-15852736128
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Add: Hengxin Road No.5, Qianqiao Hengyuanxiang Industrial Park, Wuxi City, Jiangsu
used universal cylindrical grinding machine
Model MK2120 Automatic measurement /CNC internal grinding machine/ CNC internal grinder machine with High-precision and high effeciencyThis machine tools is mainly used for grinding of internal hole, internal end face, external end face and stepped hole of work piece. This machine tools body adopts castings with good rigidity and small deformation. Setting and adjustment of machine tools parameters adopt touch screen.Human-machine dialogue can be realized. All the movable guide rails of machine tools adopt high-precision linear rolling guide rails which have good sliding performance. Screws for feed and reciprocating motion adopt high-precision ball screws. The feed system and reciprocating system of machine tools adopt Japanese Mitsubishi servo system for double-axis linkage control.
Model MS-2 deep hole internal grinding machine/deep hole internal grinder with High precision and strong stiffnessThis machine tool is the chuck type of general internal grinding machine that is used in grinding the cylindrical or conical inner bore (through-hole or no through-hole) on mechanical parts of small batch production. The layout of machine tool adopts the transverse feed movement of grinding wheel and the vertical reciprocation movement of workbench. Machine tool is light and handy, and floor area is small.
Model MB215 Semi-automatic / Semi-automatic CNC/ internal grinders/CNC internal grinding machine with best-selling and high efficientMain Features 1.This machine is a single axis servo motor driven semi-automatic CNC internal grinder, suitable for small diameter's through hole grinding. 2.This machine is semi-automatic cycle, feed speed, grinding speed, cutting edge speed can be automatically converted. 3.The machine is equipped with hydraulic claw clip and hydraulic system to supply power for work piece fixture. In addition, there are also pneumatic jig and magnetic fixture for selection.
Model M2110C High precision internal manual operation Internal cylindrical grinding machines with Premium- QualityM2110C Internal grinding machine Tool Main characteristics of this machine tools This machine tools is mainly used for grinding of internal hole, stepped hole and internal tapered hole of work piece. Feed and compensation of machine tools is executed by two non-interference drive mechanisms.the...
Large-scale Processing and Good Price Model MS-1 Lengthen Deep Hole Grinder/ Cylindrical Deep Hole Internal Grinding MachineMS-1 Deep Hole Internal grinding machine Main characteristics of this machine tools This machine tools is mainly used for grinding of internal hole, internal tapered hole and stepped hole of deep hole internal circle. The headstock spindle adopts AC frequency converter for stepless speed...
Good quality and durable model MD215A End surface / Double ended Internal grinding machineMD215A End face and Internal grinding machine The main features of the machine tool this machine is mainly used for grinding small diameter hole, step hole, the inner taper hole. This machine adopts double V type preloading, high precision rolling guide rail, good rigidity. Using high speed and...
Wholesale and stable model M250A performance Stepped hole internal grinding machineThe M250A model internal cylindrical grinder can grind a cylindrical hole with a diameter of 150~500 mm and a conical hole with a small taper, and the maximum grinding depth is 450 mm. This machine is mainly suitable for single and small batch production, work by hydraulic transmission, and can continuously adjust the speed,and the grinding wheel can do the micro transverse feeding, the worktable do each reciprocating stroke,the grinding wheel feed once. the workpiece can make lateral adjustment, the trimming action of the grinding wheel is manipulated by hydraulic handle and can continuously adjust the dressing speed.
Model MS-3 semi-automatic CNC/ CNC gear deep hole internal grinder/Deep hole internal grinding grinder with high quality and high productivityThis machine tools is the semi-automatic CNC deep hole internal grinder, with X-axis servo motor, rolling ball screw Z-axis (workbench) reciprocating motion for hydraulic drive. It has the functions such as: automatic cutting feed, automatic coarse grinding and fine grinding, automatic tool retracting, automatically trimming the grinding wheel, automatic compensation.
Model MS-1 general /Manual operation deep hole internal grinding machine with professional and efficientSpecifications Place of Origin: Wuxi, China (Mainland) Brand Name: Changyi Model Number:MS-1 Disc(Wheel) Type: Grinding Disc Dimensions:4000(4500)*1650*1900mm Weight: 7800kg Dia of work piece:50-400 mm Length of work piece:1100mm Machining precision: Roundness of inner bore<=6 μm Cylindriciy of inner bore:<=0.02/1000 mm Roughness of surface: Ra0.63 Packaging & Delivery Packaging Details: wooden box Delivery Details: About 30-60 working days.
