text:
ANSIETEN FOR SALE, Welcome to the first installment of my "what to watch for" as it pertains to the high school baseball postseason. I will be giving fans some things to look for as each class begins its journey toward the state tournament later this month in Des Moines. ANSIETEN trusted pharmacy reviews, Everything from numbers to crunch to a particular team's journey throughout the tournament bracket.
The Class 2A district tournament begins today, and I'll be dissecting a little more about Substate 5, ANSIETEN australia, uk, us, usa, which is going on in this area. Taking ANSIETEN, To the north is District 9, to the south and west is District 10. And just to get things started, this is one of the toughest substates in Iowa, ANSIETEN FOR SALE. Few could argue that, ANSIETEN class.
One thing I know for sure, ANSIETEN schedule, a team that didn't make it to state last year will this time. Here we go.
• Pitching should rule the roost, ANSIETEN recreational, maybe like never before. ANSIETEN FOR SALE, Everywhere you look, there is dynamite pitching. ANSIETEN used for, Two teams in each district have a team ERA of 2.2 or lower. In District 9, sixth-ranked Wilton has a collective ERA of 2.06, ANSIETEN overnight, while Louisa-Muscatine, ANSIETEN long term, which is having one of its best seasons in years, is at 2.13. In District 10, ANSIETEN description, Van Buren is at 1.75, ANSIETEN online cod, while Davis County is at 1.79. Yeah, these are good staffs, order ANSIETEN from United States pharmacy. Those teams have four of the nine best ERAs in Class 2A, ANSIETEN FOR SALE.
• Look for big strikeout games by the pitching staffs. Kjøpe ANSIETEN på nett, köpa ANSIETEN online, Three pitchers in this substate -- Davis County's Calvin Matthews, and Wilton's Alec Crawford and Kyle Holmes all have a strikeout-walk ratio of almost 10-to-1. Matthews has 109 Ks and 11 walks while Crawford has 106 Ks and 6 walks; Holmes (77-8) rounds out the trio, ANSIETEN results. These guys have been powerful on the mound. ANSIETEN FOR SALE, • Van Buren's pitching may be underrated. Japan, craiglist, ebay, overseas, paypal, The Warriors don't have the dominant strikeout machine on the mound, but they do have three pitchers who have won just about every time out. Jory Heckenberg (7-2) has struggled of late, ANSIETEN without a prescription, but Court Garrett (7-0, Is ANSIETEN addictive, 0.55) has yet to lose, the same with Blake Scott (6-0). The Warriors have one of their best teams ever, ANSIETEN samples, but also must go through one of the most challenging substates I can ever remember. Buy cheap ANSIETEN no rx, • Will Louisa-Muscatine continue to crank up its gap-hitting machine. The Falcons have hit 64 doubles this season, easily the most in the substate and the third-most in Class 2A this season, ANSIETEN FOR SALE. On a wider note, the Falcons have 10 players batting .300 or better, ANSIETEN treatment. That, ANSIETEN brand name, however, will be put to the test like no other time this season. If they're lucky enough to get past West Liberty, ANSIETEN blogs, a date with either Wilton or Mid-Prairie looms. Generic ANSIETEN, Those teams have had excellent pitching over the years, and know how to win this time of year. ANSIETEN FOR SALE, • You have to feel for Van Buren. The Warriors are loaded and are 21-3 on the season; they have some of the best pitching, ANSIETEN without prescription, hitting and defense you could ask for. ANSIETEN photos, But, like World Cup soccer, this is the "Group of Death." If they win the first game, order ANSIETEN online c.o.d, they likely face No. ANSIETEN natural, 2 Davis County. In a substate final, it could be No, ANSIETEN pics. 6 Wilton, ANSIETEN FOR SALE. That's just to get to Des Moines. ANSIETEN pictures, As great as the Warriors have been, and as much as they've dominated this season, it will take a small miracle to get through this bracket, purchase ANSIETEN online.
• Can anyone put a scare into the heavyweights. I doubt it. ANSIETEN FOR SALE, Davis County is simply a juggernaut because of players who played on the Little League World Series Midwest Regional team in 2006. They started the season 23-0 because of tremendous pitching depth, and are 29-1 this season. They 10-runned Van Buren earlier this season. The Mustangs have to be smart-money favorites to get out of the district. The same goes with the other side. Wilton was 42-0 five years ago in winning it all, and though it's not the same team, I can't see anyone knocking them off on their side of the bracket, ANSIETEN FOR SALE. Louisa-Muscatine could put a scare into the Beavers, but that's probably about it.
• Who are darkhorses. Pekin, Louisa-Muscatine and Mid-Prairie. The Panthers are noted for making deep runs, and they have a solid 1-2 punch with Dalton Stone and Trenton Northup on the mound. ANSIETEN FOR SALE, Coach Jeff Eeling always has a great hitting team as well, but errors have bitten the Panthers in the past. The aforementioned Falcons have all the tools; they hit and pitch well and it's just been a sweet season. They'll earn their 20th win if they get past West Liberty. Mid-Prairie can never be ruled out. The Golden Hawks always seem to put together a team that executes well in the postseason.
• I like Davis County to beat Wilton and come out of this substate, but not by much, ANSIETEN FOR SALE. I will see the Mustangs play tonight to get a better understanding, but when you go 29-1 against mainly 2A and 3A competition, you have to be impressed. The numbers speak for themselves, and they've spent time at No. 1 this year. I think you have to go with Wilton to come out of the other district, and I think its road is slightly easier. I'd love to see one upset come out of this substate, but I just don't see any happening.
There you go. I'll break down Class 1A on Tuesday, giving you a glimpse of Substate 4.
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PostgreSQL is a sophisticated Object-Relational DBMS, supporting
almost all SQL constructs, including subselects, transactions, and
user-defined types and functions. It is the most advanced open-source
database available anywhere. Commercial Support is also available.
The original Postgres code was the effort of many graduate students,
undergraduate students, and staff programmers working under the direction of
Professor Michael Stonebraker at the University of California, Berkeley. In
1995, Andrew Yu and Jolly Chen took on the task of converting the DBMS query
language to SQL and created a new database system which came to known as
Postgres95. Many others contributed to the porting, testing, debugging and
enhancement of the Postgres95 code. As the code improved, and 1995 faded into
memory, PostgreSQL was born.
PostgreSQL development is presently being performed by a team of Internet
developers who are now responsible for all current and future development. The
development team coordinator is Marc G. Fournier (email@example.com).
Support is available from the PostgreSQL developer/user community through the
support mailing list (firstname.lastname@example.com).
PostgreSQL is free and the complete source is available.
WWW: https://www.postgresql.org/
make generate-plist
Dependency line: postgresql94-plperl>0:databases/postgresql94-plperl
To install the port: cd /usr/ports/databases/postgresql94-plperl/ && make install cleanTo add the package: pkg install postgresql94-plperl
cd /usr/ports/databases/postgresql94-plperl/ && make install clean
pkg install postgresql94-plperl
PKGNAME: postgresql94-plperl
There is no flavor information for this port.
SHA256 (postgresql/postgresql-9.4.21.tar.bz2) = 0049b4d239a00654e792997aff32a0be7a6bdd922b5ca97f1a06797cd4d06006
SIZE (postgresql/postgresql-9.4.21.tar.bz2) = 16871522
SHA256 (postgresql/pg-949-icu-2016-10-02.diff.gz) = 34612e685a79874db04bc6b66c700bfc6412042840c532eef0da7832d1f70d43
SIZE (postgresql/pg-949-icu-2016-10-02.diff.gz) = 5289
NOTE: FreshPorts displays only information on required and default dependencies. Optional dependencies are not covered.
No options to configure
perl5 readline tar:bzip2 cpe gmake
Number of commits found: 4
Delete the now expired postgresql90 ports. Upstream support for
postgresql-9.0.x was declared EoL in September 2015.
Remove 9.0 from the list of postgresql versions available in ports
Disconnect postgresql90 ports from the build
Remove postgresql90-pgtcl port
Remove postgresql90-client port
Move the master postgreslXY-plperl makefile to postgresql95-plperl/Makefile.
Adjust include lines in other postgresqlXY-plperl ports
Update PostgreSQL port to latest version.
Two security issues have been fixed in this release which affect users
of specific PostgreSQL features:
CVE-2015-5289: json or jsonb input values constructed from arbitrary
user input can crash the PostgreSQL server and cause a denial of
CVE-2015-5288: The crypt( function included with the optional pgCrypto
extension could be exploited to read a few additional bytes of memory.
No working exploit for this issue has been developed.
This update will also disable SSL renegotiation by default;
previously, it was enabled by default. SSL renegotiation will be
removed entirely in PostgreSQL versions 9.5 and later.
URL: http://www.postgresql.org/about/news/1615/
Security: CVE-2015-5288 CVE-2015-5289
Fixup any version changes I missed yesterday.
Shown logs by: antoine
Add -docs, -plgtcl, -plperl, -plpython and -pltcl to the flora of
Servers and bandwidth provided byNew York Internet, SuperNews, and RootBSD
11 vulnerabilities affecting 150 ports have been reported in the past 14 days
* - modified, not new
All vulnerabilities
Last updated:2019-03-22 04:09:33

subset: commoncrawl


text:
A heavy, atmospheric, rhythmic, electronic and cinematic track, completely built from the amazing Native Instrument's 'Evolve Mutations 2' sample library.
A unique blend of music and sound design, 'Mechanical Dream' brings to mind technology, evolution, dreams, darkness, other worlds and all things futuristic. The transitions, dynamics, distorted elements and distinct ending make this track especially suitable for movie and game trailers.
Ideal for: film & game trailers / motion graphics


