text:
If you sit and think about "Turbo" for even half a second, it's difficult not to notice what's wrong with it, from the formulaic story to its blatant disregard for the rules of auto racing (spoken by a man who doesn't follow auto racing; that's how egregious the oversights were). Luckily for the film, it has several other things working in its favor, namely some inspired voice casting, gorgeous design, and smarter than average dialogue. "Turbo" rises above its familiarity and makes for a charming, if predictable, experience.
Theo (Ryan Reynolds) is a snail who, along with his brother Chet (Paul Giamatti), works in the garden outside a suburban southern California house. At night, Theo watches video tapes of race car driver Guy Gagne (Bill Hader), and dreams of being fast like him, a racer named Turbo. One night, while watching the cars on the 101 from an overpass, Theo inadvertently winds up taking part in a street race and ingesting nitrous oxide, which rewrites his DNA and gives him incredible speed. (Warning to children: drinking nitrous oxide will not give you superhuman speed. If anything, it will put you to sleep.) Soon after, Theo and Chet are captured by Tito (Michael Pena), who co-owns a taco truck in a run-down strip mall, and races snails for fun with his fellow mall employees. Once they realize that Theo is actually fast, Tito begins raising money to enter him into the Indianapolis 500, and his new crew of racing snail buddies, led by Whiplash (Samuel L. Jackson), provides support.
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Posted in: Entertainment, Movie Reviews, Movies
Tags: Paul Giamatti, Ryan Reynolds, Samuel L. Jackson, Turbo, Turbo review


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The playground is a publicly-editable wiki about Arduino.
Manuals and Curriculum
Arduino StackExchange
Board Setup and Configuration
Development Tools
Arduino on other Chips
Interfacing With Hardware
Interfacing with Software
User Code Library
Suggestions & Bugs
Electronics Technique
Sources for Electronic Parts
Related Hardware and Initiatives
Arduino People/Groups & Sites
Project Ideas
This is Test1 Page1. This should be a new page

subset: commoncrawl


text:
dB Omni needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 111 designs submitted by 30 freelance designers.
dB Omni
dB Omni is a multimedia company maneuvering into pop-culture and sub-culture themes to produce interactive games, publish original music, and nick the Zeitgeist when feasible.
Logo will appear in a dB Omni iPhone game this summer.
Consumers drawn to Wired, Pitchfork, Slashdot, Apple, etc.; nightlife trend setters, knob-twiddlers, techy rockers, and any who stay up late to pull the Duende from transistors.
Logo should consist of two parts: 1) an emblem (prefer 3D or faux-3D look, lighting effects, etc.), and 2) typographical "dB Omni". For the emblem, use d, B and O to create an aesthetically engaging interplay of these that shows dominance/longevity, with a modern appeal to recreational tech/music/media aficionados.
I'm looking for some nice attention to detail and balanced complexity in the emblem. And the font for the text portion should be non-generic.
Two versions are needed: 1) a full color version mostly weighted in blue; and 2) a 2-color (black/blue) version for mass printing.
deliverables: the full color version and the 2-color version, each in vector file format such that the emblem and text can each be extracted/moved/resized/etc.
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


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In the early 1970s, three guys in the Midwest invented a genuinely new kind of game. David Wesely, Gary Gygax and Dave Arneson were all fascinated by complicated tabletop war simulations; Wesely was the one who revolutionized game-play when he asked players in a military game to each act out the role of a single character and found himself improvising rules when the characters deviated from what he'd had in mind. Arneson picked up Wesely's "role-playing" idea and constructed a medieval fantasy setting for it. Gygax, meanwhile, invented a game called Chainmail, with rules for determining the outcomes of medieval combat by rolling dice.
When Arneson and Gygax joined forces, they devised "Dungeons & Dragons," first published in early 1974. The rules in the three booklets that made up the game's first edition were badly written, confusing and amateurishly illustrated. It didn't matter. "D&D;" (as everyone calls it) was a work of genius, a game that's really a framework for collective, improvisational storytelling. The huge role-playing game (RPG) subculture is balanced on its three basic innovations: a "dungeon master" devises a setting and a scenario and serves as referee, the other players create characters with minutely defined traits and abilities and play as those characters, and situations with multiple possible outcomes are resolved by rolling dice.
"D&D;" still has something of a reputation as a ridiculous power fantasy for obsessive social outcasts, but the geeky fascinations that coalesced around it now rule mainstream pop culture. As Forbes senior editor David M. Ewalt's "Of Dice and Men" points out, "D&D;" had such a dramatic impact that the game's formal trappings have shaped decades' worth of storytelling outside the gaming world. (It's impossible to imagine TV shows such as "Adventure Time" or "Game of Thrones" without "D&D;," for instance.)
His history of the game and its culture, though, never quite settles on what story it wants to tell: It's half an attempt to explain "Dungeons and Dragons" to the uninitiated, half a collection of personal anecdotes and minutiae for devotees.
The behind-the-scenes story of "D&D;'s" creators (and their various squabbles and lawsuits), and the way Gygax's company TSR grew at an incredible rate until it collapsed, is the broadest thread in "Of Dice and Men." That's a compelling narrative, although Ewalt started his research a few years too late to get the perspective of the game's originators: Gygax died in 2008, Arneson in 2009. He occasionally skimps on potentially juicy details too, such as when he notes that one early gamer (who inspired the monster called the "Egg of Coot") didn't like Arneson's proto-"D&D;" fantasy Blackmoor, "insulted the game and its players, and even played a nasty practical joke on Arneson." Readers have apparently failed our saving throw to find out his name or what the joke was.
The evolution of the game itself is one of the most curious things about "D&D.;" Unlike, say, "Monopoly" or "Scrabble," it's had its volumes' worth of rules overhauled repeatedly over the years, and groups who want to play together have to settle on which version of the rules they're using; "grognards," as longtime gamers are known, often prefer older editions.
But why the changes, and why the resistance to them? Ewalt only touches on possible answers amid a stream of joking digressions and footnoted quotes from an old Monster Manual. There's also not much here on "D&D;'s" audience; the people who play RPGs and the way their players experience them, have changed drastically in the past four decades, but aside from observing that there are a lot more women playing them now than there used to be, Ewalt is more concerned with his own history as a gamer.
And there lurks the ultimate adversary within "Of Dice and Men": a malicious voice whispering that reported books also have to be memoirs of personal transformation. When Ewalt wanders away from the historical narrative to detail some dramatic turning point in a game he's played (from the perspective of his character), the book's momentum slows; when he cringingly jokes about how nerdy he is, it stops altogether. And when he emphasizes that an "adventure weekend" called Otherworld that he attends isn't really a LARP, or live-action role-playing game — "something I'd grown to fear and revile" — it's a genuine narcissism-of-small-differences problem.
Part of the beauty of "D&D;" is that it allows its players to cast themselves as heroes, within a group of peers that honors that fantasy. Ewalt tries to frame his own experience the same way, but his heroic journey here largely consists of growing interested in "D&D;" again after a few decades off, getting to beta-test a new edition of the game at the very table where Dave Arneson ran the first-ever fantasy role-playing game, and finally devising a "D&D;" campaign of his own. That's fun at times for the sort of reader who can explain the difference between a cleric and a druid, but it's hardly the stuff of legend.
Wolk is the author of "Reading Comics: How Graphic Novels Work and What They Mean."
Of Dice and Men
The Story of Dungeons & Dragons and the People Who Play It
David M. Ewalt
Scribner: 288 pp., $26


text:
Conference and
Trade Show
Hosted by Belknap County
The New Hampshire Association of
Counties represents the interests of
county government in New Hampshire.
The organization is a state-wide
Association, which includes the 30
elected County Commissioners as
well as all elected county officials
and the professionals and staff who
run County government in all ten
counties. The Associations activities
include: providing coordinating training
programs, supporting intergovernmental
relationships with state and municipal
officials, advocating on behalf of county
government and the county taxpayers
before the NH Legislature and the
Governor and Council, and acting as a
clearinghouse for information and best
practices which relate to the efficient
operation of County government in
New Hampshire.
Click on the counties map for
town information


text:
Israel News - Stay Informed, Pray Informed
Israel Today is pleased to present the first 12 winners of our ongoing subscription drive drawings.
The following subscribers have all won a USD $20 gift certificate to our online store filled with authentic Israeli products.
Congratulations to:
We will be picking dozens more winners in July and August, so don't miss your chance to win! Grand Prize will be a USD $1,000 shopping spree in the Israel Today Online Shop.
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Attempt to Gaslight Women Will Blow Up Republicans
I've got a lousy cold and a lot of work – and ideas – backed up but I cannot endure one more column headline opining on why there's a gender gap between Mitt Romney and Barack Obama.
The gap exists because of reality: when women look around and on an every day occasion, see and experience where we aren't included or even thought about, or, when we are included or thought about, how we're treated – whether in real life (Ginni Rometty) or fake life (anything on Mad Men) – we don't like it. And we see the statements and policies of conservatives as, in general (yes, there are exceptions), upholding, supporting and keeping in stasis what we don't like, while we see the statements and policies of moderates and liberals as, in general, seeking to change, alter, take down and improve that which we don't like (though of course there are plenty of exceptions there too – start with any sex scandal).
And, as if to underscore how clueless the men are, US Senator Mitch McConnell claimed that his female colleagues certainly would support him in calling out the "war on women" as being manufactured. Thanks, Mitch, for demonstrating how completely you haven't heard a word your female colleagues have said and how thoroughly you expect them to follow you in lockstep, to wit, from that link:
"Talk about a manufactured issue. There is no issue," McConnell said. "Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison (from Texas) and Kelly Ayotte from New Hampshire and Susan Collins and Olympia Snowe from Maine I think would be the first to say—and Lisa Murkowski from Alaska—'we don't see any evidence of this.'"
However, three of those female GOP lawmakers whom McConnell cited— Snowe, Hutchison and Murkowski—have specifically spoken out against Republican measures they believe are aimed at women.
Then, there's the whole gaslighting aspect to what McConnell and others like Republican National Committee Chair, Reince Priebus, are saying – Priebus analogizing his belief that the notion of there being a war on women is as far-fetched as suggesting there's a war on caterpillars.
We're not being gaslighted – reality bites. And no amount of optics of Republican female spokespeople on the trail or a strong spouse, daughter-in-law or mother will begin to cut into the reality.