Hot Sales Model MK215 and MK2110 CNC Precision Internal Grinding Machine/ Internal GrindersMK215 CNC Internal grinding machine tool is mainly used for grinding of internal hole, internal end face, external end face and stepped hole of work piece at once clamping. The machine tools body is casted by cast iron with compact structure, good...


text:
Vermont Ed.D. & Ph.D. Student Affairs & Development Campus Programs
A Campus Doctorate in Student Affairs & Development degree program might be perfect for teachers or professional educators seeking to take their career to the next level. Many administrators of higher learning institutions have likely earned their Ph.D. or Ed.D. in Student Affairs & Development, and may have backgrounds in psychology, philosophy, or education theory.
Sponsored Listings
Sponsored Listings


text:
Historic aviator's house may get reprieve
FAIRFIELD -- Efforts to delay the demolition of a house built by aviator Gustave Whitehead might have gained traction Tuesday.
"I took it upon myself to do a title search on this house," said Melanie Marks, founder and president of Connecticut House Histories. "I can assure you they had a house here" in 1914.
The announcement was met with cheers from the roughly two dozen individuals gathered in front of the small bungalow at 184 Alvin St. in the rain, which switched from a light drizzle to a downpour and back again during the two-hour rally.
If the house was built in 1914 it would be 100 years old -- the age set in town ordinance for a 60-day stay on demolitions.
But town officials said their documents indicate the house was built in 1918. Because a demolition permit was issued last week, the house can be taken down as soon as Sunday, if that is the case.
Opponents cite evidence that Whitehead may have been the first man to fly a powered, heavier-than-air aircraft in 1901 -- years before the Wright brothers -- as a good reason to preserve the house the German immigrant built and lived in.
Some Whitehead supporters say knocking the house down is akin to destroying Thomas Edison's home or Abe Lincoln's cabin. Jane's All The World's Aircraft, the technical bible for aeronautical engineers and pilots, last year credited Whitehead as the first to build an operational heavier-than-air flying machine.
Hampering efforts: newspapers of the time reported his flight a full two years before the Wright brothers -- but no known photo of the event exists.
And Marks said she found a property tax record that shows that Gustave Whitehead's wife, Louise Whitehead, purchased four lots on Alvin Street in 1914.
She got a mortgage on that land on Jan. 28, 1915.
"She wouldn't be getting a mortgage if she didn't have a house and they couldn't have built a house in 27 days," Marks said.
Property tax records in 1915 also show a house existed on that property, she said, adding that she planned to show the documents to town officials before Friday, when city offices are closed for Good Friday.
Protesters hoped that information would be good enough to delay the demolition so the time could be spent on raising funds to relocate the house or convince developer Gary Tenk, of Stratford, not to move forward with plans to tear it down.
"Despite the weather, and anything else, we are here," said Ed Collins, one of the event organizers. "And we are going to save this house."
Dolly Curtis, who helped Collins organize the rally, noted that Whitehead's accomplishments are known and being recognized throughout the nation.
"If this story is fascinating for the entire nation -- it's really stealing this from everyone," she said. "I don't think anyone should have that right, especially a little local government."
Litchfield resident Stephen Link said his grandmother was the last living eyewitness of Whitehead's flights. Elizabeth Papp Koteles was Whitehead's good friend and neighbor.
"It was a very close community," he said. "These people were glued together."
Link brought along a sign that read, "It's not rain! It's the tears of Mrs. Whitehead and her children."
But not all the attendees were longtime Whitehead supporters.
Bert Garskof and Ellen Lieberman, of Connecticut Free Shakespeare, said they were told about Whitehead's accomplishments just recently.
"My feeling is from listening to the story it seems an injustice to the person," Garskof said. "This was a situation where it seemed to me history should be remembered and corrected."
Staff writer Robert Hagstrom contributed to this story.


text:
Results 1 to 3 of 3
Thread: Optoma UHD-60 4K for under $2K
Optoma UHD-60 4K for under $2K
Optoma has announced two new projectors, the UHD 65 and the UHD 60. The company is classifying both as "True 4K" projectors.
They both use a new 4K DLP chip from Texas Instruments that says projects a resolution of 3840x2160 on the screen. However, the chip itself has an array of 2716x1528 micro-mirrors, using their version of pixel-shifting technology to project the 4K image.
I suppose we can debate if this truly is 4K or not but the asking price of the UHD 60 certainly is attractive. Retail on the UHD 60 is $1999 and as of this posting, Amazon has it listed in stock at $1927.44.
Both projectors are capable of displaying High Dynamic Range video with the differences being the specs on light output, contrast, and the color wheel used. Here's the basic breakdown.
