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The top 10 stories of 2011 included limitations on skateboarders; an arrest for alleged rapes and sexual assaults; flood recovery; Marine Life Protection Act implementation delay in Laguna; the Heisler Park renovation; the Resource Center pulling out from daytime services at the Alternative Sleeping Location; Laguna Terrace Park residents' attempts to buy the land under their mobile homes which remains unresolved; Bluebird Park residents' split on the fate of five eucalypti Edison wanted to remove; approval of the Mozambique's Quiet Zone; and the reopening of the Laguna Beach Animal Shelter.
City Manager John Pietig was the Newsmaker of the Year.
So what changed in 2012?
Still in the news: Laguna Terrace Park — the residents' bid was refused; the City Council upped the ante for breaking city skateboarding regulations with new penalties and approved the removal of 11 eucalyptus trees in Bluebird Canyon, more than twice the number discussed in 2011.
A murder-suicide was reported in 2012, the first murder in Laguna since Hotel Laguna catering manager Damon Nicholson was killed in 2009, according to Capt. Jason Kravetz.
Other newcomers to the list included the start of construction of the Lifeguard Headquarters and new restrooms on Main Beach, with the blessings of the California Coastal Commission; the 2012 election and its nasty aftertaste; and the loss of two iconic eateries — The Cottage and Royal Hawaiian.
The council closed out the year with a narrow 3-2 approval of a social host ordinance — making Laguna the fourth city in Orange County to enact such a, which penalizes adults who knowingly supply minors with booze.
Newly elected council members Robert Whalen and Steven Dicterow were named Newsmakers of the Year.
Other stories that made headlines, culled from the pages of the Coastline Pilot in 2012:
Jan. 6: An innovative test for HIV that reduces the diagnostic time was introduced at the Laguna Beach Community Clinic.
Sirous & Sons Rug Gallery was closed in the wake of the accusations that the store manager had raped or sexually assaulted 11 women in 2010 and 2011. A total of five rapes were reported in 2010, six in 2011 and six in 2012, as of noon Dec. 31, Kravetz said.
Jan. 13: City and Laguna Beach Police Department employees agreed to terms in a memorandum of understanding, in which new hires would contribute more toward their retirement benefits than department veterans — saving the city a bundle.
Laguna Beach artist David S. Palmer exhibited his portraits of famous people killed by bullets, using bullet casings as his medium.
Jan. 20: The Department of Fish and Game returned 47 spiny lobsters to the water off of Laguna Beach and cited a man for poaching, in what authorities called the first major violation of the Marine Protection Act.
"The Lonesome Traveler" gala at the Laguna Playhouse was anything but. A sold-out audience raved about the show. "So fun," Kathy Conway said.
Traffic slowed to a trickle while crews from the Laguna Beach County Water District stopped a leak at South Coast Highway and Forest Avenue.
Jan. 27: Pietig reported that the city had more money to spend and bank than expected in the fiscal year. "Fortunately, during this past year the [economic] recovery brought higher-than-expected revenue in property taxes, sales taxes, bed taxes and community development fees," Pietig said in his mid-year budget update.
Feb. 3: Lisette Chel announced her candidacy for city clerk. She had served as deputy since 2008 to City Clerk Martha Anderson who planned to retire at the end of her term in November.
The Chamber of Commerce named Mission Hospital as its Business of the Year at the annual Spirit of Laguna Awards and board installation dinner. Tivoli Terrace and Tivoli Too owner June Neptune was named Citizen of the Year.
Longtime Laguna Art Museum Director Bolton Colburn took over as executive director of the Surfing Heritage Foundation.
The Laguna Beach Visitors Bureau was awarded a Shop America Alliance award for its Dinning Tourism program. "It's exciting to have such a vast array of culinary experiences in our small quaint town," said bureau President and CEO Judy Bijlani.
Feb. 10: A ban on plastic bags was approved, scheduled to begin Tuesday.
The council approved a $450-a-year allowance for each of them to attend community events. The allowance was opposed by the Laguna Beach Taxpayers Assn. "City Council participation at community events is important," said Councilman Kelly Boyd. "Unfortunately, these events can become costly — especially if they bring a guest to the event."
Bluebird Park resident Andrew Solis claimed the right to perform Native American rituals in his backyard, which included a sweat lodge.
Nearly 600 people jammed into the Laguna Art Museum Feb. 4 for the annual art auction and after party, an attendance record.
Feb. 17: The council voted 4-1 to send a letter to the Nuclear Regulatory Agency asking that public concerns be resolved before San Onofre's operating license was extended beyond its expiration date of 2022.
LaVida Laguna owner Billy Fried unveiled a map of safe bicycle routes in town drawn by Jesse Miller and available to the public at 673 North Coast Highway or at hotels.
Feb. 24: Two groups of St. Francis American Catholic Church vied for control. The daughter of the ailing bishop contended the property belonged to her father, raising the hackles of other parishioners. A new bishop was named.
March 2: The council approved a $ 15,000 grant to the Cross Cultural Council, without which the Day Labor Hiring Area on Laguna Canyon Road would have closed.
DNA collection drives were set to help longtime Laguna Beach resident Lesley Domiano find a bone marrow donor, without which doctors gave her only months to live.
March 9: The 46th annual Patriots Day Parade included more than 100 entries. The theme was "Never Forget." Honorees included Patriot of the Year Louise Buckley and Citizens of the Year, Betsy and Dr. Gary Jenkins.
The council had 11 candidates from which to choose seven members of the revamped Environmental Committee that had imploded the previous year and been disbanded, when no one applied for a seat. "I was so impressed to see so many new faces with impressive resumes," said Planning Commissioner Anne Johnson.
City buses began stopping in front of the Third Street Centers. Laguna Beach Seniors Inc. Executive Director Nadia Babayi encouraged seniors to use the service to show the need for the service during the year-long pilot program.
March 16: Whalen announced his candidacy for City Council.
Laguna Greenbelt President Elisabeth Brown advised the City Council that the FBI wanted to use a parcel on the long-planned wildlife corridor between Laguna's open space and the Cleveland National Forest for a regional anti-terrorism training facility.
Laguna Beach a la Carte was a tasty wine and food fest hosted by the Visitors Bureau to promote the city as a "foodie" destination.
The Laguna Beach Assistance League was honored by the City Council for its 50 years of service to Laguna.
March 23: A Laguna Beach woman was threatened with criminal charges if she didn't trim her hedge as ordered by city officials.
SchoolPower raised $300,000 at the annual dinner dance, co-chaired by Kim Ressler and Patience Shutts.
March 30: Eva's Caribbean Kitchen was back in business after being closed since mid-February for repairs to damage from a fire.
Village Laguna founder Arnold Hano celebrated his 90th birthday with a few hundred friends at Tivoli Terace
Environmental activist Carolyn Wood was honored by the City Council for her contributions to the city. "You are one of the reasons Laguna Beach is what it is today," said Mayor Jane Egly.
Pacific Marine Mammal Center crews participated in the untangling of a gray whale, from a gill net and rope wrapped around its fluke.
April 6: Supervisor Pat Bates reported on the state of the county at the Laguna Canyon Conservancy dinner meeting.
Author Dean Koontz captivated the Laguna Playhouse audience that had come to hear him talk about his work and his life and to get his autograph — some lugging in as many as 25 books for him to sign.
Laguna Beach Alliance for the Arts honored Laguna Art Museum's Robert Hayden and sculptor Jorg Dubin, among others at the annual Art Stars Awards at Seven Degrees.
April 13: The caretaker of a Laguna Beach home was arrested on suspicion of stealing almost $200,000 in jewelry that belonged to a friend of the homeowner.
State Assembly candidate Robert Rush, state Senate candidate Steve Young and House of Representatives candidate Ron Varasteh, all Democrats, presented their platforms to an audience of about 30 at the Unitarian Universalist Fellowship, hosted by the Laguna Beach Democratic Club.
April 20: Angel Golden Glove right-fielder Tori Hunter visited El Morro Elementary School, telling the kids that hard work and good grades can lead to success in school and life.
The Laguna Dance Festival, which drew rave reviews, was kicked off by UC Irvine dance students with a performance at the Laguna Art Museum.
Dicterow launched his bid for a fourth term on the City Council, six years after his last term ended.
The Smithsonian Magazine included Laguna in its list of the best small towns in the country.
April 27: Work was allowed to resume on the Halliburton House, which had been red-tagged because of incomplete internal construction plans.
"What happened here is the fault of the system," said Councilwoman Toni Iseman, who voted against the resumption of work without more rigorous review. "Let's get together and fix the process."
Coastline Pilot editor Cindy Frazier read one of her poems at the L.A. Times Festival of Books at USC. But it wasn't the poem that Coastline Pilot columnist Cherill Doty admired as much as Frazier's determination to be there to read it, while battling pancreatic cancer.
May 4: The Rotary Club of Laguna presented its most successful Grapes for Grads, which raises money for scholarships. "We had more wineries, more food and way more people," said Steve Dotorotus, event co-chair with Jeff Redeker.
Alice Harmon announced her intension to raise funds to preserve "Cathexis," a weather-beaten sculpture by her late son, Steven, which sat at the entry of Riddle Field until removed by the city as a danger to the public.
May 11: Egly kicked off her reelection campaign.
