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New Edition at Romantic Circles: British War Poetry in the Age of Romanticism
Submitted by rc-admin on
Romantic Circles is very pleased to announce the publication of British War Poetry in the Age of Romanticism: 1793-1815 by Betty T. Bennett, digital text edited by Orianne Smith.
This is a new electronic edition of Bennett's valuable 1976 book, in which she collected 350 poems from among over 3000 she discovered in newspapers, journals, and books of the time, together representing the complex and shifting attitudes of Britons during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. Over the years since it was first published in 1976, this collection has been prized by several generations of Romantic-era scholars who owned or, after it went out of print, were fortunate to find an extant copy. This electronic edition of Bennett's British War Poetry was created in order to give current and future scholars access to this significant work of scholarship. Besides hypertext annotations and menus allowing the user to access the poems by date, title, and author, and a keyword search engine covering the collection as a whole, the edition includes Bennett's original introductory essay and bibliography, as well as a new bibliography listing 1030 additional war poems not included in the original book.


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U.S. Soccer Development Academy Conference Call Quote Sheet with Director of Scouting Tony Lepore
U.S. Soccer Development Academy Conference Call
Director of Scouting/U-15 Boys' National Team head coach Tony Lepore
Aug. 31, 2012
U.S. Soccer Development Academy Director of Scouting Tony Lepore participated in a conference call with the media in regard to the recent announcement of the expansion of a U-13/14 division beginning in the Development Academy in the Fall of 2013.
Tony Lepore's opening remarks:
"This is a huge next step and I think we've always looked at the Development Academy as a long-term investment to help raise the level of the game and we know how important it is to invest in the youth when we look at those long-term goals. This is a new idea we've been talking about since the start and we're excited that we're finally ready to take the next step."
On the choice between playing in high school or in the Development Academy:
"We think this will help. This is an age group of players, some entering high school and some in eighth grade, and I think it's much easier to make the decision when you're in an Academy structure and in the Academy environment and you know what to expect. The other side would be that it is a new choice and they don't really know how to make the decision. The hardest decisions are for the players that have gotten a taste of high school and in more cases it's been that social draw that has pulled them back. With the U-13/14s, they'll enter into an Academy environment early enough that they'll be more educated and we think the top players, when they get in this environment early, will know how to make the best choice for themselves. The Academy is not for everybody, but now young players will know sooner."
On what the benefits of player development are for players that start with the U-13/14 level:
"I think the first one that comes to mind is training hours. We know that's where the players develop and now we're moving to four times per week. That's a big increase in training hours in the top environment. It's a lot of the same philosophy that we applied to the U-15/16 and U-17/18 Academy divisions and we wanted to spread that philosophy in the younger level. That's more meaningful games, games where they are held accountable for technical execution and decision making. Similar to the U-15/16 and U-17/18, this is an age group that needs that calendar cleaned up and that model cleaned up, and also shifting the focus to development ahead of results. The big benefit will be with increased hours in the training environment and more meaningful games. In terms of their technical development, that's a priority."
On the possibility of adding clubs from outside the Development Academy structure:
"There are three parts to that. We want to spread the philosophy of the Academy, the principles and approach to player development. We also want to fill in some travel gaps. We know that the current match schedule for the U-15/16 and U-17/18s doesn't fit the U-13/14 group and we've known that we couldn't just take that schedule and apply it to the U-13/14s. There are certain parts of the country where the U-15/16 and U-17/18 schedule would just be too much travel for the players. The other piece is that we want to cast a wider scouting net. The Development Academy has always been an extension of our Youth National Team programming and we start at the U-14s there. We want to cast a wider scouting net with younger players which is in line with our training centers now as well, which are going into U-12, 13, and 14s as we scout Youth National Team prospects. Bringing more clubs in helps with those three things, but in terms of what we're looking for (in a prospective club), I think we know very well what we're looking for. It's been five years now and we know what it takes to be an Academy standard team now. We'll be careful about expansion just as we've done with the U-15/16 and U-17/18, and there will probably be markets where we won't expand at all because it would dilute the competition. We have nine full-time technical advisors and through the training center models they know the Academy clubs and they also know a lot of non-Academy clubs and they'll use that knowledge as part of the process and we'll be looking for coaching, philosophy, history of player development and we also know it takes good facilities, availability and quality and we'll also look at their funding model. We continue to push for no pay-to-play at the youth level."
On how to manage the costs to teams:
"That's part of the reason we know we need to expand outside the current Academy clubs. The travel is not just the burnout factor, but it's also the cost factor. That will be taken into consideration. We can't add clubs that are too far from our current clubs because we know that gets too expensive."
On the development and implementation of the application process for clubs:
"We want to open it shortly. It takes some time for clubs to prepare, but it will probably be a little bit ahead of our timeline for the U-15/16 and U-17/18s, so we'll hope that by the winter we will have a pretty good idea of where we will be expanding and to which clubs. That timeline will be released soon. All of our current Academy clubs have U-14 teams except for a few, but we will want to help the new clubs with orientation and getting them prepared."
On the transition for all of the Academy clubs to the 10-month season:
"The transition started before the announcement with all the conversations with our clubs to identify all the challenges they would have. We relied a lot on our nine full-time technical advisors. There was a lot of work done around the planning stages. We did town hall style meetings around a lot of the clubs and with some of the high school constituents in key areas. We were just working closely with clubs when it comes to player-to-player and this has really forced our clubs to know the situation of every player, which is a good thing. The technical advisors have been working very closely with their clubs and everyone's challenges are a little bit different. The schedule is a big piece of that too and we've worked closely with our clubs to come up with the best schedule. … The integrity of that training-to-match cycle is going to be huge in player development this year."
On whether or not there will be a national championship for the U-13/14 age group:
"We know the league needs to be competitive, but at the same time we want clubs to put development ahead of results and we want to be careful about the showcase model. Right now, we are leaning toward not having a national championship because we want to regionalize everything, including the travel."
On whether or not clubs can participate in other non-Academy competitions:
"We are probably going to build in a longer break period in the winter for this group. We are going to implement a Futsal program because we know the benefits of Futsal during the wintertime. It'll be the same standards in terms of approved events outside the Academy that meet our standards. The Dallas Cup and Disney (tournament) is another one and it will be similar for the U-13/14s. We are also encouraging all these age groups to consider international experience during these open windows. The same guidelines apply where a player would only be allowed to participate within the Academy and Youth National Teams."
On the progress among non-MLS clubs in alleviating costs for the Academy:
"We've seen progress, but we still have a long way to go. There are a number of clubs that are non-MLS that are providing full scholarships for their players so they have moved away from pay-to-play. The MLS academies are leading the way, but that has motivated the others. We're making progress, but this is a big task and it's really important and we still have a long way to go. We keep really close statistics on this and I think this has been a piece of the public evaluation that has motivated the clubs as well."

subset: commoncrawl


text: Road crossings provide and efficient way to move water across busy streets and highways. Galvanized in accordance with ASTM A385 standards, these 8", 12" and 18" road crossings are highly durable and able to handle large flows. Equipped with DOT safety reflectors and safety flags, road crossings provide increased protection when moving water over busy thoroughfares. Angled drive-on and drive-off plates make for safe road crossings and are available in 12' and 20' widths.


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Natalie Shefsky coaxed the car keys from her aging mother when she felt the older woman no longer could safely drive. Now 67, Shefsky is on the lookout for changes in her own driving. Although she's still confident behind the wheel, some of her friends are less so, and she knows making quick judgments can get tougher with age.
"As I get older and my needs and my abilities change, I hope I retain my smartness to know [when] I can't do it," says the retiree from Northern Virginia.
Indeed, older drivers often do perceive changes in their abilities and voluntarily limit their driving in response. In a new study, Institute researchers found that the more memory and physical mobility problems people develop over time, the more limits they place on their driving.
Researchers surveyed the same group of drivers ages 65 and older every year for 4 years from 2006-08 to 2009-11 to find out how their driving habits were changing. They found that people who feel their memory or mobility is declining respond by avoiding certain situations such as driving on busy roads, at rush hour, or in the rain.
Older drivers tend to crash more often than middle-age drivers. However, crash rates, which have been declining overall, have dropped off more among older drivers than they have among younger adults (see "Older drivers' crash rates decline unexpectedly," June 19, 2010). The reasons aren't completely clear, but the tendency of older people to restrict their own driving is thought to play a significant role.
To better understand how drivers self-regulate, Institute researchers asked the study participants each year about any medical conditions and memory, vision, and mobility-related impairments and about their driving habits. By following drivers over several years, researchers were able to see how people's impairment levels changed over time and how they altered their driving habits in response.
Participants were recruited in Kentucky, Connecticut, and Rhode Island as they renewed their licenses. In the initial interview, most drivers reported at least some impairment, and the percentage of drivers who said they limit their driving increased with each added impairment (see "Older drivers' fatal crashes trend down," Dec. 27, 2008).
As memory problems or physical mobility impairments, such as difficulty turning one's head, increased, the number of driving situations people avoided also went up slightly. With each additional memory problem, for example, drivers reported an average increase of 0.18 in the number of driving situations avoided. Researchers also asked about vision impairments but found no relationship with the number of driving situations avoided.
Overall, the average number of driving situations people avoided increased from 2.5 the first year to 2.9 the fourth year. This increase might have been more pronounced if all the people who participated in the initial survey had remained in, but some dropped out.
Few drivers in the survey gave up driving, and, contrary to researchers' expectations, people didn't seem to cut back on driving in response to crashes. The biggest changes in the number of miles people drove were connected to life changes. Retirement, for instance, led people to drive 35 fewer miles per week on average, while losing a spouse led to an increase of 25 miles per week.
For her part, Shefsky says retirement hasn't reduced her driving, but it has allowed her to avoid heavy traffic. For a recent museum outing, for example, she and her friends left at 9 a.m. and came back at 3 p.m. "Why put ourselves through rush hour?" Shefsky says.
One reason Shefsky drives so much is that, while she hasn't felt the need to limit her driving, many of her friends have. For example, one doesn't like to drive in unfamiliar areas, and another isn't confident at night. As a result, when they go out together, they tend to take Shefsky's car.
"Seniors," Shefsky says, "are more aware of what they can do and what they can't."
Russ Rader Senior Vice President, Communications
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8 detained in Costa Rican environmentalist slaying
SAN JOSE, Costa Rica (AP) — Costa Rican authorities say they have detained eight suspects in the killing of an environmentalist who worked to protect leatherback turtles on the country's Caribbean coast.
Director of judicial investigations Francisco Segura says activist Jairo Moral Sandoval was killed two months ago by robbers who targeted visitors to the beaches in Limon province.
Segura said Wednesday that the motive in Mora Sandoval's killing was robbery and possibly the rape of three women who were with him.
Mora Sandoval was a volunteer with the nonprofit group Widecast, which protects turtle nests from poachers at Moin beach in Limon province.
His beaten body was found May 31 on that beach. His hands were tied behind his back and he had been shot in the head.


