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Microscope, instrument that produces enlarged images of small objects, allowing the observer an exceedingly close view of minute structures at a scale convenient for examination and analysis. Although optical microscopes are the subject of this article, an image may also be enlarged by many other wave forms, including acoustic, X-ray, or electron beam, and be received by direct or digital imaging or by a combination of these methods. The microscope may provide a dynamic image (as with conventional optical instruments) or one that is static (as with conventional scanning electron microscopes).
The magnifying power of a microscope is an expression of the number of times the object being examined appears to be enlarged and is a dimensionless ratio. It is usually expressed in the form 10× (for an image magnified 10-fold), sometimes wrongly spoken as "ten eks"—as though the × were an algebraic symbol—rather than the correct form, "ten times." The resolution of a microscope is a measure of the smallest detail of the object that can be observed. Resolution is expressed in linear units, usually micrometres (μm).
The most familiar type of microscope is the optical, or light, microscope, in which glass lenses are used to form the image. Optical microscopes can be simple, consisting of a single lens, or compound, consisting of several optical components in line. The hand magnifying glass can magnify about 3 to 20×. Single-lensed simple microscopes can magnify up to 300×—and are capable of revealing bacteria—while compound microscopes can magnify up to 2,000×. A simple microscope can resolve below 1 micrometre (μm; one millionth of a metre); a compound microscope can resolve down to about 0.2 μm.
Images of interest can be captured by photography through a microscope, a technique known as photomicrography. From the 19th century this was done with film, but digital imaging is now extensively used instead. Some digital microscopes have dispensed with an eyepiece and provide images directly on the computer screen. This has given rise to a new series of low-cost digital microscopes with a wide range of imaging possibilities, including time-lapse micrography, which has brought previously complex and costly tasks within reach of the young or amateur microscopist.
Other types of microscopes use the wave nature of various physical processes. The most important is the electron microscope, which uses a beam of electrons in its image formation. The transmission electron microscope (TEM) has magnifying powers of more than 1,000,000×. TEMs form images of thin specimens, typically sections, in a near vacuum. A scanning electron microscope (SEM), which creates a reflected image of relief in a contoured specimen, usually has a lower resolution than a TEM but can show solid surfaces in a way that the conventional electron microscope cannot. There are also microscopes that use lasers, sound, or X-rays. The scanning tunneling microscope (STM), which can create images of atoms, and the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM), which generates images using electrons of specimens in a gaseous environment, use other physical effects that further extend the types of objects that can be examined.
History of optical microscopes
The concept of magnification has long been known. About 1267 English philosopher Roger Bacon wrote in Perspectiva, "[We] may number the smallest particles of dust and sand by reason of the greatness of the angle under which we may see them," and in 1538 Italian physician Girolamo Fracastoro wrote in Homocentrica, "If anyone should look through two spectacle glasses, one being superimposed on the other, he will see everything much larger."
Three Dutch spectacle makers—Hans Jansen, his son Zacharias Jansen, and Hans Lippershey—have received credit for inventing the compound microscope about 1590. The first portrayal of a microscope was drawn about 1631 in the Netherlands. It was clearly of a compound microscope, with an eyepiece and an objective lens. This kind of instrument, which came to be made of wood and cardboard, often adorned with polished fish skin, became increasingly popular in the mid-17th century and was used by the English natural philosopher Robert Hooke to provide regular demonstrations for the new Royal Society. These demonstrations commenced in 1663, and two years later Hooke published a folio volume titled Micrographia, which introduced a wide range of microscopic views of familiar objects (fleas, lice, and nettles among them). In this book he coined the term cell.
Hidden in the unnumbered pages of Micrographia's preface is a description of how a single high-powered lens could be made into a serviceable microscope, and it was using this design that the Dutch civil servant Antonie van Leeuwenhoek began his pioneering observations of freshwater microorganisms in the 1670s. He made his postage-stamp-sized microscopes by hand, and the best of them could resolve details around 0.7 μm. His fine specimens discovered in excellent condition at the Royal Society more than three centuries later prove what a great technician he was. Using his simple microscope, Leeuwenhoek effectively launched microbiology in 1674, and single-lensed microscopes remained popular until the 1850s. In 1827 they were used by Scottish botanist Robert Brown to demonstrate the ubiquity of the cell nucleus, a term he coined in 1831.
Simple microscopes using single lenses can generate fine images; however, they can also produce spurious colours due to chromatic aberration, in which different wavelengths of light do not come to the same focus. The aberrations were worse in the compound microscopes of the time, because the lenses magnified the aberrations at least as much as they magnified the images. Although the compound microscopes were beautiful objects that conferred status on their owners, they produced inferior images. In 1733 the amateur English optician Chester Moor Hall found by trial and error that a combination of a convex crown-glass lens and a concave flint-glass lens could help to correct chromatic aberration in a telescope, and in 1774 Benjamin Martin of London produced a pioneering set of colour-corrected lenses for a microscope.
The appearance of new varieties of optical glasses encouraged continued development of the microscope in the 19th century, and considerable improvements were made in understanding the geometric optics of image formation. The concept of an achromatic (non-colour-distorting) microscope objective was finally introduced in 1791 by Dutch optician Francois Beeldsnijder, and the English scientist Joseph Jackson Lister in 1830 published a work describing a theoretical approach to the complete design of microscope objectives. The physics of lens construction was examined by German physicist Ernst Abbe. In 1868 he invented an apochromatic system of lenses, which had even better colour correction than achromatic lenses, and in 1873 he published a comprehensive analysis of lens theory. Light microscopes that were produced in the closing quarter of the 19th century reached the effective limits of optical microscopy. Subsequent instruments, such as phase-contrast microscopes, interference microscopes, and confocal microscopes, solved specific problems that had arisen during the study of specimens such as living cells.
The simple microscope
The simple microscope consists of a single lens traditionally called a loupe. The most familiar present-day example is a reading or magnifying glass. Present-day higher-magnification lenses are often made with two glass elements that produce a colour-corrected image. They can be worn around the neck packaged in a cylindrical form that can be held in place immediately in front of the eye. These are generally referred to as eye loupes or jewelers' lenses. The traditional simple microscope was made with a single magnifying lens, which was often of sufficient optical quality to allow the study of microscopical organisms including Hydra and protists.
It is instinctive, when one wishes to examine the details of an object, to bring it as near as possible to the eye. The closer the object is to the eye, the larger the angle that it subtends at the eye, and thus the larger the object appears. If an object is brought too close, however, the eye can no longer form a clear image. The use of the magnifying lens between the observer and the object enables the formation of a "virtual image" that can be viewed in comfort. To obtain the best possible image, the magnifier should be placed directly in front of the eye. The object of interest is then brought toward the eye until a clear image of the object is seen.
Without lenses, the highest possible magnification is when the object is brought to the closest position at which a clear virtual image is observed. For many people, this image distance is about 25 cm (10 inches). As people age, the nearest point of distinct vision recedes to greater distances, thus making a magnifier a useful adjunct to vision for older people.
The magnifying power, or extent to which the object being viewed appears enlarged, and the field of view, or size of the object that can be viewed, are related by the geometry of the optical system. A working value for the magnifying power of a lens can be found by dividing the least distance of distinct vision by the lens' focal length, which is the distance from the lens to the plane at which the incoming light is focused. Thus, for example, a lens with a least distance of distinct vision of 25 cm and a focal length of 5 cm (2 inches) will have a magnifying power of about 5×.
