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May 29, 2006
In Defense of History (Donald Kagan, 2005 Jefferson Lecture in the Humanities)
I am most grateful for this great honor. When I think of the list of my brilliant predecessors I feel as most Yale freshmen do soon after arriving on campus. They look about them at their remarkably talented fellow-classmen and nervously ask themselves, "did the admissions office admit me by mistake?" At any rate, I come as a defender of the faith, of the humanities as they were understood ever since the invention of the concept many centuries ago. Their goals were nicely stated by the Renaissance humanist Pietro Paolo Vergerio some six centuries ago as the purposes of a liberal education:
We call those studies liberal which are worthy of a free man, those studies by which we attain and practice virtue and wisdom, that education which calls forth, trains and develops those highest gifts of body and mind which ennoble men and which are rightly judged to rank next in dignity to virtue only, for to a vulgar temper, gain and pleasure are the one aim of existence, to a lofty nature, moral worth and fame.
The training of the intellect was meant to produce an intrinsic pleasure and satisfaction but it also had practical goals of importance to the individual and the entire community, to make the humanistically trained individual eloquent and wise, to know what is good and to practice virtue, both in private and public life.
Such was the understanding of the ancient Greeks and of the Renaissance humanists but not, I fear of many teachers of the humanities today, who deny the possibility of knowing anything with confidence, of the reality of such concepts as truth and virtue, who seek only gain and pleasure in the modern guise of political power and self-gratification as the ends of education.
Among them it is common to reject any notion of objectivity, of truths arrived at by evidence or reasoning external to whims or prejudices. One famous professor deplored such an idea as foundationalism, defined as, "any attempt to ground inquiry and communication in something more firm and stable than mere belief or unexamined practice." Such views are proposed by literary critics, but their significance is much broader than for the interpretation of literature; they assert that all studies are literature, all, therefore subject to the same indeterminacy as all language. Even death is merely "the displaced name for a linguistic predicament." It should not be surprising, then, to learn that "the bases for historical knowledge are not empirical facts but written texts, even if these texts masquerade in the guise of wars or revolutions." What we know of history, after all, we learn from written accounts whose rhetoric "allows for two incompatible, mutually self-destructive points of view, and therefore puts an insurmountable obstacle in the way of any reading or understanding." Including, I presume, any reading or understanding of the quotation I just read.
Such ideas have made their way even into the study of the Classics, but I remain grateful that I have spent much of my life in the exploration of the ancient civilizations, especially that of the Greeks. Because they are at the root of modern civilization, so like us in many ways and so different in others, they offer a perspective removed from the prejudices of time and place that threaten to distort our understanding and yet continually relevant and illuminating to those who will examine them with a mind open to the possibility that useful wisdom can be found in their thought and experience.
Let me offer an example of how a study of the ancient world may help our understanding: the question of the role of the artist in his society. Ever since the beginning of the Romantic movement the dominant belief has been that a true poet or artist, whatever his genre, must be a rebel against the established order of society. Writers of the past who don't fit the model seem always to be merely the victims of their place in corrupt societies or stooges of those who rule them. The modern critic who discovers this is, of course, free from such influences. To me, and to the poor writers of the past, ignorant of their pitiful roles, art, and especially literature, has an autonomous place apart from politics and sociology, even from philosophy. Its power comes from its ability to choose its own subject, style and purpose. Literature that is shaped merely by its author's time and his place within his society, by his prejudices and purposes, is a poor and weak thing that deserve the social scientific analysis and pseudo-philosophical mumbo-jumbo that pass for literary criticism in our day.
But true artists are not bound by such things. They see through and beyond the prejudices and passions of their own time and place and are bound only by the limits that bind all human beings at all times in all places: the reality of nature and of human nature. There is a natural world outside of human will and desire; man's genius can manipulate it to a considerable extent, and the results can be wonderful, but they are inevitably constrained by the enormous power and mystery of nature and by the limits imposed by man's own nature. For confirmation I turn to the tragic poet Sophocles and especially his drama Antigone. There his chorus describes the dilemma:
Wonders are many on earth, and the greatest of these
Is man, who rides the ocean and takes his
Through the deeps, through wind-swept valleys of perilous seas
That surge and sway.
He is master of ageless Earth, to his own
will bending
The immortal mother of gods by the sweat of his brow,
As year succeeds to year, with toil unending
Of mule and plough.
He is lord of all things living; birds of the
Beasts of the field, all creatures on sea and land
He takes, cunning to capture and ensnare
With sleight of hand;
Hunting the savage beasts from the
upland rocks,
Teaching the mountain monarch in his lair,
Teaching the wild horse and the roaming ox
His yoke to bear.
The use of language, the wind-swift
motion of brain
He learnt; found out the law of living together
In cities, building him shelter against the rain
And wintry weather.
There is nothing beyond his power. His
Meets all chance, all danger conquers.
For every ill has found its remedy,
Save only death.
O wondrous sublety of man, that draws
To good or evil ways! Great honour is given
And power to him who upholds his country's laws
And the justice of heaven.
But he that, too rashly daring, walks in sin
In solitary pride to his life's end,
At door of mine shall never enter in
To call me friend.
Man's ingenuity and power are great, but both his power and life are limited. Such is the basis for the Greeks' tragic view of life. There is no excuse for passivity, for human beings can help shape the environments that shape them and they have the opportunity and the power to defy their societies and their unjust laws, as Antigone does in defying Creon. He has overridden the unwritten divine law by forbidding the burial of her brother, killed in a rebellion against his state. She chooses to bury her brother and accept a horrible death as the penalty, and we marvel and admire her for it.
So far, it is possible to think of Sophocles as the kind of artist favored today--the champion of revolt against man's fate, so often in our time taken to be the revolt against his society and its ways. True artists, like Sophocles, however, are not propagandists but pursuers of deep, usually complicated, understandings of the human condition. Sophocles's play reveals such complexity. There is something to be said for Creon. His decree is meant to preserve the security of the state and society, the minimal requirement of civilization, the thin veneer that protects us from the plunge into barbarism and savagery. Modern artists tend to assume that the established order is always wrong. Ibsen's Dr. Stockmann in An Enemy of the People made it clear that the rule applies even to democratic establishments with his passionate assertion that "the majority is always wrong." But the greatest artists are prepared to search for the truth of the human condition wherever the trail may lead. They do not prejudge the outcome. The establishment or the defiant rebel may be right or, as is typical of real tragedy, each may be right in his own way, even as the two rights clash disastrously. Sophocles's portrayal of the struggle is so even-handed that some ancient scholars thought that Creon's case is the stronger and that the play should be called Creon, not Antigone. That must be wrong, for Antigone alone displays the willful, defiant, single-minded, unrelenting, uncalculating determination to do what she must, regardless of consequences, that is characteristic of Sophoclean heroes. But the point is that Sophocles wrestles with the issues and depicts their champions with such honesty as to do justice to the depth, difficulty and universality of the subject and his characters.
Such an artist does not reflexively take the side of any rebel against the established order. It may be that the establishment is right. More likely, there is a degree of right on both sides, so that the difficult task for human beings is to gain a deeper understanding of what is at stake, both for individual and society, to understand that the needs of individual and society are both competitive and complementary and to contemplate the resulting dilemma with the seriousness and awe it deserves.
In Antigone, Sophocles is concerned, in the first place, with the temptation that power can place in the way of a political leader like Creon to do whatever is necessary, even to violate divine law, in the interest of the state. That would be a comfortable position for a writer in our times. But Sophocles understands the enormous cost when an individual tramples on human law, even in defense of the most fundamental human needs. The resulting clash leaves us neither with a burning determination to overthrow the regime nor to suppress all insurgency. It leaves us emotionally stimulated and then drained, and it leaves our minds alerted and sobered. We have become deeper individuals and wiser citizens.
André Malraux said that "All art is a revolt against man's fate." If he is right, Sophocles's plays, the other tragedies, and much of ancient Greek literature are not art. Malraux seems to me to reflect the Romantic view that is determined to see the artist as an individual apart from, superior to and in rebellion against the established order. Sophocles, like Aeschylus and Thucydides, was very much a part of his society. He fought its battles as a soldier, he understood and appreciated its necessity and excellences even as he probed its dilemmas and weaknesses. His plays, among other things, helped their audiences to understand and come to terms with man's fate. It is man's fate, part of the tragic human condition, to revolt and struggle against its negative elements. But human excellence, virtue, even survival depend on the establishment of a decent social order and its defense even against the most passionate and sincere rebels who would smash it in search of some imagined perfection beyond human grasp.
Because he was part of the society in which he lived and understood its needs and virtues he could compel his fellow citizens honestly to confront its conflicts and its deepest contradictions. They did not suppress, scorn, or, what is worse, ignore him. Instead, they honored him with prizes, election to the highest military and political office and with deep and abiding reverence. Would that all this were possible for modern artists and their audiences in the world today.
To understand this question, which involves both literature and philosophy, one must study history, my own special field of interest, the dearest to my heart. I want to make the case that history, defined not meanly in the current style as an infinitely malleable tool to be used to achieve current political ends, but as the Greek founders of the genre did, can be the most valuable approach to achieve the proper goals of the humanities.
The world we live in is a difficult place to try to make a case for the value of history. Through the centuries its claim has rested chiefly on its search for truths arrived at by painstaking research conducted with the greatest possible objectivity, explaining events by means of human reason. Its various goals, as the late Arnaldo Momigliano put it, were "to provide an example, constitute a warning, point to likely developments in human affairs." The ancient Greek historians, the earliest and still among the greatest, set the agenda, taking as their subjects large events affecting great numbers of people in dramatic and powerful ways.
Herodotus, the first true historian, wrote of the war in which a band of small Greek city-states defended their freedom against the assault of the vast and mighty Persian Empire. He wrote, he said, "so that time may not blot out from among men the memory of the past, and that the fame of the great and marvelous deeds done by Greeks and foreigners may not be lost, and especially the reason why they fought against each other." Here, from the very beginning of the genre, we can discern the special place occupied by history among humanistic studies. Like literature, specifically the epic poetry of Homer, it has the responsibility of preserving the great, important and instructive actions of human beings, individually and in the mass so that we may marvel at them and learn from them. It sets the historian the task, however, not merely of describing events in evocative language that will impress them on human hearts and arouse an emotional response but also, like philosophy, to explain their meaning by the use of reason.
Thucydides, a younger contemporary of Herodotus, took on the same assignments. He wanted to memorialize the great event of his day, the war between Sparta and Athens.
Thucydides tells us that he undertook his history:
in the belief that it would be great and noteworthy above all the wars that had gone before…. For this was the greatest upheaval that had ever shaken the Hellenes, extending also to some part of the barbarians, one might say even to a very large part of mankind.
No one who has read his dramatic accounts of the debates in the various assemblies, and especially his heart-rending account of the destruction of the Athenian forces that invaded Sicily will doubt his literary artistry in achieving that goal. But Herodotus' story had a happy ending, while Thucydides' tale was far grimmer. The account of the Persian War seems filled with sunshine; the report of the Peloponnesian War seems to have been written in twilight. Herodotus, like Homer, tells good stories for their own sake, whether he believes them or not. Most of his explanations of events credit human agents alone, but, again like Homer, he leaves plenty of room for the intervention of the gods. Thucydides ruthlessly excludes everything not clearly relevant to his task and employs cold reason alone in his explanations. Herodotus obtained the necessary information by asking people who seemed to know something he was interested in, sometimes reporting more than one account of things without choosing among them, sometimes making a choice based on the exercise of reason and what seemed likely. This was not good enough for Thucydides. "As to the facts of what happened," he said, "I did not learn them from any chance informant nor did I think it proper to write down what seemed probable to me but by investigating each of them with the greatest possible accuracy, both those events at which I was present myself and those I learned about from others. And the discovery of these facts was laborious, since eye-witnesses to the same events did not give the same reports of them, either because of partisanship or failure of memory."
Thucydides understood that his careful attention to factual accuracy came at a literary price. "Perhaps," he says, "the absence of the fabulous from my account will seem less pleasing to the ear." But he judges the sacrifice necessary to achieve a higher goal, a philosophic one with great practical application: "If those who wish to have a clear understanding both of the events of the past and of the ones that some day, as is the way in human things, will happen again in the future in the same or a similar way, will judge my work useful, that will be enough for me. It has been composed not as a prize-essay in a competition, to be heard for a moment, but as a possession forever."
These lines seem plainly to be a critique of Herodotus and then a bold claim to contribute to rational, philosophic understanding. Even beyond that, I believe, they lay claim to practical usefulness in dealing with real human problems in the real world. These are the missions for the historian: to examine important events of the past with painstaking care and the greatest possible objectivity, to seek a reasoned explanation for them based on the fullest and fairest possible examination of the evidence in order to preserve their memory and to use them to establish such uniformities as may exist in human events, and then to apply the resulting understanding to improve the judgment and wisdom of people who must deal with similar problems in the future. That is the legacy the Greek historians handed down to their successors which, when practiced well, makes Clio the Queen of the Humanities, standing between and slightly above her noble handmaidens, the muses of literature and philosophy.