Zpizza was given a reprieve, allowed to stay open even though its lease in its Aliso Creek Shopping Center location was not to be renewed.
Animal Crackers was also told its lease would not be renewed, to the displeasure of loyal customers, and supporters of the pet rescue foundation, funded by the store.
The Laguna Beach Citizens Academy graduated 22 participants in the program Police Capt. Darin Lenyi designed to give community members a better understanding of the police department and how law enforcement works. Andrew Landsiedel, son of Laguna Beach Unified District school board member Bill Landsiedel, started a Facebook Group that opined that the kids had a better solution to underage drinking than the supporters of the proposed social host ordinance supported by school district officials and the PTA.
Coastline Pilot Columnist David Hansen lamented the lack of a popular music festival in Laguna Beach, citing comments by Rick Conkey, founder of HelpBlueWater.com. Conkey was quoted as saying, "Music is a controversial part of the arts scene. It's never been recognized."
May 18: Laguna Beach residents gave the city a good grade in a citizen survey conducted by the National Research Center. All city services received high marks and 97% of the 405 respondents to the survey rated the overall quality of as excellent or good.
Laguna Beach Republicans opened their election headquarters, with a precinct walk followed by a no-host cocktail reception at French 75.
May 25: Mercury Disposal Systems announced it had picked up 2,300 pounds of batteries and 2,100 pounds of fluorescent lamps and compact bulbs between July 1, 2011 and March 30, 2012. Waste Management announced that 9,021 pounds of household hazardous waste had been collected from 140 homes between June 1, 2011 and April 30.
June 1: Members of the Laguna Beach Police and Fire departments participated in a Torch run along Coast Highway to benefit the Special Olympics.
Federal Judge David O. Carter gave a memorable Memorial Day speech at Monument Point, a hero who didn't speak of his own heroics, but of those who have met the challenges to our freedoms since the country was founded, moving many in the audience to tears. "I was a warrior once — a combat Marine who has grown older, but who would enlist to fight again for our country," Carter said.
Laguna Beach High School's production of "Into the Woods" and cast member Elan Kramer won top honors at the 2012 Macy Awards, the Oscars of high school musicals.
June 8: The council voted 4-1 to close Skyline Drive to skateboarders, with Mayor Pro Tem Verna Rollinger opposed.
Anne Wood was honored by the Laguna Beach Woman's Club for her volunteerism.
The council raised sewer fees without a single grumble from the audience.
June 15: Laguna Beach was better prepared for disasters after the graduation of 31 members from Laguna's first Community Emergency Response Team training program, which prepares participants to support first responders and give immediate assistance to victims at a disaster site.
The Laguna Beach High School Scholarship Foundation awarded $283,000 to graduating seniors. Water Polo Olympian Annika Dries spoke about how much the scholarships had meant to her. "Not only did I have the opportunity to attend Stanford, as a scholar-athlete, but also to walk on campus with the support of this community for my academic success," Dries said.
Laguna Beach resident Anne Earhart was named 42nd on the list of the top 50 California political donors during the past decade. Earhart is credited with donations of $1.4 million.
June 22: The City Council approved a $66.2 million budget for the 2012-13 fiscal year. The hearing was sparsely attended by the public. "I guess it is a vote of confidence that the public is happy with the way we are spending their money," Councilwoman Elizabeth Pearson said.
Laguna College of Art & Design raised $200,000 at the 23rd annual Collectors Choice Fine Art Event and Auction. The funds benefited student programs and scholarships.
June 29: Animal Crackers Pet Rescue Foundation supporters raised $22,000 to help find a new location, preferably in Laguna, for the pet supply and grooming shop that supports the foundation.
Bluebird Canyon residents met with Public Works Director Steve May and the city's consulting arborist to discuss the recommended removal of 11 city-owned eucalypti from the heavily wooded neighborhood. "Some residents don't want to see any of the trees removed; others want to see them all removed," May said.
OUR LAGUNA is a regular feature of the Laguna Beach Coastline Pilot. Contributions are welcomed. Call (949) 302-1469 or email email@example.com with Attn. Barbara Diamond in the subject line.


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Over the last decade CSULB has made tremendous progress as a university known for its effective teaching, research, and public service. I feel very fortunate to be a part of this campus where the faculty and staff not only understand the significance of our public mission but also genuinely believe in the value that we provide to our students and society.
As we reach the midway point in our fall semester, I would like to take this opportunity to thank you for your dedication to CSULB and the educational success of our students. It is because of your ongoing efforts that our University has developed a much envied momentum in an increasingly competitive academic marketplace. I also would like to take this opportunity to share with you our budgetary update regarding this year's campus fiscal condition. This fall we are fortunate to begin the year with a much more favorable budget than in previous years. In fact, this is the first time in six years that our state budget was actually passed prior to the initiation of the fall semester.
Thanks to the advice and guidance of the campus Resource Planning Process (RPP), our University has developed a responsible budget that allows us to expedite our detailed campus recovery plan. After months of work and meetings, the RPP Task Force developed a campus-wide budget that aggressively addresses many of the deficiencies created by previous budgetary reduction periods. Through this process, the preparation of this year's budget—much like many other campus initiatives—has been a collegial process, further signifying our ongoing commitment to shared governance.
On June 30, 2006 the Governor signed a state budget that upholds the public commitment to the compact agreement for both the CSU and the UC. This budget marks the second year when the terms of the compact have been supported by the state legislature. The budget continues to recognize the extraordinary role of the CSU in addressing the economic well-being of California. The budget provides additional funds for student enrollment growth, faculty and staff salary increases, and continued support for our academic programs and services. Overall, this year's budget provides nearly $2.8 billion in state support dollars and $1.2 billion from fee revenues, or a 7.6% increase ($226 million) over the previous year. Additionally, $54.4 million in state support was provided to eliminate an 8% proposed fee increase for undergraduate students and a 10% increase for graduate students. In fact, California students were fortunate to experience no fee increase at a time when the vast majority of the nation's collegiate students witnessed further tuition and fee increases.
This budget also effectively changed a six-year pattern where the state's commitment as a percentage of revenues allocated to our campus had consistently declined. The 2006-07 budget increased the state's commitment as a percentage of total CSULB revenues from 44.3% to 45%, a change that is welcomed but contrary to national public university trends.
In addition to these beneficial budgetary outcomes, Chancellor Reed and the CSU Board of Trustees are to be commended for negotiating an improved marginal cost formula increase for enrollment growth which has resulted in a change from $6,270 per FTE to $7,225 per FTE. Changes were also adopted for the Cal Grant B state student aid program that will substantially benefit CSU and CSULB students primarily because of a student age extension from a maximum of 23 years old to 27 years old.
The 2006-07 state budget provides an increase of $16.9 million in net state support which represents a 6% increase over the 2005-06 academic year. Of this amount, $3.4 million is restricted for fixed cost increases such as health benefits, maintenance, insurance, energy usage, etc.; $6 million is dedicated for a 3.65% compensation pool increase for all employees; $2.8 million is allocated for new teaching faculty to accommodate enrollment growth; and $4.7 million in base discretionary funds will be allocated to the operating divisions to continue the campus budget recovery plan.
As mentioned earlier, I am pleased to support the recommendations of the RPP Task Force for the continuation of our Campus Budget Recovery Plan. We are now in the third year of implementing our budget recovery strategy. In fact, because our budgeted enrollment target increased by 100 FTES which was more than originally anticipated, we were able to accelerate the recovery schedule this year. Our budgetary recovery strategy has brought enormous benefit to the campus by assigning the highest priority to faculty resources to accommodate the programmed enrollment growth and to eventually restoring instructional and non-instructional base budgets to the 2003-04 level.
Among the new authorizations included in the 2006-2007 budget are:
This year we are pleased to be able to authorize a base budget allocation of $2,564,468 to accommodate an additional 823 FTES for a total funded enrollment of 28,898.
We also have authorized a base budget allocation of $207,768 in support of expanding our graduate level nursing program. The state provided specific funding in this year's budget for the expansion of these programs in the CSU.
After faculty costs are covered, the next component of the Campus Budget Recovery Plan can be distributed to preserve instructional capacity, improve quality and partially restore services impacted during the budget reduction years. Therefore, we have authorized $4,667,800 in base funding to our operating divisions proportionate to the earlier budget cuts. In addition, we have authorized the divisions $4,459,525 in one-time temporary dollars made available over time from savings in university-wide resources. Additional relief will be made available within the divisions from their limited carryover savings.
|Academic Affairs
|Instruction – new faculty
|MSN Graduate Nursing
|$ 959,600
|Total, Academic Affairs
|Administration and Finance
|Office of the President
|Student Services
|University Relations and Development
|Total, New Authorizations
This year the 2006-07 CSU budget provides salary increases for faculty and staff. Although the terms and conditions of the compensation awards may differ in each of the bargaining units and are subject to final bargaining agreements which are ongoing at this time, the total compensation pool equals an increase of 3.65%. Competitive salaries are critical to our ability to recruit and retain the best faculty and staff at CSULB. Currently, we have some ground to make up in this area, and the Chancellor and the Board of Trustees are committed to working in the coming budget cycles to acquire additional state funding for salary increases. It is during good budgetary cycles when campuses are at greatest risk of losing talented faculty and staff. Therefore, we must do whatever we can to proactively address salary related issues while working to find new ways to attract and retain faculty and staff at CSULB.
