text:
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
Vol. 88, pp. 9578-9582, November 1991
(yeast / GAL4 / transcriptional activation / transcriptional silencing / dimerization)
CHENG-TING CHIEN*, PAUL L. BARTELÝ, ROLF STERNGLANZ*, AND STANLEY FlELDSݧ
Departments of *Biochemistry and Cell Biology and
State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794
§To whom reprint requests should be addressed.
Communicated by Keith R. Yamamoto, August 2, 1991 (received for review May 14, 1991)
ABSTRACT We describe a method that detects proteins capable of interacting with a known protein and that results in the immediate availability of the cloned genes for these interacting proteins. Plasmids are constructed to encode two hybrid proteins. One hybrid consists of the DNA-binding domain of the yeast transcriptional activator protein GAL4 fused to the known protein; the other hybrid consists of the GAL4 activation domain fused to protein sequences encoded by a library of yeast genomic DNA fragments. Interaction between the known protein and a protein encoded by one of the library plasmids leads to transcriptional activation of a reporter gene containing a binding site for GAL4. We used this method with the yeast SIR4 protein, which is involved in the transcriptional repression of yeast mating type information. (i) We used the two-hybrid system to demonstrate that SIR4 can form homodimers. (ii) A small domain consisting of the C terminus of SIR4 was shown to be sufficient to mediate this interaction. (iii) We screened a library to detect hybrid proteins that could interact with the SIR4 C-terminal domain and identified SIR4 from this library. This approach could be readily extended to mammalian proteins by the construction of appropriate cDNA libraries in the activation domain plasmid.
Specific interactions between proteins form the basis of many essential biological processes. Additionally, transforming proteins of tumor viruses in many cases exert their effect through their interactions with cellular proteins; for example, the simian virus 40 (SV40) large tumor (T) antigen binds to the cellular proteins p53 and Rb (1, 2). Consequently, considerable effort has been made to identify those proteins that bind to proteins of interest. Typically, these interactions have been detected by using coimmunoprecipitation experiments in which antibody to a known protein is used to precipitate associated proteins as well. Such biochemical methods, however, result only in the identification of the apparent molecular mass of the associated proteins; obtaining cloned genes for these proteins is often a difficult process. In one approach, this problem has been circumvented by the use of purified proteins as probes against bacterial expression libraries, where a positive signal for an interacting protein is accompanied by the availability of the corresponding gene (3).
We have described a method by which a protein-protein
interaction is identified in vivo through reconstitution of the activity
of a transcriptional activator (4). The method is based on the properties
of the yeast GAL4 protein, which consists of separable domains responsible
for DNA-binding and transcriptional activation (5). Plasmids encoding two
hybrid proteins, one consisting of the GAL4 DNA-binding domain fused to
protein X and the other consisting of the GAL4 activation domain fused to
protein Y, are constructed and introduced into yeast. Interaction between
proteins X and Y leads to the transcriptional activation of a reporter gene
containing a binding site for GAL4.
In this paper, we demonstrate the utility of this in vivo approach (designated the two-hybrid system) to screen a random library for an interacting protein. Our test case is the yeast SIR4 gene product, a protein involved in the transcriptional repression of the silent copies of mating type information (6). We first showed by construction of GAL4 hybrids with SIR4 domains that SIR4 is capable of dimer formation and that this dimerization can be mediated by a small C-terminal fragment of SIR4. We then transformed yeast with both a plasmid encoding the GAL4 DNA-binding domain fused to part of SIR4 and a library of plasmids containing yeast genomic fragments fused to the GAL4 activation domain. By screening for transcription of a GAL4-dependent reporter gene, we identified a plasmid from the library carrying a fragment of the SIR4 gene. This method of identifying interacting proteins has obvious applications in other systems.
Yeast Strains and Methods. Yeast strains used were GGY1::171(7) and W303 (8). Yeast were grown in YEPD or selective minimal medium (9). Transformation was by the high-efficiency method of Schiestl and Gietz (10). ß-Galactosidase activity was assayed either on plates or in liquid; yeast transformants were replica-plated to SSX plates or liquid cultures were assayed for 4-nitrophenyl ß-D-galactoside cleavage as described (4). SSX plates contained 6.7 g of yeast nitrogen base, 14 g of agar, 40 mg of 5-bromo4-chloro-3-indolyl ß-D-galactoside, 100 ml of 1 M potassium phosphate (pH 7.0), 100 ml of 20% (wt/vol) sucrose, 100 ml of 10x amino acids minus leucine and histidine (9), and H2O to 1 liter. Escherichia coli MH4 (11) contained the leuB mutation, which can be complemented by the yeast LEU2 gene.
Construction of GAL4 Activation Domain Plasmids. Plasmid pGX13 was derived from 401-N (12) and pKLC15 (13) and contains as a HindIII fragment sequences encoding the first five codons from SV40 T antigen, the nuclear localization signal from T antigen, amino acids 11-34 from T7 RNA polymerase, and amino acids 768-881, containing an activation domain, from GAL4. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to destroy the termination codon of GAL4 and create a Bgl II site at this location. The HindIII fragment was inserted into the unique HindIII site of pAE7, which is pAAH5 (14) that has had its two BamHI sites removed by sequentially linearizing with BamHI and filling-in the overhang with DNA polymerase I (Klenow fragment). Finally, oligonucleotides containing the BamHI sites in all three frames were inserted into the Bgl II site to generate the three pGAD vectors. Our initial activation domain plasmids (pGAD1, pGAD2, and pGAD3) have the HindIII fragment from pGX13 inserted into pAE7 in the orientation such that transcription of the fusion protein is driven by a promoter lying within sequences for termination of ADH1 transcription. Plasmids have also been constructed in the opposite orientation (pGADlF, pGAD2F, and pGAD3F) in which transcription of the fusion protein gene is driven by the ADH1 promoter. Whereas the ADDS promoter results in additional expression of the fusion protein, it leads to only minor changes in the level of GAL1-lacZ transcription derived by interaction of the two hybrids.
Construction of GAL4 Protein Fusions. Plasmid pES15 (from Elisa Stone, State University of New York at Stony Brook) containing the entire SIR1 sequence in pUC18 was cut at the Nru I site 52 base pairs 5' to the initiator ATG and an oligonucleotide containing an Xho I site was inserted. The resultant plasmid was cut with Xho I and the SIR1 fragment was ligated to Sal I-digested pMA424 (15) to create pKL5. An Xho I fragment containing the entire SIR2 sequence was prepared by the polymerase chain reaction from pJM100 (16) and was ligated to Sal I-digested pMA424 to produce pCTC7. pJR104 (17), which carries the SIR3 gene, was digested with Sal I and the SIR3-containing fragment was ligated into pUC18. The resulting plasmid (pKL3) was digested first with Bcl I and HindIII and then with Xho II and HindIII and the two appropriate fragments were ligated into BamHI-digested pGAD3 to yield pKL13. The SIR4 gene was subcloned as a Hind III fragment from pJR643 (from Jasper Rine, Univ. of California, Berkeley) into pUC18 to produce pCTC15. A BamH I fragment encoding amino acids 839-1358 was inserted into the BamHI site of pMA424 to generate pCTC17. This same BamHI fragment was used to generate the activation domain hybrid pCTC18. The SIR4 fragment corresponding to amino acids 1262-1358 was generated as a BamHI fragment by the polymerase chain reaction using as template pJR643. This fragment was inserted into the BamHI site of pMA424 to generate pCTC23 and into pGAD2 to generate pCTC24. The SNF4 gene was derived from plasmid pSL321 (18). The Cla I site at codon 20 and the polylinker Kpn I site after codon 321 (18) were converted to BamHI sites by insertion of oligonucleotide adaptors, and the resultant BamH I fragment was inserted into pGAD3 to generate pCTC14.
Construction of Yeast Genomic Libraries. Yeast genomic DNA was isolated from strain W303 by spheroplasting the cells with Zymolyase and adding 2 vol of lysis buffer [3% wt/vol) Sarkosyl/0.5 M Tris Cl/0.2 M EDTA, pH 9] to liberate the cell contents. Cell debris was pelleted after addition of 0.5 vol of 5 M potassium acetate, followed by ethanol precipitation of the DNA. The DNA was partially digested with Sau3A and was fractionated on 5-30% (wt/vol) sucrose gradients to isolate fragments from 2 to 6 kilobases in size. This DNA was ligated to pGAD1, pGAD2, or pGAD3 DNA that had been digested with BamHI and dephosphorylated with calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase. Ligation mixes are used to transform E. coli DH5 by electroporation. After growth on ampicillin-containing plates overnight, colonies were pooled and frozen at -70°C. These frozen stocks were used to grow the ampicillin-resistant transformants for preparation of plasmid DNA.
Screening Activation Domain Libraries. Yeast strain GGY1::171, which is His- and Leu-, was transformed simultaneously with both a DNA-binding domain plasmid and one of the libraries of genomic DNA fragments. After 3-4 days growth on SD-His-Leu plates (9), His+, Leu+ transformants were replica-plated to SSX plates and were incubated until blue colonies appeared. False positives due to cloning of the GAL4 gene into the pGAD vectors were eliminated by one of several strategies. In one approach, blue colonies were grown to saturation nonselectively in YEPD liquid and replated on YEPD plates. Replica plating of these plates to SD-His and SD-Leu identified colonies that had lost one or both plasmids, and replica plating to SSX plates (supplemented with histidine and leucine) indicated whether ß-galactosidase was expressed. Any colonies that remained blue after loss of the DNA-binding domain plasmid were eliminated. In a second approach, the blue colonies were grown in SD-Leu liquid medium and plasmid DNA was isolated from the culture (19) and transformed into E. coli by electroporation. The activation domain (pGAD) plasmids from the library were identified by their ability to complement an E. coli leuB mutation due to the plasmid-borne LEU2 gene. These plasmids were then individually reintroduced into yeast GGY1::171 either alone or with the DNA-binding domain plasmid. Yeast transformants that expressed ß-galactosidase when they contained the library plasmid alone were eliminated. Alternatively, the activation domain plasmid was cut with Xho I and Sal I to assay for a 1.0-kilobase fragment diagnostic of the GAL4 gene (20). Plasmids encoding interacting proteins were sequenced by the dideoxynucleotide method (21) using a primer corresponding to codons 758-763 of the GAL4 sequence.