So say I, but not everyone has agreed. Critics of history have been legion, running the gamut from the sophisticated, wickedly witty Voltaire, who asserted that: "History is a pack of tricks the living play upon the dead," to the simpler remark of Henry Ford that "History is bunk." A more serious critique, favoring literature, came soon after the invention of history from Aristotle's Poetics, which says:
A poet's object is not to tell what actually happened but what could and would happen either probably or inevitably. The difference between a historian and a poet is not that one writes in prose and the other in verse. Indeed the writings of Herodotus could be put into verse and yet would still be a kind of history, whether written in meter or not. The real difference is this, that one tells what happened and the other what might happen. For this reason poetry is somewhat more philosophical [philosophoteron] and serious than history, because poetry tends to give general truths while history gives particular facts.
By a general truth I mean the sort of thing that a certain type of man will do or say either probably or necessarily. That is what poetry aims at. A particular fact is what Alcibiades did or what was done to him.
Aristotle, of course, would have claimed the same advantage for philosophy which must also be more philosophos than history. He had great learning and wisdom but, like Homer, even he occasionally nodded. The primary source for what Alcibiades did and suffered, in fact, is Thucydides, and it is hard to believe that Aristotle did not read his history. If he did, this assertion is truly astonishing for, as we have seen, Thucydides took the greatest pains to discover what particular people did precisely in order to establish general truths about human behavior. He stood at a position on the road from literature to philosophy. Like the poet he was free to select his topic, to define its boundaries, to treat some events and topics at greater length than others, to emphasize some things and touch lightly on others. Unlike the creative writer, however, the historian may not invent characters or events or chronology but must report with the greatest possible accuracy the doings of real people, keeping to the true order in which they happened. To the extent that he fails in those responsibilities he is not a bad historian but no historian at all.
Yet, if he follows the rules, carefully establishes the facts and reports them in their true chronological order and does no more, he is still not a historian but a chronicler. It is not enough to record a certain level of events each year, however accurately. The historian must select a topic of importance. Even a narrative history must organize and arrange events in such a way as to reveal their significance most effectively. He must try to explain why things happened as they did and what may be learned about human affairs and behavior in general from the events he has studied. In this respect his work must be philosophical.
But unlike philosophers and their post-enlightenment offspring, the social scientists, who usually prefer to explain a vast range of particular phenomena by the simplest possible generalization, historians must be prepared to explain the variety of behavior in various ways. The well-known lines of the ancient Greek poet Archilochus present the two fundamental choices: "The fox knows many tricks, the hedgehog only one:/ one big one." This may work in the animal kingdom, but in the world of human affairs, wildly complicated by the presence of individual wills and of different ideas of what produces or deprives people of happiness and honor, in what does interest consist and of what there is to fear, extremely general explanations are neither useful nor possible. Historians, in the first instance, need to be foxes, using as many tricks as they can to explain as many particular things as accurately and convincingly as they can. Then, they should try to find revealing examples from the wide variety of human experiences to support generalizations of varying breadth. They should not expect to find the one big trick that will explain everything, but the lesser generalizations that can be tested by other understandings of the evidence and by new human experiences as they arise, which can still be interesting and useful. It is this mixed path taken by the historian, chiefly of the fox but with a necessary element of the hedgehog that promises the best results.
The poet, inspired by a unique personal perception and understanding, may shed a more intense and powerful light on some human affairs than the most careful and serious historian. We may admire its brilliance and originality, but are his revelations right? When we think so, it is by intuition that we are convinced or by some feeling that the poet's perception accords with our own experience. But everyone has his own intuition and experience. The literary road to the understanding of human things calls for generalizing from a single perception. It can be galvanizing, inspiring, but not satisfying to the mind. The literary experience is primarily aesthetic and emotional, not intellectual or practical.
Philosophy is a word and concept harder to define but among the many definitions I find in my dictionary the following strikes me as most central: "inquiry into the nature of things based on logical reasoning rather than empirical methods." The pursuit of philosophy does not preclude the study of human experience to provide material for contemplation and analysis by ordered reason, but experience is clearly subordinate and ancillary. Even Aristotle, who for centuries was known as the philosopher and liked to begin his inquiries with reference to the experience and thought of real people, did not investigate these widely or deeply but just until they produced the inevitable intellectual difficulties, the aporiai, to which he then applied his great powers of logic and reason. There are great advantages for our understanding of the nature of things in it: pointing out sloppy thinking and helping to correct it; the ability to analyze things that appear unitary or to bring together others that seem hopelessly disparate; the search for simpler, more general principles than those available to the empirical students of human experience, among others. But philosophy inevitably leads to metaphysics, the investigation of first principles and the problem of ultimate reality, which over the millennia has led to massive disagreement, no progress, cynicism and rejection. Wags have described the pursuit of metaphysics as looking in a perfectly dark box for a black cat that doesn't exist. More seriously, the situation has driven professional students of philosophy to such despair as to reject entirely the most basic and compelling questions as impossible, in fact as non-existent, merely the result of bad thinking or improper grammar. In that spirit the Enyclopaedia Britannica defines philosophy narrowly as "the critical examination of the grounds for fundamental beliefs and an analysis of the basic concepts of such beliefs." Aristotle must have rolled over in his grave when he first learned of the thin gruel modern teachers have made of his rich philosophical porridge. Fortunately, a small band of scholars have not given up the search for wisdom that is true philosophy, but their tribe is small and their enemies legion. A field of study in such shape can not help us much in our efforts to comprehend the human condition.
None of this is to say that history is without its problems for our purpose. Although, in its moderate way, it has not suffered so badly as philosophy from the linguistic analysts or literature from the pseudo-philosophers, it has not escaped the assaults of post-modernism in its various forms. A major assault is in the area of subject matter and attitude. The traditional great events and subjects: high politics, constitutions, diplomacy, war, great books and ideas, are not to be considered, except to show why they must be excluded as the product of dead white males engaged in the permanent process of oppressing good ordinary people of one kind or another. The purpose of the enterprise is not to seek the truth with the greatest objectivity one can muster but to raise the consciousness of the oppressed, to bring them the self-esteem they will need to overthrow the current version of this ancient establishment.
Some historians may not be convinced by these beliefs, observing that post-modernists assert that there is no such thing as truth, only self-interest, prejudice and power, that there is no objectivity, that all statements of fact or value are relative and claims to the existence or search for objective truth are part of the racket by which the ruling groups try to retain power. Such doubters may point out that the opinions of those making these claims should be ignored since, by their own admission, their claims can not be objective or true but merely devices to gain power.
Although historians in universities have given far too much ground to such mindlessness promoted by contemporary political partisanship, as historians they are better situated than their colleagues in the other humanities to recover their senses. They know that the current fad of skepticism and relativism is as old as the Sophists of ancient Greece and had a great revival with the Pyrrhonism of the sixteenth century. On both occasions their paradoxical and self-contradictory glamour yielded in time to common sense and the massive evidence that some searches are more objective, some things truer than others, however elusive perfect objectivity and truth may be.
Historians have reason to know this and to resist the blatantly subjective and untruthful assault of the modern-day sophists, confident that if they hold, or return, to their traditional methods, which allow them to correct errors in our beliefs about the past, or, sometimes, to bring new evidence and perceptions, that may have the effect of refining or even confirming what has been believed. For history is a discipline in which the improvement of understanding is not impossible, random, nor merely cyclical, but cumulative.
Perhaps you will think that my own approach is not entirely objective, that it is shaped by what the French call a déformation professionelle, so let me say at once that it goes without saying that literature, philosophy and history have long been valuable roads to the understanding of the human condition, and all make important contributions, but I confess that as to their relative merits my mind is not completely open. Perhaps my view could be compared with that of the clergyman who listened to a heated debate among his fellow divines, each claiming the superiority of his sect. At last, he intervened with these words: "Friends, let us not quarrel among ourselves in this sectarian fashion. We all seek to work God's will, you in your several ways, I in His."
But I believe there is more to my claim than mere prejudice related to professional deformation. Two millennia ago the Roman historian Livy's introduction to his great narrative account of his nation's history included this observation:
What chiefly makes the study of history wholesome and profitable is this, that you behold the lessons of every kind of experience set forth as on a conspicuous monument; from these you may choose for yourself and for your own state what to imitate, from these mark for avoidance what is shameful in the conception and shameful in the result. (1.10)
That is a view of the purpose of historical study that went out of favor with professionals in the nineteenth century and is not thought respectable in our time. As a result it has been increasingly harder to persuade people that they have anything to learn from history. At the same time, the retreat by professors of history from the tradition of writing narrative accounts that explain the past by telling a story has further repelled potential readers. This has not, however deterred millions of people hungry for historical writing from reading those historians who will interpret the past by narrating a story and are alert to the moral implications, personal and political, of the story they tell. And why should it be otherwise? The fact is that we all need to take our moral bearings all the time, as individuals and as citizens. Religion and the traditions based on it were once the chief sources for moral confidence and strength. Their influence has faded in the modern world, but the need for a sound base for moral judgments has not. If we can not look simply to moral guidance firmly founded on religious precepts it is natural and reasonable to turn to history, the record of human experience, as a necessary supplement if not a substitute. History, it seems to me, is the most useful key we have to open the mysteries of the human predicament. Is it too much to hope that one day we may see Clio ascend her throne again and resume her noble business at the same old stand?
Posted by Orrin Judd at May 29, 2006 12:00 AM
[Originally posted: 5/19/05]
Sophocles, like Aeschylus and Thucydides, was very much a part of his society. He fought its battles as a soldier, he understood and appreciated its necessity and excellences even as he probed its dilemmas and weaknesses. His plays, among other things, helped their audiences to understand and come to terms with man's fate. It is man's fate, part of the tragic human condition, to revolt and struggle against its negative elements. But human excellence, virtue, even survival depend on the establishment of a decent social order and its defense even against the most passionate and sincere rebels who would smash it in search of some imagined perfection beyond human grasp.
Much like Robert Heinlein, a former Naval officer, in his better works.
[T]hey honored [Sophocles] with prizes, election to the highest military and political office and with deep and abiding reverence. Would that all this were possible for modern artists and their audiences in the world today.
I would argue that it is possible, and that, in fact, popular modern artists are rewarded far beyond their ancient counterparts.
Few of them get elected to national office, to be sure, and none are placed in charge of the Army, but some do get elected to important state and local offices.
What they get is the respect, attention, and especially the riches once reserved for Nobles.
Some might argue that because only popular artists receive these benefits, and since the masses are low-brow, with poor taste and judgement, therefore these modern artists cannot be the match of Sophocles.
There is an element of truth to that objection, since Sophocles was indeed a commanding and towering talent, but does anyone believe that there were not other, possibly just as talented Greek playwrights and poets who were not as popular, nor as well rewarded, as Sophocles ?
We don't remember them, because they didn't create as much of an impression as Sophocles, in their day.
We remember Sophocles precisely because he was a popular guy.
Take Steven Spielberg, for example. Sure, he's done a lot of dreck, but he's also produced some works that have caused the entire culture to reflect on their actions and values, and discuss them with each other and their children.
Kinda like Sophocles.
The study of History has a practical usefulness in dealing with real human problems in the real world. These are the missions for the historian: to examine important events of the past [...] in order to preserve their memory and to use them to establish such uniformities as may exist in human events, and then to apply the resulting understanding to improve the judgment and wisdom of people who must deal with similar problems in the future.
This makes Clio the Queen of the Humanities, standing between and slightly above her noble handmaidens, the muses of literature and philosophy despite the sophisticated, wickedly witty Voltaire, who asserted that: "History is a pack of tricks the living play upon the dead".
Voltaire was not completely wrong, but to take his jab to heart misses the bigger picture. Although we cannot know every intimate detail of past events, nor exactly what the participants were thinking, or even exactly what happened, in some ancient cases, what we CAN know is often enough to inform us when making decisions in the future.
History doesn't "repeat itself", in precise ways, but very often the same type of situations reoccur, and it's helpful to know what worked before. Or what didn't work.
Literature and philosophy help one to explore oneself, and the possibilites of the Universe, and to grow mentally and emotionally thereby.
However, history is the closest thing that we have to a user's guide for the human world, and so I must agree with Donald Kagan.