This fall 61,590 students submitted applications to attend CSULB. Clearly, student interest has never been stronger, which places further challenges on our campus to manage our growth in a manner that protects academic quality while also providing student access. However, despite our evolving student admission standards and enrollment challenges, I am pleased to say that our commitment to enrolling lower income students continues to be very strong. In fact, the percentage of Pell Grant eligible students attending CSULB has increased from 22.2% to 36.1% over the last decade. This is further evidence that our commitment to our public mission remains strong at a time when many public universities nationwide have opted to exclude large numbers of economically disadvantaged students.
This fall our new entering student class includes approximately 4,073 full-time freshmen and 2,779 full-time transfer students. In aggregate, our campus population exceeds 28,577 FTES this fall and grew by 2.9% when compared to last year's enrollment. Furthermore, our commitment to attracting some of California's best and brightest students through our President's Scholars program has brought 50 new valedictorians and National Merit Scholars to CSULB.
The increasing demand for a CSULB education makes it even more critical that we carefully manage our student enrollment to maintain educational effectiveness especially as universities nationwide focus more attention on student success and improving graduation rates. Enhancing student success will allow us to keep more of our currently enrolled students, placing less stress on attracting larger entering classes. Graduating more students will also help transform our local and regional economies in addition to providing essential economic opportunities for our students.
Recruiting new students and retaining more of our continuing students are important priorities for our campus as we prepare for the challenges of the foreseeable future. More than ever before, our annual budgets are tied to our enrollment-growth projections and our ability to meet those projections. Under the Governor's Compact Agreement, we are expected to grow by 2% each year through 2010-11. Therefore, it is important that we give appropriate attention and support to recruitment, retention, and student success. As our enrollment climbs, we remain committed to ensuring all of our students have the kind of support and high quality university experience they deserve.
Last year's budget provided essential resources which enabled us to attract 77 new tenure track faculty members as well as many new staff members who joined us this fall with very impressive credentials. I am pleased to announce that this new entering class of faculty is the second largest cohort that we have had since 1989 and one of the most globally diverse classes that we have ever brought to campus. This year we anticipate hiring our largest faculty cohort in twenty-five years and we hope that this new entering class of faculty will also bring global and diverse academic expertise to CSULB. We also anticipate that this will be true for many of the new staff members who will be joining our campus in 2006-07. As we all know, student success and graduation encompasses the work of everyone from the dedicated grounds crew who keep our campus beautiful, to the student affairs professionals who labor behind the scenes, to our world class faculty who teach, conduct research, and provide invaluable public service to our students and society at large.
Last year faculty and staff secured over $44 million in external and federally supported research. This represents an increase of nearly $14 million from the previous year and our second largest aggregate total in external research funding in our University's history. Additionally, faculty and staff submitted 344 or 10% more research proposals seeking external funding during the course of the 2005-06 year. We anticipate continuing these trends this academic year by providing the resources necessary to support all qualified SCAC grant applicants. Many of these grants provide faculty and students with vibrant research experiences that not only lead to increased funding opportunities but also significantly enhance the campus teaching and learning environment.
During the upcoming years, one of the most important issues facing our University encompasses our campus fundraising efforts. For decades the cultural expectation of many CSULB graduates and other citizens was that the state will address our financial needs. Unfortunately, the volatility of state funding for higher education has created an environment where the utilization of private resources has become essential for public universities throughout the nation. According to national data, CSULB's endowment ranks 597th nationally and is among the nation's lowest in aggregate endowment and endowment resources per student. Within the last eight months we have begun to address this issue by adopting a new Foundation spending plan which has resulted in a higher interest return for most of our endowed support programs. This change has been a factor in encouraging donors to contribute to CSULB, and we have already witnessed a 15% increase in our total endowment. We also have received an additional $11 million in new pledged planned gifts designated for our endowment.
During 2006-07 a great deal of work will be underway that will prepare CSULB to conduct a successful future capital campaign that will benefit the University in multiple ways. To achieve this goal, CSULB must incorporate broader communication strategies designed specifically for various constituency groups including alumni, parents, students, and corporate and business leaders. With over 220,000 alumni, CSULB is in the enviable position of being able to tap into thousands of philanthropic opportunities. We have a potential private support base that most colleges and universities do not have, and we should take full advantage of these potential campus relationships.
Improving the campus living, learning and teaching environments is an important challenge for CSULB. Over half of our University facilities are at least 30 years old, and our deferred maintenance needs are significant and increasing every year. To address this issue, we are pursuing a number of important initiatives.
First, CSULB could substantially benefit from Proposition 1D in the November 7 election. Proposition 1D provides $690 million for CSU institutions for specific construction projects and other campus needs. For CSULB, Proposition 1D provides nearly $90 million in campus improvements including a new $83 million Peterson III Science Facility, $2.3 million in nursing facility improvements, and $350,000 in internal library enhancements.
These new facilities will allow us to continue upgrading the campus teaching and learning environments and coincide with the $31 million library and faculty classroom renovations currently underway and scheduled to be completed within a year. While there is no organized opposition to Proposition 1D, some have voiced concern about the cost of the bond for the state and the variety of new programs funded. Proponents argue that it is a fiscally responsible way to finance school construction and repairs.
In addressing our campus-wide deferred maintenance issues, we have aggressively tripled our financial commitment to classroom repair and modernization which includes smart classroom development and various other improvements impacting learning environments throughout campus. We also have begun pursuing ways to provide more adequate faculty office space throughout campus.
Finally, during the last year we received some very good news regarding our increasing national presence on the higher education landscape. Our continued strength in US News and World Report magazine and the recent recognition of our success by the National Science Foundation and the Princeton Review clearly indicate that our national reputation for providing affordable highly valued educational opportunities is growing. As we focus more campus attention on student success and aggressively work to increase the involvement of our alumni, friends, and parents, I am confident that we will continue to make significant progress in addressing the educational needs of California and the nation.
Once again, thank you for your dedication and commitment to the values advanced by our great institution. We have a wonderful mission and responsibility to educate students and society. Keep up the good work and thank you for believing in the ability of our students to shape our future.
Go Beach!

subset: commoncrawl


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Have you ever had that micro-macro sensation in which you feel yourself to be a tiny organism interacting with some infinitely greater being? I experienced something similar upon reading The Ages of Gaia: A Biography of Our Living Earth by James Lovelock (1988, W. W. Norton). Lovelock contends that just as countless organisms sustain human life, so have living things transformed our planet from an inert chemical ball into a self-sustaining organism. This view, instead of evoking the expected feeling of insignificance, left me mulling over the concept of being a child of mother earth—Gaia, as the Greeks called her.
For almost 20 years, Lovelock has theorized that our earth, water and air have been changed in very specific ways by the presence of life. But his most scientifically heretical suggestion has been that these basic elements have been regulated by evolving life-forms. In other words, they did not just adapt to their surroundings, as disciples of Darwin believed, but remade them.
For example, when Archean life began about 4 billion years ago, the sun was 30% cooler than it is today. Yet the average temperature of the earth's surface has remained within the critical life-supporting range of 50° to 68°F—even during the ice ages—thanks to a hundredfold drop in the carbon dioxide level, which offset the warming of the sun by reducing the atmosphere's capacity to hold heat. In other words, the earth has managed to maintain a constant temperature, much as mammalian bodies do.
Likewise, about 2 billion years ago, ancient plants began using photosynthesis to harness the sun's energy, producing oxygen as a by-product and eventually creating an atmosphere in which many new life-forms could evolve. And, despite volcanic eruptions, meteor impacts and species extinctions—which would, as Lovelock puts it, "make total nuclear war seem, by comparison, as trivial as a summer breeze"—the planet's evolving photosynthesizers have held oxygen at an ideal 21% for the past 200 million years. Should this level vary by a few percentage points either up or down, life as we know it would end.
In another example, the oceans' salt content, 3.5% by weight, remains roughly constant despite continental runoff that dumps more than 500 megatons of salt into the water each year.
An "interdisciplinary wanderer," James Lovelock holds a Ph.D. in medicine from the University of London but is generally considered to be a biologist. He has also served as a professor of chemistry at Houston's Baylor College of Medicine and as visiting professor of cybernetics at England's University of Reading, and he was elected president of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. Above all, he's an inventor; his many patents support both his family and his personal scientific research, most of which he conducts without assistance in a country cottage in southwestern England. (The data gathered using his palm-sized electron capture detector, developed in 1957, substantiated the threat of pesticides as detailed by Rachel Carson in Silent Spring, and Lovelock, using this same detector, was the first to demonstrate that chlorofluorocarbons were accumulating worldwide.)
In fact, it was while working on tests for NASA to detect life on Mars that the British scientist created his "living earth" theory. He argued that no soil-sampling probes of the planet were necessary, since scientists could detect the existence of organic activity simply by looking in the Martian atmosphere for concentrations of gases that can exist only if they are maintained by living organisms. On the earth, he explained, life uses the gaseous layer encircling it both as a source of raw materials and as a repository for waste. This kind of interaction has kept our atmosphere from reaching a state of equilibrium—unlike the stable-state atmospheres on Mars and Venus, which are made up almost entirely of carbon dioxide.