FIG. 1. Strategy to detect interacting proteins using the two hybrid system. UASG is the upstream activation sequence for the yeast GAL genes, which binds the GAL4 protein. The libraries of activation domain hybrids are constructed in the pGAD vectors.
Construction of Activation Domain Vectors. The principle of using two hybrid proteins to detect protein-protein interactions is shown in Fig. 1. A gene fusion is first generated that encodes the protein under study (protein X) as a hybrid with the DNA-binding domain of GAL4. This domain enables the hybrid to localize (22) to the nucleus and bind in a site-specific fashion to DNA (5). For the method to work, the protein X domain of this hybrid must fail to activate transcription of the reporter gene. Second, a gene fusion is introduced that encodes a protein Y sequence as a hybrid with the GAL4 activation domain; this hybrid also enters the nucleus. Protein Y may be encoded by a known gene or represent a library of sequences (Y1, Y2, Y3, . . ., Yn). Any activation domain hybrid carrying a protein Y sequence that can bind to protein X might be capable of reconstituting proximity of the two GAL4 domains in a manner that activates transcription of a reporter gene.
FIG. 2. Restriction map of the activation domain plasmid. The GAL4 activation
hybrid is transcribed from a promoter labeled P and contains in addition
a nuclear localization signal from SV40 T antigen, which is not indicated.
The three vectors differ in the reading frame of the BamHI cloning site,
as indicated. amp, Ampicillin resistance gene; ori, origin of replication
from pBR322.
In the previous report from this laboratory (4) using the two-hybrid system to detect the interaction of the yeast SNF1 and SNF4 proteins, the activation domain hybrid consisted of the yeast SNF4 protein at its N terminus and the GAL4 activation domain at its C terminus. Although the C-terminal location for the GAL4 activation domain corresponds to its normal position within the GAL4 protein, this location is inconvenient for the construction of a library of activation domain hybrids. We therefore determined whether the GAL4 activation domain (amino acids 768-881) could function at the N terminus of a protein fusion. This placement allows the use of the same vector-encoded yeast promoter and initiation codon for each gene fusion and requires a single fusion joint between the activation domain and a heterologous protein. In addition, we included within the activation domain fusion a sequence for nuclear targeting. We constructed a set of three plasmids, pGAD1, pGAD2 and pGAD3, as shown in Fig. 2, that differ only in the reading frame of the unique BamHI site. These vectors include an initiation codon, the nuclear localization signal from SV40 T antigen (23), which has been shown to function in yeast (12, 24), and the GAL4 activation domain (residues 768-881) followed by the BamHI cloning site.
Values for ß-galactosidase activity (28) are the mean of assays on at least two transformants, each assayed at least twice. The standard errors were typically 30% of the mean for values >2 units.
We used a pGAD vector to construct a hybrid between the GAL4 activation domain and the yeast SNF4 protein to test for the interaction between the SNF1 and SNF4 proteins. As shown in Table 1, in cells carrying the SNF1 protein in the DNA-binding domain plasmid, the SNF4 hybrid in plasmid pGAD3 led to a substantial level of GAL1-LacZ activity. This activity was comparable to that observed with the original SNF4 hybrid, which carried the GAL4 activation domain at its C terminus (4). This reconstruction experiment indicated that the pGAD vectors were suitable for testing other defined protein combinations and as recipients in the construction of libraries.
SIR Protein Interactions. The mating type of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is determined by the genetic information present at the MAT locus. Two other copies of mating type information, HML and HMR, are kept transcriptionally silent and serve as donors for transposition of sequences to MAT. This transcriptional repression is due to the specific action of four SIR gene products (SIR1 through SIR4) and the involvement of the proteins ABF1, RAP1, and histone H4, which have additional roles in the yeast cell (for review, see ref. 25). The mechanism of silencing and the biochemical interactions among these proteins are unknown.
ß-Galactosidase activity was determined as in Table 1.
To determine whether SIR proteins can bind to each other as indicated by a transcriptional signal in the two-hybrid system, we constructed a number of hybrid genes encoding SIR proteins fused to one of the GAL4 domains and introduced these genes singly or in pairwise combinations into a yeast reporter strain (Table 2). When present as fusions with the GAL4 DNA-binding domain, SIR1 (line 1), SIR2 (line 4) and SIR4 (lines 7 and 8) failed to activate transcription of GAL1-lacZ, indicating that these regions of the SIR proteins do not function as activation domains. We did not detect a signal for interaction of SIR1 with SIR3 or SIR4 (lines 2 and 3), SIR2 with SIR3 or SIR4 (lines 5 and 6), or SIR4 with SIR3 (line 9). Only with SIR4 present in both the DNA-binding domain and activation domain plasmids (line 10) was GAL1-lacZ transcription significantly above background. We note that we constructed only five of the eight possible GAL4 fusions with SIR proteins and assayed only 6 of 16 possible combinations. Lack of a signal is not strong evidence against a specific interaction; the hybrid proteins might not be stable, they might not include the residues necessary for interaction or the GAL4 domains might occlude a site of interaction. For SIR1 and SIR2, however, the hybrids with the GAL4 DNAbinding domain are capable of complementing sir1 and sir2 mutations, respectively, indicating that the protein fusions are sufficiently stable and active to cooperate with the other proteins required for transcriptional silencing. For SIR4, the hybrids contain no more than 520 residues of this 1358-residue protein and do not complement a sir4 mutation. However, the SIR4 hybrids exhibit an activity designated anti-SIR (26), in which overexpression of the C-terminal end of the SIR4 protein causes a dominant derepression phenotype.
The SIR4 constructions that resulted in a transcriptional signal from the reporter gene both contained the C-terminal 520 amino acids of SIR4. It has been noted that the most C-terminal region of SIR4 contains 12 heptad repeats and a similarity to human nuclear lamins (27). We therefore tested whether fragments of SIR4 consisting of essentially only these repeats (the C-terminal 97 amino acids of SIR4) were capable of a transcriptional signal indicating interaction (Table 2, line 11). The similar level of GAL1-lacZ transcription we detect with these small hybrids suggests that one SIR4 protein contacts another through a coiled-coiled interaction mediated by the heptad repeats.
Screening of an Activation Domain Library. Based on the demonstration of the SIR4-SIR4 interaction in the two hybrid system, we sought to determine whether this or other interactions could be detected by screening a library of total sequences present in the activation domain plasmid. With SIR4 as a fusion with the GAL4 DNA-binding domain, any protein encoded by an activation domain fusion that can interact with SIR4 might reconstitute GAL4 activity. We note that the library must be constructed in the activation domain plasmid to avoid detecting random (and abundant) sequences that can activate transcription when fused to a DNA-binding domain (15).
Each pGAD vector was ligated to a size-fractionated partial Sau3A digest of yeast genomic DNA, generating 2 x 106 individual transfornlants in E. coli. Colonies containing library constructions in each pGAD vector were pooled separately, and plasmid DNA was prepared. Yeast were cotransformed with a mixture of DNAs containing equal amounts of GAL4-(1-147)-SIR4-(839-1358) and one of the pGAD Sau3A libraries, selecting for both histidine and leucine prototrophy. This protocol was preferred over sequential transformation of first the DNA-binding domain plasmid and then the library because we have observed some instability of certain plasmids encoding DNA-binding domain hybrids. The cotransformation protocol minimizes the amount of time transformants are incubated before they are assayed for ß-galactosidase activity. Transformants were replica-plated to medium containing 2% sucrose, amino acid supplements lacking histidine and leucine, and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl ß-D-galactoside (40 µg/ml). Approximately 1 transformant per 14,000 turned blue by 5 days, indicating transcription of GAL1-lacZ. In addition, we note that the activation domain library transformed alone caused a background of approximately the same ratio of blue colonies, which results from cloning of the GAL4 gene in the pGAD vectors. (The high background is due to the fact that the GAL4 gene can be present anywhere within the insert sequence and need not be in a defined position, orientation, and reading frame as does the gene for an interacting protein.)
Fifteen positive transformants (of a total of 220,000 transformants) were categorized as to whether GAL1-lacZ transcription required the presence of both hybrids. In one protocol, cells were grown nonselectively and screened for a return to histidine or leucine auxotrophy, indicating loss of the marker on the DNA-binding or activation domain plasmid, respectively. A comparison of the histidine and leucine requirements with ß-galactosidase expression indicated whether both plasmids were required for GAL4 function. In a second approach, each of the library plasmids was isolated and reintroduced into yeast with or without the DNA-binding domain plasmid, and these transformants were tested for ß-galactosidase activity. Two of the 15 positives required both plasmids to reconstitute GAL4 function. DNA sequence analysis of the insert from one of these activation domain hybrids indicated that it encoded a portion of the SIR4 gene, beginning at a Sau3A site corresponding to amino acid residue 1205, and restriction digestion analysis indicated that the insert contained the rest of the SIR4 gene. This hybrid contains 154 amino acids of the SIR4 protein, slightly more than the small C-terminal SIR4 fragment that we had tested. ß-Galactosidase activity of this hybrid from the library (Table 2, line 12) showed a level comparable to that observed in the reconstruction experiments. The other plasmid that required the fusion of the GAL4 DNA-binding domain and SIR4 for GAL4 function carries the gene designated SFI1 (for SIR4-interacting protein), whose partial sequence does not correspond to any yeast gene sequence in available data bases (February 1991). The SFI1-containing plasmid alone was inactive for GAL1-lacZ transcription (Table 2, line 13) but with GAL4-(1-147)-SIR4-(839-1358) produced 96 units of activity (Table 2, line 14).