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Here we are - time to show off your messy work tables! :)
Being an artist is a gift but let's face it, its not neat. And where other people see complete chaos, we see a lovely pile of potential.
Today I'm showing you the current state of my work table and so are the artists listed below. Don't feel bad about having a messy work space - show it off as a sign of creative productivity and happy happenings! Enjoy!
Jill Eudaly
Jenice Jones
Ronni Hunter
Cheryl Sleboda
Carol Swallowcliffs
Ann Brauer
Susan Brown
Elaine (quilterelainesblog)


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Issue #6
God With Us:
Evidence of God In The Lives of
Gays, Lesbians and Bisexuals
May/June 1997
Table Of Contents
Cover Story: God With Us:
A Strange Anger
-- By: Jill Bateman
God is still teaching, and leading, and working miracles in the life of this lesbian who loves Jesus, and whom Jesus loves.
Rescuing Sex From Fundamentalism
-- By: Jenne Blade
I treasure my spirituality - a unique set of principals learned from many people, experiences, and religions, and do not see any conflict between radical sexuality and my devout spirituality.
Could The Religious Right Be Right?
-- By: Candace Chellew
No one has the keys to heaven but God. No one swings wide the doors of the church but God. We all think we've found the key.
Deliverance Through An Ex-Gay Ministry
-- By: Elizabeth Storbo
A straight woman shares her transformation from "healing" gays of their homosexuality to healing the gay and lesbian relationship with God.
The Universal Homospirituality
-- By: Kate August
In all cultures and species, homosexuals are found, obviously created by God in the image of God, but God is genderless.
Coming Out To God: The Path Of Homospirituality
-- By: Carol Stabel
The core of homospirituality is perhaps a lifelong seeking, a process of internalizing a major Divinely Inspired concept -- that of loving others as I love myself.
The Gospel Girls
-- By: Candace Chellew
For 10 years The Gospel Girls have been spreading the Good News in the most unlikely places ... gay bars!
Facing One's Own Anti-Gay Bias
-- By: Betty Winston Baye
Like racists, I comforted myself as not really being homophobic because I did and do have gay friends.
Mosbacher's Response: All God's Children
-- By: Gip Plaster
Dr. Dee Mosbacher thinks African-American churches should know the truth about gay and lesbian people, and she is providing it in a new documentary.
Praise and Worship:
On Being Gay and Christian: A Litany
-- By: Gregory Gadow
From The Pulpit:
Overcoming Oppressive Theology
-- By: Rev. Yvette Flunder
Each denomination feels they have the revelation and therefore if "I am right you must be wrong." Turf wars abound for ownership of the real word of God.
Scattered People
-- By: Reverend Theresa Herman
In God's own words, God becomes a shepherd who will gather the lost sheep and bring them all together again. No matter where they have been scattered, God will search and find them. No one will be left behind.
Holy Humor!
The Number of The Beast
We all know that 666 is the Number of the Beast. Here are a few things you might not know!
Are You Going To Hell?
Here's a handy list that might help!
Find Out What's Coming Up In Our Next Issue!
Comments? Please fill out our Reader Survey!
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Providing excellent care is something at which we excel, so why not share our expertise with other wildlife and conservation experts around the world? From environmental crises to researching species to providing veterinary care, our staff has participated in some unique conservation efforts. Here are some of our most recent adventures:
In the summer of 2010 and 2011 Utah Hogle Zoo's Associate Veterinarian, Dr. Erika Crook, was invited by the Saint Louis Zoo's WildCare Institute to participate on a venomous snake project in Armenia! The Saint Louis Zoo's Curator of Reptile's, Jeff Ettling, is studying Armenian vipers for his PhD and needed a field veterinarian to assist with medical procedures. The Hogle Zoo enjoys collaborating with other AZA institutions, so this seemed like a good partnership. Since Jeff is an expert herpetologist with many years of experience, we knew Dr. Erika was in good hands despite the dangerous subjects being studied.
The goal of the project was to surgically implant radio transmitters in the vipers in order to track them to gain information on home range, hibernation sites, and nesting areas. Armenian vipers (Montivipera raddei) are classified as near threatened and reside in rocky montane areas above 3000 feet in parts of Armenia, Iran, Iraq, Turkey and Azerbaijan. They weigh between 180-300 grams. The main study site was in southern Armenia near the border with Iran on the Meghri mountain ridge at 7000 feet in the Shikahogh Nature Reserve. This is a protected area not open to visitors so the team had special permission to work there. Radio transmitters were placed in 4 male and 2 female Armenian vipers and in 2 Blunt nosed vipers (Macrovipera lebetina) (a much larger snake sharing some of the same habitat). The surgeries were done with local anesthesia while the snake was held in a clear plexi-glass snake tube. Six other Armenian vipers were too small to have radiotransmitters placed, but the following procedures were performed: body weight, measurements, blood sample for genetic analysis, and microchip placement for identification. The team's home base was an old Russian trailer on top of the mountain. After one big day of viper procedures, Dr. Erika slept with 11 vipers right under her bunk; they stayed in snake bags until they were released the next morning. A park ranger was trained to use the radio transmitter equipment to locate each of the implanted vipers. The snakes were tracked weekly up until the snow fell. Jeff Ettling will use the data in his PhD entitled "Landscape Genetics of the Armenian Viper: How does fragmentation impact habitat usage, home range size and population structure?"
The team also traveled to northern Armenia, near the border of Georgia, to work with the critically endangered Darevsky's viper (Viper darevskii). These are some of the rarest vipers in the world and are quite small (60-80grams). An Armenian colleague studying them for his PhD requested radio transmitters; currently 2 Darevsky's vipers are being tracked to better understand their movement patterns within their subalpine meadow habitat. We were excited that Dr. Erika was able to perform surgeries and medical sampling on 3 different viper species, to participate in in-situ field conservation, and represent the Hogle Zoo in a remote part of the world.
Our commitment to conservation of polar bears and preservation of arctic ice is demonstrated in our partnership with Polar Bears International (PBI) as an Arctic Ambassador Center. In 2010, Chris Schmitz, Hogle Zoo's Education Curator, spent 7 days at a PBI Communicator Camp. Campers observed polar bears in the wild and learned about climate change first hand from experts while aboard mobile classrooms on the tundra near Churchill, Manitoba, Canada. PBI selected zoo communicators who were already leading initiatives to make a difference. Participants:
Although tree kangaroos are no longer at the Hogle Zoo, you can find them in Papua New Guinea and Australia. One of our Hogle Zoo veterinarians, Dr. Erika Crook, has been an active part of the Tree Kangaroo Conservation Program (TKCP) which led her to the high mountain rainforests of Papua New Guinea on two field expeditions. While in the field, Dr. Crook worked with the endangered Matschie's tree kangaroo and administered anesthesia to facilitate physical examination, sample collection and radio collar placement. Local researchers then continuously collect data on the tree kangaroos to learn more about their peculiar habits in the mountaintops. All the animals appeared quite healthy and I personally saw each tree kangaroo returned safely back to the forest. A huge thrill was finding a joey in its mother's pouch. Understanding the biology and health of this species is important in developing a sustainable conservation plan. One huge accomplishment of the TKCP is establishing a conservation area that encompasses more than 150,000 acres of land that will benefit the tree kangaroos as well as other unique species. In addition, the TKCP has educational and human health-care programs for the local villagers. After visiting the field site, the team spent time at the local zoo, The Rainforest Habitat, which showcases endemic species only. The zoo keepers are dedicated and appreciate the specialized veterinary care and husbandry tips from their US counterparts. "It gives me great joy to combine my love for wildlife and travel and visiting Papua New Guinea was like a scene out of National Geographic. I have left part of my heart in the rainy forest where the tree kangaroos live," said Dr. Crook.
Amphibians around the world are facing a pandemic crisis, the chytrid fungus. Supporting the work of the Houston Zoo, Hogle Zoo sent staff to Panama to lend their skilled hands. At the El Valle Amphibian Rescue Center, zookeeper now Animal Care Supervisor, Jeff Landry helped care for frogs being treated for this fungus. " I was so surprised at how quiet it was and how much algae was growing, " says Jeff. "This was do to the lack of frogs in the rainforest and because some frog tadpoles feed off the algae. With no frogs reproducing, there are no tadpoles, which has big consequences on the environment." Until the scientists can determine how best to deal with the fungus, the rescue center at Ell Valle serves as an ark for some very unique species.
Zoos across the country are working together to tackle this issue. AZA named 2008 as Year of the Frog to recognize the significance of this crisis.
Jill Cox, one of the Zoo's ocelot keepers, participated recently in a study through the Dallas Zoo, to learn more about ocelots and other small species in northern Mexico. Jill and other participants worked with field biologists to radio-collar ocelots and jaguarundis. They also aided in tracking the cats to determine their home ranges, habitat use, and their population densities. Jill comments, "I was very excited to see jagarundis and ocleots in the wild. It was really interesting to see what the habitat was like; not as tropical and wet as I had expected it was more dry and deciduous." Not much is known about these elusive species, and populations of small cats have declined dramatically in the United States and Mexico because of human encroachment and loss of habitat. Research from studies like this will help scientists develop a conservation strategy to preserve these cats in the wild.
Assisting the Wyoming Toad SSP and the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) with the Wyoming Toad Recovery Project is an annual project for the Zoo. Wyoming toads are listed as an endangered species. As their natural range is within a 30-mile radius of the city of Laramie, the toads are in a precarious position. In 1996, the USFWS partnered with the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) to develop a captive-breeding program as well as to reclaim toad habitats. Since then, thousands of tadpoles have been released into protected areas. Although the population seems to be increasing, the USFWS has not been able to systematically monitor the release sites to determine the success of the project. Starting in 2008, AZA's zoos have been assisting with the surveys, and Hogle Zoo has been a main contributor. Using GPS units, volunteers set up transects (a designated piece of land) around Lake Mortenson and began to look for toads. In each transect, they were given an allotted period of time to look for toads. When a toad was found, volunteers took its photo, and then measured, swabbed for chytrid fungus, weighed, sexed and tagged it. Tagging is the placement of a microchip, just like the ones used in pet cats and dogs. By tagging a toad, it can be determined if this was an animal that was caught before. If it was, a history of the animal can be developed. Volunteers also took an assessment of the environmental conditions, such as the wind, sun and type of vegetation where the toads were found. Results of these surveys are still preliminary but we are finding young toads, which indicate there is some reproduction happening– suggesting that there is hope for a sustainable population.