Until recently, however, most scientists either ignored the Gaia hypothesis or criticized it as being teleological, claiming it presumes an ultimate purpose that "guides" organisms to behave in ways that help the aggregate of life. Lovelock, however, has always maintained that a seemingly intelligent global system could arise automatically from the planet's mindless struggle for survival.
Gaia, instead, has been embraced by New Ag environmentalists, for whom it implies a unification of life—prompting Lovelock to note that "Gaia may turn out to be the first religion to have a testable scientific theory embedded within it"—and, conversely, by industrial polluters, who argue that the earth's living system can take care of any deleterious materials. Lovelock says that Gaia, through the natural functions of species and environment, can compensate for our unrelenting destruction of the environment, but, he reminds us, while Gaia will survive, humans may not!
"We are ourselves a product of a planetary catastrophe," he writes. "Could it be that we are unwittingly precipitating another punctuation that will alter the environment to suit our successors?"
When he's asked how Homosapiens can avoid such a fate, he replies, "It's personal action that counts. Any biological activation starts with a single organism."
Through "personal action" of his own, in addition to giving both scientists and ordinary people a new-old way of looking at the earth, Lovelock and his family have planted more than 20,000 trees.
Earlier this year I was given the opportunity to interview James Lovelock on behalf of MOTHER EARTH NEWS. Having read Lovelock's books and several reviews of his work and ideas, I was delighted to learn more about the man himself and to question him on his prognosis for the future of the planet. Here is an abbreviated report of our conversation.
MOTHER: How have you maintained your interdisciplinary view at a time when most other scientists are becoming increasingly specialized?
Lovelock: I suppose I've always been a loner, tending to develop on my own. I didn't like education one bit and was able to get away with a minimum of what I call "being taught at." I wouldn't recommend that for everybody. I don't want to be prescriptive, but it certainly suited me.
MOTHER: Is this loner attitude the secret of your success as an independent scientist—what you yourself have called a rare and endangered species?
Lovelock: The only secret I know for leading a successful life as an independent scientist is just simply never to do anything that's dull and uninteresting. Only do things that interest you maximally. If you do spend most of your time on dull and uninteresting things, you rapidly dry up. You're in competition with everybody else, too. But if you do only interesting things, you're bound to break new ground; you have to invent new instruments to find the answers to your new research. It doesn't take long before people want to know where they can get one of those instruments or how they can get in on the new field of study. That's the secret. It's worked for me for 27 years, so I don't think there can be much wrong with it.
MOTHER: But doesn't the scientific community still consider you a bit of a heretic?
Lovelock: Well, no. Without wishing to appear bigheaded, I think I can say that the Gaia theory is a rather large notion—larger than the theory of plate tectonics, for example. It took 30 or 40 years for plate tectonics to be accepted, and even 15 to 20 years after the theory was first published—which is roughly where Gaia is now—everybody still thought it was nonsense. It took a long time to finally convince the geologic fraternity. Now, of course, plate tectonics is accepted, and I also think Gaia's been doing exceedingly well scientifically.
MOTHER: You've said that scientists intuit a theory and then try to prove that intuition. Hasn't the concept of a living earth mother been with us for ages?
Lovelock: Of course it has. At one time everybody viewed the earth as a living entity, but this concept was lost in the 19th century. It was the exploration of space that forced us to look at the planetary picture again.
You have to realize that in the 19th century science became exceedingly professional and specialized. It was inevitable. Up till then the data bank about the earth was very limited, so as the century progressed and exploring scientists brought back new data, everybody got confused. It was so easy to forget the big picture in the rush to classify all this new information. Science split up into fragments, and professors had their own little baronies with their own arcane languages that nobody else could understand. For example, they got deeply entangled in the evolution of the species and thought Darwin's theory covered everything. It is comprehensive, and in no way would I want to contradict or fail to recognize the greatness of his contribution, but how could you expect that theory to cover everything when the data wasn't available, even to him?
It's simply not enough to consider the evolution of the species independently of the evolution of the physical and chemical environment. The evolution of the physical and chemical environment and the evolution of the species combine into a unified process from which self-regulation emerges. That's the modern definition of Gaia: an evolutionary process leading to selfregulation.
MOTHER: If our planet, Gaia, is an evolutionary, self-regulating system, then it could be considered a life-form, couldn't it?
Lovelock: I think it might help to compare the earth to a giant redwood tree that weighs 2,000 tons. Most people, when asked what's the biggest form of life, say it's a whale. But a whale is small when compared with a red wood. A living redwood tree is actually 97% dead. All of the wood in the middle is dead; all of the bark outside is dead; there's just a thin skin of living tissue around the circumference. But all of the dead material is a direct product of life or has been processed through many organisms. This is very like the earth. There's a thin skin of living tissue around the outside, of which both the trees and we humans are a part. All the rocks beneath our feet and the air above us are dead. But all the rock and all the atmosphere, except the rare gases, have been greatly modified by the presence of life.
MOTHER: Why does the scientific community have such a hard time with that concept?
Lovelock: You've got to remember that most academics have an enormous vested interest in the status quo. They write textbooks, teach courses and all the rest. If some outside person like me comes along with something that's going to turn the whole thing topsy-turvy and require them to rewrite their textbooks and reorganize their course work, they're not going to like it one bit. They're going to react strongly, and they're beginning to do that. At first, they thought they could ignore Gaia, and it would just go away—thought it was a New Age freak-out thing. But quite clearly that won't work, because its main advocates now come from the fields of climatology and meteorology—disciplines whose business it is to measure the world. These people have to support the Gaia hypothesis because every day they must face the hard facts of environmental problems. Scientists in many other fields, like biology, do most of their research in dark rooms in universities, peering down microscopes, and they seldom see the real world at all. Some still think Gaia will go away.
MOTHER: But the World Meteorological Office recently awarded you and three colleagues a prize for work that backs up the Gaia theory. Could you tell us about that?
Lovelock: They recognized the importance of the discovery. The WMO feels it significantly advances the understanding of climate.
You see, as a result of Gaia, I went out looking for dimethyl sulfide, an emission from the ocean that we now suspect accounts for 80 to 90% of the particles necessary for cloud formation over the open oceans. There was no way to get funding for this; it was so contrary to conventional wisdom that it was generally regarded as a waste of time. Nevertheless, I found and measured the emission and published a paper on it in Nature magazine in 1973. The paper fell like a lead balloon, and nobody took any notice until 1980, when a German scientist, Andy Andreae, mounted a major expedition over all the world's oceans, repeated my measurements and confirmed them. He published this in detail in many papers. When Andreae received the prize on behalf of the four of us, he stated that the work would never have been done but for Gaia.
MOTHER: But what does this discovery mean to the climate and to us?
Lovelock: There were no known cloud condensation nuclei out over the oceans, so there supposedly was nothing on which the cloud droplets could condense, and yet there were clouds there. No one knew why. But dimethyl sulfide oxidizes in the atmosphere and is converted to sulfuric acid and methanesulfonic acids. This produces ideal cloud condensation nuclei, since the tiny, strongly acidic droplets that form encourage water condensation. And this dimethyl sulfide comes entirely from algae blooms on the ocean's surface and from nowhere else. Here we had, at long last, a potential Gaian feedback system, because the algae can bloom in a matter of days, producing a true fast-reaction climate regulator. It's still early, so we don't know the full details of the feedback yet. However, from the results of NASA's satellite investigations—and also from analyzing ships' plumes as aircraft fly through them and inject sulfur dioxide, an occurrence that mimics the effect of algae emissions—we do know all predictions in our Nature paper were right to a percent or so. They were obtained by a straightforward geophysical method. I think that's why we got the prize, because our research was so completely controlled, and scientists like good predictions. The prize also established Gaia as a scientific theory more strongly than anything else so far. But don't forget, almost nobody is working on Gaia—certainly nobody working full-time—and until very recently there was no funding. We're talking about investigations conducted part-time by, initially at least, only four people.
MOTHER: How does this feedback system work?
Lovelock: It's very strange. There are many species of unicellular organisms living in the ocean, and they are some of the most important organisms on earth. They take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and deposit it as an ooze that eventually becomes limestone. They also probably are responsible for the deposition of quite a lot of carbon—mostly it's just diffuse carbon—some of which becomes petroleum deposits. The burial of carbon in the sediments is the only source of oxygen. These organisms are the key, then, to the production of two gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide, and it looks as if they're the key to regulating climate, too—in their ability not only to pump down carbon dioxide but also to produce the gas dimethyl sulfide, which controls clouds.
The production of dimethyl sulfide by unicellular organisms makes a rather funny story. Any organism living in the ocean has a salt problem, because the ocean is too salty for life. A big creature such as a whale or a fish has its own pumping system to keep its interior salt concentration the same as that of humans. It pumps water in and salt out so as to keep the proper electrolyte balance. That's easy for a big multicellular organism, especially if it has a relatively impermeable skin. But it you're just a unicellular creature with a very small volume-to-surface ratio, it's impossible to have a pump big enough to do the job. The trick they learned was to form an interior chemical salt called betaine, which is harmless. In the chemist's jargon it's a charged neutral salt that acts like regular salt in some ways, but it doesn't have damaging effect on cell membranes. Some land plants, such as beetroot, are full of charged neutral nitrogen betaine that enable them to grow well in salty ground. Out in the ocean, however, nitrogen is extremely scarce, so the algae learned to produce a sulfur betaine. This compound is easily made by ocean organisms, because there's lots of sulfur in the water that is not claimed for an other particular purpose. The organism builds up a concentration of betaine inside the cell to balance the osmotic pressure of salt on the outside. Therefore, a relatively small pump can keep it quite happy. Then, when one of these cells dies or is eaten, the betaine escapes into the seawater. Enzymic processes in the guts of other organisms, or just simple inorganic reactions, cause it to decompose, converting it into dimethyl sulfide.