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[Editor's note: this post originally appeared here at Destination: Austin Family on September 11, 2008]
On the morning of September 11th, 2001, I was living in San Francisco out near Ocean Beach in a small one bedroom apartment where I had lived since 1993. It was a Tuesday and since I usually got up at 4:00 am to walk the dog and then catch a bus at 5:00 am to go to the gym, I'm not sure why I slept later than usual. All I remember is the phone ringing slightly before 6:00 am Pacific Daylight Time.
My first thought went to, "Why did I oversleep?" which was quickly replaced with, "Something is wrong." My phone just didn't ring at 6:00 am unless it was my mother in New York.
For years, Mom could never get the time zone thing right and I was used to receiving calls anywhere from 4:00 am onward. And after her early on-set dementia diagnosis in the summer of 2000, phone calls at odd hours of the day and night became commonplace.
As I said hello I could tell that my mother was flustered. First, she was at home and not working which concerned me. Second, despite suffering from memory loss, she had the wits enough to simply say "Turn on the television - something is wrong with the World Trade Center in The City." Having grown up only 90 miles northwest of Manhattan, we always called it The City.
Mom said "Call me back," and I quickly hung up and ran to the television. I was still half awake and was not understanding what was going on. I do remember Katie Couric's voice, or some other female voice, stating that there was something wrong with air traffic control perhaps since a large airliner had just hit one of the towers of the World Trade Center. It was only after having watched the second plane hit the other tower, live as it happened, did the announcer and I both know that this was no accident.
I sat mesmerized for the next 30 minutes before I put on some sweats and took the dog out for a short walk. My next task was to call George at his home in Oakland.
George and I had been dating for about 16 months and had not yet decided to move into an apartment together. He had been home sick the day before with a severe sinus infection, so I knew he'd be sleeping. And I also hesitated to call since he wasn't known to be entirely coherent in the mornings. But due to the nature of the events, I dialed the phone. As he answered I tried to explain what was going on, and realized I should have followed Mom's example and kept it simple. There are times when Mom really does know best. Finally, exasperated, I simply said what so many loved ones probably said that morning, "Turn on the television," and I hung up.
The rest of the morning is somewhat of a blur. I do remember calling my boss who lived in the East Bay and basically told him that I would not be coming into the office. He agreed that from a safety perspective, and what with working downtown in San Francisco's financial district amid large skyscrapers casting permanent shadows along Montgomery Street, being in an office was not the best place to be.
As I sat on the computer reading the news stories about the attack, the phone rang again. It was Mom and I could just feel the sense of confusion in her voice. I thought about what it must be like for someone who did not have all their mental faculties to witness such events and how they could possibly process them.
Did she think she was watching a movie? She probably wasn't the only one who thought that - many of us did as we first turned on the television. Then as I watched the first tower collapse, I said to Mom, "the building is falling." At which point she started crying and told me she loved me and that I should try to get out of the building if I could. I had to explain over the next 10 minutes that it was the building in New York collapsing, not my own apartment building.
Oh, if all the confusion and panic of those events had been so easy to explain in only 10 minutes that day. I do remember, as others have described, the "eeriness" of the streets, the buildings, the towns - big and small - and how things just didn't seem right. There was less traffic on the streets, there wasn't the usual small talk at the grocery store or the dry cleaner, if one could even think about seeking refuge in the mundane world of daily errands.
There was no air traffic. Planes were not crossing over from the Pacific Ocean only 10 blocks away to land at San Francisco International Airport. And for the next few weeks, once air flights resumed, their usual engine sounds which were usually ignored, seemed amplified at least three times by having witnessed those horrible events, that sad history.
And life did not resume quickly for me or for many others. Dinners out seemed like an extravagance, an indulgence despite the advice of television psychiatrists and counselors about the "need to take care of oneself." Music was not played loudly, jokes were not raucously repeated, kids did not run after each other during recess at St. Thomas' Catholic School across the street. In those few short hours which stretched out along my mental and emotional landscape for what seemed like months, the world had changed and would never be the same.
I had changed and would never be the same. Mom was going through her own personal terrorist attack, with daily pummelings to her mental capacity and her psyche. Before September 11, 2001, I already knew that she would never be the same. I was just hoping that the world around her would be and that I could still protect her from it, as much as an oldest son 3,000 miles away could do.
In those years since, time has passed quickly but not so quickly that I can't pause and take time to remember what was, what could have been and what may be because of those attacks. And as I remember I will do so as I hold my loved ones a bit tighter tonite, cherish the memory more fervently of those no longer with me, and pray not as silently as usual that we all appreciate what we have when we have it, thank those who protect us when we need it, and love those who love us despite the madness of the world around us.
Photo: Rescue workers conduct search and rescue attempts, descending deep into the rubble of the World Trade Center. September 14, 2001. Source: U.S. Navy photo by Photographer's Mate 2nd Class Jim Watson. Public domain.
© 2016, copyright Thomas MacEntee. All rights reserved.


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Vermont ZIP Code Areas
- Description
- Vermont ZIP Code Areas represents five-digit ZIP Code areas used by the U.S. Postal Service to deliver mail more effectively. The first digit of a five-digit ZIP Code divides the country into 10 large groups of states numbered from 0 in the Northeast to 9 in the far West. Within these areas, each state is divided into an average of 10 smaller geographical areas, identified by the 2nd and 3rd digits. These digits, in conjunction with the first digit, represent a sectional center facility or a mail processing facility area. The 4th and 5th digits identify a post office, station, branch or local delivery area.
- Publisher
- Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. (ESRI)
- Place(s)
- United States and Vermont
- Subject(s)
- location, boundaries, polygon, zip codes, areas, five-digit zip codes, post offices, and population
- Year
- Held by
- Harvard


text:
Photos: Works from Farago's collection
Photos: Works from Farago's collection
Anni Albers's weaving "Dotted."
Kathy Butterly's porcelain "Soft."
Tom Patti's glass sculpture from "Solar Rises Series."
"Couchabunga" by John Cederquist.
"Structure No. 18: Theory of Lift" by Jeanette Marie Ahlgren.
A 1989 work by Dale Chihuly.
"Adam and Eve Being Cast from the Garden of Eden" by Joyce J. Scott.


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Celeste Fowler joined the MIT/WHOI Joint Program (JP) in June 2003 and quickly made her presence felt. She was a "fantastic" engineer in the Deep Submergence Laboratory, said her adviser, Hanu Singh. But she also had "this whole other artistic side to her," said Anna Michel, a JP student who worked with her. "She always had a lot of energy? She always had her camera and was taking pictures." She also found time to volunteer to give tours for the WHOI Information Office.
After Fowler was diagnosed with metastatic melanoma, her colleagues watched as she confronted her illness with "unbelievable dignity," Singh said. "Her experience was an education for everybody." She died eight weeks after her diagnosis, in March 2004.
After she graduated from Princeton with a degree in computer science, Fowler worked for Silicon Valley companies, but all the while indulged her artistic and athletic side: scuba diving, skiing, traveling, and always taking photos. In 2000, she combined her passions for diving and photography, working for SeaPics.com, a stock photo company specializing in marine life.
When JP students expressed a desire to commemorate Fowler, John Farrington, vice president for academic programs at WHOI, suggested a way that would remember her as both scientist and artist—an art show.
Along with some of Fowler's photos, 16 JP students displayed their paintings, pottery, photography, woodworking, metalwork, drawings, macramé, jewelry, and knitting. Two gave musical performances; one presented a monologue.
"It celebrated the diversity of our students' talents, beyond the academic," Farrington said.
The Celeste Fowler Memorial Art Show will now be an annual event.
"It was a beautiful October day," said WHOI scientist Dana Yoerger, "and I was walking to the Blake building, past a field of cosmos. It was filled with Monarch butterflies. So I ran to get my camera, and I said to Celeste, "Quick, grab your camera." Her photographs of the butterflies on the flowers were beautiful. All mine turned out lousy "except for this one." (Dana Yoerger, WHOI)


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With the Immortal War fast approaching it's zenith the Chairmen of Syder Communications realize that to even their relatively quite corner of the galaxy will soon be aflame with unending bloodshed. To protect their assets they have put out a mandate to the forge world of Vi'Keen to produce mighty warships and craft a navy sufficent to defend and take new teritories but not draw attention from the local super powers.
The VendorHeavy Freighter
These ships were the Most numerous and still are large ships* of the navy. This small ship has Large cargo areas[enough to house one Detachment of the Army**] Medium armor, one heavy plasma cannon and a plasma turret.
Though well made and reliable, they are not war ships.
*bigger then a gun ship
** the pic in my Syder Comm Army thread is a detatchment.
and that is where the two newest ships come in:
The ADVOCATE Destroyer.
The ADVOCATE class is armed and armored, being geared toward offense with multiple LANC lazer batteries, a heavy plasma cannon and a Psalmodic Defiler cannon
It too can hold up to a Detachment of the Army, as well as 2 wings of fighters.
But a Sword with out a Shield is weak.
The MERCHENT class battleship
These mighty ships are to be the Back Bone of the New Navy. Fortified with mighty Entropy Shields and meter thick Unvubtainum Armor plates these ships are fortresses. And for the task of dealing damage A Photonic Response main cannon backed by multiple LANC batteries, a heavy plasma cannon, many plasma turrets and a wing of fighters are more then sufficient to deal with almost any threat present in the sector.
These ships can hold two full Detachments of the Army.