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Everyday Faith: Quiet Piety Permeates Hutterite Thought, Deed
Aksamit, Nichole. "Everyday Faith: Quiet Piety Permeates Hutterite Thought, Deed." Forum, 15 November 1999, sec. A1 & A12.
The modest women of Spring Prairie Colony share a quiet moment in the early morning sun on a trailer behind a tractor headed for a cucumber field northwest of Hawley, Minnesota.
Everyday faith
Quiet piety permeates Hutterite thought, deed
By Nichole Aksamit, The Forum, Staff Writer
Published in The Forum, Fargo, North Dakota, November 15, 1999, page A1, A12
Spring Prairie Colony, Minn.
A bell in the courtyard chimes the time for the noon meal.
At once, the men and women of this Hutterite colony northwest of Hawley walk briskly toward the central dining hall, heads bowed slightly.
The kerchiefed women enter a door on the north, the men a door on the south and, like two flocks of birds, they fall into formation.
The women seat themselves at long tables on one side of the room, in order by age and marital status. The men hang their hats on the wall and seat themselves in order on the other side.
At once, as in response to some silent signal, 284 metal chair legs grate against linoleum as 71 bodies slide their chairs toward the tables and wait in silence for the leader to say grace.
They fold their hands at their chests and bow their heads in supplication as a deep voice from the male side of the room intones the opening prayer in German.
After the "Amen," the men and women begin dishing up the roast pork, homemade potato chips, coleslaw, boiled carrots and onions, creamy egg soup, tomatoes and whole milk that has been set before them.
They eat quickly, silently and in near-perfect unison.
Two teen-age girls move swiftly from table to table, collecting the uneaten food from the serving dishes at the women's tables and redistributing it to the men's. And the kitchen manager brings out a piece of chocolate cake for each person, a special treat for the ladies who butchered 1,400 chickens this morning.
Exactly 12 minutes after the opening grace, the same deep voice recites the closing prayer:
"Danke, Gott, fur diese Speise. Bitte geben uns mehr - unser geistliche Speise. In den Namen Jesus Christus, Amen."
(Thank you, God, for this food. Please give us more - our spiritual food. In the name of Jesus Christ, Amen.)
At once, 71 bodies push their chairs from the table.
Like so many aspects of everyday life at Spring Prairie Colony, even mealtime has a religious undercurrent.
"What is in our society a routine function, such as the gathering of a family around the supper table, becomes to the Hutterians an expression of worship," writes the late Moorhead State University sociologist and archivist Victor Peters, in "All Things Common," a sociological study of the Hutterite way of life.
"The taking of nourishment to them is more than just that; it is a religious service, a tribute to the glory of the Provider of all."
And, if asked why they do something a certain way, Hutterites at Spring Prairie will usually quote the Bible or say simply, "God wills it."
Even the Hutterites' modest clothing style has its roots in religion: the biblical imperative that women cover their hair and believers have "all things common." They believe their uniform dress code identifies them as Christians, sets them apart from the world and reduces the coveting of material things.
From birth, Hutterites are taught to value piety and humility. Daily prayers are among the first words a child learns to speak. The colonists at Spring Prairie typically pray at least 13 times a day - once in the morning, once at night, before and after three meals and two snacks, and during church services held Sunday morning and each evening before supper.
Prayer, they feel, is part and parcel of a life guided by God and the Bible.
"If you're going to be a Christian," says John Waldner Sr., the colony's elder minister. "You can't be a half-Christian. You must read and live by the whole Testament. You must strive to be like Christ in thought, word, and deed."
The daily services at Spring Prairie are a serious affair. At about 5:45 p.m. each day, the same bell that calls the congregation to dinner reminds them it's time to go home and prepare for church.
The men and women wash their hands and faces, put on their black jackets and aprons and wait in the dark of their houses for the colony elders to begin the somber procession to the meeting hall.
As at mealtime, it is considered rude to arrive early or late and the congregation assembles quickly, parting at the main aisle of the church. Again, everyone has his or her place by gender, age and marital status.
Men sit on the left with their hats in their laps. Women sit on the right with their hands folded. The youngest Hutterites sit toward the front, the oldest at the back - with the exception of the elected elders who sit at the front and face the congregation.
Children under age 5 remain at home with their baby-sitters.
The church at Spring Prairie is on the main level of the same building that houses the adult and children's dining halls, the kitchen, the bakery and the laundry. It is a low-ceilinged, wood-paneled rectangle of a room with linoleum floors, uncushioned wooden pews and three windows at the front.
It is notably unadorned. The only thing on the walls is a wooden clock. The plain windows wear ghostly white curtains. There are no crucifixes, no candles, no sound system, no piano or organ, no hymnals.
There is no altar, but rather a simple table behind which the two ministers kneel for prayers or stand to read the hymn verses and the sermons, some of which date to the 1500s.
The services, conducted entirely in high German, begin with a formal prayer asking God's help and guidance in thought, word a and deed, and about 10 minutes of song.
During an evening service in August, the younger minister, George Waldner, stands and reads several verses of the day's hymn, "Wer Ohren hat zu horen" (Those Who Have Ears to Hear") - from a small songbook.
The seated congregation sings the hymn unaccompanied, line by line, recalling the plaintive melodies from memory. With strong, reedy voices they sing eight verses about the importance of Demut (humility) when tempted by the apparent splendor of Pracht (fancy, unnecessary, material things).
John, the elder minister, then reads the sermon, word for word, from a black-bound book. A breeze billows the curtains behind him and the congregation sits with slightly bowed heads, their eyes averted from the minister as if to better hear and understand his words.
One of many passed down from the 16th century, the sermon talks of Christ's example. It centers on biblical accounts of his behavior on Earth: turning water to wine at the wedding of Canaa, throwing merchants out of the temple, healing a sick man, and forgiving his persecutors.
The sermon argues that man must live by Christ's example - strive for the spiritual, abandon the material, help his neighbors and love his enemies - in order to attain heavenly reward.
The congregation then kneels for about 10 minutes on the hard linoleum floor while George says the closing prayers.
After the benediction, the men file out, oldest to youngest, then the women, oldest to youngest.
They go home to remove their black jackets, discuss the sermon, hold their children and wait for the supper bell.
Prayer and preaching are an integral part of life for Hutterites, who attend church every day and twice on Sunday. The Spring Prairie colonists hurry to evening church services.
Reprinted with permission of The Forum


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[Next (
ecila - the "read" that came back from the cold
Original Alice wakes up from her write-full dream
Original Alice eventually wakes up.
If the cache had space - very quickly.
If the cache had lack of space - then after some free space is made.
Creating this free space might require just throwing away cached items (e.g. read-cache)...
...or it may require writing older cached writes back to disk - which is much slower.
In some cases (that we'll see later on) - original Alice wakes up only after all Little and Big Alices finished their race.
Originally written by
guy keren


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Top Ten Miami Arts Events in JanuaryBy Misael Soto | December 31st, 2010 | 4 Comments
1. Good & Plenty @ ArtCenter/South Florida (ends January 2)
A concise exhibition featuring resident ArtCenter artists from the last 26 years, Good & Plenty is a mixed bag with some great pieces, including Gavin Perry's delightful epoxy-covered hanging area rug. The exhibition closes tomorrow, so try to catch it before it's too late!
2. Second Saturday Art Walk @ Wynwood and Design District (January 8, 7-11 p.m.)
Still riding a post-Basel high, Miami's art galleries should have some exciting shows this month (fingers crossed). With art lovers and scenesters alike out in full force, the streets and galleries should be packed. (Check out our previous Art Walk coverage and our Top 5 list for the January 2011 Art Walk.)
3. FotoKonbit Panel Discussion @ MOCA (January 8, 2 p.m.)
In conjunction with Bruce Weber's woefully overshadowed photography exhibition Haiti/Little Haiti, this panel discussion will feature Haitian activist Jan Mapou and photographer Maggie Steber sharing their insight into Miami's large and still-marginalized Haitian community.
4. Nick Cave: Meet Me at the Center of the Earth @ Norton Museum of Art (ends January 9)
If you live in Broward or (worse) Miami-Dade County, you may be reluctant to make the trek up North. But trust me: Meet Me at the Center of the Earth is worth the gas money. Cave's sound suits and assemblage works are nothing short of breathtaking. And while you're there, make sure to check out STARE, a fantastic photography exhibition including works by Walker Evans, Diane Airbus, and others.