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Thursday, April 23, 2009
Turning Over A New Leaf?
We'll turn down the sheets. The Bohemian was designed green, all the way back in 1899 when houses were built smart to begin with. Amenities have been placed with gentle nature in mind since we opened our doors. With regional food and recipes, breakfasts are even easy on your heart 'cause we love our guests. So for Earth Day when you join us this month we will dig up some green in the heirloom hosta beds and in your pocket. Rooms are 39 dollars off, a buck for every year or so this great idea came into being.
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subset: commoncrawl


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I was listening to the radio this morning on the way home from the auto body shop – had a little problem this weekend – and the topic was how to fix the Mets.
I could have driven to Ohio and back and not touched on all the issues, but the synopsis was to cut loose Gary Matthews, Fernando Tatis and Oliver Perez – the dead wood they were called – and replace them with warm, eager minor league bodies.
Yup, that will do it.
"It will get the players' attention,'' was the conclusion. The Mets are a .500 club for a lot of reasons, the least of which are Matthews and Tatis, who, although hardly productive, don't play that much to make an impact either way.


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Girl Scouts of Eastern Massachusetts Council is offering Scuba Diving on Dec. 6 from 12;30 to 2 p.m. for Cadette, Senior, & Ambassador Scouts at the Lynnfield-Peabody YMCA.
Experience the skill of Scuba Diving under the supervision of a PADI Professional.
During your adventures, you'll master some basic concepts and scuba skills.
All participants must be strong swimmers.
Registration fee is $42 per Scout. leaders and adult chaperones are free.
Register by visiting the Council Web Site, and clicking on programs. There are a limited number of spots.


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Nov 062011
In San Francisco Bay Area Jobs, San Francisco Entertainment, What's Hot
TagsALANNA FOX AMIE SHAPIRO BRIAN YATES SHARBER CHRISTINA INGRAM ERICKA KIMBLE Eureka Theater George Gershwin GRAIG JESSUP Ira Gershwin JACKSONDAVIS KATHRYN HAN Kay! LISA-MARIE NEWTON Oh San Francisco SKYE VIOLET WILSON STEPHEN BAUGHT TERRESSA BYRNE TYLER MCKENNA ZACK THOMAS WILDE
Oh, Kay!
I personally saw this show a few days a go and it is a scream! I loved it and have recommended it to all my friends and clients. If you love musicals great make-up, hair and costumes like I do your in. A outstandingly fun evening with lots of laughs!
Music by George Gershwin
Lyrics by Ira Gershwin
Book buy Guy Bolton &Guy Bolton
Showing November @ through 20th, 2011
at the Eureka Theater
215 Jackson Street San Francisco
in Gateway Plaza (between Battery & Front)
Tuesday-Friday, noon-5 pm
THE 20s ROAR WITH SCANDALOUS HI-JINKS AMONG THE SWANK LONG ISLAND SET! A trio of bootleggers land smack in the middle of romantic intrigue at Long Island estate in 1926. The champagne, laughs and dazzling Gershwin tunes flow freely as the merrymaking skyrockets. The Parade of Gershwin standards include 'someone to watch over me", "Fidgety Feet", "Maybe", "Clap Yo'Hands" and "Do, Do Do".
Directed: By: MAUREEN McVERRY
Music Director: BRANDON ADAMS
Choreographer: STACI ARRIAGA
Starring: TERRESSA BYRNE, TYLER MCKENNA, BRIAN YATES SHARBER, ZACK THOMAS WILDE,LISA-MARIE NEWTON, JACKSONDAVIS, GRAIG JESSUP, STEPHEN BAUGHT, ALANNA FOX, KATHRYN HAN, CHRISTINA INGRAM, ERICKA KIMBLE, AMIE SHAPIRO and SKYE VIOLET WILSON
Artistic Director: GREG MACKELLAN
Production Director: STEPHANI RHOADS
Executive : LAUREN HEWITT


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And on the third day of the Tim Tebow Era, Bill Belichick saw that it was good, so the Patriots rested.
The Patriots boss decided they had done enough work for the spring, and canceled today's final minicamp practice, according to Jeff Howe of the Boston Herald.
Players came in for morning meetings, and were informed of the schedule change. That wraps up their football work until training camp opens in late July.
Asked Wednesday about the progress they had made, Belichick replied: "A lot further along, made a lot of progress since then. Now, we have a long way to go."
As if following his mentor's cue, Buccaneers coach Greg Schiano also decided to start vacation a day early, sending his players to a movie instead of another practice.
While that might excuse players from a little work on the field, it also starts the time of year coaches are most worried about — when players are unsupervised before the start of training camp.


