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No, Saying Musicians Must 'Add Value' Does Not Mean Music Has No Value
from the fundamental-misunderstandings dept
Music lawyer Chris Castle has a talent for totally missing the point and then failing to make one of his own. In a recent blog post, he launches an attack on Michael Geist based on a completely incorrect interpretation of a statement he made to a parliamentary committee in 2010. Geist's position will be familiar to regular Techdirt readers:
The truth is that you can compete with free content if you provide value. One of the really exciting things about the Internet is that we're seeing innovators coming up with all kinds of different ways where they can add value and entice the customer too.
Castle proceeds to tear Geist's statements apart based on a fundamental misunderstanding of the concept of value:
We have heard this trope before. If only the artist provided something of value—besides the music. Because the music is of no value because it is "free"—that is, it has no value because it is widely stolen and has become devalued, so the artist now has to "add value" to the music.
If Castle has heard this before, then he should know that there is a bit more nuance to what free-culture proponents mean when we talk about adding value. Perhaps this is our fault for failing to handhold him through all the basic economic concepts that lead up to this position, and for using "added value" as a convenient shorthand for "additional scarce value". But really, if Castle wasn't so bent on condemning Geist, he could have figured it out for himself: nobody is saying music has no value. That would be a ludicrous claim: people love music, and it has exceptional value, but it is also non-scarce and non-rivalrous, meaning its price inevitably falls to zero. But smart artists can use music to build a brand, and an audience who will pay for other, scarce things—and that doesn't just mean t-shirts. It doesn't even have to mean something tangible and concrete: access, convenience and authenticity are all abstract scarcities that people value a great deal, and all can serve as excellent reasons to buy.
Castle also decries the fact that, supposedly, nobody cares about songwriters when discussing new models for artists. Of course, songwriters have an extremely valuable scarcity at their disposal: their ability to write new songs. That ability has plenty of value to musicians, producers and labels, which is why songwriters can pull impressive rates up-front. Why do they and their children deserve to receive ongoing payments for work that is 20, 50 or even 100 years old? Good songwriters are in high-demand, and they can parlay the success of their last song to get bigger, better commissions and charge higher rates. You don't see architects asking for royalties every time someone walks through the doors of a building they designed—they, like professionals in virtually every other field, know they have to keep working if they want to keep making money.
Next, Castle brings it all back to the supposed "tech oligarchy" and their "monstrous behavior," using some blatant weasel-wording and factual inaccuracies:
Make sure you add something of value, because the music and the songs are valueless, so why should Isohunt or Limewire or Megavideo pay the artist for them. All that subscription and advertising revenue that Megavideo and Google made off of piracy? That compensates these innovators for providing the promotional opportunity because obscurity is the artist's biggest enemy, right?
No, not wrong. Is Castle really denying that obscurity is the first and most important hurdle for an artist to overcome? It wouldn't matter if people were buying CDs for $100 each—if they haven't heard of you, you aren't going to make any money. Of course, he also glosses over the fact that Megaupload did pay artists—the ones who embraced the service as a way to sell directly to their fans. Meanwhile, those who feared it handed a potential revenue stream to the pirates. Even more amusing is his lumping together of Megavideo and Google, as if they were essentially the same thing despite being so different that there's barely any comparison.
Castle's post is full of statements like "once again" and "we've heard this trope before." Maybe next time he hears it, he should actually make the effort to understand it, instead of wasting his time railing against ridiculous straw-men.
Filed Under: business models, chris castle, music, reasons to buy, rtb

subset: commoncrawl


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Just the name Neil LaBute can be a litmus test — garnering knowing smiles, dismissive eye rolls or even cursing. The filmmaker and playwright, who frequently shines a light into the darker corners of the male psyche, certainly gets a response out of audiences and critics; his work on stage and screen has been called misogynistic and even misanthropic.
LaBute burst onto the film scene in 1997 by adapting his own "In the Company of Men," and in 2003 he adapted his play "The Shape of Things" with the stage cast including Paul Rudd and Rachel Weisz. He has become a journeyman filmmaker, with recent movies including unlikely remakes of Robin Hardy's 1973 "The Wicker Man" and Frank Oz's 2007 "Death at a Funeral."
"I do know it's gotten to a place where people seem polarized in either 'I like what he's doing' or 'I don't really care for him,'" LaBute said by phone from New York. "I think it's great to get a reaction, that's what many of us want to do as storytellers, and I don't mean just to poke somebody in the eye and they go 'Ow,' because of course that's going to happen."