UHD60 vs UHD65
Output in ANSI Lumens
2200 vs 3000
1,000,000:1 vs 1,200,000:1
Frame Interpolation
No vs Yes
Color Wheel
RGBCY vs RGBRGB
Case Color
White vs Black
$1,999 vs $2,499
You can see there's not a huge difference in the two models.
The UHD 60 is available from retailers like Amazon, Best Buy, and a few online camera stores while the UHD 65 is currently selling at the online projectors stores like VisualApex.com. http://www.visualapex.com/Optoma/Pro...?For-The=UHD65
For more detailed information about the UHD 60, visit the manufacturer's product page. https://www.optomausa.com/projectorproduct/uhd60
I know some scoff at DLP front projection but I never had a major issue with it. Since owning a DLP projector, there have been major advancements in color wheel speed and the number of color segments that are used. Would you consider DLP at this point in the game?
I am eager to read some reviews and would love to read comparisons to the entry level JVC and Sony.
Kris Deering looksd at this projector and I'm pretty sure he said there were some significant issues with it.David Vaughn
Technical Writer/Blu-ray Reviewer
Sound and Vision Magazine


text:
Native Vegetarian
Wild Honey Roasted Vegetables
2 Pcs kumara (sweet potato)
2 Pcs sun chokes (note if you can not find replace with parsnips)
3 Pcs carrots
1/2 cup of wild honey ( any honey will do)
2 tspoons of olive oil or any other oil
Preheat oven at 190 degrees C 1) Peel Vegetables and cut into lengths 2)
Mix Honey and oil together and pour into a Roasting Dish 3) Heat at 190
degrees C for 5 minutes 4) Remove from oven and add vegetables to roasting
dish 5) Turn vegetables in honey and oil mixture to coat them 6) Bake at
190 degrees C for between 35-40 minutes, turning regularly, until
vegetables are golden and cooked.
Serve Hot......... Add some herbs to suit your tastes if you wish...
Yield: serves 5
Mixed Grain Mushroom Casserole
1/2 cup wild rice
1/2 cup pearl barley (originally quinoa but you may not be able to locate it)
1/2 cup brown rice
1/4 cup oil
1 large onion; thinly sliced
4 garlic cloves; chopped
4 tablespoon oil
1/2 lb mushrooms; thickly sliced
3 1/2 cup vegetable broth
1 teaspoon crushed dried thyme
1/2 teaspoon crushed dried oregano
1 salt & pepper; to taste
Combine grains in a mixing bowl and set aside. Pour the oil into a 2-3 qt.
casserole which is safe for both stovetop and oven cooking, and place on
med. heat. When hot , saute onion and garlic until tender and translucent,
about 5-6 mins. Add the mixed grains and saute for 1 min., stirring
Meanwhile melt butter or margarine (if using) in a separate pan on med.
high heat. When hot , add mushrooms and saute quickly, stirring frequently,
until the shrooms are hot and have just absorbed the "butter" (about 1
min.). Immediately remove from heat.
Add the broth, herbs, and mushrooms to the casserole with the onions and
grains, and bring to a boil. Season with salt and pepper to taste, cover
tightly (use aluminum foil between pot and cover if necessary for a good
seal), and bake at 350 degrees F for 1 hr.
NOTES: I use alot less oil (only as much as needed to keep things from
sticking in my cast-iron dutch oven), add hot peppers and fresh herbs
(rosemary is especially delicious; i dislike dried oregano so i use less or
none), add soy sauce instead of salt, and saute the mushrooms first in the
same pan (taking them out when done) so i dont have to wash two pans
:^>. Frankly i can't see where they get 8 servings from, this lasts me
maybe 3 meals....It's really a hearty dish, so save it for a cold day (some
of us still have a few left, despite the advent of spring). Enjoy!
(8 servings as a side dish, less as an entree)
Basic Yellow Mesquite Cake
2 1/4 c. flour
3/4 c. mesquite flour
2 1/2 tsp. baking powder
1/2 tbsp. salt
3/4 c. oil or non-dairy margarine
1 1/3 c. sugar
2 tsp. vanilla extract
1 1/3 c. milk
Mesquite flour will give a delicate and distinctive flavor to your cakes.
Sift the flours, salt, and baking powder in a bowl
Beat the sugar, vanilla, and oil or margarine in a separate bowl
Mix slowly the content of the 2 bowls, and the milk. Beat until smooth.
Pour the batter into 2 greased 9-inch round cake pans.
Bake for 30 minutes in a pre-heated, 350 degrees F oven.