text:
Liberty News
New on-campus voting precinct to open for its first presidential election
|Members of Liberty's Student Leadership collected about 2,500 new voter registration forms at Convocation on Sept. 14 during an effort to promote student voting education and involvement.
For the first time on Tuesday, Liberty University students will have the opportunity to vote in a presidential election on their own campus. This is thanks to a new voting precinct, which was created in October 2011 and opened in the Vines Center in March 2012 after Lynchburg City Council decided to redraw voting lines.
Polls are open in the Vines Center 6 a.m. to 7 p.m. for Tuesday's election.
As the Nov. 6 election draws near, Liberty continues to go to great lengths to ensure its students are well informed — both on the voting process and the issues at stake — and are encouraged to properly register and to exercise their right.
Though Congressional Democrats made an effort this summer to remind institutions across the nation to assist in informing students and removing barriers, such as misinformation and inconvenience, that may discourage them from voting, Liberty was already several steps ahead.
The university has always been vocal to its student body about the importance of voting, but under Chancellor Jerry Falwell, Jr.'s leadership, more active measures have been taken to see student involvement increase. In 2008, Liberty made national headlines when it recruited about 4,000 students to vote in the commonwealth of Virginia.
This semester alone, Liberty has received more than 3,000 new voter registration forms and could expect to see upwards of 4,000 turn out at the polls Tuesday.
It is no surprise the city of Lynchburg has seen a 10-percent increase in registered voters since 2008.
The university's student-run campus newspaper, "The Liberty Champion," is committed to keeping students informed during this election season.
The paper has conducted interviews with major candidates, both Democrat and Republican, vying in Virginia for seats in the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives, presenting their stance on key issues. These included interviews with Senate hopefuls Tim Kaine (D) and George Allen (R); Virginia 5th Congressional District candidates Gen. John Douglass (D) and Robert Hurt (R); and 6th Congressional District runners Dr. Andy Schmookler (D) and Robert Goodlatte (R).
The Champion also presented questions to all five presidential candidates on the ballot in Virginia, of which only Republican nominee Mitt Romney and Constitutional Party candidate Virgil Goode responded. Though incumbent President Barack Obama (D) did not reply, his biography was published as a courtesy since he currently holds the office.
Read the candidates' responses at www.libertychampion.com.
Liberty will host an election results party 8 p.m.- midnight Tuesday in the Towns Alumni Auditorium. The event will feature food, prizes, and live election coverage on a big screen.


text:
Rob Malone needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 26 designs submitted by 15 freelance designers.
I design iPhone applications. This is my third successful addition. It is one which will be formally launched in late Jan 2010 and will be talked about for a long time. It is a hilarious application appealing to all ages and is classed as a novelty application. Our theme and feel for the logo and iPhone icon is big, bold and bright. Our application has various themes but is essentially a laugh out loud "sight and sound" gag reel.
Obviously targeting all iPhone owners. The age and demographic bracket is extremely wide ranging. All will enjoy this application!
We require a logo with an iPhone application icon.
It is a novelty application that needs to project it's silly tones.
Big, Bold and Bright colours.
HONK HONK! will be, putting it in very simple terms, sets of hilarious pictures of different girls in bikinis with backing sounds
The Honk Honk! application will be "novelty" photos with "novelty" sounds and will also take on an old "Batman" theme e.g..."POW"..."BANG"..."POP" etc..
I am open to anything so feel free to throw up some different ideas
It MUST take the users eye and stand out as the logo will be the face of the launch and application.
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


text:
Police in Rolla are investigating the death of a student at Missouri University of Science and Technology.
KOLR-TV reports the student is identified as 19-year-old Kaitlin M. Brown, of Mission, Kan. The university says Brown was a sophomore studying business and information technology.
Sign Up and Save
Get six months of free digital access to The Kansas City Star
Rolla Police Chief Mark Kearse confirms Brown was found dead around 2:30 a.m. Saturday in her dorm suite. The cause of death has not been released, and the chief says an autopsy is planned for Tuesday.
Kearse told the TV station police are involved because there were some circumstances surrounding the death that, as he put it, "we're not comfortable with."


text:
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QA1's 28V Series shock is the same as the 28 Series, but with a Schrader valve you can use to adjust gas pressure.
Schrader Valve*
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text:
Lyrics: Unknown
Music: Unknown
Sung a few times by Sara Fulcher with Jerry Garcia and Merl Saunders in 1973. Partly improvised and it's difficult to make out the lyrics from the tape I have. I have no idea of the origin of the song.
I climbed a mountain
Just to see what was on the other side
And the path through onto the other side
Where to find, I didn't know before
You got to climb your mountain
Everybody's got to cross their own mountain
If you climb your mountain
Walk on to the other side
Walk on to the other side
Walk on through to the other side
Climb your mountain, walk on through to the other side
One time they said, there's no other reason for it
Straight [as sky] or [dig in the turf]
It's no [passtime], gonna take it up
I must go to the mountain
Think about what's over the mountain
I said go to the mountain
You better pray
Well that's nothing, it's the only way now
But when I think about I'm going to see down in the [?]
And you run to the sky
I must be leaving
Something you might not see it
Over all around you
Keep it close, and [?], and the love
Keep it [?]
We might not make it tonight
You got to, got to, got to climb a mountain


text:
Apple has hired the sales director of luxury Swiss watch maker TAG Heuer to help with the launch of its new iWatch, as the technology group intend on using the prestigious "Swiss made" label to market its new gadget, the head of LVMH's watch brands Jean-Claude Biver told CNBC.
Biver said the watchmaker's sales director left as recently as last week, "to take a contract with Apple" in order to launch the iWatch. LVMH owns Swiss watchmakers TAG Heuer, Hublot and Zenith.
Apple was not immediately available for comment.
Read MoreTime is ticking for Apple to announce an iWatch, say analysts
The Californian tech company, which is rumored to be releasing the hotly anticipated iWatch later this year, has tried to poach a number of employees from high-end Swiss watch makers without much success, according to analysts.


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text: Top off your window fashionably with our window valances. Available in either balloon or tab-top styles, they are designed to coordinate beautifully with your nursery bedding. Each of our valances are manufactured in the U.S.A. and are available in dozens of colors and patterns. Our balloon valances measure approximately 84" wide, with an 18" drop. Tab-top valances measure approximately 64" wide, with a 16" drop.


text:
September 24, 2010
LOS ANGELES -- In a ceremony held today at the home of UCLA's Chancellor Gene Block and witnessed by California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and Chilean President Sebastián Piñera, UCLA Anderson Dean Judy Olian and Dean Alfonso Gómez of Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez's business school signed an agreement to create the UCLA-UAI Global Executive MBA for the Americas.
The new program brings together two internationally-renowned institutions with a dual degree executive MBA program focused on Latin America.*
"Our UCLA-UAI Global Executive MBA for the Americas program is the only trans-America program for executives who need to operate with a view of global markets, and a broader understanding of the full diversity of opportunities in the Americas," said Judy Olian, dean of UCLA Anderson School of Management. "The partnership between UCLA and UAI is built on shared excellence in business research and entrepreneurial applications, which are essential elements for all global executives operating in this part of the world."
Created for senior executives with corporate responsibilities for Latin America or the Americas, the program will offer executive MBA students the in-depth knowledge, skills and global network needed to confront regional and global business challenges. Starting in April 2011, the 15-month, part-time program will consist of six, two-week course modules held in Miami, Los Angeles, São Paulo (Brazil) and Santiago (Chile).
Similar in design to UCLA Anderson's dual-MBA program with the National University of Singapore, the UCLA-UAI Global Executive MBA for the Americas program is a strategic response to the strong economic growth in Latin America over the past decade and the region's increasing importance in the global marketplace. While UCLA Anderson has had a major presence in Latin America through exchange programs, field study opportunities and a vast alumni network, the new program offers a deeper look into the region's most critical business and organizational issues. Courses will be taught by faculty from both UCLA Anderson and UAI, offering their expertise in such areas as operations management, technology, economics, marketing, entrepreneurship and finance.
For President Piñera, the signing ceremony was part of a series of meetings with Governor Schwarzenegger, members of the Chilean presidential cabinet and senior California state officials who gathered to discuss matters of mutual importance.
*The program is awaiting final approval from the University of California Office of the President.
About UCLA Anderson School of Management
UCLA Anderson School of Management, established in 1935, is regarded among the very best business schools in the world. UCLA Anderson faculty are ranked #1 in "intellectual capital" by BusinessWeek and are renowned for their teaching excellence and research in advancing management thinking. Each year, UCLA Anderson provides management education to more than 1,600 students enrolled in MBA, Executive MBA, Fully-Employed MBA and doctoral programs, and to more than 2,000 professional managers through executive education programs. Combining highly selective admissions, varied and innovative learning programs, and a world-wide network of 35,000 alumni, UCLA Anderson develops and prepares global leaders.