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Saturday, March 27, 2010
Who Do You Think You Are? - The Matthew Broderick Episode
The U.S. version of Who Do You Think You Are? continues to improve in the ratings and has placed consistently high, holding down second place in it's Friday night time slot. This week's episode traced the ancestry of Tony Award winning and movie actor Matthew Broderick.
I've posted before that the show, in my opinion, is succeeding in raising awareness of family connections, perhaps in a way that no other North American show has been able, with the possible exception of Alex Haley's Roots in the 1970's. The Matthew Broderick episode revealed an ancestry with strong military roots - a grandfather who was a decorated World War 1 hero and the somewhat graphically described in records death of a US Civil War great-great grandfather.
This was an episode to which I could easily relate, much more than the previous episodes. As interesting as Sarah Jessica Parker's connections to the California Gold Rush and the Salem Witch Hunt, Emmitt Smith's connections to the slave trade, and Lisa Kudrow's connection to the Holocaust and Eastern Europe were to watch, Matthew Broderick's military connection and his reactions to this past resonated with me.
I remember a time when I considered Remembrance Day (in Canada) or Veteran's Day (in the U.S.) to be important but not personal and then, I discovered through family history research that I had ancestors who fought and died in war. I had ancestors whose passion provoked them to enlist even if they never made into battle. Suddenly, the war events moved from the academic to take on new meaning. There were heroes in my family like young Jimmy Gammie, who at the age of only 23, made the ultimate sacrifice, a sacrifice that dramatically shaped the future of my family.
I've come to learn through all of the family research that every family and every family member has a story to tell. Who Do You Think You Are? is telling some of those stories, and perhaps fortunately not as a genealogical instruction video but rather in a way that touches the summation that we are of our ancestors.
Posted by Ian Hadden at 12:01 AM
2 comments:
Great post Ian! You have nailed it - every family and each member in that family has a story to tell. It is our job, as family historians, to make sure those stories do not get lost.ReplyDelete
This was also the episode that really caught my husband's interest. I have also been doing research on ancestors in the Civil War, and the researchers and experts they featured remind me a great deal of the ones I've met - all very dedicated to their subjects.ReplyDelete
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Home » STK Serbia & STK Balkan
A native of Belgrade, Dragan has 30 years of sales, marketing and product development experience in the crop protection industry. Prior to becoming STK's Country Manager in Serbia, his past positions included Sales Manager at BASF Serbia and Development Manager at MAI Serbia. Dragan is a graduate of the University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture (1988).
"Introducing STK's botanical-based solutions to the Serbian market will go a long way in changing the mindset of what the future of agriculture should look like in our region. It gives me great satisfaction to see more and more growers integrate our solutions into their spraying programs and achieve better results with less toxicity."
E- mail address: firstname.lastname@example.com
As a leader in biopesticides innovation, STK Bio-ag Technologies (formerly Stockton) is pioneering a new generation of 'hybrid pest control' products that combine the powers of biological agents and synthetic chemistries, and which may present a new era in pest control. With recent partnership agreements with industry giants such as BASF, Syngenta and Seipasa, this seemed like a great time for Chemicals Knowledge to catch up with STK's Chief Scientist, Professor Moshe Reuveni. STK seems to be in a great place right now! How have the values and mission of the company led you here? STK was founded and is headquartered in Israel, the 'innovation nation'! Innovation and sustainable agriculture are in our DNA, and we are committed to the values of sustainable agriculture – from field to fork. This stems from our main mission to provide premium, highly effective products, with low chemical residues and novel and unique mechanisms of action (MOA). We also aim to provide additional yield benefits, and to ensure that our products are flexible and easy to apply, and chemically compatible with many other active ingredients. What are the main benefits of biopesticides? There are many advantages. Biopesticides come from nature – they may be plant extracts, like Timorex Gold, which effectively ruptures pathogen cells (Figure 1), or bacteriological, like Aviv, a powerful Bacillus subtilis requiring less than half the dosage of other biopesticides. In any case, biopesticides contain no synthetic chemicals. They are produced from renewable sources, and they leave minimal crop residue, making crops treated with biopesticides much more competitive in domestic and international markets. Regulators, consumers and retail supermarkets all want to reduce the chemical residue on their produce. The selectivity of biopesticides, which target only their natural enemies, also helps to maintain beneficial insect and mite populations, ensure worker safety and promote environmental safety. Today's biopesticides are as effective – or even more effective – than synthetic chemical pesticides, in terms of crop protection and increasing yields. Furthermore, biopesticides are an important weapon in managing pesticide resistance. They can help reduce the selection pressure for the evolution of resistance to synthetic pesticides, and the risk of pests and pathogens developing resistance to biopesticides is low, especially as these agents often have multiple modes of action. Switzerland recently announced that it is considering a total ban of synthetic pesticides – do you think it is feasible to have a world free of synthetics? The world's population is expected to grow from the current 7 billion people to 9 billion people by 2050. In order to feed all of these people and avoid mass starvation, mankind will need to double crop yields globally. This is a tall order, and to achieve this, growers will need effective tools for combating diseases – we think this will need to include biopesticides and synthetic chemical pesticides; or hybrid technologies that combine the two. The use of biopesticides is forecast to grow by 15% to 20% annually for the foreseeable future, while synthetic chemical use is predicted to grow at a slower annual rate of 3%. If those growth rates are maintained, eventually we will be in a situation where more biopesticides than synthetic pesticides are being used. We think this will be a good situation to be in, for the many reasons discussed above, but we still see a continued need for good synthetic pesticides. Can you tell us more about 'hybrid' technologies and how they expect to encourage uptake of biological agents? STK has introduced the world's first 'hybrid' pesticide, Regev – the 'pre-mix' of a synthetic pesticide with a botanical-based biopesticide. Specifically, it combined a Tea Tree botanical extract and difenoconazole in an easy-to-use formulation. The combination of a natural product with broad-spectrum activity and a traditional site-specific synthetic provides growers with the different modes of action of a botanical-based active ingredient and an effective chemical pesticide. The hybrid combination results in a reduced synthetic chemical load on the environment, compared with other traditional mixtures based on two synthetic chemicals. Regev is an effective and unique tool for resistance management, and it is clearly suitable for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs. This product is also a bridge for growers who have never previously tried a biopesticide. These growers can use Regev in exactly the same way as their current chemical pesticide: no mixing, no rotating, easy-to-use… and with the benefits of lowering chemical residues, improved resistance management and yield growth. Regev will accelerate the uptake of biological products by making it easy. Historically, biopesticides have been used largely on high-value crops, such as fruits and vegetables, but hybrids like Regev are not only being used on fruits and vegetables, but have proven to be a cost-effective approach for row crops like soy beans, and field and broad acre crops like corn. Regev is already being used in 10 countries throughout Latin America, Israel, Serbia and the Philippines. Plans for 2019 call for the global rollout of REGEV. How are you working with global majors to encourage global distribution of these technologies? To accelerate the distribution of STK's biological technologies for sustainable agriculture, we have entered into partnerships with various companies . In Brazil, Timorex Gold botanical-based biofungicide is co-distributed by both STK and BASF, which is proving to be very effective in this very large country. In the US, Aviv, our low-dose Bacillus subtilis biofungicide, is distributed by Syngenta. Not all of our distributors are the global majors, and STK is always open to partnerships with companies large, medium and small. What's next for STK? Beyond the continuing geographic distribution of Timorex Gold, Regev and Aviv, STK has a powerful pipeline of new biological products to provide new tools to help growers reach the goal of doubling their yields by 2050. This pipeline includes new biopesticides based either on powerful natural plant molecules or plant extracts to be used as bio-fungicides or bio-insecticides. In addition, new hybrids combining natural active ingredients and reliable synthetic active chemicals, to be used on wide range of crops and pathogens, are under development. Interview with: Professor Moshe Reuveni, Chief Scientist at STK bio-ag technologies, Ha'Mefalsim St 17, POB 3517, Petach Tikva 4951447, Israel
December 31, 2018 (Petach Tikvah, Israel) – STK bio-ag technologies, the innovative Israel – based leader in bio-ag technology for sustainable crop protection and aquaculture, hosted a group of 13 top wine growers and crop protection experts from France who are learning about botanical-based and hybrid technologies for sustainable grape growing for the creation of high quality French wines, champagnes and cognacs. Effective September 1, 2018 all Neonicontinoid pesticides have been banned from use in France, because they are believed to be killing the bee population. New French law also makes it illegal to use any chemical pesticide in any park or public place after 2020, punishable by a 30,000 Euro fine and 6 months in jail. According to the Telegraph (Henry Samuel, August 31, 2018, Paris), France is the first country in Europe to ban all five pesticides researchers believe are killing off the insects. Consequently, wine growers in France are in search of new tools for sustainable crop protection. STK VP R&D and business development Shay Shanan commented, "STK is happy to have welcomed these top French wine growers and crop protection experts. STK's botanical-based biopesticides and hybrid solutions are currently providing sustainable solutions for growers in over 30 countries, and there is no doubt these technologies can help growers in France to comply with the new regulatory environment and continue to provide their customers with the highest quality wines, with less chemical residues. For new users of biological products, Timorex Gold and REGEV are highly recommended, especially for wine grapes, for the control of Botrytis and Powdery Mildew. REGEV is a new hybrid product with a very easy approach, applied in exactly the same way as the growers' current chemical pesticides, with no mixing, resulting in much lower residue levels and much better resistance management.
STK & Sipcam announce an exclusive Distribution Agreement for Timorex® Gold botanical-based biofungicide in Spain January 23, 2019 (Petach Tikvah, Israel) - STK bio – ag technologies, the innovative Israel-based leader in bio-ag technologies for sustainable agriculture, and Sipcam , a global leader in crop protection products, are announcing an exclusive agreement for the distribution and market development of Timorex® Gold bio fungicide throughout Spain. Under this exclusive agreement, Sipcam Iberia will market and sell the product throughout Spain under STK's trade name, Timorex® Gold. Timorex® Gold is currently approved for use in Spain on cucumber and zucchini, with label extensions applied for grapes, tomatoes, eggplants, pumpkins and gherkins. Timorex® Gold is a highly- effective, eco-friendly, Maximum Residue Level exempted premium biofungicide, meeting the highest standards for sustainable agriculture. Timorex® Gold's unique mode of action protects plants by rupturing fungus cells, increasing overall plant health and yields for a wide variety of fruits and vegetables. Timorex® Gold works to protect plants from Botrytis, Powdery Mildew, Black Sigatoka and many other fungal and bacterial diseases. While Timorex® Gold is currently used by growers in over 30 countries in various regions, Spain is the first country is Western Europe to approve its use. The plan is for Timorex® Gold to enter the rest of the Western Europe over the next few years. According to STK CEO Arye Tenenbaum, "The collaboration between STK bio – ag technologies & Sipcam Iberia is a testament to both companies' commitment to sustainable agriculture and our mutual goal of providing innovative, effective and environmentally friendly solutions to growers. " Sipcam CEO Pablo Montañés declared, "Sipcam has a rigorous process for identifying the most innovative and effective biological products and companies for distribution partnership. We look forward to our collaboration with STK and rolling out Timorex® Gold with great success bringing a highly-effective new tool to hundreds of Spanish growers, completing the already interesting Sipcam portfolio in bioprotection."


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This web page will introduce you to the BioBrick cloning method which is commonly used in synthetic biology. The purpose of this method for cloning DNA is to provide a universal method for labs to interchange parts that will ligate together efficiently. Developing construction standards is a hallmark of synthetic biology. The BioBrick standard was developed by Tom Knight and his collaborators at MIT.
Figure 1. Two standard parts in BioBrick plasmids.
Figure 2. Two ligated parts from Figure 1 now in BioBrick a single plasmid.
To understand how to clone parts with BioBrick ends, you need to understand more about the four main restriction sites in BioBrick ends. Let's start with the first restriction enzyme to be discovered, Eco RI (Figure 3). EcoRI's recognition sequence is 5' GAATTC 3' on the top strand, which is also the sequence on the bottom strand. The restriction enzyme cuts as indicated by the red line. After the two covalent bonds are broken, the two halves drift apart and expose two sticky ends that can base pair with each other.
Figure 3. Explanation of Eco RI restriction site and how it is cleaved by the enzyme to produce its sticky ends.
All four restriction enzymes used in BioBrick ends are listed in Figure 4 below. You can see where each enzyme cuts and the resulting sticky ends.
Recognition Sequence
Eco RI
Xba I
Spe I
Pst I
Figure 4. Summary of the four BioBrick restriction sites.
Pay close attention to the sticky ends each enzyme produces.
First, notice that all restriction sites are palindromes, meaning that the top strand 5' to 3' is identical to the bottom strand 5' to 3'. Also, notice that Xba and Spe produce identical sticky ends which means their restriction sites can anneal to each other. However, when an Xba I sticky end anneals with a Spe I sticky end, a mixed site is produce which cannot be cut by any restriction enzyme, including Xba and Spe (Figure 5).
Figure 5. Explanation of mixed sites created by ligating a Spe I site with an Xba I site.
Mixed sites are not palindromes, therefore, they can never be cut by any restriction enzyme. Therefore, two parts assembled with a mixed site, sometimes called a scar, will never come apart.
Challenge Questions:
How can you ligate part A and B together as shown in Figure 2 above?
How many different ways can you produce A followed by B?
Molecular Biology Main Page
Biology Main Page


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One of the most popular players in team history is signed on this day in 1964 when scout Roy Parlee gets the signature of 19-year-old lefthanded pitcher Tug McGraw on a contract.
Once a starter, McGraw carved out his niche as a reliever with the Mets. McGraw filled in when Jerry Koosman was injured in May of 1969, but returned to the pen with the latter returned. With a rotation that also included Tom Seaver, Don Cardwell, Jim McAndrew and at times Nolan Ryan, there was no place for McGraw.
McGraw, the last player to play for Casey Stengel, pitched in the NLCS against Atlanta, but did not pitch in the World Series against Baltimore. However, his role now set, McGraw emerged as a premier closer in the early 1970s, and was an emotional leader who coined the "Ya Gotta Believe,'' slogan for the 1973 pennant-winning Mets.
In December of 1974, the Mets dealt McGraw to Philadelphia in a package deal that saw pitcher Mac Scarce, outfielder Del Unser and catcher John Stearns come to New York.
McGraw continued on as a top reliever and was a central figure during the Phillies' 1980 World Series season.
When asked what he spent his money on during the World Series, McGraw answered: "Ninety percent I'll spend on good times, women and Irish whiskey. The other ten percent I'll probably waste.''
McGraw was always a popular visitor to Shea Stadium after his retirement, although he worked for the Phillies as a guest instructor during spring training, when he was hospitalized with a brain tumor in 2003. Less than a year later, he died.
The Mets wore a "Ya Gotta Believe,'' arm patch in honor of McGraw during the 2004 season, and McGraw's son Tim, a country music star, recorded the song, "Live Like You Were Dying,'' later that year.
Tim McGraw spread his father's ashes on the pitcher's mound at Citizen's Bank Park prior to Game 3 of the 2008 World Series.


