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Jewish and Arab Children Attending the Same School
In early 2004, three and a half years after the start of the "Al-Aqsa Intifada", Arab and Israeli parents in Wadi Ara, in the village of Kfar Kara near Katzir, started an unusual dialogue project. They set up a primary school at which 50 Jewish-Israeli and 50 Arab-Israeli children are taught in Arabic and Hebrew, by a team of dedicated staff. The school is in the Arab part of the village, called the Wadi Valley, and is named "Gesher al ha wadi" ("Bridge over the Wadi").
A symbolic name for an educational initiative founded to build bridges between Arabs and Jews. Parents, teachers and organisations such as Yad-be-Yad ("Hand in Hand") working towards mixed schools in the Middle East are keeping a close eye on its development; it is the first time a bilingual school has been set up in a village mainly inhabited by Israeli Arabs.
Jewish children reading the Qur'an
But the ambitious project faced challenges from the very outset, as the documentary "Bridge over the Wadi" made by the brothers Barak and Tomer Heymann shows. Some Jewish Israeli parents were upset to find out that their children were learning to read not only the Bible but also the Qur'an.
Other parents were sceptical about the how their Arab-Israeli children should be taught about both the Holocaust and the consequences of the foundation of the state of Israel. A fundamental question arises: who are the oppressors and who the oppressed, who are the victors and who the losers?
The school project walks a fine line, revealing the adults' dilemma: although they do not want to project their own painful family histories, their reservations, doubts and fears onto their children, the school's curriculum raises questions about their own identities.
Untainted by prejudice
When the filmmakers Barak and Tomer Heymann found out about the unusual school's foundation, they decided to accompany the project with their camera from the very beginning. They follow parents, pupils and teachers into the school, the classroom, on excursions to the mosque or the synagogue and in their private lives – for four long years.
The camera always remains in the background, becoming a familiar observer and enabling intimate and authentic insights. Without comment, the film "Bridge over the Wadi" shows how the children shake off the fears and doubts of the adult world, politics and everyday reality, to create their very own community. They ask each other natural and open questions, not excluding anyone. The children don't care if their school friends are Israelis or Arabs – they are untainted by prejudice.
Enormous stress
And the adults too learn to cope with their doubts. The young Arab teacher Sabrine has to find her way and stand her ground against her own colleagues and the parents. But everyone learns that discussions are a necessary part of the project, even though they exert enormous stress on all those involved.
"It's important for us to argue – that's part of our school. That's the only way for us to learn. The painful and unpleasant aspects are always there, it's an ongoing process," says Sabrine.
These are processes that are usually neglected by the state education authorities, according to Barak Heyman: "It's crazy. The Israeli Arab schools, which have only Arab teachers, are not allowed to tell the solely Arab pupils anything about the Palestinians' disaster, the 'Nakba'". "Everyone, regardless of their origin, should express their own truth, their understanding, and they shouldn't hold back because it might be disturbing or painful for others," comments Sabrine.
"We did it like this with the children last year, for example: every child had to find out about this day at home, from their parents or on the Internet. They didn't have to listen to their teachers on the subject, but they listened to each other. They decided for themselves. The idea of this school project is not only to teach the children, but also to show the world that it is possible, that there can be a peaceful coexistence, despite all the conflicts and problems, and to realise this coexistence in a positive form, all over the world."
Registrations doubled
By the end of the documentary it emerges that the peaceful bridge to understanding for one another through education is a success. Registrations for the "Bridge over the Wadi" primary school doubled in number in 2005.
The film was presented to a European audience for the first time at the International Documentary Film Festival in Amsterdam in 2006. Viewers were deeply impressed by the film's depiction of the difficult dialogue between Arabs and Israelis, which the children have long since mastered, bestowing the film with an Audience Award.
Petra Tabeling
© Qantara.de 2007
Translated from the German by Katy Derbyshire
Joint Palestinian and Israeli Curriculum Project
Learning Each Other's Historical Narrative
In 1998, the Palestinian educationalist Sami Adwan and the Israeli psychologist Dan Bar-On founded the Peace Research Institute in the Middle East. Now, they have developed an unusual history textbook for the school system. By Joseph Croitoru
The Israeli-Palestinian Radio Station "All for Peace"
Promoting Mideast Dialogue on the Airwaves
The idea of a radio station broadcast in both Hebrew and Arabic is without precedence in the Middle East. But this is exactly what a station in Jerusalem has been doing in recent weeks. Joseph Croitoru reports
Brian Klug - Robert Wistrich
When Is Opposition to Israel and Its Policies Anti-Semitic?
What kind of role does anti-Semitism play in the Middle East Conflict? At what point does opposition to Israel turn into anti-Semitism? These issues are discussed by Brian Klug, British philosopher and journalist, and Robert Wistrich, director of the International Center for the Study of Anti-Semitism in Jerusalem


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The Garden School is an independent pre-Kindergarten through 12th grade school in Jackson Heights. The school will lease the land from the Parks Department for the next five years, giving the school exclusive rights to the park during school hours, with the public having access at other times.
"We are pleased to announce the sale of the field to the City of New York," said Richard Marotta, headmaster of The Garden School. "We are very pleased to join with our community in establishing this permanent open space for our Garden School family and for all of our neighbors."
Marotta said the school will be responsible for leaving the park in good condition for the public to use after 4 p.m. He also said that once the five-year lease expires, he hopes it will be renewed.
The land was sold at a cost of $6 million. The new park will be accessible to the public from 78th and 79th streets.
"Every New Yorker should have access to adequate parks and recreational opportunities," said Councilman Daniel Dromm. "The purchase of The Garden School athletic field means that a park-starved community like Jackson Heights will get to preserve precious open space and have the opportunity to almost double the size of the neighboring Travers Park."
This is the first time the city has made such a deal with a private school, but the city has similar arrangements at public schools. There are 229 schools in the "Schoolyard to Playground" program, which gives the public access to school property when kids aren't in class.

subset: commoncrawl


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The world would not have this little gem were it not for Valerie Solanas and her 1968 attempted murder of Andy Warhol and her Swiftian* SCUM Manifesto. Made in 1971 it comes across as super angry, bitchy and funny.
The plot focuses on three women (played by transgender actors) who band together to get 'libbed' forming P.I.G (Politically Involved Girlies). As a group they are pretty light on opinions and the ability to articulate any coherent political or feminist ideas.
There are times where it gets shrill. Lots of floppy balls and limp wiener in this one. Thanks Andy! Speaking of our boy, he acts in it, in costume, looking crazy. Also … Candy Darling could burn some film with her face and charisma.
*Can you really say that a piece of writing that calls for murdering men satire when you have in fact tried to gun down two of them for 'controlling your life'?
Andy and Candy
"There is one thing I must tell you because I just found it to be a truth … You must always be yourself no matter what the price. It is the highest form of morality."
Candy Darling—(November 24, 1944 – March 21, 1974) was an American actress, best known as a Warhol Superstar. A male-to-female transsexual, she starred in Andy Warhol's films Flesh (1968) and Women in Revolt (1971), and was a muse of the protopunk band The Velvet Underground.
'Candy Darling on Her Deathbed', photographed by Peter Hujar, 1974.


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History and Memory: For Akiko and Takashige
A film by
Rea Tajiri
1991, 32 minutes, Color/BW, DVD
Order No. W99286
Groundbreaking and haunting, this film is a poetic composition of recorded history and non-recorded memory. Filmmaker Rea Tajiri's family was among the 120,000 Japanese and Japanese Americans who were imprisoned in internment camps after the attack on Pearl Harbor. And like so many who were in the camps, Tajiri's family wrapped their memories of that experience in a shroud of silence and forgetting.
Ruminating on the difficult nature of representing the past – especially a past that exists outside traditional historic accounts – Tajiri blends interviews, memorabilia, a pilgrimage to the camp where her mother was interned, and the story of her father, who had been drafted pre-Pearl Harbor and returned to find his family's house removed from its site.
Throughout, she surveys the impact of images (real images, desired images made real, and unrealized dream images). The film draws from a variety of sources: Hollywood spectacle, government propaganda, newsreels, memories of the living, and sprits of the dead, as well as Tajiri's own intuitions of a place she has never visited, but of which she has a memory. More than simply calling attention to the gaps in the story of the Japanese American internment, this important film raises questions about collective history – questions that prompt Tajiri to daringly re-imagine and re-create what has been stolen and what has been lost.
Whitney Museum of American Art, Biennial
Flaherty Film Seminar
Yamagata Festival, Japan
New York Asian American Int'l FF
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"Tajiri approaches her subject like a poet. She weaves together images and allows them to enrich one another in skewed and subtle ways as their resonances slowly emerge."
Caryn James
New York Times
"A dense work of found and reconstructed images, a cathartic reworking again and again of history."
Marita Sturken
Video History Project
"Tajiri's film ultimately becomes a visual memorial of internment that refuses to consolidate cultural trauma into a coherent historical narrative but that instead bears witness to the trauma of exclusive citizenship and national identity."
Theresa A. Kulbaga
The Ohio State University
"Argues powerfully for no less than new ways of knowing and remembering."