The yeast genome contains ~50,000 Sau3A fragments which can be ligated in either orientation to yield 100,000 possible fusion joints in each of the pGAD libraries. If a gene encoding an interacting protein contains a single appropriate Sau3A site, the probability of detecting the correct GAL4 hybrid in a given library is 90% by screening 230,000 transformants and 99% by screening 460,000 transformants. Thus it is possible that there are additional proteins capable of interacting with SIR4 that would be found with additional library screening.
The approach of using two GAL4 hybrids to detect protein-protein interactions has been extended to three additional applications. (i) It can be used with available genes to test pairwise combinations for interaction. Such testing of SIR proteins provides strong evidence for a SIR4-SIR4 complex. (ii) A positive signal for interaction allows a rapid means to identify the specific domains responsible for the proteinprotein contacts. For SIR4, hybrids carrying only 7% of the protein were used to demonstrate that the contacts appear to be mediated by a series of heptad repeats present at the C terminus. (iii) A library of total sequences fused to the activation domain can be screened to detect a plasmid encoding an interacting protein. We used such a yeast library to identify a SIR4 insert and another gene.
By testing a series of pairwise combinations of SIR proteins in the two-hybrid system, we detected a signal for interaction only between SIR4 and itself. This result suggests that SIR4 may function in silencing as a dimer or higher-order multimer. It also provides a possible explanation for the anti-SIR activity of SIR4 C-terminal fragments (26), observed as derepression of the silent mating type loci in a SIR+ strain: the overproduced SIR4 fragments may bind to the wild-type SIR4 protein and prevent it from exerting its activity.
In using the two-hybrid approach for screening a library of activation-domain hybrids, a major advantage is the immediate availability of the cloned gene for the interacting protein. In addition, only a single plasmid construction is required to use this method; there is no necessity to prepare either antibody or purified protein for the biochemical detection of interactions. The interactions are detected in vivo, under conditions that may be similar to those that occur naturally. Because the background of GAL1-lacZ transcription is negligible, even interactions that reconstitute only a low level of GAL4 function produce a detectable signal. Thus it may be possible to detect transient interactions, such as those occurring during only a limited portion of the cell cycle. Finally, the stability of the ß-galactosidase protein allows the accumulation of a weak signal over time.
Comparison of the signal generated by the combination of GAL4-(1-147)-SIR4-(839-1358) or GAL4-(1-147)-SIR4-(1262-1358) with three other SIR4 hybrids with the activation domain indicates that all six combinations are similarly effective at reconstituting GAL4 function (Table 2 and unpublished results). This result further supports the hypothesis that the structure of the two interacting hybrids can be highly variable, with the major requirement being only the presence of the interacting domains. Such flexibility suggests that numerous other proteins may be detected in this system. Reconstruction experiments indicate that such interacting protein pairs as p53-SV40 large T antigen (unpublished results), retinoblastoma protein-SV40 large T antigen (T. Durfee and W.-H. Lee, personal communication), and the ß and gamma subunits of the yeast pheromone-responsive guanine nucleotide binding protein (K. Clark and M. Whiteway, personal communication) give positive signals in this system. In addition, other screens for interacting proteins using the libraries described here have detected candidate yeast proteins capable of binding to p53 (unpublished results) and RAP1 (C. Hardy and D. Shore, personal communication). Although interaction in these experiments has been detected by screening for blue colony color, it should be feasible to use this method in a strain carrying a GAL4-dependent selectable gene. Such a strain would allow the assaying of cDNA libraries of high complexity while requiring the use of relatively few plates. This approach might thus lead to the identification of various interacting proteins of mammalian origin.
Acknowledgements: We thank Mark Swanson for some of the plasmids used in these experiments and Joe Lipsick for comments on the manuscript. This work was supported by U.S. Public Health Service Research Grants GM28220 to R.S. and CA54699 to S.F. and by grants from the Procter and Gamble Company and New York State Science and Technology Foundation to S.F.
Abbreviations: SV40, simian virus 40; T, tumor.
The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact.
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MBA Curriculum
The MBA program is ideal for students with work experience who wish to get their MBA in about two academic years. The full-time program provides a comprehensive framework for the strategic management of business organizations. Students are allowed the flexibility of choosing electives from a variety of functional areas to tailor their MBA experience.
Students in the AGSM MBA program are responsible for taking a total of 20 courses that make up 80 quarter units. There are six major components to the curriculum.
Program Prerequisite
- Management 403 — Review of Quantitative Methods for Management
The MGT 403 prerequisite may be met in one of three ways:
- Equivalent college-level coursework completed within three years prior to enrollment as verified by transcripts.
- Students who have taken prerequisite coursework more than three years prior to enrollment may take a prerequisite waiver exam prior to the first day of instruction. MGT 403 will be waived for students who achieve a passing grade on this exam.
- Successful completion of MGT 403 taken during the first two quarters in residence.
Unit credit is not awarded toward the degree for successful completion of the program prerequisite.
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Students are required to complete two workshops (4 quarter units).
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Core Courses
Students are required to complete nine core courses (36 quarter units).
- Management 200 — Organizational Behavior and Theory
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- Management 209 — Marketing Management
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- Management 235 — Strategic Management
Students are required to complete 28 units of electives if doing the thesis option and 36 units of electives if doing the comprehensive exam option, which are offered in nine areas:
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- General Management
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Fieldwork in Management (Internship) — one course (four quarter units).
The internship is a mandatory part of the MBA program.
- Provides management experience complementary to formal classroom studies.
- Designed to provide meaningful work experience in a variety of industries, allowing application of academic knowledge and skills to a business.
- Normally taken after completion of core courses.
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Capstone Course — one course (four quarter units).
- Team-taught, integrative case course on managing the complex tasks of the total organization.
- Examines the interdependence of the functional areas of management.
- Student teams analyze cases involving several functional areas and recommend actions for improvement.
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Students have a choice of completing either:
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UN Declaration on Human Rights
July 3, 1948
Publication on June 19 of this year of the proposed United Nations Declaration on Human Rights was not a noisy affair. It slipped quietly into the daily press, overshadowed by pre-convention news, Palestine, the draft filibuster, the Presidents tour, the UMW dispute, Berlin currency reform, and a dozen other contentious matters, all strident with the excitement of human differences. Agreements, for the most part, do not make big headlines, especially when they are reached under such obstacles as beset the arduous sessions of the UN Commission on Human Rights. The declaration is now ready for submission to the Economic and Social Council in July, for final approval. However, it has already sufficient finality to be extremely significant. The full applications of such a document, obviously, are not apparent at the moment of its first appearance; but become clear in the course of time, as its provisions are invoked by victims of injustice or planners of policies, by governments, parties, individuals, in good or bad faith.
History created the Human Rights Declaration, for it grew out of a general and agonized response to such frightful assaults upon the conscience of mankind as the world has never seen; out of the even more alarming consciousness that these same assaults are still continuing and threaten all of us in the near future; out of the determined action of enlightened American citizens at San Francisco, who urged the creation of a Commission on Human Rights as a "necessary part of permanent peace"; and, finally, out of the painstaking and persevering participation of a multitude of voluntary agencies, representing the moral and religious convictions of citizens at home and abroad.
It was a work that had to be undertaken, even if something far short of perfection was to be attained. Men of today, in the words of John W. Davis, chairman of the committee urging this procedure, "must set their feet on this path if civilization is to be justified by its work."
Perhaps the simplest observation to make about a document that would require a volume for adequate comment, is to say that considering the circumstances under which it was produced, it is remarkably good.
What we have to "consider" is the abnormal situation symbolized, let us say, by Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt when, as spokesman for the U. S. delegation to the Commission, she was endeavoring week after week and month after month to explain to the Soviet and satellite representatives just how people in the Western countries felt about such matters as the equal dignity and rights of human beings (Art. 1); involuntary servitude (Art. 4); arbitrary arrest (Art. 7); the right to leave any country, including ones own (Art. 11); the right to own property alone (Art. 15); to freedom of opinion and expression and "freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers" (Art. 17); the right to freedom of assembly and association (Art. 18); etc.
The influence of the religious groups is particularly evident in the assertion that "everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion, which includes the right to change his belief or to manifest it in public or in private." While this wording is not strictly acceptable from the Catholic viewpoint, the substance is guaranteed of what Catholics and all believers rightly claim against totalitarian invasion of the individuals rights. And the strong stand of the Catholic Church on the family is reflected in Art. 14, which states that "the family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection;"
The detailed "social" articles (20-23; 26) are a new departure in the field of human-rights declarations. Though they, in turn, reflect the strong pressure exerted by the Soviets for the embodiments of such pronouncements, their wording is entirely in accordance with well recognized Christian principles. They include the "right to work and pay, and to protection against unemployment" (Art. 21); the right to an adequate standard of living, and to security in the event of various disasters or old age (Art. 22:1); and state that "mother and child have the right to special care and assistance" (Art. 22:2). Generally popular is apt to be Art. 24: "Everyone has the right to rest and leisure."
The reception and study given to the Declaration will greatly affect the development of its sister document, the proposed Covenant on Human Rights, which is still to appear.