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iWORLD needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 92 designs submitted by 26 freelance designers.
iWORLD or website is http://www.iworldsupply.com
I recently started (2009) a distribution company that imports products from Argentina as well as other South American countries. I was born and raised in the United States and I am in need of a NEW logo! i absolutely do not like the current logo at all or, the website. I am not a graphics designer or web designer and i created the website with 0 experience (most I have used was paint) using any design software and spent a little less than a day learning (youtube) and creating. So I am seeking a pro to do this for me now that I have raised some capital. I am going to start with this solicitation for a logo! Thank you everyone for your interest and I look forward to seeing your creations!!!
My target market is Large Retailers i.e. walmart, commissaries, krogers, etc... very professional clients.
We also target high end smaller chain stores i.e. World Market
Elegant but bold logo wanted
I dont like my current logo!
Someing with the world is okay just not how the current one is with iWORLD going across it.
No trucks or other delivery items!
Must not be cartoonish!
Lines, swooshes, what ever dosent matter!
Not to set on what I want it to look like (if i had an idea i wouldnt be posting) so let your creativity run free!
Thank you and I look foward to your designs!
my website is http://www.iworldsupply.com the logo can be seen on the contact us page. I will also need a website made I am willing to pay up to $2,000, however, that will be in a couple weeks!
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


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Nearly 100 United Food and Commercial Workers (UFCW) Local 342 meat department members were out in the snow, blowing horns and holding signs as they fought for fair working conditions at the Trade Fair Supermarket at 99-10 Astoria Blvd. in East Elmhurst Monday.
It has been six days since supermarket owner Farid Jaber announced his stores would no longer guarantee 40-hour work weeks and benefit packages to employees at all nine Trade Fair Supermarket locations in Queens.
Council members Daniel Dromm and Julissa Ferreras, along with local community board members, joined the ranks to support the union's Unfair Labor Practice (ULP) charges filed with the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB).
"The reality is that Trade Fair has been a bad neighbor and a bad business for a long time and that's why these residents are here," Ferreras said to the crowd. "This is just not about the workers, but the community is out here today."
Ferreras also called on Jaber to address the "thousands of fines from the Department of Buildings" against the grocery store chain.
"We have to be aware and ensure that Trade Fair does not continue these practices, not only in my neighborhood, but in all nine of the neighborhoods that they have businesses in," Ferreras said. "We need to ensure that you don't have cheap prices on the backs of our workers."
Dromm has been on the picket line with the union since March 12, before the lockout went into effect.
"It's unfortunate that I have to be here today, but I will always be here to support the workers and our unions," Dromm said.
The union's charges include intimidation, threats of termination, harassment, assault and coercing of union workers and representatives from exercising their rights as union members.
"I can't count the number of times that Mr. Jaber has violated the law and we had to take him on," Dromm said. "Our message here today is that we are not afraid."
"They have scabs inside taking their place, and I think this is very unfair to their workers," said Pat Thorpe, a member of Community Board 3. "These are union workers who give you good quality service. They shouldn't be locked out of their place of business."
With the support of Dromm, Ferreras and Community Board 3, Monday was a pivotal day for the union members who have been looking for additional support from their elected officials.
Speaker Christine Quinn released a statement in support of the Local 342.
"Trade Fair Supermarket is jeopardizing the livelihood of nearly 100 workers by unfairly locking them out," the statement read. "No one should be penalized for standing up for his or her own rights. We urge all parties to negotiate in good faith and respect the collective bargaining process."


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|Hillsborough, N.J.
|High School:
|Professional Writing
2011: Enters her senior year as one of the Spartans' captains . . . is a player that is a hard worker and has put herself in position to compete for playing time as a central midfield or central defender . . . is an experienced player that brings a great attitude to the squad . . . has 43 career appearances and has notched two goals for four points.
2010: Saw action in 14 Spartan contests as she earned a start at Gettysburg on October 14 and again on October 21 against Rutgers-Camden . . . did not score during the year but did register shots in the Gettysburg and Marymount (Oct. 12) matches.
2009: Played in 18 of the Spartans' 20 games during the year, earning a start in four of those games . . . scored two points on her lone goal of the season, finding the back of the net in the October 13 win over Gallaudet . . . had 11 shots during the year with three of those attempts coming on goal.
2008: Played in 11 games as a freshman as she came off the bench in all of her appearances . . . scored her first collegiate goal in the October 10 win at Marymount . . . finished the campaign with 10 shots including five on goal.
Personal: Is a professional writing major . . . is the daughter of John and Karen Leyendecker . . . born on April 17, 1990 . . . played club with U.S. Parma . . . owns a 3.23 GPA as she is a three-time York College Athletic Honor Roll honoree.


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Watch Baggage Free Online. Stream and Download The Full Movie Baggage For Free Online
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Where Can I watch Baggage For Free? Now a days there are many sites available for free to watch Baggage online. Now a days we prefer to watch Baggage online because for offline first we have to download and then watch it, but for online we can see right now.
Robert Caldwell, a traveling salesman, and a bachelor, arriving at his home station, flirts with a charming young lady at the baggage window. He has the pleasure of assisting her into a cab and looking after her larger baggage, then goes to his rooms, having previously ordered his own trunk sent to his house. In this transaction he gets the baggage checks mixed and the lady's trunk, almost ident
The actor and his wife suddenly found themselves "at liberty" because the manager of their attraction had flitted unexpectedly. They wanted to get back to New York, but even though they sold all their wardrobe they could only arrange sufficient funds to pay for one ticket. The woman, however, had an inspiration: the railroad company carried baggage free. The thespians had no baggage, therefore s
We all carry some emotional 'baggage' from past experiences, and some carry more than others. For many they spend the rest of their lives trying to rid themselves of it and take it off of their shoulders. They only see what they want to see, but if they would open their eyes, open their mind and open their heart, the baggage would be lifted.
Baggage Hill narrates the story of a warrior in a hypothetical world set in a never-ending, narrow alley way. In this world bags are the achievables. The bigger the pile of bags on your back, the more powerful you are. Baggage hill is a critique to the modern motto of Achieve, Acquire and Accumulate. It shows a narrow alley of choices, which, with its tall walls, blinds people of other healthier
Dandelion Man is the story of John Harper. A man drifting through life self-absorbed and unaware of the damage he inflicts upon those close to him. That is however, until he is forced to come to terms with his own damaged past and crippling baggage.
Franklin, the best wine salesman in the Yakima Valley, hates his life. His girlfriend is cheating on him, and he doesn't even have the self-respect to tell her that he knows. When he meets the "other guy", who turns out to be a terrific person, he decides it's time to let go of some baggage.
Laura, a frustrated art student, reconnects once more with Dillon, a soul she has reincarnated with numerous times over history, in a last attempt to clear their karma. Just one problem -- she is the only one who knows what's going on. Can she, alone, release their karmic baggage so they can be free of each other once and for all?
This three-minute western follows a cowboy on the run. As he evades his captors and departs into the vast desert, he finds himself pitted against the summer sun, and ends up departed. It is a metaphor for life, that we are always on the run, always being chased by someone or something. We need to drop our baggage and just keep moving until we get where we are going. This is a story about a man a
A young woman tainted by childhood drama and trauma redefines the term 'baggage' in this dark comedy about the trials and tribulations of hoarding. Mistaken for a neighborhood criminal, Kayla (Tiffany Karla)
Three siblings reunite in the south of France. After living apart in different countries for fifty years, their reunion touches on their personal and emotional baggage, but also on issues concerning their Jewish identity. This is an intimate portrait of a family, in what might be its last coming together.
There are many Free and paid sites to watch Baggage online . And some of sites you have to login or signup but there is also some sites where login or signup is not required to watch Baggage for free.
Here's a list of free movies that are related to Baggage.
Here's a Random Selection Of Free Movies


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Paintback - April 2018
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The KU ANSTO Children's Centre in Lucas Heights NSW prides itself on offering a safe, nurturing and aesthetic environment for kids. When the exterior of the kindergarten began to weather and turn grey, they promptly gave the building some much-needed TLC with an entire recoat. ... More >
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Six local nonprofits are getting extra contributions to their causes thanks to the annual Women in Business event sponsored by local lawmakers.
State Sen. Carol Liu (D-La Cañada Flintridge) chose to direct donations to the YWCA Glendale Women and Girl's Financial Literacy Program as well as Women At Work Pasadena.
"Managing personal finances and securing meaningful work are fundamental to leading an independent and fulfilling life," Liu said in a statement.
Assemblymember Anthony Portantino (D-La Cañada Flintridge) chose the Flintridge Center, which combats poverty and violence in Altadena and northwest Pasadena through a variety of programs, and the YWCA Pasadena – Foothill Valley.
Assemblymember Mike Gatto (D-Silver Lake) selected the Glendale Youth Alliance and the Armenian Nurses Association to receive grants.
Each group will receive grants of $2,930 from money raised at the annual Women in Business luncheon held earlier this year.
-- Daniel Siegal, Times Community News
Twitter: @ValleySunDan


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Utah Community Hero Gets Truck Back, with $15,000 In Upgrades
Companies, Community Pitch In to Show Gratitude for Bravery
Earlier this month, we reported on the bravery of Bryson Rowley, who took his community pride and sense of safety to the street by using his Ram Mega Cab to take on a rogue Hyundai driven by a 14-year-old. Hitting the car head-on, the truck sustained a good deal of damage. We received reports that aftermarket bumper manufacturer Fusion bumpers had donated a new bumper to Rowley. But the outpouring of support and gratitude did not end there.
Although Rowley's actions were brave, in the eyes of the insurance company it was a deliberate collision—not an "accident"—so Rowley could potentially be on the hook for the estimated $7,500 repair cost. Local news station KSL reports that West Valley Carstar, a local body shop, decided to step up and donate labor and supplies to repair Rowley's truck. Rowley tells the TV station the body shop sent out a rental car and picked up his truck for repairs.
In addition to the new bumper, the truck received upgraded LED driving lights, new front differential components, shocks, and an upgraded fuel and turbo system. Altogether, the upgrades totaled $15,000 worth of parts and labor.
Source: KSL News