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BOISE, Idaho — Idaho residents are used to politics that track from conservative to extreme, but a primary debate involving four candidates seeking the Republican nomination for governor was over the top even by Gem State standards.
A pair of fringe contenders stole the show from Gov. Butch Otter and state Sen. Russ Fulcher, using their time to discuss Armageddon, discrimination against motorcycle clubs and problems with political correctness.
The comments from Walt Bayes and Harley Brown during of the gubernatorial debate in the 39th most populated state in the nation didn't take long to spread far beyond Idaho borders.
"You might find this offensive, but I hit everybody — Jews, Polish people, Irish, Italians, religious jokes and black jokes," Brown said Wednesday night, responding to a question about bigoted jokes posted to his website. "I don't like political correctness. … It sucks. It's bondage."
By Thursday, the website Gawker had posted a link with excerpts under the headline "I Can't Stop Watching This Bizarre Idaho Governor's Debate Video." The Washington Post took note in its widely-read political blog, The Fix, likening Bayes and Brown to Jimmy McMillan, who founded the Rent Is Too Damn High Party in New York. The Fox News website weighed in, saying the "eccentric candidates" made for a "strange Idaho gubernatorial debate."
Brown and Bayes, perennial candidates who receive little support, had the opportunity to steal the show thanks to Otter. The governor told Idaho Public Television officials that unless they were allowed to debate, he wouldn't participate either.
Fulcher supporters said the move was a stunt intended to avoid tough questions. Fulcher issued a statement Thursday evening, saying Idaho residents deserve better and that Otter set the state up for ridicule.
I don't like political correctness. … It sucks. It's bondage
Bayes spent time criticizing the federal government as "a bunch of Eastern idiots" and boasting about killing a wolf that was classified as an Endangered Species at the time. He also promised to prohibit abortion, saying "if the Supreme Court goes to hell, I'm not following them."
For his part, Brown introduced himself by saying that at the low point of his life he was called by God to be commander in chief, following the statement with "don't think I'm crazy, because I'm not."
Voters will decide on the Idaho primary May 20.


text:
6:00 pm
PBS NewsHour NULL
7:00 pm
Nature "Wolverine: Chasing The Phantom" Cameras follow researchers who follow this elusive, independent and resourceful animal - the largest member of the weasel family - that they rarely see in person. They use remote cameras, radio collars and DNA to track the creatures, who have turned out to be remarkably family oriented as well as tough and powerful for their size.G
8:00 pm
NOVA "Forensics on Trial" NOVA investigates the shaky state of crime science and looks for cutting-edge solutions. Today's forensics are in a state of crisis with few established scientific standards, no central oversight and poor regulation of examiners. Innocent men and women have been convicted on faulty forensic evidence. Of the more than 250 inmates exonerated by DNA testing in the last 10 years, more than half of the wrongful convictions stemmed from poorly executed forensics.G
9:00 pm
NOVA scienceNOW "Can Science Stop Crime?" Pogue gives the third degree to scientists pushing the limits of technology -- not only to solve horrific murders -- but also to try to prevent crimes before they even happen. He learns the latest techniques, from unraveling the clues embedded in a decomposing corpse, to detecting lies by peering directly into a suspect's brain, to tracking the creation of a criminal mind. And we meet a genius crime-stopper who's made some terrifying discoveries, including how easy it is for a bad guy to highjack -- not just your laptop -- but your kids' toys, medical devices and even your car. D
10:00 pm
Hustle Albert is in Chinatown to close a deal with Phil and his brother-in-law, Charlie, who is a notorious hard man and not one to ever consider conning. When Phil collapses and dies, Albert decides to cut his losses and leave, but Charlie wants his brother's cash by the end of the week or else. The team needs to con half a million in a hurry to save Albert's bacon.G
11:00 pm
Charlie Rose NULL


text:
Canon EF-S 18-200mm f/3.5-5.6 IS Lens
The Canon EF-S 18-200mm f/3.5-5.6 IS is a compact and lightweight zoom lens that is specifically designed for APS-C format cameras. Combining powerful performance with high image quality, this lens is ideal for use as a general-purpose zoom lens, providing coverage from a wide angle to a telephoto perspective. The lens includes Canon's 4-stop compensation Image Stabilizer technology which allows the use of shutter speeds up to 4 times slower than recommended when hand holding with no perceptible increase in image blur. Panning detection automatically turns off the Image Stabilizer in either the horizontal or vertical direction when following moving subjects. This lens is ideal for those looking for a lot of coverage without carrying too much weight and for sports shooters and bird photography.


text:
Thanks for your interest in Rapid Spray! Please use the form below to send us an enquiry about this product or call us on 1800 011 000.
Rapid Spray supports local business's by operating a network of distributors throughout Australia and overseas. This product is available for purchase via. Click & Collect through the local distributor of your choice. Your product will be shipped to the local distributor who will contact you for collection when it arrives. Supporting your local distributor ensures they can provide you the best possible service and support over the life of your purchase.


text:
Music Releases
Arashi reveals the short PV for 'Breathless'
The short PV for Arashi's "Breathless" has been revealed. "Breathless" is one of the title tracks of the group's upcoming double A-side single "Calling/Breathless" that is scheduled for release on March 6.
It has been chosen the theme song for a member Ninomiya Kazunari's starring movie "Platinum Data" (to be open in theaters starting on March 16).
Check out the short version PV for "Breathless" below. (For the details on the single, check ot our previous post here.)
Thanks to monkey for the tip!
There are 0 comments


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text:
By Mike Organ, Tennessean Staff Writer, August 16, 2008
Lipscomb's baseball team will get a chance to make another splash next season when the Bisons play national champion Fresno State.
Last year Lipscomb beat Georgia 10-7 in the first game of the NCAA Tournament.
Georgia went on to finish runner-up in the College World Series to Fresno State.
Coach Jeff Forehand confirmed Friday that he has scheduled a four-game series at Fresno State for the 2009 season. Lipscomb will play the Bulldogs on March 27, a double-header on March 28 and another game on March 29.
Forehand said his philosophy is to play stiff competition in the regular season, hoping it will prepare his team for the postseason.
He said that playing Vanderbilt, Tennessee and Alabama in the regular season last year was key to helping beat Georgia in the NCAA Tournament.
"We're just trying to do the same thing we did last year,'' Forehand said. "When we have a chance to play somebody outside of our conference, we want to play good teams and hopefully get ourselves prepared for playing good teams in our league and in the tournament."
Lipscomb will open the season with another challenge, traveling to Georgia Tech for a three-game series beginning Feb. 20. The Bisons lost to Georgia Tech 6-3 in the second game of the NCAA Tournament. The Bisons also will play Vanderbilt twice, Tennessee and Auburn.
Reach Mike Organ at 259-8021 or firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
Chungster needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 119 designs submitted by 46 freelance designers.
We are a design company that helps wedding photographers design wedding albums. Our company name is "Modern Album Designs". We are at the early stages of completely rebranding ourselves, so we're open to suggestions for color and look & feel. Our first step is to come up with a new logo!
Modern Album Designs
We design albums for other photographers. Our designs are simple, clean, elegant, modern, creative, & contemporary. We need a logo to reflect that.
We have no existing color preferences, so we are open to suggestions.
We will revamp our website (another contest later on)...the website will show that we are a creative boutique design company.
- Conveys: fresh, young, contemporary, clean, simple, elegant
- Should also convey that we are a "boutique" company - not a large "corporate" identity.
- Prefer *not* to incorporate a book/album image in the logo.
- No swirly fonts.
- No wedding-related themes or elements. (we'll have lots of those on the website already)
- Nothing that conveys: romantic, cheesy, old-fashion, traditional
- Nothing related to photography please.
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


text:
When a child has an asthma flare-up, the small airways in the lungs become irritated and swollen, making breathing difficult.
Some asthma flare-ups are mild and others can be severe. It's very important to deal with any kind of asthma flare-up right away. Many kids have a special treatment plan for an asthma flare-up. If you know a child you're caring for has asthma, ask the parents if they have an asthma treatment plan (also called an "asthma action plan"). If they do, and the child has an asthma flare-up, follow the steps in the plan carefully.
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Reviewed by: Kate M. Cronan, MD
Date Reviewed: 14-04-2013