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Telephone: (01223) 352024 | Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Access your secure area which allows us to share and store documents with you.
accSEND is our secure messaging tool. Built specifically for accountants, it allows us to securely share information and documents with our clients.
accSEND is free for you to use and works on PC, laptop or mobile - it is also available on the App Store.
To login please click on the button below. When you click on the button a new page will open allowing you to login, this page is secure and your username and password are protected.


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Andrew Biraj / Reuters
A man salvages his belongings after a fire in a slum at Shyamoli in Dhaka, the Bangladeshi capital, on May 16, 2012.
At least 10 people were injured, including a firefighter who sustained burns, and more than 150 shanties were burned down as a blaze swept through a Dhaka slum, Reuters reports. The local fire department said the cause of the blaze had yet to be ascertained.
Bangladeshi photographer Abir Abdullah, who took the photo below, has been documenting the havoc created by Dhaka's frequent fires for several years. He spoke to The New York Times about the project last month.
Abir Abdullah / EPA
A woman cries holding her child after she lost her shanty house in the fire.
Munir Uz Zaman / AFP - Getty Images
Firefighters work to control the blaze.


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peterpur needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 129 designs submitted by 32 freelance designers.
human computer interaction group/hci group
The hci group is one of two working groups within the design and assessment of technology institute. This institute is part of the faculty of informatics at the vienna university of technology in vienna, austria. In this context we are somewhat eccentric, since most of the other groups focus on technology.
Research and teaching of the hci group is focussed on the interaction between technology and society. we work across disciplines like informatics, psychology, sociology, design, games and media arts, and use methodologies from all those disciplines. One focus of the group is user centered design, especially for information and communication technology student. Other research areas include larger questions arising from the interaction between technology and society such as privacy, vulnerability of the information society, copyright, etc.
We work with all kinds of technologies such as mobile, tangible, sensor based, touch interfaces etc. built for human needs. The research application areas include end-user's inclusion & participation, acceptance & adoption of new technologies, motivations and experiences of users, ethics and social impact of information & communication technologies, and design.
We are around 10-15 people working here, from across all disciplines, but with a focus on information & communication technologies. We're the round peg in the square hole.
Students, national and international researchers, interested industry partners, university administration.
We want a new logo to reflect our identity with the following characteristics (just to give you an idea): innovative, original, creative, friendly, human, clear design, playful, designerly, geeky, non-smug, ethical, critical, provocative, …
Please have a look at our current website to get an idea about the content: http://igw.tuwien.ac.at/hci/
The brand name doesn't need to be included in the logo itself but should be able to be placed somewhere close to the name (eg. on the web page, on business cards or letter templates). We don't have a fixed font yet, but we prefer something clear and clean. We used to use myriad, and at the moment, our home university seems to settle on klavika as corporate font.
Please note that the logo design DOESN'T HAVE TO MATCH THE WEBSITE DESIGN because it's an interim homepage that will be redesigned after the logo design. (follow up job possible)
It would be feneficial (but not necessary) if the logo could peacefully coexist with the logos of our "parent" organizations, the faculty of informatics http://www.informatik.tuwien.ac.at/ and the university of technology http://www.tuwien.ac.at/ - but please be aware that if coexisting means that the outer form of the logo is a rounded rectangle, then we probably won't like it. we're different.
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


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Gray Hair No Reason To Pause Old School Ippons Flourish at Grand Masters in Miami
November 8, 2012 - 'Old School' judo fighters from around the planet led the charge today for the Grand Masters World Championships in Miami, amazing onlookers with their combination of thinning hair, throws and pins that only a love of life could perpetuate.
The oldest athlete in the competition appears to have been Ernest Hamsag of Switzerland, 82 years old. He fought in the 81 kg division, lost his first round to a younger man, Hamsag noted, and then complained that he didn't have anyone else to fight.
Russia dominated the medal count today with eight gold, five silver medals and three bronze. Germany came in second with six gold, three silver and five bronze.
Among the female athletes, Germany had the best showing with three gold and two silver medals, followed closely by France, Great Britain and Venezuela.
Nearly 900 athletes from around the world have registered for the Grand Masters with nearly 80 coming from Brazil and 75 registered from France. The setting for the tournament, the luxurious Doral Resort & Spa may be part of the draw, including legendary golf courses, stunning blue pools and restaurants, all located just minutes from the beaches of mythic Miami.
Competition at the Grand Masters continues at the Doral Resort & Spa tomorrow morning at 9 a.m., Miami time. Facing-off will be athletes in the M1 and M3 divisions, men ages 30 - 34 and 40 - 44. These will be among the largest divisions. With the youngest of these fighters close to their prime, the action should be entertaining and the podiums loaded with some of the finest players in the world.
This is the IJF's fourth Grand Masters World Championship and is proudly hosted by USA Judo.
Female U.S. athletes taking medals today were:
Ekaterina Matrosova, SILVER, 30 - 34 years, 57 kg
Amber Jones, BRONZE, 30 -34 years, 57 kg
Rhonda Morrell-Pruitt, BRONZE, 35 - 39 years, 78+ kg
Sirena Konishi, BRONZE, 40 - 44 years. 52 kg
Leigh Yamada, BRONZE, 40 - 44 years, 57 kg
Tara Kuhne, BRONZE, 45 - 49 years, 63 kg
Diane Manganaro, SILVER, 50 - 54, 57 kg
Male U.S. athletes climbing the podium included:
55 – 59 years old:
Sandy North, GOLD, 66 kg.
Bert Mackey, SILVER, 73 kg
Bradford Burgo, BRONZE, 73 kg.
Teimoc Johnston-Ono, BRONZE, 90 kg.
Carl Plummer, BRONZE, 100+ kg.
60 - 64 years:
Stavan Illes, BRONZE, 81 kg.
Arthur Canario, SILVER, 100 kg.
65 - 69 years old:
Jack Krystek, BRONZE, 66 kg
Katsuji Nerio, BRONZE, 73 kg
Robert Champy, BRONZE, 81 kg
James Kinder, SILVER, 90 kg
Frank Imundi, BRONZE, 90 kg
70 - 74 years old:
Taki Theodoracopulus, BRONZE, 90 kg.
Among those stars from the United States was Bo Svenson, 71, the actor made his film character, Sheriff Buford Pusser, famous in the 70s films, "Walking Tall." Svenson fought through an injured knee that apparently had him limping onto the mat but did not make it onto the podium.
The younger 'kids' begin competing tomorrow with competition ending on Sunday with team competition and open divisions.


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So... why is a flaky pie crust so desirable?
Ever since I was a kid, I always heard the term "flaky pie crust" and how we should aspire to create one. I remember commercials for Crisco extolling it's virtues as being the perfect ingredient for a flaky pie crust. I remember flipping through magazines and seeing ad layouts for Wesson Oil as being the best for a flaky pie crust. But, for the life of me, I've never known WHY a flaky pie crust is so desirable.
Personally, I don't like all those "crumbs" falling off the crust when I'm eating a piece of pie. They're not only messy, they're more work when I'm trying my darnedest to consume my pie! LOL
So, I ask again. Why is it so great to have a flaky pie crust? Is it just to see if people really CAN achieve one? Is a flaky pie crust the Holy Grail for pie bakers? Please.... enlighten me! LOL


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Right of Way
Caltrans District 4 Property Management
The State of California, Department of Transportation (Caltrans) owns property in the 9 Bay Area Counties* and many of these properties are available for rent. The majority of our rentable property consists of single family homes and apartments in the Hayward/Castro Valley area of Alameda County and we often have vacancies available. However, we are purchasing a number of additional properties in the City of San Rafael (Marin County) which will soon
be available for rent. Look for these listings in the near future.
Occasionally we have vacant, agricultural/grazing land for lease. We also have business and/or commercial rentals available, but this is rare. All of our vacancies are posted on our web-site but hard copies of our lists are also available by contacting our offices in Oakland
Caltrans has owned much of our property for many years, usually in anticipation of building a facility (freeway/highway) in the area at some future date. Sometimes these properties are surplus to our needs and will eventually be sold. However, the majority are being held for our future projects.
Renting from Caltrans is like renting from any other landlord. We charge fair market rent for our properties and you must qualify financially in order to be considered as a tenant.
Click for Blow-Up *9 Bay Area Counties = Alameda, Contra Costa, Sonoma, Marin, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Solano, Napa.
Our mailing address:
Right of Way, Property Management MS 11D
P.O. Box 23440
Oakland, CA 94623-0440
Fax (510) 286-5366
California State Headquarters for Right of Way Property Management is located in Sacramento.