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Licensed salon & spa professionals can set up a Professional Account which entitles them to professional only pricing, professional only promotions and additional educational and marketing resources available to our salon & spa customers.
If you already have a Professional Account with us, please sign in below with your email and password in the "Sign In to My Professional Account" section.
To create a Salon - Spa Professional Account, please enter your email and a valid Cosmetology License in the section called "Create a Professional Account" below and click the "Create Account" button. You will then be asked for additional information.
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Trixie by Zoya can be best described as a stunning light silver with a sparkling metallic foil finish. A chic and edgy shade that adds a spark to your look.
Finish - Metallic
Intensity - 5 (1 = Sheer - 5 = Opaque)
Tone - Cool
For Best Results
Step 1: Clean the nail plate with Remove Plus ( Remove ) nail polish remover and nail plate cleaner
Step 2: Choose and apply the right base coat: Zoya Anchor for regular healthy nails or Zoya GetEven for nails with ridges
Step 3: Apply 2 coats of your favorite Zoya Nail Polish Color
Step 4: Apply a coat of Zoya Armor Top Coat
Step 5: Drop one drop of Zoya Fast Drops to the base of your nail bed
Following these 5 steps guarantees up to 14 days of wear on natural nails.
Love this color. Amazingly like a silvery foil. Great coverage. :)
All I can say is... Whoa! You`ve never seen a silver like this before, I can promise you. I usually hate silvers, they never turn out as pretty as they look in the bottle. But Trixie is the exception. The "sparkling metallic foil finish" is simply TO DIE FOR!
It`s opaque in one coat, which speeds up polishing time. I love it on my toes.
Love this polish! It`s a beautiful metallic silver that is opaque in one coat, dries fast and wears well. Looks great under crackle polishes, is super for stamping and beautiful just on it`s own. It`s my "go to" polish. Already on my 2nd bottle.
It`s a beautiful silver foil color. And it lasts without chipping for days! Normally polish chips sometimes within a couple hours on my nails. Many of the Zoya polishes last a full day or two before chipping but this one is like a miracle!
I love it.
I love metallics, but they can be so difficult with steaks and everything. Trixie is a bit different in terms of the way the texture looks compared to the typical metallic polish, but the end result is a GORGEOUS really super metallic silver that is at home as a tip color or base for a funky french manicure as it is as a stand alone color for those disco-ball days. :)
This polish really doesn?t need a second coat and is like liquid silver on my nails. I?ve never seen a polish quite like it. It will work for warm and cool toned skin. If you want a truly statement polish, try it!
After reading the reviews on Trixie, I had to buy it. Everyone said that it was the closest thing to Minx that you could get in a bottle. While it has a shimmer rather than a solid liquid metal look, this is by far the best silver polish I have come across. It`s not dingy, but bright and vibrant. Great for holidays or to punch up your everyday look.
I usually don`t get into those frosty, glittering silvers, but this is different. It`s smoother looking. It makes my nails look like they`re made of brand new sterling silver or highly polished chrome. Not an every day color - for me - but I really like it!
I agree with all the comments. Smooth application that`s a real silver, not gray. First silver polish I`ve bought that I love. I threw the others away. Love live Zoya!
Oh my gosh, it`s utterly perfect. The coverage is great and the metallic look is beautiful and sparkly without chunky glitter (it`s nice and smooth!) <333 Gorgeous.
This is my second bottle of Zoya and I just adore it. It goes on beautifully -- and the color is just stunning! I got a lot of compliments on it. I am rough with my hands and normally get a lot of tip wear -- it was very hard to notice with this color. My manicure lasted a couple of days longer than usual. Very happy :-)
I got this in one of the facebook promos. I love it! Applies easily and it`s just beautiful, I have nothing like it! It works well for stamping if you`re into doing that!
Trixie is an absolutely one-of-a-kind silver nail polish! This is a color that will look great on any skin tone. Color goes on opaque in one coat but I used two to extend wear. Love Zoya!
I love this polish! It`s very unique and trendy. I don`t own anything like it but I`ve gotten many compliments on this polish. It goes on smooth also which is something that I was skeptical about at first. My only complaint is that when you remove it, it leaves a little glitter all over your fingers. So if you`re planning to remove it, make sure you remove it at night or before you shower. Definitely not before an event or something like that.
I second everyone else`s comments. The silver polish of all silvers, and foil finish to boot. Visually stunning. What`s not to love? Opacity in two coats.
This is an obvious must-have. Incredibly unique (almost a foil effect), while still being incredibly versatile. Also great for the holidays! :]
It doesn`t have the `mirror` effect I thought it would have, but it`s a very unique color, that you won`t be able to find anywhere else.
I have been searching for years for a perfect shiny silver to make my nails look as though made of chrome and this is the closest I have ever come! Intense, gorgeous and beautiful application. I only need two coats to get this amazing opacity.
I ordered Trixie because of all the great reviews and I`m glad I did. I was having doubts about the color, but all that went away after I received the item. The color makes my nails look glamorous and the mini glittery effect is great. A bad thing about the nail polish is that it`s sort of hard to get off. I would have some Trixie remaining on the sides of my nails, but that may just be because of the nail polish remover I have. Not sure yet.
This is a lovely polish! It`s eye-catching and unique. No matter the season it looks glamorous and amazing!
i think any Zoya foil is essential to own, but trixie in particular is great, since it goes with everything and looks amazing! i`ve had people stop me to compliment this shade. ;)
Trixie is simply marvelous and you can just about get away with a single coat. I painted a strength base and then did 2 coats and it did bubble, so I`d skip the base and just go for a top coat over a thick first coat or 2 thinner coats. No wear or tear for the first week and made it nearly a second before I had to reapply. Beautiful!
I took part in the Facebook promo a couple of weeks ago, having never even heard of Zoya. I ordered Trixie along with two other colors, but it was Trixie that I was dying to try. It was totally worth the risk!
MY NAILS LOOK LIKE THE FUTURE. The metallics are brilliant and it goes on incredibly smooth. The drying time is also very fast; I`m impressed! I don`t even think I need any sort of a top coat -- two coats did the trick.
I highly recommend this product! I have two other colors waiting for me to try, but they`ll have to wait until I get bored with Trixie... which won`t be anytime soon!
Trixie is such a fun color! SO sparkly and shimmery. It goes on so smooth and dries really quickly. One coat and I was done! Love this! Love Zoya!
Trixie is one of my favorites. It has a great foil-like look. When I first used it, for some reason I thought of 1980`s futuristic. Lol. It`s not an out-dated color though. Very chic.
This is the first Zoya polish I have tried, and man, am I hooked. This polish applied amazingly smoothly: I am used to streaks in my manicure when I apply a color with this much of a metallic finish, but there are no stripes visible on my nails with this opaque metallic. It looks like my nails have been silver-leafed.
The micro-glitter gives a beautiful sheen without being obnoxious. My husband`s comment: "Your nails look like tiny little Mercedes sedans." Which I think (in guy-speak) was a compliment. Sparkly doesn`t usually look classy, but it does in this case.
I love silver and have tried a lot of silver polishes, but been very disappointed. Trixie by Zoya will not let you down! This is a bold silver, which coats your nails perfectly in 2 coats. No nail is seen underneath, so it looks like foil on your fingers. There is some silver glitter for an extra sparkle, but it is not chunky or too heavy. It wore very well even without a top coat. I have a feeling that I will be buying bottles and bottles of this color as it is just as perfect for a summer 4th of July manicure as it would be for the Christmas holidays!
I LOVE THIS POLISH!!!!! I have tried so many silver polishes in the past and this is by and far the BEST!! It is so shiny with a barely perceptible shimmer. Of the 13 Zoya colors I`ve purchased so far this is absolutely my fave!
This color is so cool. I only need one color. It`s totally fabulous and a natural polish alternative to minx nails.


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July 15, 2008
When Alexander Avtgis left his hometown in California three years ago, he understood that Indiana would be of a different breed. No breaking waves, bludgeoning population, or throng of commerce. However, the environment in Indiana proved different, due to a much more substantial matter -- the demographic spread showed that Indiana was just now experiencing he latest breaking wave of immigration, so common to other parts of the United States.
Coming from a predominantly Latino neighborhood, Avtgis could easily confirm the benefits of additional culture, as well as those positives found in their second, and more worldly, perspective. Nevertheless such pluses were a subtler, and internal, brand that couldn't combat the rising and false negative perceptions -- as populations initially begin to make changes in their composition, fear and confusion speak volumes louder than acceptance and understanding. To combat such, knowledge is necessary.
Who were Latinos? For lack of a better term, what were they about? What did the Hispanic or Latino people stand for? Would they harm the economy, or Indiana's people? Were their values similar?
As such, the Present Indiana project granted the means by which Avtgis could conduct research, examine the question critically and share with others his findings.
The two months of the internship were consequently spent traveling the state and discussing his project with Indiana's utmost authorities on the subject. Different thoughts were shared by a myriad of people, from Cultural Center Director Miriam Alverado to Institute of Latino Studies Senior Research Fellow Juan Carlos Guzman. Their stories all spoke of a powerful people, essential to the state, and vital to its needs and its people.
A Labor Force necessary for the growth of the state's GDP and economy. A cultural instructor and advisor to the state's governing body on the diversity within its own boundaries. A Diverse power willing to share its history and stories with the greater Hoosier people. A Hispanic, Latino, Brazilian, Mexican, or Puerto Rican people struggling to deal with the effects of a sometimes open prejudice, an averse educational system, and a crippling xenophobia. A Hoosier People waiting to be recognized as such.
Economic benefits range from those found in newly formed businesses to the massive amounts of revenue and commerce, from those provided services stimulating our Indiana growth to a steady and much-needed labor force; Indiana's Latinos are necessary.
Social benefits range from individuals' knowledge and expertise to their different outlook on life and its inherent challenges, from a vast pool of culture and richness to the flavor and spice of the countries that are represented; Indiana's Latinos are vital.
Future benefits, however, outweigh all others: Latino children still remain an untapped resource and generation which would enhance the state even further into the twentieth century; Indiana's Latinos are Hoosiers.


