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The Association of Communitarian Health Services (ASECSA) and the Role of Religion and Health in Central America
Susan Fitzpatrick-Behrens
The Association of Communitarian Health Services (ASECSA) is a transnational, religiously influenced health program in Central America created during the Cold War. ASECSA was founded in 1978 by a small group of international health professionals with ties to programs started by Catholic and Protestant clergy and laity in Guatemala's western highlands in the 1960s. It introduced a model of healthcare in which Maya health promoters and midwives became partners in healing rather than objects to be cured. Support for the health programs and ASECSA came from secular and religious international agencies, including the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), German Misereor, Catholic Relief Services, and the World Council of Churches. ASECSA was founded to disseminate knowledge of popular health education strategies used by health promoters and midwives to provide preventive and curative medical services to their communities. The education methods grew from Paulo Freire's Pedagogy of the Oppressed and its use by religious agents influenced by liberation theology. Although it was founded in Guatemala, ASECSA's publications and meetings attracted participation by health professionals and paraprofessionals from Mexico, Central America, and even the Caribbean. Ecumenical religious centers affiliated with liberation theology in the 1960s and 1970s facilitated the development of popular health programs that played a defining role in the region.
Biography of a Colonial Document
Sylvia Sellers-García
What can we learn about the documents we work with if we incorporate a study of document creation, travel, and storage into the consideration of document content? Some well-known documents, such as the Popol Vuh, have backstories that reveal as much as their content. But even obscure documents, such as a dispute over a road detour in 18th-century Guatemala, can be read productively as objects with life trajectories. Understanding the "life" of this document—the world in which it was made, the tools and knowledge of its making, its travel while being written, its storage in colonial and national archives—sheds new light on its meaning. Similarly, all colonial documents can be interpreted in new ways if their lives are treated as part of the interpretation.
Bourbon Reforms in Central America, 1700–1808
Jorge González Alzate
The Kingdom of Guatemala, a neglected backwater of the Spanish Empire under the Habsburgs, figured prominently in the long-term strategic planning of the Bourbon state. Royal preoccupation with this impoverished colony was reflected in the wide-ranging program of reform that the crown sought to put into practice in the isthmus over the course of the 18th century. For Philip V and his successors, the most pressing concern was the crown's lack of control over the colony's Caribbean coast (also known as the Mosquito Shore), a swampy and insalubrious region that for decades had been under the effective control of British interlopers and their native allies, the indomitable Sambo-Mosquitos. The main thrust of the reform project was therefore directed at addressing that serious security gap, a situation which, at the same time, severely limited Spain's capacity to reap the benefits of Central America's economy and trade. In its initial stages, the effort to implement the reforms proved to be a protracted and frustrating process, hampered by resistance from vested interests, lack of funds and personnel, natural disasters, and above all by recurring military conflict. It was not until the aftermath of the Seven Years War (1756–1763) that Charles III, facing the prospect of an even more damaging British attack, resolved to take decisive action and commanded his ministers to expedite the pace of reform. Royal orders were then issued that called for the de-Americanization and overhauling of the civil administration, direct state intervention to stimulate economic productivity and expand maritime trade, the establishment of a modern, efficient, crown-administered fiscal structure, the strengthening of the defense system, and the assertion of royal authority over the ecclesiastical establishment. Initially, the uncompromising manner utilized by the crown in introducing the changes, particularly the reforms to the fiscal system, provoked much unrest and resistance among wide segments of the population. But in the end, the reforms survived and, by the closing years of the century, most of the measures had largely met the crown's objectives. The fiscal surplus generated by the economic and commercial expansion of the second half of the 18th century enabled the Bourbons to attain their principal strategic objective in Central America, namely dislodging the British enemy from much of the Atlantic coast. Unfortunately, not long after this climatic point, the decades-long effort quickly unraveled as the monarchy began to collapse in 1808. In the end, the reform project proved insufficient; the dream of attaining modernization and preeminent status among European powers remained elusive. As conditions in the mother country deteriorated, so did the economic and political stability of Central America. The kingdom's provinces were engulfed by increasing political volatility and economic depression. Following the example of neighboring New Spain, Central Americans declared their independence in 1821. Thus, in the end, the Bourbons had "gained a revenue and lost an empire."
Catholics, Evangelicals, and US Policy in Central America
Michael Cangemi
During the Cold War's earliest years, right-wing governments and oligarchic elites in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Nicaragua fostered closer relationships with the Catholic Church. Dictatorial leaders like Guatemala's Carlos Castillo Armas and dynastic regimes like Nicaragua's Somoza family regarded the Church as an ally against supposed Marxist influence in the region. Those ties began to fray in the late 1960s, as the Second Vatican Council's foundational reforms moved Catholicism farther to the political and social left around the globe. This shift was especially prominent in Central America, where Catholics like El Salvador's Archbishop Óscar Arnulfo Romero and Guatemala's Father Stanley Rother were among Central America's most visible critics and reformers as political violence increased across the region during the 1970s. Relatedly, evangelical Protestants, particularly Pentecostal groups based in the United States, flooded Central America throughout that decade. Their staunch anticommunism and established ties to influential policymakers and political lobbyists in the United States, among other factors, gave evangelical Protestants greater influence in US-Central American relations. Their influence was strongest during the early 1980s, when José Efraín Ríos Montt, an ordained Pentecostal minister with Eureka, California's Verbo Ministries, seized Guatemala's presidency via a coup in March 1982. Notable US evangelical leaders like Jerry Falwell and Pat Robertson praised Ríos Montt's regime for its rabid anticommunist ideology, while President Ronald Reagan claimed that the dictator had received a "bum rap" in the global press. Concurrently, some US evangelical missioners and pastors also foregrounded the Sandinista government's anti-Protestant activities as additional justification for US support for Nicaragua's Contra forces. Religious actors were also instrumental to Central America's peace processes after the Cold War, as Catholic and Protestant leaders alike worked closely with regional governments and the United States to end decades of political violence and enact meaningful socioeconomic reforms for the region's citizens.
Central America's Caribbean Coast: Politics and Ethnicity
Robert Sierakowski
From the period of imperial conquest and competition, the Caribbean coast of Central America has served as an interstitial space: between British and Spanish rule; between foreign corporate control and national inclusion; mestizo, black, and indigenous. Running from Guatemala in the north through Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama in the south, "la Costa" has functioned as a contested terrain imbued with economic import, ethnic difference, and symbolic power. The coastal zones were transformed in the 20th century through the construction of railroads and later highways, large-scale foreign immigration, the spread of states' bureaucratic agents, and internal migrants, as well as transnational projects such as the Panama Canal and the United Fruit Company's integrated banana plantation empire.
The coastal region's inaccessible terrain, large communities of lowland indigenous people, and vast numbers of Afro-Caribbean migrants from islands such as Jamaica markedly differentiated these lowlands from the wider Central American republics. From indigenous groups such as the Rama, Mayangna-Sumu, Kuna, Guaymí, and Bribri, to the Afro-indigenous Garifuna and Miskitu, and the English-speaking black Creoles and Afro-Antilleans, the region has enjoyed great ethnic diversity compared to the nominally mestizo republics of which it has formed part. Finally, ladino (non-indigenous) or mestizo (mixed-race) campesino migrants from the Pacific or Central regions of the isthmus arrived in large numbers throughout the 20th century. Racism, ethnic exclusion, and marginalization were often the response of national states toward these coastal populations. In some contexts, tensions between and among ethnic groups over land and natural resources, as well as between national states and local autonomy, flared into violent conflict. Elsewhere in Central America, the Caribbean coast's position in national political development permitted a gradual meshing of national and regional cultures during the second half of the 20th century.
Contextualizing the Popol Wuj from Friar Ximénez to the Digital Age
Néstor Quiroa
Regarded as an ethnohistorical treasure, the Popol Wuj narrative has been read exclusively as a freestanding, self-contained text used to inquire into a history far removed from when it was actually created. Consequently, the colonial context of the text itself has been minimized, including the central role of Dominican friar Francisco Ximénez as transcriber and translator of the only copy in existence. The present study delineates a historical trajectory of the Popol Wuj, reframing the narrative within its colonial ecclesiastic context. It explores the physical structure of Friar Ximénez's 18th-century manuscript, preserved as MS 1515 by the Newberry Library in Chicago, to demonstrate that his work was first and foremost a series of religious treatises intended to carry out the conversion of the K'iche' to Christianity. As a cautionary word, rather than revisiting the old, biased approach of questioning the authenticity and authorship of this Popol Wuj narrative, the current study suggests a broader reading, addressing the complexities intrinsic in this text, particularly the fact that the narrative was the result of the cultural contact between mendicant friars, whose main objective was to evangelize, and indigenous groups, who strived to maintain their cultural continuity by recording their oral history in the face of such a threat. Finally, this study invites scholars to ponder on the implications that the present structure of Ximénez's manuscript (MS 1515) presents for future Popol Wuj studies as the narrative enters the age of electronic information and digital imaging.
Digital Resources: The Sandino Rebellion Digital Historical Archive
Michael Schroeder
This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History. Please check back later for the full article.
The Sandino Rebellion Digital Historical Archive website, a work in progress, is envisioned as a comprehensive, interpretive, open-access digital archive housing all relevant primary documents, and rare, out-of-print, or hard-to-access published works, that treat the period of the Sandino rebellion in Nicaragua (1927–1934) and the counterinsurgency campaign waged by the U.S. and Nicaraguan governments against this homegrown, campesino-based nationalist insurgency led by Augusto C. Sandino, the supreme chief of the Defending Army of Nicaraguan National Sovereignty (Ejército Defensor de la Soberanía Nacional de Nicaragua, or EDSN). Primary documents, digitized from the originals in public and private archives in the United States, Nicaragua, Great Britain, Honduras, and elsewhere, are categorized by type, provenance, and theme, with many transcribed and fully searchable. The website currently housed more than 3,700 hitherto unpublished primary documents as of May 2014; ultimately, the goal is to make universally accessible approximately 30,000 documents, including letters, diaries, military reports, consular dispatches, court records, newspaper accounts, oral histories, photographs, maps, rare published works, and other materials, to be accompanied by interpretive commentaries on specific documents, events, issues, and controversies.
The digital archive is organized in the manner of a historian's workspace in the wake of repeated visits to the many libraries, archives, and repositories that bear on the questions we seek to address. The criterion informing the selection of documents is simple: material is included if it helps to shed light on how Nicaraguans struggled to make their own history during this period. In the spirit of social and cultural history, the focus is on ordinary people and members of subordinate groups—campesinos, indigenous communities, women, migrants—while abiding attention is also paid to more prominent and powerful actors, including merchants, landowners, politicians, and military leaders.
Roughly two-thirds of this material was culled from Record Group 127 (Records of the United States Marines) in the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, which includes a staggering array of documentation relating to virtually every aspect of this rebellion and the counterinsurgency campaign that sought to crush it: patrol and combat reports, intelligence reports and memoranda, photographs, captured correspondence, court records, prisoners' statements, and much else. Other major repositories and collections include the Library of Congress; the records of the U.S. Department of State (Record Groups 59 and 84 of the U.S. National Archives II in College Park, MD); the Marine Corps Research Center (Quantico, VA); the oral histories produced by the Instituto de Estudio del Sandinismo in the 1980s (now the Instituto de Historia de Nicaragua y Centroamérica of the Universidad Centroamericana, or IHNCA-UCA, in Managua); and private collections, most notably material generously shared by Walter Castillo Sandino, the grandson of General Sandino.
Economic Integration in 19th- and 20th-Century Central America
Dora María Téllez
Throughout their history, the countries of Central America have attempted several forms of political and economic integration. After declaring independence in the 19th century, the region lacked its earlier cohesion vis-à-vis Spanish colonial governance. The former provinces aligned themselves in favor of either centralizing regional power in a federal republic or establishing complete political autonomy through the formation of new nation-states. Forces in favor of the latter eventually prevailed.
An attempt at economic integration began in the mid-20th century. It was actively backed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and eventually led to the creation of the Central American Common Market (CACM). Despite favorable economic conditions in the Post-World War II period, a number of complications undermined integration efforts: war, political crises, and interests that ran contrary to those of the United States. Integration was postponed until the end of the 1980s, after the Esquipulas II Accord reestablished peace in the region.
After the countries of Central America signed the Guatemala Protocol in 1993, economic integration was promoted under the banner of free trade. This was done by regional economic groups with the goal of reconnecting the region to global commerce under the most advantageous circumstances possible.
Hispanic Constitutionalism and the Independence Process in the Kingdom of Guatemala, 1808–1823
Xiomara Avendaño Rojas
Unlike the French and North American revolutions, which fought against a monarchical power, the Hispanic political revolution began by evoking the memory of the beloved Ferdinand VII of Spain. The French invasion of Spain in 1808 had unimaginable repercussions; the government was reestablished in the name of the King, and the territories of the Americas that were convened in the Cortes participated in the development of a charter in 1812 that created a constitutional monarchy. In the Kingdom of Guatemala, the application of constitutionalism gave rise to tensions between elected officials and former royal appointees. By way of indirect elections, the isthmus took its first steps in the construction of a representative system, and worked its way up to local, provincial, and legislative power.
The Declaration of Independence, which took place on September 15, 1821, along with the Plan of Iguala inadvertently brought about a type of "examination" in which the provinces, empowered by their sovereignty and autonomy, broke away from the metropolis but produced a dilemma: Mexico or Guatemala. Independent from the choice, they assumed full ownership of the government that originated from the 1812 Constitution of Cádiz. Few people called for a congress, and the traditional referent in the political community, the cabildos, chose the Imperio del Septentrión (the Northern Empire). After the fall of the monarch Agustín de Iturbide, in March 1823, a constituency was organized to decide on their future government as the Provincinas Unidas del Centro de América (United Provinces of Central America). The new republican project was issued in a second Declaration of Independence or absolute independence, signed on July 1, 1823.
Oscar Arias and the Treaty of Esquipulas
Phillip Travis
Throughout the 1980s, Central America was wracked by conflict. El Salvador faced a guerrilla insurgency, Guatemala's long conflict festered, and Nicaragua faced a continually escalating U.S.-led proxy war that used fighters, loosely referred to as the Contras, to wage war on the Nicaraguan government through cross-border raids that implicated Costa Rica and Honduras in persistent violations of sovereignty. The Treaty of Esquipulas, spearheaded by Costa Rican President Oscar Arias Sanchez, ended these conflicts and brought stability to the region.
The Treaty of Esquipulas stands as one of the most significant and understudied peace agreements of the late Cold War. These accords ran counter to the will of the more powerful United States, which throughout the 1980s had sought to use military force as the key to achieving regime change in Nicaragua. The United States policy of supporting guerrillas that waged a war of regime change in Nicaragua fanned the flames of conflict and destabilized the region. Esquipulas undermined this destructive policy. For the first time, the small nations of Central America, so long considered the imperial servants of the United States, thwarted an aggressive U.S. military policy. Through intense diplomatic meetings, and in the wake of the controversy that developed from the Iran–Contra scandal, President Arias of Costa Rica succeeded in creating a peace agreement for Central Americans and authored by Central Americans. The Esquipulas accords were a blanket repudiation of the near decade-long Contra war policy of the United States. Central America created diplomatic unity and facilitated a successful opposition to the military policy of its more powerful neighbor. This agreement was a great triumph of peace and diplomacy created in the face of what seemed like overwhelming odds.
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Why Should You Get Tested for HIV?
The federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that 38% to 44% of all adults in the United States have been tested for HIV and that between 16 and 22 million people aged 18-64 years are tested for HIV annually. However, of more than one million people living with HIV in the U.S., it is estimated that about one-quarter (252,000 to 312,000 persons) are unaware of their HIV status. Because they do not know they are infected, these individuals are unable to benefit from clinical care related to their HIV disease. In addition, some of these people may unknowingly be transmitting HIV to other people. The San Francisco AIDS Foundation strongly encourages people who are at risk for HIV to be tested regularly. Whether or not to take the HIV antibody test, however, is a personal decision that only you can make for yourself. That being said, here are some things you may wish to consider:
What Are HIV Antibody Tests?
As the body fights viruses, the immune system creates antibodies to that virus. HIV antibody tests do not measure or detect the virus itself but instead look for your body's reaction to the virus -- the presence of antibodies to HIV.
The ELISA (also sometimes called EIA) is often used as the first screening tool. It is inexpensive and very sensitive for detecting the presence of HIV antibodies. In most cases, a blood sample is tested, but other types of ELISAs that use saliva and urine have also been developed. The actual ELISA takes 3.5 to 4 hours, but most test sites send samples to outside labs, where they are tested in batches, so you may have to wait one to two weeks for results.
Beyond the Window Period ELISA tests are very rarely "false negative." This means if you have a negative test result, and you had met the Window Period guidelines after the last potential exposure, you are really HIV negative. An ELISA test may rarely be "false positive." False positive ELISA results can occur if someone is tested right after events that temporarily stimulate the immune system, such as viral infections or immunizations. They could also occur because of lab error, or because of the test's very high sensitivity, discussed below.
For these reasons, positive ELISA results must always be confirmed with a Western Blot or IFA (below), and at reputable test sites this is commonly done automatically -- meaning you don't have to have another blood sample drawn.
A relatively new test, called a detuned ELISA, which has been used in research settings, will soon become more widely available to other test sites. The detuned test, which is used only after HIV antibodies are confirmed by a Western Blot test, can determine if the HIV infection is recent (within the last six months), which may be useful for deciding upon possible early treatment options.
Western Blot (WB) Assay
The WB is a confirmatory test: it is only performed if an ELISA or rapid test is positive. The WB can be positive, negative, or indeterminate. Indeterminate tests are neither positive nor negative. An indeterminate result usually means that a person has just begun to seroconvert at the time of their test. In the rare cases in which this occurs, the person will need to be retested, usually about one month later. False positive results are extremely rare with the WB, so it confirms (proves) that HIV antibodies are present.
Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA)
The IFA can be used instead of the WB to confirm ELISA results. Like the WB, IFA tests for the presence of antibodies in a blood sample. The exact strategy is slightly different in that it uses a microscope. It can be faster than a WB, so the few labs that use it can get results to the patient more quickly.
Rapid Tests for HIV
Rapid testing for HIV has become one of the most prominent ways that people receive HIV tests today. In as little as 20 minutes, you can find out your HIV status.
Rapid tests work similarly to traditional HIV test: they look for antibodies to HIV, not the virus itself. Most commonly, a rapid test is adminestered by sampling the oral mucosa (the mucous that is everywhere in your mouth) and putting it through a test to see if HIV antibodies are present.
Some people may think that, since the test uses the mouth to test for HIV, that HIV can be transmitted to other people through saliva, spit and/or oral mucosa via kissing, sharing utensils, or sharing glasses. This is not true. For more information, see this website's section on How HIV is Spread.
A rapid test runs for 20-40 minutes, after which you will receive a result. Rapid tests are extremely accurate. However, since rapid tests have a small margin of error (ranging from 1 to 3 per 1,000), all positive (reactive) results have to be put through a confirmatory test.
The most common type of rapid test currently in use in Callifornia is the OraQuick Advance. The availability of rapid tests varies by city. Some testing locations in California charge for this type of test, but there are many locations that will provide the test for free. For testing locations, you can call the California HIV/AIDS Hotline at 1-800-367-AIDS or you can do your own referral search by visiting www.aidshotline.org.
Window Period
The "window period" is the time it takes for a person who has been infected with HIV to react to the virus by creating HIV antibodies. This is called seroconversion.
During the window period, people infected with HIV have no antibodies in their blood that can be detected by an HIV test, even though the person may already have high levels of HIV in their blood, sexual fluids, or breast milk.
Here is what the CDC says about the window period:
This CDC definition of a three to six month window period has been commonly used for a number of years.
What does this mean for you?
Although HIV may not be detected by a test during the window period, HIV can be transmitted during that time. In fact, individuals are often most infectious during this time (shortly after they have been exposed to HIV).
Interpretation of Test Results
A positive (reactive) result means:
A positive result does NOT mean:
A negative (non-reactive) result means:
A negative result does NOT mean:
An indeterminate result (which is rare) means:
Accuracy of Antibody Tests
Antibody tests are extremely accurate, whether receiving a rapid test or a more traditional ELISA. Rapid test, for example, have an accuracy rate exceeding 99%. However, positive results from a rapid or ELISA test must be confirmed by another test to ensure that a person is HIV-positive.
The accuracy of a medical test is a combination of two factors: sensitivity and specificity. The ELISA is extremely sensitive (about 99.5%), which means it will detect very small quantities of HIV antibody. This high sensitivity reduces the odds of reporting a "false negative" when HIV antibodies are present. Assuming you are being tested beyond the "window period" and have not engaged in activities that put you at risk for HIV, if the ELISA is "negative," there is virtually no chance you have HIV.
The high sensitivity of the test creates a slightly lower specificity. This means the result could (infrequently) be "false positive." To compensate for this, confirmatory tests are automatically performed after a positive ELISA. The WB and IFA are highly specific for HIV antibodies, so they rule out false positive ELISAs nearly every time.
The CDC states that the combined accuracy of the ELISA plus either the WB or IFA is greater than 99%.
The CDC recommends retesting any positive (reactive) ELISA twice; if either retest is positive (reactive), then a confirmatory test is performed. Only when the confirmatory test is also reactive is the result reported as HIV positive. Again, reputable test sites automatically follow this procedure, so results reported to you as positive can be relied upon completely. It is also important to note that if you test positive through the use of a rapid HIV test (with results provided in 20 minutes or less), your result is still preliminary. A confirmatory test must be performed to verify whether you are infected with HIV and these results will take several days.What does this mean for you?
That being said, individuals who have had a recent exposure to HIV and experience symptoms consistent with seroconversion (flu-like symptoms), can request a viral load test from their doctor in addition to the HIV antibody test. This may help identify HIV infection during the window period (before HIV antibodies have developed), though it should be noted that an antibody test is ultimately needed to confirm that one is HIV-infected.
Anonymous HIV Testing
Free anonymous testing is available at Anonymous Test Sites in most counties in California. Anonymous testing means that no one has access to your test results since your name is never recorded at the test site.
Anonymous test sites are preferred by some individuals because:
People with HIV infection and AIDS are generally reported by name to local and state public health officials (see HIV name reporting section below). Anonymous test results, however, are not reported to the government and can not be because an individual's name is never provided. In addition, anonymous testing sites never give written results. Some sites that provide anonymous testing also provide confidential testing, which may include written results. If you live in California, visit www.aidshotline.org to find sites that offer anonymous or confidential testing or you can call the California AIDS Hotline, toll free, at 1-800-367-AIDS.
At some anonymous test sites, you must make an appointment; in others, appointments are not necessary -- you can just drop in. You choose, or are given, a letter/number code that will match you to your test results. Most anonymous test sites provide pre-test counseling and risk assessment. A blood sample is sometimes drawn, but some sites now use rapid HIV testing, which can be done needle-free or utilizes blood taken from a finger-stick. You must return, in person, in about one to two weeks to obtain results, unless the rapid HIV test is used, which can determine your results in less than 20 minutes.
Confidential HIV Testing
HIV antibody testing can be ordered through a private physician, some clinics, and hospitals. If you give your name, even if the test site says your name is known only to them and not the lab, the test is technically confidential, not anonymous. Confidential antibody testing means that you and the health care provider know your results, which may be recorded in your medical file. There are also testing sites that offer confidential testing. Those who are tested confidentially and are found to be infected with HIV are reported to local public health officials so that the government can better track the extent of the disease in the population as a whole.
HIV Name-Based Reporting
California requires those who are infected with HIV to be reported by name to local public health officials. It is important to note that AIDS diagnoses have been reported by name in California and throughout the United States since the early 1980s. The federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has urged all states to collect HIV infection reports by name and the vast majority of states now do so.
Fortunately, public health reporting by name has been in place for many years for other communicable diseases and this information has been successfully protected by public health officials. More than 80 other diseases and conditions are currently required to be reported by name in California, including Hepatitis, tuberculosis, syphilis and Chlamydia.
This information is collected to allow public health officials to track these diseases. HIV reporting will make it easier for localities to collect information about the epidemic, providing the government with valid, uniform data for service and prevention planning.
It is important to note that only public health officials have access to the information that is reported; employers and insurance companies do not. Additionally, the names of HIV-positive Californians will only be reported to the county in which they live and to the state. The federal government will only receive a unique code for each HIV-positive individual, not their actual name. California law includes provisions that ensure the highest degree of confidentiality of name-based HIV data and significant financial penalties for inappropriate disclosure of that information. In addition, stringent laws exist at the federal, state and local levels to protect individuals with HIV and AIDS from discrimination in housing, employment and public services.
Because public health reporting data are so carefully protected, California's HIV reporting policy should not discourage you from seeking HIV testing and treatment. For those who do have strong concerns about having their HIV status reported to government officials, it may be advisable to seek out HIV testing at an anonymous test site. Because your name is never provided at an anonymous test site, you cannot be reported to the government. It is important to note, however, that if you test positive at an anonymous test site and then seek care for HIV disease from a physician, you will likely be reported by name at that time.
Partner Notification
Voluntary partner notification programs -- also known as partner counseling and referral services (PCRS) -- allow individuals who have tested positive to get help in notifying previous sex or needle sharing partners that they may have been exposed to HIV. Partner notification programs are not new; they have been used for years with tuberculosis, syphilis, and other communicable diseases.
Through these services you will receive counseling about how to notify partners yourself or you can have a public health officer do it for you. The health official will ask for the names, addresses, e-mails and/or phone numbers of other people (contacts) with whom you have had sex or shared needles. The health department will then try to locate each contact to tell them that they have been exposed to someone with HIV and could be at risk. They will advise these contacts to be tested for HIV. The health department does not disclose the name of the person who has tested positive, but in some cases, it may be obvious to the contact, particularly if he/she has had sex with only one or few other people.
Orasure Test for HIV
The OraSure HIV antibody test method, approved by the FDA in 1996, uses a sample of oral mucus obtained with a specially treated cotton pad that is placed between the cheek and lower gum for two minutes. Testing oral mucus has also been called "oral mucosal transudate testing." It is similar to the rapid oral test. In fact, the same company makes both products. The only difference between the two is the amount of time that it takes to receive your results.
Note: the saliva and oral mucus contain antibodies to HIV, not HIV itself, so HIV is not transmitted through these fluids.
Some public test sites offer this oral test as an alternative to blood testing.
The sample is sent to a lab, where it undergoes an ELISA procedure. All positive ELISA samples undergo a Western Blot confirmatory test (using the same pad).
The combined accuracy of OraSure ELISA and WB procedures is comparable to traditional blood testing, so it is very high.
Home HIV Antibody Tests
At this time, one company, Home Access, offers an FDA-approved at-home antibody test. This test costs about $45 to $70, depending on whether you pay for 72-hour results (they give you a pre-paid express delivery envelope to expedite shipping your sample to the lab) or standard 7-10 day results.
Home Access uses a blood sample from a finger prick, which you then send to a certified laboratory for testing. You must call a toll-free number to register your sample prior to shipping. Enclosed in the test kit is an identifying number. Results take three days to one week. To obtain results, you give the operator the ID number and they will look up the result of the test. This number system provides you with an anonymous test result so your result cannot be reported to anyone else.
Home Access uses traditional ELISA and Western Blot procedures, so the results are as accurate as one would receive with an antibody test at an anonymous testing site. The privacy of the home test offers some consumers more comfort than going to a public test site.
Remember, as with testing at an anonymous or confidential site, you must wait three to six months (the window period) after your potential exposure to take the at-home test, to be certain if the activity you are concerned about did or did not infect you with HIV.
With the availability of the HIV rapid test, some companies are now considering developing a new type of 'at-home' testing that could provide preliminary test results in less than 30 minutes. Similar to at-home pregnancy tests, consumers would be able get these preliminary results at home without having to mail in a blood specimen (as is required by the Home Access test that is currently available). Such a test has not yet been approved by the FDA. It should be noted that even if it is approved, the person being tested still must wait the 'window period' as previously described, and take a 'confirmatory test' if there is a preliminary positive result.
Urine Test for HIV
A test that detects HIV antibodies in urine was approved by the FDA in 1996. This test is not generally available to consumers. It is usually marketed to insurance companies and to other countries. Note: urine has antibodies for HIV, not HIV itself, so HIV is not transmitted by urine. Manufactured by Seradyn, it is called the "Sentinel" test.
A sample of urine is tested at a certified lab, using a modified ELISA procedure. This test must be ordered by a physician; this means the urine HIV test, by definition, is confidential, not anonymous.
Because it is less sensitive than a blood test, positive results must be confirmed by a traditional blood sample (ELISA plus WB).
RNA / NAAT Testing
The "NAT" or "NAAT" test (nucleic acid amplification test) is used to detect the presence of genetic material that is specific to HIV. It is not approved for the use of diagnosis of HIV infection perhaps with the exception of diagnosing infection in newborns of infected mothers who have antibodies to HIV that are transferred from the mother.
However, this test is being increasingly used to detect recent infection at the viral load 'spike' that occurs when HIV is first contracted. This is usually at 2 -- 4 weeks after infection. Although a letter of diagnosis and actual treatment is not given until a three month antibody test is confirmed, this does allow providers to get a patient into health care options sooner. It also lets the client know early on so hopefully they can make risk reducing behavioral choices. It is thought that when this initial infection spike occurs that people are at their most infectious stage, so this test can be used to try and combat that as well.
There is research suggesting that between 10-50% of new infections happen during the acute infection stage. Many feel that identifying and making interventions during this period will greatly reduce infection rates.
A cost-effective and efficient way to combine standard ELISA tests with viral load tests is called a "pooled PCR". Viral load tests are expensive to do individuallys. Instead of performing viral load tests on individual blood samples, they have found a way to combine or "pool" samples and test multiple people's specimens at one time. If a pooled sample tests positive, the laboratory technicians test individual samples in the pool until they find the sample that is positive.
For-Profit Test Sites
There are various for-profit sites that offer HIV testing, but we cannot confirm that they all offer appropriate HIV-related counseling and risk assessment. In addition, many of these companies offer the initial test at a certain publicized fee, but do not tell the consumer that any additional tests (including confirmatory tests) may cost extra.
Most businesses charge a premium because they offer faster results. Remember, standard ELISA tests take only 3.5 hours to do, but most non-profit sites send samples away to central labs to lower costs, which is why their tests are free or low-cost. It is the transit (turnaround) time, not the actual test that takes longer. Some people with high anxiety about exposure may be tempted to use this faster service.
Testing Issues for Specific Populations
Pregnant Women
The number of children reported with AIDS due to perinatal HIV transmission in the United States peaked at 954 in 1992 and declined 95% to 48 in 2004, largely because of the effectiveness of ensuring that pregnant women are encouraged to be tested for HIV and, for those who are infected, to receive treatments that can significantly reduce the risk of transmitting HIV to a newborn. The CDC reports that perinatal transmission rates can be reduced to less than 2% if women are aware that they are infected with HIV and take appropriate treatments to prevent transmission.
Perinatal HIV transmission continues to occur mostly among women who lack prenatal care or who are not offered voluntary HIV counseling and testing during pregnancy. Many of the perinatal HIV infections each year can be attributed to the lack of timely HIV testing and treatment of pregnant women.
However, the antibody test may not be sufficient for a pregnant woman who has had known recent exposure to HIV. In such cases, a viral load test that tests for the actual virus (rather than antibodies) may be ordered by a physician to help the woman make more informed decisions.
Newborns and Children
During pregnancy a mother's antibodies to HIV are transferred to the baby. Therefore, for the first 12-18 months, a child born to an HIV-positive woman will test positive with an antibody test. This does not mean that the child is infected. After 12 to 18 months, the child will shed the mother's antibodies. If he/she is infected, the child will continue to test positive with an antibody test after this period. For this reason, the antibody test is not a reliable indicator of HIV status for children under 18 months. In cases such as these, the viral load test may be used to provide additional information about the child's immune system.
HIV testing may present special problems and situations for children and youth.
[adapted from HIV and Immigrants: A Manual for AIDS Service Providers, published by the National Lawyers Guild with support from the San Francisco AIDS Foundation.]
All applicants for U.S. residence must take an HIV antibody test as part of the compulsory medical exam. Those who test positive are denied residence automatically. This measure also applies to all people requesting change in residence status, including citizenship applications.
Let's say you are an immigrant who has tested HIV positive. Besides worrying about testing HIV positive, you also fear what will happen to you because you are not a U.S. citizen. You may wonder whether your immigration status will change the kind of services you can get. You may ask: Will I be deported? Will I lose my immigration status? Can I work or get public benefits to help me if I need them? Will getting benefits make it hard to get another immigration status? If I can't work or get benefits, is there anything I can do to get another immigration status that will help me?
Military Personnel
The Defense Department requires all military personnel on active duty and all members of the reserve and National Guard to be tested for the presence of HIV antibodies at least biennially. Soldiers who receive overseas assignment instructions, or are scheduled for overseas duty that will exceed 179 days, must have tested negative within six months of the departure date.
Soldiers who are infected with HIV will not be deployed outside of the continental United States. Soldiers serving outside the continental U.S who are confirmed as HIV-positive will be expeditiously reassigned to the continental U.S.
The U.S. Army Special Operations Command and Ranger organizations are totally closed to those who are infected with HIV. HIV-positive soldiers may face additional restrictions as determined by the U.S. Department of Defense.
A military doctor can notify the spouse of a reservist, if that reservist has tested positive for HIV.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Director and Secretary
of Finance and Revenue
March 21, 2012
For Immediate Release
Media Contact:
Public Information Officer
Oklahoma Office of State Finance
(405) 521-3267
OKLAHOMA CITY – Office of State Finance Director Preston Doerflinger, while assuming a new role as interim director of the Oklahoma Department of Human Services, will remain as secretary of finance in the cabinet of Gov. Mary Fallin.
"I am humbled by my appointment to the DHS position on a temporary basis and determined to make a contribution to improvements in the agency that the Commission of Human Services is charged with overseeing," Doerflinger said.
"I feel fortunate that Carol McFarland will be able to step in and continue the progress we have made in government streamlining. She has done a great job as transition project manager since four other agencies were folded into the OSF by legislation enacted last year."
"Working together with the consolidated agencies, we achieved greater savings than the 15 percent mandate in the government modernization law and are on a course to achieve even greater savings in the future," Doerflinger continued.
Under the law, which took effect last August, the Department of Central Services, the Oklahoma Education and State Employees Group Insurance Board, the Employees Benefits Council and the Office of Personnel Management were consolidated into OSF.
"As part of my duties as secretary of finance, I will continue to be in contact with Carol and other key personnel of the consolidated OSF," Doerflinger said. "The fact that we have so many capable people at the OSF was a major factor in my decision to accept this interim position."
Doerflinger held the elective position of Tulsa city auditor when he was appointed to the dual role of OSF director and finance secretary in January of last year.
He said as finance secretary, he would continue to stay abreast of revenue issues and economic conditions and advise Governor Fallin in those areas.
"We just had a drop in unemployment as we continue to outperform other states in recovering from the national recession," Doerflinger said. "The governor is striving hard to advance the state economically and I want to do all I can to help.
I want to stress that this is a temporary appointment and I look forward to my return to the OSF after a permanent director is selected at the Oklahoma Department of Human Services."
Doerflinger informed OSF employees of the developments in an e-mail Wednesday afternoon.
"I won't be gone long and am anxious to continue the work we've started," the finance secretary wrote. "Based on the (legislative) session so far, it looks like there are other exciting opportunities ahead. Carry on in my absence and as the saying goes, 'I'll be back.'"
McFarland echoed Doerflinger's comments about the quality of staff at the OSF and said her challenge is "to maintain the momentum we have going in creating a "FAST" agency -- flatter, agile, streamlined and technology-enabled."
"I will be relying on the experts we have in place in such areas as the budget, state revenue and technology as we move forward and intend to keep Secretary Doerflinger apprised of our progress," she said.
McFarland is a certified public accountant and certified governmental financial manager. She came to the OSF from the Oklahoma Health Care Authority, where she was performance and reporting manager.