If the diameter of the magnifying lens is sufficient to fill or exceed the diameter of the pupil of the eye, the virtual image that is viewed will appear to be of substantially the same brightness as the original object. The field of view of the magnifier will be determined by the extent to which the magnifying lens exceeds this working diameter and also by the distance separating the lens from the eye. The clarity of the magnified virtual image will depend upon the aberrations present in the lens, its contour, and the manner in which it is used.
Various aberrations influence the sharpness or quality of the image. Chromatic aberrations produce coloured fringes about the high-contrast regions of the image, because longer wavelengths of light (such as red) are brought to focus in a plane slightly farther from the lens than shorter wavelengths (such as blue). Spherical aberration produces an image in which the centre of the field of view is in focus when the periphery may not be and is a consequence of using lenses with spherical (rather than nonspherical, or aspheric) surfaces. Distortion produces curved images from straight lines in the object. The type and degree of distortion visible is intimately related to the possible spherical aberration in the magnifier and is usually most severe in high-powered lenses.
The aberrations of a lens increase as the relative aperture (i.e., the working diameter divided by the focal length) of the lens is increased. Therefore, the aberrations of a lens whose diameter is twice the focal length will be worse than those of a lens whose diameter is less than the focal length. There is thus a conflict between a short focal length, which permits a high magnifying power but small field of view, and a longer focal length, which provides a lower magnifying power but a larger linear field of view. (Leeuwenhoek's high-powered lenses of the 1670s had a focal length—and thus a working distance—of a few millimetres. This made them difficult to use, but they provided remarkable images that were not bettered for a century.)
Types of magnifiers
There are several types of magnifiers available. The choice of an optical design for a magnifier depends upon the required power and the intended application of the magnifier.
For low powers, about 2–10×, a simple double convex lens is applicable. (Early simple microscopes such as Leeuwenhoek's magnified up to 300×.) The image can be improved if the lens has specific aspheric surfaces, as can be easily obtained in a plastic molded lens. A reduction of distortion is noted when an aspheric lens is used, and the manufacture of such low-power aspheric plastic magnifiers is a major industry. For higher powers of 10–50×, there are a number of forms for magnifiers in which the simple magnifier is replaced by a compound lens made up of several lenses mounted together.
A direct improvement in the distortion that may be expected from a magnifier can be obtained by the use of two simple lenses, usually plano-convex (flat on one side, outward-curved on the other, with the curved surfaces facing each other). This type of magnifier is based upon the eyepiece of the Huygenian telescope, in which the lateral chromatic aberration is corrected by spacing the elements a focal length apart. Since the imaging properties are provided and shared by two components, the spherical aberration and the distortion of the magnifier are greatly reduced over those of a simple lens of the same power.
A Coddington lens combines two lens elements into a single thick element, with a groove cut in the centre of the element to select the portion of the imaging light with the lowest aberrations. This was a simple and inexpensive design but suffers from the requirement that the working distance of the magnifier be very short.
More-complex magnifiers, such as the Steinheil or Hastings forms, use three or more elements to achieve better correction for chromatic aberrations and distortion. In general, a better approach is the use of aspheric surfaces and fewer elements.
Mirrors are also used. Reflecting microscopes, in which the image is magnified through concave mirrors rather than convex lenses, were brought to their peak of perfection in 1947 by British physicist C.R. Burch, who made a series of giant instruments that used ultraviolet rays. There is no chromatic aberration using a reflector, and distortion and spherical aberration are controlled through the introduction of a carefully contoured aspheric magnifying mirror. Present-day reflecting microscopes are confined to analytical instruments using infrared rays.
The compound microscope
The limitations on resolution (and therefore magnifying power) imposed by the constraints of a simple microscope can be overcome by the use of a compound microscope, in which the image is relayed by two lens arrays. One of them, the objective, has a short focal length and is placed close to the object being examined. It is used to form a real image in the front focal plane of the second lens, the eyepiece or ocular. The eyepiece forms an enlarged virtual image that can be viewed by the observer. The magnifying power of the compound microscope is the product of the magnification of the objective lens and that of the eyepiece.
In addition to these two lens arrays, a compound microscope consists of a body tube, in which the lenses can be housed and kept an appropriate distance apart; a condenser lens that lies beneath the specimen stage and focuses light upon the specimen; and an illumination system, which either transmits light through or reflects light from the object being examined. A method for focusing the microscope, usually with coarse and fine focusing controls, must also be provided.
The basic form of a compound microscope is monocular: a single tube is used, with the objective at one end and a single eyepiece at the other. In order to permit viewing with two eyes and thereby increase comfort and acuity, a single objective can be employed in a binocular tube fitted with a matched pair of eyepieces; beam-splitting prisms are used to send half of the light from the image formed by the objective to each eye. These prisms are mounted in a rotating mechanical assembly so that the separation between the eyepieces can be made to match the required interpupillary distance for the observer. A true stereoscopic microscope is configured by using two objectives and two eyepieces, enabling each eye to view the object separately, making it appear three-dimensional.
There are some obvious geometric limitations that apply to the design of microscope optics. The attainable resolution, or the smallest distance at which two points can be seen as separate when viewed through the microscope, is the first important property. This is generally set by the ability of the eye to discern detail, as well as by the basic physics of image formation.
The eye's ability to discern detail is determined by several factors, including the level of illumination and the degree of contrast between light and dark regions on the object. Under reasonable light conditions, a normal eye with good visual acuity is capable of seeing two high-contrast points if they subtend a visual angle of at least one arc minute in size. Thus, at a nominal viewing distance of 25 cm (10 inches), the points must be at least 0.1 mm (0.004 inch) apart for the eye to see them as separate. With a simple magnifier of 10×, an observer can see two points separated by perhaps 0.01 mm (0.0004 inch); and with a compound microscope magnifying 100×, one might expect the observer to be able to distinguish two points only 0.001 mm (0.00004 inch) apart. However, an additional complication arises for the high magnifications encountered in a compound microscope. When the dimensions to be resolved approach the wavelength of light, consideration must be given to the effect of diffraction upon the eye's ability to resolve details upon objects (see below The theory of image formation).
The resolution and the light-collecting capability of the microscope are determined by the numerical aperture (N.A.) of the objective. The N.A. is defined as the sine of half the angle of the cone of light from each point of the object that can be accepted by the objective multiplied by the refractive index (R.I.) of the medium in which the object is immersed. Thus, the N.A. increases as the lens becomes larger or the R.I. increases. Typical values for microscope objective N.A.'s range from 0.1 for low-magnification objectives to 0.95 for dry objectives and 1.4 for oil-immersion objectives. A dry objective is one that works with the air between the specimen and the objective lens. An immersion objective requires a liquid, usually a transparent oil of the same R.I. as glass, to occupy the space between the object and the front element of the objective.
The limit of resolution is set by the wavelength of light and the N.A. The resolution can be improved either by increasing the N.A. of a lens or by using light with a shorter wavelength. In an immersion objective, the effective wavelength of the light is reduced by the index of refraction of the media within which the object being examined resides. The use of immersion imaging techniques in microscopy improves the resolution capabilities of the microscope.
Mechanical components
The microscope body tube separates the objective and the eyepiece and assures continuous alignment of the optics. It is a standardized length, anthropometrically related to the distance between the height of a bench or tabletop (on which the microscope stands) and the position of the seated observer's eyes. It is typically fitted with a rotating turret that permits objectives of different powers to be interchanged with the assurance that the image position will be maintained. Traditionally, the length of the body tube has been defined as the distance from the upper end of the objective to the eyepiece end of the tube.