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Guesthouse Lónsá
Lónsá is a guesthouse on the outskirts of Akureyri, a town by the head of fjord Eyjafjörður and centrally located in North Iceland. The guesthouse sleeps 10 in made-up beds, and there are a further 17 spaces for sleeping bag accommodation. It only takes two minutes to drive to the centre of town and the ski area Hlíðarfjall is 10 minutes away. All necessary services and many interesting activities are almost on the doorstep. You can hike around the farm or use Lónsá as your base when touring the region. Open all year.
Lónsá camping site is a spacious camp site for tents, folding campers and mobile homes. The camp site offers access to electricity, toilet facilities and facilities to do the dishes.
Opening time for camp site:
31. may - 15. september
Rates 2017:
Adults: 1.000 kr
16 years and younger: Free
Electricity: 500 kr
Travel directory for Guesthouse Lónsá
The official travel index of Iceland
Jeep- & Glacier Tours
Arctic fox travel
Tour Operators
Norlandair ehf.
Tour Operators
Day Tour Provider
ICE 1 Trips
Tour Operators
Whale Watching Akureyri
Horse Activities
Brúnir - Horse, Home food and Art
Hiking Tours - Hiking
The Touring Club of Akureyri
Tour Operators
artak ehf.
Tour Operators
Hestaleigan Kátur
Skjaldarvík Ferðaþjónusta
Guesthouse Leifsstaðir
Swimming Pools
Þelamörk Swimming pool
Tour Operators
Extreme Icelandic Adventures
Team Building
Viðburðastofa norðurlands
Swimming Pools
Family & Fun Parks
Akureyri Botanical Garden
Tour Operators
Auðun Benediktsson / no17.is
Travel Agency
Arctic Trip
Travel Agency
Nonni Travel
Travel Agency
FAB Travel Akureyri
Kaffi Kú
Akureyri Backpackers, hostel
Tour Operators
Jón Þór Benediktsson / The Traveling Viking
Tour Operators
Star Travel
Tour Operators
Strýtan Divecenter
Tour Operators
Swimming Pools
Hrafnagil Swimming pool
Swimming Pools
Akureyri Swimming pool
Travel Agency
Akureyri Bus Company
Travel Agency
Inspiration Iceland
Tour Operators
Circle air
Travel Agency
Saga Travel
Winter adventure
Hlíðarfjall Ski Area
Tour Operators
Arctic Travel ehf.
Hiking Tours - Hiking
Swimming Pools
- Drottningarbraut
- 600 Akureyri
- 694-7509
- Holtssel
- 601 Akureyri
- 463-1159
- Uppsalir 1
- 601 Akureyri
- 894-6076, 777-8201
- Álfabyggð 6
- 600 Akureyri
- 623-9595
- Ytri Bægisá
- 601 Akureyri
- 774-4336
- Laufásgata 9
- 600 Akureyri
- 462-2829, 698-0781
- Goðanes 8-10
- 603 Akureyri
- 461-7800
- Þrastarhóll
- 601 Akureyri
- 615-2928
- Áshlíð 11
- 603 Akureyri
- 822-7900, 896-7606
- Strandgata
- 600 Akureyri
- 461-1010
- Kjarnagata 50
- 600 Akureyri
- 898-7080, 519-2517
- Naustavegur 1
- 600 Akureyri
- 461-2440
- Sólheimar 9, Svalbarðsströnd
- 601 Akureyri
- 662-3762, 663-2650
- Víkurgil 13
- 603 Akureyri
- 849-0422
- Norðurgata 37
- 600 Akureyri
- 659-4540
- Tryggvabraut 22
- 600 Akureyri
- 588-8900, 588-8904
- Jaðar
- 600 Akureyri
- 462-2974
- Heiðarlundur 7i
- 600 Akureyri
- 694-9753
- Fjölnisgata 4b
- 603 Akureyri
- 462-1713
- Kiðagil 1
- 603 Akureyri
- 844-8864
- Finnastaðir
- 601 Akureyri
- 863-6912
- Nesvegur 55
- 107 Reykjavík
- 539-0605
- Kjalarsíða 18a
- 603 Akureyri
- 663-0498
- Hrafnagilsstræti 38
- 600 Akureyri
- 660-1642
- Torfunesbryggja
- 600 Akureyri
- 848-4864, 699-1950
- Brúnahlíð 5
- 601 Akureyri
- 896-8404
- Hjallalundur 11c
- 600 Akureyri
- 869-4101
- Hafnarstræti 3
- 600 Akureyri
- 856-4999
- Skálateigur 1
- 600 Akureyri
- 616-8226
History and Culture
Gasir - Medival Trading place
Gásir is a unique place. In no other place in Iceland is it possible to find so many remainings from a trading post from the Middle Ages. Gásir was the main trading post in northern Iceland during the Middle Ages, and the place is mentioned many times in Old Icelandic Sagas from the 13th and 14th centuries. Archaeological digging in the area during the last six years has shown that it was a trading post up to the 16th century, possibly until trading started in Akureyri.
Each year in July Medieval life at Gásir is reconstructed with help from Icelandic craftsmen who wear medieval clothes and sell handicraft. Various handcrafts are on display; dyeing with plant extracts, wool-work, sewing, sewing leather and weaving.
Kjarnaskógur woods
South of Akureyri is Iceland´s most visited "forest" Kjarnaskogur woods. The area has 2km long athletic course, walking tracks, picnic tables and children´s playground. Campsite at nearby Hamrar.
History and Culture
The Christmas Garden
A visit to The Christmas Garden will transport you into the realms of Christmas - only a 10 minute drive from Akureyri. Here you will find countless items connected to the festive season from all parts of the world. Of course, Icelandic Christmas traditions are given priority, such as legs of smoked lamb hanging from a beam and the decorative "leaf bread" in many patterns, as well as the Yuletide Lads and their parents, who play such an important role in the Icelandic Christmas celebrations. Quality handwork, crafted by many artists from all parts of the country deck the shelves, making this a place which appeals to all the family.
Hlidarfjall ski area
The ski area at Mt. Hlidarfjall lies at the bottom of one of the biggest fjords in Iceland surrounded by high mountains ranging from 1000 to 1538 meters over sea level. The ski area is 5 km above the town Akureyri. The area has 6 ski lifts, 23 alpine slopes and 15 km of cross country tracks, ski cafés, ski rental and a ski school. Snow production systems ensure a long season from end of November till beginning of May.
History and Culture
Akureyri Museum
In the oldest part of Akureyri (known as the Inner town), stands the Akureyri Museum. Here we find many interesting and well set up exhibitions, which we have no hesitation in recommending for adults and children alike.
Those with a thirst for knowledge, and who wish to find out about Akureyri in a more innovative way, we recommend a visit to the exhibition "Akureyri, the Town by the Pool". Here you will find a trader's store, a parlour, a playroom and numerous photographs capturing life in the town throughout the years - and all of which make up an enjoyable tour through Akureyri's history as a centre of trade and industry. The remains of a burial mound containing boats, mediaeval trading goods, a warp-weighted loom and information on settlement in Eyjafjörður, are among the things of interest to be found on the top floor of the premises, in the exhibition "Eyjafjörður in the Early Period". Each year there is also a summer exhibition.
Akureyri Museum has on offer historical walks for groups through the old part of town, the Oddeyri and/or Glerárþorp district, as well as soirées in the Museum Church where you are taken on a journey of prose and song into the world of Icelandic music, from the Middle Ages to the present day.
The garden surrounding Akureyri Museum is more than a century old and makes a pleasant stopping place on your journey round town. Within the garden stands a church built in 1846, which is rented out for various kinds of ceremonies.
History and Culture
Safnasafnid Museum
Safnasafnið - The Icelandic Folk Art Museum - was founded in 1995 by Níels Hafstein and Magnhildur Sigurðardóttir. The collection, consisting of paintings, sculptures, drawings, watercolours, embroideries, books, dolls, toys and tools, presents an interesting and informative view of folk art, as well as modern art and what inspires it. The collection consists of over 3000 works by naive, outsider and folk artists and close to 200 works by modern artists. Also in the museum are a small café and a museum shop.
Yearly the museum displays 16 exhibitons of diverse character mixing folk art and modern to create a surprising rendez-vous of ideas and show in one place the wonderful and playful paths of the creative mind. The museum also offers a superb library with books on art, architecture, outsider art, gardens, cars and diverse other things, all adding to its meditative charm. The museum offers excellent explorative grounds for the curious visitor, who becomes spontaneously a participant in an adventure that brings his and hers youthful spirit to new heights.
History and Culture
Nonni´s House Museum
Nonni´s house was the childhood home of the writer and Jesuit priest Jón Sveinsson, "Nonni", who wrote books for children. Nonni´s house is among Akureyri´s oldest houses, built in 1850. Today it is a memorial museum were many items connected with Nonni and the Nonni books, in such diverse languages as Japanese and Esperenato are kept. Books by Jón Sveinsson in several languages are sold in the museum.
History and Culture
The Aviation Museum
The Icelandic Aviation Museum is located at Akureyri Airport in the north of Iceland.
Aviation and Akureyri have had a close relationship since 1928 when the first scheduled passenger flight operated in Iceland arrived in Akureyri from Reykjavík via Ísafjörður and Siglufjörður. The aircraft was a Junkers F.13 operated on lease to a newly formed Icelandic airline named Flugfélag Íslands (the second of four companies to bear that same name). The aircraft belonged to Deutsche Luft Hansa and the pilots, mechanics and operations manager were also supplied by the German airline.
Since first opening the Museum has annually held a "Flying Weekend" on the last weekend in June. Incuded in the weekend's programme is the Icelandic National Aerobatics Competition as well as an array of displays and other activities.