text:
Student leaders at the University of Colorado are speaking out against Steven Hayward, the university's first-ever visiting scholar in conservative thought, for statements he made in a recent interview and in a blog post.
Chris Schaefbauer, CU Student Government president of student affairs, and Caitlin Pratt, student government director of safety and inclusion, said they're concerned about Hayward's "oppressive and discriminatory" ideas.
Schaefbauer and Pratt said statements Hayward made in a March 17 interview on Colorado Public Radio and in an October blog post cause the Boulder campus harm and do not promote inclusivity and respect.
"We realized after thinking about it that somebody had to say something," Schaefbauer said.
Schaefbauer and Pratt wrote their criticisms of Hayward in an opinion piece published in the Colorado Daily titled "Bigotry is not Diversity."
The student leaders pointed to a post Hayward wrote on the blog PowerLine in October titled "Off on a gender-bender," in which he described his discomfort and confusion after attending an orientation for new faculty members about gender identity.
Hayward poked fun at members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community in the same blog by writing: "LGBTQRSTUW (or whatever letters have been added lately)."
He also wrote that he doubted any students had ever told a professor about their preferred gender pronouns or asked to be called by a different name.
CU faculty members and instructors are encouraged to include a prepared statement in their syllabi that states their intent to honor a student's gender pronoun or name choices.
"These comments invalidate the lived realities of transgender individuals and mock the LGBTQ community as a whole," Schaefbauer and Pratt wrote in the letter. "It is not Steven Hayward's job to determine whether or not someone's identity is valid: it is his job to contribute to a campus environment where everyone is respected and valued."
The university's official non-discrimination policy states that the campus will not tolerate discrimination or harassment based upon protected classes, which include race, color, national origin, sex, pregnancy, age, disability, creed, religion, sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression or veteran status.
In an interview with the Daily Camera, Hayward said he does not believe any student in his classroom has felt uncomfortable or unsafe.
"I would challenge them to find any student who feels uncomfortable or unsafe in any of my classes, and they're welcome to put out an (all-points bulletin) on that if they like," he said.
Schaefbauer and Pratt said their criticisms of Hayward do not apply to the new visiting conservative scholar program, which is expected to continue for two years. The campus is searching for the second scholar, who will teach and host events on the campus in 2014-2015.
"We think that perspective is valuable to students so they can make their own decisions and shape their own views on social issues," Pratt said. "The thing we take issue with is the idea that people's identities should be open to being questioned and debated and invalidated. We feel like regardless of someone's political beliefs, they shouldn't be able to invalidate and mock the very real experiences and a very real claim to inclusion and equality that different groups have."
The two student leaders also said they take issue with statements Hayward made on Colorado Matters, a daily interview show on Colorado Public Radio.
During the interview, Hayward was asked about his views on the CU philosophy department, which has been under scrutiny in recent months after the university released an independent report that described sexual harassment and other unprofessional behaviors in the department.
Hayward suggested that victims should deal with their harasser directly.
"Well, I don't know, my mother and my mother-in-law both said, 'You know when those kinds of things happened to us, usually a lot worse 40, 50 years ago when they were in the working world, they slapped people,'" Hayward said in the interview. "Maybe we ought to get back to that."
Schaefbauer said Hayward's comment ignores the power dynamic between a victim and harasser, and places the responsibility to stop harassment on the victim. He added that using physical retaliation does not create a better classroom environment and could put the victim in a more dangerous situation.
CU spokesman Ryan Huff said Hayward's comments do not reflect the views of the university administration, though Hayward is entitled to his opinion.
Huff said the university has systems in place to prevent and educate people about sexual harassment and sexual misconduct, such as orientation sessions for students and mandatory training for all employees.
He added that having independent offices such as the Office of Discrimination and Harassment and Office of Student Conduct ensures that the investigation process of misconduct will be "thorough, fair and objective."
"In situations of sexual harassment or sexual misconduct, there can be power dynamics that make it difficult for victims to express that the conduct is unwelcome," Huff said. "Therefore, it's important that complainants have campus outlets where they feel comfortable reporting cases of sexual harassment and sexual misconduct."
Schaefbauer and Pratt said they hope the open letter starts a dialogue on campus about inclusivity, diversity and the right for all people to feel safe on campus.
"We're trying to build a community so that everyone, no matter what background, can be comfortable in the classroom so they can learn well," Schaefbauer said.
Contact Camera Staff Writer Sarah Kuta at 303-473-1106 or firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
Frequent Links
E. O. Wilson
|E. O. Wilson
File:Plos wilson.jpg
Wilson in February 2003
Edward Osborne Wilson
June 10, 1929
Birmingham, Alabama, United States
Harvard University
Duke University
|Alma mater
University of Alabama
Harvard University
|A Monographic Revision of the Ant Genus Lasius (1955)
|Doctoral advisor
|Template:If empty
|Doctoral students
Daniel Simberloff
Donald J. Farish
Corrie Moreau
|Known for
Popularizing sociobiology
Epic of Evolution
Character displacement
Island biogeography
|Notable awards
Edward Osborne "E. O." Wilson FMLS[1] (born June 10, 1929) is an American biologist, researcher (sociobiology, biodiversity, island biogeography), theorist (consilience, biophilia), naturalist (conservationist) and author. His biological specialty is myrmecology, the study of ants, on which he is considered to be the world's leading expert.[2][3]
Wilson is known for his scientific career, his role as "the father of sociobiology" and "the father of biodiversity",[4] his environmental advocacy, and his secular-humanist and deist ideas pertaining to religious and ethical matters.[5] Among his greatest contributions to ecological theory is the theory of island biogeography, which he developed in collaboration with the mathematical ecologist Robert MacArthur, and which is seen as the foundation of the development of conservation area design, as well as the unified neutral theory of biodiversity of Stephen Hubbell.
Wilson is (2014) the Pellegrino University Research Professor, Emeritus in Entomology for the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University, a lecturer at Duke University,[6] and a Fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. He is a Humanist Laureate of the International Academy of Humanism.[7][8] He is a two-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction and a New York Times bestseller for The Social Conquest of Earth,[9] Letters to a Young Scientist,[9] and The Meaning of Human Existence.
- 1 Early life
- 2 Retirement
- 3 Theories and beliefs
- 4 Spiritual and political beliefs
- 5 Reception of human sociobiology
- 6 Awards and honors
- 7 Main works
- 8 Edited works
- 9 See also
- 10 Footnotes
- 11 External links
Early life
Wilson was born in Birmingham, Alabama. According to his autobiography Naturalist, he grew up mostly around Washington, D.C. and in the countryside around Mobile, Alabama.[10] From an early age, he was interested in natural history. His parents, Edward and Inez Wilson, divorced when he was seven. The young naturalist grew up in several cities and towns, moving around with his father and his stepmother.
In the same year that his parents divorced, Wilson blinded himself in one eye in a fishing accident. He suffered for hours, but he continued fishing.[10] He did not complain because he was anxious to stay outdoors. He never went in for medical treatment.[10] Several months later, his right pupil clouded over with a cataract.[10] He was admitted to Pensacola Hospital to have the lens removed.[10] Wilson writes, in his autobiography, that the "surgery was a terrifying [19th] century ordeal".[10] Wilson was left with full sight in his left eye, with a vision of 20/10.[10] The 20/10 vision prompted him to focus on "little things": "I noticed butterflies and ants more than other kids did, and took an interest in them automatically."[11]
Although he had lost his stereoscopy, he could see fine print and the hairs on the bodies of small insects.[10] His reduced ability to observe mammals and birds led him to concentrate on insects.
At nine, Wilson undertook his first expeditions at the Rock Creek Park in Washington, DC. He began to collect insects and he gained a passion for butterflies. He would capture them using nets made with brooms, coat hangers, and cheesecloth bags.[10] Going on these expeditions led to Wilson's fascination with ants. He describes in his autobiography how one day he pulled the bark of a rotting tree away and discovered citronella ants underneath.[10] The worker ants he found were "short, fat, brilliant yellow, and emitted a strong lemony odor".[10] Wilson said the event left a "vivid and lasting impression on [him]".[10] He also earned the Eagle Scout award and served as Nature Director of his Boy Scout summer camp. At the age of 18, intent on becoming an entomologist, he began by collecting flies, but the shortage of insect pins caused by World War II caused him to switch to ants, which could be stored in vials. With the encouragement of Marion R. Smith, a myrmecologist from the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, Wilson began a survey of all the ants of Alabama. This study led him to report the first colony of fire ants in the US, near the port of Mobile.[12]
Concerned that he might not be able to afford to go to a university, Wilson attempted to enlist in the United States Army. His plan was to earn U.S. government financial support for his education, but he failed his Army medical examination due to his impaired eyesight. Wilson was able to afford to enroll in the University of Alabama after all. There, he earned his B.S. and M.S. degrees in biology. He later earned his Ph.D. degree in biology from Harvard University.
In 1996, Wilson officially retired from teaching at Harvard University, where he continues to hold the positions of Professor Emeritus and Honorary Curator in Entomology.[13] He and his wife Irene now reside in Lexington, Massachusetts. His daughter, Catherine, and her husband Jonathan, reside in nearby Stow, Massachusetts.[13]
In December 2013, it was announced that, starting in 2014, Wilson's foundation, the E.O. Wilson Biodiversity Foundation, would be based as an independent foundation at the Nicholas School of the Environment at Duke University. As part of the agreement, Wilson would become a special lecturer at Duke University.[14]
Theories and beliefs
Epic of evolution
"The evolutionary epic", Wilson wrote in his book On Human Nature, "is probably the best myth we will ever have." Wilson's intended usage of the word "myth" does not denote falsehood—rather, a grand narrative that provides people with placement in time—a meaningful placement that celebrates extraordinary moments of shared heritage.[15] Wilson was not the first to use the term, but his fame prompted its usage as the morphed phrase epic of evolution.[5]
Wilson explained the need for the epic of evolution:[16]
Human beings must have an epic, a sublime account of how the world was created and how humanity became part of it... Religious epics satisfy another primal need. They confirm we are part of something greater than ourselves... The way to achieve our epic that unites human spirituality, instead of cleave it, is to compose it from the best empirical knowledge that science and history can provide.
The worth of the epic, he said, is that "[t]he true evolutionary epic retold as poetry, is as intrinsically ennobling as any religious epic."[17]
Cosmologist Brian Swimme concludes in a 1997 interview:[18]
I think that what E. O. Wilson is trying to suggest is that to be fully human, a person has to see that life has a heroic dimension... I think for the scientist, and for other people, it's a question of, "Is the universe valuable? Is it sacred? Is it holy? Or is the human agenda all that matters?" I just don't think we're that stupid to continue in a way that continues to destroy. I'm hopeful that the Epic of Evolution will be yet another strategy in our culture that will lead our consciousness out of a very tight, human-centered materialism.
Naturalistic and liberal religious writers have picked up on Wilson's term and have used it in a number of texts. These authors however have at times used other terms to refer to the idea: Universe Story (Brian Swimme, John F. Haught), Great Story (Connie Barlow, Michael Dowd), Everybody's Story (Loyal Rue[19]), New Story (Thomas Berry, Al Gore, Brian Swimme) and Cosmic Evolution (Eric Chaisson[20]).[21][22][23]