A standard body-tube length of 160 mm (6.3 inches) has been accepted for most uses. (Metallographic microscopes have a 250-mm [10-inch] body tube.) Microscope objectives are designed to minimize aberrations at the specified tube length. Use of other distances will affect the aberration balance for high-magnification objectives. Therefore, focusing of the traditional microscope requires moving the objective, the tube, and the eyepiece as a rigid unit. To achieve this, the entire tube is fitted with a rack-and-pinion mechanism that allows it, together with the objective and the eyepiece, to be moved toward or away from the specimen.
The specimen is usually mounted on a glass slide. Routine microscope slides were fixed at 3 × 1 inches during the Victorian era and are still produced at the metric equivalent of those dimensions (7.5 × 2.5 cm) today. The specimen, usually immersed in a material with an R.I. that matches that of the slide, is covered with a thin cover slip. The mechanical stage on which the slide lies is fitted with a pair of controls featuring a rack-and-pinion arrangement. This permits the glass slide to be moved across the stage in two directions, so that different areas of the specimen can be examined. Computer-controlled microscopes track the position of the slide and can return to designated areas of the specimen when required to do so.
The accuracy with which the focusing and the movement of the slide have to be maintained increases as the depth of focus of the objective decreases. For high-N.A. objectives, this depth of focus can be as small as 1 or 2 μm, which means that the mechanical components must provide stable motion at even smaller increments.
Several approaches have been introduced to achieve such precise stable motion at reasonable cost. Some designers have eliminated the sliding mechanism of the body tube, incorporating adjustments for the vertical movement needed for focusing, as well as the lateral motion of the object, in a single mechanical system. An alternative approach has been to mount a relay objective doublet of 160 mm (6.3 inches) focal length into the lower end of the tube. This tube lens is designed to accept light from an image created by the objective at infinity. The objective itself is designed to have aberrations corrected for an infinite image distance. An advantage of this approach is that, since the relayed image is at infinity, the microscope objective itself, a very lightweight component, can be moved to effect focusing without upsetting the correction of aberrations.
In some microscopes the eyepiece is designed as a portion of a zoom lens, which permits continuous variation of the magnification over a limited range without loss of focus. Such microscopes are widely used in industry.
The illumination system
The illumination system of the standard optical microscope is designed to transmit light through a translucent object for viewing. In a modern microscope it consists of a light source, such as an electric lamp or a light-emitting diode, and a lens system forming the condenser.
The condenser is placed below the stage and concentrates the light, providing bright, uniform illumination in the region of the object under observation. Typically, the condenser focuses the image of the light source directly onto the plane of the specimen, a technique called critical illumination. Alternatively, the image of the source is focused onto the condenser, which is in turn focused onto the entrance pupil of the microscope objective, a system known as Köhler illumination. The advantage of the latter approach is that nonuniformities in the source are averaged in the imaging process. To obtain optimal use of the microscope, it is important that the light from the source both covers the object and fills the entrance aperture of the objective of the microscope with light.
Early microscopes had as their condenser a single lens, which was fixed in the end of the instrument facing the lamp (as in barrel microscopes) or mounted below the stage (as in the Bancks microscopes used by Robert Brown, Charles Darwin, and others). More-complex designs followed, their development driven by the peculiarly English obsession of observing fine details on diatom frustules. Achromatic condensers followed, but they are more troublesome to use because they need precise focusing, and the working distance is short.
Apart from condensers that are matched to specialized objectives (such as phase-contrast systems), others are available for specific applications. Thus, the dark-ground, or dark-field, condenser illuminates specimens against a black background and is eminently applicable to the observation of structures such as bacteria and flagellated cells in water. The use of colour filters, pioneered in the closing years of the 19th century by British microscopist Julius Rheinberg and now known as Rheinberg illumination, allows one to practice a form of dark-ground microscopy in which the background and the specimen are in contrasting colours. Although this technique is of no diagnostic benefit, the results can be spectacularly beautiful.
The objective
The optics of the microscope objective are defined by the focal length, N.A., and field of view. Objectives that have been corrected for aberrations are further defined by the wavelength requirements and the tube length of the microscope.
Manufacturers provide objective lenses with standard magnifications usually ranging from 2 to 100×. The focal length of the objective is inversely proportional to the magnification and, in the majority of modern microscopes, equals the tube length (usually 160 mm [6.3 inches]) divided by the magnification. The field of view of the eyepiece is usually set to be a standard size of about 20 mm (0.8 inch) diameter. The field of view of the objective is then set to range from 10 mm (0.4 inch) for an objective with a magnifying power of 2× to 0.2 mm (0.008 inch) for an objective with a magnification of 100×. As a result, the angular field of view is about 7° for all objectives.
Aberration correction
The N.A. and the complexity of the objective increase as the magnification increases. Low-power objectives, of order 2–5×, are generally two-element lenses. Ordinary crown glass and flint glass (optical glasses with, respectively, relatively low and high R.I.'s) can be used to correct for spherical and chromatic aberration.
For objectives with magnifying powers of 10×, the required N.A. increases to 0.25, and a more complex type of lens is required. Most microscope objectives of this magnification use a separated pair of doublets that share the refractive power. The correction of spherical aberration is readily achieved, but residual chromatic aberration is obtained when normal optical glasses are used for the lens elements. For most optical applications this is not important, but for critical high-magnification objectives (magnifications greater than 25×) this aberration is visible as chromatic blur. The correction of this residual aberration is achieved through the use of special optical glasses whose dispersion properties vary from normal glasses. There are only a few such glasses or crystalline materials that are useful for this purpose. Objectives that use these special glasses are called apochromats and were first produced commercially by Abbe in the 1870s.
Conventional objectives do not produce a flat image surface. The field curvature is generally of little importance in the visual use of the microscope because the eye has a reasonable accommodative capability when examining the image. Field curvature is a problem for imaging systems, however. Special objectives with flat-field lenses have been designed for these systems.
High-power objectives
High-power objectives pose several design problems. Because the focal length of an objective decreases as the N.A. and magnifying power increase, the working distance, or distance from the front of the objective to the top of the slide, is shorter for higher-power objectives. The need to use additional elements in the lens system for high magnifications further shortens the working distance to only 10 to 20 percent of the focal length. Thus, a 40× objective of 4-mm (0.2-inch) focal length may have a working distance of less than 0.4 mm (0.02 inch), so objectives with an increased working distance have been designed. These use a negative lens element between the object and the eyepiece, which has the added attraction of providing some field flattening as well. These objectives are especially of value in use with video systems.
In objectives with magnifying powers of 25× or greater, meniscus-shaped aplanatic elements are designed into the microscope objective in the space between the object and the pairs of doublets that carry out the relayed imaging. These aplanatic components have the property of converging the light without adding spherical aberration to the image and provide an increase in the N.A. without introducing significant aberration.
The highest-power microscope objective available is the immersion objective. When this type of objective is used, a drop of oil must be placed between the object on the microscope slide and the objective. The oil used has an R.I. that matches that of the glass in the first component of the objective.
The first component of immersion objectives is generally a hyper-hemisphere (a small optical surface shaped like a hemisphere but with a boundary curve exceeding 180°), which acts as an aplanatic coupler between the slide and the rest of the microscope objective. An immersion objective with a high N.A. typically consists of a hyper-hemisphere followed by one or two aplanatic collectors and then two or more sets of doublets. Such objectives are made with magnifying powers greater than 50×, the extreme being about 100×.
Water-immersion lenses are also available. These use water as an immersion liquid and allow biologists to examine specimens in a watery medium without the burden of a cover slip confining the living organisms.