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Mission Bay Park is the largest man-made aquatic park in the country, consisting of 4,235 acres, approximately 46% land and 54% water. The park offers a wide range of recreational activities including paths for walking and jogging, and playgrounds for children. It is one of San Diego's most popular locations to fly a kite, picnic or sail a model yacht. Fire rings make it possible to cook out and stay warm. Mission Bay Park also offers a variety of free opportunities to the public such as professional volleyball and Over-the-Line sporting events. Annual attendance in the park is estimated at 15 million.
Known as "Americas Finest City", elegant and sunny San Diego is truly a city with something for everyone. In town, a whole day or more could be spent in Balboa Park, playing golf, touring the world-famous San Diego Zoo or visiting a museum. Just outside of town, Torrey Pines State Reserve offers a somewhat wilder terrain where visitors can view rare birds and the stately trees the park is named for. Children, and in turn parents, will be delighted with the city's wide range of family-oriented activities. From SeaWorld to the historic Gaslamp Quarter, there are events and exhibits to keep even the most hard-to-please happy. San Diego boasts an array of fine and trendy restaurants covering a melting pot of cuisines, world-class shopping and hotels from lavish to budget. San Diego is the eighth largest city in the United Sates and the second largest city in California. Relatively free from smog and byzantine freeways, San Diego, set around a gracefully curving bay, represents the acceptable face of southern California. Although it was the site of the first mission in California, the city only really took off with the arrival of the Santa Fe Railroad in the 1880s, and in terms of trade and significance it has long been in the shadow of Los Angeles. However, during World War II the US Navy made San Diego its Pacific Command Center, and the military continues to dominate the local economy, along with tourism and the Biotech Industry. San Diego is also home to one of the 2009 top ten beaches in the US. Coronado beach has just moved up from the number 8 position to number 4. You can enjoy the 100 year old Hotel Del Coronado visited by Kings, Presidents and movie stars behind you while taking in the ships and sail boats in front of scenic Point Loma.


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Oct 2, 2006
EDGE Publications Launches Philadelphia Gay News and Entertainment Portal
For Immediate Release Oct 2, 2006
Philadelphia, PA - EDGE Publications, Inc. today announced the official launch of EDGEphiladelphia.com, the media network's sixth major online publication, in conjunction with local gay website Phillygayborhood.com.
EDGEphiladelphia.com is devoted to serving the Gay/Lesbian/Bisexual/Transgender community of Philadelphia PA and its surrounding regions. The portal delivers eight major channels of information to its readers, including daily local/national news, business & finance, weather, arts & entertainment, heath & fitness, style, sports and travel. An additional number of channels provide local coverage of nightlife, shopping, lodging, dining, plus a local business directory and calendar of events.
The site joins a family of market-leading online publications currently serving up twenty million pages to more than 500,000 readers per month that includes EDGEboston.com (Boston MA), EDGEnewyork.com (New York NY), EDGEprovidence.com (Providence RI), EDGEptown.com (Provincetown MA), and EDGEnewengland.com (the company's regional publication for New England).
"We're excited to launch to Philadelphia," said EDGE Publisher David Foucher. "This city has such a vibrant community, and shares a close affinity to our existing readership in the Northeast. Exploring new cities is what we most love to do."
Debbie Spadafora, publisher of Phillygayborhood.com, a local online resource for the GLBT community, has joined EDGE as Editor-in-Chief of Philadelphia.
"I'm thrilled to find myself in the middle of such an incredible network of talented and motivated people," Spadafora said of her new role. "This 'civil union' between PhillyGayborhood and EDGE allows the GLBT community here to continue enjoying what we've always offered on a hometown level along with the editorial excellence and technological prowess of a larger network of websites."
The new publication is available at http://www.EDGEphiladelphia.com.
EDGE is an online community destination dedicated to the delivery of local, national and world content targeted to the gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community in a fair, entertaining and interactive format. The company publishes online in Boston MA, New York NY, Philadelphia PA, Providence RI and Provincetown MA. Learn more about EDGE at http://www.edgeonthenet.com.
# # #
For more information:
John Welton
Director Public Relations


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in his work, 'a treatise on human nature' (1739), david hume, famously observed that, in the writings of the moral theorists of his day, he frequently observed a subtle yet unexplained shift in verbiage:
…the author proceeds for some time in the ordinary ways of reasoning…when all of a sudden i am surpriz'd to find, that instead of the usual copulations of propositions, is, and is not, i meet with no proposition that is not connected with an ought, or an ought not. This change is imperceptible; but is however, of the last consequence. For as this ought, or ought not, expresses some new relation or affirmation, 'tis necessary that it shou'd be observ'd and explain'd; and at the same time that a reason should be given; for what seems altogether inconceivable, how this new relation can be a deduction from others, which are entirely different from it.
he's basically saying, "i don't see how you got from 'this and that is true', to 'that and this ought to be true'–there's no explicit chain of reasoning there" and, for some reason, ever since then, everybody has just assumed that no such chain of reasoning is even possible.
so, if you think you know that murderous preschool rampages are wrong, you're mistaken. saying that something–anything–is right or wrong is merely the expression of your opinion of what you believe people ought to do or not do. so saying that murderous preschool rampages are bad is neither true nor false in the same way that saying a certain style of music is bad (i'm looking at you, country) can be neither true nor false–it's a matter of personal preference. 'ought', 'should', 'like', 'dislike', 'good', 'bad', etc.–all of these words and others like them, when included in a statement, supposedly indicate that the statement is ultimately a matter of opinion (from now on, i'll refer to statements of this sort varyingly as 'value statements', 'moral judgments', 'opinions', etc.).
but this is what distinguishes facts from value statements; the ability to be either true or false–what logicians refer to as the having of a 'truth-value'. in order for information to qualify as actual knowledge, it not only has to have a truth-value, but that value has to be 'true'. so claiming to know that something–anything–is right or wrong is simply nonsensical, since value statements aren't even false let alone true.
i think there's obviously something wrong with this. it completely divorces morality from rationality (i'm pretty sure this is why most of the people claiming to be moral authorities these days are total nut-bags) and it puts really severe limitations on the power of rational thought. but as far as i can tell, there's no good reason to accept it. though it's been regarded as insurmountable for nearly 300 years now, i've found that vaulting the is/ought barrier is actually not all that hard to do.
only 2 things are needed to get from 'ought' to 'is'. 1) a goal or an aim (i prefer "aim" for reasons that i'll explain later), and 2) some relevant information about how to move toward that aim. put these two together, and we've got a pole big enough to vault the is/ought barrier, leaving this land of opinion–barren of all truth-value–behind forever.
so here's a simple scenario to get started with:
we're in a crowd of people in the dark–nobody can see a damn thing–and somebody yells "we should all turn around 180 degrees!" whoever just said that might just be a crazy person. why should we turn around? what benefit would there be in it? this ought statement is probably just some irrational buffoon's opinion.
but now, suppose we all have a common goal; to be facing north–maybe so we can watch a meteor shower or something. in this case, the guy's probably not crazy–but what the hell does he know? he can't see any better than the rest of us. does he even know which way is north? is he taking into account that other people might be starting out facing in a different direction than he is? it's just some ignorant jackass's opinion.
so now suppose we have, not only a goal to be facing north, but also some important information about the current state of affairs. say a flood-light is turned on and we all look around to see that we're all facing the same direction, and that direction happens to be south. now the ought statement, "we should all turn around 180 degrees," makes sense. in fact, it's absolutely true; we should turn around 180 degrees.
together, the aim and the relevant information create a context in which statements of value are either true or false–just like 'is' statements. i call this kind of context a 'value legitimizing context' or a vlc.
so how does this help us establish a rational basis for morality? stating an aim or a goal is, after all, just making another value statement. so rather than rooting our moral imperatives in the rich soil of reason, this appears to, at best, lead to an infinite chain of ought statements, each one as ungrounded as the last.
before i can deal with this challenge, i need to be perfectly clear about what constitutes a moral value statement. for the purposes of my theory, value statements can be considered moral value statements when and only when they address human behaviors that impact the health and well-being of humans* (determining the meaning of 'health and well-being' across various cultures and environments is an important task that consists of the gathering of the relevant information that is a necessary element of a vlc).
given this definition of what constitutes a moral judgment, if we can identify one aim that is not just common, like hunger (we're all aiming to fill different bellies), but actually shared by at least the vast majority of our entire species (with dissent being statistically negligible) , no larger context would be needed. and if we combined this universal aim with a reliable means of gaining the relevant information that would help us intentionally move toward that aim, we'd have a universal vlc (a uvlc). and then, under the uvlc, we could determine the truth-value of all moral claims, thereby determining our best options environmentally, economically, politically, and personally.
as far as i can tell, there's really only one viable candidate to be the universal aim–but before i get into it, i want to explain the reason i prefer talking about aims rather than goals. an aim doesn't necessarily imply any end point–like aiming for perfection; perfection isn't possible, the concept merely provides a direction for further efforts (compare this to the futility of having perfection as your goal). so while an aim implies direction, it doesn't necessarily imply a specific outcome. and since the aim we're talking about has to be universal, it necessarily has to be somewhat nonspecific.
the aim that i have in mind is shared not just by our species as a whole but by every other form of life as well. it is the aim to flourish–to evolve. i'm not denying that there are some humans who are explicitly opposed to the flourishing of human life. but such beliefs are indubitably, and i think uncontroversially unhealthy to our entire species–as unhealthy as suicidal ideation is for any individual. as such, they should be considered a sort of memetic sickness, rather than a valid alternative way of thinking.
the aim to flourish is inherent in our biology. it could arguably suffice as the very definition of life. through the evolutionary process all life aims to thrive–not just survive–in whatever niche it appears. amongst humans there are currently vast differences of opinion concerning what conditions need to be met in order for us to thrive, but the underlying aim of flourishing is as close to universal an aim as we could ever hope to find. as for a reliable method for finding information relevant to this aim, we have developed the capacity for critical thinking, scientific inquiry, and various forms of empirical observation. this universal aim along with these sources of reliable and relevant information create a universal value legitimizing context in which the truth-values of all moral claims can be determined.
while this understanding of morality (which makes a science of morality possible) tends to support a great deal of our intuitive moral judgments (free of religious dogma) on a personal level, i expect that it would eventually pose serious challenges to conventional wisdom in the larger cultural and political arenas. for instance, when the moral aim of pleasing a judeo-christian god, is replaced by the natural evolutionary inclination to flourish as a species, the moral value system shifts from metaphysical concepts of good and evil to ultimately biological concepts of healthy and unhealthy. it then becomes obvious that the proper response to immoral behavior is treatment/rehabilitation/education rather than punishment.
i plan to explore this and other of the larger social implications, in later articles.