text:
Wednesday, September 11, 2013
Rose & Claire's Chianti & Fresh Figs
16 comments:
What a beautiful story! That sounds like an amazing summer. I can totally understand why it would be permanently etched in your mind. Have you seen your favorite teachers since that summer? Have you ever gone back to visit them?ReplyDelete
We spent some time in Umbria on our honeymoon, and I have similar feelings about figs for the same reason. I don't know if I'd had figs before then, but they are now my favorite fruit. We stayed at a vegetarian B&B in Umbria, where they had a large fig tree they would pick from for dessert that evening. Did you know that figs are inverted flowers? Whenever I eat them, that knowledge makes them even more special and delicate.Replies
oh yes, I've been back to see them quite a few times, including just about 1.5 years ago. They are just so wonderful!Delete
And also, yes! The whole inverted flower thing is so totally amazing and beautiful. They really are very sublime little things. So glad that you have also experienced the joys of Italian figs.
I have such a huge craving for figs now! As always, your photos and drawings are so beautiful, thank you :)ReplyDelete
Amey I studied in Florence too! It was the best time of my life. I loved how the huge jugs of wine in the groceries were cheaper than water. I didn't have many fresh figs though, because all I was doing was eating pizza and gelato. Thanks for bringing back great memories!ReplyDelete
What a lovely story and how lucky you were to live in Italy. It sounds so beautiful and like it was really great experience!ReplyDelete
This sounds like a fantastic experience. What an amazing summer.ReplyDelete
When I was in high school my mother arranged a "swap" for me & my sister. We went to stay with families in France and then the daughter's came to stay with us. It was such an amazing time. Thanks for reminding me of it with your wonderful memory.
What a great summer! I love red whime and I agree. It makes me thirsty, too. I am glad it's fig season right now, I'll buy some later and think of you:)ReplyDelete
What a wonderful experience and what an amazing summer! My sister and I are staunchly divided on the subject of figs - I am, happily, in favor of them.ReplyDelete
wow you had some amazing experiences!!ReplyDelete
This comment has been removed by the author.ReplyDelete