Note: mesquite flour can be purchased in health food stores or on the internet
Missiiagan-Pakwejigan (Sunflower Bannock)
algonquin, breads
3 1/4 cup sunflower seeds
3 1/4 cup water
2 1/2 tsp salt
6 tbl corn flour
2/3 cup corn oil
Put the sunflower seeds, water & salt into a pot, cover & let simmer for 1
1/2 hours. When well cookked, crush the seeds to amke a paste. Add the corn
flour, 1 tablespoon at a time to thicken. Work with your hands; cool a
little. Make small, flat pancakes of approximately 5' diameter. Heat oil &
fry both sides, adding more oil if necessary. Drain well & eat.
Algonquin Wild Nut Soup (Paganenes)
24 oz. hazelnuts, crushed
6 shallots, with tops
3 T. parsley, chopped
6 cup stock, vegetable
1 tsp. salt
1/4 tsp. black pepper
Place all ingredients in a large soup pot & simmer slowly over a medium
for 1 1/2 hours, stirring occasionally.
Butternut Squash With Cranberries
2 pounds butternut squash or sweet potatoes
1/4 teaspoon ground cloves
2 tablespoons olive oil
1 to 1-1/2 cups cranberries
1/2 cup cranberry juice cocktail (or aprico; t nectar)
1 teaspoon finely shredded orange peel
1/3 cup maple syrup
1/4 cup chopped walnuts or hazelnuts (filbe; rts), toasted
orange peel strips (optional)
Expand your use of tart cranberries by including them in vegetable side
dishes, such as this simmered butternut squash.
Peel squash or sweet potatoes. Halve squash lengthwise and remove seeds.
Slice squash or sweet potatoes crosswise into 1/2-inch slices.
In a large skillet cook squash or potatoes and cloves in olive oil covered,
over medium heat for 8 minutes or until nearly tender. Stir occasionally.
Add cranberries, juice or nectar, and shredded orange peel. Heat to
boiling; reduce heat. Simmer, covered, for 5 minutes or until squash is
just tender, stirring once or twice. Remove from heat.
Gently stir in maple syrup and walnuts or hazelnuts. Garnish with orange
peel strips, if desired. Serve immediately.
Yield: 6 to 8 servings


text:
BOONE, N.C. >> An American doctor infected with the deadly Ebola disease received intensive treatment Sunday in West Africa and was in stable condition, talking to his medical team and working on his computer, a spokeswoman for an aid group said.
Dr. Kent Brantly was being treated at a hospital in Monrovia, Liberia. Brantly, 33, is the medical director for the North Carolina-based group Samaritan's Purse. He had been working with the group in Liberia since October 2013 as part of the charity's post-residency program for doctors, said Melissa Strickland, a spokeswoman for the group.
"We are hopeful, but he is certainly not out of the woods yet," she said.
The highly contagious virus is one of the most deadly diseases in the world. The World Health Organization said the outbreak is the largest ever recorded, killing more than 670 people in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone since it began earlier this year.
Health workers are at serious risk of contracting the disease, which spreads through contact with bodily fluids.
Photos of Brantly working in Liberia show him in white coveralls made of a synthetic material that he wore for hours a day while treating Ebola patients.
The organization's website said he had worked as a family practice physician in Fort Worth, Texas.
There is no known cure for Ebola, which begins with symptoms including fever and sore throat and escalates to vomiting, diarrhea and internal and external bleeding. Early treatment improves a patient's chances of survival.
"Dr. Brantly recognized his own symptoms and began receiving treatment immediately," Strickland said.


text:
Federal Programs
Federal Pell Grants
Application Procedures
Applications and other materials are available through financial aid offices at approved postsecondary institutions. Students apply for Pell grants by filing a free application for federal student aid (FAFSA).
Selection of Recipients and Allocation of Awards
The federal Pell grant program is an entitlement program. Eligibility and award amount are based on need. The applicant must be enrolled as an undergraduate student, for at least 3 credits, in an approved postsecondary institution and must need financial assistance to continue his or her education. A student may receive grants for the period required to complete a first baccalaureate degree. Awards may be used for tuition, fees, books, and living expenses.
Award Schedule
Awards range from $400 to $4,050 for the 2004-2005 academic year. The amount of the award will be affected by costs of attendance and full- or part-time enrollment status. The federal Pell award does not duplicate state awards.
Responsibilities of Recipients
The student must continue to make satisfactory academic progress in the program in which he or she is enrolled. The student must not owe any refunds on Pell grant or other awards paid, or be in default on repayment of any student loan.
Before receiving payment, Ithaca College must have on file, by electronic means, an accurate official student aid report (SAR). Awards will be credited to the student's account.
Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants (SEOG)
Application Procedures
Application is through the institutional financial aid office, which is responsible for determining who receives a supplemental grant and the amount.