The Meaning of Man
Oct. 30, 1948
It is not too difficult to fall into the error of looking upon the work of drafting the proposed UN Declaration on Human Rights as an interesting but academic exercise, not comparable in importance with the stern work of the First Committee, which wrestles with political issues, security and the atomic bomb. Mr. Malik of Lebanon, Christian delegate from an Arab state, does not see it that way. On October 18, addressing the General Assembly, he reminded the representatives of the member states that the matter of human rights lies at the heart of the Charter. One of the reasons, in fact, for the very existence of the United Nations is "to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person ... " (Preamble to the UN Charter). Said Mr. Malik:
I know that the topics which will be examined by the First Committee are full of excitement, but such excitement comes and goes; and what abides is the final issue of principle in the present world situation. For everybody knows by now that the ultimate issues today are all ideological, and therefore it must be clear that even the political excitement of the First Committee derives its pathos and significance from the. underlying ideological conflict.
The disorder of this age, an age on which has fallen "the vengeance of the dark and primitive," is due to cynical neglect of the mind and spirit of man. Neglected, these pervert both themselves and the world. "The most important issue in the order of truth today," the Lebanese delegate concluded,
… is what constitutes the proper worth and dignity of man ...Unless this issue is rightly settled, there is no meaning to any other settlement. Do not tell me that you are going to settle Korea, and Germany, and Palestine, and atomic energy, and leave this central issue unsettled. For what is the use of a peace and a settlement in which man is left ambiguous, estranged from himself and from the truth?
Speeches like this are often crowded out in the press by "important" news. But if the UN does not heed Mr. Maliks admonitions, that will be important news; and its import will be ominous for us all.
Mrs. Roosevelt and Our Freedoms
Dec. 4, 1948
The universal right to rest, leisure, reasonably limited working hours and paid holidays was adopted on Nov. 20 as a part of the draft of the International Declaration of Human Rights that is now under discussion by the Social Committee of the UN General Assembly. As she has done on so many previous occasions, Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt raised an objection against a Soviet amendment. The proposed amendment, which was defeated, would have added a provision that these rights were to be guaranteed "either by law or by contractual agreements." Against this addition Mrs. Roosevelt made the point that these "legalistic" specifications were fitting in the Convention on Human Rights, which would be legally binding upon all the governments that adopted it. But the Declaration itself is simply a concise statement of Alexei P .. Pavlov, replied in the usual confusing fashion by making counter-charges and accusations. If anyone has followed the course of these debates, first at GenevaParis, he will doubtless wonder why the Soviet representatives keep on demanding for the Declaration a type of legal specification which has repeatedly been shown to belong not to the Declaration but to the Convention. The answer would seem to be found in the principle around which the debates themselves have clustered. The Soviets call the Declaration mere "empty promises" because from the very nature of their communist-revolutionary philosophy there can be no validity in any general principles of human rights. Mans rights and claims to freedom do not derive their validity from his innate spiritual dignity, in Marxist thought, but only from the urge of the revolutionary mass to which he belongs, enforced through the workers State. It is Mrs. Roosevelts merit that, as the United States representative, she has shown herself so consistently aware of this basic difference in philosophy. Her reputation would be excellent if the same straight thinking characterized some of her replies to queries in the popular magazines. It is too bad that so enlightened a defender of our human liberties, including that of religious freedom, should (in the Ladies Home Journal for Nov. 26) so decidedly confuse the issue by saying that religion should not be taught "in the public schools" because (?) "we decided long ago to separate church and state." Congress decided long ago that we should have schools to promote "morality and religion."
The Old Years legacy to the New
Jan. 1, 1949
Following his usual custom, Father Time arranged for the annual 51. Sylvester Day conference between the Old Year and the New on December 3l.
Old Year: Blessings on you, little man …
New Year: Thanks, but along with your blessing youre handing me an awful lot of trouble. I am trusting President Truman to handle the 81st Congress at home, but I thought the United Nations would have straightened out things abroad. Indonesia, for instance, or the dilemma in China.
Old Year: Well, I talked a good deal like that when I first took office. I guess it runs in the family. After all, I inherited the UN; I didnt create it. Some of these matters, like the Italian colonies and the admission of Israel to UN membership, I think you can settle better than I. On the other hand, I do feel quite annoyed that the question of Russias conduct in Berlin was allowed to bog down into a mess of merely technical discussions; and that, as a capital political problem, it was not dragged out into the spotlight for all the world to pronounce upon.
New Year: So, like J. G. Rogers in the N. Y. Herald Tribune, you find more to boast about in the social than in the political achievements of the United Nations.
Old Year: Meinetwegen, as the Germans say: so just let me boast. I dont think the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, approved on December 7 by the Social Committee of the UN General Assembly, was altogether such a bad job. It was the climax of three years hard work: first, in the UN Human Rights Commission, later in the Social Committee of the GA. It deals with an issue that convulses the whole world: the liberties that the individual wishes to preserve against the mounting tide of totalitarianism.
New Year: It describes liberties, but doesnt tell how to preserve them. I noticed that our hard-headed "realists," the Soviet representatives, thought that a Declaration means nothing unless a government is at hand to enforce its findings.
Old Year: That is precisely because it is a Declaration of principles, not a legally binding Covenant. Its importance lies in the fact that it is a step towards such a Covenant; or, rather, the GA Committees work is the first of two steps. The second step will be its adoption, as a Declaration, by the General Assembly when the latter meets in the fall. But as a Declaration it can be, and is, broader and freer than can reasonably be expected of a Covenant.
New Year: Father Time, however, tells me your famous Declaration is deprived of moral worth because it omits the name of God, our Creator and Final End. I note this objection was raised by the Netherlands delegate, L. J. C. Beaufort (AM. 12/18, p. 280) and by the Vatican paper, Osservatore Romano.
Old Year: Frankly, I am not much impressed by the attempts that have been made to justify that omission, and consider it a major defect. But along with this and other less striking defects, the document still retains such important significance that it would be as unwise to underestimate its importance as it would be to over-idealize it.
New Year: Looks to me as if the Declaration had appeased the Soviets.
Old Year: On the contrary, it was constructed throughout the long series of debates in the face of bitter Soviet opposition. As Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt, chief of the American delegation, remarked in her address at the Sorbonne on Sept. 28, 1948:
The Declaration has come [to the General Assembly] from the [UN] Human Rights Commission with unanimous acceptance except for four abstentions—the USSR, Yugoslavia, Ukraine and Byelorussia. The reason for this is a fundamental difference in the conception of human rights. as they exist in these States and in certain other Member States in the United Nations.
In other words, apart from all other considerations, the Declaration has special meaning as a world-wide protest against the Soviet falsification of the idea of liberty.
New Year: But is there any practical significance to it, apart from its being, as you say, a "step towards" the Covenant, and a "protest against" totalitarianism?
Old Year: The Declaration, for better or worse, is a code, and when you have a clearly formulated and widely publicized code, it finds its way through innumerable channels into party platforms, legislation and the framing of institutions. Were Father Time not getting so restless and rattling that old scythe of his, I could give you countless examples of how other codes have had this effect. Every article in this Declaration has a direct bearing upon legislation in every State in this country, and in Congress as well: rights to fair and public hearing…freedom of thought, conscience and religion...equal access to public service…work without discrimination…just remuneration…standard of living…prior right of parents to choose the kind of education that shall be given their children, etc. etc. Governments were quick to note the effect that the Declaration would have upon colonies, since it deals with the rights that come to people as individuals, not with rights that are to be communicated to them by the various states.
New Year: But the Soviets claim that it infringes on national sovereignty!
Old Year: Brig. Gen. Carlos P. Romulo, of the Philippines, contested this charge by pointing out that any lessening of national sovereignties which would be required by "a new world order under enforceable world law" would have to be made in the perspective of the Declaration, "as a result of the will of the free peoples determined to live together in a single and indivisible world."
New Year: But nothing will come of it unless it is used, unless it is acted upon.
Old Year: Which is but another way of saying that the Declaration is not only a step, a protest, a code, but also a tool—to be used or not used as human will determines. Again quoting Mrs. F. D. R.:
Freedom for our peoples is not only a right, but also a tool. Freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of information, freedom of assembly-these are not just abstract ideals to us; they are tools with which we create a way of life in which we can enjoy freedom .... I pray Almighty God that we may win another victory here for the rights and freedoms of all men.
For the first time in history, said Dr. Edward Malik of Lebanon, the worlds governments were told precisely what were the human rights to which they had pledged themselves.
At this moment Father Time ominously brandished his scythe—which, he explained, was neither a hammer nor a sickle—and the Old Year faded gracefully from our view.


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Programming giant Walt Disney Co. and pay-TV distributor Cablevision Systems Corp. have signed a wide-ranging agreement covering dozens of broadcast and cable channels including ABC, ESPN and Disney Channel.
As part of the deal, Cablevision has also agreed to carry a news and lifestyle channel from ABC and Univision that is being launched next year. The channel is an English-language service aimed at Latinos.
Cablevision will now also offer its subscribers the ability to watch ESPN, Disney Channel and other networks from tablet devices and phones both inside and outside the home.
"This significant agreement ensures that our customers will continue to have access to dozens of ABC, Disney and ESPN networks for years to come and, for the first time, they will be able to enjoy Disney and ESPN programming outside the home," said Cablevision President James L. Dolan.
-- Joe Flint, Los ANgeles Times


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by Paula M. Riley
It's a basic concept. By pulling together with others, you become stronger. This is what the Chestnut Hill community has been doing for the last five years ,and the results have been amazing.
Seth Shapiro, president of the Chestnut Hill Business Improvement District (BID), attributes collaboration in Chestnut Hill for the success of recent events, increased occupancy and accolades such as Philadelphia Magazine naming Chestnut Hill Best of Philly for Main Street Shopping 2012.