In the large Gaian sea, a creature will not produce something beneficial to the environment unless it benefits from the feedback. So what's in it for the algae? The benefit is this: Once the dimethyl sulfide gets into the atmosphere above the ocean, and clouds form, the condensation of water vapor onto the droplets releases 600 calories for every gram of water deposited. That's a huge amount of heat—an enormous energy release. As a result, up goes a big updraft of cloud, and thunderheads form, producing a tropical thunderstorm or even a hurricane. Wind is drawn underneath the clouds, and this stirs up the sea more and more.
Now in the summertime, the top layer of the ocean is denuded of nutrients—they are consumed by sea life, the upper water stays warm, and nothing mixes up from below. Then winds stir the oceans and bring up nutrients from below. This feeds the algae, so they have a strong vested interest in sustaining this process that they accidentally initiated.
We don't know yet what the global climate feedback is, but wind is the link. What's so exciting is that measurements taken by others over the last 10 years have shown three things: First, algal growth in the Pacific has increased by 100% . Second, cloud cover over the oceans has increased worldwide. And, third, there is more wind.
MOTHER: Is this a Gaian response to the greenhouse effect?
Lovelock: It's probably a system response to the carbon dioxide buildup, which might be feeding the algae. Something has caused the algal population to increase. It's unlikely that it's a response to a rising temperature, because there hasn't been enough of a rise to account for it. But there is a response under way. It's a tangled story that's going to keep scientists very happy working on it for a a long time.
MOTHER: Have any other feedback loops come to light?
Lovelock: Not as big as the one I've just mentioned. However, there's growing evidence now that the carbon dioxide cycle is regulated by plants, but not, as is commonly thought, by plants taking carbon dioxide from the earth. That doesn't remove it, because animals eat the plants and put it all back again. That's a do-nothing cycle that just goes round and round.
The way plants operate is twofold: In the terrestrial biota, the trees—particularly the temperate-region trees—during their growth, deposit enormous volumes of carbon in their roots. A redwood tree may deposit as much as 2,000 tons of carbon underground. Now when that tree dies, all of that carbon oxidizes and releases carbon dioxide down in the soil right next to the rocks. The rate of reaction of carbon dioxide with calcium silicate (the weathering of crustal rock) is increased by a factor of 30 by the presence of trees; the plants are pumping carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere by forcing it to react to the rock, which it would not do otherwise. If you analyze the soil, you find that there is about 30 times more carbon dioxide in the soil than is in the atmosphere above, which shows how strongly and how powerfully it's pumped. A 30-fold positive gradient could not be reached by diffusion; it would be the other way around: There would be less in the soil, not more, if it were simply diffused. So we have the proof that a major pump exists. That's why carbon dioxide is a trace gas on earth, whereas on other planets it's the major gas in the atmosphere.
MOTHER: So as we lose trees, we are losing these major carbon dioxide pumps.
Lovelock: That's right. Of course, the sea algae that I mentioned earlier facilitate this cycle. Otherwise, carbon dioxide would pile up in the oceans as calcium bicarbonate, which is what is washed down through the rivers. It doesn't pile up, because the algae deposit it as limestone. They're a part of the conveyor belt—a very key one. That loop is fairly well established.
MOTHER: In your book The Ages of Gaia, you point out that there are two perspectives on such problems as the greenhouse effect, acid rain and the depletion of the ozone layer. One is the human perspective, and the second is the Gaian perspective. From the Gaian perspective, what may be important to us may not be important to Gaia. In fact, you've noted that Gaia is no doting mother, and that if a species screws up, she eliminates it with all the feeling of the microbrain in an ICBM. To Gaia, humans may not be as important as algae.
Lovelock: I think we're important to Gaia because we have the capability of initiating the major perturbation that destroys the present system. That makes us an important species in the same way that Genghis Khan or Hitler was important in human history. One never knows when the final perturbation will come. It's more than possible that that's what happened on Mars—that there was life there initially, and it was destroyed. There's adequate evidence, such as great river valleys and floodplains, to indicate that there was water flowing on Mars. If so, Mars must have been warm at a time when the sun was even cooler than it is now, which is remarkable. That being so, why didn't life continue? It's very tempting to think there was an Archean biota on Mars as there was on the earth, and that a large planetesimal impact or something else tipped the balance, causing the planet to dry out subsequently and the biota to die off: Gaia has lived longer than many stars live, which is amazing considering its fragility, but one shouldn't simply assume our planet is immortal.
MOTHER: How old is the earth?
Lovelock: It's one quarter as old as the universe. To all intents and purposes, that's nearly immortal. It's incredible, really, when you think of it—though from a cosmological viewpoint, it cannot be absolutely unique. But eventually the sun's going to warm up to a point where Gaia can't survive, and maybe it's already warming to that state. I've made computer models of the weather which are zonally climate-regulated using Daisyworld-type scenarios. [Editor's Note: In Lovelock's theoretical Daisyworld, light and dark daisies regulate the environment. When the sun is weak, an outbreak of dark daisies raises the global temperature by absorbing heat. When the sun is strong, the spread of light daisies creates a reflective shield that keeps the planet cool.] They show the whole planet greening over and show it going through its evolutionary stages. In the final stage, 30° north and south of the equator, the earth becomes a desert. Then, quite suddenly—flip, like that—nothing. We're not far off that stage at the moment.
MOTHER: Are you saying that if the equatorial regions are turned into deserts, as is happening in many places today, the whole planet is at risk?
Lovelock: Don't take this too seriously. These are crude models, and I'm not putting this forward as a doom scenario, because that would be absurd. But, on the other side of the coin, you can't assume that what we're doing might not be terminally disturbing. If the scenarios are followed through to the worst point, and we don't respond, it could happen. In other words, if by the middle of the next century we let greenhouse gases build up carbon dioxide concentrations of from 600 to 1,000 parts per million, if we take away all of the forests, if we continue to do all of the bad things we're doing without letup or hindrance, then we might induce a terminal disturbance, but I don't think we will.
MOTHER: Aren't there non-human changes going on as well?
Lovelock: The sun is continuously warming up, and the planet has the problem of keeping cool. If you make models of these kinds of systems, you find that when the sun is very cool, the system tends to self-regulate on the warm side of optimum. When the sun is putting out more heat than the system can comfortably dissipate, it tends to regulate on the cold side of optimum, which is precisely what it's doing at the moment. But Gaia seems to prefer to be in a state of glaciation; there is unequivocal evidence that there was more biota present on the earth during glaciation than during the interglacial periods, one of which is now. In other words, the interglacial periods represent the fevered state of the planet. What we are doing is pushing the planet in the wrong direction when it is sick anyway.
MOTHER: You mean we're raising its temperature.
Lovelock: That's right, and just at a time when it would normally be slowly recovering to its preferred glacial state. That's why I feel a bit anxious. If we were doing this in the middle of glaciation, the worst we could do would be to precipitate an interglacial state, though that in itself would be quite dramatic, producing a 600-foot rise in sea level. What if civilization had developed during glaciation; can you imagine what a science fiction story that would make?
MOTHER: Do you think because civilized man developed during a fevered state that we are a sort of sickness, too?
Lovelock: Well, it's often the way of things. If you get sick, you're quite liable to be attacked by another sickness. That's the worrying side of it. We are doing things so contrary to what the system would want that something might well happen. For one thing, we're maniacally obsessed with human problems, like cancer.
MOTHER: In other words, there's more concern about human health than environmental health.
Lovelock: Than planetary health—because, in the end, we're much more dependent on a healthy planet than we are on healthy humans. We've got to not so much forget people problems as recognize that planetary problems are the most urgent ones that are going to confront us in the next decade or so. We've become so numerous as a species that we are having an effect on the planet that is more than can be withstood without affecting its capacity to self-regulate.
MOTHER: What will be the result?
Lovelock: The most difficult time to make predictions is in a time of transition.
If you lived in the year 1200 you could easily predict 1300, and you wouldn't be far wrong, because things were changing only slightly. But nobody can predict how it will be in 2089. I'm very uncertain what's going to happen in 10 or 20 years' time, let alone 100, because we're just entering the transition—a human-induced transition. With the best will in the world, I don't see how we're going to significantly cut back carbon dioxide and greenhouse emissions in the next 10 years. One major problem is to get people to give up driving their cars, and another is to get people in northern regions to stop heating their homes with fossil fuels. Technically, cutting back could be done, but the politics of doing it would be nearly impossible to solve. However, we might have a chance if people responded to this crisis as the Europeans did during wartime. They were prepared to make enormous sacrifices, and even felt good about doing that. The disintegration of creation is a much more serious issue, so maybe we'll meet the challenge. I'm an optimist, and I think we might. After all, peace seems to be breaking out worldwide. And we've got the resources to make the changes.
MOTHER: I'm still not sure what changes we need to make.