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Erin from Why Not Sew is an amazingly talented lady. We have featured her before, and keep asking because she is just that good! For reals. Just looking at her blog will make you happy, cute projects, pretty pictures, happy colors. Check out her tutorials, love. She has some great free patterns, this mixer, I must make it! I follow her on Instagram, bloglovin and pinterest, all her posts will make you smile! Thanks Erin.
~ 2 pieces of wool felt about 3 inches in diameter (regular craft felt can be used but you must exercise caution when ironing on your bird, place a towel between your iron and felt/applique piece if using poly. craft felt)
~ 1 piece of pretty fabric, a 2.5" square is big enough
~ 1 piece of heat'n bond or wonder under (fusible web)
~ A handful of poly-fil
~ Embroidery needle (something that 6 strands of floss will fit through)
~ 1 skein of embroidery floss (I used DMC color 321)
~ crochet hook size E
~ bird template HERE (this is from the Quiltstory tutorial I did in 2011. The bird can be used for this too.)
Let's get started!
Now onto the crocheting! Let me preface this by saying I can crochet. I learned to crochet when I was a teenager BUT I am just learning to read patterns and I certainly have not written any patterns before. I've made washcloths, scarves and hats. That's it. So this is going to be very simple explanation. I use chain, slip stitch and double crochet for this ornament. How to's for these 3 stitches are below.
slip stitch and another slip stitch
double crochet and another double crochet
Plus there are many crocheting videos on You Tube.
Size E hook (it's small)