text:
The Outdoor + Travel kit combines bandages, dressings, and other first aid essentials in a durable, lightweight carrying bag.
ESCAPE BIVVY - Combining breathability, body heat reflectivity, and water resistance for the most fully-featured backcountry emergency shelter.
NATRAPEL® 6 HOUR - Natrapel® 6-hour provides 6+ hours of protection from biting insects and ticks.
4 Total Items
Group Size: 1 - 2 People
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text:
Dell resells Bridgehead software with DX6000
Integrates Enterprise Vault
Dell is reselling Bridgehead software with its DX6000 object storage array - the one using OEM'd Caringo software that competes with EMC's Centera. It's also integrating Enterprise Vault.
UK software developer Bridgehead has snagged a worldwide reseller deal with Dell for its software, which helps hospitals manage their digitised administrative and patient data. This includes medical images in their various formats such as radiology and mammography, electronic patient records and scanned paper records. The Bridgehead software involved is BH MediStore and BH OfficeStore,
Dell and Bridgehead say: "The Medical Archive integrates the data from disparate clinical and administrative systems into a central, scalable repository." It is compatible with many of the data types and standards found in healthcare, which makes interoperability easier across hospital applications, simplifies data protection and security, and, the two claim, reduces a hospital's data management costs.
Brett Roscoe, Dell's Enterprise Storage marketing lead, said Dell sees an exponential growth of storage in healthcare and reckons the Bridgehead software leads the medical archive industry.
The DX6000 is Dell's object storage platform, which can scale its peer-to-peer nodes to store billions of objects in petabytes of storage capacity and provides, Dell says, an automated, policy-based retention and deletion platform.
Dell has also announced that Symantec's Enterprise Vault 9.0 has been certified on the DX Object Storage product, and says customers can buy an integrated and validated end-to-end storage and data archive based on it.
Roscoe says this pairing is aimed at archiving generalised unstructured information. ®
Sponsored: Becoming a Pragmatic Security Leader