Marina Heung
New Directions for Women
"Much documentary work has concentrated on getting the story straight…HISTORY AND MEMORY attempts to see how distortion and story combine to share our recollections."
Kathleen Hulser
American Historical Review
"A beautiful and moving autobiographical film…HISTORY AND MEMORY leads to rich discussions about just that, history and memory."
Asian Educational Media Service
"One of the highest artistic achievements in any medium ever made by an Asian American."
Brian Hu
AsiaPacific Arts
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Video History Project
HISTORY AND MEMORY is discussed in Marita Sturken's article, "The Politics of Video Memory: Electronic Erasures and Inscriptions from Resolutions: Contemporary Video Practices"
HISTORY AND MEMORY is listed as one of the Top 100 American Films by Women Directors
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Bright Lentil Salad With Apples, Fennel, and Herbs Recipe
Quick and easy recipes that prove that great French food doesn't require a tall hat and a fancy kitchen.
This salad couldn't be more simple, or better, or more unexpected. I start with canned Puy lentils for ease, and then toss them in a light cider vinaigrette with olive oil, Pink Lady apples, fennel, and plum tomatoes. Fresh thyme and basil finish it off. An elevated, bright, happy version of Provençal peasant food.
Read more: French in a Flash: Bright Lentil Salad with Apples, Fennel, and Herbs
- Yield:4 servings
- Active time: 5 minutes
- Total time:30 minutes
- 1 tablespoon cider vinegar
- 1/4 teaspoon granulated sugar
- Kosher salt and freshly ground black pepper
- 2 tablespoons olive oil
- 1 tablespoon water
- 1 medium fennel bulb, finely diced (about 1 cup)
- 1 apple (recommended: Pink Lady), peeled and finely diced (about 1 cup)
- 8 ounces baby plum tomatoes, finely diced
- 2 (14.5-ounces) cans of Puy lentils, drained and rinsed
- 1 tablespoon fresh thyme
- 2 tablespoons fresh basil
In a large bowl, whisk together the vinegar, sugar, salt, and pepper until the sugar dissolves. Add in the olive oil, and whisk until emulsified. Add the water, and whisk to loosen. Add the fennel, apple, and tomatoes, toss to combine, and allow to sit in the vinaigrette for 15 minutes. Finally, add the lentils and fresh herbs, and allow to sit another 15 minutes. Serve.
This Recipe Appears InFrench in a Flash: Bright Lentil Salad with Apples, Fennel, and Herbs
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Tuesday, April 17, 2012 - Kaja and Honza - FULL CONTACT
Latest Sets at WilliamHiggins.com
We brought Honza Forst and Kaja Kolomaz in for a duo. I must say they look good together, with contrasting skin tones. As we first see them they are laying on the bed kissing and each with a hand feeling the other's crotch. As the kissing continues Kaja's hand slips under the waistband of Honza's jeans to feel his cock. Honza responds by pushing his hand into Kaja's underwear to grab his cock too. Kaja then really gets to work on Honza's body, licking an armpit and then licking his chest, as he continues to grope his cock. He licks on Honza's nipples, kissing them until Honza wants to respond in kind. He leans over Kaja, kissing thru his top, and then lifting it to reveal his, somewhat, hairy torso. Honza also pulls Kaja's hard cock out thru the leg of his underwear. He immediately takes it in his mouth and begins to suck it, also licking at the balls. He sucks and licks at Kaja's cock a while before removing the underwear. Kaja raises his legs so that Honza can access his ass hole. Honza laps at the hairy hole, with his tongue, also licking on the balls, before slipping a finger in. He fingers the hole a while before dropping his jeans and presenting his own throbbing dick to Kaja for some hot mouth action. Kaja takes that cock in his mouth and sucks on it as Honza fucks it in and out. Honza enjoys the feeling of Kaja's lips around his cock and lets him suck a while before wanting to feel some ass lips around it. He moves into position and slides his rock hard cock deep into Kaja's willing ass. Honza fucks Kaja's ass deep and slow, then builds up the speed somewhat really inducing his cock in as far as he can. Kaja loves the feeling of that big dick deep in his ass, but wants more, so they change postion so that Honza can ride it. He works his ass up and down the shaft of Honza's cock as his own cock throbs, mightily. Another change of position, into doggy, lets Honza control the fucking again and he really pounds as Kaja' ass. Honza is really horned up and needs to blow so he moves to Kaja's face and drops a big stringy load over his face, with cum hanging of his nose. Kaja takes the spent cock in his mouth to drain it completely. Honza then lays down for Kaja to shoot his load over his cock and balls. Kaja then leans down and kisses his way up Honza's body to finally kiss him on the lips bringing a wonderful scene to a very appropriate end.
Kristof Hertz is a great looking guy, with a very happy disposition. We invited him in for a massage and he readily agreed. He starts by removing all his clothes and letting us see that beautiful body before climbing onto the massage table. He lays face down and awaits the arrival of the masseur. He duly arrives and cover Kristof's ass with a towel and then takes some oil in his hands and begins the massage. His hands work, gently, over Kristof's back and arms before moving down to his hairy legs. He massages the legs and feet, coating them in oil as he does sho. The masseur pays particular attention to Kristof's thighs and then removes the towel to work on the ass. As we see the ass it is clear that Kristof's cock is quite hard and the masseur feels it as his hand slides down the ass crack. His hands then spread the cheeks somewhat. Softly rubbing his hands over the ass and up and down the crack the masseur takes hold of Kristof's hard cock, oiling it up and then wanking it a little. Next he takes a vibrator and runs it along Kristof's ass crack, running it over the cock and balls as well. Then using some lube he slides the vibrator into Kristof's tight hole. As it is in the hole he also feels the cock and balls again. Kristof is raised up on to his knees, so that his ass is nicely exposed with that big cock hanging down between his legs. The masseur takes hold of the cock and wanks it, feeling the hardness in his hand. We have a wonderful sideview of the cock and balls pulled back through Kristof's legs as the vibrator is worked in and out of his ass. Then a thicker, black vibrator comes into play and slides effortlessly into that tight hole. It goes all the way in as his cock is wanked. It is rock hard as it is wanked, with the vibtrator stretching his hole. Then the vibrator is removed and we get to see that hot hole again before Kristof lays down on his back. The masseur takes hold of Kristof's big cock and wanks him to a lovely cum shot, that squirts over the body. The masseur rubs the cum into Kristof's body and over his face and then leaves him to relax. What a very nice scene this is, with Kristof being the perfect subject and taking it all very well indeed.
Adam Bostik is from Krupka and is aged 19. He is a student who enjoys girls and football. Adam is a very good looking guy and is also a very smart dresser. He stands, after his interview, and begins to run his hands all over his body. Before he has a chance to go further some helping hands appear in view and also begin to feel his body. Adam rubs his crotch as the hands feel him and undo his vest and removes it. Then the hands rub under Adam's shirt before turning him around and feeling his ass, spanking it a few times. Then he is turned again and the hands begin to undo the shirt, revealing Adam's nice, smooth chest. The shirt is removed. Next the hands move to Adam's pants and undo them, dipping inside to feel his cock. Pulling the pants down his cock is fully revealed and is semi hard and really quite fat. The helping hands quickly get Adam very hard, showing what a nice big cock he has. It has been oiled and glistens as the hands wank on it. Adam sits on the bed so that his pants can be fully removed and the hands then oils his body and plays with that beautiful cock again. That big cock gets hard again and the balls glisten from being rubbed. Adam turns over to show his ass. The hands are eager to get to work on Adam's ass, and oils it, dipping a finger into the tight hole. Adam's cock is pushed backwards between his legs so we still see it as he is fingered. He turns over again and the hands wank that cock some more as Adam lifts his legs to expose his ass hole. A vibrator is pushed into his hole as the hands wank, hard and fast, on that cock. Soon Adam shoots his load, and his cock becomes immensely sensitive to the touch. Having milked him dry the hands leave and Adam goes off to the shower to clean up. What a lovely shoot, with a really good looking guy.
Albert Kroka is aged 18 and lives in Prague. He is a student who enjoys sports and football. We have already done a Broke Czech Boys with Albert and some other shoots, but here we have his stills shoot. Albert is a good looking guy and, for this shoot, he removed his chin hair that is evident in some other shoots. He looks very good as he poses and slowly removes his clothes. As he does so we see a nice big package, a fat cock and big balls, hanging beautifully. He also poses to show off that very good body, that he clearly has been working on. Before too long we see Alberts hot ass as well and then he treats us to a very good erection, his cock standing fully to attention as he poses. Before he finishes Albert reclines and lifts his leg, pushing that big cock upwards, so we see it and his tight hole at the same time. He looks very good indeed.
Janda Micka is aged 28 and comes from Frydek-Mistek. He is self-employed and in his spare time enjoys cycling. Janda looks very good as he starts his shoot. He poses a bit, so that we see his splendid body, with its six-pack. Then he drops his jeans a bit and reveals a nicely rounded ass for us. Turning he shows us his cock, laying on his balls, with the foreskin over the head. Then he gets that cock nice and hard, leaning back so that it points skywards. He certainly knows how to show himself off to full effect. Not stinting, either, on the ass shots Janda lays back and pulls his legs up, spreading his cheeks with both hands so we get a great view of his tight hole. This is a very good shoot indeed, and whetted my appetite for his erotic video.