Depth of focus
The large N.A. of a microscope objective restricts the focusing requirements of the objective. The depth of focus is shown in the table as the accuracy with which the focal plane must be located in a direction along the axis of the microscope optics in order that the highest possible resolution can be obtained.
|objective focal length (mm)
|numerical aperture (N.A.)
|maximum useful magnification in compound microscope
|maximum resolution on object (mm)
|objective depth of focus (mm)
|1,500× (oil immersion)
The eyepiece
The eyepiece is selected to examine the relayed image under conditions that are comfortable for the viewer. The magnifying power of the eyepiece generally does not exceed 10×. The field of view is then about 40° total, a convenient value for a relatively simple optical design. The observer places the eye at the exit pupil of the eyepiece, the point at which the light rays leaving the eyepiece come together. In most cases an eye relief (or distance from the exit pupil to the last element of the eyepiece) of about 1 cm is desirable. Too short an eye relief makes viewing difficult for observers who wear corrective eyeglasses.
Image capture
The objectives described above are usually intended to project an image through an eyepiece for direct viewing by an observer. The use of a photographic recording method permits the capture of a real image in a film holder or digital imaging system without an eyepiece lens. One approach is to remove the eyepiece and place the film holder or digital camera in the focal plane of the eyepiece, thus intercepting the image from the objective directly. A better approach is to use a specifically designed projection eyepiece, which can be adjusted to provide the appropriate magnification coupling the image to the film. Such an eyepiece can incorporate a change in the chromatic aberration correction to accommodate the requirements of the image-capture system.
Increasingly prevalent today is the use of an electronic detector such as a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) or charge-coupled device (CCD) chip to capture the magnified image as a digital signal. This signal can be transmitted to a computer and translated into an image on the monitor. Software allows the user to take single pictures, moving video sequences, or time-lapse sequences at the click of a mouse. These may be saved for conventional viewing, and image processing can be used to enhance the result. Analysis of area and particle size and distribution is easily done by conventional analytical means once the images have been digitally captured. The production of computer presentations, transmission via e-mail, and ease of printing are benefits that digital imaging brings to the modern microscopist.
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
radiation: LasersThe laser microprobe is used for microanalysis of surface composition. Laser beams have been found to have a selective effect on cellular components, or organelles: those components that absorb light of the wavelength of the beam are destroyed, whereas transparent parts of the cells remain unaffected. Organelles…
history of medicine: Harvey and the experimental methodAlthough the compound microscope had been invented slightly earlier, probably in Holland, its development, like that of the telescope, was the work of Galileo. He was the first to insist upon the value of measurement in science and in medicine, thus replacing theory and guesswork with accuracy. The…
history of medicine: Support from other technologies…the introduction of the operating microscope. This brought the benefit of magnification particularly to neurosurgery and to ear surgery. In the latter it opened up a whole field of operations on the eardrum and within the middle ear. The principles of these operations were stated in 1951 and 1952 by…
plant disease: Technological advances in the identification of pathogenic agentsDevelopments in microscopy, serology and immunology, molecular biology, and laboratory instrumentation have resulted in many new and sophisticated laboratory procedures for the identification of plant pathogens, particularly bacteria, viruses, and viroids. The techniques of traditional scanning microscopy and transmission electron microscopy have been applied to…
microbiology: Historical background…with the development of the microscope. Although others may have seen microbes before him, it was Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch draper whose hobby was lens grinding and making microscopes, who was the first to provide proper documentation of his observations. His descriptions and drawings included protozoans from the guts…
More About Microscope22 references found in Britannica articles
Assorted References
- botanical sciences
- diagnostic use
- In uroscopy
- lasers
- light-gathering power
- medicine


text:
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Getting your first job is a momentous event for a kid. I was happy riding my bike and playing street hockey in the Boston area. A job would have infringed on my play time.
The problem was that my best friend, Marc, has a job at a local department store, Zayre.
My parents said, "Marc has a job. Why aren't you working? You need to go to work too."
So that's how I decided to get my first job.
Zayre seemed like a good place to work, so I filled out a job application and waited.
No response.
My mom told me, "Give them a call to show that you are interested in them. They have a stack of resumés, and one person calls in, they'll stand out over the other applicants."
So I called in and they told me that there were no jobs available.
A while later I called in again.
Still no jobs available.
I waited a while longer, and called in again. This time, they mentioned that there was this one small job making signs that was a few hours a week.
I told them I was interested and was hired!
This might have been the most entry level retail job ever designed, but I was enthusiastic and was determined to be the best sign maker that Zayre had ever seen.
The sign making room, was a very small room in the back of the Garden Shop. In there was a set up that approximated the early days for Benjamin Franklin and the printing press. There was a vintage letterpress, with printers blocks, ink and a roller.
To make the signs, you spelled the words upside down and backwards as you set the letters in the press, then inked the letters, placed your blank sign on the press, and then ran the letterpress roller across the sign to transfer the ink.
Here are some of the signs I made:
Images: Multi-line, multi-colored signs. Advanced!
Image: Being Creative
Image: You had to be careful to spell backwards
Image: Should have said 'ribbed.' The clerks in the women's department had a good laugh at this one.
It was quite an education in printing history.
I went to all the departments and asked if there were any signs that they needed. Then I quickly made and delivered them.
I also made some creative signs that the department managers got a kick out of.
After a short time, I job opened up in the Hardware/Housewares department, and I got that job because of my performance in this lowest of entry level jobs.
Now I was working with my friend Marc.
I worked at Zayre through High School. My boss put me on the schedule for 2:00. I told him, "I can't come in to work at 2:00, I get out of school at 2:30."
He told me to get in as soon as I could.
I think I worked three of four days a week, from 3:00 to 10:00 PM.
What got me promoted and kept me employed was doing the best job that I could, proactively looking for things to do, and being pleasant to work with.
These techniques helped me get and perform well in all my future jobs.
Image: With my parents and store assistant manager receiving Zayre college scholarship
What made me think about sharing this story, was MassMutual's #FutureSmart app. It's a new tool for teaching #kids about making life choices and being smart about #money.
One of the situations asks kids how many hours they want to work. Depending on how many hours they work, the more money they get. When I went through the app and tried to put in how many hours I worked during high school, the app didn't have enough hours per week! It had 20 and I could have worked 28 or more.
I was very dedicated to working and saving money. Most of the money I made in that job at Zayre went into a savings account, where I put away money for college.
This has been a sponsored post for MassMutual.


text:
50 Cent Explains 'How To Rob" Track" + Says Ja Rule Is A SweetHeart [Unreleased Throwback Footage]
Young reports "50 Cent, Young Buck, & Lloyd Banks back in 2003 doing an interview for Mixery Raw Deluxe. 50 talks explains that the "How To Rob" record was to help create a buzz for his album and turn attention him. He also speaks on being shot 9 times and how it was karma for him getting away with things he's done in the past. "
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text:
A first major test of how a candidate might govern: choosing a running mate.
Rick Scott flunked that one.
On Tuesday, just seven days into Scott's third regular legislative session, Lt. Gov. Jennifer Carroll resigned amid a racketeering investigation of Allied Veterans of the World, an Internet gambling operation that masqueraded as a charity .
"I have no knowledge that she broke the law," Scott told reporters the next day.
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For a candidate who campaigned to clean up Tallahassee and fight special interests, that's a tough line to deliver.
Now he gets a do-over pick, a campaign-trail make-up exam.
Republican advisers would love a Hispanic female — two coveted demographics — preferably one involved in education. Two names from Miami, state Sen. Anitere Flores and Miami-Dade School Board Member Raquel Regalado, fit the bill. So do others.