Selection of Recipients and Allocation of Awards
The applicant must (1) be a U.S. citizen or an eligible noncitizen; (2) be an undergraduate matriculated at an institution participating in the federal campus-based programs; (3) if applicable, be registered with the Selective Service; (4) demonstrate exceptional financial need relative to other applicants at the institution; and (5) be a Pell grant recipient. The applicant must not be in default or refund status for any federal Title IV aid at any institution.
Financial need is determined by completing a FAFSA. Recipients and award amounts are determined by financial aid administrators.
Award Schedule
The award ranges from $100 to $4,000, depending on funding. A student may receive grants for the period required to complete a first baccalaureate degree.
Responsibilities of Recipients
The student must continue to make satisfactory academic progress.
Federal Stafford Student Loan -- Subsidized
Application Procedures
Ithaca College processes applications electronically. First-time borrowers submit a loan request form (LRF) to the Office of Financial Aid. The College transmits pertinent information to the lender, servicer, and/or guarantee agency selected by the borrower. The agency generates the promissory note for the borrower to complete and return to the appropriate organization. Repeat borrowers who have used the master promissory note need not complete another promissory note.
Selection of Recipients and Allocation of Awards
The FSSLP is an entitlement program in which all eligible applicants can obtain a loan. To be eligible for a guaranteed loan, a student must (1) be a U.S. citizen or permanent resident alien; (2) be enrolled at least half time or accepted for enrollment in a degree, certificate, or other program leading to a recognized credential; or (3) be enrolled in a course of study necessary for enrollment in a degree or certificate program, approved college, university, or other postsecondary institution in the United States or a foreign country; (4) not be in default or refund status for any federal Title IV program at any institution; (5) be determined to be eligible or ineligible for a Pell grant; (6) if applicable, be registered with the Selective Service; (7) have a Social Security number; (8) demonstrate financial need; and meet any other requirements as outlined by federal law or regulation.
A federal "loan origination fee" equal to 3 percent of the amount of the loan will be deducted from the amount disbursed. An additional annual insurance premium of up to 1 percent of the loan amount is payable in full at the time the loan check is issued.
Funds may not be disbursed earlier than three days before the start of a semester. Loan proceeds are made in two disbursements regardless of the loan period. Funds must be disbursed by electronic fund transfer (EFT), which allows the funds to be deposited directly into the student's account.
Loan Schedule
An undergraduate may borrow up to $2,625 per academic year for the first year of study, $3,500 for the second (30-59 credits completed), and $5,500 for each additional undergraduate year (60+ credits completed), up to a total of $23,000. A graduate student may borrow an annual maximum of $8,500. The aggregate limit, including any undergraduate federal Stafford loans, is $65,500.
A student receiving a federal Stafford student loan is eligible for a full-interest subsidy during the time he or she is in school at least half time and for a following six-month grace period.
Responsibilities of Borrowers
The student must continue to maintain satisfactory academic progress. The interest rate is variable and is based on the 91-day T-bill rate just prior to June 1, with the following additions: 1.7 percent during in-school, grace, and deferment periods; 2.3 percent during repayment. The rate cannot exceed 8.25 percent. Repayment begins six months after the student ceases to be enrolled at least half time.
Various deferments allowing postponement of repayment are available depending on when the student received the first loan. For first-time borrowers on or after July 1, 1993, periods of deferment are limited to those who are (1) in school at least half time; (2) on graduate fellowships or rehabilitation training; (3) unemployed; or (4) in economic hardship. Students should contact the lender for specific information.
If a student applies for more than one loan, subsequent applications must be made to the lending institution where the original loan was made.
Upon ceasing to be at least a half-time student, the borrower must make formal arrangements with the lending institution to begin repayment. The following regulations apply:
1. Income-sensitive, graduated payment, and income-contingent repayment plans are available to assist borrowers in meeting repayment obligations. Under unusual and extenuating circumstances, the lender, on request, may permit other payment arrangements.
2. The maximum repayment period is 10 years.
3. Repayment in whole or part may be made any time without penalty.
4. Loans may be consolidated, resulting in longer repayment terms and smaller monthly payments.
Federal Stafford Student Loan -- Unsubsidized
Application Procedures
Application procedures are the same as for subsidized federal Stafford loan.
Selection of Recipients and Allocation of Awards
Same as subsidized federal Stafford loan, except no demonstration of financial need is required. Available to students who may not qualify for subsidized federal Stafford loans or for only partial subsidized Stafford loans.
Interest rate is the same as subsidized loan. A loan origination fee and insurance premium equal to 3 percent of the amount of the loan will be deducted from the amount disbursed.