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Veil Fluid MakeUp No 6 - Sable, 30ml
Need a second opinion or sizing advice? Ask your Personal Shopper:
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- - Apply to moisturized or primed skin with fingertips or foundation brush (sponge application is not recommended)
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- - 30ml/10fl.oz.
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- Cetearyl Ethylhexanoate, Cetyl Peg/Ppg 10/1 Dimethicone, Cyclopentasiloxane, Dimethicone, Ethylhexylglycerin, Glycerin, Glyceryl Behenate, Glyceryl Dibehenate, Hdi/Trimethylol Hexyllactone Crosspolymer, Hexyl Laurate, Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein, Hydroxypropyl Cyclodextrin, Isododecane, Isoeicosane, Macrocystic Pyrifera Extract, Magnesium Sulfate, Palmitoyl Tripeptide-38, Pentaerythrityltetraisostearate, Phenoxyethanol, Phenyl Trimethicone, Polyglyceryl-4 Isostearate, Potassium Sorbate, Propylene Carbonate, Pvp, Quaternium-90 Bentonite, Silica, Sodium Benzoate, Tocopherylacetate, Tribehenin, Triethoxylcaprylylsilane, Water. May Contain (+/-): Iron Oxides (Ci 77491), Iron Oxides (Ci 77492), Iron Oxides (Ci 77499), Titanium Dioxide (Ci 77891)
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- Shandong Microwave Machinery Co.,Ltd.
- To be the Leader of microwave drying and edible oil refining equipments Manufacturer
Home>Products>Edible oil refining machine>Chinese Professional Rice bran oil/cooking hot/cold oil press machine/machinery with CE/ISO approved
Chinese Professional Rice bran oil/cooking hot/cold oil press machine/machinery with CE/ISO approved
- Shandong, China (Mainland)
- Yongle brand
- CE and ISO
- 1 Set/Sets
- US $100,000 - 10,000,000/ Set
- paypal,UnionPay, Visa/MasterCard, Amex, Discover,T/T
- 24 Set/Sets per Month
Product Details
|cooking oil
|Cold & Hot Pressing Machine
|Automatic Grade:
|Production Capacity:
|Place of Origin:
|Shandong, China (Mainland)
|Brand Name:
|Yongle brand
|Model Number:
|1st series YL edible oil extraction
|according to capacity
|according to capacity
|according to capacity
|CE and ISO
|After-sales Service Provided:
|Engineers available to service machinery overseas
|getting edible oil from oil seeds
|12 months
Product Description
Chinese Professional Rice bran oil/cooking hot/cold oil press machine/machinery with CE/ISO approved manuctured by Shandong Microwave Machinery Co.,Ltd.
Chinese Professional Rice bran oil/cooking hot/cold oil press machine/machinery with CE/ISO approved 10-500T/H oil material first cleaning,drying and storage section turn-key project.
Chinese Professional Rice bran oil/cooking hot/cold oil press machine/machinery with CE/ISO approved 100-3000 T/D oil pretreatment, shelling and pre-press workshop turnkey project (soybean hot peeling, bean skin crushing; the soybean extrusion, high oil contained pre-press cake extrusion, and high oil contained embryos puffed; of direct puffed).
Edible oil refining machine
Leaching workshop turnkey project Chinese Professional Rice bran oil/cooking hot/cold oil press machine/machinery with CE/ISO approved(Towline extractor, Rotocel extractor, loop type extractor, DTDC separated machine, the full negative pressure evaporation, paraffin wax recovery, leaching workshop degum, phospholipid concentrate).
30-1000T/D oil continuous grade two or one physical (chemical) refining Chinese Professional Rice bran oil/cooking hot/cold oil press machine/machinery with CE/ISO approved.
10-600T/D sunflower oil, rice bran oil, corn germ oil dewaxing turn-key project
10-200T/D Fatty acid esterification production Chinese Professional Rice bran oil/cooking hot/cold oil press machine/machinery with CE/ISO approved.
Specifications1.hot&cold oil pressing machine
2.vacuum oil filter
3.efficient oil producer
4.Patent technology
Rice Bran Oil Processing line machine
The whole rice bran oil extracting equipment contains three workshops: pretreatment workshop, oil extraction workshop and oil refining workshop.
1. Craft flow for rice bran oil pretreatment workshop
Raw material → magnetic box → cleaning → crusher → soften → flaking roll → cooker → oil press(chosen) → to extraction workshop
Main Equipments:
1. Magnetic box: Clearing the iron impurity which might be in the soybean. The iron impurity will be harmful to the following machines, so we need take the iron impurities out.
2. Cleaning: This parts have different size cleaning sieves to clean the different impurities. After going through this part, most of the impurities are moved from soybean.
3. Crusher: Because of the big size of soybean, it need to be crushed to small pieces. The crusher will help to get more soybean oil from the seeds.
4. Soften: This is a special step for soybean oil making. This step improves the ductility of soybean. Then the flake will be thin and not fragmentary. This is helpful to the oil press part and oil extraction part.
5. Cooker: This machine can adjust the water content of the soybean. It's also good for the press and oil extraction section.
6. Press: The press machine is used to take parts of the oil in the soybean, when the capacity is low. It is not needed in the soybean oil extraction way. If you using solvent extraction way to get soybean oil, the flake can be sent to oil extractor directly from cooker.
2. Craft flow for oil extraction workshop
extractor → mixed oil → 1st and 2nd evaporation → stripping tower → crude oil
Wet meal → DTDC toaster → meal
Main Equipments:
1. Solvent pumps: continuously spray solvent to the rotary-typr extractor.
2. Roary extractor: spray and soak the soybean cake with solvent so that oil fats can be dissolved in solvent (form miscella). After processing, you can get wet meal and miscella (mixed oil).
3. DTDC: used to separate the solvent from the wet meal.
4. Miscella tank 1st: pump the miscella ( oil with solvent) into the miscella 1st, then add 10% saline water to it. The phospholipid and impurities in the miscella will react with the saline water, at last the reactant precipitate, reaching the goal of purifying.
5. Miscella tank 2nd: the purified miscella will be pumped into it.
6. Miscella stripping: it will remove the remaining solvent in miscella. And the solvent will be discharged to condenser for recycling.
7. Condensers: used to cooling the solvent gas separated from the wet meal and miscella for recycling.
3. Craft flow for oil refining workshop
Crude oil → degumming and deacidification→ decolorization →deodorization → refined soybean oil.
Main Process:
1. Degumming and deacidification: The gumming is moved by phosphoric acid and hot water. There are two ways to move the acid in the soybean oil. One is chemical way, the other one is physical way. The chemical way is using NaOH to react with acid. This way is suitable for the capacity of 5-30T per day. The physical way is using steam and centrifugal to move the acid. This way is used for capacity from 30-2000T per day.
2. Decolorization: This step is used to adjust the color of the oil. You can control the color of the soybean oil according to the requirement of your market.
3. Deodorization: The function of this step is to move the special smell in the oil. This is an important standard for refined soybean oil.
1. What our machines can do?
We have pressing machine, solvent extraction machine, and refinery machine, our press/expeller can get cold pressed oil or hot pressed oil from peanut, sunflower seeds, corn germ, cotton seeds, soy bean, rapeseeds and other oil crops; our solvent extraction line can extracte oil from various cakes by solvent(leaching),like soy cake, peanut cake, sunflower cake and others; Our refining machine can help you get refined oil(decoloring oil, degumming oil, deacid oil), 1st to 4th grade cooking oil as your requirements.
The biodiesel machine can produce International standard biodiesel, like EN14214 standard, ASTM 6751-03 standard, DIN V 51606 standard.
2. What's your factory's ability, which kind of machine do you manufacture?
We can produce all kinds of edible oil machinery, which includes palm oil production machine, peanut oil, soybean oil, cotton oil, sunflower oil, corn oil, rice bran oil and other kinds of edible oil.
The whole line includes oil press line, oil extraction (solvent) line, oil refinery line, palm oil fractionation line, sunflower oil dewaxing line, decoloring process, deodorization process and others.
We can produce biodiesel plant/equipment/machines also. On the other hand, our factory developed ourselves, import many advanced technology to strengthen ourselves and ensure our customer's right.
3. Why always choose Doing?
A. More than 40 years' manufacturing experience.
B.26 technical engineers research on new efficient processing craft and instruct manufacturing and installation work.
C.76 technicians in our professional installation team with rich and mature installation and training experience.
D. CE & ISO9001&BV&TUV certificate
4. Co-operating customers' feedback:
It has advanced design, convenient operation, high output, strong compatibility and high efficiency. The series products combine both refined traditional technology and scientific research, so that the products can satisfy marketing request and users' benefit. Their machines have been establishing a good reputation in China and around the world.