text:
Description:Smart Array 532 Controller with 32MB cache - 66MHz 64-bit 3.3V PCI two-channel Wide Ultra3 SCSI array controller - Has one 68-pin very high density external connector and one 68-pin Internal connectorPart Number(s)
HP Part# 225338-B21
HP Part# 226874-001
Overview:The Smart Array 532 Controller (SA-532) is a 64-bit 66 MHz dual SCSI channel PCI array controller for entry level hardware-based fault tolerance. Utilizing both SCSI channels (1 internal and 1 external) of the SA-532 allows you to configure up to 28 Hard Drives to store up to 4.1TB of storage per PCI slot. The SA-532 provides high reliability and increased performance over the Smart Array 431 thus providing excellent value and lowering the total server ownership cost. In addition the SA-532 is data compatible with all Ultra320 Wide Ultra3 and Wide Ultra2 drives and servers offering an unparalleled degree of investment protection. Designed and integrated with entry-level and workgroup ProLiant servers this product provides worry-free data protection.
NOTE: The SA-532 is supported only in 3.3-volt PCI slots of all Ultra2 and Ultra3 servers. The SA-532 is not supported in 5-volt PCI slots.
The SA-532 provides the best performance and capacity for RAID array controllers in entry-level and workgroup ProLiant servers or in any ProLiant server where hardware RAID is needed at an entry-level price point.
For up to date compatibility please see the following URL for complete Smart Array 532 compatibility and support information.
(Compatability Table)
NOTE: Please see the following Controller or SCSI Adapter QuickSpecs for Technical Specifications such as PCI Bus PCI Peak Data Transfer Rate SCSI Protocols supported SCSI Peak Data Transfer Rate Channels SCSI Ports Drives supported Cache RAID support and additional information:


text:
I'm running Slackware 12.2 kernel version 18.104.22.168 in VirtualBox v. 4.1.18 (WinXP host). I've installed yesterday oss4 - binary package. There are problems. Here are all listing. Once I succeeded to pass osstest - but then osscore reported 'timed out' during playing.
Code: Select all
bash-3.1$ ossinfo
Version info: OSS 4.2 (b 2007/201207040354) (0x00040100) TRIAL
Platform: Linux/i686 184.108.40.206-smp #1 SMP Thu Nov 20 22:18:02 CST 2008 (enzo3)
Number of audio devices: 1
Number of audio engines: 6
Number of MIDI devices: 0
Number of mixer devices: 1
Device objects
0: osscore0 OSS core services
1: oss_ich0 Intel ICH (2415) interrupts=12053 (19979)
2: oss_usb0 USB audio core services
MIDI devices (/dev/midi*)
Mixer devices
0: ICH AC97 Mixer (STAC9700) (Mixer 0 of device object 1)
Audio devices
Intel ICH (2415) /dev/oss/oss_ich0/pcm0 (device index 0)
/dev/dsp -> /dev/oss/oss_ich0/pcm0
/dev/dsp_in -> /dev/oss/oss_ich0/pcm0
/dev/dsp_out -> /dev/oss/oss_ich0/pcm0
/dev/dsp_ac3 -> /dev/oss/oss_ich0/pcm0
/dev/dsp_mmap -> /dev/oss/oss_ich0/pcm0
/dev/dsp_multich -> /dev/oss/oss_ich0/pcm0
Code: Select all
bash-3.1$ ossmix
Selected mixer 0/ICH AC97 Mixer (STAC9700)
Known controls are:
vol [<leftvol>:<rightvol>] (currently 75:75)
vol.rec ON|OFF (currently OFF)
pcm [<leftvol>:<rightvol>] (currently 75:75)
speaker <monovol> (currently 0)
line [<leftvol>:<rightvol>] (currently 32:32)
line.rec ON|OFF (currently ON)
mic <monovol> (currently 0)
mic.rec ON|OFF (currently OFF)
cd [<leftvol>:<rightvol>] (currently 75:75)
cd.rec ON|OFF (currently OFF)
igain [<leftvol>:<rightvol>] (currently 75:75)
aux1 [<leftvol>:<rightvol>] (currently 32:32)
aux1.rec ON|OFF (currently OFF)
phone [<leftvol>:<rightvol>] (currently 0:0)
phone.rec ON|OFF (currently OFF)
mono <monovol> (currently 75)
mono.rec ON|OFF (currently OFF)
video [<leftvol>:<rightvol>] (currently 0:0)
video.rec ON|OFF (currently OFF)
vmix0-enable ON|OFF (currently ON)
vmix0-rate <decimal value> (currently 48000) (Read-only)
vmix0-channels <Stereo|Multich> (currently Stereo)
vmix0-src <Fast|High|OFF> (currently Fast)
vmix0-outvol <monovol> (currently 25.0 dB)
vmix0-invol <monovol> (currently 25.0 dB)
vmix0.pcm1 [<leftvol>:<rightvol>] (currently 25.0:25.0 dB)
vmix0.pcm2 [<leftvol>:<rightvol>] (currently 25.0:25.0 dB)
vmix0.pcm3 [<leftvol>:<rightvol>] (currently 25.0:25.0 dB)
vmix0.pcm4 [<leftvol>:<rightvol>] (currently 25.0:25.0 dB)
Code: Select all
bash-3.1$ osstest
Sound subsystem and version: OSS 4.2 (b 2007/201207040354) (0x00040100)
Platform: Linux/i686 188.8.131.52-smp #1 SMP Thu Nov 20 22:18:02 CST 2008
*** Scanning sound adapter #-1 ***
/dev/oss/oss_ich0/pcm0 (audio engine 0): Intel ICH (2415)
- Performing audio playback test...
<left> Device returned error: Input/output error
*** Some errors were detected during the tests ***