Michael McGoodwin paraphrasing and quoting Wilson (pp. 16 and 222) on sociobiology:[24]
Sociobiology is defined as the scientific or systematic study of the biological basis of all forms of social behavior, in all kinds of organisms including man, and incorporating knowledge from ethology, ecology, and genetics, in order to derive general principles concerning the biological properties of entire societies. "If humankind evolved by Darwinian natural selection, [then] genetic chance and environmental necessity, not God, made the species." "The brain [and the mind] exists because it promotes the survival and multiplication of the genes that direct its assembly." The two apparent dilemmas we face therefore are: (1) We lack any goal external to our biological nature (for even religions evolve to enhance the persistence and influence of their practitioners). Will the transcendental goals of societies dissolve, and will our post-ideological societies regress steadily toward self-indulgence? (2) Morality evolved as instinct. "Which of the censors and motivators should be obeyed and which ones might better be curtailed or sublimated?"
Although much human diversity in behavior is culturally influenced, some has been shown to be genetic - rapid acquisition of language, human unpredictability, hypertrophy (extreme growth of pre-existing social structures), altruism and religions. "Religious practices that consistently enhance survival and procreation of the practitioners will propagate the physiological controls that favor the acquisition of the practices during single lifetimes." Unthinking submission to the communal will promotes the fitness of the members of the tribe. Even submission to secular religions and cults involve willing subordination of the individual to the group. Religious practices confer biological advantages.[24]
Wilson used sociobiology and evolutionary principles to explain the behavior of the social insects and then to understand the social behavior of other animals, including humans, thus established sociobiology as a new scientific field. He argued that all animal behavior, including that of humans, is the product of heredity, environmental stimuli, and past experiences, and that free will is an illusion. He has referred to the biological basis of behaviour as the "genetic leash."[25] The sociobiological view is that all animal social behavior is governed by epigenetic rules worked out by the laws of evolution. This theory and research proved to be seminal, controversial, and influential.[26]
The controversy of sociobiological research lies in how it applies to humans. The theory established a scientific argument for rejecting the common doctrine of tabula rasa, which holds that human beings are born without any innate mental content and that culture functions to increase human knowledge and aid in survival and success. In the final chapter of the book Sociobiology and in the full text of his Pulitzer Prize-winning On Human Nature, Wilson argues that the human mind is shaped as much by genetic inheritance as it is by culture (if not more). There are limits on just how much influence social and environmental factors can have in altering human behavior.
Wilson, along with Bert Hölldobler, carried out a systematic study of ants and ant behavior,[27] culminating in the encyclopedic work The Ants (1990). Because much self-sacrificing behavior on the part of individual ants can be explained on the basis of their genetic interests in the survival of the sisters, with whom they share 75% of their genes (though the actual case is some species' queens mate with multiple males and therefore some workers in a colony would only be 25% related), Wilson was led to argue for a sociobiological explanation for all social behavior on the model of the behavior of the social insects. In his more recent work, he has sought to defend his views against the criticism of younger scientists such as Deborah Gordon, whose results challenge the idea that ant behavior is as rigidly predictable as Wilson's explanations make it.
Edward O. Wilson, referring to ants, once said that "Karl Marx was right, socialism works, it is just that he had the wrong species",[28] meaning that while ants and other eusocial species appear to live in communist-like societies, they only do so because they are forced to do so from their basic biology, as they lack reproductive independence: worker ants, being sterile, need their ant-queen in order to survive as a colony and a species, and individual ants cannot reproduce without a queen and are thus forced to live in centralised societies. Humans, however, do possess reproductive independence so they can give birth to offspring without the need of a "queen", and in fact humans enjoy their maximum level of Darwinian fitness only when they look after themselves and their offspring, while finding innovative ways to use the societies they live in for their own benefit.[29]
In his 1998 book Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge, Wilson discusses methods that have been used to unite the sciences, and might be able to unite the sciences with the humanities. Wilson prefers and uses the term "consilience" to describe the synthesis of knowledge from different specialized fields of human endeavor. He defines human nature as a collection of epigenetic rules, the genetic patterns of mental development. He argues that culture and rituals are products, not parts, of human nature. He says art is not part of human nature, but our appreciation of art is. He argues that concepts such as art appreciation, fear of snakes, or the incest taboo (Westermarck effect) can be studied by scientific methods of the natural sciences. Previously, these phenomena were only part of psychological, sociological, or anthropological studies. Wilson proposes that they can be part of interdisciplinary research.
The units and target of selection
Wilson has argued that the "unit of selection is a gene, the basic element of heredity. The target of selection is normally the individual who carries an ensemble of genes of certain kinds." With regard to the use of kin selection in explaining the behavior of eusocial insects, Wilson said to Discover magazine, the "new view that I'm proposing is that it was group selection all along, an idea first roughly formulated by Darwin."[30]
Spiritual and political beliefs
Views on religion
As paraphrased by Michael McGoodwin[24]
The predisposition to religious belief is an ineradicable part of human behavior. Mankind has produced 100,000 religions. It is an illusion to think that scientific humanism and learning will dispel religious belief. Men would rather believe than know... A kind of Darwinistic survival of the fittest has occurred with religions... The ecological principle called Gause's law holds that competition is maximal between species with identical needs... Even submission to secular religions such as Communism, capitalism and guru cults involve willing subordination of the individual to the group. Religious practices confer biological advantage. The mechanisms of religion include (1) objectification (the reduction of reality to images and definitions that are easily understood and cannot be refuted), (2) commitment through faith (a kind of tribalism enacted through self-surrender), (3) and myth (the narratives that explain the tribe's favored position on the earth, often incorporating supernatural forces struggling for control, apocalypse, and millennium). The three great religion categories of today are Marxism, traditional religion, and scientific materialism... Though theology is not likely to survive as an independent intellectual discipline, religion will endure for a long time to come and will not be replaced by scientific materialism.
Scientific humanism
Wilson coined the phrase scientific humanism as "the only worldview compatible with science's growing knowledge of the real world and the laws of nature".[31] Wilson argues that it is best suited to improve the human condition. In 2003, he was one of the signers of the Humanist Manifesto.[32]
God and religion
On the question of God, Wilson has described his position as provisional deism[33] and explicitly denied the label of "atheist", preferring "agnostic".[34] He has explained his faith as a trajectory away from traditional beliefs: "I drifted away from the church, not definitively agnostic or atheistic, just Baptist & Christian no more."[25] Wilson argues that the belief in God and rituals of religion are products of evolution.[35] He argues that they should not be rejected or dismissed, but further investigated by science to better understand their significance to human nature. In his book The Creation, Wilson suggests that scientists ought to "offer the hand of friendship" to religious leaders and build an alliance with them, stating that "Science and religion are two of the most potent forces on Earth and they should come together to save the creation."[36]
Wilson makes a similar suggestion, an appeal to the religious community, on the lecture circuit. An article on his September 17, 2009 lecture at Midland College, Texas, reports, "he said the appeal received a 'massive reply' and a covenant has been written. 'I think that partnership will work to a substantial degree as time goes on,' Wilson said."[37]
Wilson appears in the documentary Behold the Earth, which inquires into America's "divorce from nature" and the relationship between science and religion.
When discussing the reinvigoration of his original fields of study since the 1960s, Wilson has said that if he could start his life over he would work in microbial ecology.[38] He studied the mass extinctions of the 20th century and their relationship to modern society, arguing strongly for an ecological approach:
Now when you cut a forest, an ancient forest in particular, you are not just removing a lot of big trees and a few birds fluttering around in the canopy. You are drastically imperiling a vast array of species within a few square miles of you. The number of these species may go to tens of thousands. ... Many of them are still unknown to science, and science has not yet discovered the key role undoubtedly played in the maintenance of that ecosystem, as in the case of fungi, microorganisms, and many of the insects.[39]
His understanding of the scale of the extinction crisis has led him to advocate a number of strategies for forest protection, including the Forests Now Declaration, which calls for new markets-based mechanisms to protect tropical forests. In 2014, Wilson called for the global set aside of 50% of the earth's surface for other species to thrive in as the only possible strategy for solving the extinction crisis [40]
Reception of human sociobiology
Wilson experienced significant criticism for his sociobiological views from several different communities. The scientific response included several of Wilson's colleagues at Harvard,[41] such as Richard Lewontin and Stephen Jay Gould, who were strongly opposed to his ideas regarding sociobiology. Marshall Sahlins's work The Use and Abuse of Biology was a direct criticism of Wilson's theories.[42]
Politically, Wilson's sociobiological ideas have been opposed by some. Sociobiology re-ignited the nature and nurture debate, and Wilson's scientific perspective on human nature led to public debate. He was accused of racism, misogyny, and eugenics.[43] In one incident, his lecture was attacked by the International Committee Against Racism, a front group of the Marxist Progressive Labor Party, where one member poured a pitcher of water on Wilson's head and chanted "Wilson, you're all wet" at an AAAS conference in November 1978.[44] Wilson later spoke of the incident as a source of pride: "I believe...I was the only scientist in modern times to be physically attacked for an idea."[45]
"I believe Gould was a charlatan", Wilson told The Atlantic. "I believe that he was ... seeking reputation and credibility as a scientist and writer, and he did it consistently by distorting what other scientists were saying and devising arguments based upon that distortion."[46]
Religious objections included those of Paul E. Rothrock, who said: "... sociobiology has the potential of becoming a religion of scientific materialism."[47]
Philosopher Mary Midgley encountered Sociobiology in the process of writing Beast and Man[48] and significantly rewrote the book to offer a critique of Wilson's views. While Midgley praises the book for its recognition of the study of animal behavior, clarity, scholarship, and encyclopedic scope, she extensively critiques Wilson for conceptual confusion, scientism, and anthropomorphism of genetics.[49]
Awards and honors
Wilson's scientific and conservation honors include:
- Member, National Academy of Sciences, 1969
- U.S. National Medal of Science, 1976
- Leidy Award, 1979, from the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia[50]
- Pulitzer Prize for On Human Nature, 1979
- Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement, 1984
- ECI Prize, International Ecology Institute, terrestrial ecology, 1987
- Academy of Achievement Golden Plate Award, 1988
- Crafoord Prize, 1990, a prize awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in certain sciences not covered by the Nobel Prize, and therefore considered the highest award given in the field of ecology
- Pulitzer Prize for The Ants (with Bert Hölldobler), 1991
- International Prize for Biology, 1993