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Tigers take advantage of Gee's control problems
Dillon Gee couldn't pinpoint the reason for his lack of
One thing he's certain about, it's not related to his
The Mets right-hander couldn't find the plate Wednesday, giving
up six runs while walking four, hitting two batters and throwing
three wild pitches in New York's 9-1 loss to the Detroit
"I don't even want to think about it," Gee said. "All (my
pitches) were terrible."
Gee had shoulder surgery to repair a damaged artery in July, but
he had been solid his first three outings, giving up just two
earned runs in nine innings going into Thursday.
Gee loaded the bases in the first on a pair of walks and a hit
batter. He then walked in a run and forced in another one by
plunking Matt Tuiasosopo.
Tuiasosopo made him pay the next inning, hitting a two-run homer
over the left field wall with Miguel Cabrera on base. Cabrera had
reached base with a two-run single.
Gee said he felt good all week and was pleased with his last
bullpen session.
When asked what he learned from the outing, Gee said, "How not
to pitch."
"I don't know what happened," Gee said. "It reminded me of
2011, my first loss to the A's. I couldn't throw a strike, walked
four or five guys. Some days I don't know what happens. I just
literally cannot throw the baseball anywhere I want it to go. I
don't know what happens, but we'll figure it out."
Mets manager Terry Collins said the outing was "very
uncharacteristic" of Gee.
"I asked (pitching coach) Dan (Warthen) if he was trying to
work on something in particular, and he just said he's having a
real tough time finding his release point," Collins said. "It's
an easy fix.
There's no injury issues or anything else. I've watched this guy
pitch for four years, and I've never seen that, so I'm not too
concerned about it."
Tigers starter Doug Fister, meanwhile, enjoyed his best outing
of the spring after giving up a combined nine runs in seven innings
spread over four previous appearances. He allowed just one run on
three hits with two walks and four strikeouts over four innings
Anthony Recker drove in the Mets' only run on a single to right
in the second inning.
"Overall, I was pleased," Fister said. "There's still a lot
of room for improvement. My sinker was all over the place today, so
it's definitely been one of my focuses, getting it contained. I'm
still working on it. I felt better with everything else today. I
felt the curveball and changeup were coming along, and I'm figuring
out some things with my cutter.
"I felt like I threw some good (sinkers) during the day but I
just didn't have quite the command I wanted to for the most
Tigers finished with 11 hits.
Cabrera and Tuiasosopo both went 2 for 4 with two runs scored,
combining for five RBIs. It was Cabrera's first spring training
game since leaving to play with Venezuela in the World Baseball
Classic. He homered in one at-bat for the Tigers in an exhibition
against Florida Southern on Wednesday.
Tuiasosopo, in camp on a minor league deal, originally wasn't
scheduled to start the game but replaced Prince Fielder, who was
scratched because of a flat tire on the way to the game. Manager
Jim Leyland said he has been impressed with Tuiasosopo.
"He started off slow, but he's picked it up and done pretty
Leyland said. "He's slung the ball pretty good recently, and
he's a versatile guy. He can also play the outfield, play first and
third, and he's a right-handed bat, so he's kind of an interesting
NOTES: Mets ace Johan Santana rested Thursday but will assess
whether he is ready to throw a bullpen session this weekend. He
hasn't been on a mound in more than a week, and the Mets are
letting him dictate his schedule. . Collins said Daniel Murphy
(oblique strain) remains on track to play in a minor league game
this weekend.


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Two meteorites, that is, because the "rock" that fell on Lisa Webber's roof in Novato from last week's explosive fireball in the sky turns out to be a true meteorite after all.
Peter Jenniskens, the meteor scientist at the Seti Institute in Mountain View, said he first dismissed the one that hit Webber's house because its surface looked merely like a weathered chunk of granite and its outside wasn't black like most meteorites.
But he changed his mind, he said, because a chip from a second "rock" showed tiny specks of what looked like metal under his microscope - telltale signs of the violent collisions that typical meteors endure as they form in the asteroid belt and fall to Earth.
Now, a Sacramento man has reported finding the second meteorite in the Novato area on Monday.
Brien Cook, an amateur meteorite hunter, told The Chronicle he too had dismissed his "rock" at first. He said he stuck it in his pocket and threw it in his waste bucket at home.
"But next morning it didn't look quite right," he said, "so I cut a chip off it and looked inside and knew right away it was a meteorite."
The clue: barely visible specks of metal that couldn't exist in a granite rock.
Jenniskens said Webber, a UCSF nurse, has returned her meteorite to him and he will be sending samples of both objects to Professor Alan E. Rubin of the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics at UCLA, a noted meteorite expert.
Rubin said judging from images he's seen of the two objects, they are probably stony meteorites called chondrites.
"They are igneous objects," he said, "and they contain sub-millimeter-sized grains of melted dust that formed during the early history of the solar system and have now become the asteroids we know."
Asteroids are the rocky objects - some tiny and some as big as dwarf planets - that exist in the asteroid belt and orbit the sun between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.
"It's all incredible," Jenniskens said.
Comment: Well, you better believe it, cause it's happening all over the place.
Now, he said, he wants to find more meteorites so he can trace the line where they fell and calculate the meteor's orbit more precisely to determine where in the asteroid belt they originated.
Cook is now offering one chip of his meteorite on eBay. It weighs 6.6 grams - about two-tenths of an ounce - and objects like it normally sell for about $100 a gram, he said.
Pieces of both meteorites will soon wind up in Rubin's lab in Los Angeles for detailed analysis, Jenniskens said.


text: On the shore of Llyn Padarn Electric Mountain marks the starting point for tours into Dinorwig Hydro Electric Power Station. Deep in Elidir mountain is one of Europes largest man made caverns, home to a pumped storage generator which converts the power of water into electricity. The Visitor Centre is also home to 'The Den' soft play area, an excellent cafe and gift shop and also has gallery space displaying the work of local artists. Rooms available for hire.


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- Details
- Specs
- Reviews
- What's Included
A room filled with natural sunlight just has a different, more relaxed feeling than that of those filled with electric incandescent, CFL, or LED lighting. Studies have even shown that natural sunlight can help aid with various types of anxiety disorders, such as Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), which can arise in anyone as a result of not receiving enough sunlight. The addition of a Fixed FX Home Skylight from Fakro is a simple solution to adding more natural sunlight to just about any home. Installation of a Fakro Fixed Skylight can be done in roughly an afternoon by an above average do-it-yourselfer, or trained professional, on a home with a roof pitch (angle) between 15° and 85°. The Skylight is leak-proof and has double-glazing so that it will let the light in while at the same time block out the heat. With a Fixed Home Skylight owner's should also see a reduction in their electric bill as the addition of more natural lighting will help cut down on the dependency for electric lighting. Because of this, the FX Skylight is ideal for installation in areas that are frequented the most throughout the course of a day so that occupants are exposed to more natural light and less likely to flip the switch to turn on electric lights. Each Fixed Skylight includes an installation template to help ensure accurate cutting on the roof for the Skylight's opening. Either an EL or EH-A flashing (both sold separately) is needed for correct installation of the FX Skylight to provide protection against the elements and to ensure proper drainage away from the window. This Fakro Skylight is ENERGY STAR® qualified and comes with a 10 year warranty on the skylight, and 20 year warranty on the insulated glass unit.
Flashings for Fixed Skylights
EL Flashing: For use with flat roofing materials such as shingles, flat tiles, double-lap roofing, tar boards, or slates.
EH-A Flashing: For use with profiled roofing materials such as tiles, or corrugated metal sheets. This flashing has a wider and longer bottom to allow a tighter joint with the high profiled roofing material.
Daylight Area per Skylight Skylight Size Square Feet of Daylight 16" x 46" 3.24 24" x 27" 3.04 24" x 38" 4.51 24" x 46" 5.56 24" x 55" 6.72 24" x 70" 8.82 32" x 38" 6.38 32" x 46" 7.87 32" x 55" 9.50 48" x 27" 6.82 48" x 46" 12.48
Specifications Manufacturer Fakro USA Manufacturer Product No. 68712 UPC 5902411687120 Dimensions 32in x 38in Weight 61 lbs Installation Range 15° to 85° Weatherproof Yes Roof Compatibility Flat and profiled U-Factor 0.42 R-Factor 2.4 SHGC 0.52 Vt 0.68 Low Emissions Coating Yes Inert Gas Filled Panes Yes Toughened Glass Yes Varnishing Twice Glazing Twice ENERGY STAR Qualified Yes Manufacturer Warranty 10 years on Skylight
20 years on Insulated Glass Unit
- 1x - Fixed FX Home Skylight, 32"x38"
- 6x - Screw
- 4x - Metal pin
- 1x - Installation roof cutting template
- 1x - Installation instructions
- 1x - Fixed FX Home Skylight, 32"x38"


text:
Latest Weather Blog
Clippers CEO and Shelly Sterling to testify today
LOS ANGELES - The interim CEO of the Los Angeles Clippers is set to testify today at the Los Angeles trial to determine whether the sale of the team to former Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer can go through.
CEO Richard Parsons will be called as a witness to support Shelly Sterling's bid to sell the team to former Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer for $2 billion.
Parsons took over leadership of the Clippers in May during the media blitz surrounding the banishment of Donald Sterling from the NBA for making racist comments.
Also on today's witness list is Shelly Sterling, who says her estranged husband has the onset of Alzheimer's disease and is not competent to handle his business affairs.
Yesterday, the chief financial officer of Sterling's properties said that if the sale does not go through, the billionaire may be forced to sell a large portion of his real estate empire to cover $500 million in real estate loans.