He explains that most local businesses, associations and institutions have very small staffs and small budgets. They have a hard time making a financial impact and recognized that they needed to work together to fight a challenging economy and competition from suburban and Center City destinations. By joining forces, they have experienced success that the entire community can enjoy.
In 2011, representatives from Chestnut Hill Business Association (CHBA), BID and business owners met with Chestnut Hill College to explore opportunities to work together. They learned that the College's Quidditch tournament drew 200 people from schools across the Northeast. CHBA and BID members asked each other, "How can we draw these people to the Avenue?" The answer? Turn Germantown Avenue in to Diagon Alley.
Thus, the Harry Potter Festival was born. A planning committee with representative from community organizations, local institutions and business was led by volunteer Mary Kate McGrath May. In its first year, the festival drew over 2,000 people from around the region and become one of Chestnut Hill's most successful weekends ever.
"We identified an asset that the college had, and, together, we built upon that asset," Shapiro said. "Everyone played a part."
Fast forward two years. There was an opportunity for Chestnut Hill to partner with the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society at the world's largest Flower Show. "Destination Chestnut Hill" involved all corners of the community and invited the over 350,000 Flower Show visitors to come explore Chestnut Hill.
With a booth featuring Chestnut Hill's signature lamp posts and cobblestone streets, "Destination Chestnut Hill" was created and staffed by community volunteers. Contributions from the CHBA, BID, Bowman Properties and others paid for the production of the booth, but it was the 100 volunteers that greeted visitors at the booth for a total of 103 hours that made it such a success.
These volunteers collected email addresses, encouraging visitors to join the raffle for "A Day in Chestnut Hill." Each day of the show, a winner received a package valued at $800 and included an overnight stay the Chestnut Hill Hotel, gift certificates to local restaurants, passes to Morris Arboretum or Woodmere Art Museum and items from local retailers.
"As a result of the Flower Show, we doubled the number of people on our mailing list," said Peggy Miller, deputy director of CHBA. "This is a huge accomplishment that wouldn't have been possible without all of us working together."
Pooling resources also led to the addition of the Mural Arts Program's "Wissahickon Crossing" on Bredenbeck's wall. The BID was the single largest financial contributor, but Shapiro was quick to point out that this is just a piece of the success.
"Once again, volunteers came together and crafted this community wide project," he said.
The mural is now included on the Mural Arts Germantown Tour, drawing more visitors to the business corridor.
"The business association works to draw shoppers to the Avenue businesses but ultimately, we are all working together to make the Avenue the best it can be for retailers, property owners, residents, and customers," Miller said.
A key element of the BID is the Retail Recruitment Program. Started four years ago based on recommendations from a study by Downtown Works, the retail recruitment program includes a full -time recruiter charged with drawing new businesses to the shopping corridor. Originally held by Eileen Reilly, the role is now filled by Laurie Wightman.
Since the inception of the Retail Recruitment Program, Mica, Heirloom, Thai Kuu, Chestnut 7 and Iron Hill Brewery joined Chestnut Hill's dining options. Retailers such as Indigo Schuy (Best of Philly winner), J.McLaughlin, Earth, Taste of Olive, Oxford Circus Toys, StyleCamp and many others have opened their doors and occupancy is now at 88 percent.
Residents often focus on vacancy rates, but Shapiro explains that the real question is whether the right occupancy is on the Avenue.
"The goal is to make sure people have access to all categories of retail so they don't have to go to Chemical Road – they can get all they need here in Chestnut Hill," he said.
In examining shopping competition, suburban malls and strip malls seem the obvious competitors. Shapiro points to the resources that surround the Chestnut Hill shopping corridor as the region's greatest advantage. Within a mile of the Germantown Avenue business district is Woodmere Art Museum, Chestnut Hill College, Morris Arboretum and Wissahickon Valley Park, these Shapiro says, are Chestnut Hill's "anchors."
Director and CEO of Woodmere Art Museum, William "Bill" Valerio, offers countless illustrations of how collaborating with other Chestnut Hill organizations and leaders have benefitted the overall community. Friday Night Jazz at Woodmere attracts almost 200 visitors to the Museum. After these early evening performances, guests head to the Avenue for drinks and dinner. Valerio worked with Miller at CHBA to create a postcard that includes a schedule of performance on one side and list of restaurants on the other.
"Just by providing the information to the customer, we can make a big impact," Valerio said. "These small interventions make a difference and illustrate how just a little bit of coordination can bind us together and enhance the visitor's experience in Chestnut Hill."
Pooling resources, sharing costs and leveraging assets is the hidden secret behind the increased occupancy, extensive exposure and successful programs in Chestnut Hill.
"Our entire community benefits from business, organizations and institutions working together, "said Miller. "We have long known how special Chestnut Hill is, and now, as result of our collaboration, greater Philadelphia knows this and they are coming in droves to check us out."


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March 2011, Volume 3, Issue 3
Check Your Calendars!!
Read Across America Day
March 2
Teen Tech Week
March 6-12
PLA Virtual Spring Symposium
March 30
Public Library Survey, closes March 31
ACRL Conference
March 30-April 2
School Library Month
April 1-30
National Poetry Month
April 1-30
School Library Survey, April 1- May 18
Money Smart Week®
April 2-9
South Dakota Library Week, April 10-16
National Library Week
April 10-16
National Preservation Week
April 24-30
El día de los niños / El día de los libros (Children's Day/Book Day)
April 30
Featured e-Resources of the Month
Resources to help you celebrate the holidays
Welcome to the Cornerstone Archives. Find the current newsletter at sdslcornertsone.blogspot.com.
In this month's issue
Library Headlines
South Dakota Library Week is coming April 10-16
Mark your calendars!
Public Library Survey deadline is March 31
The 2010 Public Library Survey launched on Feb. 1 and closes March 31.
Beresford Public Library's survey data leads to national rating
March Continuing Education Opportunities
Continue on to more Continuing Education Listings.
Children's and YA Services
Prairie Bud, Prairie Pasque and YARP votes pouring in
Great news! With five weeks left to vote, ten schools have already completed the 2011 online Prairie Bud/Prairie Pasque Book Award Contest voting survey.
Battle bullying with books
Did you know that 30 percent of teens in the U.S. are estimated to be involved in bullying as either a bully or a target of bullying, or both?
Branding with library mascots
The world of advertising and advocacy is buzzing about "branding."
E-content and accessibility
E-readers are making a big splash in libraries, but do they exclude readers with disabilities?
Featured e-Resources of the Month
Resources to help you celebrate the holidays
Whether you want information about leprechauns or famous women in history, turn to State Library electronic resources for answers to holiday and biography questions.
Grant Opportunities
Library Development
Money Smart Week @ Your Library is April 2-9
Let your library cash in on participation in Money Smart Week.
Research services keep pace with legislative session
Have you ever wondered what happens during legislative session in the state documents department at the State Library?
Board Talk: Orientation benefits new board members
Do you remember the first library board meeting you attended?
School Libraries
"Create Your Own Story" for School Library Month
April is School Library Month and the perfect opportunity to share the story of your school library with your community.
School Library Survey opens April 1
Information for completing the survey will be e-mailed to every district superintendent by March 30.
What's the buzz with Common Core Standards?
The American Association of School Librarians has recently posted an alignment of its Standards for the 21st-Century Learner with the Common Core Standards.
Trends & More
Helping genealogy researchers at your library
While Chase's Calendar of Events denotes March 12 as Genealogy Day, family history seekers drop into your libraries any day of the year. What's the best way to help them efficiently?
More resources in the news
Internet Safety, using free images, and global literacy
What is Library Development reading?
Reviews of Inside, Outside, and Online: Building Your Library Community by Chrystie Hill and No Shelf Required: E-Books in Libraries edited by Sue Polanka.
Why Didn't I Think of That?
Library ducks become a collection, a trademark and a theme
A few years ago, Jackie Aspelin, librarian and cheer coach for Agar-Blunt-Onida School District, received a yellow rubber duck sporting a purple bandana (school colors) as a gift from another staff member during homecoming week.
Teaching history with a Caldecott Honor Book and a cardboard box
Dakota Christian School Librarian, Lois Van Dusseldorp uses a simple cardboard box to help her elementary students understand history.
Students mind their mice manners at the Mouse Hole Library
When the library at St. Mary Elementary School in Sioux Falls moved to its new space in the basement, Librarian Coral Blickstead renamed it.
next: Library Headlines
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The Cornerstone monthly e-newsletter is created by the South Dakota State Library. For more information on how to be a part of this newsletter, please contact us via e-mail with your questions and ideas.


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As Greece Goes, So Go the Euro and US Equities
US equities are demonstrating similar price action to the euro. A move toward summer 2010 lows seems all but imminent.
1. Every bank in Greece will instantly become insolvent.
2. Greek government will gate all withdrawals (depositors) from its banks.
3. To prevent and manage riots by depositors, a curfew will be implemented. So far as to consider Martial Law.
4. Greek government will redenominate its debt into a new currency and immediately devalue it by 50-70%. By this action it will effectively default on 50-70% of its euro-denominated debt.
5. The Irish will piggyback these actions and within weeks, walk away from their banking debt obligations.
6. Portugal will closely monitor the behavioral chaos occurring in Greece, and then decide whether to default in turn.
7. Numerous French and German banks will be forced to take capital write-downs and go to market to raise fresh capital to meet sufficient requirements.
8. The ECB will become insolvent, due to high exposure levels to Greek government debt, its banking sector, and the Irish banking sector.
9. French and German governments will need to act quickly in order to recapitalize the ECB or allow them to begin printing money to restore solvency. Like the United States Federal Reserve, it can effectively print its way out but will need to reconfigure the founding charter in order to do so.