5. Raw material
Raw material
Oil content
Castor seed
Cotton seed
Sesame seed
Sunflower seed
Rice bran
Safflower seed
Corn embryo/germ
Palm seed
6. Professional Advice
Please kindly inform us your required daily capacity, treated quantity, raw material, covering space and related data,so that we can make flow chart production line for you as your requirement. We will stand at your point to suggest low cost and suitable production line for you. Sincerely want to cooperate with you.
Besides refining equipment, our company also provides high quality pre-pressing equipment and leaching/extraction equipment with which the you can prepress the raw material and get the oil in the cake.
7. Biodiesel production line
New tech for recycling used frying oil, waste cooking oil and oil seeds to get biodiesel, the esterification method is a hot and renewable technology of the world.
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3. Widely application and achieve the international standards.
4. It not belongs to dangerous cargo, easy to transport.
5. The supply of bio diesel is not controlled by OPEC, it's benefit to the stability of international petroleum market.
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text:
HC Health necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 271 diseños de 62 diseñadores freelance.
Please note that we have increased the prize amount for this contest! It's so important to us to get the best and brightest involved. We know the right logo graphic is out there for our company, but have yet to find it. This is our second logo competition for this company, but the winning design from last time didn't appeal to enough of the team. It was close, and we paid the winner for his design, but we want perfection and are willing to try again. We would love a design that will please all. Previous design competition is here: http://99designs.com/contests/7911
Highland Campus Health Group - http://www.hchealthgroup.com
Our current logo is a bit dated, and we would like one that appeals to a larger, more sophisticated audience. We currently have the HCHG letters in our graphic and would like to see a more graphical representation with a very current design. Our company name is Highland Campus Health Group, but we are not a medical company, so medical icons would not be appropriate. We serve the medical centers on university campuses, so university imagery might work. As always, we are open to creative ideas. For an idea of previous entries and how we responded to those designs, you can look at our first competition here: http://99designs.com/contests/7911
We are looking for a bold, vibrant, vivid, current logo that can appeal to a broad audience and portray a professional image. It would be great if it could convey financial and data security, stability, reliability, and trust.
We are open to creative ideas of all types, but would like to avoid medical icons and people graphics. We would prefer something that can act as a stand alone logo and still convey what we do, but that works well with the company name as well. Please provide both views.
Our current logo is available to view on our website at http://www.hchealthgroup.com, and there is plenty of additional information there about our company.
What we do can be summarized as follows: HCHG works with campus health centers, and only campus health centers, to develop new revenue to support their operations, enhance their services, and build for the future. Highland's services help improve fiscal stability for their health center partners. HCHG does not operate, manage, or outsource college health programs.
- Sharp, recognizable logo for our company
- Contemporary, polished design
- Youthful to appeal to college students, but professional to appeal to investors as well
- Convey trust and reliability with a professional image
- A logo that can stand alone and still convey our company image
- The tagline "Billing insurance companies on behalf of campus health centers" should be included in one version of any design entry
- We want to be amazed by your talents and creativity!
- IMPORTANT: We do not want medical imagery! No medical staff or cross.
- We would prefer not to have people, faces or doctors represented in the logo
- Do not include stethoscopes, pills, or any other medical paraphernalia
- We would prefer not to have the HCHG letters as the basis of the logo
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


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You should ask for a written action plan. Action plans come in a variety of styles and formats. Sometimes you will get several sets of instructions, other times all of the instructions will be combined into one form. The most important thing is that the instructions should be easy to read and understand. Important parts of an action plan include:
One of the most common action plan formats is the "zone system," which is based on traffic lights:
Your action plan assumes that you are monitoring your own body for signs that your asthma is getting worse. Action plans designed for school can be especially important, so that everyone knows what to do when the asthma gets worse, and all the right medicines and phone numbers are on hand. There are two basic ways to do this:


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The CV-1 cell line was initiated in March of 1964 by F. C. Jensen and his colleagues with a tissue section excised from the kidney of a normal adult male African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops). The popular fibroblast line was originally utilized in research focusing on the transformation of the cancer-causing Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), but now is a very useful host for acquired immunodeficiency disease (AIDS) research, as well as transfection experiments with simian virus 40 (SV40) and recombinant plasmid vectors. Cells of the CV-1 line exhibit the morphology of fibroblasts, grow adherently to glass or plastic surfaces, and are negative for reverse transcriptase. Widely employed as a transfection host, CV-1 cells are susceptible to several viruses, including poliovirus 1, herpes simplex, simian virus 40, California encephalitis, and both Eastern and Western equine encephalitis. The cells exhibit rapid growth and chromosome number shifts have been reported to occur at high passage levels.
An adherent log phase monolayer CV-1 cell culture (illustrated above) was immunofluorescently labeled with primary anti-bovine alpha-tubulin mouse monoclonal antibodies followed by goat anti-mouse Fab fragments conjugated to fluorescein. In addition, the cells were simultaneously stained for DNA with the ultraviolet-absorbing probe DAPI, and for the cytoskeletal filamentous actin network with Alexa Fluor 568 conjugated to phalloidin. Images were recorded in grayscale with a QImaging Retiga Fast-EXi camera system coupled to an Olympus BX-51 microscope equipped with bandpass emission fluorescence filter optical blocks provided by Omega Optical. During the processing stage, individual image channels were pseudocolored with RGB values corresponding to each of the fluorophore emission spectral profiles.
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Orb Optical are authorised stockists of Gotti. All frames will come with an authentic case and cleaning cloth.
If you have questions about this frame then please call us on 020 7637 4111, or email us at email@example.com
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Not If But When: Everybody who spends much time thinking about nuclear terrorism can give you a scenario, something diabolical and, theoretically, doable. Michael A. Levi, a researcher at the Federation of American Scientists, imagines a homemade nuclear explosive device detonated inside a truck passing through one of the tunnels into Manhattan. The blast would crater portions of the New York skyline, barbecue thousands of people instantly, condemn thousands more to a horrible death from radiation sickness and -- by virtue of being underground -- would vaporize many tons of concrete and dirt and river water into an enduring cloud of lethal fallout. Vladimir Shikalov, a Russian nuclear physicist who helped clean up after the 1986 Chernobyl accident, envisioned for me an attack involving highly radioactive cesium-137 loaded into some kind of homemade spraying device, and a target that sounded particularly unsettling when proposed across a Moscow kitchen table -- Disneyland. In this case, the human toll would be much less ghastly, but the panic that would result from contaminating the Magic Kingdom with a modest amount of cesium -- Shikalov held up his teacup to illustrate how much -- would probably shut the place down for good and constitute a staggering strike at Americans' sense of innocence. Shikalov, a nuclear enthusiast who thinks most people are ridiculously squeamish about radiation, added that personally he would still be happy to visit Disneyland after the terrorists struck, although he would pack his own food and drink and destroy his clothing afterward.
Another Russian, Dmitry Borisov, a former official of his country's atomic energy ministry, conjured a suicidal pilot. (Suicidal pilots, for obvious reasons, figure frequently in these fantasies.) In Borisov's scenario, the hijacker dive-bombs an Aeroflot jetliner into the Kurchatov Institute, an atomic research center in a gentrifying neighborhood of Moscow, which I had just visited the day before our conversation. The facility contains 26 nuclear reactors of various sizes and a huge accumulation of radioactive material. The effect would probably be measured more in property values than in body bags, but some people say the same about Chernobyl.
Maybe it is a way to tame a fearsome subject by Hollywoodizing it, or maybe it is a way to drive home the dreadful stakes in the arid-sounding business of nonproliferation, but in several weeks of talking to specialists here and in Russia about the threats an amateur evildoer might pose to the homeland, I found an unnerving abundance of such morbid creativity. I heard a physicist wonder whether a suicide bomber with a pacemaker would constitute an effective radiation weapon. (I'm a little ashamed to say I checked that one, and the answer is no, since pacemakers powered by plutonium have not been implanted for the past 20 years.) I have had people theorize about whether hijackers who took over a nuclear research laboratory could improvise an actual nuclear explosion on the spot. (Expert opinions differ, but it's very unlikely.) I've been instructed how to disperse plutonium into the ventilation system of an office building.
The realistic threats settle into two broad categories. The less likely but far more devastating is an actual nuclear explosion, a great hole blown in the heart of New York or Washington, followed by a toxic fog of radiation. This could be produced by a black-market nuclear warhead procured from an existing arsenal. Russia is the favorite hypothetical source, although Pakistan, which has a program built on shady middlemen and covert operations, should not be overlooked. Or the explosive could be a homemade device, lower in yield than a factory nuke but still creating great carnage.
The second category is a radiological attack, contaminating a public place with radioactive material by packing it with conventional explosives in a ''dirty bomb'' by dispersing it into the air or water or by sabotaging a nuclear facility. By comparison with the task of creating nuclear fission, some of these schemes would be almost childishly simple, although the consequences would be less horrifying: a panicky evacuation, a gradual increase in cancer rates, a staggeringly expensive cleanup, possibly the need to demolish whole neighborhoods. Al Qaeda has claimed to have access to dirty bombs, which is unverified but entirely plausible, given that the makings are easily gettable.Continue reading the main story
Nothing is really new about these perils. The means to inflict nuclear harm on America have been available to rogues for a long time. Serious studies of the threat of nuclear terror date back to the 1970's. American programs to keep Russian nuclear ingredients from falling into murderous hands -- one of the subjects high on the agenda in President Bush's meetings in Moscow this weekend -- were hatched soon after the Soviet Union disintegrated a decade ago. When terrorists get around to trying their first nuclear assault, as you can be sure they will, there will be plenty of people entitled to say I told you so.