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vitamin(redirected from biotin vitamin)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Encyclopedia.
an organic substance found in foods and essential in small quantities for growth, health, and the preservation of life itself. The body needs vitamins just as it requires other food constituents such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates, minerals, and water. The absence of one or more vitamins from the diet, or poor absorption of vitamins, can cause deficiency diseases such as rickets, scurvy, and beriberi. Vitamins serve as coenzymes or cofactors in enzymatic reactions. They are required only in trace quantities because they are not consumed in the reactions. The major vitamins are designated by the letters A, C, D, E, and K, and the term B complex. The B vitamins and vitamin C are water soluble. The rest are fat soluble and are not absorbed unless the body's digestion and absorption of fats is normal. Deficiencies of the fat-soluble vitamins can be produced by various malabsorption syndromes.
Vitamin A. Vitamin A helps to maintain epithelial tissues which cover the body and line certain internal organs. This vitamin also is essential for the proper growth of skeletal and soft tissues, and is necessary for light-sensitive pigments in the eye that make night vision possible. The particular manifestation of vitamin A deficiency depends upon the age of the patient. Among the most common symptoms of vitamin A deficiency is night blindness. The skin may also be affected, becoming dry and pimply like a toad's skin.
Vitamin A occurs in nature in two forms: retinol (vitamin A1) and dehydroretinol (vitamin A2). It is manufactured by animals and humans from carotenes found in green leafy and yellow vegetables, including kale, broccoli, spinach, carrots, squash, and sweet potatoes. It is obtained directly by eating animal products such as liver, eggs, whole milk, cream, and cheese. A toxic syndrome (hypervitaminosis A) can result from excessive vitamin intake. It is marked by generalized pruritus, desquamation of the skin, loss of hair, and hyperostoses.
Vitamin A occurs in nature in two forms: retinol (vitamin A1) and dehydroretinol (vitamin A2). It is manufactured by animals and humans from carotenes found in green leafy and yellow vegetables, including kale, broccoli, spinach, carrots, squash, and sweet potatoes. It is obtained directly by eating animal products such as liver, eggs, whole milk, cream, and cheese. A toxic syndrome (hypervitaminosis A) can result from excessive vitamin intake. It is marked by generalized pruritus, desquamation of the skin, loss of hair, and hyperostoses.
The B Complex. The original "vitamin B" was found to be a group of vitamins, each differing chemically and each individually important in the body. For convenience, these vitamins are referred to as one group since they are often found together in foods. Deficiency in only one of these vitamins is rare, and the deficiency disease attributed to lack of one vitamin B usually is complicated by deficiencies of the others as well.
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine). This vitamin is necessary to break down and release energy from carbohydrates. Lack of thiamine can cause loss of appetite, certain types of neuritis, and, in severe cases, beriberi, which affects the brain, heart, and nerves. The best sources of thiamine are yeasts, ham and certain pork cuts, liver, peanuts, whole-grain and fortified cereals and breads, and milk. The vitamin is easily destroyed by cooking and may also be lost by dissolving in the cooking water. Because the body does not store thiamine well, foods that are good sources of it should be included in each day's diet.
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin). This vitamin functions as a coenzyme concerned with oxidative processes. Riboflavin deficiency (ariboflavinosis) was at one time a common vitamin deficiency disease in the United States. It still occurs in parts of Asia, the West Indies, and elsewhere. Symptoms include open sores at the corners of the mouth and on the lips, a purple-red, inflamed tongue, seborrheic dermatitis, and corneal and other eye changes. The main food sources of riboflavin are milk, liver, kidney, heart, green vegetables, dried yeasts, and enriched breads and cereals. It is not usually affected by cooking, but is destroyed by light.
Niacin (Nicotinic Acid). This B vitamin appears to act in enzyme systems to utilize carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids. Niacin deficiency causes pellagra, once a major deficiency disease in the United States. Symptoms of pellagra involve the skin and digestive and nervous systems. Niacin also has vasodilating activity. Food sources of niacin are various high-protein foods such as liver, yeast, bran, peanuts, lean meats, fish, and poultry.
Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin). This vitamin contains cobalt and is needed for the efficient production of blood cells and for the health of the nervous system. Only small amounts of B12 are required by the body. The activity of this vitamin is associated with that of another B vitamin, folic acid. Inability to absorb vitamin B12 occurs in pernicious anemia, in which a substance normally secreted by the stomach, called intrinsic factor, is missing. Intrinsic factor is needed to absorb vitamin B12 in the small intestine. Injections of vitamin B12 can control pernicious anemia. Poor absorption of vitamin B12 also occurs in sprue.
Vitamin B12 is not found in plant foods. The main sources in the human diet are animal products such as milk, eggs, and liver. Probably the ultimate source of B12 is bacterial production in animal intestines. This production occurs in humans, and in normal persons probably meets some or perhaps all of the body's requirements.
Vitamin B12 is not found in plant foods. The main sources in the human diet are animal products such as milk, eggs, and liver. Probably the ultimate source of B12 is bacterial production in animal intestines. This production occurs in humans, and in normal persons probably meets some or perhaps all of the body's requirements.
Other Members of the B Vitamin Complex. These include vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), biotin, folic acid, pantothenic acid, choline, inositol, and p-aminobenzoic acid. Vitamin B6 deficiency can cause convulsions, lethargy, mental changes and retardation, inflammation of the skin, and anemia. These substances, like most other members of the B complex, are widely found in fruits, vegetables, meat, and whole-grain cereals.
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid). This vitamin is necessary for the health of supporting tissues such as bone, cartilage, and connective tissue. Deficiency produces scurvy. Vitamin C is found in fresh fruits and vegetables, including citrus fruits, tomatoes, brussels sprouts, and to some extent whole potatoes. Cooking and storage destroy much of the vitamin C content of foods.
Vitamin D. The action of sunlight on the skin changes certain substances in the body into vitamin D, a term for any of several active substances required for the utilization of calcium and phosphorus, which are essential for the growth and maintenance of bone. These include cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol (known collectively as calciferol). Vitamin D deficiency causes rickets in children and osteomalacia and osteoporosis in adults. Rickets is usually caused either by a diet deficient in vitamin D or by insufficient exposure to sunlight. Few foods contain vitamin D. The only rich natural sources are fish liver oil and the livers of animals feeding on fish. For this reason vitamin D often is added to milk. A toxic syndrome (hypervitaminosis D) can result from excessive vitamin D intake. It results in hypercalcemia with its typical symptoms of weakness, fatigue, loss of weight, and impairment of renal function.
Vitamin E. There are at least eight different antioxidants in this group, of which alphatocopherol is the most common; they prevent the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, thus preventing cell damage that can lead to neurological symptoms. Because of its ubiquitous nature, supplemental intake of vitamin E is not necessary. It is found in wheat germ oil, cereals, egg yolk, and beef liver.
Vitamin K. Any of a group of vitamins including vitamin K1 (phytonadione) and vitamin K2 (menaquinone) found in alfalfa, spinach, cabbage, putrefied fish meal, and hempseed, which promote blood clotting by increasing the synthesis of prothrombin by the liver; therefore, deficiency of vitamin K delays clotting. Symptoms of vitamin K deficiency are excessive bleeding and bruises under the skin. Generally, the bacteria of the intestine produce vitamin K in quantities that are adequate (provided it can be absorbed), except in newborn infants, in whom the deficiency is most frequently found.
Vitamin Supplements. The exact vitamin requirements for good health often are not known with accuracy; they vary with age, weight, sex, and state of health. The need for certain vitamins increases with fever, some diseases, heavy exercise, pregnancy, and nursing. Persons eating an adequate, varied diet of meats, fruits and vegetables, and dairy products will receive enough vitamins to meet normal requirements. Public health measures such as the addition of vitamin D to milk and the B vitamins to bread and other cereal products have helped to combat deficiency diseases.
The use of vitamin supplements is expensive and in general unnecessary. Specialists in nutrition advise against taking supplementary vitamins unless they are prescribed for a specific reason. Overdoses of vitamins D, A, or K may result in serious disease, with the excess vitamins acting like poisons. Vitamins are commonly prescribed in infancy and childhood, during pregnancy and nursing, for elderly patients whose dietary habits are poor, and in clearly diagnosed deficiency states. These include not only the more familiar deficiency diseases already described but also alcoholism and chronic wasting diseases.
The use of vitamin supplements is expensive and in general unnecessary. Specialists in nutrition advise against taking supplementary vitamins unless they are prescribed for a specific reason. Overdoses of vitamins D, A, or K may result in serious disease, with the excess vitamins acting like poisons. Vitamins are commonly prescribed in infancy and childhood, during pregnancy and nursing, for elderly patients whose dietary habits are poor, and in clearly diagnosed deficiency states. These include not only the more familiar deficiency diseases already described but also alcoholism and chronic wasting diseases.
One of a group of organic substances, present in minute amounts in natural foodstuffs, that are essential to normal metabolism; insufficient amounts in the diet may cause deficiency diseases.
[L. vita, life, + amine]
vitamin/vi·ta·min/ (vi´tah-min) any of a group of unrelated organic substances occurring in many foods in small amounts and necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body; they may be water- or fat-soluble.
vitamin A retinol or any of several fat-soluble compounds with similar biological activity; the vitamin acts in numerous capacities, particularly in the functioning of the retina, the growth and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Deficiency causes skin disorders, increased susceptibility to infection, nyctalopia, xerophthalmia and other eye disorders, anorexia, and sterility. As vitamin A it is mostly found in liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products; its other major dietary source is the provitamin A carotenoids of plants. It is toxic when taken in excess; see hypervitaminosis A.
vitamin A1 retinol.
vitamin A2 dehydroretinol.
vitamin B1 thiamine.
vitamin B2 riboflavin.
vitamin B6 any of a group of water-soluble substances (including pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine) found in most foods, especially meats, liver, vegetables, whole grains, cereals, and egg yolk, and concerned in the metabolism of amino acids, in the degradation of tryptophan, and in the metabolism of glycogen.
vitamin B12 cyanocobalamin by chemical definition, but generally any substituted cobalamin derivative with similar biological activity; it is a water-soluble hematopoietic vitamin occurring in meats and animal products. It is necessary for the growth and replication of all body cells and the functioning of the nervous system, and deficiency causes pernicious anemia and other forms of megaloblastic anemia, and neurologic lesions.
vitamin B complex a group of water-soluble substances including thiamine, riboflavin, niacin (nicotinic acid), niacinamide (nicotinamide), the vitamin B6 group, biotin, pantothenic acid, and folic acid, and sometimes including p- aminobenzoic acid, inositol, vitamin B12, and choline.
vitamin C ascorbic acid.
vitamin D either of two fat-soluble compounds with antirachitic activity or both collectively: cholecalciferol, which is synthesized in the skin and is considered a hormone, and ergocalciferol, which is the form generally used as a dietary supplement. Dietary sources include some fish liver oils, egg yolks, and fortified dairy products. Deficiency can result in rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, while excessive ingestion can cause hypercalcemia, mobilization of calcium from bone, and renal dysfunction.
vitamin D2 ergocalciferol.
vitamin D3 cholecalciferol.
vitamin E any of a group of at least eight related fat-soluble compounds with similar biological antioxidant activity, particularly α-tocopherol but also including other isomers of tocopherol and the related compound tocotrienol. It is found in wheat germ oil, cereal germs, liver, egg yolk, green plants, milk fat, and vegetable oils and is also prepared synthetically. In various species it is important for normal reproduction, muscle development, and resistance of erythrocytes to hemolysis.
fat-soluble vitamins those (vitamins A, D, E, and K) that are soluble in fat solvents and are absorbed along with dietary fats; they are not normally excreted in the urine and tend to be stored in the body in moderate amounts.
vitamin K any of a group of structurally similar fat-soluble compounds that promote blood clotting. Two forms, phytonadione and menaquinone, exist naturally, and there is one synthetic provitamin form, menadione. The best sources are leafy green vegetables, butter, cheese, and egg yolk. Deficiency, usually seen only in neonates, in disorders of absorption, or during antibiotic therapy, is characterized by hemorrhage.
vitamin K1 phytonadione.
vitamin K2 menaquinone.
vitamin K3 menadione.
water-soluble vitamins the vitamins soluble in water (i.e., all but vitamins A, D, E, and K); they are excreted in the urine and are not stored in the body in appreciable quantities.
1. Any of various fat-soluble or water-soluble organic substances that are essential in minute amounts for normal growth and activity of living organisms. They are synthesized by bacteria and plants and are obtained by animals chiefly in their diet.
2. A preparation containing one or more vitamins, often taken as a dietary supplement.
vi′ta·min′ic adj.
Etymology: L, vita + amine, ammonia