- Carl Sagan Award for Public Understanding of Science, 1994
- The National Audubon Society's Audubon Medal, 1995
- Time Magazine's 25 Most Influential People in America, 1995
- Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Achievement in the Sciences of the American Philosophical Society, 1998.[51]
- American Humanist Association's 1999 Humanist of the Year
- Lewis Thomas Prize for Writing about Science, 2000
- Nierenberg Prize, 2001
- Distinguished Eagle Scout Award 2004
- Dauphin Island Sea Lab christened its newest research vessel the R/V E.O. Wilson in 2005.
- Linnean Tercentenary Silver Medal, 2006
- Addison Emery Verrill Medal from the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 2007
- TED Prize 2007[52] given yearly to honor a maximum of three individuals who have shown that they can, in some way, positively impact life on this planet.
- XIX Premi Internacional Catalunya 2007[53]
- Member of the World Knowledge Dialogue[54] Honorary Board, and Scientist in Residence for the 2008 symposium organized in Crans-Montana (Switzerland).
- Distinguished Lecturer, University of Iowa, 2008–2009
- E.O. Wilson Biophilia Center[55] on Nokuse Plantation in Walton County, Florida 2009 video[56]
- Explorers Club Medal, 2009
- 2010 BBVA Frontiers of Knowledge Award in the Ecology and Conservation Biology Category[57]
- Thomas Jefferson Medal in Architecture, 2010
- 2010 Heartland Prize for fiction for his first novel Anthill: A Novel[58]
- EarthSky Science Communicator of the Year ,2010
Main works
- The vastly influential paper (coauthored with William Brown Jr. in 1956), Character displacement, was honored in 1986 as a Science Citation Classic, i.e., as one of the most frequently cited scientific papers of all time.[59][60]
- The Theory of Island Biogeography, 1967, Princeton University Press (2001 reprint), ISBN 0-691-08836-5, with Robert H. MacArthur
- The Insect Societies, 1971, Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-45490-1
- Sociobiology: The New Synthesis 1975, Harvard University Press, (Twenty-fifth Anniversary Edition, 2000 ISBN 0-674-00089-7)
- On Human Nature, 1979, Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-01638-6, winner of the 1979 Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction.
- Genes, Mind and Culture: The coevolutionary process, 1981, Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-34475-8
- Promethean Fire: reflections on the origin of mind, 1983, Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-71445-8
- Biophilia, 1984, Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-07441-6
- Success and Dominance in Ecosystems: The Case of the Social Insects, 1990, Inter-Research, ISSN 0932-2205
- The Ants, 1990, Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-04075-9, Winner of the 1991 Pulitzer Prize, with Bert Hölldobler
- The Diversity of Life, 1992, Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-21298-3, The Diversity of Life: Special Edition, ISBN 0-674-21299-1
- The Biophilia Hypothesis, 1993, Shearwater Books, ISBN 1-55963-148-1, with Stephen R. Kellert
- Journey to the Ants: A Story of Scientific Exploration, 1994, Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-48525-4, with Bert Hölldobler
- Naturalist, 1994, Shearwater Books, ISBN 1-55963-288-7
- In Search of Nature, 1996, Shearwater Books, ISBN 1-55963-215-1, with Laura Simonds Southworth
- Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge, 1998, Knopf, ISBN 0-679-45077-7
- The Future of Life, 2002, Knopf, ISBN 0-679-45078-5
- Pheidole in the New World: A Dominant, Hyperdiverse Ant Genus, 2003, Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-00293-8
- From So Simple a Beginning: Darwin's Four Great Books. 2005, W. W. Norton.
- The Creation: An Appeal to Save Life on Earth, September 2006, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-393-06217-5
- Nature Revealed: Selected Writings 1949-2006, ISBN 0-8018-8329-6
- The Superorganism: The Beauty, Elegance, and Strangeness of Insect Societies, 2009, W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-393-06704-0, with Bert Hölldobler
- Anthill: A Novel, April 2010, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-393-07119-1
- Kingdom of Ants: Jose Celestino Mutis and the Dawn of Natural History in the New World, 2010, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, with José María Gómez Durán
- The Leafcutter Ants: Civilization by Instinct, 2011, W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-393-33868-3, with Bert Hölldobler
- The Social Conquest of Earth, 2012, Liveright Publishing Corporation, New York, ISBN 0871403633
- Letters to a Young Scientist, 2014, Liveright, ISBN 0871403854
- A Window on Eternity: A Biologist's Walk Through Gorongosa National Park, 2014, Simon & Schuster, ISBN 1476747415
- The Meaning of Human Existence, 2014, Liveright, ISBN 0871401002
Edited works
- From So Simple a Beginning: Darwin's Four Great Books, edited with introductions by Edward O. Wilson (2010 W.W. Norton)
See also
- ^ "Royal Patrons and Honorary Fellows". The Linnean Society of London. Retrieved 2014-07-25.
- ^ Thorpe, Vanessa (June 24, 2012). "Richard Dawkins in furious row with EO Wilson over theory of evolution". The Guardian (London).
- ^ "Lord of the Ants documentary". VICE. 2009. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
- ^ Becker, Michael (2009-04-09). "MSU presents Presidential Medal to famed scientist Edward O. Wilson". MSU News. Retrieved 2014-05-09.
- ^ a b Novacek, Michael J. (2001). "Lifetime achievement: E.O. Wilson". CNN.com. Archived from the original on 2006-10-14. Retrieved 2006-11-08.
- ^ "E.O. Wilson advocates biodiversity preservation". Duke Chronicle. February 12, 2014. Retrieved 2014-04-23.
- ^ "E.O. Wilson Profile" - Comprehensive list of Degrees, Awards and Positions
- ^ "E. O. Wilson biography". AlabamaLiteraryMap.org. Archived from the original on 2010-12-08. Retrieved 2014-04-23.
- ^ a b Cowles, Gregory. "Print & E-Books". The New York Times.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Edward O. Wilson – Naturalist, Island Press; (April 24, 2006), ISBN 1-59726-088-6
- ^ Powell, Alvin (April 15, 2014). "'Search until you find a passion and go all out to excel in its expression'". Harvard Gazette. Harvard Public Affairs & Communications. Retrieved 2014-04-23.
I have only one functional eye, my left eye, but it's very sharp. And I somehow focused on little things. I noticed butterflies and ants more than other kids did, and took an interest in them automatically.
- ^ first-hand account,[self-published source] Smithsonian Institution talk, April 22, 2010
- ^ a b "E.O. Wilson Biography". Academy of Achievement.
- ^ "'Father of sociobiology' to teach at Nicholas School". Post Retirement.
- ^ Connie Barlow. "The Epic of Evolution: Religious and cultural interpretations of modern scientific cosmology". Science & Spirit Magazine. Archived from the original on 2006-05-23.
- ^ Edward O. Wilson, Foreword of Everybody's Story: Wising Up to the Epic of Evolution By Loyal D. Rue, SUNY Press, 1999, page ix and x,ISBN 0-7914-4392-2,
- ^ "Edward O. Wilson, Consilience 1998" (PDF). thegreatstory.org. Retrieved 2014-04-23.
- ^ "Brian Swimme interview". Earthlight.org. Retrieved 2014-04-23.
- ^ Rue, Loyal (1999). Everybody's Story: Wising Up to the Epic of Evolution. SUNY Press. ISBN 0-7914-4392-2.
- ^ Chaisson, Eric (2006). Epic of Evolution: Seven Ages of the Cosmos. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-13560-2.
- ^ Thomas, Alfred K. (1989). The Epic of Evolution, Its Etiology and Art: A Study of Vardis Fisher's Testament of Man. University Microfilms International.
- ^ Miller, James B (2003). The Epic of Evolution: Science and Religion in Dialogue. Pearson/Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-093318-X.
- ^ Kaufman, Gordon. The Epic of Evolution as a Framework for Human Orientation, 1997
- ^ a b c Edward O. Wilson: On Human Nature - Summary by Michael McGoodwin, prepared 1991 [1]
- ^ a b E. O. Wilson, Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge, New York, Knopf, 1998, pp. 127-128.
- ^ Wolfe, Tom (1996). Sorry, But Your Soul Just Died. Vol. 158, Issue 13, pp.210ff. Forbes
- ^ Nicholas Wade (July 15, 2008). "Taking a Cue From Ants on Evolution of Humans". The New York Times.
- ^ Wade, Nicholas (May 12, 1998). "Scientist at Work: Edward O. Wilson; From Ants to Ethics: A Biologist Dreams Of Unity of Knowledge". The New York Times. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
- ^ Wilson, Edward O. (March 27, 1997). Karl Marx was right, socialism works. (Interview). Harvard University.
- ^ Richard Conniff "Discover Interview: E.O. Wilson" June 25, 2006.
- ^ in Harvard Magazine December 2005 p 33.
- ^ "Notable Signers". Humanism and Its Aspirations. American Humanist Association. Retrieved October 6, 2012.
- ^ The Creation[page needed]
- ^ Sarchet, Penny (2015-02-01). "Why Do We Ignore Warnings About Earth's Future?". Slate.
In fact, I'm not an atheist...I would even say I'm agnostic
- ^ Human Nature[page needed]
- ^ Naturalist E.O. Wilson is optimistic Harvard Gazette June 15, 2006
- ^ Scientist says there is hope to save planet mywesttexas.com September 18, 2009
- ^ Edward O. Wilson (2008). Lord of the Ants (DOCUMENTARY FILM) (television). NOVA/WGBH. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
- ^ Wilson, Edward Osborne (April 28, 1998). "Slide show". saveamericasforests.org. p. 2. Retrieved November 13, 2008.
- ^ Wilson, Edward Osborne (September 2014). accessdate=February 13, 2015 http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/can-world-really-set-aside-half-planet-wildlife-180952379/?no-ist accessdate=February 13, 2015. Missing or empty
- ^ Grafen, Alan; Ridley, Mark (2006). Richard Dawkins: How A Scientist Changed the Way We Think. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 75. ISBN 0-19-929116-0.
- ^ Sahlins, Marshall David (1976). The Use and Abuse of Biology. ISBN 0-472-08777-0.
- ^ Douglas, Ed (17 February 2001). "Darwin's natural heir". The Guardian (London).
- ^ Wilson, Edward O. (1995). Naturalist. ISBN 0-446-67199-1.
- ^ David Dugan (writer, producer, director) (May 2008). Lord of the Ants (Documentary). NOVA. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
- ^ French, Howard (November 2011). "E. O. Wilson's Theory of Everything". The Atlantic Magazine. Retrieved 13 October 2011.
- ^ Mythology of Scientific Materialism. Paul E. Rothrock and Mary Ellen Rothrock
- ^ Midgley, Mary (1995). Beast and man : the roots of human nature (Rev. ed. ed.). London [u.a.]: Routledge. p. xli. ISBN 0-415-12740-8.
- ^ Midgley, Mary (1995). Beast and man : the roots of human nature (Rev. ed. ed.). London [u.a.]: Routledge. p. xl. ISBN 0-415-12740-8.
- ^ "The Four Awards Bestowed by The Academy of Natural Sciences and Their Recipients". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia) 156 (1): 403–404. June 2007. doi:10.1635/0097-3157(2007)156[403:TFABBT]2.0.CO;2.
- ^ "Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Achievement in the Sciences Recipients". American Philosophical Society. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
- ^ http://www.ted.com/tedprize/winners2007.cfm
- ^ "Guardonats anteriors. Premi Internacional Catalunya. Generalitat de Catalunya". gencat.cat.
- ^ "World Knowledge Dialogue". wkdialogue.ch.
- ^ eowilsoncenter.org
- ^ "E.O. Wilson Biophilia Center". Vimeo.
- ^ "BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Awards". fbbva.es.
- ^ "Chicago Humanities Festival". chicagohumanities.org.
- ^ "WLB_Obit". si.edu.
- ^ "Character displacement". Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias.
External links
|Wikinews has related news: Half of life could go extinct by century's end, warn eminent biologists
|Wikiquote has quotations related to: E. O. Wilson
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to E. O. Wilson.
- E.O. Wilson Foundation
- Review of The Social Conquest of Earth by Richard Dawkins
- Appearances on C-SPAN
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Your guests have all arrived, greeted friends, downed a few cocktails , then all of a sudden the music kicks in, a door opens, and our glittering goddess enters with a rousing lip sync / dance routine. Maybe it's a 70's disco hit, maybe a chart topper, or possibly a funny old show tune. "She" then poses for photos and interacts in character for the rest of an hour. Thirst for more glamour? Consider a second or third performer.
A great after dinner show may consist of celebrity impersonators, featuring illusions of superstars like Cher, Bette Midler, Tina Turner, Madonna, Joan Rivers, Gwen Stefani, and Diana Ross. Shows are custom tailored to your event.
For an exciting nightclub-like environment you absolutely must have outrageous drag queen gogo dancers: big hair, flashy outfits, and boundless energy. Place them on a lit stage or platform and watch them let loose! Our dazzling divas will dance with your guests, pose for photos, even act as shot girls or pass out party favors.
Our Illinois drag queens and impersonators, are perfect for special events such as weddings, openings, casino shows, product promotions, super sweet sixteens, country club dinners, black tie events, and even bar and bat mitzvahs! Book a female impersonator for Halloween, New Years Eve, Mardi Gras, Carnivàle, Bastille Day, Christmas, or any holiday party or gathering. Custom designed costumes are always an option. Our performers, male, female, and drag queen, have appeared on TV shows such as Sex and The City, Project Runway, Late Night with Conan O'Brian, and America's Got Talent.