All Sept. 11 did was turn a theoretical possibility into a felt danger. All it did was supply a credible cast of characters who hate us so much they would thrill to the prospect of actually doing it -- and, most important in rethinking the probabilities, would be happy to die in the effort. All it did was give our nightmares legs.
And of the many nightmares animated by the attacks, this is the one with pride of place in our experience and literature -- and, we know from his own lips, in Osama bin Laden's aspirations. In February, Tom Ridge, the Bush administration's homeland security chief, visited The Times for a conversation, and at the end someone asked, given all the things he had to worry about -- hijacked airliners, anthrax in the mail, smallpox, germs in crop-dusters -- what did he worry about most? He cupped his hands prayerfully and pressed his fingertips to his lips. ''Nuclear,'' he said simply.
My assignment here was to stare at that fear and inventory the possibilities. How afraid should we be, and what of, exactly? I'll tell you at the outset, this was not one of those exercises in which weighing the fears and assigning them probabilities laid them to rest. I'm not evacuating Manhattan, but neither am I sleeping quite as soundly. As I was writing this early one Saturday in April, the floor began to rumble and my desk lamp wobbled precariously. Although I grew up on the San Andreas Fault, the fact that New York was experiencing an earthquake was only my second thought.
The best reason for thinking it won't happen is that it hasn't happened yet, and that is terrible logic. The problem is not so much that we are not doing enough to prevent a terrorist from turning our atomic knowledge against us (although we are not). The problem is that there may be no such thing as ''enough.''
25,000 Warheads, and It Only Takes One: My few actual encounters with the Russian nuclear arsenal are all associated with Thomas Cochran. Cochran, a physicist with a Tennessee lilt and a sense of showmanship, is the director of nuclear issues for the Natural Resources Defense Council, which promotes environmental protection and arms control. In 1989, when glasnost was in flower, Cochran persuaded the Soviet Union to open some of its most secret nuclear venues to a roadshow of American scientists and congressmen and invited along a couple of reporters. We visited a Soviet missile cruiser bobbing in the Black Sea and drank vodka with physicists and engineers in the secret city where the Soviets first produced plutonium for weapons.
Not long ago Cochran took me cruising through the Russian nuclear stockpile again, this time digitally. The days of glasnost theatrics are past, and this is now the only way an outsider can get close to the places where Russians store and deploy their nuclear weapons. On his office computer in Washington, Cochran has installed a detailed United States military map of Russia and superimposed upon it high-resolution satellite photographs. We spent part of a morning mouse-clicking from missile-launch site to submarine base, zooming in like voyeurs and contemplating the possibility that a terrorist could figure out how to steal a nuclear warhead from one of these places.
''Here are the bunkers,'' Cochran said, enlarging an area the size of a football stadium holding a half-dozen elongated igloos. We were hovering over a site called Zhukovka, in western Russia. We were pleased to see it did not look ripe for a hijacking.
''You see the bunkers are fenced, and then the whole thing is fenced again,'' Cochran said. ''Just outside you can see barracks and a rifle range for the guards. These would be troops of the 12th Main Directorate. Somebody's not going to walk off the street and get a Russian weapon out of this particular storage area.''
In the popular culture, nuclear terror begins with the theft of a nuclear weapon. Why build one when so many are lying around for the taking? And stealing tends to make better drama than engineering. Thus the stolen nuke has been a staple in the literature at least since 1961, when Ian Fleming published ''Thunderball,'' in which the malevolent Spectre (the Special Executive for Counterintelligence, Terrorism, Revenge and Extortion, a strictly mercenary and more technologically sophisticated precursor to al Qaeda) pilfers a pair of atom bombs from a crashed NATO aircraft. In the movie version of Tom Clancy's thriller ''The Sum of All Fears,'' due in theaters this week, neo-Nazis get their hands on a mislaid Israeli nuke, and viewers will get to see Baltimore blasted to oblivion.
Eight countries are known to have nuclear weapons -- the United States, Russia, China, Great Britain, France, India, Pakistan and Israel. David Albright, a nuclear-weapons expert and president of the Institute for Science and International Security, points out that Pakistan's program in particular was built almost entirely through black markets and industrial espionage, aimed at circumventing Western export controls. Defeating the discipline of nuclear nonproliferation is ingrained in the culture. Disaffected individuals in Pakistan (which, remember, was intimate with the Taliban) would have no trouble finding the illicit channels or the rationalization for diverting materials, expertise -- even, conceivably, a warhead.
But the mall of horrors is Russia, because it currently maintains something like 15,000 of the world's (very roughly) 25,000 nuclear warheads, ranging in destructive power from about 500 kilotons, which could kill a million people, down to the one-kiloton land mines that would be enough to make much of Manhattan uninhabitable. Russia is a country with sloppy accounting, a disgruntled military, an audacious black market and indigenous terrorists.
There is anecdotal reason to worry. Gen. Igor Valynkin, commander of the 12th Main Directorate of the Russian Ministry of Defense, the Russian military sector in charge of all nuclear weapons outside the Navy, said recently that twice in the past year terrorist groups were caught casing Russian weapons-storage facilities. But it's hard to know how seriously to take this. When I made the rounds of nuclear experts in Russia earlier this year, many were skeptical of these near-miss anecdotes, saying the security forces tend to exaggerate such incidents to dramatize their own prowess (the culprits are always caught) and enhance their budgets. On the whole, Russian and American military experts sound not very alarmed about the vulnerability of Russia's nuclear warheads. They say Russia takes these weapons quite seriously, accounts for them rigorously and guards them carefully. There is no confirmed case of a warhead being lost. Strategic warheads, including the 4,000 or so that President Bush and President Vladimir Putin have agreed to retire from service, tend to be stored in hard-to-reach places, fenced and heavily guarded, and their whereabouts are not advertised. The people who guard them are better paid and more closely vetted than most Russian soldiers.
Eugene E. Habiger, the four-star general who was in charge of American strategic weapons until 1998 and then ran nuclear antiterror programs for the Energy Department, visited several Russian weapons facilities in 1996 and 1997. He may be the only American who has actually entered a Russian bunker and inspected a warhead in situ. Habiger said he found the overall level of security comparable to American sites, although the Russians depend more on people than on technology to protect their nukes.
The image of armed terrorist commandos storming a nuclear bunker is cinematic, but it's far more plausible to think of an inside job. No observer of the unraveling Russian military has much trouble imagining that a group of military officers, disenchanted by the humiliation of serving a spent superpower, embittered by the wretched conditions in which they spend much of their military lives or merely greedy, might find a way to divert a warhead to a terrorist for the right price. (The Chechen warlord Shamil Basayev, infamous for such ruthless exploits as taking an entire hospital hostage, once hinted that he had an opportunity to buy a nuclear warhead from the stockpile.) The anecdotal evidence of desperation in the military is plentiful and disquieting. Every year the Russian press provides stories like that of the 19-year-old sailor who went on a rampage aboard an Akula-class nuclear submarine, killing eight people and threatening to blow up the boat and its nuclear reactor; or the five soldiers at Russia's nuclear-weapons test site who killed a guard, took a hostage and tried to hijack an aircraft, or the officers who reportedly stole five assault helicopters, with their weapons pods, and tried to sell them to North Korea.
The Clinton administration found the danger of disgruntled nuclear caretakers worrisome enough that it considered building better housing for some officers in the nuclear rocket corps. Congress, noting that the United States does not build housing for its own officers, rejected the idea out of hand.
If a terrorist did get his hands on a nuclear warhead, he would still face the problem of setting it off. American warheads are rigged with multiple PAL's ( ''permissive action links'') -- codes and self-disabling devices designed to frustrate an unauthorized person from triggering the explosion. General Habiger says that when he examined Russian strategic weapons he found the level of protection comparable to our own. ''You'd have to literally break the weapon apart to get into the gut,'' he told me. ''I would submit that a more likely scenario is that there'd be an attempt to get hold of a warhead and not explode the warhead but extract the plutonium or highly enriched uranium.'' In other words, it's easier to take the fuel and build an entire weapon from scratch than it is to make one of these things go off.
Then again, Habiger is not an expert in physics or weapons design. Then again, the Russians would seem to have no obvious reason for misleading him about something that important. Then again, how many times have computer hackers hacked their way into encrypted computers we were assured were impregnable? Then again, how many computer hackers does al Qaeda have? This subject drives you in circles.
The most troublesome gap in the generally reassuring assessment of Russian weapons security is those tactical nuclear warheads -- smaller, short-range weapons like torpedoes, depth charges, artillery shells, mines. Although their smaller size and greater number makes them ideal candidates for theft, they have gotten far less attention simply because, unlike all of our long-range weapons, they happen not to be the subject of any formal treaty. The first President Bush reached an informal understanding with President Gorbachev and then with President Yeltsin that both sides would gather and destroy thousands of tactical nukes. But the agreement included no inventories of the stockpiles, no outside monitoring, no verification of any kind. It was one of those trust-me deals that, in the hindsight of Sept. 11, amount to an enormous black hole in our security.