an organic compound essential in small quantities for normal physiological and metabolic functioning of the body. With few exceptions, vitamins cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from the diet or dietary supplements. No one food contains all the vitamins. Vitamin deficiency diseases produce specific symptoms, usually alleviated by the administration of the appropriate vitamin. Vitamins are classified according to their fat or water solubility, their physiological effects, or their chemical structures. They are designated by alphabetic letters and chemical or other specific names. The fat-soluble vitamins are A, D, E, and K. The B complex and C vitamins are water soluble. See also avitaminosis, hypervitaminosis, oleovitamin, provitamin, and the specific vitamins.
vitaminAn organic nutrient required in small amounts by an organism, which it cannot synthesise and must obtain from external sources.
Medspeak-UK: pronounced, VITT uh min
Medspeak-US: pronounced, VAI tuh min
vitaminAny of a number of organic accessory factors present in food–in addition to the basic components of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, water and fiber–which are necessary in minimal or trace amounts, often acting as coenzymes–daily requirements of individual vitamins are measured in mg to µg quantities, as the body either does not produce them or does so in minute quantities; water-soluble vitamins–B1, B2, B6, B12, C, are reasonably well-tolerated as they are easily excreted, while the lipid soluble–A, D, E, K vitamins accumulate in fat, have significant hepatotoxic potential. See Antioxidant vitamin, B complex vitamin, Multivitamin. Cf Chemoprevention, Pseudovitamin.
One of a group of organic substances, present in minute amounts in natural foodstuffs, which are essential to normal metabolism; insufficient amounts in the diet may cause deficiency diseases.
[L. vita, life, + amine]
vitaminan organic compound that is necessary in the diet for normal growth and health. Not all organisms require the same vitamins in their diet. For example, rats can synthesize vitamin C whereas humans cannot. Only small quantities are normally required in the diet, as vitamins usually act as COENZYMES or parts of coenzymes. They are divided into two types: fat-soluble (A, D, E and K) and water-soluble (B and C). See VITAMIN A, B-COMPLEX, ASCORBIC ACID, VITAMIN D, VITAMIN E, VITAMIN K.
vitamin; vit organic compounds present in minute amounts in natural foodstuffs; essential to normal metabolism
fat-soluble vitamins vitamins A, D, E, K
water-soluble vitamins B, C, P
n an organic substance that is an essential nutrient.
One of a group of organic substances, present in minute amounts in natural foodstuffs, which are essential to normal metabolism; insufficient amounts in the diet may cause deficiency diseases.
[L. vita, life, + amine]
vitamin (vi´təmin),
n one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in small amounts in food and are required for normal metabolic activity. The vitamins may be water soluble or fat soluble.
vitamin A,
n (retinal, retinol, retinoic acid), a fat-soluble substance, occurring in several chemical forms in food and function: retinal, an aldehyde; retinol, an alcohol; and retinoic acid, an acid. All three function in calcified and epithelial tissue growth. The aldehyde-alcohol (retinal-retinol) interconversion allows regeneration of rhodopsin (visual purple) in the rod cells of the retina. A deficiency results in hyperkeratinization of nonsecretory protective epithelium, deranged secretory function of the mucous membrane, dark dysadaptation (night blindness), and possibly, enamel hypoplasia. Dietary sources include liver, kidney, and lung as well as carotenes (provitamins A) from the plant kingdom.
vitamin, ascorbic acid
n (vitamin C, antiscorbutic factor), a water-soluble vitamin resembling glucose in structure; it is found in citrus fruits, tomatoes, cabbage, and other fresh fruits and vegetables. Necessary for hydroxylation of peptide-bound lysine and proline to hydroxylysine and hydroxyproline during collagen synthesis. A deficiency leads to scurvy, in which pathologic signs are confined mainly to the connective tissues with hemorrhages, loosening of teeth, gingivitis, and poor wound healing.
vitamin B,
n See vitamin, thiamine.
vitamin B,
n See vitamin, riboflavin.
vitamin B,
n See vitamin, pyridoxine.
vitamin B,
n See vitamin, cobalamin.
vitamin B complex,
n collectively, the various B vitamins: thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, pyridoxine, biotin, paraaminobenzoic acid, folic acid, pantothenic acid, cyanocobalamin, pteroylglutamic acid, and others that are unknown.
vitamin, biotin
n (vitamin H, anti-egg-white factor), one of the B complex vitamins found in organ meats (e.g., liver, heart, kidney), egg yolk, cauliflower, chocolate, and mushrooms. Its synthesis by intestinal bacteria makes human deficiency states rare, unless the diet contains significant raw egg white protein (avidin), which complexes the vitamin to prevent intestinal absorption. Dermatitis, retarded growth, and loss of hair and muscular control occur in experimental animals with deficiency. Biotin functions as a coenzyme for carboxylase enzymes that catalyze fixation of carbon dioxide (e.g., in fatty acid synthesis).
vitamin C,
n See vitamin, ascorbic acid.
vitamin, calciferol,
n See vitamin D.
vitamin, cholecalciferol,
n See vitamin D.
vitamin, choline
n not truly a vitamin, because it can be synthesized in the body if sufficient precursors are available. Prevents the accumulation of fat in the liver of certain animal species. Occurs as a constituent of lecithin, sphingomyelin, and acetylcholine.
vitamin, cobalamin
n (antipernicious factor, vitamin B12, cyanocobalamin, erythrocyte maturing factor [EMF], extrinsic factor) a vitamin that contains cobalt and is essential for the maturation of erythrocytes. Inability of the body to produce intrinsic factor, which is necessary for vitamin B12 absorption, results in pernicious anemia. Liver, kidney, muscle, and milk are good sources.
vitamin D (antirachitic factor, calciferol, cholecalciferol, ergosterol, ergocalciferol),
n the group of lipid-soluble sterol compounds capable of preventing rickets. Of primary importance are D2, or ergosterol, from plants and D3, or cholecalciferol, from animal sources, especially fish liver oils. The latter is also formed in the skin from 7-dehydrocholesterol on exposure to ultraviolet light. Liver mitochondria further activate vitamin D to 25-(OH)-D, which in turn is metabolized to 1,25-(OH)2-D by the kidney. The dihydroxy metabolites significantly increase dietary calcium absorption and bone resorption to maintain proper blood calcium and phosphorus levels. A primary vitamin D deficiency results from inadequate exposure to sunlight and low dietary intake. Secondary deficiencies occur from abnormalities of intestinal resorption and interference with vitamin D hydroxylation. The manifestations of rickets include enamel hypoplasia, poorly calcified bones, bowed legs, and a deformed rib cage with beadlike swellings of the ribs (rachitic rosary) in infants and children and osteomalacia in adults. Vitamin D intake in excess is toxic.
vitamin E,
n (tocopherol, tocotrienol antisterility factor) the tocopherol and tocotrienols have varying degrees of vitamin E activity, but α-tocopherol is the most active. These fat-soluble compounds are found in eggs, muscle meats, liver, fish, chicken, oatmeal, and the oils of corn, soya, and cottonseed. In rats, the lack of vitamin E leads to fetus resorption in the female and atrophy of spermatogenic tissue with permanent sterility in the male. Vitamin E deficiency in humans is correlated with increased hemolysis of erythrocytes. The tocopherols prevent peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, and vitamin E requirements appear to be directly related to the dietary intake of unsaturated fatty acids. Although animals develop symptoms of muscular dystrophy on deficient diets, the vitamin has no effect on the human disease.
vitamin, ergocalciferol,
n See vitamin D.
vitamin, folacin,
n (adermine, folic acid, citrovorum factor, pteroylglutamic acid, vitamin M, vitamin Bc) occurs in many tissues as the free acid or is conjugated with one to seven glutamic acid molecules. Green, leafy vegetables; kidney; liver; and yeast are good sources, and bacterial synthesis in humans occurs readily. As a coenzyme, the vitamin serves as a carrier of one-carbon units (formyl, hydroxymethyl, formimino groups), especially in the synthesis of nucleoproteins. Inadequate folate levels produce a variety of species-dependent symptoms that include megaloblastic anemia in humans.
vitamin G,
n See vitamin, riboflavin.
vitamin H,
n See vitamin, biotin.
vitamin, inositol
n (
meso-inositol), a six-carbon alcohol closely related to the hexoses. Inositol is not truly a vitamin because the body can synthesize significant amounts from glucose. Its biologic role is not established, but it is essential to the growth of liver and bone marrow cells and helps alleviate fatty livers.
meso-inositol), a six-carbon alcohol closely related to the hexoses. Inositol is not truly a vitamin because the body can synthesize significant amounts from glucose. Its biologic role is not established, but it is essential to the growth of liver and bone marrow cells and helps alleviate fatty livers.
vitamin K,
n (phytonadione, antihemorrhagic factor), one of the many fat-soluble naphthoquinone compounds with vitamin D activity. Vitamin K1 is found primarily in leafy vegetables, K2 is synthesized by human intestinal bacteria, and K3 (menadione, N.F.) is a synthetic compound. Vitamin K is essential for the synthesis of prothrombin by the liver. A dietary deficiency of vitamin K is rare, however. The vitamin has been used in conjunction with extensive oral antibiotic therapy to treat hemorrhagic disease of the newborn, hemorrhage of obstructive jaundice, and sprue, and during anticoagulant therapy. Prothrombin, Stuart factor, Christmas factor, and serum prothrombin conversion accelerator require vitamin K for their synthesis.
vitamin, niacin
n (nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, niacinamide, pellagra-preventive factor), a deficiency of niacin or its amide derivative, niacinamide, results in acute pellagra that is characterized by dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, stomatitis, and glossitis. Dietary sources include liver, kidney, lean meats, wheat germ, yeast, soybeans, and peanuts. There is some intestinal synthesis by bacteria. Although the amino acid tryptophan contributes to the body supply of niacin, sufficient vitamin B6 must be present for its metabolism. Niacin and niacinamide are interconvertible in the body, and the latter functions as a constituent of two coenzymes, NAD and NADP, which operate as hydrogen and electron transfer agents by virtue of their reversible oxidation and reduction in several enzyme systems.
vitamin, pantothenic acid
n (pantothen, panthenol), this vitamin is a component of coenzyme A and thereby functions in the metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins. A deficiency is unusual because of its wide distribution, but a "burning feet syndrome" has been reported in people suffering from acute malnutrition.
vitamin, pyridoxine
n (vitamin B6, pyridoxal, pyridoxol, pyridoxamine) part of the B complex vitamins, the group includes three chemically related substances: pyridoxol, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine, all of which serve as substrate in the formation of pyridoxal phosphate, the prosthetic group for several enzymes that decarboxylate, deaminate, transaminate, or desulfurate specific amino acids. It further functions in porphyrin, fatty acids, and cholesterol metabolism. Deficiency signs include an acrodynia-like syndrome, convulsive seizures, arteriosclerotic-like lesions, hypochromic microcytic anemia, and impaired antibody formation. Dietary sources include wheat; corn; liver; milk; eggs; and green, leafy vegetables.
vitamin, retinal,
n See vitamin A.
vitamin, retinoic acid,
n See vitamin A.
vitamin, retinol,
n See vitamin A.
vitamin, riboflavin
n (vitamin B2, vitamin G, lactoflavin) a heat-stable B complex vitamin that functions as a component of FAD and FMN for the reversible transfer of hydrogen and electrons in several enzyme systems. It is found in green, leafy vegetables; whole grains; eggs; liver; milk; and legumes; small amounts are synthesized in the intestinal tract by microorganisms. Signs of ariboflavinosis include angular stomatitis, seborrheic dermatitis of the face, and glossitis (magenta tongue).
vitamin, thiamine
n (vitamin B1, aneurine, antiberiberi factor, antineuritic factor) a B complex vitamin found primarily in plants, especially legumes; whole grains; and green, leafy vegetables; it is also synthesized by bacteria in the large intestine, which is not a reliable source. Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP, cocarboxylase) is a coenzyme in the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate, in the transketolase reaction of glucose metabolism and in the metabolism of branched chained amino acids. A deficiency results in beriberi.
vitamin, tocopherol,
n See vitamin E.
vitamin, tocotrienol,
n See vitamin E.
an organic substance found in foods and essential in small quantities for growth, health and survival. The body needs vitamins as well as other food constituents such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates, minerals and water. The absence of one or more vitamins from the diet, or poor absorption of vitamins, can cause deficiency diseases such as rickets, enzootic muscular dystrophy and polioencephalomalacia.
Vitamins serve as coenzymes or cofactors in enzymatic reactions. They are required only in trace quantities because they are not consumed in the reactions.
fat-soluble vitamin
one soluble in and absorbed from the intestine in fat. Includes vitamins A, D, E and K.
water-soluble vitamin
one soluble in water. Includes vitamins B and C.
Patient discussion about vitamin
Q. Should I take vitamins? I try to eat a healthy balanced diet everyday. Do I still need to take vitamins additionally?
A. Unless your Doctor told you that you suffer from a vitamin deficiency, then eating a healthy balanced diet is enough in order to get all the necessary vitamins. Make sure to eat fresh fruits and vegetables, which are rich with them. Also People who eat a vegetarian diet may need to take a vitamin B12 supplement.
Q. Are Vitamins really helpful? I realize that there's an entire industry around it but I was wondering how helpful vitamins really are. Is there a difference between vitamins from fruits and vegetables and vitamins that you buy off the shelve? Is there such a thing as taking too much vitamins?
A. Yes, vitamins are helpful. I recently stopped taking my supplement to see if I felt a difference. Once I stopped taking it my anxiety attacks returned and my energy level went down. Nutrition that we get from food is the best, but the truth is that we don't get the amount of nutrition that we need daily. Yes, it is a such thing as taking too many vitamins. This is why it is still good consult with your doctor when taking any kind of vitamin or supplement. When chosing a vitamin for myself price is not a concern when it comes to health. This is why I prefer more expensive vitamins rather than over the counter.
Q. what vitamins are recommended for treating cold? and what is the right amount of it ?
A. Actually, although studied in trials, vitamins C, E and zinc wasn't found to have a substantial effect either preventing or relieving the symptoms of common cold, so currently these vitamins can't be recommended for the treatment of common cold.More discussions about vitamin
You may read more here: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/commoncold.html
You may read more here: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/commoncold.html