10. Germany and France will recapitalize all its banks and signal an end to future bailouts.
11. Spanish banking bond yields will skyrocket in anticipation of an ensuing default but will be saved by a series of debt for equity swaps.
12. Attention will then turn to British banks. Then we will see.
Some of these hypotheses are starting to work their way through the system; others are on a worst-case basis. Over the weekend Bloomberg reported: "BNP Paribas, down 52 percent since June 15, Societe Generale down 65 percent and Credit Agricole down 55 percent; France's largest banks by market value, may have their credit ratings cut by Moody's as soon as this week because of their Greek holdings." CDS on the French banks are reaching all-time highs. While on the issuance front, Italy brought nearly $16 Billion worth of debt to market today and paid up due to lack of demand.
U.S. equity markets are being dragged down by Europe, much like our global counterparts were hurt by our credit crisis in 2008. With a lack of a solidified plan of action from this weekend's G7 meeting, the equity slide will most certainly continue. The continued rhetoric of support out of G7 will not halt the deterioration in market confidence. The ECB needs to act decisively with a cut in interest rates and issuance of euro bonds. Germany and France must then step in as large buyers of these bonds along with injecting capital into their respective banks to shore up tangible common equity levels. The election results that went against Angela Merkel, sent the DAX spiraling late last week, signifies German citizens do not support propping up Greece and the like. According to Bloomberg, as of June 30, Deutsche Bank (DB) had $1.5 billion euros of net sovereign risk to Greece. The citizens and Merkel may not have a choice.
The euro looks to be in a long-term downward spiral, having just touched its 61 percent retracement level at 1.36 expect a short-term bounce then a move toward lows.
U.S. equities are also demonstrating similar price action to the euro. A move toward the summer of 2010 lows S&P 1040-1010 seems all but imminent.
Twitter: @PeterPrudden
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Kevinsteger needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 117 designs submitted by 35 freelance designers.
Startup Report
OUR MISSION is to provide free publicity services to the entrepreneurial community. Since our launch in May of 2010 we have grown like crazy and feel that now is the time to firmly establish our permanent brand identity.
About StartupReport.com:
Read by thousands of subscribers in over 100 countries worldwide, Portland, Oregon based StartupReport.com strives to be your #1 source for start-up related news. The publication serves a broad audience of entrepreneurs, angel investors, venture capitalists and other start-up enthusiasts. Consolidated start-up news feeds and press release services are the organizations primary focus.
All people interested in start-up companies ranging from college age entrepreneurs to a more mature angel investor or venture capitalist.
Our readers find us primarily through social networks such as Twitter and Facebook.
Ideas and Concepts we like:
+ Gears and engines (think starting and engine, ignition, etc.)
+ Newspapers & Printing presses
+ Light bulbs or other things you turn on
+ Broadcasting, radio towers, etc.
+ Trees, seeds & sprouts are OVERPLAYED in this market
The logo must include the company name, "Startup Report" as well as the slogan, "news for entrepreneurs".
The logo must also include a separate identifiable icon or image such as the gears shown in our logo today at startupreport.com to allow for square image formats for popular social network sites.
Fonts used must compliment existing fonts used in our website. Please include the Name & Source so we may acquire the font for future use.
Must include:
+ Delivery in Photoshop PSD or Gimp XCF format
+ Alpha & Layer masks to allow logo on multiple backgrounds
+ Saved paths/ channels/ etc. to allow future resizing
Logo will appear here http://startupreport.com and replace the existing logo found here http://startupreport.com/sites/star…a_logo.png
Other Required Formats:
100 x 60 for Linked-In company page ("Startup Report" only no slogan)
73 x 73 Square logo (no text)
48 x 48 Square logo (no text)
Go nuts, buddy. Feel free to change the red bar in our header to a color that compliments your logo.
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


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Mary Margaret Sweeney, 73, of Pocono Lake, died Wednesday, April 24, 2013, at Geisinger Wyoming Valley Medical Center.
Born in Bethlehem, she was the daughter of the late Phillip and Anne (Mellon) Sweeney.
A graduate of Bethlehem Catholic High School Class of 1957, Mary was a strong member of the Church Community. She belonged to St. Maximilian Kolbe Parish and also Christ the King Church, where she taught CCD classes for 10 years. Mary was also a community volunteer for Tunkhannock Township. Her biggest enjoyment's were attending church services, reading and always helping others in any way that she could.
She is survived by two sons, Brian Sterner and his wife, Pamela, of Castorland, N.Y., and Patrick Sterner of Bethlehem; three daughters, Coleen Dymond and her husband, Edward, of Fishersville, Va., Maureen Sterner and her companion, John Kadany, of Long Pond, and Kathleen Gray and her husband, Chadd, of Cresco; seven grandchildren, Edward Dymond, Courtney Dymond, Eric Sterner, Christian Sterner, Taylor Sterner, Kyle Gray and Meghan Gray; and three great-grandchildren. She was preceded in death by two sisters, Nancy Kreck and Patricia Bechdolt.
There will be a viewing from 5 to 7 p.m. Friday, April 26, at the Bolock Funeral Home, 6148 Paradise Valley Road, Cresco. There will be a second viewing from 9 to 10 a.m. Saturday, April 27, at St. Maximilian Kolbe Parish, 5112 Pocono Crest Road, Pocono Pines. The Rev. Fr. John Boyle will celebrate a Mass of Christian Burial at 10 a.m. Saturday, April 27, following viewing hours. Burial will be private.
In lieu of flowers, memorial contributions in Mary's honor may be sent to Bethlehem Catholic High School, 2133 Madison Ave., Bethlehem, PA 18017 or to St. Maximilian Kolbe Parish, PO Box O, Pocono Pines, PA 18350.
Bolock Funeral Home
6148 Paradise Valley Road, Cresco
Mary Margaret Sweeney
Mary Margaret Sweeney, 73, of Pocono Lake, died Wednesday, April 24, 2013, at Geisinger Wyoming Valley Medical Center.


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Accor North America, as part of the National Partnership for Environmental Priorities (NPEP), will replace the fluorescent bulbs it currently uses in its hotels with low-mercury bulbs. It will also recycle the mercury from the bulbs it replaces in its properties across the United States and Canada.
"Protecting public health and the environment is a team effort," said EPA acting regional administrator Lawrence E. Starfield. "The efforts of partners such as Accor North America are helping EPA improve our environment while inspiring others to do the same."
Headquartered in Carrollton, Texas, the company operates more than 1,000 properties including nationwide economy leaders Motel 6 and Studio 6, Sofitel Luxury Hotels and upscale Novotel locations.
"Our commitment to environmental awareness and the green initiatives we have implemented throughout our organization are an important part of our business model, and they contribute significantly to our success," said Oliver Poirot, chief executive officer for Accor North America, Motel 6 and Studio 6."
NPEP is a voluntary program with more than 240 members from private and public organizations nationwide. The goal of the program is the reduction, reuse or recycling of 31 priority chemicals. Priority chemicals are long-lasting substances that can build up in the food chain and cause harm to humans and the environment.
For more information, go to http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/minimize/npep/index.htm.


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Advanced Search
Strategic Directions | Feature
A Q&A with Marist College Senior Academic Technology Officer Josh Baron
What does "globalization" mean in higher education? For years, online courses and technologies have extended the reach of education worldwide. Institutions have long maintained international departments, and many colleges and universities now foster growing enrollments of international students on their local campuses. Increasingly, we find institutions operating programs or opening branch campuses in other countries. Given the myriad strategies that fall somewhere in this general summary, it's difficult to nail down a pat definition of "globalization" in higher education. But today we live in a global society, and whether your institution has simply added an international component to a campus here in the states or is operating degree-granting programs on foreign soil, it's going global.
Discussions one might find in the general press about the notion of "globalization" commonly focus on economic mechanisms, though they may also bring out social, political, or cultural attributes. But put the term in a higher education setting and you'll see values you won't necessarily find in other markets. Here, we examine globalization in the higher education context.
Mary Grush: What does "globalization" mean in higher education? And for the purposes of our discussion, is this different from "internationalization"?
Josh Baron: I think the terms globalization and internationalization actually go hand in hand in higher education, as in practice they seem to be used variously from institution to institution. Often schools want to internationalize their curriculum so that it represents different cultures and incorporates points of view from all over the world. At Marist College, we've focused rather intensively on this for two decades. Institutions may concentrate on recruiting foreign students to come to their U.S.-based campus as a way of internationalizing the campus community. Here at Marist, in Poughkeepsie, New York, we have a recruitment program in India, which brings 20-30 students in computer science here each year, and we have a similar program in China. From a business perspective, some institutions wish to compete globally and open branch campuses in other parts of the world. Marist is part of this growing trend and has a fully accredited branch campus in Florence, Italy through a partnership we have with Lorenzo de' Medici (LdM).
Globalization in higher education represents a whole spectrum of changes that are happening, relevant to the fact that we are living in an increasingly global society. It's interesting, too, to note the differences between globalization in higher education and other industries. While our institutions do compete with one another in this context, we also collaborate with each other in pretty significant ways that you wouldn't really find in the corporate world. So whether you're calling it internationalization or globalization, it's a bit of a unique thing in higher education.
Grush: How do students benefit when their institution is poised for globalization? And how might the institution offer a globalized learning experience for students?
Baron: It's hard to imagine a future in which our graduates would not be working globally and interacting with different cultures all over the world. So from that perspective, it's very important to expose our students to what other parts of the world are like so they may learn to collaborate and work productively in a global society.