Did I say earlier there are about 15,000 Russian warheads? That number includes, alongside the scrupulously counted strategic warheads in bombers, missiles and submarines, the commonly used estimate of 8,000 tactical warheads. But that figure is at best an educated guess. Other educated guesses of the tactical nukes in Russia go as low as 4,000 and as high as 30,000. We just don't know. We don't even know if the Russians know, since they are famous for doing things off the books. ''They'll tell you they've never lost a weapon,'' said Kenneth Luongo, director of a private antiproliferation group called the Russian-American Nuclear Security Advisory Council. ''The fact is, they don't know. And when you're talking about warhead counting, you don't want to miss even one.''
And where are they? Some are stored in reinforced concrete bunkers like the one at Zhukovka. Others are deployed. (When the submarine Kursk sank with its 118 crewmen in August 2000, the Americans' immediate fear was for its nuclear armaments. The standard load out for a submarine of that class includes a couple of nuclear torpedoes and possibly some nuclear depth charges.) Still others are supposed to be in the process of being dismantled under terms of various formal and informal arms-control agreements. Some are in transit. In short, we don't really know.
The other worrying thing about tactical nukes is that their anti-use devices are believed to be less sophisticated, because the weapons were designed to be employed in the battlefield. Some of the older systems are thought to have no permissive action links at all, so that setting one off would be about as complicated as hot-wiring a car.
Efforts to learn more about the state of tactical stockpiles have been frustrated by reluctance on both sides to let visitors in. Viktor Mikhailov, who ran the Russian Ministry of Atomic Energy until 1998 with a famous scorn for America's nonproliferation concerns, still insists that the United States programs to protect Russian nuclear weapons and material mask a secret agenda of intelligence-gathering. Americans, in turn, sometimes balk at reciprocal access, on the grounds that we are the ones paying the bills for all these safety upgrades, said the former Senator Sam Nunn, co-author of the main American program for securing Russian nukes, called Nunn-Lugar.
''We have to decide if we want the Russians to be transparent -- I'd call it cradle-to-grave transparency with nuclear material and inventories and so forth,'' Nunn told me. ''Then we have to open up more ourselves. This is a big psychological breakthrough we're talking about here, both for them and for us.''
The Garage Bomb: One of the more interesting facts about the atom bomb dropped on Hiroshima is that it had never been tested. All of those spectral images of nuclear coronas brightening the desert of New Mexico -- those were to perfect the more complicated plutonium device that was dropped on Nagasaki. ''Little Boy,'' the Hiroshima bomb, was a rudimentary gunlike device that shot one projectile of highly enriched uranium into another, creating a critical mass that exploded. The mechanics were so simple that few doubted it would work, so the first experiment was in the sky over Japan.
The closest thing to a consensus I heard among those who study nuclear terror was this: building a nuclear bomb is easier than you think, probably easier than stealing one. In the rejuvenated effort to prevent a terrorist from striking a nuclear blow, this is where most of the attention and money are focused.
A nuclear explosion of any kind ''is not a sort of high-probability thing,'' said a White House official who follows the subject closely. ''But getting your hands on enough fissile material to build an improvised nuclear device, to my mind, is the least improbable of them all, and particularly if that material is highly enriched uranium in metallic form. Then I'm really worried. That's the one.''
To build a nuclear explosive you need material capable of explosive nuclear fission, you need expertise, you need some equipment, and you need a way to deliver it.
Delivering it to the target is, by most reckoning, the simplest part. People in the field generally scoff at the mythologized suitcase bomb; instead they talk of a ''conex bomb,'' using the name of those shack-size steel containers that bring most cargo into the United States. Two thousand containers enter America every hour, on trucks and trains and especially on ships sailing into more than 300 American ports. Fewer than 2 percent are cracked open for inspection, and the great majority never pass through an X-ray machine. Containers delivered to upriver ports like St. Louis or Chicago pass many miles of potential targets before they even reach customs.
''How do you protect against that?'' mused Habiger, the former chief of our nuclear arsenal. ''You can't. That's scary. That's very, very scary. You set one of those off in Philadelphia, in New York City, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and you're going to kill tens of thousands of people, if not more.'' Habiger's view is ''It's not a matter of if; it's a matter of when'' -- which may explain why he now lives in San Antonio.
The Homeland Security office has installed a plan to refocus inspections, making sure the 2 percent of containers that get inspected are those without a clear, verified itinerary. Detectors will be put into place at ports and other checkpoints. This is good, but it hardly represents an ironclad defense. The detection devices are a long way from being reliable. (Inconveniently, the most feared bomb component, uranium, is one of the hardest radioactive substances to detect because it does not emit a lot of radiation prior to fission.) The best way to stop nuclear terror, therefore, is to keep the weapons out of terrorist hands in the first place.
The basic know-how of atom-bomb-building is half a century old, and adequate recipes have cropped up in physics term papers and high school science projects. The simplest design entails taking a lump of highly enriched uranium, about the size of a cantaloupe, and firing it down a big gun barrel into a second lump. Theodore Taylor, the nuclear physicist who designed both the smallest and the largest American nuclear-fission warheads before becoming a remorseful opponent of all things nuclear, told me he recently looked up ''atomic bomb'' in the World Book Encyclopedia in the upstate New York nursing home where he now lives, and he found enough basic information to get a careful reader started. ''It's accessible all over the place,'' he said. ''I don't mean just the basic principles. The sizes, specifications, things that work.''
Most of the people who talk about the ease of assembling a nuclear weapon, of course, have never actually built one. The most authoritative assessment I found was a paper, ''Can Terrorists Build Nuclear Weapons?'' written in 1986 by five experienced nuke-makers from the Los Alamos weapons laboratory. I was relieved to learn that fabricating a nuclear weapon is not something a lone madman -- even a lone genius -- is likely to pull off in his hobby room. The paper explained that it would require a team with knowledge of ''the physical, chemical and metallurgical properties of the various materials to be used, as well as characteristics affecting their fabrication; neutronic properties; radiation effects, both nuclear and biological; technology concerning high explosives and/or chemical propellants; some hydrodynamics; electrical circuitry; and others.'' Many of these skills are more difficult to acquire than, say, the ability to aim a jumbo jet.
The schemers would also need specialized equipment to form the uranium, which is usually in powdered form, into metal, to cast it and machine it to fit the device. That effort would entail months of preparation, increasing the risk of detection, and it would require elaborate safeguards to prevent a mishap that, as the paper dryly put it, would ''bring the operation to a close.''
Still, the experts concluded, the answer to the question posed in the title, while qualified, was ''Yes, they can.''
David Albright, who worked as a United Nations weapons inspector in Iraq, says Saddam Hussein's unsuccessful crash program to build a nuclear weapon in 1990 illustrates how a single bad decision can mean a huge setback. Iraq had extracted highly enriched uranium from research-reactor fuel and had, maybe, barely enough for a bomb. But the manager in charge of casting the metal was so afraid the stuff would spill or get contaminated that he decided to melt it in tiny batches. As a result, so much of the uranium was wasted that he ended up with too little for a bomb.
''You need good managers and organizational people to put the elements together,'' Albright said. ''If you do a straight-line extrapolation, terrorists will all get nuclear weapons. But they make mistakes.''
On the other hand, many experts underestimate the prospect of a do-it-yourself bomb because they are thinking too professionally. All of our experience with these weapons is that the people who make them (states, in other words) want them to be safe, reliable, predictable and efficient. Weapons for the American arsenal are designed to survive a trip around the globe in a missile, to be accident-proof, to produce a precisely specified blast.
But there are many corners you can cut if you are content with a big, ugly, inefficient device that would make a spectacular impression. If your bomb doesn't need to fit in a suitcase (and why should it?) or to endure the stress of a missile launch; if you don't care whether the explosive power realizes its full potential; if you're willing to accept some risk that the thing might go off at the wrong time or might not go off at all, then the job of building it is immeasurably simplified.
''As you get smarter, you realize you can get by with less,'' Albright said. ''You can do it in facilities that look like barns, garages, with simple machine tools. You can do it with 10 to 15 people, not all Ph.D.'s, but some engineers, technicians. Our judgment is that a gun-type device is well within the capability of a terrorist organization.''
All the technological challenges are greatly simplified if terrorists are in league with a country -- a place with an infrastructure. A state is much better suited to hire expertise (like dispirited scientists from decommissioned nuclear installations in the old Soviet Union) or to send its own scientists for M.I.T. degrees.
Thus Tom Cochran said his greatest fear is what you might call a bespoke nuke -- terrorists stealing a quantity of weapons-grade uranium and taking it to Iraq or Iran or Libya, letting the scientists and engineers there fashion it into an elementary weapon and then taking it away for a delivery that would have no return address.
That leaves one big obstacle to the terrorist nuke-maker: the fissile material itself.