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DeKalb County VFW Agricultural Fair
You truly feel like fall has arrived when the county fair comes to town. The lights of the midway, the smell of funnel cakes, the sound of the live music, and the many exhibits draw in thousands of visitors each year.
The DeKalb County VFW Agricultural Fair is known for its tradition of excellence. It has been voted the state's top agricultural fair for many years. This event has vast community participation and features exhibits of handmade crafts, canned foods, photography, drawings, flower arrangements, quilts, as well as live animals such as cattle and chickens.
The midway is always popular and there are rides for all ages. Various nights of the week feature specials such as one price for unlimited rides. The vendors feature your fair favorites including funnel cakes, caramel apples, corn dogs, and cotton candy. And try your hand at the many games of chance that line the path.
And don't forget to sit a spell and enjoy the live music performances that are on stage nightly. Whether it is bluegrass or gospel, these artists put on a great show.


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The recent arrest of two kindergarten teachers over a child abuse case in the eastern Chinese province of Zhejiang has prompted calls for new child protection laws in a society where the physical punishment of children is commonplace, and often seen as necessary, analysts said.
Police in Zhejiang's Wenling city are holding kindergarten teacher Yan Yanhong, 20, after she posted photos of herself smiling while lifting a pupil at the Blue Peacock Kindergarten off the ground by the ears.
After that photo sparked a public outcry, Yan was found to have posted more than 700 photos of child abuse on the popular chat and microblogging site QQ.
Other pictures showed children, aged between four and five, with their mouths sealed by tape, dumped head-first in a trash can, with their clothes stripped off as they danced and were made to kiss each other, official media reported at the time.
Yan told local media that she was "just playing" with the children, adding: "It was great fun."
A second teacher, Tong Qingqing, was detained because she took the photos and did nothing to prevent Yan's actions.
However, Yan is currently detained on suspicion of public order offenses rather than for child abuse, because China's current laws limit the definition of child abuse to actions perpetrated by family members.
More than 95 percent of netizens who responded to an online poll on Monday supported making "child abuse" a specific offense under Chinese criminal law.
Routine punishment
Zhang Xingshui, a researcher into minors and the criminal justice system at Beijing's China University of Politics and Law, said that Chinese children were routinely subjected to physical punishment, perhaps blurring the notion of abuse in the public imagination.
"Violence against minors, in particular against children, happens all the time," Zhang told RFA's Mandarin service.
He said there were "no specific rules" in existing legislation governing the protection of minors to forbid the physical punishment of children.
"That's why I think that we could add some legislation on this issue, so that there is some basis in law for designating certain actions illegal," Zhang said.
"That way, we can pursue legal responsibility [for such acts]," he said.
A report in the China Youth Daily newspaper said the online poll had revealed that the physical abuse of children happened mostly in their own homes, and that it was most likely to occur in households where the marital relationship was under strain.
It quoted a 2008 joint study by a nongovernment child protection group in Xi'an and the Xi'an Jiaotong University as saying that more than 60 percent of children reported being physically and verbally abused by their parents, as well as being forced to stand for long periods, and being denied food and sleep.
More than 49 percent of the 300 elementary schoolchildren surveyed said they had been smacked, while 28 percent reported emotional abuse, including the "cold treatment," at the hands of parents.
The International Union for Child Welfare in 1981 defined "child abuse" as consisting of "neglect or abuse" of children by family members and institutions, or of exploitation outside the home in the form of child labor or prostitution.
Zhang said China's "left-behind" children, whose parents were working in factories in richer cities, were at the greatest risk of abuse.
"They have been without a mother or a father since they were tiny, and develop very callous and closed-in personalities in the course of their personal development and education," he said.
"Particularly those children who have been subjected to violent abuse, will themselves develop violent tendencies," he said. "These people have themselves been victims in the past, so this warps their personalities."
Public attention
Song Meiya, senior editor at the China Women's News, said the Wenling abuse case would now likely focus public attention on the issue.
"Since this case was broadcast by online media, it has made people extremely concerned about an issue that they never really took seriously before," she said.
"Everyone is a journalist nowadays," Song said. "They can all report the news, and ... very quickly, too."
"This is an excellent use of new media; it lets us see right into people's hearts, their spiritual quality," she said.
"If there is a problem, then people should care about it."
Yan was detained "on charges of picking quarrels and stirring up trouble," the official Xinhua news agency quoted the Wenling city government as saying, a charge which carries a maximum jail term of five years.
"China's child-abuse laws only apply to family members, leaving a loophole," the agency quoted police sources as saying, adding that schools were responsible for enforcing child protection laws on their own premises, and for punishing abusive staff.
Tong, who took the pictures and uploaded them, was handed a seven-day administrative detention, the agency said.
The Blue Peacock Kindergarten had failed its educational evaluation this year, it added, according to local official Wu Guojian, who commented of Yan: "She has problems in her moral quality."
Reported by Tang Qiwei for RFA's Mandarin service. Translated and written in English by Luisetta Mudie.


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Why the California Safer Consumer Product Regulations Matter to Your Business
Join BizNGO for a webinar on March 19 with Helen Holder of HP, where we will dive into the alternatives assessment requirements of the Safer Product Regulations. Sign up here.
Last week the California Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC) released its first three Priority Products under the Safer Consumer Product Regulations:
-- children's padded nap mats containing the flame retardant TDCPP (chlorinated tris),
-- spray polyurethane foam systems containing unreacted diisocyanates (used in home insulation), and
-- paint and varnish strippers containing methylene chloride.
The initial impacts of the Safer Consumer Product Regulations are limited to three narrow product categories where companies are already well on the path to using alternative chemicals. But the initial Priority Product categories and the regulations themselves have much broader implications.
Starting with the initial three product categories, if you manufacture or sell children's nap mats, spray polyurethane foams, or paint strippers in California you need to know: Does my product contain any of those three chemicals? If yes, it is important to note that you now have roughly one year to remove the chemical of concern from your product before the Priority Product is officially listed in regulation. In substituting a chemical of concern, like TDCPP in foam nap mats, manufacturers will want to select an alternative that is NOT on the California Candidate Chemicals List (approximately 2300 chemicals) to avoid having to perform an alternatives assessment of their product.
Most companies will want to avoid performing an alternatives assessment as required by California. As Helen Holder will discuss on March 19, performing an alternatives assessment that meets the California requirements is a major undertaking. It is much better to perform an internal alternatives assessment that meets your needs and assures use of a less hazardous, a safer alternative. At all costs, you want to avoid a regrettable substitution, substituting one hazardous chemical with another chemical that is of equal or greater hazard.
If you're not using TDCPP in foam nap mats for children, but are using a chemical on the Candidate Chemicals List as a flame retardant in the product, you would still need to do an alternatives assessment. This means that sellers of foam nap mats, spray polyurethane foams, or paint strippers will need to know does my product contain any of the 2300 chemicals on the Candidate Chemicals List.
Finally the initial three Priority Products are a call to all companies selling consumer products in California to ask: Do I have any of the 248 chemicals on the California Initial Candidate Chemicals List in my product? In selecting Priority Product – Chemical combinations the state starts from an initial list of 248 chemicals. These 248 chemicals are the ones the state is looking for when identifying Priority Products. Companies whose products contain any of those Initial Candidate Chemicals and want to be ahead of regulatory trends will want to start soon on the path of identifying safer alternatives that meet performance and cost requirements.
The initial three Priority Products also flag a major category of products that have largely been ignored in the movement to safer chemicals – the "do it yourself" (DIY) products. While retailers like Walmart and Target have been focusing on chemicals in cleaning products and personal care products, the California regulations highlight that DIY products are another product category of concern, with potentially very high concentrations of inherently hazardous chemicals. Both the spray polyurethane foam and paint stripper products highlight that DIY products can contain chemicals of high concern to human health or the environment at very high levels of concentration.
The California regulations are going to drive companies away from known hazardous chemicals and ideally to safer alternatives.
In the bigger picture, the California program is the most recent indicator of a momentous shift underway in the marketplace away from chemicals of high concern to human health or the environment. California joins Washington State, Maine, Minnesota, the European Union, and major retailers like Target, Walmart, and just last week, Bed, Bath and Beyond in targeting the reduction of chemicals of high concern to human health or the environment in products.
Cailfornia's regulations are huge in that they reinforce and expand on existing trends:
-- Consumers and retailers want products made with inherently safer chemicals.
-- Toxic chemicals in products are a growing liability for brands. Brands can choose to wait for government regulation, market demands, or can get out ahead of these regulations and replace chemicals of high concern with safer alternatives.
-- The scope of products categories under concern is growing. Children's products, personal care and beauty care products are all under scrutiny from consumers, retailers, and state governments. By including spray foams and paint strippers, California adds a new category of products to state regulation, building/DIY products. This focus on chemicals in building products is gaining momentum. In 2013, the U.S. Green Building Council's new standard for buildings (LEED v4) includes credits for identifying and evaluating chemicals in building products.
-- The preference is to safer alternatives. A centerpiece of the California regulations is the avoidance of "regrettable substitutions" – the replacing of a regulated chemical of concern with non-regulated chemical of concern. Ultimately the goal is a safer alternative.
The California regulations will drive companies to identify safer alternatives to the chemicals of concern.