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Price's stellar start goes for naught in loss
ST. PETERSBURG -- That one hurt.
Hoping to gain ground on the Red Sox and hold off a host of Wild Card suitors, the Rays sent David Price to the mound Tuesday night looking for the magic. Despite having their ace at his best, they still came away 2-0 losers to the Red Sox at Tropicana Field.View Full Game Coverage
ST. PETERSBURG -- That one hurt.
Hoping to gain ground on the Red Sox and hold off a host of Wild Card suitors, the Rays sent David Price to the mound Tuesday night looking for the magic. Despite having their ace at his best, they still came away 2-0 losers to the Red Sox at Tropicana Field.View Full Game Coverage
"Of course [the loss was] difficult," manager Joe Maddon said. "But we've got good pitchers the next two days, and again, if we can win this series, that would be fantastic. But you have to win tomorrow's game first."
First-place Boston increased its margin in the American League East over Tampa Bay to 8 1/2 games. Meanwhile, the Rays still hold the second AL Wild Card spot, but the field got closer Tuesday night. Baltimore and Cleveland lost, leaving both 1 1/2 games behind Tampa Bay, but the Yankees and Royals moved to within two and three games, respectively, of Tampa Bay.
Since being percentage points ahead of the Sox for first place in the AL East at the end of play on Aug. 24, the Rays have gone a Major League-worst 4-12. During that span, Tampa Bay has scored 41 runs and is batting .179 with runners in scoring position. At the other end of the spectrum, Boston has gone a Major League-best 13-3.
Price entered Tuesday night's start following a rough outing in Anaheim on Thursday, when he allowed a season-high 11 hits in a 6-2 loss to the Angels.
Clearly he meant business from the beginning against the Red Sox, retiring the first 12 batters he faced and taking a perfecto into the fifth. That's when the Red Sox got busy.
Mike Napoli led off the inning with a drive to the center-field wall that Desmond Jennings couldn't haul in, allowing Napoli to reach second base with a double.
"I just kept going to the wall," Jennings said. "I reached out to get it and I didn't reach out high enough. It's a play that should've been made."
Maddon noted he planned to talk to Jennings, who has experienced two dropped balls in the outfield over the past couple of weeks, and Napoli's ball was one that he normally catches. Jennings made a simple observation of his situation.
"I don't know what it is actually," Jennings said. "It's a bad time to be playing bad."
Jonny Gomes singled through the middle to score Napoli. After the former Rays outfielder went to second on the throw to the plate, he stroked his heavy beard in salute to his teammates in the Boston dugout.
Choosing to go National League on the Rays, Daniel Nava sacrificed Gomes to third, and he scored easily on Jarrod Saltalamacchia's sacrifice fly that Jennings caught with a leap at the wall.
Unfortunately for the Rays, the 2-0 lead would be all the Red Sox needed as Tampa Bay's offense continued to snooze against an effective collection of Red Sox hurlers, beginning with starter Clay Buchholz and finishing with closer Koji Uehara, who has retired each of his last 31 batters faced.
Buchholz made his first start since June 8 and allowed no runs on three hits in five innings to move to 10-0 on the season.
"Overall, I felt good," Buchholz said. "To face a lineup like this -- that I've faced a lot over the past couple years -- they know what I've got and I know them, too, so it's almost a chess match every time you go up against those guys."
Tampa Bay dropped to 6-11 against Boston this season despite holding them to a .207 team batting average and 61 runs. Against all their other opponents, the Sox are hitting .285. Maddon noted there has been a reason for Boston's success against his team this season.
"They've pitched well against us all year," Maddon said. "Boston has beaten us because they've actually outpitched us in most of those games, a lot of close games with them, very tightly contested games with them. We're just going to have to figure out how to break through offensively."
Price allowed two runs on three hits in eight innings without walking a batter, throwing a career-high 127 pitches, 92 for strikes. Despite pitching brilliantly, he lost his third consecutive start, which tied the longest losing streak of his career.
"Dave was outstanding," Maddon said. "I thought he was great. He could not have done anything more."
Indeed, Tuesday night's loss will be one of the tougher ones the Rays will have to wear all season, but with four teams closing in and little time remaining in the season, they don't have the luxury of feeling sorry for themselves.
"You can't dwell on it," Price said. "We have 19 games left. You dwell now and we'll be hanging out in October."
Bill Chastain is a reporter for MLB.com.


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Individual style is the word on the street. But how do you get that right balance ? Some would say that you are born with it, the others will argue that inspiration is all around us, but I think that it is mix of both, and sometimes those that are born with it help others find their own. Style, is more than just a word it is a statement,about who you are and who you would like to be, ... If you do not put an effort to create your own style , you are undermining the very existence of the human contact, as other will judge you first by what they see, ... and only than by anything else.
So do your homework, get inspired, ... go online and check SimplyBe and put together a look that will make you feel great, and make others notice you.
Style is more than just labels, it is about being able to get your look right, so put your fingers on your mouse, start researching and be yourself. I have also heard many times that shopping is very therapeutic so why not mixing fun and useful.
This is the best time of year to experiment, as the weather will give you the chance to play around and enjoy giving wings to your inspiration.


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Free qPCR Sample Kits!
AnaSpec, EGT Group is offering free qPCR sample kits, including TakyonTM kits, for probe and SYBR chemistry for all Real-Time instruments. These kits, shipped free of charge, contain ample reagents for over 100 25 ul reactions. Researchers must be willing to provide feedback of their test results.
1. Good for first time users only.
2. US and Canada shipping addresses only.
3. Sharing of test results within a time frame of 30 days from the time of receipt.
**To view our complete list of qPCR products, please click here.
**To view our qPCR kits sample test guide, please click here.
For more information, please contact us at 1-800-452-5530 x 228 or firstname.lastname@example.com to see if you qualify.


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Rosita wrote:Oh Tanu!! so looong without talking to you!! It's really nice to have you around here again!! I am always kinda coming and going depending on the free time I have, but always try to be connected to Jim's news somehow so welcome back and hope to talk to you soon!!!
Thanks a lot Rosita..love and hugs to you hun..<3 i think you are in my facebook friendlist... i get hardly time to do anything too...its a busy time for me


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Revlon by Marchesa Nail Art 3D Jewel Appliqués™
Exclusive Limited Edition textured appliques inspired by Marchesa runway gowns
Cover your nails in couture with Revlon by Marchesa Nail Art 3D Jewel Appliqués™, a limited time collection that harmoniously brings together Marchesa's renowned design expertise and Revlon's authority in colour and trend. Marchesa founders Keren Craig and Georgina Chapman have collaborated with Revlon to translate their coveted couture gowns into a collection of intricate textured appliqués accented with opulent jewels and dainty beads. The Revlon by Marchesa Nail Art 3D Jewel Appliqués™, feature rich metallics, intricate prints, and opulent colours that are perfect for every woman that has ever dreamed of gracing the red carpet.
"Fashion and beauty are about self-expression and experimentation, and taking a creative approach to your personal style. Nails have become the ultimate accessory, so we are so excited to translate our signature Marchesa design motifs into a collection of 3D Jewel Nail Appliqués for our first collection with Revlon," – Keren Craig, Marchesa Co-Founder.
With these gorgeous on-trend designs, you can create a variety of glamorous nail looks. Dress up any outfit by adorning every nail, or add a little something to the everyday by adding appliqués to your already painted nails. Instantly elevate your manicure with an accent nail that matches your personal style or use the appliqués as strips or tips for instant, glam nail art that polishes off any mani!
"These appliqués offer all of the trends for this season. 3D beaded textures and bold prints = instant glam. They have a high-impact look and require minimal effort to apply. It's an easy, chic way to bring fashion to your fingertips." – Leeanne Colley, Revlon Nail Expert
- Exclusive 3D jewel designs inspired by Marchesa's signature design motifs
- Salon-like nail art quality that is easy to apply at home
- No dry time and won't dry out
- UV cured technology made to last
- Each package contains 18 strips to fit most nail sizes and won't stain nails
- Appliqués can be worn alone or over top coats and/or coloured nail enamel for a variety of looks.
Revlon by Marchesa Nail Art 3D Jewels Appliqués™ are available in 4 intricate designs:, Beaded Couture, Crown Jewels, Jeweled Noir, Royal Burgundy
Availability: Jan 2014 across all major departmental stores


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What's the first thing you ask when you meet a harpsichord builder? In my experience, the most common question is: how did you wind up in such an odd field? For me, the answer is: in a very roundabout way. I started out as a trombonist, then worked as a software engineer, and now I make harpsichords. I've been interested in early keyboard instruments ever since, as a young piano student, I discovered to my astonishment that J.S. Bach did not in fact write for the piano, but for the harpsichord. I first played one in college, and I built my first one from a kit in 2006.
I spent three years as an apprentice in the studio of Kevin Fryer, then set up my own shop in Palo Alto. I've built three instruments on my own so far, two Flemish singles and one French double.


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Miriam McAlister will continue to wear Lipscomb on her basketball uniform, only next year it will say Lipscomb University instead of Lipscomb High School.
McAlister, a 6-foot-1 post/wing player, has signed to play for Lipscomb Coach Frank Bennett, which means she is will go from being a Lady Mustang to a Lady Bison.
Last season for the Lady Mustangs, McAlister played in 28 games, averaging 12.9 points and 8.1 rebounds per game. She also blocked 84 shots.
"Miriam is a great addition to Lady Bisons basketball," Bennett said. "She is so versatile. She gives us an athlete with size who can also handle the ball like a guard. She is an outstanding shot blocker and rebounder because she is such a quick jumper."
As a junior McAlister was named to the All-District and All-Region teams.
"Miriam has shown continued improvement over the past year," Bennett said. "Her experience playing in a great high school program at Lipscomb will make for an easier transition to college basketball. Miriam is an outstanding student, a great person and a great leader. She will be a great fit for Lady Bisons basketball."