Lovelock: Think of the three deadly Cs: cars, cattle and chain saws. We don't have to ban them. If everybody uses them in sensible moderation, it will enormously relieve the pressures on the atmosphere and on the rain forests. It can even benefit the individual. If you use your car less, you may walk more and be healthier. If you eat less beef and dairy products, you'll improve your health and relieve pressures on the tropical forests as well. Indeed, if the world largely gave up beef, the forest-chopping-down agriculture would come to a grinding halt. These changes might give us time to get our act together; if we don't make them, the process will be remorseless, making the whole world a very nasty place to live.
MOTHER: What will happen?
Lovelock: If the present rate of clearance is sustained, the forests will all be gone by early in the next century, and roughly a billion people in the Third World will suddenly find themselves in desert regions; what has already happened in south Sudan is going to be global, involving not just a few million but a billion people. The awful consequences of this from the human point of view don't seem to be appreciated at all. There also will be secondary climatic consequences: The heat-up of all those regions, once the forests are gone, will add to the greenhouse effect and may be an additional factor precipitating a final flip to something else.
In fact, I classify the clearance of the tropical forests as by far the most important issue at the moment, mainly because its effect is certain. The second issue is greenhouse gases, and among them, methane is by far the most important. Though hardly anybody mentions methane, there are three reasons for concern. First, the Third World's rice paddies and the deforestation for the purpose of raising cattle both add to the methane output. Second, methane, unlike all other greenhouse gases, is nonlinear in the wrong direction. That is to say, each increment of methane has a larger effect than the one before, while carbon dioxide is the other way around. Third, not only do fluorocarbons create ozone depletion, but methane does too, and that's the one we can do the least about.
These are fairly straightforward messages. But I think there will be a reinforcing one: In the beginning of the transition, especially if the cloud-algal effect is valid, we will get enormous surprises. As the global systems try to sustain the environment by cooling—possibly with the cloud-algal response to the greenhouse warming—they will create a sort of battlefield. Instead of a steady heating up, we may have violent storms, the like of which we've never seen before. I've a feeling that the storm that crossed Britain in 1987 and last year's Hurricane Gilbert are two examples of the climatic disturbances that will become commonplace. If Gilbert had hit Florida straight on from the sea, I think that people would have gotten the message about coming global changes and the need to take action. The damage caused by winds at 200 mph is four times that at 100 mph.
MOTHER: As the Gaian systems respond to the damage human beings are inflicting on them—as mother earth symbolically takes her "revenge" for our excesses—perhaps the Gaia hypothesis itself will then be more accepted by mainstream science.
Lovelock: I think the Gaia hypothesis could be very ecumenical in a broad sense. I've noticed that whenever there are major meetings on Gaia, scientists who normally would never talk to one another either because their disciplines are totally different or because of hostilities—are conversing in an amazingly docile and friendly manner. A totally holistic approach seems to make sectarian differences less important. It's "detribalizing," and that's good, because I see a wartime-equivalent situation upon us, which means we've got to give up a lot of luxury thinking. We've got to take risks and do things we wouldn't ordinarily do in peacetime.


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| Lounge
Wednesday, November 22, 2017
12:00noon ~ 2:30pm
$158 per person
|– Lacto-ovo Vegetarian – Vegan
|*If you have any food allergies or intolerances please inform us
|Please reserve with the the FCC Lounge staff at (tel) 2844 2806
(fax) 2868 4092 or (email) firstname.lastname@example.com.
|Menu items are subject to change without prior notice
The Human Rights Press Awards are run by the FCC, Amnesty International Hong Kong and the Hong Kong Journalists Association. The 22nd annual awards were held on May 12, 2018, in a ceremony at the FCC. Click here to find out who won.


text:
Mike Kershnar Skater Profile
Sponsors: Here with Beats by Dre, Element Advocate
Hometown: Irvine CA, Stance: ?, Age: 39, Status: Am
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XBMC (formerly "Xbox Media Center") is a free, open source (GPL) multimedia player that originally ran on the first-generation XBox, (not the newer Xbox 360), and now runs on computers running Linux, Mac OS X, Windows, and iOS. XBMC can be used to play/view the most popular video, audio, and picture formats, and many more lesser-known formats, including:
- Video - DVD-Video, VCD/SVCD, MPEG-1/2/4, DivX, XviD, Matroska
- Audio - MP3, AAC.
- Picture - JPG, GIF, PNG.
These can all be played directly from a CD/DVD, or from the hard-drive. XBMC can also play multimedia from a computer over a local network (LAN), or play media streams directly from the Internet. For more information, see the XBMC FAQ.
- 1 Installation
- 2 Configuration
- 3 Resources
The stable version of XBMC is available in the community repo:
# pacman -Syu xbmc
The SVN (testing) version of XBMC can be downloaded from the AUR (XBMC-git), e.g. using yaourt:
# yaourt -Syua xbmc-git
Autostarting at Boot
To use XBMC on HTPC you may want to start XBMC automatically on boot. There are a different ways to accomplish this.
Setting up a service user for XBMC
To add a new user named xbmc and set a login password for it:
# useradd -m -U -G audio,video,storage,optical,power -s /bin/bash xbmc # passwd xbmc
To use an existing user make sure you add your user (or whatever user will run xmbc on your system) to at least groups audio, video, and storage.
# for x in audio video storage; do sudo gpasswd -a $USER $x; done
Starting XBMC through systemd
If your system is setup for systemd you can also start XBMC outside any session using xinit. To install xinit:
# pacman -S xorg-xinit
Now you have to create a new service file.
[Unit] Description = Starts instance of XBMC using xinit After = remote-fs.target [Service] User = xbmc Type = simple ExecStart = /usr/bin/xinit /usr/bin/xbmc-standalone -- :0 [Install] WantedBy = multi-user.target
To activate this service at boot:
# systemctl enable xbmc.service
If you want to use the power functions through XBMC make sure to set up a polkit rule like described here.
Autostarting XBMC with login session
With ConsoleKit replaced by logind since November 2012, the solution above will not give you the power functions within XBMC anymore. So you won't be able to shut the system down from the XBMC interface.
The recommended way to start XBMC is to let systemd spawn a getty with autologin enabled for the xbmc user. This is described in Automatic_login_to_virtual_console.
Getty starts the shell which has to be configured to run
startx. This is simply done by creating a
.bash_profile or
.zprofile file. Read Start_X_at_Login for the details.
XBMC is finally started from the
.xinitrc of the xbmc user:
exec /usr/bin/xbmc-standalone
This is the output of
pstree when XBMC is running:
systemd─┬─dbus-daemon ├─dhcpcd ├─login───startx───xinit─┬─X │ └─xbmc-standalone───xbmc───xbmc.bin───16*[{xbmc.bin}] …
Note that XBMC won't show all the power options as long as there are other users logged in.
Using a Remote
As XBMC is geared toward being a remote-controlled media center, if your computer has an IR receiver, you will probably want to set up a remote using LIRC. Once you are sure your remote is working properly (tested with
$ irw), add lircd to your DAEMONS Array and you'll be ready to create an Lircmap.xml file for it.
Using your favorite text editor, you'll need to go in and create an XML file at
~/.xbmc/userdata/Lircmap.xml (note the capital 'L'). Lircmap.xml format is as follows:
<lircmap> <remote device="devicename"> <XBMC_button>LIRC_button</XBMC_button> ... </remote> </lircmap>
- Device Name is whatever LIRC calls your remote. This is set using the Name directive in lircd.conf and can be viewed by running
$ irwand pressing a few buttons on the remote. IRW will report the name of the button pressed and the name of the remote will appear on the end of the line.
- XBMC_button is the name of the button as defined in keymap.xml.
- LIRC_button is the name as defined in
lircd.conf. If you automatically generated your lircd.conf using
# irrecord, these are the names you selected for your button then. Refer back to LIRC for more information.
- You may want to check out the very thorough Lircmap.xml page over at the XBMC Wiki for more help and information on this subject.
MCE Remote with Lirc and Systemd
Install lirc-utils and link the mce config:
pacman -S lirc-utils ln -s /usr/share/lirc/remotes/mceusb/lircd.conf.mceusb /etc/lirc/lircd.conf
Then, make sure the remote is using the lirc protocol.
cat /sys/class/rc/rc0/protocols # [lirc] should be selected echo lirc > /sys/class/rc/rc0/protocols # manually set lirc
A udev rule can be added to make lirc the default. A write rule doesn't seem to work, so a simple RUN command can be executed instead.
KERNEL=="rc*", SUBSYSTEM=="rc", ATTR{protocols}=="*lirc*", RUN+="/bin/sh -c 'echo lirc > /sys/$devpath/protocols'"
Next, specify the lirc device. This varies with kernel version. As of 3.6.1
/dev/lirc0 should work with the default driver.
# # Parameters for lirc daemon # LIRC_DEVICE="/dev/lirc0" LIRC_DRIVER="default" LIRC_EXTRAOPTS="" LIRC_CONFIGFILE=""
The default service file for lirc ignores this conf file. So we need to create a custom one.
[Unit] Description=Linux Infrared Remote Control [Service] EnvironmentFile=/etc/conf.d/lircd.conf ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/ln -sf /run/lirc/lircd /dev/lircd ExecStart=/usr/sbin/lircd --pidfile=/run/lirc/lircd.pid --device=${LIRC_DEVICE} --driver=${LIRC_DRIVER} Type=forking PIDFile=/run/lirc/lircd.pid [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target
Finally, enable and start the lirc service.
systemctl enable lirc systemctl start lirc
This should give a fully working mce remote.