But regardless of whom Scott chooses, the Carroll bombshell does nothing to help the governor and his flatlined poll numbers heading into his 2014 reelection campaign.
Unlike some of Scott's other mistakes, this was probably less an unforced error than bad luck.
Still, it's another reminder of how Scott talked tough about ethics only to do little about it when he got into office. The candidate who warned about "Tallahassee insiders" in the 2010 GOP primary turned around and picked one in Carroll, then a Republican House member.
Carroll's public-relations firm represented Allied Veterans while she served in the Florida House. She even cut an ad for the group in 2010. And Carroll's office filed legislation, quickly withdrawn, that would have benefited Internet cafes.
"It was withdrawn days later at the urging of party leaders who were concerned Carroll had an obvious conflict of interest," The Florida Times-Union, Carroll's hometown paper in Jacksonville, wrote in May 2010, months before Scott picked her.
On Tuesday, the Florida Department of Law Enforcement interviewed Carroll in the criminal case against Allied, which has netted 57 arrests so far and involves the federal and state governments from Florida to Oklahoma. The FDLE said Allied used Internet cafes to net about $300 million in revenue.
Hours after the FDLE interview, Scott's general counsel and chief of staff spoke privately with Carroll for about 45 minutes. She then signed the 30-word resignation letter that they helped draft for her.
The damage control continues.
Now Scott sounds ready to clearly ban Internet cafes, which Carroll had once tried to legalize as she profited from them through Allied.
Scott also insisted the Republican Party of Florida root out Allied Veterans-affiliated contributions and donate the amounts to charity.
When asked about his vetting process for a new running mate, Scott didn't answer. He said he would pick a replacement after session ends, May 3.
Scott needs to focus on his priorities during the 60-day lawmaking session. The fact that he doesn't need a lieutenant governor during this period shows how useless the position can be.
A top priority: education, which has cost Scott dearly. His weak poll numbers have languished ever since his first proposed budget cut about $1 billion from education.
Scott's reversals in handling Medicaid expansion, canceling a popular Central Florida bullet train and angering Miami exile leaders over handling a Cuba-contracting bill haunt him as well.
Some predicted rookie mistakes from Scott when the political newcomer and unknown ran in 2010:
"We do not need that seat to be a seat where you're learning, to be a seat where it's for personal gain, to be a seat where the residents and the citizens of the state of Florida will be negatively impacted because of the lack of vision."
Jennifer Carroll said that in August 2010. She was then backing Bill McCollum for the GOP gubernatorial nomination. The next month, after Scott won the Republican primary, he picked her.
Carroll's positives far outweighed her negatives at the time.
She was a legislator, so she knew far more about the Capitol than the neophyte Scott. As a black woman, she had appeal beyond the white-male base of the GOP. And as a veteran (she served in the Navy), Carroll appealed to Florida's important military vote.
Telegenic and with a touch of glamour, Carroll has added star power: She's the mother of Miami Dolphins cornerback Nolan Carroll, perhaps best known for being the victim of a rule-breaking sideline trip from a dirty New York Jets coach during a game.
Scott's vetting team was impressed with Carroll. But there were some concerns.
"She's a livewire," said a Scott insider involved in the process. "She had the potential of saying something dumb."
That happened months after Scott got into office.
A disgruntled employee gave The Florida Times-Union secret recordings of Carroll and her chief of staff. The former employee, Carletha Cole, was fired only to claim she caught Carroll in a lesbian tryst.
Carroll made the story catch fire by suggesting she couldn't be a lesbian because she's so good-looking. Outrage followed. So did an apology.
More recently, the governor's office became concerned that Carroll was spending too much taxpayer money traveling.
With all that trouble, was Scott going to keep her on the 2014 ticket?
"It doesn't matter," Scott said the day after she quit. "She did the right thing for the state and her family."
And she did the right thing for Scott.
But will Scott do the right thing for Scott?


text:
Product Description
The essentials for emergency repairs on the road. 15 pieces (five sliders, six stops, and one snap: four pieces). Includes instructions. Works with zippers on pre-2012 Aerotich garments. Call Customer Care for zipper repair options on new style zippers.
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Share your comments and experience with Aerostich products. Please login (click here) to the Aerostich web site (logging-in is required to post a review). All comments and stories are reviewed before they are posted. More than 99% of all comments will be posted within 24 hours, or 48 hours on weekends and holidays.
If you have comments about product selections, pricing, ordering, delivery, business policies or other customer service issues, please do not use a product review. Instead, directly for a resolution.
Customer Reviews (1)
- Repair Pack Review by BMWLloyd
- Don't waste your time or money on these kits. I ordered and waited over a week to get the repair kit. when I did. the #5 pulls seemed like odds and ends. There was nothing that matched the zipper on My Road Crafter right leg zipper. I fumbled around for two days trying to get any one of the pulls to slide on properly. .... Save your time, MONEY and stress. Take it to a seamstress (Posted on 2/25/12)
- International Orders
- Currency conversion rates are close estimates only. All sales are processed in dollars (USD) and conversions are made by card-processing banks on the actual transaction date.
- USA Only
- ECO Saver delivery times are not guaranteed. Not available for orders over $100.
- SURFACE and AIR delivery options are guaranteed.
|Eco Saver
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|under $ 50
|$ 20.95-$ 60.95
|$ 51-$ 100
|$ 25.95-$ 80.95
|$ 101-$ 200
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|Over $ 400
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|$ 60.95-$ 150.95
- Surface transport only to US addresses.
- *SATURDAY DELIVERY: Add $15 to 1 Day or 2 Day service.
- **Add $15 to 1 day or 2 day for Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. (Extended area charge of $12 may apply to rural areas.)
- ***Call for international rates. Depending upon country, most charges will be between these rates. Duties and Taxes are not included in the shipping price. FedEx may charge brokerage fees for some countries. You will be responsible for these charges.
- AFO/APO Addresses: Orders will be shipped Priority Mail.
All in-stock Aerostich products and RiderWearHouse Catalog items ordered before 2pm CST will be shipped within 2 business days. (If a specific size and color of Roadcrafter suit is not in inventory, we will notify you with an estimated delivery date. Production time varies.) All standard Aerostich items may be sent back for a refund, but the item(s) being returned must be in new condition.
Worldwide Orders
Buying direct from the United States is easy and convenient. Credit cards, fax machines, direct dial telephone service, and air shipping allow easy transactions between countries. For estimates on Duty & VAT costs, visit https://www.dutycalculator.com/calculation/, a third party import duty calculator.
We do not charge or cover duties, taxes or brokerage fees. FedEx may charge brokerage fees for some countries. You will be responsible for these charges.
Zipper Problems?
Modern zippers are precisely engineered micro-machines which usually work trouble free for years and years. When problems occur they are almost always caused by mis-uses like over-forcing a jammed slider, though sometimes dirt contamination, direct impacts or long wear also cause failures.
If you ride a lot it's a good idea to always carry an emergency replacement slider like this: FixnZip -- especially on day long rides and multi-day trips. Leave one of these at the bottom of any pocket and it will always be there when you (...or a riding buddy) need it.
Aerostich garments contain two different zipper types: Nylon molded-teeth with locking sliders for the main openings, pant-to-jacket connectors, and wrist gussets -- and a nylon coil style with non-locking sliders for vents and pockets. Both divide further into water-resistant and traditional styles. Most Aerostich zippers now are the water-resistant type.