text:
The localized loading of an elastic sheet floating on a liquid bath occurs at scales from a frog sitting on a lily pad to a volcano supported by the Earth's tectonic plates. The load is supported by a combination of the stresses within the sheet (which may include applied tensions from, for example, surface tension) and the hydrostatic pressure in the liquid. At the same time, the sheet deforms, and may wrinkle, because of the load. We study this problem in terms of the (relatively weak) applied tension and the indentation depth. For small indentation depths, we find that the force–indentation curve is linear with a stiffness that we characterize in terms of the applied tension and bending stiffness of the sheet. At larger indentations, the force–indentation curve becomes nonlinear and the sheet is subject to a wrinkling instability. We study this wrinkling instability close to the buckling threshold and calculate both the number of wrinkles at onset and the indentation depth at onset, comparing our theoretical results with experiments. Finally, we contrast our results with those previously reported for very thin, highly bendable membranes.
1. Introduction
Poking is a natural way in which to test the material properties of an object, both in everyday life (for example, an under-inflated bicycle tyre) or, more quantitatively, in AFM measurements of graphene [1,2] and biological cells [3]. While in many situations the object being poked is a homogeneous bulk material, in others the object is a composite, consisting, for example, of a bulk material with a thin coating. In such scenarios, poking may provide information about the coating, the substrate that is coated or some combination of the two.
The canonical problem to understand the relative roles of coating and substrate is that of a thin elastic film bonded to a substrate. Perhaps the simplest substrate response is one that provides a restoring force linear in the vertical deflection—a Winkler foundation [4]. Physically, this corresponds to an object floating on the surface of a liquid: the hydrostatic pressure within the liquid provides a restoring force that is precisely linear in the vertical deflection. However, this linear response is also commonly used as a model of an elastic substrate—this model assumes that the substrate consists of an array of linear springs and is therefore also known as the mattress model.
At the same time as being relatively simple to formulate mathematically, this scenario is also of interest at a range of scales: at very large scales, floating ice sheets are often used in cold regions as construction platforms for transport routes, airfields and offshore oil exploration sites. Determining the bearing capacity and failure of ice sheets subject to vertical loads is essential when assessing the operational potential of floating ice sheets [5–8]. This requires knowledge of the bending rigidity of sea ice [9,10], which is usually measured by comparison with theoretical results for the loading of a thin floating plate [11,12]. At still larger scales, the loading of ice sheets by surface melt water has been implicated in the catastrophic collapse of the Larsen B ice sheet in Antarctica [13], while at global scales the gravitational loading of the lithosphere by mountain ranges [14,15] and volcanic sea mounts [16] involve much the same physical ingredients.
At the other end of the length-scale spectrum, the elastic properties of thin biological materials may be characterized by measuring the deflection that results from an applied central point force [17–19]. Similarly, the material properties of ultra-thin polymer films can be determined from the readily observable wrinkle patterns that form when floating films are subject to a localized force either from the capillary pressure of a fluid droplet or an imposed displacement from an indenter [20–22]. In both cases, a vertical deflection pulls material radially inwards and in so doing generates a compressive azimuthal stress in the film that ultimately results in a radial pattern of wrinkles. The properties of these wrinkling patterns at very small scales have been extensively studied both 'near-threshold' (close to the onset of instability) [23] and 'far-from-threshold' (once the wrinkling pattern is well developed) [21,22,24–26]. The key observation is that in highly flexible films, the stress state is qualitatively changed by wrinkling: wrinkling relaxes the stress in the direction perpendicular to the wrinkles [24,27,28]. This may have important consequences for the mean shape of the wrinkled object, which is, in general, different from what would be observed in the absence of wrinkles [22,29]. Furthermore, this wrinkling can have the surprising consequence that the force–displacement response depends not on the mechanical properties of the film (its modulus and thickness), but rather only its geometry (e.g. radius) and other physics in the system [22,29]. As well as their aesthetic appeal, these wrinkle patterns are of interest as a means of generating surfaces with functional patterned topology [30] that may be useful in applications such as wetting [31] and photonic devices [32].
Although the large and small length-scale problems discussed above contain the same physical ingredients, the former are dominated by bending stresses and gravity, while the latter are dominated by the surface tension of the interface, together with gravity. Indeed, it is this influence of the liquid surface tension that distinguishes large scales from small scales. The two problems may therefore be thought of as two limits of an elastic sheet floating at the surface of a liquid and subject to a tension at its boundary. Here, we study the relative effects of the sheet's bending stiffness and the applied (interfacial) tension, focusing, in particular, on the transition between regimes in which one dominates the other. However, we shall also see that a key third ingredient is the amount of imposed deformation.
The paper is structured as follows: the detailed mathematical model used to describe this system is discussed in §2. The experimental set-up used to study axisymmetric deformations of the floating sheet is described in §3. In §4, axisymmetric deformations are considered theoretically with the results of numerical and analytical arguments compared with experiments. This section finishes with a discussion of what distinguishes 'small' and 'large' deflections. The onset of wrinkling is detailed in §5, including a linear stability analysis of the axisymmetric state, a description of the experimental technique employed to identify the onset of wrinkling and comparison between experimental results and the linear stability analysis, before conclusions are presented in §6.
2. Theoretical setting
We consider an elastic sheet of thickness h, Young's modulus E and Poisson's ratio ν, floating on a fluid of density ρ. The sheet is subject to a point-like force F at its centre (shown schematically in figure 1) which results in the deformation of the sheet. Provided that deformations occur over a length scale that is large compared to the thickness of the sheet, we may model the resulting elastic deformation using the Föppl–von-Kármán equations, incorporating the hydrostatic pressure exerted by the fluid phase on the elastic sheet. Accordingly, the vertical displacement of the sheet from its neutral floating equilibrium, ζ(r,θ), satisfies the vertical force balance equation [22] B∇4ζ−[ζ,χ]=−ρgζ−F2πδ(r)r,2.1where B=Eh3/[12(1−ν2)] is the bending stiffness of the sheet, g is the acceleration due to gravity, δ(r) is the Dirac δ-function and the operator [f,g] is given in polar coordinates by [33]: [f,g]=∂2f∂r2(1r∂g∂r+1r2∂2g∂θ2)+∂2g∂r2(1r∂f∂r+1r2∂2f∂θ2)−2∂∂r(1r∂f∂θ)∂∂r(1r∂g∂θ).2.2In (2.1), the Airy stress function χ(r,θ) is a potential for the in-plane stress and is introduced to ensure that the stress within the solid sheet automatically satisfies the equilibrium equation; this is achieved by setting σθθ=∂2χ∂r2,σrr=1r∂χ∂r+1r2∂2χ∂θ2andσrθ=−∂∂r(1r∂χ∂θ).
A second differential equation arises from the 'compatibility of strains', the requirement that the strains associated with the stress of a particular stress function, χ(r,θ), match the geometric strains associated with a particular out-of-plane displacement, ζ(r,θ). This condition may be written as ∇4χ=−12Eh[ζ,ζ],2.3where the product Eh is the stretching stiffness of the sheet.
Indentation may be achieved by imposing a given force F and measuring the indentation depth ζ0 that results, or by imposing an indentation depth and measuring the force required to produce this indentation. Both techniques were employed in our experiments, described in §3, and are mathematically equivalent in terms of the model developed here. However, in numerical calculations, it is simpler to prescribe the indentation depth ζ(0)=ζ0 and calculate the force F that is required to achieve this level of indentation subsequently. The conditions imposed on ζ at the indentation point are therefore the indentation depth, that the sheet does not have a cusp and the requirement of zero horizontal displacement, ζ(0,θ)=−ζ0,∂ζ∂r|(0,θ)=0,CicciaBella Cowgirl CicciaBella Riders J'Adore Riders Cowgirl CicciaBella J'Adore J'Adore Cowgirl CicciaBella Riders Cowgirl Riders ur(r=0)=0.2.4The last condition on the horizontal displacement at the origin is equivalent to a condition on the hoop strain, limr→0[rϵθθ]=0, which may, using Hooke's Law, be restated as a condition on the stress distribution at the origin, and hence on the derivatives of the Airy stress function χ, namely limr→0 [r∂2χ∂r2−ν∂χ∂r−ν1r∂2χ∂θ2]=0.2.5We also have an arbitrary choice of gauge in χ (because it is only the derivatives of χ that have physical relevance), and hence we take χ(0,θ)=0.2.6
We consider a sheet where out-of-plane deformation occurs over a distance much smaller than the radial extent of the sheet. The effect of the finite radius of the sheet is known to play an important role in the development of wrinkle patterns in very thin sheets [22]. Here, we use larger sheets for which the effects of finite size are negligible (we shall discuss later what 'large' means in this context). We therefore expect that, far from the indenter, the sheet will return to its undeformed, freely floating position, i.e. ζ,∂ζ∂r→0as r→∞.2.7In the far field, we imagine that the sheet is subject to a homogeneous, isotropic tension which, in our experiments, arises from the surface tension of the liquid, γlv; we therefore have σrr,σθθ→γlv as r→∞, which requires that χ∼γClassified M Low City Heel Cowboy Black Ankle 85 Perforated Weezie Stacked Faux US Booties Suede Women's dFRp0F61lvr22as r→∞.2.8
(a) Non-dimensionalization
In this paper, we seek to describe both relatively thick sheets (where we expect the applied, far-field tension due to surface tension to be a perturbative effect) and thinner sheets where this tension is important. We, therefore, choose a non-dimensionalization that does not break down in the limit γlv→0. In particular, we let Z=ζh,R=rℓg,Ψ=χBandF=F(Bh/ℓ2g),2.9where ℓg=(Bρg)1/42.10is the elasto-gravitational length scale over which the deformation of the elastic sheet produces a bending stress comparable with the buoyancy force from the fluid.
With this non-dimensionalization, we find that (2.1) becomes ∇4Z−[Z,Ψ]=−Z−F2πδ(R)R,2.11while (2.3) becomes ∇4Ψ=−6(1−ν2)[Z,Z].2.12Equations (2.11)–(2.12) are to be solved subject to the boundary conditions Z(0)=−δ=−ζ0h,Z′(0)=0,limR→0[R∂2Ψ∂R2−ν∂Ψ∂R−ν1R∂2Ψ∂θ2]=0,Ψ(0)=0.2.13Far from the indenter, we also have Z,Z′→0,Ψ→12τR2as R→∞.2.14Here, τ=γlv(ρgB)1/22.15is the dimensionless 'applied tension'. We note that τ is the ratio of the relevant applied stress (surface tension, γlv) to the bending stresses when deformations occur on a length scale ℓg, i.e. B/ℓ2g; hence τ may also be thought of as a 'mechanical bendability', ϵQuick Shoes Socks Yoga Sports Multicolor Water Swim Socks AOJIAN Beach Snorkeling Aqua Diving Dry Barefoot qw1IB0xEO−1m in the terminology of Hohlfeld & Davidovitch [34]. In our experiments, τ was varied predominantly by changing the thickness of the sheets, but also by changing the interfacial tension, to attain values in the range 10−3≲τ≲30. This range covers a wide range of behaviours and allows us to observe the beginning of the transition to extremely bendable, ultra-thin films with τ≳104 that have been studied previously [22,26].
Another measure of the bendability of a thin elastic sheet exists, besides the mechanical bendability τ: as indentation will itself induce a stress within the sheet, there is also a 'geometrical bendability' [34]. To determine this geometrical bendability, we note that if an indentation of amplitude ζ0 decays over a horizontal length scale ℓ*, then the geometry-induced stress is Eh(ζ0/ℓ*)2, while the bending-induced stress is B/ℓ2∗. The geometrical bendability is, therefore, ϵ−1g=Ehζ20B∼(ζ0h)2=δ2.2.16This geometrical bendability is simply the square of the dimensionless indentation depth, δ, up to constants whose only dependence on the sheet's properties is through the Poisson ratio ν.