Loan Schedule
Same as subsidized federal Stafford loan. However, if the student is receiving the subsidized federal Stafford loan, the combination of the two loan programs cannot exceed the annual loan limit. Independent undergraduate students may borrow an additional $4,000 for the first and second year (less than 60 credits earned), and $5,000 per year in subsequent years. The aggregate total is $73,000 for undergraduate and graduate study combined.
Responsibilities of Borrowers
Same as subsidized federal Stafford loan. However, the borrower is responsible for interest that accrues while he or she is in school. Interest may be capitalized.
Federal Parent Loans for Undergraduate Students (PLUS)
Application Procedures
PLUS application forms are available only from participating lenders. Information about the program can be obtained from the New York State Higher Education Services Corporation, Albany, NY 12234.
Selection of Recipients and Allocation of Awards
A borrower must be the parent of a financially dependent undergraduate. Student eligibility criteria are comparable to those for federal Stafford student loans, except PLUS loans require no financial need test.
An origination fee of 4 percent will be deducted from the loan amount.
Loan Schedule
The maximum is up to the cost of attendance minus other financial aid.
Responsibilities of Borrowers
The student must continue to maintain satisfactory academic progress. A credit check is required. Repayment must begin 60 days after the loan is disbursed. Loan funds are made copayable to the borrower and Ithaca College. Two disbursements are required, regardless of loan period. The interest rate will be based on the 91-day T-bill rate just prior to June 1, plus 3.1 percent. The maximum rate is 9 percent.
Federal Perkins Loan
Application Procedures
Application is made through the financial aid office of the postsecondary institution. Forms and information on loan cancellation provisions for borrowers who go into certain teaching fields or specified military duty are available from this source.
Selection of Recipients and Allocation of Awards
The applicant must (1) be a U.S. citizen or eligible noncitizen; (2) be enrolled in an undergraduate, graduate, or first-professional program as a matriculated student at an institution participating in the federal campus-based programs; (3) if applicable, be registered with the Selective Service; and (4) demonstrate exceptional financial need relative to other applicants at the institution. The applicant must not be in default or refund status for any federal Title IV aid at any institution.
Financial need is determined by standardized need analysis, subject to adjustments by institutions. Recipients and loan amounts are determined by financial aid administrators.
Award Schedule
Amounts that may be borrowed are $4,000 per year for students in a program leading to a bachelor's degree and $6,000 per year for graduate students. The aggregate loan limits are $40,000 for graduate students, including undergraduate loans; $20,000 for a student who has successfully completed two years of an undergraduate program leading to a bachelor's degree, but has not completed that degree; and $8,000 for all other students.
Responsibilities of Borrowers
The student must continue to maintain satisfactory academic progress. The current interest rate, payable during the repayment period, is 5 percent on the unpaid principal. Repayment begins nine months after graduation or leaving school, or after a student drops below half-time status. It may extend over a period of 10 years.
Information on loan cancellations for certain categories of borrowers and deferments is available from the bursar's office.
For any of the FFEL programs (i.e., Perkins, PLUS, Stafford), a borrower who disputes the terms of the loan in writing and the lender (or institution) does not resolve the dispute may contact the U.S. Department of Education, FSA Ombudsman, First Street, NW Fourth Floor, Washington, D.C. 20202, by phone at 877-557-2575, or via the Internet at http://ombudsman.ed.gov.
Federal Work-Study (FWS) Program
The FWS program provides employment opportunities for students.
Selection of Recipients and Allocation of Awards
The applicant must (1) be a U.S. citizen or eligible noncitizen; (2) be enrolled in an undergraduate, graduate, or first-professional program as a matriculated student at an institution participating in the federal campus-based programs; (3) not be in default or refund status for any federal Title IV aid at any institution; (4) if applicable, be registered with the Selective Service; and (5) demonstrate financial need.
Financial need is determined by submitting the free application for federal student aid (FAFSA).
Award Schedule
The postsecondary institution arranges jobs, on or off campus, with either public or not-for-profit agencies. Students are encouraged to seek positions in community service areas. Factors considered by the financial aid office in determining whether, and for how many hours, the recipient may work under this program include financial need, class schedule, academic progress, and a student's health status.
Level of salary must be at least the minimum wage. The maximum salary allowed depends on the nature of the job and the applicant's qualifications.
Responsibilities of Recipients
The student must continue to maintain satisfactory academic progress. See "Academic Standing and Progress," p. 537.
Federal GEAR UP Scholarship
Application Procedures
Students must contact the state agency responsible for administration of the program.