These highly water-resistant zippers feature miniature gasketing systems, ultra-closely dimensioned internal tolerances, and vinyl covered knit nylon 'tapes' on either side of the zipper's teeth or coils. These specialized zippers come pre-lubricated and this lubricant should be renewed at least annually. We like this stuff: Teflon Multi-Use Lubricant because it lasts a long time, doesn't leave greasy residue, and doesn't collect dirt. Single-use lubricant packages are included with all new Aerostich garments, and are available separately here: Aerostich Single-use Zipper Lubricant
If fabric jams the slider, don't pull harder without examining the area first. Sometimes it's best to try and pull the fabric outward from the jam and other times it's better to carefully force the slider backward down the zipper.
If a zipper jams at the same place more than once, try creasing the adjacent fabric to help it 'remember' to stay away from the zipper's slider better. And practice using one finger to help guide the fabric away, or pull the slider past this area with a slight upward or outward vector so the adjacent fabric is flattened away from the slider.
Aerostich toothed-zipper sliders all lock in place whenever the slider's handle is lying flat. Pulling the handle upward releases a spring-tensioned internal locking pin, allowing slider movement. If a zipper slider moves when it's not supposed to the slider's handle is being pulled slightly upward, usually by pressure from adjacent fabric
If you have questions about zipper use, zipper repairs or anything else zipper-related, please give us a call. And if you need a replacement zipper or slider to fix any Aerostich garment, let us know and we will send at no charge.


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Difference between revisions of "Disk quota"
|Line 17:
|Line 17:
/dev/hdb1 /home ext3 defaults,usrquota 1 1
/dev/hdb1 /home ext3 defaults,usrquota 1 1
That's it here, so the next part is to start quota and make it index the files.
That's it here, so the next part is to start quota and make it index the files.
Revision as of 03:50, 20 October 2007
After starting administrating the network on a little school, I did learn quite a lot about Linux. Here's some of it.
Installing Quota-tools
This is a little HOWTO to setup Userquota on Arch Linux. First of all you need a full functional Arch Linux machine. Afterwards we need to get the package quota-tools.
$ pacman -Sy quota-tools
Now we got the things we need. and are ready for the configuration. First we need to edit /etc/fstab - thats where we decide which mounts we need to make a quota on. Let's say we have a special harddrive thats mounted in /home - the line in /etc/fstab looks like this:
/dev/hdb1 /home ext3 defaults 1 1
we need to edit it to this
/dev/hdb1 /home ext3 defaults,usrquota 1 1
That's it here, so the next part is to start quota and make it index the files.
$ mount -v -o remount /home <-- to remount home $ quotacheck -a -m <-- to make an index over the files $ quotaon -uv /home <-- start quota
The last line may answer with this error: The kernel does not support quota - you need to recompile it
I did a reboot and everything worked afterwards. (You can change /home to -a in the last line, then it starts on all devices )
quotaon must be run everytime the machine starts, so its a good idea to make a startscript or put it into rc.local
The user quotes
Now we shall setup how much the users quantum of space will be. That's where we use this command:
$ edquota -u quotauser Disk quotas for user quotauser (uid 500): Filesystem blocks soft hard inodes soft hard /dev/hda2 695879 0 0 6741 0 0
Here is the idea to make a testuser, then afterwards copy the files to all the users. The limits is here defined in kbytes - so that 10000 = 10MB. If the qoutas is not setup, the default is there's no limits. We can also see that the user quotauser in this moment uses 695879 fileblocks (679MB) and 6741 files with no limits on. Now edit the number so it looks like this:
Disk quotas for user quotauser (uid 500): Filesystem blocks soft hard inodes soft hard /dev/hda2 695879 10000 15000 6741 0 0
This means that the user ALWAYS can use 10MB of space, and can be graced for a period for 5 more. If you want to set the grace time, you can do it with:
$ edquota -t Grace period before enforcing soft limits for users: Time units may be: days, hours, minutes, or seconds Filesystem Block grace period Inode grace period /dev/hda2 7 days 7days
The trick about using a testuser, is that you really easy can copy the quota to all users on your system. Done by:
$ edquota -p quotauser `awk -F: '$3 > 499 {print $1}' /etc/passwd`
Here makes the same settings on all users with uid on 500 and above..
The group quotes
/dev/hdb1 /home ext3 defaults,usrquota,grpquota 1 1
$quotacheck -acguvm <-- to make an index over the files
Other interesting commands
There are several interesting commands, but here are some of them:
* repquota -a <-- shows the status on diskusage * warnquota <-- can be used to warn the users about their quota (warnquota sends mail to the users, is the files /etc/quotatab & /etc/warnquota.conf. These are used to make the messages more readable)
at last the quotastats is used to give info about the quota system:
$ quotastats Number of dquot lookups: 101289 Number of dquot drops: 101271 Number of still active inodes with quota : 18 Number of dquot reads: 93 Number of dquot writes: 2077 Number of quotafile syncs: 134518740 Number of dquot cache hits: 7391 Number of allocated dquots: 90 Number of free dquots: 2036 Number of in use dquot entries (user/group): -1946
More info
Please be free to edit/add comments or corrections about this page.


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Ellesmere Island is in the far north of Canada above the Arctic Circle. This is the land of the midnight sun and a rather brisk cold environment. But fifty million years ago it was warmer though still quirky in its day night cycles. A new study of the High Arctic climate roughly 50 million years ago led by the University of Colorado at Boulder helps to explain how ancient alligators and giant tortoises were able to thrive on Ellesmere Island well above the Arctic Circle, even as they endured six months of darkness each year.
Ellesmere Island is in the far north of Canada above the Arctic Circle. This is the land of the midnight sun and a rather brisk cold environment. But fifty million years ago it was warmer though still quirky in its day night cycles. A new study of the High Arctic climate roughly 50 million years ago led by the University of Colorado at Boulder helps to explain how ancient alligators and giant tortoises were able to thrive on Ellesmere Island well above the Arctic Circle, even as they endured six months of darkness each year.!ADVERTISEMENT!
Ellesmere Island is part of the Qikiqtaaluk Region of the Canadian territory of Nunavut. Lying within the Canadian Arctic Archipelago it is considered part of the Queen Elizabeth Islands, with Cape Columbia being the most northerly point of land in Canada. It is today one of the coldest and driest areas on earth. The temperatures range from roughly minus 37 degrees F in winter to 48 degrees F in summer.
Some 55 million years ago, during the early Eocene Epoch, Ellesmere Island was warm and ice-free. It was also home to lush lowland forests and swamps inhabited by alligators, giant tortoises, snakes, lizards, and a host of mammals that included primates, tapirs, hippo-like Coryphodon, and large, rhino-like brontotheres. In the nearby ocean, clams and snails thrived. This extinct environment, well above the Arctic Circle, combined a warm temperate climate with a typical Arctic light regime of bright summers and dark winters.
The new study also has implications for the impacts of future climate change as Arctic temperatures continue to rise, said University of Colorado at Boulder Associate Professor Jaelyn Eberle of the department of geological sciences, lead author of the study.
The team used a combination of oxygen isotope ratios from fossil bone and tooth enamel of mammals, fish and turtles that lived together on Ellesmere Island to estimate the average annual Eocene temperature for the site. They also were able to tease out temperature estimates for the warmest and coldest months of the year, critical data that should help scientists better understand past and future biodiversity in the High Arctic as the climate warms, including the geographical ranges and species richness of animals and plants.
The team concluded the average temperatures of the warmest month on Ellesmere Island during the early Eocene were from 66 to 68 degrees F, while the coldest month temperature was about 32 to 38 degrees F. "Our data gathered from multiple organisms indicate it probably did not get below freezing on Ellesmere Island during the early Eocene, which has some interesting implications," she said.