text:
by Lauren Witonsky
After purchasing locally grown produce from the Weavers Way Co-op, it's hard to miss one of the main reasons that make this local grocery store unique – the boxes.
Instead of a stack of plastic bags at the end of the checkout line, you'll find an array of cardboard boxes in which to carry home your groceries. This simple switch is one of the many ways the co-op encourages customers to recycle and "go green."
The idea behind it is simple.
"Using the boxes is a simple way to recycle the use of the box again," said General Manager Glenn Bergman. "This just increases the city's level of recycling."
Not only does this method prevent Weavers Way from having to stock and buy bags, it also reduces store trash.
Reusing boxes is also helping this cooperative organization save some change here and there. When shoppers use the boxes and then recycle them curbside, it's less recycling in the store's dumpster. Recycling at the Weavers Way Co-op is measured and charged by volume, which means that trash hauling isn't cheap. When it comes down to it, the more boxes taken means the more money saved.
Although the reuse of boxes at the Weavers Way Co-op started on day one, the local grocery store hasn't always had the contemporary charm it has today.
"It is important to remember that the co-op started as a buying club," Bergman said. "People would put their orders in, and the volunteers would go and purchase the products in bulk and then divide up the orders into boxes for pick-up at Summit Church in Mt. Airy."
This practice began during the summer and fall of 1972.
Once the recycling of boxes caught on, it stuck. Though the co-op has evolved and expanded over the years, more customers today are spotted toting their groceries in a recycled box.
"I do remember some shoppers saving their favorite box and bringing it with them to shop over and over," said Norman Weiss, purchasing manager
The numbers add up. With 28,000 customer visits a month in Chestnut Hill, the co-op only sells about 3,100 bags during that time.
"I suspect the overwhelming majority of shoppers are either using boxes or bringing a [reusable] bag," he said.
Bergman himself uses the co-op's "box way of shopping."
"I know I use the boxes for recycling my papers at home," he said. "I often bring back the box and put it back up above the dairy case or at the front of the store in Chestnut Hill. I sometimes walk in with a few boxes nested and drop them off at the front of the store. I think many people prefer the box way of shopping. You can fit more and you can carry the box easily to the car."
If that isn't incentive enough, the co-op encourages its customers to nix the standard grocery bags by charging a 15-cent fee for a paper bag, while boxes are always free. Plastic bags, however, are a thing of the past.
"We are one of the only grocery stores in Philadelphia that do not provide any T-shirt plastic shopping bags," Bergman said. "None, zero, nada – not on any order form of ours. Never have and never will."
The ban on bags has already made its way over to the West Coast. Los Angeles is currently the biggest city in the country that bans free plastic bags in grocery stores. Bergman is eager to see this ban, not only at the co-op, but also in stores all over the city of Philadelphia.
"We are 100 percent in favor of banning plastic bags of all types in Philadelphia," Bergman said, "We have worked to get City Council to pass such a bill, but someone out there is pressuring them to continue to allow plastic bags – a big mistake."
Weiss appears more interested in banning all bags, plastic and paper, in an effort to reduce waste.
"I'm not sure plastic is better than paper," he said. "There are many ingredients to analyze – resources used, energy to manufacture and distribute, political impacts (since plastic is a petroleum product), how many of each gets recycled, and the cost of recycling and disposal. Obviously the simplest, most sustainable choice is for people to bring a sturdy bag that gets used over and over, thousands of times."


text:
|JetBlack Australia
Clutch MTB Grips
The Clutch grip has been designed for all-purpose riding in all weather conditions and terrain from the city to the mountains. The ergonomic shape is designed for optimal pressure distribution, creating a very comfortable low profile, tight grip while helping riders stay in control of their bikes.
• Versatile mid size profile for many hand shapes
• Ergonomic design for ultimate comfort and numbness reduction
• Advanced super tacky rubber delivers superior slip free performance
• Maximum shock absorbtion to loosen your grip and keep your arms 'pump' free
• Extra large grip pads for comfort and control
• Water Proof Stays dry in all riding conditions
• Single lock-On Grip System is lightweight and secure
• Low twist/torque for technical trail control
• "Click-Fit Cap System" Delivers simple, secure, light and safe end caps
• Two tone colourway
DIAMETER (mm) 28/32mm
GRIP / WITH LOCK-RING (mm) 120 / 139
Traction: High Tack
Conditions: Mixed Conditions
Tweets by @JetBlackCycling


text:
EL SEGUNDO, Calif. — Although Mike D'Antoni is still on crutches after his recent knee surgery, he's already at work with the Los Angeles Lakers.
D'Antoni coached his first practice with his new team Thursday, four days after the Lakers hired him to replace Mike Brown.
The former Knicks and Suns coach had knee replacement surgery earlier this month, delaying his arrival to take over the star-studded roster that got off to a 1-4 start to the season. Los Angeles has gone 2-1 since Brown's firing.
D'Antoni's assistant coach and brother, Dan, ran drills with the Lakers during the portion of practice open to the media, with Mike watching from the perimeter.
Interim coach Bernie Bickerstaff also was in practice. The Lakers haven't said who will run the team Friday night against Phoenix.


text:
Re: Modes and keymapping
Hi J:
I promised to post some of my thoughts on improving ViEmu (which is already quite wonderful!), and here goes:
I'm quite interested in seeing key remapping working, both map and imap. Specifically, I would like to do something like:
map <Tab> :bn<CR>
map <S-Tab> :bp<CR>
imap <Up> <Esc>lk
imap <Down> <Esc>lj
imap <Right> <Esc>ll
imap <Left> <Esc>
The point of the first two is to quickly cycle through buffers. Better buffer control is something I'm very much looking forward to. I agree with user Tak in a previous post that VS buffer ordering is annoying and unuseful. Why not simply use the ordering visible on screen given by the ordering of the tabs?
The point of the four imap lines above is to return to command mode early and often. This is something I would very much like to see developed further. I would like ViEmu to go to command mode when I click almost anywhere in VS (e.g., reposition the cursor in the buffer, change to another buffer or use some toolbar/other window) or in some other way interrupt my editing. User sticks also commented along these lines.
Something I find quite annoying is that when I'm done doing something in insert mode, Intellisense might have a tooltip open, and when I press escape only the tooltip closes, but ViEmu does not return to command mode, and I end up having lots of command characters in my buffer. I realize this might be difficult to fix, but as a temporary fix I'm considering to have escape emit two escapes when I'm using ViEmu. This has lots and lots of drawbacks, but I don't really know if it's usable before I've tried. Is it even possible/have anybody tried it?
Less pressing matters are: search highlighting (which I also realize is difficult), tab completion when using :e for instance, and command execution using :!
Last edited by Ulrik (2006-05-01 14:38:45)