Selection of Recipients and Allocation of Awards
To receive a GEAR UP Scholarship, an eligible student must (1) be less than 22 years of age at time of first scholarship award; (2) have received a secondary school diploma or its recognized equivalent on or after January 1, 1993; (3) be enrolled or accepted for enrollment in a program of undergraduate instruction at an institution of higher education that is located within the state's boundaries; and (4) have successfully participated in the early intervention component of a GEAR UP or NEISP project, or have participated in a federal TRIO program.
Individual states may determine the maximum amount of an eligible student's scholarship. The minimum amount of a scholarship must not be less than the lesser of: 75 percent of the average cost of attendance for an in-state student in a four-year program of instruction at a public institution in his or her state; or the maximum federal Pell grant for such fiscal year.
Source: GEAR UP, Office of Postsecondary Education, U.S. Department of Education, 1990 K Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20006-8524.
Refund Procedure
Students attending Ithaca College who are receiving federal Title IV financial aid (e.g., federal Stafford, PLUS, or Perkins loans; federal Pell or FSEOG funds) are required to return the portion of unearned aid if they withdraw, do not register, or otherwise fail to complete the period of enrollment for which the Title IV aid was provided. The return of funds does not apply to any student whose date of withdrawal is beyond the 60 percent enrollment period for which the student has been charged. The last date of attendance is determined by the date the student began the College's withdrawal process, the student's last date of recorded attendance, or the midpoint of the semester for a student who leaves without notifying the College.
To determine the percentage of aid earned, divide the number of calendar days completed by the total calendar days in the enrollment period (excluding scheduled breaks of five days or more AND days that the student is on approved leave of absence).
Federal financial aid is returned to the program from which it was disbursed based on the percentage of unearned aid. To determine the percentage of unearned aid, subtract the percentage of aid earned from 100. The percentage of unearned aid is then multiplied by the amount of aid disbursed toward allowable institutional charges (e.g., tuition, room, and board).
A refund schedule of tuition and room and board charges based on a 15-week semester is provided below.
Please note that the above refund policy also applies to students who are not federal aid recipients. It also applies to the return of institutional aid. In the case of any student for whom it is determined that a return must be made to programs based on prorated charges, those funds will be returned in the following order: unsubsidized federal Stafford loan, subsidized federal Stafford loan, federal Perkins loan, federal PLUS, federal Pell grant, FSEOG funds, and other Title IV aid programs. Finally, if no institutional, state, or private financial aid refund is required, a refund will be made to the student.
When institutional aid is required to be returned, it will be done in the following order: W. G. Egbert Founder's Grant, Ithaca Access Grant, merit-based scholarships, endowed/restricted scholarships, and other institutional aid programs.
More detailed information, including examples of refund and repayment calculations, is available in the admission, bursar, and financial aid offices.
Special Considerations
Students who take a leave of absence, withdraw, or are on a continuation leave and are also Title IV aid recipients should be aware of the following:
· The grace period for federal loans (Perkins, PLUS, Stafford) begins from the student's last date of attendance as determined by the Office of Student Affairs and Campus Life. A student who is on an approved leave of absence will be considered as in school for purposes of repayment of federal loans. Should the student not return from an approved leave of absence, the last date of attendance will be considered the date the approved leave of absence began.
· When a student withdraws from the College, the last date of attendance will be determined as outlined on p. 580.
· A student who is provided a continuation leave will be reported as withdrawn since federal regulations do not allow for the period of study to be interrupted for more than 180 days, excluding standard periods of non-enrollment.
· Before being granted approval for withdrawal, leave of absence, or a continuation leave, all students who are federal loan recipients are required to be counseled by the Office of Financial Aid to discuss the consequences of their changed status on loan programs.
Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC)
The U.S. Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC) programs include the Army ROTC, the Navy-Marine Corps (NROTC), and the Air Force (AFROTC) programs. These programs are offered at host colleges throughout the nation, including many colleges located in New York State. Ithaca College participates only in the Army ROTC program in conjunction with Cornell University.
Each of the three programs has separate application procedures, eligibility requirements, award schedules, and service obligations. All the programs offer financial assistance to undergraduates, with some assistance for study beyond the baccalaureate degree.
Additional information about the individual programs and a list of the colleges hosting them can be obtained by calling 800-872-7682, by contacting each service's recruiting stations, listed in local telephone directories, or from the national application processing centers:
· NROTC Navy-Marine Corps, Scholarship Program, PO Box 3060, Hyattsville, MD 20784
· Army ROTC, PO Box 9000, Clifton, NJ 07015
· Air Force ROTC/RRUF, Maxwell AFB, Montgomery, AL 36112
Veterans Administration (VA) Educational Benefits
Many programs of educational assistance benefits are available to those who have served in the active military, naval, or air service, and to their families. Detailed information on all veterans' benefits can be obtained from regional and local offices of the Veterans Administration or from VA headquarters: Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC 20420, or by telephone at 1-888-442-4551. In New York State, there are VA centers in Albany, Babylon, the Bronx, Brooklyn, Buffalo, Elmhurst, Manhattan, Rochester, Syracuse, and White Plains.