A paper on the subject was published in this month's issue of Earth and Planetary Science Letters.
"This is arguably the most comprehensive data set for the early Eocene High Arctic, and certainly explains how alligators and giant tortoises could live on Ellesmere Island some 52 to 53 million years ago," said Eberle, who also is the curator of fossil vertebrates at the University of Colorado Museum of Natural History.
During the Eocene, Ellesmere Island -- which is adjacent to Greenland -- probably was similar to swampy cypress forests in the southeastern United States today, said Eberle. Eocene fossil evidence collected there in recent decades by various teams indicate the lush landscape hosted giant tortoises, aquatic turtles, large snakes, alligators, flying lemurs, tapirs, and hippo-like and rhino-like mammals.
The bone and tooth enamel of vertebrate fossils contains biogenic apatite -- a mineral that is fossilized after the death of living organisms and which can be used as a "flight recorder" to infer paleoclimate conditions. Since all of the fossil materials were from the same stratigraphic layer and locality, the oxygen isotope ratios from the animals are linked to the temperatures of both ingested river water and precipitation at the time, allowing them to better estimate temperatures in the Eocene both annually and seasonally, she said.
"We use the water that the animals were drinking as a proxy for paleotemperature," said Eberle. "In mammal fossils, for example, we can analyze the oxygen isotope ratios in a sequence along the length of a large fossil tooth and estimate the warm-month and cold-month averages during the Eocene because teeth grow year round. When it comes to oxygen isotope values in tooth enamel, what we found for these creatures is that you are what you drink," she said.
The team looked at teeth from a large, hippo-like mammal known as Coryphodon, as well as bones from bowfin fish and shells and bones from aquatic turtles from the Emydidae family, the largest and most diverse family of contemporary pond turtles. While Coryphodon and bowfins grew throughout the year, the turtles exhibited shell growth only during summer months, much like turtles that live today in non-equatorial areas.
"By looking at a host of animals with different physiologies, we were better able to pin down warm- and cold-month temperatures," she said. "Many aspects of biodiversity and species richness are related more to seasonal temperatures and ranges such as cold-month means rather than to mean annual temperature."
Eberle said the new study implies Eocene alligators could withstand slightly cooler winters than their present day counterparts, although data from captive alligators show they are heartier than other members of the crocodilian family and can survive short intervals of subfreezing temperatures by submerging themselves in the water.
In contrast, the existence of large land tortoises in the Eocene High Arctic is still puzzling, said Eberle, since today's large tortoises inhabit places like the Galapagos Islands where the cold month average temperature is about 50 degrees F which is warmer than the extrapolated Eocene Ellesmere temperatures.
This suggests their present range in the Americas does not represent their fullest geographic range as allowed by climate.
For further information: http://www.colorado.edu/news/r/475370cb045bebb0fc62504cc72f9737.html


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>>>Click to get the latest price & catalogue
Q1: Could I put my own logo on it?
Yes,we can accept custom logo,it can be printed or put on the items
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Normally we accept T/T (30% deposit before production and the balanced before shipment), the other payment term as customer's request
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It will be ready for delivery in 5-10 days. The samples will be sent to you via express and arrive in 3-5 days. You can use your own express account or prepay us if you do not have an account.
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text:
Definition: A space for which every open covering contains a countable subcovering is called a Lindelöf space
In the book Topology written by Munkres it is said that the Sorgenfrey plane is not Lindelöf using the next argument:
Consider the subspace L={xDress amp; Scuba Trim Lace Flare Sundae Fit Emerald Red Juniors' ×(−x)|x∈Rl} (where Rl is the lower limit topology). It is easy to see that L is closed in R2l.
Let us cover R2l by the open set R2l−L and by all basis elements of the form
Each of these open sets intersects L in at most one point. Since L is uncountable, no countable subcollection covers R2l
My question is, why you can't choose another form of all basis elements in order to intersect L with this basis elements such that the intersection have more than one point?
For example, why you can't choose elements of the basis with the following form?
[α,b)×[c,d) where α,b,c,d∈Q and α≠c
Thank you


text:
Show Tonight At 6pm Eastern
So I started doing some research the other day on roofs. I never knew there was so much to consider when considering roofs. So Tonight's show will talk about everything I have learned in one neat package
- What types of roofs are there?
- What are the pros/cons of each?
- How do you insulate roofs?
- How to control condensation and avoid mold


text:
Rules of allowed account debit balance
This document describes the terms of acquiring and maintaining an allowed account debit balance at Dropped.pl.
Using the debit balance
The site owner may grant the user a possibility to maintain a debit balance on their account, within limits set by the site owner. All payable operations on domains and other service purchases can be then performed on user's account without the need to maintain a positive cash balance, up to received debit limit.
In order to grant the user a possibility to use a debit balance, the user must submit domain names to the site owner as collateral for the debit. The site owner assesses the value of each domain individually and grants a portion of debit balance corresponding to this domain according to this assessment.
The site owner can reject accepting any domain as collateral or granting the user a debit balance.
The site owner can change the domain value assessment no more than by 25% per month and 50% per 6 months, providing a 14 day notice to the user.
Debit balance collateral
When a domain is used as a debit balance collateral, the following domain operations are blocked:
- Obtaining domain AuthInfo.
- Transfer of the domain to another account.
- Starting a domain auction.
- Starting an Escrow or rental transaction for the domain.
- Setting a Buy It Now price for the domain.
The site owner may also temporarily transfer the domain to their ownership when the domain is acting as collateral. The user accepts such ownership transfer when presenting the domain as collateral.
The user is obliged to renew the domain validity when they are acting as collateral. In case of domain expiration or removal from user account by other means, the allowed debit balance will be reduced by value assessment of this domain.
Fees for using debit balance
For opening and using the allowed debit balance, fees will be charged on user account according to price list.
Collateral foreclosure
The site owner is allowed to foreclose in the domains acting as collateral in any of the following cases:
- The negative balance on user's account remains lower than 125% of allowed debit balance for 10 consecutive days.
- Due to domain expiration or removal from user's account, the negative balance on user's account will fall below 125% of allowed debit balance.
After foreclosing on the domains, they will be sold on an auction. Funds obtained from selling domains will be credited to the user's account after deducting the fees for domain selling and domain foreclosure according to the price list. The site owner may decide freely which domains will be auctioned and when, up to obtaining a positive balance on user's account. The allowed debit balance on user's account will be decreased by the value assessment associated with foreclosed domains.
Resignation from debit balance
The user may decrease or eliminate their allowed debit balance by removing chosen domains from collateral. Allowed debit balance will be reduced by the value assessment associated with the domains. Reducing allowed debit balance is possible only up to the current negative balance on the account.


text:
A final salute to Voluntown's fallen son
Voluntown - At the conclusion of Tyler Griffin's funeral Wednesday, the Marines called the roll.
Four in a row answered. Then Marine First Sgt. Anthony Barcenas called out, "Lance Corporal Griffin."
"Lance Corporal Griffin."
Still no response.
"Lance Corporal Tyler Griffin!"
The silence that would have been broken by Griffin's response during his brief Marine Corps career was instead answered by a bugle playing taps.
The 19-year-old Voluntown native was killed on April 1 during combat operations in Afghanistan's Helmand province, according to the Department of Defense. Another Marine, Sgt. Frank J. World, 25, of Buffalo, N.Y., also died.