To give a brief example, Marist has students located in study abroad sites around the world — Hong Kong, Paris, parts of Africa, and elsewhere. Through our student-centered podcasting initiative, these students generate, share, and compare observations as part of their online courses, based on their experiences with the cultures in which they are immersed. This is a great example of how we have taken a traditional online course and "globalized" it by incorporating the learning experiences of our students abroad.
Grush: Is the research experience becoming globalized?
Baron: A number of projects are trying to provide better connections for researchers globally. Academic networking and cloud-based technologies can give researchers a new platform both to collaborate and to connect with one another on a global scale.
Originally, people thought that the learning management system would address this need, but we've found that learning management systems are too closed, by design, to support global research collaborations and provide relevant connections to colleagues worldwide.
Today, Marist is involved, along with Cambridge University, the ESUP Portail open source community — and others — in the Open Academic Environment (OAE) project, through the Apereo foundation (Apereo.org). The goal of the project is to develop and pilot a truly global academic collaboration platform. Initial pilots began this past September.
A related effort is VIVO, an open source semantic Web application and standard for researcher academic profiles. It facilitates global academic networking, using analytics.
Grush: What are some of the other IT-supported strategies and technologies that either can promote, or may have to change in order to promote, globalization? Are we now in the best position in history (technologically) for institutions to leverage technology to create true change in global education?
Baron: We may be getting there. To help answer this I'll circle back a little bit to the OAE, which has adopted a cloud-ready technology stack that includes the NoSQL Apache Cassandra solution that, as far as I know, has never been deployed in higher education. Fundamentally it's the same technology employed by Twitter or Netflix, that allows you to create collaboration environments in the cloud and scale them to a level that was never imagined previously — literally to millions of people. Maybe even to the "Enrollment: Earth" you were mentioning earlier, Mary! But it's important to have that kind of capability and capacity in higher education for a lot of reasons. For example, if you want to have every single researcher and every institution in higher education around the world to be collaborating with each other in a common environment, you need something that can scale up dramatically. It's only been in the last 10 years that this type of technology has been used in production in other markets, and only in the past two years or so that we have seen higher education start to experiment with it.
Another area that's going to be important is open technologies. For example, the work that Creative Commons has done, or global consortia around open content… A number of open initiatives have started to push out of the national scale and into the global arena. If we were to create institutional or national silos, even of open content, that's not going to be very efficient. So globalization of open content is going to be crucial.
Further, internationalization in software development — a strategy that addresses the translation of program and technology elements into other spoken/written languages and contexts — is another aspect of globalization that organizations need to address as the technology is expected to perform on a world stage. This may seem to be a somewhat technical point, but it's just one of the many real issues to be addressed and one of the reasons why we need leadership in both strategic and functional areas by global organizations like Apereo.
Grush: Globalization has been talked about in higher education for a long time. What's especially relevant now?
Baron: I've traveled internationally pretty extensively. And I have to say that one thing that always amazes me is that across the board, without exception, every place I've been, higher education seems to be facing the same major challenges: quality issues, cost issues, and access issues. We often refer to this as the "iron triangle" because when you positively impact on one of the three challenges, you often negatively impact on one of the others. Given the globalization of communication technology, the ability for us to connect and collaborate globally, and given our culture in higher education of cooperation and collaboration, it seems like there is a huge imperative right now for higher education to work globally in order to overcome these challenges, to break the iron triangle.
It's particularly important that higher education collaborates globally around technologies that are critical to our missions. And, this speaks to the strategic importance of higher education open source communities and organizations also leading the work on a global scale.
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Robert Hayden was sworn in as Brockton's interim police chief on Friday, bringing with him a three-ponged plan on how to tackle crime in the city.
If you're a resident of Brockton, you don't want to be on interim Police Chief Robert Hayden's list.
The new leader of Brockton's Police Department, announced his three-pronged plan for tackling crime during his swearing-in ceremony on Friday at City Hall.
The first step in that plan? Working with Brockton's police officers to create a list of the city's worst criminals: gangsters, pimps and armed robbers, and then taking them off of the streets.
In addition to that, Hayden, who lives in Hingham, said he plans to create a motorcycle unit to patrol the city's neighborhoods and arrest street criminals, and he wants to work with social service agencies to try to reach at-risk children before they turn to crime.
"I will give you every ounce of my strength to try and make this city safer," Hayden said, during the ceremony.
A number of politicians and law enforcement officials that had worked with Hayden over his career were also on hand for the event, including former Ambassador to Vatican City and Boston Mayor Ray Flynn and former Lawrence Mayor Mary Kennedy.
"I think he's a perfect fit here for the city of Brockton," said Flynn, who was mayor of Boston when Hayden was a Deputy Superintendent in the city's police department. "He's tough, but he's compassionate."
Flynn added that he often gave Hayden the difficult assignments when he was running Boston, including cleaning up Boston Common, which had become known as a haven for drug dealers at that time.
"There were people selling drugs, and there were people that were on drugs," Flynn said, of the Common. "He arrested the people that were selling drugs, and the people who were on drugs he got into a halfway house."
Kennedy said that when took office in Lawrence, she knew the biggest decision she had to make was who was going to head the police department.
"We chose Bob (Hayden) and never had any regrets whatsoever," Kennedy said.


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Financial Markets…High-yielding European government bonds rallied on Thursday, pushing their borrowing costs to multi-year lows, amid growing speculation that the European Central Bank will provide further monetary stimulus to bolster a slow economic recovery. Spanish 10-year bonds gained for a fifth day, sending yields to a new eight-year low of 3.271%. Italian 10-year yields fell to as low as 3.29%, the lowest level since September 2005, while comparable Portuguese yields fell to a four-year low of 4.091%. Italian government plans to sell as much as €10 billion ($13.8 billion) of debt tomorrow.
Ukraine reached a preliminary deal with the International Monetary Fund for a two-year loan of $14 billion to $18 billion, which will be the nation's third rescue package from the IMF since 2008. As part of the IMF deal, Ukraine agreed to significant fiscal tightening, with a target of narrowing the budget deficit to 2.5% of GDP by 2016, and a shift to a flexible exchange rate and inflation targeting. The IMF agreement is set to unlock a planned $27 billion of international aid from the European Union, the United States, and other lenders over two years.
High Income Economies…U.S. GDP growth in Q4 2013 was upwardly revised from the earlier estimate of 2.4% (q/q saar) to 2.6%, which is significantly lower than Q3's 4.1% increase. The smaller-than-expected upward revision primarily reflected a larger than previously estimated increase in consumer spending, which was partly offset by downward revisions to non-residential fixed investment and to private inventory investment.
At the same time, U.S. first time jobless claims unexpectedly fell to 311,000 in the week ended March 22nd, a decrease of 10,000 from the previous week's revised figure of 321,000. With the unexpected decrease, jobless claims more than offset the increase seen in the previous week, falling to their lowest level since hitting 305,000 in the week ended November 30th. The four-week moving average dropped from the previous week's revised average of 327,250 to 317,750, its lowest level since September. Meanwhile, continuing claims also fell to 2.82 million in the week ended March 15th from the preceding week's revised level of 2.88 million.
With manufacturers' assessment on order books and inventories improving, Italy's business confidence, as measured by the manufacturing confidence index, rose for a second straight month in March, from 99.1 in February to 99.2, the highest since June 2011.
Developing Economies…East Asia and Pacific: The Philippines' central bank kept its key policy rate unchanged, but raised the reserve requirements by one percentage point, effective April 4, 2014, to absorb excess liquidity. Noting that the balance of risks to the inflation outlook continued to be to the upside, the central bank left the reverse repurchase rate at 3.5% as expected. The repurchase rate was also left unchanged at 5.5%.
Latin America and the Caribbean: Brazil's unemployment rate rose for the second consecutive month to 5.1% in February, up from 4.8% in January, but lower than the 5.6% recorded in February 2013. Month-on-month, the number of unemployed persons rose 6.9% (m/m) over January, but fell 8.3% year-on-year. Average real wages rose 0.8% (m/m) and 3.1% (y/y) in February.
Sub-Saharan Africa: The South African central bank left the benchmark repo rate unchanged at 5.5% for the second consecutive meeting as expected, noting that upside risks to the inflation outlook persisted while the domestic economic growth environment remained subdued.
Meanwhile, South Africa's producer price inflation rose further, accelerating to 7.7% (y/y) in February, after increasing to 7% (y/y) in January. Month-on-month, producer prices rose 1.3% (m/m) in February, increasing from 1.0% in January.


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At the G Institute, PC Gaming is Logitech's Pursuit
Subject: General Tech, Cases and Cooling, Shows and Expos | March 21, 2013 - 03:23 PM | Scott Michaud
Tagged: PAX East 2013, PAX East, PAX, logitech
Despite recent incidents with a genetic lifeform and disk operating system, we PC gamers love our science. Yesterday, Logitech claims they renewed their commitment to both PC gaming and science just in time for PAX East 2013.
Let us just hope the pi's not a lie. Hehehe, that rhymes.
While the commercial looks and sounds like the "G" stands for "Gatorade", it really beckons the launch of eight new accessory products: four new mice, two new keyboards, and two new headsets.
Logitech G700s Rechargeable Gaming Mouse
13 programmable controls
Logitech G500s Laser Gaming Mouse
Weight/balance adjustments
Dual-mode scroll wheel
Logitech G400s Optical Gaming Mouse
"Delta Zero" sensor technology
8 programmable controls
Logitech G100s Optical Gaming Mouse
"Delta Zero" sensor technology
Logitech G19s Gaming Keyboard
Full-Color LCD
Custom backlighting
12 programmable "G-keys"
Logitech G510s Gaming Keyboard
Standard LCD
Custom backlighting
18 programmable "G-keys"
Logitech G430 Surround Sound Gaming Headset
7.1 surround sound
Logitech G230 Stereo Gaming Headset
40mm drivers
3.5mm stereo audio and mic
Check in after the break for the official press blast.