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Adaptive tech expo offers help for aging in place, disabled
Some of the stuff at the Assistive Technology Expo is just for fun, like the Sphero, a remote-controlled ball that obeys directions you give it using a Bluetooth app on your smartphone. It responds to very small finger movements, so it's especially friendly to people who use wheelchairs but maintain some function in their hands.
Orbotix, the Colorado-based company that produces Sphero, is one of more than 60 vendors that will be at the expo. The expo's audience includes people whose mobility is limited by age or disabilities, including people who use wheelchairs, the hearing- and speaking-impaired, and patients with Lou Gehrig's Disease.
Tred Barta, the Eagle-based host of "The Best And Worst of Tred Barta" on NBC's Sports station, will be there with his off-road wheelchair. Read more…


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First and foremost let me say we do appreciate all the help & support we get from our fan base & community. We appreciate the feedback too guys. It helps us improve on what needs improving & let's us know what we are doing right.
That being said some users are submitting saves with no info whatsoever as to what has been done or acquired in the game. Without this info we can not & will not review those saves & your post will simply be deleted starting as of today. Handing us a save with no info is like handing someone a book who cannot read & demanding they finish by midnight. If you're playing an RPG look for money, stats of each character, your inventory & how much of each thing you have in the inventory. If you're playing a fps list ammo, guns unlocked or what rank you got on which levels. Basically things you acquire or accomplish in game that you'd like to simply acquire or accomplish easier, list your current progress. That gives us something to go on & from there we know what to look for.
You guys don't seem to understand that with no info we are basically looking at a bunch of letters & numbers. We can't do anything with it really. So in the future if you submit a save detail what is in it in the post or include a read me with details in the zip you upload. Just let us know that the link or zip contains a read me of details about the save in your post or it will be deleted. I hope we can all understand this as I have made it as clear as I possibly can.
Also let me make this clear as well. We WILL NOT HELP YOU CHEAT ONLINE. We won't max out your online character so you can destroy everyone online. Or max your online money or ammo or anything of the sort.
Just to be sure.. if your playing a game & notice wow it's gonna take forever to get that item/amount of money/level, then simply tell us what you currently have & that you wish for that cheat. We may be genies but we can't read minds. You have to ask in detail what your wish is for us to grant it.
That's all for that issue. If anyone has any questions please feel free to ask.
Happy Gaming!