Our problem is therefore governed by two dimensionless parameters: the geometrical and mechanical bendabilities, ϵ−1g and ϵ−1m, respectively. While one might expect, on counting grounds, there to be another quantity measuring the significance of bending stresses to the stretching stiffness of the sheet, i.e. q=(Bρg)1/2/(Eh), we note that this q∝(h/ℓg)2, which must be small for our use of the Föppl–von Kármán equations to be appropriate. Nevertheless, this 'nearly inextensible' limit is a regular limit [22].
Focusing instead on the two parameters δ=ϵ−1/2g and τ=ϵ−1m, we note that the geometrical bendability is independent of the bending stiffness of the sheet, liquid density and applied tension while the mechanical bendability depends on all of these and is, instead, independent of the imposed indentation. We also emphasize that the behaviour of the limits τ≪1 and τ≫1 is quite different. In the limit τ→0, the problem is perfectly regular, but only the parameter δ remains. As a result, we expect the behaviour of the sheet to be determined only by the value of δ. A consequence of this is that features of the wrinkling instability in the sheet (e.g. the critical indentation depth at which wrinkles appear) must be described by order 1 numbers as τ→0: we can immediately see that the dimensionless critical indentation depth δc=O(1), so that the dimensional critical indentation depth ζ(c)0∝h, and the number of wrinkles at onset nonset=O(1) also. By contrast, when τ≫1 (ϵ−1m≫1), both of the dimensionless parameters τ and δ will matter; in particular, we should expect to observe a dependence of δc and nonset on τ. In table 1, we highlight the relevant dimensionless groups (DGs) observed in each of the regimes τ≪1 and τ≫1, as well as focusing on which features of the problem have been studied previously, are the focus of this work, or remain open problems for future work.
3. Experimental measurements of axisymmetric deformation
Initially, a series of experiments were performed on relatively large floating elastic sheets for which the mechanical bendability was small, τ≪1. In this series of experiments, detailed in §3a, sheets of varying thickness h were indented with a known applied force and the resulting, axisymmetric, profiles of the sheets were measured. A schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus used to measure the elastic response of a floating sheet to a localized load is shown in figure 1b. Further experiments were then performed on smaller, thinner sheets of varying bending stiffness B to assess the influence of τ. In these experiments, described in §3b, the centre of the sheet was indented to a known displacement and the force required to achieve such a deformation was measured. Together, the results from both sets of experiments map the transition from a regime in which bending controls the axisymmetric deformation to one in which the in-plane tension dominates instead. The experimental techniques used to study the wrinkling that occurs for large-amplitude deformation are described separately, in §5b.
(a) Low mechanical bendability, τ≪1
A first series of experiments were performed using a range of circular sheets of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with diameter D≳0.5 m and thickness h≳1.5 mm. These sheets were produced by spreading a commercial silicone elastomer (Sylgard 184, Dow Corning, UK) on a carefully levelled table, and then curing the sample for one week in a temperature-controlled room that maintained the temperature in the range 40–45°C. Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of these sheets were measured by performing compressive tests using an Instron 3345 and were found to be E=2.06±0.03 MPa and ν=0.50±0.01, respectively. The detailed properties of the PDMS sheets used in these experiments are given in table 2.
For each experiment, an elastic sheet was carefully positioned on top of a layer of water contained within a tank of square cross section and area 502 cm2 or 1 m2, depending on the diameter of the sheet in use. The density of PDMS, ρPDMS≈929 kg m−3, is less than that of water at 20°C, ρ=998 kg m−3, so that the sheet floats in equilibrium. The edge of the elastic sheet was freely floating (with no normal force or bending moment applied). However, spacers attached to the internal tank walls reduced the size of the tank cross section to that of the sheet diameter at four positions and contacted the sheet to ensure it did not rotate during experiments, while minimizing any effect on the stress within the sheet.
In these experiments, the mechanical bendability was calculated to be τ≲10−2. The relative insignificance of surface tension was confirmed by adding surfactant (washing-up liquid) to the liquid bath. The addition of surfactant reduced the surface tension of the fluid from γlv=72.8 Nm−1 to γlv=24.9 Nm−1, as was measured using a Drop Shape Analyser (DSA100, Kruss GmbH, Germany). At the concentrations used, the density of the water remains unaltered. Despite a reduction in surface tension of more than a factor of two, the results obtained here were quantitatively indistinguishable. Further, our surface tension measurements did not change when compared before and after the experiment: any free polymer chains released by the sheets did not modify the surface tension of our (relatively large) bath significantly, as has recently been reported for small droplets [36].
A localized force was applied to the centre of the floating sheet using an indenter of length 300 mm, diameter 6.0±0.05 mm with a hemispherical end cap (making contact with the sheet). The radius of this contacting cap, rcap≈3 mm, is significantly smaller than the relevant horizontal length scale (CicciaBella CicciaBella Cowgirl Riders J'Adore Riders CicciaBella J'Adore J'Adore Cowgirl Cowgirl Cowgirl Riders Riders CicciaBella ℓg≳15 mm throughout this series of experiments); we therefore expect the point indenter approximation to be reasonable, as we shall discuss in due course. The indenter was weighted to obtain a given applied force in the range 0.34–20.76 N with an accuracy of ±0.01 N, and was held inside a guiding tube to ensure the application of a central, vertical force.
For a small applied force, and therefore small indentation depth, the vertical deflection of the sheet remained axisymmetric. The magnitude of this axisymmetric deformation was determined by digitally imaging the deflection of a line drawn along the bottom surface of the sheet. The line was approximately 2 mm in width, fluorescent and illuminated using a blue-light LED lamp. The entire sheet was imaged using a Nikon D5000 with a resolution of 4288×2848 pixels which was positioned at 27° to the horizontal and perpendicular to the line. A high-pass filter positioned between the line and imaging camera produced a high-contrast image, enabling the line to be distinguished from other features in the experiment. The deflection of the line was measured with respect to a reference image of the undeflected line. Vertical deflections were resolved to within 100 μm by fitting a Gaussian profile across the line, and processing the differences between images of the deflected line and the reference image [37].
(b) Moderate mechanical bendability, τ≳10−1
Further experiments were performed on thinner sheets for which the mechanical bendability was no longer small (in particular, τ≳0.1). To obtain significantly thinner sheets of uniform thickness, we used spin coating of two grades of polyvinylsiloxane (PVS) elastomer (Elite Double 8 and 22, Zhermack, Italy). The thickness of the spin-coated sheets was measured prior to experimentation using a microscope (Leica DMIL, Leitz Wetzlar, Germany). Young's modulus of the cured elastomers were measured by performing tensile tests on a structural testing machine (Instron 3345, Instron, UK) and found to be 200±13 kPa and 801±18 kPa, respectively, with ν=0.5 in both cases.1 Experiments were also conducted on a Polyimide (PI) sheet of h=8.5±2.0 μm, E=3.7±0.7 GPa and ν=0.34 (supplied by Goodfellow, Cambridge). The material properties of the PVS and PI sheets are detailed in table 2.
Limitations of spin coating meant it was not possible to obtain very large, thin sheets. Here, we used circular sheets of diameter D=89±0.5 mm, floating on a layer of water contained within a petri dish of inner diameter D=91±0.5 mm.
The petri dish containing water and a floating thin sheet was itself positioned upon a microbalance (Pioneer PA64C Analytic Balance, Ohaus, Switzerland). The centre of the sheets were indented by a needle tip of diameter 0.4 mm attached to a linear actuator (M228, Physik Instrumente, Germany) that was driven by a computer-controlled stepper motor (Mercury Step C663, Physik Instrumente), reported vertical deflections were accurate to 0.1 μm. The applied force was measured by recording the mass reported by the microbalance (accurate to within 0.1 mg).
4. Axisymmetric deformations
Having outlined the experimental techniques used for studying axisymmetric deformations, we now return to the theoretical setting discussed in §2, and specialize to the case of axisymmetric deformations, i.e. Z(R,θ)=Z(R).
(a) Numerical solution
For axisymmetric deformations, the vertical force balance and compatibility equations, (2.11) and (2.12), become a pair of coupled, nonlinear ordinary differential equations 1RddR{RddR[1RddR(RdZdR)]}−1RddR(dZdRdΨdR)=−Z−F2πδ(R)R4.1and RddR[1RddR(RdΨdR)]=−6(1−ν2)(dZdR)2,4.2subject to force and symmetry boundary conditions on the deflection at the origin, Z(0)=−δ,Z′(0)=limR→0[RΨ″−νΨ′]=Ψ(0)=04.3and far-field conditions Z,Z′→0,Ψ→12τR2(R→∞).4.4
The system of equations (Power Rasolli Closed Purple Back Flower Women's Professional Clogs xYrgaYq6)–(Yellow Cushioning Balance Team Solar Shoe Trail Pigment Royal Running Women's 410v5 New PRdqwtt) can readily be solved numerically using, for example, the Matlab routine bvp4c. This numerical solution is computed on a finite domain, [0,D/(2ℓg)], where we use D/ℓg=2000 to ensure that the domain is large enough that its finite size is not apparent when comparing with our analytical results (which are calculated with D/ℓg=∞). This yields predictions for the axisymmetric shape Z(R) and the stresses within the sheet, and may also be used to determine the indentation force F required to produce a given indentation depth δ, because the first integral of (4.1) gives F=−2πlimR→0{RddR[1RddR(RdZdR)]}.4.5The force–displacement relationship calculated for τ=0 is shown as the solid curve in figure 2a along with the results from experiments, obtained for τ≲10−2 and detailed in §3a. In figure 2b, the numerically determined force–displacement relationship is shown for a variety of values of τ together with experimental results for 10−1≲τ≲30, detailed in §3b. Both the numerical and experimental results reveal the existence of two apparent regimes in the force–displacement law: for 'small' displacements, δ≲1, the displacement of the sheet scales linearly with the applied force, while for 'large' displacements, δ≳1, the force scales with the square of the imposed displacement. Moreover, the results shown in figure 2b also expose a dependence of the force–displacement response on the mechanical bendability τ that appears to only be present for 'small' displacements. We, therefore, turn to try and understand these relationships analytically and to quantify more precisely what is meant by 'small' and 'large' displacements.
(b) Small displacement theory
For small displacements, we expect that the stress within the sheet should remain axisymmetric (independent of θ), being close to the unperturbed value set by the far-field tension (or mechanical bendability), and, further, that the vertical displacement will be everywhere small. Following a similar analysis for the indentation of pressurized elastic shells [38], we seek small deviations from this uniform tension state and so let Ψ=τR2/2+∼Ψ and Z=∼Z. Hence (4.1) and (4.2) may be linearized to give ∇4∼Z−τ∇2∼Z+∼Z=−F2πδ(R)R4.6and RddR[1RddR(Rd∼ΨdR)]=0.4.7