To be reasonably sure of a nuclear explosion, allowing for some material being lost in the manufacturing process, you need roughly 50 kilograms -- 110 pounds -- of highly enriched uranium. (For a weapon, more than 90 percent of the material should consist of the very unstable uranium-235 isotope.) Tom Cochran, the master of visual aids, has 15 pounds of depleted uranium that he keeps in a Coke can; an eight-pack would be plenty to build a bomb.
The world is awash in the stuff. Frank von Hippel, a Princeton physicist and arms-control advocate, has calculated that between 1,300 and 2,100 metric tons of weapons-grade uranium exists -- at the low end, enough for 26,000 rough-hewed bombs. The largest stockpile is in Russia, which Senator Joseph Biden calls ''the candy store of candy stores.''
Until a decade ago, Russian officials say, no one worried much about the safety of this material. Viktor Mikhailov, who ran the atomic energy ministry and now presides over an affiliated research institute, concedes there were glaring lapses.
''The safety of nuclear materials was always on our minds, but the focus was on intruders,'' he said. ''The system had never taken account of the possibility that these carefully screened people in the nuclear sphere could themselves represent a danger. The system was not designed to prevent a danger from within.''
Then came the collapse of the Soviet Union and, in the early 90's, a few frightening cases of nuclear materials popping up on the black market.
If you add up all the reported attempts to sell highly enriched uranium or plutonium, even including those that have the scent of security-agency hype and those where the material was of uncertain quality, the total amount of material still falls short of what a bomb-maker would need to construct a single explosive.
But Yuri G. Volodin, the chief of safeguards at Gosatomnadzor, the Russian nuclear regulatory agency, told me his inspectors still discover one or two instances of attempted theft a year, along with dozens of violations of the regulations for storing and securing nuclear material. And as he readily concedes: ''These are the detected cases. We can't talk about the cases we don't know.'' Alexander Pikayev, a former aide to the Defense Committee of the Russian Duma, said: ''The vast majority of installations now have fences. But you know Russians. If you walk along the perimeter, you can see a hole in the fence, because the employees want to come and go freely.''
The bulk of American investment in nuclear safety goes to lock the stuff up at the source. That is clearly the right priority. Other programs are devoted to blending down the highly enriched uranium to a diluted product unsuitable for weapons but good as reactor fuel. The Nuclear Threat Initiative, financed by Ted Turner and led by Nunn, is studying ways to double the rate of this diluting process.
Still, after 10 years of American subsidies, only 41 percent of Russia's weapon-usable material has been secured, according to the United States Department of Energy. Russian officials said they can't even be sure how much exists, in part because the managers of nuclear facilities, like everyone else in the Soviet industrial complex, learned to cook their books. So the barn door is still pretty seriously ajar. We don't know whether any horses have gotten out.
And it is not the only barn. William C. Potter, director of the Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies and an expert in nuclear security in the former Soviet states, said the American focus on Russia has neglected other locations that could be tempting targets for a terrorist seeking bomb-making material. There is, for example, a bomb's worth of weapons-grade uranium at a site in Belarus, a country with an erratic president and an anti-American orientation. There is enough weapons-grade uranium for a bomb or two in Kharkiv, in Ukraine. Outside of Belgrade, in a research reactor at Vinca, sits sufficient material for a bomb -- and there it sat while NATO was bombarding the area.
''We need to avoid the notion that because the most material is in Russia, that's where we should direct all of our effort,'' Potter said. ''It's like assuming the bank robber will target Fort Knox because that's where the most gold is. The bank robber goes where the gold is most accessible.''
Weapons of Mass Disruption: The first and, so far, only consummated act of nuclear terrorism took place in Moscow in 1995, and it was scarcely memorable. Chechen rebels obtained a canister of cesium, possibly from a hospital they had commandeered a few months before. They hid it in a Moscow park famed for its weekend flea market and called the press. No one was hurt. Authorities treated the incident discreetly, and a surge of panic quickly passed.
The story came up in virtually every conversation I had in Russia about nuclear terror, usually to illustrate that even without splitting atoms and making mushroom clouds a terrorist could use radioactivity -- and the fear of it -- as a potent weapon.
The idea that you could make a fantastic weapon out of radioactive material without actually producing a nuclear bang has been around since the infancy of nuclear weaponry. During World War II, American scientists in the Manhattan Project worried that the Germans would rain radioactive material on our troops storming the beaches on D-Day. Robert S. Norris, the biographer of the Manhattan Project director, Gen. Leslie R. Groves, told me that the United States took this threat seriously enough to outfit some of the D-Day soldiers with Geiger counters.
No country today includes radiological weapons in its armories. But radiation's limitations as a military tool -- its tendency to drift afield with unplanned consequences, its long-term rather than short-term lethality -- would not necessarily count against it in the mind of a terrorist. If your aim is to instill fear, radiation is anthrax-plus. And unlike the fabrication of a nuclear explosive, this is terror within the means of a soloist.
That is why, if you polled the universe of people paid to worry about weapons of mass destruction (W.M.D., in the jargon), you would find a general agreement that this is probably the first thing we'll see. ''If there is a W.M.D. attack in the next year, it's likely to be a radiological attack,'' said Rose Gottemoeller, who handled Russian nuclear safety in the Clinton administration and now follows the subject for the Carnegie Endowment. The radioactive heart of a dirty bomb could be spent fuel from a nuclear reactor or isotopes separated out in the process of refining nuclear fuel. These materials are many times more abundant and much, much less protected than the high-grade stuff suitable for bombs. Since Sept.11, Russian officials have begun lobbying hard to expand the program of American aid to include protection of these lower-grade materials, and the Bush administration has earmarked a few million dollars to study the problem. But the fact is that radioactive material suitable for terrorist attacks is so widely available that there is little hope of controlling it all.
The guts of a dirty bomb could be cobalt-60, which is readily available in hospitals for use in radiation therapy and in food processing to kill the bacteria in fruits and vegetables. It could be cesium-137, commonly used in medical gauges and radiotherapy machines. It could be americium, an isotope that behaves a lot like plutonium and is used in smoke detectors and in oil prospecting. It could be plutonium, which exists in many research laboratories in America. If you trust the security of those American labs, pause and reflect that the investigation into the great anthrax scare seems to be focused on disaffected American scientists.
Back in 1974, Theodore Taylor and Mason Willrich, in a book on the dangers of nuclear theft, examined things a terrorist might do if he got his hands on 100 grams of plutonium -- a thimble-size amount. They calculated that a killer who dissolved it, made an aerosol and introduced it into the ventilation system of an office building could deliver a lethal dose to the entire floor area of a large skyscraper. But plutonium dispersed outdoors in the open air, they estimated, would be far less effective. It would blow away in a gentle wind.
The Federation of American Scientists recently mapped out for a Congressional hearing the consequences of various homemade dirty bombs detonated in New York or Washington. For example, a bomb made with a single footlong pencil of cobalt from a food irradiation plant and just 10 pounds of TNT and detonated at Union Square in a light wind would send a plume of radiation drifting across three states. Much of Manhattan would be as contaminated as the permanently closed area around the Chernobyl nuclear plant. Anyone living in Manhattan would have at least a 1-in-100 chance of dying from cancer caused by the radiation. An area reaching deep into the Hudson Valley would, under current Environmental Protection Agency standards, have to be decontaminated or destroyed.
Frank von Hippel, the Princeton physicist, has reviewed the data, and he pointed out that this is a bit less alarming than it sounds. ''Your probability of dying of cancer in your lifetime is already about 20 percent,'' he said. ''This would increase it to 20.1 percent. Would you abandon a city for that? I doubt it.''
Indeed, some large portion of our fear of radiation is irrational. And yet the fact that it's all in your mind is little consolation if it's also in the minds of a large, panicky population. If the actual effect of a radiation bomb is that people clog the bridges out of town, swarm the hospitals and refuse to return to live and work in a contaminated place, then the impact is a good deal more than psychological. To this day, there is bitter debate about the actual health toll from the Chernobyl nuclear accident. There are researchers who claim that the people who evacuated are actually in worse health over all from the trauma of relocation, than those who stayed put and marinated in the residual radiation. But the fact is, large swaths of developed land around the Chernobyl site still lie abandoned, much of it bulldozed down to the subsoil. The Hart Senate Office Building was closed for three months by what was, in hindsight, our society's inclination to err on the side of alarm.
There are measures the government can take to diminish the dangers of a radiological weapon, and many of them are getting more serious consideration. The Bush administration has taken a lively new interest in radiation-detection devices that might catch dirty-bomb materials in transit. A White House official told me the administration's judgment is that protecting the raw materials of radiological terror is worth doing, but not at the expense of more catastrophic threats.
''It's all over,'' he said. ''It's not a winning proposition to say you can just lock all that up. And then, a bomb is pretty darn easy to make. You don't have to be a rocket scientist to figure about fertilizer and diesel fuel.'' A big fertilizer bomb of the type Timothy McVeigh used to kill 168 people in Oklahoma City, spiced with a dose of cobalt or cesium, would not tax the skills of a determined terrorist.