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This is a sales pitch. It's not going to be won by the law, it's going to be won by the lawyers.Lt. Daniel Kaffee
Whatever happened to saluting an officer when he leaves the room?Lt. Daniel Kaffee
Oh, now I see what you're saying! It had to be Professor Plum, in the library, with the candlestick!Lt. Daniel Kaffee
We have softball games and marching bands. They work at a place where you have to wear camouflage or you might get shot!Lt. Daniel Kaffee
Oh, spare me the psychobabble father bullshit.Lt. Daniel Kaffee
That's a relief! I was afraid I wasn't going to be able to use the 'liar, liar, pants-on-fire' defense.Lt. Daniel Kaffee
Maybe if we work at it we can get Dawson charged with the Kennedy assassination.Lt. Daniel Kaffee
Why does a Lieutenant junior grade with a track record for plea bargains get handed a murder case? Could it be so it never sees the inside of a courtroom?Lt. Daniel Kaffee
The only thing I have to eat is Yoohoo and Cocoa Puffs, so if you want anything else bring it with you.Lt. Daniel Kaffee
I'm sorry, I keep forgetting. You were sick the day they taught law at law school!Lt. Daniel Kaffee
He eats breakfast three hundred yards away from four thousand Cubans who are trained to kill him and no one's going to tell him how to run his unit, least of all the Harvard mouth in his faggoty white uniform.Lt. Daniel Kaffee
And the hits just keep on comin'.Lt. Daniel Kaffee
Is the Colonel's underwear a matter of national security?Lt. Daniel Kaffee
You don't need to wear a patch on your arm to have honor.Lt. Daniel Kaffee
So this is what a courtroom looks like.Lt. Daniel Kaffee


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At Westhills, we believe that excellence is achieved by a solid commitment to quality. Our foundation principles reflect the core values which bring this commitment to life.
At Westhills, sustainability equates to environmental stewardship; it is the result of a careful assessment of every decision and action we take that relates to the land, water and air.
Extensive consultation was undertaken during the planning stages to ensure that all decisions were based on the most current environmental standards and thinking. Such organizations as the US Green Building Council, the Canadian Green Building Council, the BC Ministry of Community Services and the Design Centre for Sustainability at the University of British Columbia all provided valuable input. In addition, an informal network of local business people was engaged to discuss long-term economic strategies to benefit the entire community.
The resulting Master Plan, based on the most up-to-date research and knowledge, ensures that each Westhills home is the product of leading edge green technology and practices.
Westhills neighbourhoods feature design elements that nurture both the environmental and social aspects of sustainability. For more information on Westhills ' Master Plan – click here
40% of Westhills lands have been protected as parks and green spaces.
Naturally occurring watercourses will be restored and enhanced.
Sustainable and eco-friendly transportation options such as community bus service and a revitalized rail link are mandated in the Westhills Master Plan.
A town centre and two neighbourhood service/commercial centres will provide services and amenities within walking distance of all Westhills residents.
Narrower streets and compact lot sizes help to preserve the environment and conserve precious natural resources.
Design features such as sidewalks, lighting, landscaping, and street-oriented architecture encourage walking and increase social interaction.
Community Energy System (CES) provides geo-exchange heating, cooling and domestic hot water to homes throughout all Westhills neighbourhoods (except Parkdale Creek).
Westhills ' vision of a community of vibrant and inclusive neighbourhoods is achieved in part by offering a wide range of housing options. Single-family homes, condos and town homes, in a variety of sizes and styles, are designed to accommodate a variety of family structures and to foster a diverse and welcoming community.
No matter what the price point, all Westhills homes offer outstanding value, unbeatable location and exceptional quality.
Design Excellence
The planning of all Westhills neighbourhoods has been influenced by Traditional Neighbourhood Design (TND) principles, which encourage the responsible use of land and resources in compact, walkable communities. Easy care single-family home lots range in size from 200 square meters (2, 153 sq. ft.) to 1, 000 square meters (10, 764 sq. ft.) with the majority being approximately 370 square meters (4, 000 sq. ft.).
A Westhills home features outstanding urban design in an environmentally sustainable setting. All single-family homes are BuiltGreen™ certified, and include a multitude of energy saving features and environmentally friendly finishes.
Quality Construction
At Westhills, quality construction means more than a solid foundation and a watertight roof. As industry-leaders, we set the bar high, employing reliable local contractors and trades people and requiring strict adherence to Westhills building practices and materials guidelines. We work closely with local businesses to help them understand our sustainability goals so they can stock the environmentally sensitive materials we require.
Westhills is proud to employ only quality builders who have been designated "Licensed Residential Builders" by the Homeowner Protection Office, a branch of BC Housing.
For absolute peace of mind, all Westhills homes are covered by a 2-5-10 year warranty through Travelers Guarantee Company of Canada.


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|Dec 04, 2012
Researchers use nanoscale thermal analysis techniques to improve drug delivery systems
|(Nanowerk News) The Drug Delivery & Materials Characterization Group at the University of East Anglia, UK, is internationally recognized for work involving the development of novel thermal, dielectric, rheological and microscopic techniques as analytical tools within the pharmaceutical sciences. There is particular emphasis on the study of the physical properties of drugs and dosage forms in relation to performance.
|Post-doctoral researcher, Jonathan Moffat, is focused on delivery of poorly water soluble drugs and in particular characterization of delivery systems. His team creates solid dispersions using a variety of different methods which include hot melt extrusion, spray drying and spin coating. Solid dispersions are systems where one or more components are molecularly dispersed in a matrix/carrier. This idea means that if you are able to disperse your drug in a water soluble matrix such as a polymer, then you can improve the dissolution profile and improve the bioavailability of the drug.
|Dr Jonathan Moffat uses the Anasys nano-TA system at UEA.
|The standard characterization methods for these systems include DSC, FTIR and PXRD. Their drawback is that they only provide bulk information. Dr Moffat comments: "As we are analyzing samples consisting of two or more components, we are interested in looking at the distribution, form and at the interface of components. These standard techniques cannot provide this information. Also, the surface of these systems is extremely important as this is the interface between the delivery system and the body. We chose the Anasys nano-TA system as it permits a thorough surface characterization. It is used alongside standard AFM & SEM imaging methods."
|Dr Moffat continues: "Whilst these methods can provide high resolution images of the surface of our samples, they cannot provide information on the components within the system. Using nanoTA along with AFM allows the user to pick out features on the surface, interrogate them and subsequently determine the individual component via its transition temperature. As well as determining the component, it is also possible to determine its morphological properties as the transition temperature is sensitive to differences in these properties. This is something that can be difficult to determine with spectroscopic techniques. We also use Transition Temperature Microscopy, TTM, for our samples. This gives a systematic approach to determine the distribution and form of the components and also provides information on how well mixed the systems and whether there is any phase separation."
|An example of this work was presented in a poster at the recent AAPS meeting held in Chicago. Dr Moffat's poster presented with co-author, Professor Duncan Craig from UEA, was entitled "Thermal Probe Methods for Nanoscale Characterization of Cyclosporin A Solid Dispersions Prepared by Hot Melt Extrusion."
|Kevin Kjoller, Anasys' co-founder and Vice President, says "We're very excited about this new work by Dr Moffat and Professor Craig which potentially opens up a new market for our nanoscale thermal analysis technology." For more details, visit www.anasysinstruments.com/application/nanota-app
|Source: Anasys
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I read this artical and wanted to pass it on for anyone that may find it useful ....
Ever wish you could REVERSE your Type 2 Diabetes? Discover 3 Proven Steps with this discovery from a recent Newcastle University medical study
Heres 3 tricks to manage your diabetes that your doctor wont tell you:
1. Eat More Fat
You read that right. Eat more fat.
Thats because fat helps your body absorb insulin. That means the more fat you eat, the easier itll be to manage your blood sugar.
But heres the kicker: Its got to be the right type of fat.
Youre looking for Unsaturated Omega-3 Fat.
Heres some great sources:
Eggs (Any eggs labeled enriched have plenty of omega-3)
Grass-fed beef (Theres lots of omega-3 in the grass)
2. Do Some Pushups
Or any kind of strength exercises.
All the cardio your doctor tells you to do will increase your insulin absorption a little, but to really keep your body regulated youve got to get your entire body moving.
The best way to do that is any exercise that focuses on strength.
You want to avoid straining yourself, but make a habit of doing a few pushups every day, throw in some body squats, and soon youll be taking tighter control of your blood sugar.
Not to mention itll get rid of stress, and give you plenty of energy.
3. Relax
Laying back and keeping cool are vital to regulating your blood sugar. Stress causes physical distress on the body which affects blood glucose levels.
Not to mention, when youre stressed out its easy to overeat, which obviously wreaks havoc on your blood sugar.
For easy relaxation, try out simple meditation or breathing exercises.
These tricks will help, but
If You Want to REVERSE your Type 2 Diabetes and never worry about your blood sugar again, heres what you need:
A recent medical breakthrough at Newcastle University has revealed 3 Proven Steps to Reverse Type-2 Diabetes.
Click the link below to find out more.
>>>Click here to find out 3 Proven Steps to Reverse Type-2 Diabetes Discovered by Newcastle University
If we're not supposed to eat animals, how come they're made out of meat?
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