The solution of (4.6) can be found by noting that solutions of the Helmholtz equation ∇2∼Z=λ∼Z are also solutions of (4.6) if λ2−τλ+1=04.8and hence that λ=λ±=12(τ±√τ2−4).4.9We, therefore, have that the relevant general solution for small vertical deflections is ∼Z=αK0(λ1/2+R)+βK0(λ1/2−R),4.10where K0(x) is the modified Bessel function of zeroth order and the constants α and β need to be chosen to satisfy the boundary conditions as R→0. (The boundary conditions as R→∞ have already been satisfied by our choice of the solution of the Helmholtz equation—we have neglected the possibility of any solutions ∝I0(x), which would diverge as Riders Riders Riders CicciaBella Cowgirl CicciaBella J'Adore J'Adore Riders CicciaBella Cowgirl J'Adore Cowgirl CicciaBella Cowgirl x→∞.) We find that ∼Z=−2δlog(λ−/λ+)[K0(λ1/2+R)−K0(λ1/2−R)].4.11It is possible to repeat this calculation to account for the effect of a finite-sized indenter, rin. We find that the prefactor in (4.11) is correct to O(rin/ℓg) and hence the limit of a point indenter, rin/ℓg→0, is regular. (This regularity is a result of the finite bending stiffness of the sheet, and is distinct from the indentation of a membrane, where a logarithmic dependence on the indenter radius was found [39] analytically, although a power-law correction has also been claimed [40].) In the majority of our experiments, rin/ℓg≲0.1≪1 and hence the effect of indenter size may be neglected. Finally, we note that, at this order, the perturbed Airy stress function ∼Ψ=0: from (4.7), ∼Ψ=AR2+BlogR+C, which cannot satisfy the boundary conditions unless A=B=C=0.
To compute the force required to produce the displacement in (4.11), we use (4.5), which gives that F=K1δ,4.12where K1=2π(τ2−4)1/2arctanh[(1−4/τ2)1/2],4.13is the dimensionless 'stiffness', or spring constant, of the floating sheet.
It is important to note that the dimensionless stiffness (4.13) is a function solely of τ, as defined in (2.15). In figure 3, experimental values of K1 are shown as a function of τ alongside the theoretical result (4.13). (For definiteness, experimental calculations of the spring constant used experimental data with δ<1.)
We note that, in the limits of small and large mechanical bendabilities, the dimensionless stiffness takes the values K1∼{8,τ≪12πτlog(4τ),τ≫1.4.14For τ≪1, the stiffness of the sheet becomes insensitive to the value of that tension (because the restoring force is provided predominantly by the bending stiffness of the sheet). In dimensional terms, we have that, for τ≪1, F≈8Bℓ2gζ0=8(Bρg)1/2ζ0,4.15which is a result derived first by Hertz [35]. For large mechanical bendability, τ≫1, however, the stiffness of the sheet is instead dominated by the surface tension of the interface; the corresponding dimensional result is F≈2πγlvlog(4τ)ζ0.4.16In this limit, the bending stiffness of the sheet enters only via a logarithmic correction.
(c) Large displacement scaling analysis
The theoretical analysis just presented for small displacements relied on the stress state within the sheet remaining close to its pre-indentation levels. However, as the indentation, ζ0, increases, the sheet is forced to stretch over a horizontal region of size ℓ* (with ℓ* currently unknown). This stretching induces a strain ∼(ζ0/ℓ*)2 and hence costs an elastic energy ∼Eh(ζ0/ℓ∗Cowgirl Riders J'Adore Cowgirl Riders Cowgirl CicciaBella J'Adore CicciaBella J'Adore CicciaBella Riders Riders CicciaBella Cowgirl )4ℓ2∗=Ehζ40/ℓ2∗. As this elastic energy decreases as the sheet stretches over a greater horizontal distance (the strain is smaller), it is tempting to assume that ℓ*=Rsheet, the radius of the sheet. However, such a deformation is extremely expensive in terms of the gravitational potential energy of the liquid that is displaced, ∼ρgζ20ℓ2∗. Instead, an indentation-dependent horizontal scale ℓ∗∼(Ehζ20/ρg)1/4 emerges that minimizes the sum of gravitational and elastic energies. Using this estimate of ℓ* in the above energy estimates, we find that the total energy of the system then scales like (Ehρg)1/2ζ30, which must balance the work done in indentation, Fζ0. This argument predicts that the indentation force F∼(Ehρg)1/2ζ20, or in dimensionless terms that F∼δ2,4.17with a prefactor that is independent of τ. This scaling is consistent with both numerical and experimental results shown in figure 2. However, it seems possible that this scaling might fail with τ≫1; for example, the relevant stretching energy might be that in the flat portion of the membrane, r≳ℓ∗, rather than that induced by the out of plane deformation. We shall carefully consider this possibility shortly.
Profiles of the deflection of the PDMS sheets measured as a function of radial position are shown in figure 4 for various ratios of indentation displacement to sheet thickness, δ=ζ0/h. Naturally, an increase in the applied load resulted in greater deformation of the elastic sheet. For the results shown in figure 4a the indentation of the sheet is less than the thickness of the sheet, δ<1, while in figure 4b the indentation is greater than the sheet thickness, δ>1 (though in all cases plotted in figure 4, the measured deformation of the sheet remains axisymmetric). For small deformations, the normalized indentation displacement, ζ/ζ0, is plotted as a function of the radial distance scaled by the elasto-gravity bending length, CicciaBella Riders CicciaBella Riders Riders J'Adore J'Adore Cowgirl J'Adore CicciaBella Cowgirl CicciaBella Cowgirl Cowgirl Riders r/ℓg, in figure 4a; we observe good collapse, particularly with the smallest δ≪1. By contrast, for large deformations, shown in 4b, the normalized indentation displacement ζ/ζ0 is plotted as a function of the radial distance r scaled by the horizontal scale that emerges from the large displacement scaling analysis ℓ∗∼(Ehζ20/ρg)1/4—we see that plotting the data in this way provides a better collapse in this regime than would be obtained by using r/ℓg (see inset of figure 4b). For both small and large displacements, we see that the vertical deflection of the edge of the sheet is negligible, though this is expected to break down for very large indentations, i.e. once ℓ*∼Rsheet.
Figure 5a–c presents numerically determined profiles of the hoop stress, σθθ, within the sheet for τ=0.1,1 and 10, and different values of the indentation depth δ. These stress profiles show that the stress differs from the applied (interfacial) tension only near the indenter, and also that the indenter's region of influence grows with increasing indentation depth. The key feature of these plots is, however, that the hoop stress becomes increasingly compressive as δ increases—this compression ultimately leads to wrinkling, as we shall see in §5.
The scaling law that led to (4.17) predicts that the stresses within the sheet, σij∼δ. It is, therefore, natural to test this scaling law by rescaling the numerical results of figure 5a–c using a lateral length scale δ1/2 and stress scale δ. This collapse is shown in figure 5d and supports the validity of the scaling argument as already presented. However, two DGs, both τ and δ, influence the behaviour and hence it seems plausible that some τ-dependence may remain. To test this possibility, we use the rescalings suggested by our scaling analysis to rescale the full, axisymmetric dimensionless problem (4.1)–(4.2). In particular, we let ∼R=Rδ1/2,∼Z=Z(R)δand∼Ψ=(Ψ−12τR2)/δ24.18and find that the system of equations (Patricia Women's Pink Green Slippers Chloe CCRwqWngvr)–(4.4) becomes δ−21∼Rdd∼R{∼Rdd∼R[1∼Rdd∼R(∼Rd∼Zd∼R)]}−1∼Rdd∼R[d∼Zd∼R(τδ∼R+dΨdR)]=−∼Z−F2πδ2δ(∼R)∼R4.19and ∼Rdd∼R{1∼Rdd∼R[∼R(τδ∼R+d∼Ψd∼R)Suede City Heel Stacked Low Women's Weezie Booties US Perforated Black Ankle Cowboy Classified 65 Faux M rzXqrx]}=−6(1−ν2)(d∼Zd∼R)2,4.20subject to ∼ZSlippers Comfortable Prints Sandals Shoes Pink Fur Flat Plush Home Slides Cream Indoor Ice Women's Cartoon pAawqnYxx5(0)=−1,∼Z′(0)=lim∼R→0[∼R∼Ψ″−CicciaBella Cowgirl Riders Riders J'Adore CicciaBella CicciaBella Riders J'Adore Riders CicciaBella Cowgirl J'Adore Cowgirl Cowgirl ν∼Ψ′]=∼Ψ(0)=04.21and far-field conditions ∼Z,∼Z′→0and∼Ψ→0(∼R→∞).4.22
This rescaling shows that the effect of the bending stiffness (the first term on the L.H.S. of (4.19)) may be neglected for δ≫1, apart from a small boundary layer near the origin. Interestingly, this rescaling also reveals that the effect of the mechanical bendability is perturbative, provided that the indentation depth is sufficiently large that τ/δ≪1. Therefore, in the limit δ≫max{τ,1}, a universal problem is recovered and the problem, including the force law (4.17), is indeed independent of the mechanical bendability τ, even for τ≫1.
(d) Transition from small to large displacements
To understand what is meant by large and small displacements, we now compare the two force laws given by (4.12) and (4.17). We expect that these two forces become of the same order when δ∼K1(τ)4.23and hence that the transition between the linear and quadratic regimes will occur when the dimensionless displacement is comparable to the dimensionless stiffness of the sheet, i.e. δ=O[K1(τ)]. As K1(τ)∼max{1,τ/log(τ)}, we note that the criterion (4.23) for the transition between small and large indentation depths is also consistent with the condition δ≫max{τ,1} for which the rescaled problem (4.19)–(4.22) becomes universal.
The analysis of this section has characterized the axisymmetric behaviour of the sheet. As the load, F, or, equivalently, the indentation depth δ, increases, the stresses within the sheet are changed from the uniform, homogeneous tension applied by surface tension initially. As might be expected, the application of a load generally stretches the sheet, increasing the magnitude of the stress. However, indentation also acts to pull material within the sheet to a smaller radial coordinate: to fit within this smaller circle, the hoop stress, σθθ, becomes relatively compressive (e.g. figure 5 and stress profiles for the membrane, τ=∞, case [Womens 6M Nubuck Shoes Elsa Shoe Drew 73010 Navy Uxz1qn6w]). The degree of relative compression increases with indentation depth and, at sufficiently large δ, the hoop stress becomes absolutely compressive, σθθ<0. Very thin membranes (τ≫1) offer very little resistance to bending [22], and so this compression signals the onset of wrinkling. However, to determine this onset of wrinkling for finite mechanical bendability requires more detailed consideration, and it is to this that we now turn.
5. Large-amplitude deformation: the onset of wrinkling
In the limit of infinite mechanical bendability, τ=∞, it was shown previously [22] that the hoop stress first becomes compressive when ζ0=ζ(c)0≈11.75ℓc(γlvEh)1/2,5.1which in the non-dimensionalization used here reads δc=ζ(c)0h≈11.75[12(1−ν2)]1/2τ.5.2It was also shown experimentally that very thin membranes do indeed wrinkle at this indentation depth, to within experimental resolution.
However, sheets of finite mechanical bendability are of most interest here and do, by definition, have a finite resistance to bending. As such, they may accommodate some compressive stresses before buckling. We, therefore, expect that there will be a τ-dependent critical indentation depth δc(τ) at which a wrinkled solution first exists. Determining this critical indentation depth should also reveal the properties of the wrinkle pattern at onset. We, therefore, focus on the behaviour of the system close to the threshold of wrinkling: this is a 'near-threshold' analysis, rather than the 'far-from-threshold' analysis in which the stress field is fundamentally changed to relax compression [22Ankle Boot Splendid Plum Ii Women's Deep Nixie qt7nftSHwx,24].
(a) Linear stability analysis
We seek a solution of (2.11) and (2.12) that is a small perturbation of the axisymmetric solution found in §4. We, therefore, let Substituting this ansatz into (2.11) and (2.12), we find that at leading order we recover the axisymmetric membrane problem considered in §4, which takes the form of (4.1)–(4.2) with Ψ→Ψ(0) and Z→Z(0), i.e. and However, at next order, and after retaining only those terms that are linear in the perturbation, we find that 5.3and 5.4where f′ denotes differentiation with respect to R and the operator is defined by 5.5For practical purposes, it is useful to note that 5.6
Equations (5.3) and (5.4) are to be solved subject to the boundary conditions that the perturbation to the displacement and its slope must vanish both at the indenter and as , that is 5.7Considering the condition that the components of the displacement have to vanish at the indenter gives 5.8as well as Ψ(1)(0)=0.
The problem (5.3)–(5.8) is a quadratic eigenvalue problem for n2 [41]. We solve this problem numerically by first solving the axisymmetric problem via relaxation (using bvp4c in Matlab). With this solution, we then discretize the resulting linear equations for Ψ(1) and Z(1) using centred finite differences and solve the resulting quadratic eigenvalue problem by restricting n to be an integer and determining the smallest value of δ for which the linear system has vanishing determinant. This gives a range of critical indentation depths δc(n), which can then be minimized to give the smallest value of δ at which wrinkles may occur, as well as the corresponding number of wrinkles at the onset of wrinkling, nonset. The results of this numerical analysis, together with the results from experiments focused on the onset and form of wrinkling, are detailed below.