''It's likely to happen, I think, in our lifetime,'' the official said. ''And it'll be like Oklahoma City plus the Hart Office Building. Which is real bad, but it ain't the World Trade Center.''
The Peril of Power Plants: Every eight years or so the security guards at each of the country's 103 nuclear power stations and at national weapons labs can expect to be attacked by federal agents armed with laser-tag rifles. These mock terror exercises are played according to elaborate rules, called the ''design basis threat,'' that in the view of skeptics favor the defense. The attack teams can include no more than three commandos. The largest vehicle they are permitted is an S.U.V. They are allowed to have an accomplice inside the plant, but only one. They are not allowed to improvise. (The mock assailants at one Department of Energy lab were ruled out of order because they commandeered a wheelbarrow to cart off a load of dummy plutonium.) The mock attacks are actually announced in advance. Even playing by these rules, the attackers manage with some regularity to penetrate to the heart of a nuclear plant and damage the core. Representative Edward J. Markey, a Massachusetts Democrat and something of a scourge of the nuclear power industry, has recently identified a number of shortcomings in the safeguards, including, apparently, lax standards for clearing workers hired at power plants.
One of the most glaring lapses, which nuclear regulators concede and have promised to fix, is that the design basis threat does not contemplate the possibility of a hijacker commandeering an airplane and diving it into a reactor. In fact, the protections currently in place don't consider the possibility that the terrorist might be willing, even eager, to die in the act. The government assumes the culprits would be caught while trying to get away.
A nuclear power plant is essentially a great inferno of decaying radioactive material, kept under control by coolant. Turning this device into a terrorist weapon would require cutting off the coolant so the atomic furnace rages out of control and, equally important, getting the radioactive matter to disperse by an explosion or fire. (At Three Mile Island, the coolant was cut off and the reactor core melted down, generating vast quantities of radiation. But the thick walls of the containment building kept the contaminant from being released, so no one died.)
One way to accomplish both goals might be to fly a large jetliner into the fortified building that holds the reactor. Some experts say a jet engine would stand a good chance of bursting the containment vessel, and the sheer force of the crash might disable the cooling system -- rupturing the pipes and cutting off electricity that pumps the water through the core. Before nearby residents had begun to evacuate, you could have a meltdown that would spew a volcano of radioactive isotopes into the air, causing fatal radiation sickness for those exposed to high doses and raising lifetime cancer rates for miles around.
This sort of attack is not as easy, by a long shot, as hitting the World Trade Center. The reactor is a small, low-lying target, often nestled near the conspicuous cooling towers, which could be destroyed without great harm. The reactor is encased in reinforced concrete several feet thick, probably enough, the industry contends, to withstand a crash. The pilot would have to be quite a marksman, and somewhat lucky. A high wind would disperse the fumes before they did great damage.
Invading a plant to produce a meltdown, even given the record of those mock attacks, would be more complicated, because law enforcement from many miles around would be on the place quickly, and because breaching the containment vessel is harder from within. Either invaders or a kamikaze attacker could instead target the more poorly protected cooling ponds, where used plutonium sits, encased in great rods of zirconium alloy. This kind of sabotage would take longer to generate radiation and would be far less lethal.
Discussion of this kind of potential radiological terrorism is colored by passionate disagreements over nuclear power itself. Thus the nuclear industry and its rather tame regulators sometimes sound dismissive about the vulnerability of the plants (although less so since Sept.11), while those who regard nuclear power as inherently evil tend to overstate the risks. It is hard to sort fact from fear-mongering.
Nuclear regulators and the industry grumpily concede that Sept. 11 requires a new estimate of their defenses, and under prodding from Congress they are redrafting the so-called design basis threat, the one plants are required to defend against. A few members of Congress have proposed installing ground-to-air missiles at nuclear plants, which most experts think is a recipe for a disastrous mishap.
''Probably the only way to protect against someone flying an aircraft into a nuclear power plant,'' said Steve Fetter of the University of Maryland, ''is to keep hijackers out of cockpits.''
Being Afraid: For those who were absorbed by the subject of nuclear terror before it became fashionable, the months since the terror attacks have been, paradoxically, a time of vindication. President Bush, whose first budget cut $100 million from the programs to protect Russian weapons and material (never a popular program among conservative Republicans), has become a convert. The administration has made nuclear terror a priority, and it is getting plenty of goading to keep it one. You can argue with their priorities and their budgets, but it's hard to accuse anyone of indifference. And resistance -- from scientists who don't want security measures to impede their access to nuclear research materials, from generals and counterintelligence officials uneasy about having their bunkers inspected, from nuclear regulators who worry about the cost of nuclear power, from conservatives who don't want to subsidize the Russians to do much of anything -- has become harder to sustain. Intelligence gathering on nuclear material has been abysmal, but it is now being upgraded; it is a hot topic at meetings between American and foreign intelligence services, and we can expect more numerous and more sophisticated sting operations aimed at disrupting the black market for nuclear materials. Putin, too, has taken notice. Just before leaving to meet Bush in Crawford, Tex., in November, he summoned the head of the atomic energy ministry to the Kremlin on a Saturday to discuss nuclear security. The subject is now on the regular agenda when Bush and Putin talk.
These efforts can reduce the danger but they cannot neutralize the fear, particularly after we have been so vividly reminded of the hostility some of the world feels for us, and of our vulnerability.
Fear is personal. My own -- in part, because it's the one I grew up with, the one that made me shiver through the Cuban missile crisis and ''On the Beach'' -- is the horrible magic of nuclear fission. A dirty bomb or an assault on a nuclear power station, ghastly as that would be, feels to me within the range of what we have survived. As the White House official I spoke with said, it's basically Oklahoma City plus the Hart Office Building. A nuclear explosion is in a different realm of fears and would test the country in ways we can scarcely imagine.
As I neared the end of this assignment, I asked Matthew McKinzie, a staff scientist at the Natural Resources Defense Council, to run a computer model of a one-kiloton nuclear explosion in Times Square, half a block from my office, on a nice spring workday. By the standards of serious nuclear weaponry, one kiloton is a junk bomb, hardly worthy of respect, a fifteenth the power of the bomb over Hiroshima.
A couple of days later he e-mailed me the results, which I combined with estimates of office workers and tourist traffic in the area. The blast and searing heat would gut buildings for a block in every direction, incinerating pedestrians and crushing people at their desks. Let's say 20,000 dead in a matter of seconds. Beyond this, to a distance of more than a quarter mile, anyone directly exposed to the fireball would die a gruesome death from radiation sickness within a day -- anyone, that is, who survived the third-degree burns. This larger circle would be populated by about a quarter million people on a workday. Half a mile from the explosion, up at Rockefeller Center and down at Macy's, unshielded onlookers would expect a slower death from radiation. A mushroom cloud of irradiated debris would blossom more than two miles into the air, and then, 40 minutes later, highly lethal fallout would begin drifting back to earth, showering injured survivors and dooming rescue workers. The poison would ride for 5 or 10 miles on the prevailing winds, deep into the Bronx or Queens or New Jersey.
A terrorist who pulls off even such a small-bore nuclear explosion will take us to a whole different territory of dread from Sept. 11. It is the event that preoccupies those who think about this for a living, a category I seem to have joined.
''I think they're going to try,'' said the physicist David Albright. ''I'm an optimist at heart. I think we can catch them in time. If one goes off, I think we will survive. But we won't be the same. It will affect us in a fundamental way. And not for the better.''Continue reading the main story


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Hema Malini joins ace designer Neeta Lulla at her flagship store to give us a sneak peak of her kanjeevaram and kalamkari collection
Celebrated fashion designer, Neeta Lulla gives you a sneak peak of her Kanjeevaram and Kalamkari collection by showcasing a Kanjeevaram Sari on her favourite muse, Hema Malini at her Flagship Store in Santacruz West. Neeta Lulla goes back to her roots and focuses on reinventing Kanjeevaram and Kalamkari by giving it a chic and contemporary look.
Ever since the inception of the weave, Kanjeevaram has been worn in its original or print form, which is the basic sari. Kanjeevaram as a sari is celebrated in the entire south India so much so that women wear it for every occasion and it is always held on for prosperity thereby making it one of the most cherished fabrics ever. Traditionally, Kanjeevaram is very thick because of the weave and the zari used. As of recent past and over the decade, we have seen a transition in the weight of the Kanjeevaram, which has become more lightweight. Today Kanjeevaram is combined with uparas to create a very soft and sensual feel to it without losing its appeal.
With the Kalamkari collection, Neeta Lulla pays patronage to an Indian art that needs no introduction. The collection brings out the marriage of Kalamkari's rich inspirations of renaissance with a modern take to the overall ensemble.
Neeta Lulla's new collection is a tribute to the rich textile crafts of the south. She uses traditional weaves of Kanjeevaram and the age old technique of hand painting that is kalamkari and transforms them into contemporary designs teamed with various fabric textures. The line is constructed into simple silhouettes and embellished with applique of Kanjeevaram or Kalamkari on rich silks, organza and chiffons. The well crafted lehangas, saris, dresses, skirts, cropped tops, multi-gored Kurtas come in an assorted palette of colours, keeping with the richness that exudes from the garment.


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