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Wrapping it up--$5 Genealogy Webinar Sale
I have had great fun presenting webinars on a variety of research topics over the past three years. However, for a variety of reasons I've decided to no longer sell recordings of my forty previous webinars after 29 September. We will offer support for previous purchases after that time, but no new orders will be processed. If you've been waiting to order, don't wait any longer. Each presentation is $5 each--download is immediate. Our order page is here.
Topics are:
- Using US Census on Ancestry.com
- Using US Passenger lists on Ancestry.com
- An overview of Archive.org
- Brick Walls from A to Z
- More Brick Walls from A to Z
- Yet More Brick Walls from A to Z
- Brick Walls from A to Z--The FINAL One
- Barbara's Beaus and Gesche's Girls
- Preparing for Mother's Death
- Proving Benjamin
- The Newmans in the 1830-1870 Census: A Case Study
- The Missing 1840 Census Enumeration
- Creating Families from pre-1850 Census REcords
- Court Records: Pig Blood in the Snow
- The Probate Process; An Overview
- Tips and Tricks for FamilySearch
- Female Ancestors
- Sarah and Susannah: Two 18th Century Virginia Women and Their Property
- Proving Florence
- Using Fold3.com
- Illinois Research
- Local Land Records in Public Domain Land States
- The Bureau of Land Management Office Tract Books
- Sections, Townships, Base Lines, etc--Land Descriptions in Federal Land States
- Using the Bureau of Land Management Website
- DeedMapper
- DeedMapper with Virginia Land Patents
- What is Not Written
- The Genealogical Proof Standard for the Non-Professional
- Charts, Charts, and More Charts
- Creating Research Plans
- Making and Proving Your Case
- Seeing the Patterns: Organizing Your Information
- Determining Your Own Migration Chain
- Crossing the Pond
- Did Your Ancestor Get a Civil War Pension?
- American Revolutionary War Materials on Fold3.com
- United States Naturalization Records pre-1920
- Newspaper Research
Our order page and more information is here:
Thanks for your support of our projects!
Michael John Neill
Genealogy Tip of the Day


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I had wanted to paint up a few Spanish light horse, and had some unused French Hussars from the Itlaleri French Command set. So a quick look at my Pinterest page for Spanish cavalry came up with these guys, technically horse grenadiers but hussars in everything but name.
Because the figures I wanted to use had pelisses rather than the short coat it placed them later than I really wanted, at 1812 when they received new uniforms from the British. But they were close enough to the older uniform that I thought it worth the trouble. To make them a little more generic, I sculpted campaign dress riding trousers for the bulk of them, leaving the officer and trumpeter in their post 1812 lemon yellow riding breeches.
I was pleased with a solution for the riding trousers' buttons, using the tip of a .5 drawing pencil (minus the lead) to imprint the sculpting compound. Other than that, alterations were few: I carved off the colpaks from all but the officer, swivelled a few heads as there were only two poses in the nine figures and switched one to a trumpeter with the use of an arm from some other set of cavalry.
I lacked horses from the command set, however, so I used instead horses from the Italeri Prussian Currasiers set (1806/7). The shabraque was all wrong, so I sculpted a more pointy configuration and, added a pack on the back of the horse. I did a bit more work on the officer's mount, giving it a sheepskin saddle with wolf teeth fringe, and a longer shabraque, using my reference as a guide.
I will post more pics of them when they are painted and mounted, but I was generally pleased with the results.
Trooper 1808
Officer 1812
The full nine figures
Trooper with campaign trousers and button maker
Commander, with sheepskin saddle and longer shabraque


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huron river drive carfree for 3 hours
From GetDowntown, among others announcing this unique opportunity:
Have you ever wondered what it be like if Huron River Drive were closedWhether or not the road should be closed permanently to motorized traffic, we should definitely take the opportunity for a bike ride or walk along the river when the opportunity presents itself. The road is closed while the city removes low-hanging branches, not specifically for bikes and pedestrians.
to cars? Well, tomorrow is your chance to check it out and voice your
comments to the City. The City of Ann Arbor is closing Huron River
Drive from Bird Rd. to Main to motorized traffic from 9-12 on Saturday,
April 21st.


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Any tips on storing car keys? I'm going to make myself spares (anyone else had problems getting a foreign key dup'd?) I'm thinking about lashing up a line to the hook knife pocket tab and keeping it in there? Does that sound secure?
Is having a hide-a-key as a backup (i.e. not placing it somewhere in the parking lot) a good idea, or is that too risky?


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Caitlyn Emberson, Arizona Pilgrim and Haylee Tracy named to all state team for small schools
It was a little over a month ago that the Taft varsity softball team won their second straight Valley title. The glow of that successful season continued recently when Caitlyn Emberson, Haylee Tracy and Arizona Pilgrim were named to the Cal High sports first team all state team for small schools.
According to the Cal-Hi sports website, Taft was the only school with three first team players.
Pilgrim, who went 30-2 overall and had a 0.76 earned run average, was joined on the first team pitchers list with players from Richmond, San Bernardino, Ventura and San Pedro.
Meanwhile, Tracy, had 51 runs batted in and a .505 batting average, was joined on the first team infield list by players from Hughson, Richmond, Petaluma, Ventura, Lodi, Monterey, Pine Valley, Wheatland, La Jolla, Pasadena.
Emberson, who batted .587 with 11 home runs and 66 runs batted in, was one of two catchers on the first team catchers list.
Tracy was a senior on this past year's team and will be going to Evansville in the fall. Meanwhile, Pilgrim and Emberson will be returning for their senior year.
Taft completed their championship run by defeating Liberty of Madera 6-0 to finish with a record of 36-2 and finish first in the final Division IV state rankings.


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Drive consistent and accurate information across your organization with SAP Enterprise Learning software. Leverage this complete learning management environment to lift productivity and employee satisfaction, enhance product and service quality, and reduce downtime.
- Deliver knowledge to all stakeholders with a comprehensive approach to learning
- Tailor learning paths to individual educational needs and learning styles
- Support Web- and computer-based learning, and both traditional and virtual classroom training
- Improve competency and performance management
- Leverage analytics and ad hoc reporting functions


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At GLOBAL MARBLE AUSTRALIA we care about you, the customer. And for more than two decades, we've dedicated ourselves to solving your natural stone and hard surface restoration needs, becoming leaders in the industry in the process. Using our vast, acquired knowledge and experience, we've developed products, processes and techniques that deliver outstanding results. However, we continue to focus on you with a goal of keeping you fully enthused about our services and processes in addition to the unparalleled results we deliver. We strive to work with you and establish a long-term relationship that will continue well into the future, even after a project has been completed. With this in mind, we carefully evaluate your needs at the onset of a project and tailor a solution that is just right for you and your requirements.
Natural Stone
Whether you're building a new house or renovating, natural stone offers you unparalleled beauty, permanence, and uniqueness.
We have been very successful in achieving Top Quality by the dedication of our crafts people and providing all the new technologies and the latest machinery for both natural and engineered stones.
Classic beauty of nature ..In a study of materials for kitchen countertops, granite had the highest number of "excellent" ratings of any surface.


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Cell PhonesPage address: http://www.mnsu.edu/telecomm/cellphones/
Minnesota State Cellphone Policy
[PDF] Minnesota State University Annual Review Form (71 KiB)—Please fill out this form when requesting an MSU cell phone or air card. This form must be signed by the employee, the employees supervisor and the authorized administrator, meaning associate VP or above. This form should then be returned to Julie Bruggeman at ML 3010 before you can receive a cell phone. This form will need to be reissued at the beginning of each fiscal year to determine if there is still a continued business need for the cell phone or air card.
[PDF] Instructions for Annual Review of Cell Phone Authorizations (54 KiB)—Please read these instructions before issuing an MSU cell phone or air card. These instructions should also be reviewed by the employee receiving the cell or air card. It is also important to review the MNSU cell phone policy.