(b) Experimental investigations of the onset of wrinkling
To explore the onset of wrinkling, further experiments were performed on the elastic sheets described in §3. An image of the relatively large-amplitude wrinkles observed with a thick PDMS sheet, for δ≫δc, is shown in figure 6. The key parameters of interest here, however, are those determined by our near-threshold analysis, namely the critical indentation depth at which wrinkling first occurs, δc, and the number of wrinkles present at the onset of wrinkling, nonset. (We do not investigate how the wrinkle patterns evolve beyond onset, which has been studied in detail for sheets with τ≫1 [26].) The physical properties of the sheets used in these experiments are summarized in table 3.
As before, relatively thick PDMS sheets and thin PVS sheets (material properties as detailed in table 3) were floated on water and indented until the wrinkles became visible so that the number of wrinkles could be counted by eye. Additional experiments were performed on a PI sheet (detailed in §3b) and a polycarbonate (PC) sheet of h=2.2 μm and E=2.73 GPa and ν=0.37 (supplied by Goodfellow, Cambridge). The experiments performed on the PI and PC sheets were performed with the sheets floating on water (γlv=72.81±0.12 dyn cm−1) and also on a well-mixed solution of water and washing-up liquid (γlv=24.85±0.12 dyn cm−1, measured as described previously). The variation in the sheet thickness and material, as well as of the liquid–vapour surface tension γlv permitted the variation of τ: here we report experiments with .
(c) Linear stability and experimental results
The key quantities of interest are the critical depth, δc, at which wrinkling begins and nonset, the number of wrinkles observed at this onset. Figure 7a,b, therefore, shows how nonset and δc, respectively, vary with the dimensionless mechanical bendability τ. The experimental observations of both the number of wrinkles at onset and the critical indentation depth broadly agree with the results of the linear stability analysis. In particular, both theory and experiment illustrate that the number of wrinkles and onset indentation are approximately constant for small mechanical bendability, τ≪1. This is as should be expected: recall that the limit τ=0 is regular and so, for τ≪1, the problem is governed by the indentation depth δ alone (or equivalently, the geometrical bendability ϵ−1g=δ2). This implies that the wrinkling instability must occur at some critical value δc, independently of τ. This critical value δc must therefore be some O(1) constant for τ≪1 (in agreement with the numerical and experimental results).
In the limit of large mechanical bendability, τ≫1, we find that the numerical results for the indentation depth at onset, δc, are consistent with previous results for [22], which is written in our dimensionless notation in (5.2), and is shown in figure 7b for comparison. In this limit, our numerical results for the wrinkle number suggest , which is the scaling expected by modifying a previous scaling analysis of the problem close to threshold [24]. Our experimental results reproduce the numerically expected values (to within experimental error), but do not reach the very large mechanical bendability regime where a true scaling exists. Instead, the experimental results taken on their own appear to suggest a scaling nonset∼τ1/2. We emphasize that this apparent scaling law is simply the transition between different scaling laws (nonset=O(1) at τ≪1 and nonset∼τ2/3 at τ≫1) and should not be relied on. This is similar to the behaviour observed in a related, near-threshold, buckling problem [42]. Finally, we note that as δc/τ∼τ−1/3→0 as the rescaling of the axisymmetric problem suggested in (4.18) is unphysical for sheets with high mechanical bendability, τ≫1: such sheets will wrinkle before they reach the limit δ/τ≫1 for which the axisymmetric state becomes universal and the length scale ℓ*∝δ1/2 emerges (figure 5d). Whether similar scalings persist far from threshold remains to be seen.
For many applications, it may also be interesting to understand how the indentation depth required for wrinkling varies with sheet thickness as the other, material, properties of the system are maintained. In particular, with fixed E, ρg and γlv, the dimensional indentation depth at the onset of wrinkling has a minimum as the sheet thickness h varies. To see this, consider first a scaling point of view: one expects for τ≪1, while previous work [22] showed that in the limit τ≫1 (see equation (5.1), for example). These qualitatively different scalings of with h, combined with the monotonic decrease of τ with h (τ∝h−3/2 from (2.15)) lead us to expect that will attain a minimum value at intermediate thicknesses. In more detail, the dimensional indentation depth at the onset of wrinkling may be written (with other material properties assumed fixed) as a function of τ alone: 5.9Our numerical results confirm the expectation that this quantity is minimized as the sheet thickness varies (see inset of figure 7b) with the minimum located at δc/τ2/3≈12.6 and τ−2/3≈0.27 for ν=0.5. Our experiments were not able to reproduce this minimum cleanly but, when combined with previously published experimental data [22], do show a clear minimum.
The appearance of a minimum in the indentation depth required for wrinkling is surprising at first, but may be understood qualitatively by recalling that wrinkling requires both a sufficient level of compression and a sufficiently low bending rigidity. Thin sheets have a high mechanical bendability (τ≫1) and so the precise value of their bending rigidity is irrelevant. Instead, the threshold for wrinkling is governed by the compression level: wrinkling occurs when the azimuthal compression induced by indentation overcomes the applied (interfacial) tension. As a result, when the tensile load is reduced (e.g. by using a thicker, but still 'thin', sheet), a lower compression level is needed to induce wrinkling. At the other end of the spectrum, thick sheets have a low mechanical bendability (τ≪1) and hence can withstand large compressive forces before buckling through wrinkling. As a result, the threshold for wrinkling of such sheets is governed by the bending rigidity: the thinner a 'thick' sheet is, the lower is the compression level required for wrinkling. Between these two extremes, the indentation depth required for wrinkling is minimized.
6. Discussion and conclusion
In this paper, we have investigated the response of a floating, elastic sheet to an applied, localized load focusing on the limit of low-to-moderate mechanical bendability, . For loads insufficient to wrinkle the sheet, the resultant deformation is axisymmetric and is characterized by two regimes in the force–displacement law: with small displacements, the force is linearly proportional to the imposed indentation, while for large displacements the force is proportional to the square of the imposed indentation. These different responses can be understood as the result of the elastic object deforming over a horizontal length scale ℓ that is deformation-independent for small indentation depths (varying with the sheet thickness) but that is deformation-dependent for large indentation depths. For small indentation depths, the gravitational potential energy of the liquid displaced by this deformation , which balances the work done by the indenter, ∼Fζ0, giving a linear force–displacement relation. For large indentation depths, the deflection of the elastic object occurs over the horizontal length scale and hence the gravitational potential energy of the liquid displaced by this deformation . The resulting force law is therefore quadratic in ζ0 (though we emphasize that the development of wrinkling far beyond threshold may return the system to a linear force law [22]).
We began this study by posing the question of which material we feel when we poke a sheet that coats a liquid layer. We can now answer this question, assuming our poking is limited to small vertical displacements, by examining the small indentation spring stiffness 6.1With this result, we see that for sheets with low mechanical bendability (τ≪1), the linear stiffness is a mixture of that due to the substrate and that due to the sheet itself. This observation can be rationalized by the fact that the limit of zero mechanical bendability, τ=0 is regular, and determined entirely between the balance between the bending stiffness of the sheet and the hydrostatic pressure within the liquid. However, for sheets with high mechanical bendability (τ≫1) this stiffness is instead dominated by the surface tension of the interface with the mechanical properties of the sheet entering only via a logarithmic correction. In the analogous case of a Winkler foundation—an elastic composite comprising a thin sheet bonded to a substrate that provides a linear restoring force—we anticipate that a similar result will hold: for relatively unbendable sheets the stiffness will result from a combination of the sheet and the substrate, while for highly bendable sheets the stiffness will be dominated by any boundary tension existing in the sheet prior to indentation.
Larger indentations cause a significant perturbation to the stress (compared with the stress prior to indentation). This is the origin of the emergent length scale ℓ*, and the transition between the small-displacement and large-displacement force laws. However, another consequence of the change in the stress is that the hoop stress becomes compressive: material is pulled to a radial position at which its natural length is too great. If this compression becomes large enough, the sheet relieves this frustration by buckling out of the plane, with radial wrinkles forming. We have analysed the onset of this wrinkling instability as a function of the mechanical bendability τ determining both the critical indentation depth required to bring about wrinkling, and the number of wrinkles observed at onset. Our results for the critical indentation required to generate wrinkling in the high mechanical bendability, τ≫1, limit agree with those determined from membrane theory and verified experimentally previously [22]. Our results for the number of wrinkles at onset in this regime suggest that nonset∼τ2/3 for highly bendable sheets. Our study of the onset of wrinkling at low and moderate mechanical bendabilities, , suggests that both the onset indentation, and the number of wrinkles at onset are O(1) quantities as τ→0, and are confirmed by our own experiments.
We note in closing that our analysis of the onset of wrinkling assumed that wrinkling occurs with a single wavenumber. In the case of well-developed wrinkling (far from threshold) with high bendability, it has recently been observed that the wrinkle number may, in fact, evolve with both indentation depth and radial position [26]. More detailed analysis of this problem beyond onset is needed to understand whether this spatial variation is also observed at low and moderate mechanical bendabilities—the parameter regime highlighted as 'open' in table 1. Nevertheless, our study of the small-indentation behaviour up to and including the threshold of instability extends our understanding of deformation in such scenarios. In particular, our exploration of the role of the dimensionless parameters τ and δ in this problem allows the behaviour of a wide range of systems from the nano-indentation of ultra-thin films to the geological context of the loading of ice sheets and tectonic plates to be studied within a single framework.
Data accessibility
All data accompanying this publication are available as the electronic supplementary material.
Author contributions
F.B., D.V. and J.A.N. designed the research; F.B., D.V., R.W.S. and J.A.N. performed the research, co-wrote the paper and gave their final approval for publication.
Competing interests
We declare that we have no competing interests.
Funding statement
The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Horizon 2020 Programme/ERC Grant Agreement no. 637334 (D.V.). J.A.N. is supported by a Royal Society University Research Fellowship.
We are grateful to Benny Davidovitch for discussions on this work.
Electronic supplementary material is available online at https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3900355.
↵1 In tables 2 and 3, PVS8 and PVS22 correspond to elastomers Elite Double 8 and 22, which had measured moduli E=200 kPa and E=801 kPa, respectively.
- Received May 13, 2017.
- Accepted September 8, 2017.
- © 2017 The Authors.
Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.