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Hartsville, S.C. - Continuing their three match winning streak, Coker College's women's tennis team defeated Barton College 9-0 on Tuesday, April 7. With the win, the Lady Cobras improve to 8-4 on the season and 5-3 in conference play.
Starting off quickly, Rachel Lemar (London, England) and Alyssa Blanchard (Columbia, SC) clinched the victory at No. 1 doubles 8-4 followed by the No. 2 doubles pair of Ashley Pace (Clinton, SC) and Kendall Sigmon (Hilton Head, SC) winning 8-4 as well. The third point of the day for the Cobras came at the No. 3 doubles spot as Cassidy Spencer (Wilkesboro, NC) and Lindsay Crighton (Florence, SC) battled to defeat their opponents 8-6.
The momentum continued as Coker was able to take all six singles points as well for the day. Lemar easily defeated her opponent 6-0, 6-0 in the top spot, followed by a win from Blanchard 6-0, 7-5. Spencer wasted no time winning 6-1, 6-0 at No. 3 followed by Stephanie Medley who won 6-1, 6-2. Rounding out the singles lineup, Pace defeated her opponent 7-5, 6-2 ,while Crighton claimed the last victory 6-0, 6-0.
The Lady Cobras will take the court one last time at home on Tuesday, April 14 to take on Pfeiffer University. The match is scheduled for 2:00pm and will include the honoring of the four senior players on the team. This will round out the regular conference play of the season and determine the seeding of the Lady Cobras in the Conference Carolinas tournament on April 17-19.