text:
- Home>
- Browse by region>
- Life Coaches and NLP Practitioners in and near St Andrews, Bristol
Life Coaches and NLP Practitioners in and near St Andrews, Bristol
30 results within 15 milesAll life coaches and nlp practitioners comply with our policy
Nick Clitheroe
I have been coaching since 2004 and believe coaching has the power to transform peoples' lives. It would be great to have a conversation about how you would like it to transform yours.
Nicola Shelley
Nicola Shelley is a Life Coach based in Bristol. If you are ready to make some changes but don't know how do get in touch! Meetings can be in my office or walking and talking on the Downs.
Zoe Thompson, Phoenix Life & Wellbeing Coaching
Lifestyle and wellbeing coaching. Working online and in person to help make profound and lasting change, unlocking minds and lives to live the life they want, with confidence!
Bradley Tyack - Xpress Yourself Coaching ltd
Difficulty Trusting, Outbursts of anger, the Proverbial "Red Mist" have a habit of descending on you, Depression, Anxiety? You are int eh right place. Psychological-Emotional Management for Men! Mentoring for Young Men!
Lisa Westbury PCC
Do you want a more deeply satisfying career? Could you make a difference with greater confidence? Would you like more balance? Together will create the clarity and tools which work for you.
Sarah-Jane Marriott, ACC
I am a 'business-life' coach. I work with inspiring individuals who are committed to bringing about change in their professional and home lives and who know that developing greater self-awareness is the key to enhanced effectiveness and fulfillment.
Dr Graham Stevenson
Intimacy issues are embarrassing and often very painful. I help people connect with loved ones, build body confidence and experience much more pleasure. I offer my clients a safe place to work out how to bring meaning and joy back into their lives.
Abbie Challen - Self-love & Wellness Coach
I specialise in self-love & spirituality based life coaching. Empowering individuals to go for their goals in a tangible way, starting where it matters most; with your relationship with yourself. As a life coach my role is to support you in...
Sam Holman QCG, MNLP
The only limits we have are the ones we believe - let's work together to unlearn what has held you back so that you can move forward easily to get the life you suspect is waiting for you. Unique career and life coaching with guaranteed results.
Sarah Gornall
Do you want to work with someone calm, wise and creative? That's what clients say about me. Do you want to get a new view on where you are now in life, think differently and move forward? That's what I help clients do. Do you want to make a...
Mark Wilkinson (MAC)
Specialising in personal performance, career and wellbeing coaching with an invitation to mix coaching with walking outdoors as 'the bigger the space the bigger the thought'. You are welcome to contact me for an informal chat about your needs.
Sarah Hughes - Sarah Hughes Solutions
Welcome! Do you have symptoms of stress, being overwhelmed with life (work/family/relationships) or do you have symptoms of CFS/ME? I can help. I offer coaching in Bristol & Hereford and Skype coaching elsewhere. £50 per session.10am - 6pm Mon-Fri.
Christoffer de Graal : What would you like to have happen?
I offer a creative space for you to gain clarity on a Personal or Professional question or topic and support you to take the next steps towards having what you want. I work with people who want to go more deeply, to welcome and create life more fully
Lisa Davies
Professional Business & Life Coach working with you to achieve your goals!
Fenella Hemus - NLP | Hypnotherapy | Performance | Health | Wellbeing
Feeling anxious, overwhelmed or stuck? I can help you gain clarity, calm and confidence, find your inner strengths and remove what keeps you blocked. Personal transformation for greater happiness, health and success. Free 30 min consultation.
Lindsey Reed
Are you playing small? Has your confidence level been zapped? Do you want to fully reach your potential? Lindsey Reed is a personal and professional coach that works with people who want to move forward in their lives with Confidence. She is an...
Joanna Hunek ACC CPCC
Find a new fulfilling career that will turn your life around, from inside out, with our evidence-based framework that makes the change real and within your reach. Get clarity, inspiration, boost your confidence, and motivation. Free consultations.
Sandra Webber
I work with people who want to make changes in their work and or life and are unsure about how to make this happen. I coach in a way to give you support and build belief, provide space to explore options while holding you accountable for actions.
Rebecca Adams
Creative Coaching and Wellbeing Writing for wellbeing I facilitate sessions on writing for wellbeing that encourage people to manage their emotions through creative writing. Activities include journalling, vision boards and reflective writing...
Would you like to have More Confidence, More Motivation, Higher Energy Levels and Better Relationships? These are common outcomes for my clients. I am and NLP master Coach and Master Hypnotherapist and can help you quickly and simply.
Sarah Clark - Mariposa Coaching
Wish to manage change, enhance leadership skills, increase influence, reduce stress & maximise your potential in any situation? Then book a free 30 mins consultation with me, a coach with 17 years experience of evidence based coaching & training.
David Wise (WISE Coaching)
David is a Motivational Coach/Therapist, using his coaching/NLP/hypnosis skills to help you overcome your current challenges and shape your future, to achieve the Success you deserve. Available Tues-Thurs 6.30pm-9.30pm GMT / Sat 9.30am-1pm GMT.
Jennifer Burke - Your Personal Development
Safe & supportive coaching relationship guaranteed - only when you feel safe will you be able to reach the level of self-honesty that you need in order to move forward.
Neil Woodard
Experienced Career and Life coach. My style is non-judgemental, supportive and straightforward; I will help you gain clarity and self-awareness - with this understanding you will be able to move on with positivity.
Antonia Clews, Project Self Personal Change Coaching
Change coaching is about opening up your life to possibility and developing intent. New insights and clarity enable you to feel freer in your self and empowered and inspired to make changes
Sally Bradford - Dip LCH - Qualified & Experienced
Confidence, personal development, work life balance and career life coaching. Tried and tested methodology and personal experience to support you in achieving your goals. Free taster offered.
Andrew Cox - Let's Get to Know You
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By Patricia Boccadoro
PARIS, 23 DECEMBER 2008 - Rudolf Nureyev's staging of Raymonda is everything that a lavish super-production for the holiday festivities should be. How easy to see how the Czars of Russia must have welcomed this grandiose and brilliant divertissement , a tribute to classical dance!
The decors and costumes by Nicholas Georgiadis, aided and abetted by Nureyev himself, are sumptuous. The corps de ballet, despite the youthfulness of many who were not even born when the work was premiered at the Palais Garnier, was magnificent, while many of the smaller roles were divinely danced. The jewel in the crown was Agnès Letestu as Raymonda, a prima ballerina assoluta in all but name, who gave a glorious performance, pushing her art to new heights. She was the kind of heroine of which dreams are made.
Practically unheard of in Western Europe before the arrival of Nureyev in 1961, Raymonda, created in 1898, one of the most refined and innovative of Petipa's choreographies, is set to a colourful, nostalgic score by Glazounov.
It was the first of the great 19th century works to be staged by the Russian star, who first mounted extracts which he danced in galas soon after his defection from Russia. Over the years, he staged several versions before his arrival in Paris in 1983 as director of the French company when the ballet we know today which he considered his best and definitive version, inaugurated his opening season.
"Everything he changed was an improvement to the original ballet which he reconstructed from memory", Charles Jude, creator of the role of Jean de Brienne, told me." He replaced all the mimed scenes by dance, creating all the choreography for Abderam, whose sensual solo, a spectacular and successful mix of classical dance and oriental folk dances from the Urals, is one of the highlights of the work. It's a role I would very much liked to have danced myself, but he gave it to Jean Guixerix! However, Jean de Brienne's role was enlarged, and I was given several spectacular variations in a production Nureyev freed from all psychological complications."
The ballet opens upon Raymonda's birthday party. She is waiting for the return of her fiancé, the crusader, Jean de Brienne, but the Saracen chief, Abderam, burning with desire for her, covers her with presents before carrying her off to his tent. Jean de Brienne arrives in the nick of time, fights and kills his rival, and the seal is set for the wedding celebrations.
But while the story, a mishmash of oriental and medieval motifs seen through Russian eyes at the end of the 19th century, isn't up to much, it more than makes up for it with the lyrical pas de deux, the dramatic combat scenes, and the picturesque and exquisitely varied Spanish, Hungarian, and Oriental folk-dancing, the whole set harmoniously in a series of imposing and spectacular decors. Nureyev transformed a complicated and clumsy scenario into over two and a half hours of sublime dancing.
A slender and virile Karl Paquette, a young dancer who has made a lot of progress this last year, gave an impassioned performance as Abderam, the seductive, sensual chief. Stephane Bullion, the very spirit of courtly love, interpreted the polite, well-brought up crusader. He was indeed a noble partner for Letestu, who, light as air, was a Raymonda full of grace and womanly charm. The role showed off her beautiful line and flawless technique to perfection.
Only the foursome of Henriette, Clémence, Béranger and Bernard was undercast. Company members such as Julien Meyzindi and Aurelia Bellet are not at all equipped for the roles of étoiles for whom these characters were destined. They were harmoniously matched and had been well-rehearsed, and while there was nothing exactly wrong with any of them, they lacked sparkle, polish, and a sense of who they were and why they were there. Other castings saw interpreters of the quality of Emmanuel Thibault, Simon Valastro and Josua Hoffalt, while they were partnered by étoiles Emilie Cozette, Dorothée Gilbert and Myriam Ould-Braham (an étoile in all but name).
However, scattered throughout the ballet there were outstanding performances from many of the younger dancers. Mathilde Froustey not only danced divinely in the corps de ballet, but was an exquisite Spanish dancer. Likewise, the luminous Sara Kora Dayanova, admirable as the Dame Blanche in the dream scene, is quickly spotted in the swirling masses. She possesses a rare warmth and contact with the public. Lower down in the company, it is hard not to follow the expressive figure of Marc Moreau, the quadrille who so distinguished himself in Benjamin Millepied's Triad, and lower still, the powerful presence of Takeru Coste, fresh from the school.
The Orchestre Colonne was conducted by Kevin Rhodes.
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hey Dino, i'd love to help but the only thing i know how to do is take photos i'm a total beginner at electronics so it'd be up to somebody else to draw up a schem!
also on another note, the guy i got this pedal from ages ago has a Project V fuzz small world
digi2t wrote:Alright man, no prob, I'll see what I can do with the pics you've posted. Just a bit tough with those sliders in the way.
Sidebar...If you have a chance though, could you shoot some more pics of the Project V? Specifically the area around the Drive and Edge switch connections. I'd like to verify the connections and resistors/capacitors. From the other pics, there seems to be some resistors that are hidden underneath caps or resistors. Please thank your friend from me in advance, if he's cool with it. The ultimate coolness would be a sound, or video clip of the Project V in action, running through the different settings. Then I could really compare my clone to the original. Like I said, that would be WAY cool!
Thanks for all your work to date.
kaycee wrote:Is it this one on the left?
http://www.aronnelson.com/gallery/main. ... N.jpg.html
I'm sure that I have a vero from somewhere of it...
Return to Vintage Stompbox Corner ( ... - 1975)
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Much of the frustration of rearing children results when we try to protect them from things that are not lethal, or even dangerous. Think of how hard we work to make sure they are dressed for winter when they go outside. Sometimes they fight us. Sometimes they want to run outside not wearing a jacket. Do we really need to argue with them? What will they inevitably learn if we let them go outside into the cold without a jacket? Nature will teach them the meaning of the word "cold," and it will teach them why they need to wear that jacket. Nature will teach them and not get an argument.
Children want to try things on their own. It is critical to their personal development that they be able to try things even if we know they should be careful. But if we intervene to stop them from taking a risk, we should make sure the risk is a fairly serious one, not simply an unpleasant moment.
Suppose a toddler regularly runs under a table - which you have warned her or him not to do - because you know the day is coming they will be tall enough to hit their head. Eventually, that table is going to teach the child something your words never could: that pain can follow from not listening to your warnings.
By allowing our children to take lesser risks and to deal with those consequences, we allow them to figure out that risks are sometimes worth taking, and sometimes not. If we try to make all those decisions for them ahead of time, we program them to fear too much, and cope too little. Life has many lessons to teach us, and many of them involve suffering a degree of unexpected pain.
Our children must learn to see risks and must not be afraid to take most of them. It is how they learn to walk, to run, to ride a bike, to climb, to jump, to trust. A friend will surely betray them. A love will surely leave them. A peer will surely make fun of them. These are things that risks in life help to produce. The alternative is a child learning fear of engaging the world, with phobias which can debilitate.
We cannot allow little ones to run from the car into a store parking lot. The danger of significant harm is too great. But what about merely running too fast on a gravel surface without traffic? What if the worst that could happen is they fall and get scuffed up a little? Are we wiser to let them learn the lesson of running on gravel by experiencing it?
Running around a pool is entirely different. That is a danger of significance. Slipping could result in an immediate concussion. And most pools have a rule against it, and kids must learn and obey that rule.
Making a child afraid of the world is not preparing that child to engage the world. The key is making sure the risks they are allowed to take are not ones which can result in serious injury. A childhood needs some bumps and bruises from normal risk taking.
© 2014, Jim "Pappy" Moore, All Rights Reserved.