Fullscreen mode stretches XBMC accross multiple displays
If you have got a multi-monitor setup and don't want XBMC to stretch accross all screens, you can restrict the fullscreen mode to one display, by setting the environment variable SDL_VIDEO_FULLSCREEN_HEAD to the number of the desired target display. For example if you want XBMC to show up on display 0 you can add the following line to your Bashrc:
Slowing down CD/DVD drive speed
eject program from the
util-linux package does a nice job for this, but its setting is cleared as soon as the media is changed.
This udev-rule reduces the speed permanently:
KERNEL=="sr0", ACTION=="change", ENV{DISK_MEDIA_CHANGE}=="1", RUN+="/usr/bin/eject -x 2 /dev/sr0"
sr0 with the device name of your optical drive. Replace
-x 2 with
-x 4 if you prefer 4x-speed instead of 2x-speed.
After creating the file, reload the udev rules with
udevadm control --reload
- XBMC Wiki: An excellent resource with much information about Arch Linux specifically (upon which the original version of this article was largely based).


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Waterboom Jakarta is now open as the leading water park and recreation destination in Jakarta .
Located at Pantai Indah Kapuk in North Jakarta , next to the Damai Indah Golf Course, it covers an area of about 35,000 m2 plus a parking area that can accommodate 1,000 cars. It has a direct toll road access and only 10 minutes to the airport and to the heart of the city as well.
Operating Hours
Monday - Friday : 11.00 - 20.00 WIB
Saturday - Sunday : 08.00 - 20.00 WIB
& Public Holiday


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SarahLim needed a new wordpress theme design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 7 designs submitted by 2 freelance designers.
Ratu Bola
We are going to open a site for promoting betting website, we could say its like a new style of web betting directory with a girly topic.
This will be your interesting design to make a proffesional website but with a girly theme so its express the owner of this website is female.
We need 3 design page + 1 design for blank page that we could fill content like about us or our mission.
- Over all design should be looks girly, cute, funny BUT proffesional and not childish.
The colour should be more to pink combine with blue and the colour should be shiny and bright but not make our eyes hurt.
- Site should contain many high quality graphics for each button, link or any other else.
- You can include but not necessarily one or more funny female character but do not make it like children website but make it looks proffesional.
- Link navigation can be on header or sidebar, you may decide it where the best place.
betting site who want to promote their website. We accept sportsbook betting site and casino betting site.
To make it clear enough i give you example of a site.
- http://www.betus.com/
- http://www.askgamblers.com/
- http://www.agent303.com/en/main.php
- http://www.agenbola.com
- http://www.casinocity.com/
But do not put related to football (american soccer) things but put soccer related and also casino online things, eg cards, roullete, slots machine etc..
No coding required as we already ordered wordpress coding with it.
All we need just a layered PSD
Logo not necesarry but if you can included would be much better. we will give bonus IF we think the design + logo outstanding.
1. design for homepage
** our site will only have max 10 promoters website. So the design just contain the thumbnail of the promoters web which linked to page number 3 and with a brief short description.
2. registration form design page
** this form is for a visitors who want to play on our promoters site, so all visitors registration from our website first.
3. a page that contain thumbnail of the homepage promoter soccer club with some of their sub pages also come along with description about the website.
4. blank page design that we can put our own contain
** make it not too simple as we are afraid there will be a page that have only little content, perhaps can put more graphics like soccer ball or perhaps casino things like a card or a stadium or anything else that related to soccer but dont dont forget to make it girly :)


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John Samsen worked at Ford and Chrysler back in the 1950s when the industry was looking to transform itself by creating new products.
After graduating with a degree in aeronautical engineering from Purdue University, Samsen soon discovered that his job at McDonnell Aircraft and Studebaker was too much number crunching and not enough designing.
In 1952, Samsen adventured to Detroit and began working at the two-man styling department at Ford. He was part of the first Thunderbird design in which he created the front half and fenders. The 1955 Thunderbird was only the first of many cars Samsen helped design.
"I loved the fact that Ford let designers develop the clay models," Samsen said. "Usually so many executives get in the way and want to change things."
Samsen stayed at Ford for three years and then took his skills to Chrysler. He was recruited by Virgil Exner and began working with the DeSoto and Imperial lines. After those cars, he was moved to Plymouth to work on the Barracuda, Road Runner, GTX and Duster. Samsen designed the first Barracuda which was initially to be called the Panda which was sold in 1964 with Samsen's complete design.
Although Samsen enjoyed working for Chrysler for 21 years. He moved to Florida, bought a sailboat and enjoyed not working. Samsen spent 17 years single in Florida before he met his wife, Tucky. Tucky Samsen was a nursing educator when John Samsen met her.
"We bought a house and kind of retired in northern Georgia, but Tucky was still working until we moved to Sun City," Samsen said.
John and Tucky Samsen have lived in Sun City for eight years where he still is designing cars. Samsen's other hobbies including sailing, building model airplanes and writing. Samsen is working on paintings for the Hilton Head art show in which he will have antique car paintings for sale. He will also give a presentation to the Sun City Car Club in October to discuss the history of American car styling.
"The club grew up as teenagers in the 1950s-1970s and we are particularly interested in hearing Samsen's presentation," said Paul Ashby, president of the car club. "It will bring back their fondest memories because maybe they had their first date in one of these cars Samsen will talk about. The '55 thunderbird was a wildly successful and was the key designing force. He has a lot of car artwork so he has quite a reputation."
Samsen has been a member of the Car Club and plans to rejoin.
"I love talking to people who love cars," Samsen said.
Ashby said through Samsen's presentation it will be like reliving the old times.
To see more information about Samsen and see his designs visit collectibleart.net.


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My BFF Kelli's little brother is getting married, and Kelli is the Maid of Honor. With the title comes some pretty big responsibilities, like throwing the wedding shower. Knowing that I'm all about the desserts, have crafting ADD, and am completely addicted to Pinterest, she requested my help with party ideas. Needless to say, we spent HOURS scouring far corners of the internet to come up with a plan. (Except some of those weird corners of the web. We stayed far, far away from those.) It was a DIY bonanza! Wish trees, banners, favors, invites, recipe cards, decorations—There was barely a store-bought thing in sight!
I took my dessert table responsibilities seriously, planning everything a month in advance, right down to the baking schedule. (Which didn't quite work out the way I planned, thanks to Mother Nature..) While it was slightly terrifying and stressful leading up to the party, once I got rolling, everything went smoothly. The party went off without a hitch, and everyone raved about the dessert table! Yay!
Here are a few pointers I learned from it, in case you find yourself in charge of the sweets.
1. Prep as much as you can ahead of time.
One of the party favors was a set of monogrammed cookies with the bride and groom's initials. Instead of waiting for 1 round of royal icing to dry before piping the detail and waiting for a 2nd round of drying, I piped the letters onto wax paper way ahead of time, let them dry completely for several days, then peeled them off and plopped them right onto the wet base of royal icing I'd piped on the cookie. When the base layer completely dried, they were already ready to bag up! Cut my work time down CONSIDERABLY. Plus, it made it a lot easier to pipe out perfect letters when I had something to trace. Just draw or print your design on a piece of paper, put a piece of wax paper on top of it, and pipe away! Make sure you pipe your detail kind of thick though. I broke quite a few of my letters since they were pretty thin. (Note- This picture was taken just hours before a huge storm rolled in and knocked my power out for 2 days. Glad I got that part done!)
2. Embrace the simple and easy.
I'm all about creative combinations, especially with cupcakes, but at a party, not everyone's into bacon. Unless it's a bacon themed party, in which case, send me an invite! It's okay to stick with something simple like chocolate or vanilla, and dress it up accordingly with the color scheme or theme. They're classics for a reason--everyone loves them! My table was filled with classics—Vanilla and chocolate cupcakes, as well as chocolate chip and peanut butter cookies. (Also realize that you'll be driving for a half an hour in a car with no AC, so put your fondant toppers AFTER you arrive so they don't melt. Lesson learned.)
3. Really. Simple and easy. Embrace it! You'll save yourself so much stress.
I thought about making so many things for this table. I thought about macarons. I thought about meringues. I wanted to fill my table with so many classy elegant desserts. Then I thought about how much time and effort those take, and how much I needed to get done in a short amount of time. So I went with Rice Krispie Treats and chocolate covered strawberries. Easy. Simple. And you know what? Those were devoured just as quickly as anything else. And, honestly, probably more quickly than macarons or meringues would have been.
4. Rock the store bought.
Especially if you're trying to fill a big table. Don't stress yourself out thinking you have to make EVERYTHING that goes on that table. Find candies or things that fit your theme to fill it out. Our color scheme was red, white, black, and gray, so I bought red candy—Twizzlers and Swedish Fish—that matched. And you know what? People kept picking those as they passed by the table throughout the night. Think rock candy, lollipops, M&Ms, Hershey's Kisses—the candy possibilities are endless! And delicious.
5. Label everything.
That way people know exactly what they're putting on their plate and in their mouth. And you don't have to stand there all night and answer over and over what each thing on the table is.