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Milk Thistle Leaf (Silybum marianum)Latin Name: Silybum marianum
Common Names: Milk Thistle Leaf
Milk Thistle Leaf, also known as Silybum marianum, is native to the Mediterranean region and grows wild throughout Europe, North America and Australia. It got the name Milk Thistle Leaf because it grows with white veins appearing as though milk were spilled upon them. According to many legends, this appearance of milk is actually the milk of the Virgin Mary.
The plant once was cultivated, with its young leaves being used as a salad in the spring, or sometimes boiled. The young stalks of the Silybum marianum were peeled, and soaked in water to make them less bitter. The second spring the root is eaten like salsify, and the receptacle is pulpy, tasting and eaten much like artichokes.
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by ElJaye on November 13, 2014
Product: Milk Thistle Leaf
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Achieving the perfect look is easy with Duncan® E-Z Stroke® Translucent Underglazes! Their intense pigment allows for high definition and decoration on your pieces. Create a watercolor effect with one simple stroke or add shading and depth with additional strokes. E-Z Stroke Underglazes are ideal for airbrushing, antiquing and brushwork. They can be applied directly to greenware or bisque and layered over most underglazes, allowing the basecoat to show through. They're safe for serving food when coated with a Duncan food-safe clear glaze. Colors are available in 1-oz. squeeze bottles and assorted colors are offered in pints.
1. Apply 1 coat for translucent designs to greenware, unfired glaze, soft-fired bisque or cone 04 bisque. 2. For rich depth and shading, apply additional coats. 3. Fire to shelf cone 04. 4. Apply Clear Glaze, stilt and fire to shelf cone 06. 5. Water clean-up.
1. E-Z Stroke® Underglazes may be applied over most underglazes, including Cover-Coat® and other E-Z Stroke® colors, allowing the base color to show through. 2. E-Z Stroke® Underglazes work well with high fire, cone 5-6 and some to cone 10. As high results vary, we recommend firing a test piece. 3. For majolica, apply E-Z Stroke® design work over unfired White Satin glaze. 4. As a pure pigment-based paint, E-Z Stroke® Underglazes are the simplest form of fired color. You can use E-Z Stroke® Underglazes just like watercolors, in layers of transparent/translucent, bold, pure color. And, just like watercolors, you can inter-mix all the E-Z Stroke® colors. Just as for typical watercolors, these paints must be mixed with water to be applied properly to greenware or soft fired bisque for the best application. E-Z Stroke® Underglazes are very fragile unfired, because when the water dries out of the pigment there are no binders holding it in place. E-Z Stroke® Underglazes fires into the ware at an 04 or hotter cone, although most of the pigments will hold true up to a cone 10. This broad firing range allows artists to use E-Z Stroke® Underglazes on almost all clay bodies 5. E-Z Stroke® Underglazes are perfect for airbrushing. 6. Use E-Z Stroke® Underglazes to tint clay slip, most glazes, fired Snow and other E-Z Stroke® colors. 7. High definition and detail can be achieved by adding water to E-Z Stroke® color and using a very fine brush.
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Horizontal centering
From Joomla! Documentation
Horizontal centering is achieved with CSS in one of two ways, depending on what you are centering.
For the first example, let's say you have a horizontal menu at the top of your page that you want centered in your layout. You would do it with a block of code in the linked CSS file like this:
#horz_menu {
margin: auto;
width: 800px;
height: 25px;
The "auto" value in the "margin" attribute centers the item, so this would create a menu area that is 800 pixels wide and 25 pixels tall and would be centered in whatever space it is placed in.
If you need to add some margin space above and below the menu and still keep it centered you would adjust the code like this:
#horz_menu {
margin: 20px auto 20px auto;
width: 800px;
height: 25px;
This would add 20 pixles of space on the top and bottom of the menu while keeping the left and right margin in a centered mode.
The second example is when you simply want to center text, in which case you just add the "text-align" code.
#horz_menu a {
padding: .75em 0 .52em 0;
font-size: 0.8em;
font-weight: bold;
color: #0033CC;
background-color: transparent;
text-align: center;
This would cause any links within the horz_menu div tag of the html code to be centered in the horizontal menu. They would also have .75em of padding above and .52em of padding below them.
These same techniques work for the overall page layout as well. Let's say you want the shell content area of your page to be 900 pixels wide and to be centered on the page and that you want the headline to be centered within it. Your CSS code would look something like this:
#page_container {
margin: auto;
width: 900px;
background-color: #FFFFFF;
border: 1pt solid #660000;
#page_container h1 {
margin: 50px 0 20px 0 ;
font-size: 1.25em;
font-weight: bold;
color: #0033CC;
background-color: transparent;
text-align: center;
This would create a page that has a main content box centered in the browser window with a white background and a brown border.
Any text inside a h1 tag that is inside the page_container div tag in the html code of the page would also be centered inside that main content box.
Of course the example above is a simplified example for demonstration and you would have more structure involved (left column, right column, etc).
So as you can see, horizontal centering for structural items is achieved with the "margin" attribute whereas horizontal centering for text items is achieved using the "text-align" attribute.


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BorgWarner located in Auburn Hills, MI, is planning their first annual health fair at their corporate location. I would like to know if you could refer a chef that specializes in healthy cooking. We would like them to cook for us at our health fair to show the employees how easy it is to cook healthy. Any information would be much appreciated!Thanks!Alyshia Myers
What a great idea to show people that indeed it is easy to cook healthy and it also tastes good too! A couple of ideas for finding a chef: Check with local restaurants that serve fresh food, or click here for a link to the American Dietetics Association to find a Registered Dietitian in your area. Many have combined their knowledge of nutrition with their love of cooking.