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|Mumford & Sons
Babel, dat is de titel van het nieuwe album van Mumford & Sons dat op 24 september uitkomt via Gentlemen of the Road/Cooperative Music. Het twaalf nummers tellende Babel is geproduceerd door Markus Dravs en is de langverwachte opvolger van het debuutalbum Sigh No More uit 2009.
"We are more than excited to release Babel into the world. We had started writing new songs well before we got into the studio to record. At first, we peeled ourselves off the road quite reluctantly. We love playing live, obviously, but it had also become an important part of our creative process, we had been writing and rehearsing in soundchecks, and sort of road-testing new songs on our very gracious audiences. But then we fell in love with recording again. The album started to come together, and with the help of Markus Dravs once more (and engineer Robin Baynton), we started to relish the challenge of making this album. As a band, we've never been closer or more collaborative, all working to our strengths. And so we feel that this record is a natural progression that we're proud of, and we cannot wait to take it out on the road."- Mumford & Sons


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Selling the figurine (NO GAME), steelbook case and Tekken 7 lanyard along with the box. As you can see, item has never been opened for 5,000 php.
Price is negotiable but please no lowballing. Message (0908 8995276) or text for faster transactions. Meetups in Mandaluyong and Makati.
Tekken 7 Collector's Edition Figurine and Steelbook Case
This is the place to sell your stuff. Do you have preowned games? or brand new ones? Do you sell accessories as well? or prepaid cards?
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Tahoe/Sub/Yuk/Silv/Sierra Qi Wireless Charging Kit (part number: FDMC-1272) is designed to seamlessly integrate with your vehicle's center console. Please view the compatibility tab to see complete compatibility information.
Charging your phone has never been easier. FreedomCharge uses the wireless charging standard, Qi, to keep your phone going without the hassle of plugging it in. This type of charging has taken off with use in homes, but not until recently have you been able to get this convenient and easy to use technology in your vehicle.
It works by using inductive charging technology to allow your smartphone to charge without connecting a charger. No longer will you have to search for your charger and orient it the correct way just to plug in your phone. Add a new level of convenience to your car and keep your eyes on the road, instead of fumbling with a tangled mess of cords.
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Tahoe/Sub/Yuk/Silv/Sierra Qi Wireless Charging Kit is specifically designed to work with the following vehicles:
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Installing FreedomCharge is simple, just a few wires to connect and you'll be ditching those messy cables for a sleek and easy to use charger.
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Rocky Broadhead 40G Insulated Balaclava
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Rocky Broadhead 40G Insulated Balaclava
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This hunting season, if you want to step up your game, you should be wearing this Rocky Insulated Balaclava Mask. It has concealing camouflage, warmth, soft materials, and scent control that practically makes you disappear. It's the ideal hunting apparel for you.
This Rocky Balaclava shields your face from the cold and has a mesh mouth cover. It has a soft fleece lining and 40 grams of 3M™ Thinsulate™ Insulation to keep your head, face and neck warm.
The SilentHunter suede fabric has micro-denier fibers that wick moisture away from your skin to fight moisture and sweat from gathering.
Not only does the Realtree APX® camouflage allow this balaclava to blend in with the natural surroundings, but the Rocky Scent IQ™ Atomic eliminates your scent, so you remain nearly undetected outdoors.
This is the perfect apparel to be wearing this hunting season!
- Rocky Scent IQ Atomic destroys human scent control on the microbial level
- SilentHunter suede fabric, micro-denier fibers wick moisture away and allow for complete silence in the woods
- Fleece lining
- 40 grams of 3M™ Thinsulate™ Insulation