6. Containers and decor – Use what you have. Or hit the thrift store.
Nearly every container or plate on that table was something I already had in my house. The tall flower centerpiece is the display that sits on the table in my living room. (And the "rocks" that fill the bottom are actually Christmas bead garland. Another fun tip for you!) The container with the chocolate chip cookies—that's where my brown sugar lives in my kitchen. The plates, cake stands, and bowls are props for my blog. For things I didn't have, I hit up thrift stores. They have TONS of glassware and plates, for really cheap. I purchased about 5 or 6 things, and spent maybe about $5 total. Look for clear glass or plain white plates—they'll match everything, and you can use them over and over again for all your parties!
(Note the other camera in the picture. I wasn't the only one paparazzi-ing the table! The bride, Ashley, and I both stood around for about 10 minutes taking pictures!)
7. Set up early. And enlist help.
This is a rule I kind of broke. Mainly because I was completely off on knowing what time the party started. (Another tip. Look at the invitation at least once or twice.) I thought I had another hour before people arrived. And then the doorbell rang. It was a last minute scramble to get a couple things on the table, our first round of chocolate covered strawberries weren't completely set, and we didn't have enough time to dip the rest of the batch. But it worked out thanks to a few sets of extra hands from Kelli and our little helper Jeri who rinsed our strawberries, set out all the label cards and acted as our table bouncer while we finished setting up. She might only be 9 years old, but my money's on her in a throwdown.
8. Always have a backup plan.
Have a plan B in case something doesn't work out quite as planned. Or at least have a backup kitchen/refridgeration plan if your power goes out. And stays out. For days. (Luckily I didn't have to enact Plan B.)
9. Don't stress. Relax and just have fun. It's a party afterall!
If you're interested in what I made, pretty much everything on the table you can find right here on the blog!
Chocolate Cupcakes
Vanilla Cupcakes with Almond Frosting (which covered the chocolate cupcakes as well)
Chocolate Chip Cookies
Peanut Butter Cookies - Made slightly larger and smashed down before baking
Peanut Butter Blondies (with mini M&Ms instead of peanut butter cups)
For the Rice Krispie Treats, I just used the tradtional recipe from Kellogg's - I made 1 1/2 of the recipe to make them thicker, and used a 7oz jar of marshmallow cream + half the marshmallow amount to bind, and threw in whole mini marshmallows as I mixed it together. Then I added colored sprinkles to match the theme before I pressed them down. It took all of maybe 10 minutes to put together!
Also on the table - a bag of Twizzlers and a bag of Swedish Fish.
The white and red rose balls are an idea from Pinterest with a tutorial from The House of Smiths. They're made from crepe paper party streamers! My roses looked different (smaller) than all the ones I've seen around the web and I don't know why, but the tutorial is really good. And really easy. A bit time consuming, but they turned out great and they'll last forever!


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text:
Graduation Flowers
Tangerine Twist
Roses Bouquet
$50.00, $60.00, $70.00
Shown at $60.00
Summer Style
Summer Bouquet
$40.00, $50.00, $60.00
Shown at $50.00
Purple Heart
Iris Vase
$45.00, $50.00, $55.00
Shown at $50.00
$40.00, $50.00, $60.00
Shown at $50.00
Today's Your Day!
$45.00, $50.00, $55.00
Shown at $50.00
Red Rose Bud Vase
3 Premium Roses
$30.00, $40.00, $55.00
Shown at $30.00
Are you looking to send your favorite student flowers for graduation? Why not send the class flower, or a dozen roses to show your pride? Giving flowers to honor someone's hard work is a long-standing tradition. FLOWERS BY GRACE can help you choose the perfect arrangement for any deserving student, just give us a call, shop online or stop by our store in San Antonio.


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Dawn patrol.
The words conjured images of troops in camouflage skulking through the brush, ready to detect an intruder. But these troops are in bathing suits, wet suits and water shoes and they are stalking waves.
Ted loves dawn patrols because it's the time of day the beaches are free of all but the diehard surfers and SUPers – that's standup paddle boarders. It's also a beautiful time of day with the sky brightening and the water, like a waking animal, breathing rhythmically.
"So do you want to do a dawn patrol?"
I knew Ted would have trouble resisting my suggestion, although he had already done his quota of SUPing for the weekend.
"Water's pretty flat, but local lore has it there are rollers after a thunderstorm," he responded.
No question we were in for a storm Saturday night. Radar showed red, orange and yellow blobs headed our way, like an attack of giant amebas. There were flash flood warnings and forecasts of two to three inches of rain by morning.
"Got to go early, can you be here by 6?" Ted asked.
I was all of a minute late when I pulled into his driveway. He had the trailer hitched to his car, with the boards strapped on top. He must have done it the night before, in all that rain, because the garage door was closed and not a single light shone from the house.
Could he still be asleep?
I got out and looked around. Then I spotted Ted motioning from behind the wheel of his car.
He lowered the window and in a whisper said, "I don't want to wake the girls."
We were on our way to Matunuck, and not just any place in Matunuck but for "the hole."
When Ted took me SUPing for the first time in February, he brought me there. I thought he was crazy. Apart from being February, the beach at the hole is made up of rocks. These are not pebbles, either. At that time the tide was out, exposing larger rocks offshore. It looked like a sure way to be turned into hamburger. Ted took me to East Matunuck to introduce me to the sport, where at least, if you got rolled to shore, you would end up on the sand. I managed to stand that time, albeit only briefly, and we paddled around in docile rollers.
Now we were back at the hole. There were two cars in the lot; its potholes filled with water from the night's deluge. Offshore, a couple of surfers paddled in gentle waves hoping for bigger sets.
Dave, a member of the dawn patrol, pulled into the lot. Then came Fred, who is a windsurfer and has just taken up SUPing. He didn't have a board, but was going to check out the action.
Ted went into high gear, offloading the boards and setting up. He was in the water in a matter of minutes, standing on his board and paddling out to the breakers. Fred gave me a hand and soon I was feeling my way across the rocky bottom until I reached the depth where I could kneel on the board and paddle. Rocks were everywhere. The water was warm and clear. Under the foam of spent waves was a mosaic of browns, yellows, greens, oranges and blacks. Most of the shapes were rounded chunks of granite and quartz. Seaweed clung to some of the rocks, swaying in the rush and retreat of the water. I was captivated. Rather than the threatening environment I had imagined, this was intriguing, although hardly restful; rocks do not forgive.
I had a few shaky moments standing and paddling, but the mere sight of an incoming wave put me on edge and, even before the swell reached me, I had fallen off.
Meanwhile, Ted and Dave and a couple of surfers were looking for bigger waves. I resorted to kneeling and joined them. On Ted's instruction, I paddled like crazy and caught my first ride of the day. The board surged, accelerating ahead of the crest and flying into the foam. When I realized I was in barely a foot of water, I paddled furiously back out before hitting any rocks.
"That-a-way," Ted shouted encouragement. "Stand when you get the next one."
Stand? I thought he's got to be crazy.
On the third ride of the morning, I could hear Ted shouting, "Stand, stand."
I eased from my crouch, putting weight on my right foot. The board felt amazingly firm. I stood. I was speeding. I was free, the white water boiling below me, and those rocks, ever so clear.
It was an instant, maybe four seconds, and then the world was upside down. The board shot ahead and I was somersaulting. I found my footing. I had come through without a scratch, without a bruise. Water rolled down my face. I was smiling.
I had reached where I had dared not go. The dawn really did bring a new day.


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Feb. 25, 2007
The Lady Bisons avoided a case of the "Statesboro Blues" splitting four games in the Georgia Southern Classic.
Sunday the Lady Bisons opened with a 6-2 morning loss to host Georgia Southern at Eagle Field in Statesboro.
Georgia Southern won for the second day in a row over the Lady Bisons. In the second inning Georgia Southern scored four run. They added another in fifth and one in the seventh. All of the Georgia Southern runs came on only five hits.
The Lady Bisons connected for eight hits, but managed only a run in the second and another single run in the third.
Centerfielder Lauren Dortwegt collected a pair of singles in the lead-off spot. Third baseman-pitcher Christen Campbell also had two hits, both singles.
"Campbell hit the ball well all weekend," Lipscomb coach Kristin Peck said. "She is starting to look more comfortable at the plate. She is starting to get more line drives which is always a good sign.
"Lauren gets our offense going. If she doesn't get on base Leigh Little is right behind her to pick her up. They have been working pretty well together."
With one out in the second inning shortstop Abby Keese reached base on a single up the middle. She was replaced with Abigail Craig as a pinch-runner. Craig moved to second on a wild pitch. Campbell singled to center field to move Craig to third. Campbell then stole second. Catcher Jennifer Allsup brought in Craig with a sacrifice bunt.
In the third Dortwegt singled up the middle to open the inning. She stole second. Designated hitter-second baseman Kellie Sirus singled down the left field line to score Dortwegt.
Kim Jacobson even her record at 2-2 with the loss. She pitched six innings and allowed five earned runs. She struck out three and walked one. She also hit three batters.
Campbell came on in the seventh after Campbell had faced two batters and allowed one more run and stopped the next three batters in order.
"Every inning they scored there were errors, wild pitches, walks and hit batters," Peck said. "Kim didn't pitch a bad game in terms of the number of hits she allowed. But errors, walks, several wild pitches and hit batters make it tough to win a ballgame when you are making those kind of mistakes."