Four major programs of educational assistance for postsecondary study described in the 1989 edition of the Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance Programs are summarized here.
Veterans Educational Assistance (Noncontributory GI Bill)
For veterans who served for more than 180 days, any part of which occurred between January 31, 1955, and January 1, 1977, and for certain other veterans, benefits are available for up to 45 months of full-time study or the equivalent in part-time study. Eligibility generally ceases after 10 years from the date of last release from active duty or December 31, 1989, whichever occurs first.
Post-Vietnam Era Veterans' Educational Assistance
This program is basically a voluntary contributory matching program for persons entering service after December 31, 1976, and before July 1, 1985. For every dollar contributed by the individual, the federal government will contribute two dollars, and the U.S. Department of Defense may contribute an additional amount. Individual contributions may not exceed $2,700. Benefits from this program may be used until 10 years after the date of the last release or discharge from active duty and may cover up to 36 months of study.
All-Volunteer Force Educational Assistance (Montgomery GI Bill Active Duty)
This program primarily serves individuals entering military service on or after July 1, 1985. The program allows basic pay to be reduced by $100 per month for the first 12 months of service in order to be eligible for as much as 36 months of educational assistance of $300 a month. A Selected Reserve Educational Assistance Program is also available to help members of the Selected Reserve pay for study leading to an undergraduate degree, or for nondegree programs at institutions of higher learning. Educational assistance must be used within 10 years of a veteran's first date of discharge or release from service, with some exceptions.
Survivors and Dependents Educational Assistance
A monthly allowance is available to help pay the educational expenses of spouses, surviving spouses, or dependent children between the ages of 18 and 26 of service persons who are permanently and completely disabled from service-connected causes, who have died as a result of service or as a result of service-connected disabilities, who are missing in action, or who have been forcibly detained by a foreign nation for more than 90 days.
A. Ozolins, Office of Publications, 21. October, 2002


text:
If solid gold cellphones are part of your everyday out-the-door accesories, then you should have no problem loosening the old snake-skin wallet and pulling out $1,260 bones for a solid gold Xbox 360 faceplate.
The plate is made by Christofle, and can be seen in Paris at the Colette boutique. There's only going to be five made, so unless you're some kind of rapper or movie star, don't count on getting your hands on one.
Solid Silver Xbox 360 by christofle [Popgadget]


text:
Sygic GPS Navigation & Maps GPS Navigation & Maps is The World's Most Installed Offline turn-by-turn GPS navigation App for Android powered by TomTom Maps. Navigation and Maps are installed on the SD card so there is no need for an Internet connection when navigating. You can enjoy free navigation, gps, offline TomTom maps, POIs, route planning & map updates. To get …DOWNLOAD NOW
Home / Tag Archives: new version Sygic GPS Navigation & Maps v16.1.5 apk download


text:
- SpecsConvert Specs to MetricTable-W15.75 "Table-L66.93 "Travel-Long35.43 "Travel-Cross12.4 "Power14.8 hpRPM1500 rpmTaperISO50 7:24Dimensions2556x2159x2328mmWeight4250kg
- Product Overview
1. VKM40 Heavy Duty Vertical knee-type milling machine is high in rigidity and accuracy for heavy and high-speed cutting;
2. The power of main spindle motor is high and speed range is wide;
3. VKM40 Vertical knee-type milling machine is manufactured from high quality cast iron;
4. The important part is manufactured from alloy steel, ensuring maximum stability for heavy duty cutting;
5. VKM40 Milling machine adopts integrated automatic lubricating system;
6. Digital readout (DRO) can be offered according to customers' requirement;
- About Company
Fortune Pacific Machine Tool Limited is a machine tools supplier & developer in China, provide Metal lathe, CNC lathes, Heavy duty turning lathes, Boring machines, Drilling machines, Milling machines, Gear machines, Grinding machines, Balancing machine, Shaping Machine, Slotting Machine, Planing Machines, Sawing Machine, CNC Machining Center, Vertical CNC Lathe, Wire Cut EDM,. Plate Bending Machine, Press Brake, Plate Shearing Machine, Laser Marking Machine, etc. We are able to provide customization, installation, and operator training services if needed. We accept OEM,ODM order.