Logitech Renews Commitment to PC Gaming, Introduces New Lineup
New Logitech G Line of Accessories Proves Science Wins
NEWARK, Calif. — March 20, 2013 — Today Logitech (SIX: LOGN) (NASDAQ: LOGI) announced the new Logitech® G line, reflecting its new approach to PC gaming. The new lineup includes six redesigned mice and keyboard favorites and two new headsets.
"With Logitech G, we put our passion for science to work for you," said Ehtisham Rabbani, general manager of the Logitech gaming business group. "Just as gamers are compelled to beat levels, our engineers are compelled to test scientific theories. For close to 20 years the relentless pursuit of what's next has been our game – and we're pretty darn good at it. With Logitech G we will continue to push the limits of speed, precision, reliability – even intuitiveness. We do it because gamers expect us to push the limits as far as they do. Every inspired design choice and late-night engineering argument serves but one purpose, to help gamers play their best. When science wins – gamers win."
Using infrared technology, Logitech studied the interaction between hand and device during gameplay. As a result, gamers can expect to see several advancements in the new Logitech G lineup.
To improve durability and comfort, advanced surface materials were added to strategic tactile zones discovered through testing. For heavy contact zones, Logitech has added fingerprint-resistant coatings, while palm areas feature a hydrophobic coating to help keep your hands from sticking. Depending on the model, the mice also have a soft or dry grip for increased comfort and control. The two keyboards feature a double UV coating on the keys for extra durability and long life, and a fingerprint-resistant coating on the faceplate.
In addition, the Logitech G100s Optical Gaming Mouse and G400s Optical Gaming Mouse feature exclusive Delta Zero sensor technology. Optimized for high-accuracy cursor control, this new sensor technology accurately responds to hand movements. Plus, all of the new Logitech G mice have low-friction polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) feet, which reduce drag for faster motions, smoother cursor movements and improved accuracy.
The lineup includes:
Logitech G700s Rechargeable Gaming Mouse
The Logitech® G700s Rechargeable Gaming Mouse is a wireless gaming mouse with the report rate of a wired gaming mouse. In fact, it maintains a consistent report rate, whether over 2.4 GHz wireless or connected by USB, up to eight times faster than a standard USB mouse. If your game goes long, you can keep playing and recharge the mouse simultaneously by switching seamlessly to a data-over-cable connection using a standard Micro-USB cable. The mouse has a durable hydrophobic coating on the palm area that helps keep your palm from sticking to the mouse, and dry grip on the sides ensures a steady hand. You can elevate your in-game skills with 13 programmable controls that let you program single actions, complex macros with multiple keystrokes, repeating and user-defined delays, when you download Logitech Gaming Software (LGS). The Logitech G700s Rechargeable Gaming Mouse is expected to be available for a suggested retail price of $99.99.
Logitech G500s Laser Gaming Mouse
For FPS gamers, the Logitech® G500s Laser Gaming Mouse packs a gaming grade laser for precise cursor control on a wide variety of surfaces and a hyper-fast dual-mode scroll wheel. It also features a durable hydrophobic coating to help keep your palm from sticking and dry grip for a steady hand. It has up to 27 grams of customizable weight and center of gravity adjustment, meaning you can tune it to your preferred play style. You can switch from pixel-precise targeting at 200 DPI to lightning-fast maneuvers at up to 8200 DPI with two buttons sitting in easy reach near your index finger. The Logitech G500s Laser Gaming Mouse features 10 programmable controls, which require LGS. The optional software can also be used to reassign game commands or multi-command macro. The Logitech G500s Laser Gaming Mouse is expected to be available for a suggested retail price of $69.99.
Logitech G400s Optical Gaming Mouse
The Logitech® G400s Optical Gaming Mouse pushes the high standards set by the Logitech® MX518 Optical Gaming Mouse and Logitech® Optical Gaming Mouse G400. This full-feature gaming mouse is built specifically for FPS games and includes Logitech's exclusive Delta Zero sensor technology for high-accuracy cursor control. It also has a hydrophobic coating to help keep your hand from sticking, as well as soft-touch grip areas and fingerprint-resistant coatings on the primary buttons to resist fading. With LGS, you can customize the eight programmable buttons, and the mouse also features primary mechanical microswitches rated to a 20 million-click lifespan. The programmable buttons allow you to shift through multiple DPI settings to quickly select on-screen options, scan the game map, pull off 180-degree flick-shots at 4000 DPI or downshift for pixel-precise FPS sniper targeting or RTS unit selection at 400 DPI – all conveniently located above and below the scroll wheel. The Logitech G400s Optical Gaming Mouse is expected to be available for a suggested retail price of $59.99.
Logitech G100s Optical Gaming Mouse
The Logitech® G100s Optical Gaming Mouse is simple to use and specifically crafted for your favorite RTS and MOBA games. Built to extend the powerful legacy of the Logitech® G1 Mouse and the Logitech® Gaming Mouse G100, it features buttons designed for heavy clicking and the Logitech exclusive Delta Zero sensor technology for accuracy at any hand speed. While a typical mouse cannot withstand the rigors of intense gaming, the ultra-durable Logitech G100s Gaming Mouse has upgraded primary mechanical microswitches rated to a 20 million-click lifespan. The mouse also has a durable hydrophobic coating on the palm area to help keep your hand from sticking, and the primary buttons have fingerprint-resistant coating to prevent fading. Whether using claw grip or conventional, with small hands or large – the ambidextrous inverted trapezoid shape encourages a sure grip through long sessions. The Logitech G100s Optical Gaming Mouse is expected to be available for a suggested retail price of $39.99.
Logitech G19s Gaming Keyboard
The Logitech® G19s Gaming Keyboard feeds you a steady flow of intel, including vital stats, game specific apps and customizable information panels, all in full color on an integrated, adjustable GamePanel™ LCD. With custom-color backlighting, you can choose from 16 million shades and assign a specific color to every profile and profile mode in the same game. The keyboard also features advanced surface materials for durability and comfort. A hydrophobic coating on the palm rest helps keep your hands from sticking, while the durable double UV coating gives keys extra long life. With LGS, you can configure the 12 programmable G-Keys with up to 36 different functions across three different modes with three macros per key. Two High-Speed USB 2.0 ports let you transfer data to and from accessories – such as MP3 players and flash drives – while also charging battery powered devices. The keyboard also includes anti-ghosting over 26 keys so you can perform multiple complex actions without interference or ghosting. The Logitech G19s Gaming Keyboard is expected to be available for a suggested retail price of $199.99.
Logitech G510s Gaming Keyboard
To make complex actions simple, the Logitech® G510s Gaming Keyboard provides 18 programmable G-keys, which allow you to configure up to 54 different functions across three different modes, with three macros per key, when you download LGS. In addition to custom-color backlighting it features a backlit GamePanel™ LCD, so not only can you stay informed with real-time game stats, system information and VoIP communication data, you can also develop or add community-created applets to work with your GamePanel. It also has a hydrophobic coating on the palm rest to help keep your hands from sticking, and a double UV coating on the keys for extra durability and long life. The Logitech G510s Gaming Keyboard is expected to be available for a suggested retail price of $119.99.
Logitech G430 Surround Sound Gaming Headset
Similar to the Logitech® G35 Surround Sound Headset and Logitech® Wireless Gaming Headset G930, the Logitech® G430 Surround Sound Gaming Headset is powered by Dolby® Headphone technology to create an immersive 360-degree sound field that gives you the advantage of hearing what you can't see in a game, from footsteps to sirens. With Dolby Headphone 7.1 surround sound, you'll hear up to seven discrete channels of audio data plus a Low Frequency Effects channel. Similar to the Logitech G230 Surround Sound Gaming Headset, this headset also provides washable ear cups that offer a soft, comfortable fit for long gaming sessions. When you want to be heard, the noise-canceling mic can be adjusted to pick up your voice alone. When the mic is not in use, you can easily fold it up and out of the way. The Logitech G430 Surround Sound Gaming Headset is expected to be available for a suggested retail price of $79.99.
Logitech G230 Stereo Gaming Headset
The Logitech® G230 Stereo Gaming Headset delivers high-quality stereo sound by using 40 mm neodymium drivers to keep you immersed in the game from start to finish for FPS, MMO or adventure-type games. And because marathon gaming yields heat and sweat, the new headset features ear pieces covered with washable performance-sport cloth for a comfortable, soft touch even after hours of use. With a flexible, noise-canceling folding mic, sound is focused on your voice, practically eliminating background noise for better audio quality. In-line audio controls for volume and microphone mute are within easy reach on the connection cable. The Logitech G230 Stereo Gaming Headset is expected to be available for a suggested retail price of $59.99.
Each of these products is expected to be available in the U.S. beginning in April 2013 and in Europe beginning May 2013. For more information please visit gaming.logitech.com or our blog.
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wotithink: Logitech releases the same thing with a new, somehow uglier, livery. Obviously aesthetics are opinion and purely subjective.
Logitech makes no attempt to improve what I consider to be flawed keyboards. Logitech keyboards do not use anything close to a standard size key and the spacing on them always throws me off. Most of all, a gaming line without a cherry mx keyboard, seriously? Logitech could probably get people to buy $300 keyboards if G19s were mechanical. I mean, they buy $1,000 graphics cards, right?
No one cares about Logitech headsets, most of us use real headphones, not overpriced Chinese made crap. Why the heck does the G230 have a 3.5mm jack for the microphone, make that USB already.
Logitech, stop trying to milk your already saturated base and release actual new products that people want.
Quite unfortunate that they didn't go the minimalist design route this time :( Those mice just look way too busy