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They are finally here! biopod, the smart microhabitat, is just about to hit our shelves and you could be one of the first to get your hands on one! Take advantage of introductory rates with US shipping included and free add-on worth $100 of live plants!
Eden + Plant Pack 19x13x14 $500
Terra + Plant Pack 25x15x14 $550
Aqua + Plant Pack 25x15x21 $650
Aqua II + Plant Pack 19x13x28 $700
Grand + Plant Pack 50x15x28 $1000 (pick-up only)
To find out more check The Reptile Zoo blog from our trip to Biopod headquarters.
Want to learn more about scaping a Biopod? Check out this great video from our friend Dayyan of Reptiliatus


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Used Car - 2009 smart fortwo passion cabriolet in Virginia Beach, Va
Please Call For Price
About This 2009 smart fortwo passion cabriolet
Vehicle Location:
Virginia Beach, Va
passion cabriolet
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Fuel Economy Estimates
City MPG
Highway MPG
Combined MPG: 37 - Efficient 30+ MPG
Estimated Monthly Fuel Cost: $60.14*
*Based on $1.78 per gallon and 15k miles per year.
Actual costs may vary.
Actual costs may vary.
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Located at Towne Auto Brokers Inc in Virginia Beach, Va. Call Towne Auto Brokers Inc today at 757-962-8826 for more information about this vehicle.
Vehicle Options:
- Abs Brakes
- Air Conditioning
- Alloy Wheels
- Am/fm Radio
- Cd Changer
- Cd Player
- Driver Airbag
- Electronic Brake Assistance
- Front Air Dam
- Front Side Airbag
- Front Side Airbag With Head Protection
- Glass Rear Window On Convertible
- Heated Exterior Mirror
- Interval Wipers
- Keyless Entry
- Leather Steering Wheel
- Passenger Airbag
- Power Adjustable Exterior Mirror
- Power Door Locks
- Power Windows
- Rear Window Defogger
- Removable Top
- Steering Wheel Mounted Controls
- Subwoofer
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- Vehicle Stability Control System
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2009 smart fortwo ReviewThis car review is specific to this model, not the actual vehicle for sale.
City car.
The Smart Fortwo is the smallest car sold in the United States. Stretching less than nine feet in overall length, it can be parked in the smallest of spots. Some have famously parked it 90 degrees to curbside without impeding passing traffic and we think it does indeed make for a smart city car.
As its name suggests, the Smart fortwo is a two-seater, designed to transport two people and not much else. The Smart fortwo comes in coupe and convertible versions, both two-door models. It's powered by a tiny 1.0-liter three-cylinder engine paired with a five-speed automated manual and rear-wheel drive. Meant for use in the city, it's capable of speeds of up to 90 mph.
The Smart Fortwo enters the 2009 model year with a few minor refinements and a couple of new options. First launched in the United States in January 2008, the current Smart Fortwo is actually a second-generation version of this product. The first-generation Smart Fortwo has been available in Europe since late 1998.
The Smart is produced by the Mercedes Car Group and sold through stand-alone Smart dealerships and Mercedes-Benz dealers in the U.S. It is imported by Smart USA Distributor LLC, a division of Roger Penske's Penske Automotive Group. Smart USA markets its name in fashionable lower case: smart fortwo.
We think it's best used as a city car. Its small size makes it easy to park and allows it to easily dart in and out of traffic. Designed to offer a low cost of ownership, it's meant to get drivers from A to B without frills. With fuel mileage of 33 mpg in the city and 41 mpg on the highway, the Smart car will appeal to commuters who make short trips by themselves. Its fuel economy numbers aren't as good as the Toyota Prius or Honda Civic Hybrid, but they're better than any other economy car.
At the same time, this car has its compromises. Its small engine wants for power, the transmission shifts awkwardly, the ride is busy, and it lacks a rear seat and cargo carrying capacity. Its owners are often okay with all of that, and in fact are often enthusiastic about it.
On the inside, the Fortwo has a spartan cabin dominated by economy-grade plastics. It is surprisingly roomy, with enough head clearance and leg room for very tall passengers. Shoulder room, however, will be tight for two large occupants. Cubby storage is minimal.
The rear of the cabin is an open hatch area. There isn't as much room as in most trunks and certainly not as much as what you'll find in a compact hatchback, but it has enough space for a trip to the grocery store.
The Smart Fortwo is available in two trim levels and two body styles. All Fortwo models are powered by a 1.0-liter, three-cylinder engine that makes 70-horsepower at 5800 rpm and 68 pound-feet of torque at 4500 rpm. The transmission is a five-speed automated manual that can be set to shift like an automatic or can be controlled manually via the gearshift or available steering wheel paddles.
The Smart Fortwo Pure coupe ($11,990) comes standard with cloth upholstery, fold-flat passenger seat, leather-wrapped steering wheel, outside temperature indicator, rear window defroster and wiper, power locks, remote keyless entry, and P155/60R15 front and P175/55R15 rear all-season tires on steel wheels. The Pure does not have a radio, does have provisions for radio installation; two radios are offered as options, both with two speakers. The Smart radio option is an AM/FM/CD unit ($350), while the premium radio ($495) is an AM/FM unit with an MP3-compatible six-disc CD changer. Other options include air conditioning with automatic temperature control and a pollen filter ($600), alarm ($160), power steering ($450), heated seats ($220), metallic paint ($225), and silver metallic paint for the tridion safety cell ($175). Daytime running lamps ($50) are a new option for 2009.
The Passion coupe ($13,590) adds a panorama roof with a sun shade, air conditioning with automatic climate control, steering wheel shift paddles, power windows, heated power exterior mirrors, an AM/FM radio with CD player, and alloy wheels. In addition to the Pure's options, the Passion offers fog lamps ($110), a dash-mounted clock and tachometer ($120), MP3-compatible six-disc CD changer ($150), and the Smart premium sound system ($350), which includes six-disc CD changer and replaces the standard two speakers with two tweeters, two midrange speakers and a subwoofer. Also offered is a Comfort Package ($850) with power steering, heated leather seats, automatic headlights, and a rain and light sensor. New for 2009, a conventional solid roof may be substituted for the panorama roof for no charge.
The Passion cabrio ($16,990) has a power soft top with heated glass rear window and the five-speaker premium sound system with in-dash six-disc CD changer. The Passion cabrio is also offered with the Comfort Package, as well as the various separate options available on the other models.
Safety features on all Fortwo models include dual-stage front air bags with passenger side occupant sensor, head- and torso-protecting side air bags, tire-pressure monitor, traction control, electronic stability control with Hill Start Assist, and antilock brakes with electronic brake force distribution and brake assist. The Fortwo also has cornering brake control, which applies less braking force to the inner wheels when braking in a turn to help prevent a skid or spin.
The Smart Fortwo has plastic body panels around a tridion safety cell that is made of steel, half of which is of the high-strength variety.
According to Smart, this structure has longitudinal and transverse beams that displace impact forces over a large area of the car to protect occupants in a crash. The tridion safety cell is available in black or silver, as elements of it, including the front pillars, are visible from the outside. Smart says that slip tubes up front and a steel rear structure will prevent front and rear crashes of up to 10 mph from affecting the tridion cell. Smart also says the wheels and tires, as well as side braces, will help dissipate energy in a side crash.
The Smart design features wheels pushed outward to the corners of the car. Up front, the Fortwo seems to be grinning, with its high-set headlights, central grille and open lower fascia that is also home to the optional fog lights. The short hood leads to a tall windshield. Along the sides, the exterior portions of the tridion safety cell trace the shape of each door. The car ends shortly behind the seats, leaving a small hatchback opening at the back and giving both the coupe and convertible an egglike shape.
At only 106.1 inches overall, 61.4 inches wide, 60.7 inches tall and 1808 pounds, the Fortwo is the smallest car offered in the United States. By comparison, a Mini Cooper is nearly 40 inches longer and more than 750 pounds heavier. While the length and width are quite small, the Fortwo is slightly taller than a Honda Fit, which gives it plenty of interior headroom.
The convertible's top is power operated and has a heated glass rear window. It has no latches to work and can be operated at any speed. With the top down, a pair of structural beams can be removed from the roof above each door, creating an even freer open air feeling. The up-level Passion coupe is available with a fixed glass roof with a manual sunshade.
Hop in the Fortwo, grip the small steering wheel, and you are confronted with a minimalist interior. There are no luxury amenities, and the materials are largely plastic.
Behind the steering wheel is the speedometer, printed on a white background with black numbers. Below it in the same bezel is a digital readout that displays the current gear, odometer, trip odometer, outside temperature and time. An analog clock and a tachometer are available as separate gauges that sprout from the top of the dash in their own pods. There are no water temperature or oil pressure gauges in this spartan interior. For 2009, there is a separate warning light to indicate a loose gas filler cap.
The dash is made of reasonably well assembled plastic, some of which is dressed in cloth that matches the seat upholstery. The climate controls are located at the top of the dash, with sliders for the fan speed and available automatic temperature control. A radio is optional in the Pure model, but is standard in the Passion. It is located below the climate controls and has large, easy to operate buttons and a central volume knob. The radio and climate controls move easily enough, but they are light to the touch and lack a quality feel.
Interior small items storage space is minimal. It consists of two cupholders in front of the gearshift, a small glovebox, and new-for-2009 expandable storage nets in each door, which replace the rigid map pockets used previously. There is no center console. Small trays are also found on the dash on either side of the steering column. These areas lack rubber mats to hold items in place, so items can slide around rather easily. We would recommend against using these areas for storage.
Though the Fortwo is a small car, there is a lot of room for occupants. Head room and leg room are plentiful. I drove with a 6-foot 6-inch friend who had just enough room in both dimensions. The one dimension that is lacking is shoulder room. The Fortwo isn't very wide, so two linebackers will have a tough time sitting next to each other.
The seats are fairly comfortable, with built-in headrests, but they lack the contour for best long-trip comfort. Visibility from the driver's seat is generally good in both models. The convertible has a smaller rear window and the driver's view to the rear is partially blocked at the bottom when the top is down.
Out back, the coupe's rear glass opens separately and both body styles have a tailgate that folds down to allow for a low liftover height. The tailgate itself opens to reveal a shallow storage tray. Behind the seats there is 7.8 cubic feet of cargo room, which leaves enough space for groceries or a couple of gym bags. Smart says that cargo room expands to 12 cubic feet if the rear hatch area is filled to the roof, and it expands further with an available fold flat passenger seat. You won't be able to haul around TVs in your Fortwo, but it should have enough room for most weekend errands.
Driving Impression
The small stature of the Smart Fortwo is both a benefit and a curse. Given the short wheelbase, Smart engineers have had to work to make the Fortwo safe and stable. On that count, they've done a good job. By making electronic stability control and cornering brake control standard, Smart has electronically lengthened the wheelbase. While the handling doesn't feel sporty, the Fortwo never feels like it's going to tip over, even if you charge into a turn. And while it's not best suited for the highway, it feels planted at highway speeds.
The Fortwo is most at home in the city, where its small size allows it to pop in and out of traffic, make tight turns, and fit in parking spots other drivers can't even consider.
While the Fortwo is generally fun to drive, it's not nearly as sporty as, say, a Mini Cooper. The steering feels direct and reacts quickly upon initial turn in, then seems to slow. The car leans very little in turns, and recovers quickly to allow for quick changes of direction. With a turning circle of only 28.7 feet, the Fortwo can turn around in the middle of a city street to get to that parking spot in the opposite direction. The brake pedal feels a bit stiff, but we found that the brakes were easy to modulate and provided quick, confident stops.
As might be expected given the short wheelbase, the Fortwo's ride is firm and busy. Most road imperfections can be felt, and the car is prone to lots of up and down motions on broken pavement. However, we were never jarred or jolted, and we wouldn't call ride quality a deal breaker if we were considering this car.
The Fortwo is one of the slowest cars on the road today, but it's still not a moving traffic jam. Smart quotes a 0 to 60 mph time of 12.8 seconds, which is quite slow, but the three-cylinder engine delivers sufficient thrust for the car to keep up with the flow of traffic. It can even hold its own on the highway. It gets up to highway speeds reasonably well, and feels stable, though darty and jittery, at 65 mph.
The five-speed automated manual transmission works like an automatic in that the driver has no clutch, but it feels like a manual, with pauses between gears. It can be set to shift automatically or the driver can choose the shifts via the gearshift or a pair of steering wheel paddles. We preferred to use the manual mode because it allowed for greater control. The pauses between shifts in automatic mode are annoying, mostly because you don't know when they're coming. The pauses are still there in manual mode, but you control them.
When we drove the Fortwo on the highway, we found the transmission only wanted to downshift one gear when power was needed, which made it hard to keep up with traffic. Switching to manual allowed us to downshift to lower gears, but with only 70 horses on tap, the Fortwo struggled on long slopes. And any passing maneuvers required lots of room and enough time to build up speed.
While power isn't the Fortwo's forte, fuel economy is. According to 2009 EPA estimates, the Fortwo gets 33 mpg in the city and 41 mpg on the highway. That's better than other economy cars and close to hybrid performance without the expense of a hybrid powertrain. By comparison, the Honda Civic Hybrid gets 40 mpg city and 45 highway, and the 1.5-liter Toyota Yaris gets 29/36. However, Smart recommends premium-grade fuel.
The Smart Fortwo will not be the best choice for drivers that need an all-around vehicle to haul people and cargo, but it will work as a second car or city vehicle. It's generally fun to drive. The pricing doesn't make it an outstanding deal off the showroom floor, but the Smart Fortwo should be inexpensive to operate and help owners leave a smaller carbon footprint.
NewCarTestDrive.com correspondent Kirk Bell filed this report from Chicago.
Model Lineup
Smart Fortwo Pure coupe ($11,990); Passion coupe ($13,990); Passion convertible ($16,990).
Assembled In
Hambach, France.
Options As Tested
fog lamps ($110), clock and tachometer ($120), mp3-compatible six-disc CD changer ($150), power steering ($450), silver metallic paint on tridion safety cell ($175).
Model Tested
Smart ForTwo Passion coupe ($13,990).The smart fortwo with its small stature provides excellent maneuverability in the city. On the road, its exceptional fuel economy makes it a great commuter vehicle. The smart fortwo is available in either pure, passion, or BRABUS trims. The pure is solely available in coupe form, while the passion and BRABUS are offered as a coupe or cabriolet. Power comes from a 1.0-liter three-cylinder gasoline engine mated to a five-speed automated manual transmission. Standard safety features include electronic stability program, anti-lock brakes, four-airbags, and tridion safety cell. For 2009 the smart fortwo receives a new performance oriented BRABUS trim.
3500 Holland Road
Virginia Beach, Va. 23452
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Cancer cut short the life of my friend Regina. Barely into her 50's, she had been working on behalf of immigrants in New York City. A lump on her breast turned out to be a malignant tumor. She told me about it on a Sunday autumn afternoon as we sat on a bench in New York's Bryant Park. The golden light amid the many-colored leaves seemed too cheerful a setting for that kind of revelation.
Chemotherapy and radiation became part of Regina's life. When her hair vanished, she wore a wig—a big one, and we used to joke about it as a Dolly Parton-type accessory that needed only a few rhinestones to make it complete. She thus bore the treatments with good humor and courage, and continued to work until close to the end.
Chemo was especially difficult because of the accompanying nausea. Medication prescribed by the oncologist to offset it proved ineffective. We had both read that smoking marijuana relieved nausea and loss of appetite for people undergoing chemotherapy. Not entirely in jest, I once spoke of looking around in my Lower East Side neighborhood for a dealer who might supply some marijuana for her.
The Institute of Medicine, a branch of the National Academy of Sciences, has reported that ingredients in marijuana can relieve the symptoms of cancer and other diseases. And yet relief from this source has been denied to many. Why? The federal government still classifies marijuana as a Schedule I drug under the Controlled Substances Act. People can be fined and imprisoned just for possessing it. Federal law notwithstanding, a number of states have done away with penalties for gravely ill persons who use and even grow marijuana when it is recommended by their doctors.
The state that has attracted the most attention—and ire—from the federal government is California, where support for medical marijuana has been especially strong. Voters there approved Proposition 215 in 1996, legalizing marijuana for some medical uses. Even earlier, the city of Santa Cruz passed a similar measure, with the mayor himself stating that making marijuana available for the seriously ill was an act of compassion.
In an effort to counter such moves, the government threatened to revoke the licenses of California physicians who recommended marijuana use. A group of doctors and patients, however, sued, and a federal appeals court in San Francisco ruled late in 2002 that the government cannot revoke doctors' licenses—a step viewed as a significant victory by medical marijuana proponents. An editorial in The New York Times had this to say about the government's attitude: "The administration should stop tyrannizing doctors and sick people, and focus on more important aspects of the war on drugs." How true, yet people with AIDS and other diseases besides cancer continue to suffer unnecessarily.
Among proponents of medical marijuana, few have been more outspoken than a Californian named Ed Rosenthal. Under the 1996 California Compassionate Use Act, he had been authorized by the city of Oakland to grow marijuana in a local warehouse. Last year, however, he was arrested and convicted in federal court of "marijuana cultivation and conspiracy."
Under the state's mandatory minimum laws, he could have been sentenced to five years—which is what prosecutors recommended. Fortunately, a sympathetic judge gave him the most lenient sentence allowable under law: one day in prison and a $1,000 fine.
Besides California, nine other states have now eliminated criminal penalties for seriously ill people who with their doctors' approval use and in some cases grow marijuana to relieve their suffering: Alaska, Colorado, Hawaii, Maine, Nevada, Oregon, Washington and, most recently, Vermont. Hawaii's governor not only signed a bill there, but even introduced it himself. New York passed a medical marijuana law in 1980, but the mechanisms for making it work were never activated, and so it has lain dormant, with Governor George Pataki refusing to take the needed steps. If he had, my friend Regina's suffering might have been lessened.