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{{quote|The Night's Watch needed leaders with the wisdom of Maester [[Aemon Targaryen (son of Maekar I)|Aemon]], the learning of [[Samwell Tarly]], the courage of [[Qhorin Halfhand]], the stubborn strength of the [[Jeor Mormont|Old Bear]], the compassion of [[Donal Noye]].{{ref|ADWD|69}}}} - thoughts of [[Jon Snow]]
{{quote|The Night's Watch needed leaders with the wisdom of Maester [[Aemon Targaryen (son of Maekar I)|Aemon]], the learning of [[Samwell Tarly]], the courage of [[Qhorin Halfhand]], the stubborn strength of the [[Jeor Mormont|Old Bear]], the compassion of [[Donal Noye]].{{ref|ADWD|69}}}} - thoughts of [[Jon Snow]]
{{EnWP|Night's Watch|small=yes}}
{{EnWP|Night's Watch|small=yes}}
[[Category:Night's Watch
[[Category:Night's Watch]]
Revision as of 14:27, 23 February 2018
The Night's Watch is a military order dedicated to holding the Wall, the immense fortification on the northern border of the Seven Kingdoms, defending the realms of men from what lies beyond the Wall. The order's foundation dates back to the Age of Heroes, at the time when the Others were pushed back. The men of Night's Watch wear only black, and they are known as black brothers.[1] Recruits who join the Watch are said to take the black.[2]
- 1 Organization
- 2 Possessions
- 3 History
- 4 Recent Events
- 5 Notable Members
- 6 Quotes
- 7 References
The Night's Watch consists of three orders: rangers, builders, and stewards. All are subject to the Lord Commander of the Night's Watch, and each of the three orders is led by its own officer, the First Ranger, the First Builder, and the Lord Steward, respectively. These officers are appointed by the Lord Commander.[3]
- Stewards are responsible for an assortment of critical functions, providing vital day-to-day services. They hunt and farm, tend horses, gather firewood, cook meals, make clothing, maintain weapons, and bring supplies needed by the Night's Watch from the South.[4] Like other members of the Watch, the stewards must be ready to fight at a moment's notice, and all have received at least basic combat training. Bowen Marsh serves as the Lord Steward or First Steward.
- Builders are responsible for tending to and maintaining the Wall and its castles. The order provides masons, carpenters, miners, and woodsmen to this end.[4] Othell Yarwyck leads them as the First Builder.
- Rangers are the main fighting force, adept at surviving in the wilderness and tasked with scouting and patrolling the haunted forest beyond the Wall. They actively defend the Wall and ride out to face the Watch's enemies, including wildlings and legendary Others.[4] The First Ranger is Benjen Stark.
Recruiters for the Night's Watch are called wandering crows.[3] The organization also includes septons, maesters, and, at Eastwatch-by-the-Sea, sailors.
One blast of a sentry's horn represents returning rangers,[5][6] while two are used for wildlings[7] and three for Others.[8] Two long blasts followed by a short one are used as a call to mount horses.[8]
The Lord Commander of the Night's Watch is the final authority and oversees the entire order. Any man of the Night's Watch can be nominated to be the Lord Commander. A Lord Commander serves in office until the day he dies, when a new Lord Commander is elected by the men of the Watch.
At Castle Black, Lord Commander Jeor Mormont is advised by First Ranger Benjen Stark, First Builder Othell Yarwyck, and Lord Steward Bowen Marsh. He also entrusts leadership to Ser Jarman Buckwell, Ser Mallador Locke, Ser Jaremy Rykker, Thoren Smallwood, and Ser Ottyn Wythers.[9][10] Ser Denys Mallister is the commander at the Shadow Tower, while Cotter Pyke has command at Eastwatch-by-the-Sea. Maesters advising the senior leadership are Aemon at Castle Black, Mullin at the Shadow Tower, and Harmune at Eastwatch.[10]
The majority of the officers and leadership of the Watch are pulled from the upper crust of Westerosi society. A noble or knighted man is almost guaranteed a position as an officer in the Watch, but there are several powerful and influential brothers that are of common blood as well, such as the senior rangers Qhorin Halfhand, Blane, and Cotter Pyke, a bastard-born pirate. The Watch, as a meritocracy, is one of the few places in feudal Westeros where a common man can rise high and even gain command over knights and lords, rising as far as Lord Commander of the Night's Watch.
Once, serving on the Wall was honor and a sign of selfless devotion to duty, with many knights, honorable men, and nobles taking the black voluntarily. The Night's Watch is now often seen only as a way to avoid punishment, suitable less for knights than for the dregs of Westeros. These men are salvaged from dungeons by traveling recruiters known as wandering crows. Disgraced nobles, bastards, and even the unwanted legitimate offspring of nobles are "encouraged" to take the black, making many of today's Watch a surly and dissatisfied lot.
Those who come voluntarily are free to leave during any time of their training, but no man may leave after he has said vows. Any deserters are sentenced to death. After taking the vows, the men of the Watch cannot own any land, marry, or father children. Men are also encouraged to sever any ties left with their families, if they are lucky enough to have one.
Men of the Night's Watch are garbed all in black, a tradition that earned them the nickname "crows",[11] particularly among the free folk, who often call them "black crows."[12][13] While some use this name derogatorily, many in the Night's Watch have adopted the term for their own use.[14] They are also called the "black brothers",[1] and in song they have been called the "black knights of the Wall."[15]
When recruits are considered ready to take the black, they say their vows either in a sept or before a heart tree. The vows are as follows:
Night gathers, and now my watch begins. It shall not end until my death. I shall take no wife, hold no lands, father no children. I shall wear no crowns and win no glory. I shall live and die at my post. I am the sword in the darkness. I am the watcher on the walls. I am the fire that burns against the cold, the light that brings the dawn, the horn that wakes the sleepers, the shield that guards the realms of men. I pledge my life and honor to the Night's Watch, for this night and all the nights to come.[16]
Brothers of the Night's Watch serve for life.[17] It is customary to finish a black brother's eulogy with the words, "And now his watch is ended."[18] Castle Black contains a lichyard,[19] and knights can be laid to rest in ancient tombs near the lichyard or burned on a pyre.[20]
Military Strength
The numbers of the Night's Watch have long been dwindling.[21] During Aegon's Conquest, the Night's Watch numbered ten thousand strong.[22] However, by 298 AC, their strength has dwindled to less than a thousand.[9] Of these thousand, six hundred are stationed at Castle Black, two hundred at the Shadow Tower, and fewer at Eastwatch-by-the-Sea.[9]
In late 233 AC, when Ser Brynden Rivers was sent to the Wall, two hundred men went with him. Many of them were archers from Rivers's personal guard, the Raven's Teeth.[23]
Castles of the Night's Watch
The Night's Watch raised nineteen castles to guard the hundred leagues of the Wall, although they have never manned more than seventeen at one time.[24] Today only three of them are maintained by an ever dwindling force. The castles themselves are closer to garrisons, composed mostly of barracks, stables, storehouses, towers and out-buildings, as they have no walls of their own (other than the Wall itself). They were purposefully built this way so the Watch could man only the Wall itself and focus on threats from the north. The Night's Watch feared no attack from the south because of their vow not to take part in the wars of the Seven Kingdoms.[25][26]
Due to manpower shortages, the Watch only mans the Shadow Tower, Castle Black, and Eastwatch.[9] Patrols between the castles used to be more regular, but as the manpower of the Night's Watch diminished, so did the number of patrols.[27] Now the Watch uses mules to ride atop the Wall, as the paths have not been graveled between the older castles in many years. The mules are bred at Eastwatch and are specially trained for their duties.[27]
The castles are listed from west to east:
- Westwatch-by-the-Bridge
- Shadow Tower, the most western castle still currently in use. By 298 AC, it is garrisoned by two hundred men.[9]
- Sentinel Stand
- Greyguard
- Stonedoor
- Hoarfrost Hill
- Icemark
- Nightfort, the oldest and largest castle of the Night's Watch, which was abandoned during the reign of King Jaehaerys I Targaryen due to the high costs needed to maintain it.[14] It houses the Black Gate, a secret way through the Wall sealed by a magical ancient door fashioned from weirwood, which only opens to a sworn brother of the Night's Watch.
- Deep Lake, located seven miles east of the Nightfort. Originally meant as a replacement to the Nightfort. It was paid for by Queen Alysanne Targaryen, and built by men sent to the Wall by King Jaehaerys I Targaryen.[14]
- Queensgate, originally called Snowgate. The castle was renamed after Queen Alysanne Targaryen visited.[28]
- Castle Black, one of the three castles currently still in use. Castle Black is located at the northern end of the kingsroad,[25][29] and an eastern road leads toward Eastwatch.[19] By 298 AC, it is held by six hundred brothers.[9]
- Oakenshield
- Woodswatch-by-the-Pool
- Sable Hall
- Rimegate
- Long Barrow
- Torches
- Greenguard
- Eastwatch-by-the-Sea, also called Eastwatch for short, is the third of the three castles currently in use by the Night's Watch. Eastwatch is a port, and has the smallest standing garrison, being garrisoned by less than two hundred men.[9]
The Gift and the New Gift
The Gift is a tract of land measuring twenty-five leagues southward from the Wall that the Night's Watch received from King Brandon Stark of the north. For years the Watch farmed the Gift, but as their numbers dwindled there were fewer hands to plow the fields, tend the bees and plant the orchards, so the wild reclaimed much of the area. Wishing to restore the Night's Watch and reward its loyal service in defense of the realm, Queen Alysanne Targaryen, wife of King Jaehaerys the Conciliator, doubled the extent of the Gift. Towns and villages that were located within the "New Gift" supported the Night's Watch with their taxes, rendered by goods and labor. In time, the New Gift lost population as people moved south, into the mountains or into the Umber lands east of the kingsroad to avoid wildling raids, further reducing the support structure for the Night's Watch and the Wall.[24]
The nearest point of civilization to Castle Black is Mole's Town, a subterranean settlement whose brothel is frequently patronized by brothers of the Night's Watch.
The Night's Watch employs a small fleet at Eastwatch. Known ships include Blackbird, Storm Crow, and Talon.[30]
The Long Night
The Night's Watch is one of the oldest orders in the Seven Kingdoms, as it survived the fall of the kingdoms of the First Men, the Andal invasion, and Aegon's Conquest. It was founded over eight thousand years ago, at the end of the Long Night. Under cover of an endless night that lasted for a generation, the Others invaded from the Lands of Always Winter, laying waste to much of Westeros. The Others were finally defeated by the Night's Watch at the Battle for the Dawn, which is recalled in "The Night That Ended".[31] The Wall was allegedly built by Bran the Builder in order to protect the Seven Kingdoms,[32] with the brothers of the Night's Watch choosing their own Lord Commander since that time.[33] During the Age of Heroes it was also recorded that the children of the forest gave the Night's Watch a hundred obsidian daggers every year.[19]
Other than the corrupting of the thirteenth Lord Commander, the "Night's King," further attacks by the Others never came, however. Instead, the most frequent attacks came from the wildlings, sometimes led by their Kings-Beyond-the-Wall, and their constant attempts at raiding in the north.
Hundred Kingdoms
The Night's Watch built nineteen castles along the hundred leagues of the Wall. At the zenith of its power, the Watch had seventeen of the castles manned,[34] with over ten thousand men-at-arms between them. Castle Black alone quartered five thousand fighting men with all their horses, servants, and equipment.[25] The highborn of the north have traditionally considered it an honor to serve on the Wall. Many younger sons of northern houses, low in the line of succession, gladly took the black. Shields of nobles from the Hundred Kingdoms of Westeros were proudly displayed in the Shieldhall at Castle Black. Little by little, the Night's Watch forgot that its main mission was not the fight against the wildlings, but against the Others.
Iron Throne
The Seven Kingdoms of Westeros were invaded by the Targaryens during Aegon's Conquest. Although Lord Commander Hoare was the brother of King Harren the Black, the lord commander maintained the neutrality of the ten thousand black brothers under his command, even when Harren died during the burning of Harrenhal.[22] King Aegon I Targaryen became Lord of the Seven Kingdoms and ruled from the Iron Throne in King's Landing.
The manpower of the Night's Watch has decreased more and more, with most of Westeros neglecting the Wall. Only the north, particularly the Starks, have the memory of the old days, but even they believe the Others are no more than vague figures in stories told to frighten children. The Starks resented King Jaehaerys I Targaryen granting the New Gift to the Watch.[35] The black brothers arrived late at Long Lake, where the King-Beyond-the-Wall Raymun Redbeard was defeated by the Starks and Umbers.[36]
By 297 AC during the reign of King Robert I Baratheon, only three castles remain in use—Castle Black, Eastwatch-by-the-Sea, and the Shadow Tower—and the Night's Watch's numbers have dwindled to fewer than a thousand men. The Night's Watch is now largely made up of the misfits of the Seven Kingdoms: peasants, debtors, poachers, rapers, thieves, and bastards. Only a few of the noble and knightly houses south of the Neck have members in the Night's Watch, and most serve because they fell afoul of political machinations or fought on the wrong side of a war. However, there have been fewer wars since the War of Conquest.[37]