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When are they going to get rid of the lame Blunder From Down Under??? This egotistical 2nd rate mascot continually does the same schtick year after year with nothing original to add.
I think the thing that irritated me the most was how he gave a bunch of ladies more attention than a 10 year old kid that wanted to shake his hand. Perfect example of the priorities this organization has from top to bottom... all wrong!
It's not your personal harem Blunder but then again at least the ladies don't have to look at your face.
Thunder The Blunder
Discuss anything related to Golden State Warriors basketball here
Moderators: Mr. Crackerz, JREED, Guybrush, 32


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Mar. 30 | The St. Ambrose University chapter of Dance Marathon dances all day for the kiddos!
Mar. 29 | Join us for a panel discussion on The Value of Liberal Arts: Past, Present, and Future.
Mar. 29 | Performance by Uriel Tsachor on piano and Andrew Hardy on violin.
March 28 | Leading Citizens, the Role of Law, and the Advancement of Justice: A History Through The Visual Arts
March 26 l Celebrate the life and legacy of Dr. Freeman Pollard
Mar. 21-29 | Celebrate the cultures that comprise the fabric of our community.
March 20-27 | Voices Across Campus: Photo-Voices Showcasing Student Diversity Photography Exhibition
March 8-April 12 | Moving Pictures: A Print Portfolio Exchange Art Exhibition


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From the data center to the cloud, and from disk to flash technologies, storage startup companies were busy in the first half of 2013 working to revolutionize how customers from the smallest businesses to the largest enterprises can squeeze more capacity, performance and scalability out of their storage infrastructures while pushing costs down.
Many of those startups face uncertain futures. But, it's not because of technology or channel issues. Instead, several are likely to become prime acquisition candidates for larger vendors looking for a fast entry into new markets the larger companies have not yet been able to exploit.
For a look at 10 of those companies, turn the page now.


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Contact Us
Interlibrary Loan Service
Materials not available from the Library may be requested through interlibrary loan. Request forms are available at the circulation desk and online at the links below. Interlibrary loan requests take 7-10 days on average to fill and are usually free of charge. Please check the online catalog to make sure that the TMC Library does not hold the material you are requesting. To qualify to use this service, you must be a current faculty member, student, or staff at Thomas More College. Conditions of this service are governed by the National Library Code (adopted by the American Library Association) and the Copyright Law, Title 17, U.S. Code. To request a book or journal article from another library, please complete the appropriate form:
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Librarians are available for Library Instruction/Orientation assistance to students on project research strategies, techniques, and resources. Sessions include basic and advanced techniques about our resources and services. Appointments can be scheduled at the Circulation Desk, by calling 859-344-3615, or submitted online.
To schedule Library Instruction for a class please use the Library Instruction/Orientation Request Form for all requests. Please also look at our Library Instruction Policy before scheduling a request.
Would you like to recommend materials for our collection? To suggest a book or journal, please complete the form:
Thomas More College Library Staff and Departments
|(All phone extensions begin with (859) 344-)
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|Tom Ward, Archivist


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Later this week I will explain why I love attending genealogy conferences, and the realities of selling goods and services there; but today's topic is Delivering the Content: what does it take to be a speaker at a genealogy conference? One thing it takes is courage! Even after presenting fifty papers to audiences ranging in size from fifteen to over one hundred people, I still get butterflies in my tummy. (Hint: take homeopathics such as Rescue Remedy or Brauer's Nervatona Focus before the talk!)
A wise friend once told me, 'Choose a topic that you know well. Then, as you look out at the sea of expectant faces, remind yourself that they have come to listen because you know more about the topic than they do.'
When I am asked to give a talk, this is what usually happens:
- The organisers and I agree on a date, time, venue, number of talks, length of the talk/s (with or without question time), and payment / reimbursement of expenses if applicable.
- Sometimes I am asked for a specific talk that I have given elsewhere, but usually I submit a list (titles plus content descriptions) and the host makes a selection.
- I ask what equipment will be provided (laptop, projector, microphone etc), and I ask permission to display and sell my books.
- I ask whether I need to put a purchase order number on my invoice. (I once waited three months for reimbursement of $600 travel costs because the host forgot to give me a purchase order number.)
- Only once have I been asked to sign a contract, but I was happy to do so. Occasionally I draw up an agreement based on the advice in Professional Genealogy: a manual for researchers, writers, editors, lecturers and librarians (Elizabeth Shown Mills; Genealogical Publishing Company, Baltimore, Maryland, 2001). Usually I just send (and require acknowledgment of) an email that clearly states all the arrangements.
- I write or update the talk(s); do one or more practice runs to check the timing; prepare handouts; scan documents for use in overheads; and create a Powerpoint presentation. Non-presenters have no concept of how long all that takes!
- I save the Powerpoint show on a USB flash drive (or two), in several different formats including HTML. I once found that the host's laptop would not open my Powerpoint slides, so now I play it safe.
Many speakers enjoy being billeted in private homes, but I had a very bad experience with that. My hostess insisted on talking (picking my brains?) until midnight - and to make matters worse, I was allergic to her dog.
In Making Money from Genealogy, I talked about payment for speaking engagements. Unless I belong to the host society, I usually charge a speaker's fee and ask to be reimbursed for travel and accommodation expenses. The 2009 Australasian Congress on Genealogy and Heraldry was (to the best of my knowledge) the first Congress to offer speakers a really good deal. The organisers might not want me to publish all the details here, but you can email me if you wish. One of the conditions was that we should be available to delegates at all times (so no skipping social functions or sneaking off to go sightseeing!)
Talks are usually arranged many months in advance, but my most enjoyable 'speaking trip' was an impromptu affair. My sister asked me to relocate her campervan from the Gold Coast to Cairns. I drove 2,000 kilometres in nine days, and along the way (with only three weeks notice) I gave talks at Biloela, Rockhampton, Yeppoon, Mackay, Townsville and two in Cairns. I had contacted Council libraries and genealogical groups, told them what day I would be in town, and offered to do a talk for just $50. (Council libraries in Australia usually expect to pay about $100.) I gave them a choice of three talks, all of which I had done before. The trip was tiring but great fun, and the $50 fees plus sales of my books covered the cost of fuel, caravan parks and my flight home from Cairns to Brisbane.
I would love to do similar trips in the future, especially in rural Queensland, NSW and Victoria. Family historians who live far from a capital city really appreciate the opportunity to learn about sources and research strategies. I can empathise with them, because I grew up in the bush and started researching my family when I lived six hundred miles from Brisbane (with no Internet).
I wonder what other speakers find especially rewarding. For me, the ultimate thrill was having a member of the audience look at one of my overheads and excitedly say, 'That's my great-grandfather!'


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The all-freshman team was Sullinger, Basabe, Ohio State's Aaron Craft, Illinois' Jereme Richmond and Michigan's Tim Hardaway Jr.
Craft was named the sixth man of the year by the coaches, who also honored Johnson with the defensive player of the year.
Jarryd Cole was Iowa's honoree for the Big Ten Sportsmanship Award.
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Betty paginated
From ZineWiki
Betty Paginated (Sydney, NSW: [D. Lennard].1992-) is a zine focusing on pop culture, particularly trash culture. However, the zine is also a perzine, detailing the ongoing events in the life of editor Dann Lennard and his family.
Betty Paginated - or BP for short - began as a six-page photocopied newsletter in 1992. Dann published BP#30 in 2007 before going on extended hiatus for personal reasons.
Dann brought BP out of retirement in 2010, publishing issue 31 in May.
Dann Lennard at PO Box A1412, Sydney South, NSW, 1235, AUSTRALIA; or danhelen[at]idx.com.au
External Links
- Betty paginated, National Library of Australia, catalogue record
- Betty paginated blog