According to Grand Maester Pycelle the Wall is a world apart, and news oft reaches them late.[38] Stories of the Night's Watch are collected in Archmaester Harmune's Watchers on the Wall.[39]
Recent Events
A Game of Thrones
Jon Snow and Samwell Tarly join the Night's Watch as stewards, while Jon's uncle, First Ranger Benjen Stark, disappears beyond the Wall. After two slain brothers, Othor and Jafer Flowers, rise as wights at Castle Black, a great ranging is planned north of the Wall to search for Benjen, deal with the King-Beyond-the-Wall Mance Rayder, and learn about the Others.[40]
A Clash of Kings
Jeor Mormont, Lord Commander of the Night's Watch, personally leads the great ranging of two hundred men from Castle Black, which is joined by a hundred men from the Shadow Tower.[3] They use the Fist of the First Men within the haunted forest as their base. Jon Snow is part of a ranging party attacked by wildlings, and Qhorin Halfhand convinces Jon to kill him and infiltrate the wildlings.[41][42]
The wandering crow Yoren leads a party of recruits, including a disguised Arya Stark, from King's Landing. Most are slain near the Gods Eye, however.[11]
A Storm of Swords
An army of wights overwhelm the Watch in the fight at the Fist, and the survivors retreat to Craster's Keep. Lord Commander Mormont and Craster are slain during the mutiny at Craster's Keep, however.
Jon Snow escapes the wildling raiding party and informs the small number of brothers at Castle Black of Mance Rayder's plan to attack the Wall. Jon and Donal Noye lead the defense of Castle Black from an attack by Styr's Thenns, while Bowen Marsh commands in a fight at the Bridge of Skulls. Of three hundred men sent on the great ranging, only fourteen survive and return to the Wall.[43] The Watch and Stannis Baratheon join forces to defeat the wildlings in the Battle of Castle Black.
When the Watch chooses a new Lord Commander to replace the late Jeor Mormont, a total of 588 votes are cast, indicating that after the losses during the great ranging and the defense of the Wall, the Watch numbers less than six hundred men.[44] Jon Snow is chosen after several rounds of voting.[45]
A Feast for Crows
Jon sends Maester Aemon to Oldtown to protect him from Melisandre, and the Lord Commander instructs Sam to learn at the Citadel.[19] Jon names Dareon a wandering crow to replace the missing Yoren.[46] Dareon deserts in Braavos, however, and is murdered by Arya Stark.[47]
A Dance with Dragons
There are plans to re-garrison the Nightfort and many of the other castles. The question of who will be responsible for the remanned castles is a point of tension between Jon and King Stannis Baratheon.
Many of the brothers are disconcerted by Jon allowing wildlings to pass through the Wall and garrison the empty castles. Jon sends Cotter Pyke on a dangerous mission to rescue wildlings at Hardhome.[48] Jon asks for volunteers to march on Winterfell after receiving a threatening letter from Ramsay Bolton, but the lord commander is then stabbed by brothers in the mutiny at Castle Black.[20]
Notable Members
Recent Lords Commander
- Lord Jeor Mormont, 997th Lord Commander of the Watch, known as "the Old Bear." Towards the end of his tenure, he became increasingly worried as more rangers were lost beyond the Wall, including First Ranger Benjen Stark. Also, there were more reports coming in of wildlings either fleeing south or gathering in large numbers to escape or meet some threat. After an attempt to investigate in force, most of the brothers who went with him were killed at the fight at the Fist. Following this staggering loss, he was murdered by his own rangers during the mutiny at Craster's Keep.
- Lord Jon Snow, 998th Lord Commander of the Night's Watch.
Past Lords Commander
- The Night's King, the thirteenth Lord Commander, who converted the Night's Watch into his own personal army and led it in battle against Brandon the Breaker, the King in the North, and Joramun, the King-Beyond-the-Wall.
- Osric Stark, a brother or son of a King in the North. He was chosen Lord Commander when he was ten, making him the youngest Lord Commander of the Night's Watch. He served for 60 years.[19]
- Rodrik Flint, thought to make himself King-beyond-the-Wall.
- Tristan Mudd, Mad Marq Rankenfell, and Robin Hill; Three Lords Commander who nearly destroyed the Watch when they forgot their vows in favor of their pride and ambition.
- Runcel Hightower, tried to make the position of Lord Commander hereditary and pass the position to his son.
- Lord Commander Hoare a brother of Harren the Black, stayed on the Wall while his brother burned at Harrenhal.[22]
- Sleepy Jack, Lord Commander of the Night's Watch when Raymun Redbeard crossed the Wall and was late for the Battle at Long Lake.
- Brynden Rivers, also called "Bloodraven", sent to the Wall in 233 AC by King Aegon V Targaryen. He rose to become Lord Commander in 239 AC, serving until his disappearance during a ranging beyond the Wall in 252 AC.
- Lord Commander Qorgyle, the 996th Lord Commander of the Night's Watch before Lord Jeor Mormont and a member of House Qorgyle. His first name is never given.
- See also: Members of the Night's Watch, for a complete list
- Benjen Stark, First Ranger and younger brother to Lord Eddard Stark. Missing beyond the Wall and thought dead.
- Blane, a senior ranger of common blood, scout and second to Qhorin Halfhand. Killed while in command of the Shadow Tower Men during the fight at the Fist.
- Bowen Marsh, Lord Steward of the Night's Watch. Leads a successful but costly defense in the fight at the Bridge of Skulls.
- Chett, former steward to Maester Aemon until Samwell Tarly is raised to the post. Sent to the pens to take care of the dogs. He conspires to kill Jeor Mormont at the Fist of the First Men, but is slain and turned into a wight.
- Cotter Pyke, commander of Eastwatch-by-the-Sea.
- Donal Noye, one-armed blacksmith at Castle Black. He was personal blacksmith to House Baratheon and made Robert's warhammer before losing an arm during the siege of Storm's End. He dies killing Mag the Mighty, King of the Giants, underneath the Wall during the Battle of Castle Black.
- Eddison Tollett, a steward, called "Dolorous Edd" for his sarcastic and black humor.
- Jarmen Buckwell, a senior ranger. Survives the fight at the Fist and retreats back to Castle Black.[43]
- Ser Denys Mallister, commander at the Shadow Tower.
- Janos Slynt, former commander of the City Watch of King's Landing, later Lord of Harrenhal, and finally a brother of the Night's Watch. A political lackey of House Lannister, he is exiled to the Wall by Tyrion Lannister, who wants to rid King's Landing of corruption and himself of Lord Slynt. Tyrion's father, Lord Tywin Lannister, later tries to make Janos a tool of House Lannister in the Watch, and nearly turns the election for a new Lord Commander in Janos's favor. After Jon Snow's election to the post, Janos's continued insubordination leads Jon to behead him.
- Maester Aemon, maester of Castle Black and one of the last Targaryens. Dies of old age at sea with Samwell Tarly.
- Ser Mallador Locke, knight and ranger. Killed during the fight at the Fist.
- Othell Yarwyck, First Builder of the Night's Watch.
- Qhorin Halfhand, second-in-command at the Shadow Tower and a ranger of much repute. He allows Jon Snow to kill him so that Jon will be accepted among the wildlings.
- Thoren Smallwood, acting First Ranger after Benjen Stark's disappearance. Killed by a wight bear during the fight at the Fist.
- Samwell Tarly, son of renowned battle commander Randyll Tarly. Obese and an admitted coward. Sent by Lord Snow to the Citadel for study after the Battle of Castle Black.
- Grenn, a recruit with Jon who is assigned to the rangers.
- Pypar, more commonly known as Pyp, recruit with Jon, originally with a mummers' troupe.
- Dareon, a recruit in the same group as Jon and is named a steward sent to Eastwatch-by-the-Sea. He was an apprentice singer in the Reach. While in Braavos he deserts but is killed by Arya Stark.
- Todder, more commonly known as Toad, is a recruit in the same group as Jon, named a ranger.
- Jeren is a recruit in the same group as Jon Snow and is named a steward. He was the bastard son of a septon.
- Halder, also known as Stoney, is a recruit in the same group as Jon Snow and is named a builder. Incredibly strong.
- Albett, also known as Pimple, is a recruit in the same group as Jon Snow and is named a builder.
- Satin is a recruit of the Night's Watch after Jon. He becomes Jon's steward and squire.
- Ser Jaremy Rykker, a senior ranger and knight. Killed by a wight at Castle Black.
- Ser Waymar Royce, novice ranger and knight, slain by an Other.
- Ser Wynton Stout, an elderly ranger.
- Small Paul, a simple-minded brother. He is part of a conspiracy to kill Jeor Mormont until the brothers are attacked at the Fist of the First Men. He saves Samwell Tarly, but is slain and returns as a wight.
- Stonesnake, ranger from the Shadow Tower. Companion to Qhorin Half-Hand and the most accomplished mountain climber in the Watch. Missing and presumed dead after trying to cross the Frostfangs alone and on foot.
- Ulmer, a grey-bearded outlaw, once part of the Kingswood Brotherhood. Skilled with a bow.
- Yoren, senior "wandering crow" or recruiter for the Watch. He attempts to smuggle Arya Stark to the north, but is killed at the Gods Eye fighting Lannister men under Amory Lorch who are searching for the outlaw Beric Dondarrion.
The Night's Watch is a shadow of what it once was.[49]
- Eddard Stark to Robert I Baratheon
Any man of the Night's Watch is welcome here at Winterfell for as long as he wishes to stay.[32]
- Robb Stark to Yoren and his Sworn Brothers
The men who formed the Night's Watch knew that only their courage shielded the realm from the darkness to the north ... We all do our duty, when there is no cost to it. How easy it seems then, to walk the path of honor. Yet soon or late in every man's life comes a day when it is not easy, a day when he must choose ... It hurts, boy.Oh, yes. Choosing ... it has always hurt. And always will. I know.[22]
I could rise high in the Watch—chief of rangers, likely even Lord Commander ... If I served at Eastwatch, I could command my own ship, and there's fine hunting beyond the Wall. As for women, what wildling woman wouldn't want a prince in her bed? A black cloak can't be turned. I'd be as good as any man ...[50]
- thoughts of Theon Greyjoy
The Night's Watch is a pack of thieves, killers, and baseborn churls.[38]
- Tywin Lannister to Pycelle
This castle's been my home for forty years. You say I'm free to go, but where? I'm too old and too stout to make a hedge knight. But men are always welcome at the Wall.[51]
- Desmond Grell to Jaime Lannister
The Night's Watch needed leaders with the wisdom of Maester Aemon, the learning of Samwell Tarly, the courage of Qhorin Halfhand, the stubborn strength of the Old Bear, the compassion of Donal Noye.[20]
- thoughts of Jon Snow
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 A Game of Thrones, Prologue.
- ↑ A Game of Thrones, Chapter 6, Catelyn II.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 A Clash of Kings, Chapter 6, Jon I.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 A Game of Thrones, Chapter 41, Jon V.
- ↑ A Game of Thrones, Chapter 52, Jon VII.
- ↑ A Storm of Swords, Prologue.
- ↑ A Dance with Dragons, Chapter 49, Jon X.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 A Storm of Swords, Chapter 18, Samwell I.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 A Game of Thrones, Chapter 21, Tyrion III.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 A Storm of Swords, Appendix.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 A Clash of Kings, Chapter 14, Arya IV.
- ↑ A Game of Thrones, Chapter 37, Bran V.
- ↑ A Clash of Kings, Chapter 23, Jon III.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 A Storm of Swords, Chapter 56, Bran IV.
- ↑ A Game of Thrones, Chapter 44, Sansa III.
- ↑ A Game of Thrones, Chapter 48, Jon VI.
- ↑ A Storm of Swords, Chapter 45, Catelyn V.
- ↑ A Storm of Swords, Chapter 33, Samwell II.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 A Feast for Crows, Chapter 5, Samwell I.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 A Dance with Dragons, Chapter 69, Jon XIII.
- ↑ The World of Ice & Fire, The Wall and Beyond: The Night's Watch.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 A Game of Thrones, Chapter 60, Jon VIII.
- ↑ The World of Ice & Fire, The Targaryen Kings: Aegon V.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 A Storm of Swords, Chapter 40, Bran III.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 A Game of Thrones, Chapter 19, Jon III.
- ↑ A Storm of Swords, Chapter 55, Jon VII.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 A Storm of Swords, Chapter 26, Jon III.
- ↑ A Storm of Swords, Chapter 41, Jon V.
- ↑ A Storm of Swords, Map of Beyond the Wall
- ↑ A Dance with Dragons, Appendix.
- ↑ A Clash of Kings, Chapter 21, Bran III.
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 A Game of Thrones, Chapter 24, Bran IV.
- ↑ A Storm of Swords, Chapter 78, Samwell V.
- ↑ A Clash of Kings, Chapter 43, Jon V.
- ↑ The World of Ice & Fire, The Lords of Winterfell.
- ↑ The World of Ice & Fire, The Wildlings.
- ↑ A Game of Thrones RPG and Resource Book, Guardians of Order
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 A Storm of Swords, Chapter 32, Tyrion IV.
- ↑ The World of Ice & Fire, The Night's Watch.
- ↑ A Game of Thrones, Chapter 70, Jon IX.
- ↑ A Clash of Kings, Chapter 53, Jon VII.
- ↑ A Clash of Kings, Chapter 68, Jon VIII.
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 A Storm of Swords, Chapter 48, Jon VI.
- ↑ A Storm of Swords, Chapter 75, Samwell IV.
- ↑ A Storm of Swords, Chapter 79, Jon XII.
- ↑ A Feast for Crows, Chapter 15, Samwell II.
- ↑ A Feast for Crows, Chapter 34, Cat Of The Canals.
- ↑ A Dance with Dragons, Chapter 44, Jon IX.
- ↑ A Game of Thrones, Chapter 4, Eddard I.
- ↑ A Clash of Kings, Chapter 66, Theon VI.
- ↑ A Feast for Crows, Chapter 24, Cersei V.
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Night's Watch. The list of authors can be seen in the page history of Night's Watch. As with A Wiki of Ice and Fire, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.


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