Griffin, the son of Susan Perry Wilding and Brian Griffin, who predeceased him, and John Wilding of Voluntown, had been a Marine for 18 months and was stationed in Afghanistan for about 30 days before he was killed. A 2008 graduate of Griswold High School, he was assigned to 1st Battalion, 2nd Marine Regiment, 2nd Marine Division, II Marine Expeditionary Force based at Camp Lejeune, N.C.
On Wednesday, as the flag-draped casket that had traveled more than 6,000 miles from Afghanistan was taken to and from the sanctuary of the Voluntown Baptist Church, all that could be heard was the click of the Marines' heels on the pavement.
The New London Firefighters and the Mystic Highland pipe bands played the "Marine Corps Hymn" as Griffin's fellow Marines carried his casket inside, followed by "Amazing Grace" as they returned it to the hearse at the ceremony's conclusion.
The wind whipped dozens of American flags held by members of the Patriot Guard and color guards from active-duty and retired military units and emergency services personnel from eastern Connecticut.
Hundreds of mourners saluted the casket and stood with hands over hearts, until it disappeared into the doorway. The church's sanctuary was too small to accommodate the crowd, leaving dozens of people in the reception hall to watch the funeral on TV.
About 400 people gathered outside the church to listen to the service on a sound system.
Some attendees started to sob as Lynyrd Skynyrd's "Simple Man" played over the church's sound system, at the request of Griffin's mother.
During the service, Pastor Franklyn Ward shared stories about Griffin's boyhood, calling him "a young man who personified the phrase 'all-American boy,' (and) 'all-American hero.'"
"Right from the get-go he loved to climb trees and play in the mud. He loved loud, obnoxious music. He loved playing jokes on others," Ward said, citing a time when Tyler and his sister, Sarah, went to the customer service desk at Wal-Mart to say they were lost just to hear their mother's name called over the PA system.
"He loved baseball and football and track and going to the gym. … He loved his mother, he loved his father, he loved his family," Ward said.
Griffin was described as a hard worker who took pride in a job well done, whether it was washing the dishes or serving his country, he added.
Griffin loved his town, Ward noted, and had asked his parents to sell the family house only to him.
"I'm going to miss that little guy, his big smile and his big heart," his grandfather, Arthur Griffin, told the mourners, which included Gov. M. Jodi Rell and other dignitaries. "It seemed he was always trying to do something good for somebody. He had confidence - confidence since he was 3 years old - that he was going to become a Marine."
As a Marine, Griffin volunteered for dangerous assignments so somebody else didn't have to, his grandfather said.
Chaplain Don Biadog Jr., commander, U.S. Navy Chaplain Corps at Naval Station Newport, asked those in attendance to take a moment to notice the new bulbs in bloom as a reminder that after the death of winter there is life.
"While in Afghanistan, Tyler knew that there was no turning back," Biadog said. "He threw himself into the fight and knew what bravery and courage was all about. Tyler has faithfully lived the principle of our core values, which happen to be the Navy and the Marine Corps values: honor, courage and commitment.
"The highest tribute we can give to Tyler and other heroes who are dead is not grief, but one of gratitude for their ultimate sacrifice."
Ward said Griffin's life has taught people that their actions of today matter.
"Tyler's young life did preach," Ward said. "He spent the brevity of his days wisely, and in doing so he left behind him a legacy, a very costly legacy, of honor and courage and commitment … so I say thank you, Tyler, for reminding us all that it is not how long we live, but how meaningfully we live that matters."
Griffin will be buried Monday in Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Va.
Upcoming events in honor of U.S. Marine Corps Lance Cpl. Tyler O. Griffin:
On Monday night, volunteers at the Voluntown Fire Department will collect items to send to Griffin's unit, which is still stationed in Afghanistan.
On Memorial Day, Voluntown will unveil Griffin's name on the town's war memorial.
In June, a fundraiser will be held with the proceeds, in Tyler's name, going to charity, possibly Wounded Warriors.
High school referee Tony Gigliotti and NBA referee Josh Tiven
Mueller delivers Russia probe report to AG; Blumenthal, Courtney, Murphy weigh in
Committee endorses bill to expand health coverage to undocumented youth
Substitute teacher arrested after his gun goes off in first-grade class


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New Report Cards Grade Local Schools
New Report Cards Grade Local Schools
Every student received a report card at the end of the first quarter. This fall every school also received a report card.
The Department of Public Instruction recently released report cards on almost all of Wisconsin's over 2,000 schools. High schools, middle schools, elementary schools and charter schools are all rated.
The report card gives a grade from 0 to 100. The grade is based on four priority areas: student achievement, student growth, on-track and post secondary readiness including attendance, ACT participation and graduation rates, and closing gaps among disadvantaged and disabled students.
Most of our area schools scored average or above average; an exception was the Whitehall Middle School where over half of the students are economically disadvantaged.
Digging deeper into a school's numbers shows the changing face of our communities. The first real public look we have of a changing community is in the elementary school.
Look at Arcadia: one third of the high school students and over half of the elementary students are economically disadvantaged. Only 14 percent of high schoolers are Hispanic but one third of the elementary students are Hispanic.
The changing make-up of students creates challenges for schools. Disadvantaged students learn best with one-on-one education. In schools with tight resources, teachers often don't even have a classroom aide, let alone staff for one-on-one education.
Increasing poverty across the state and declining enrollment in many of our schools only exacerbates an already broken school funding formula.
Recently the Senate Education Committee met in Madison to discuss the problems facing schools. One of those to testify was Todd Berry, President of Wisconsin Taxpayers Alliance.
Mr. Berry spoke of the problems facing schools with declining enrollment. School aid is based on the number of students. As schools lose students, aid drops. The drop in state aid is faster than schools can cut costs. The effect is a dramatically lower budget for smaller schools.
One remedy for this problem is funding known as "sparsity "- money for schools that serve a sparsely populated area. In 2007 I amended the state budget to create this change in the school formula. Unfortunately the Governor cut "sparsity" aid by ten percent in the current school budget.
Increasing money for "sparsity" is one of the changes proposed by State Superintendent Tony Evers in his Fair Funding for Schools plan. Another change is additional money for schools serving a large number of disabled or economically disadvantaged students.
Our local schools face challenges much greater than those in years past. More students come from poor homes, more students speak English as their second language and more students come to school with significant disabilities. The state aid payments to schools must recognize these students cost more to educate.
Grading schools on their performance is only part of the answer to solving the challenges. The other part is making sure the money going to schools flows in a way that makes the most sense.
Measuring the needs and basic costs to open the school doors must be part of the formula for success.
There's a vigorous discussion about changing the formula, but it has been tough for me to pigeon hole my colleagues into committing their vote for a change.
It's going to take committed communities to back real change in our school formula to make elected officials respond to local needs.
Meanwhile many are taking a look at the school report cards and comparing schools.
One of the local superintendents reminded me the report card is a year-to-year comparison of the same school; not a one-year comparison across schools. But of course everyone did compare across schools this year.
"The real test," the superintendent told me, "is how well the kids do when they graduate. I took a break one day from my budget numbers and walked down the hall. I looked at each class photo from years passed and knew what happened to each student. Did they graduate from college; did they get a job? Where did they go to work?"
"This is the real life test on how well a school did; and frankly, how well a community did at raising their children."
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People without education and with limited skills face significant challenges accessing employment through the ordinary labor market.
To address this gap in both technical, digital and soft skills, we created Emplea+. Developed in 2013 in collaboration with the Spanish Ministry of Employment and a cross-sector consortium of nonprofit partners and corporations, Emplea+ is a unique online program that can help marginalized individuals develop key competencies needed for employment.
people expected to be reached by 2018
have used Emplea+ to date
countries across Europe, Latin America and Africa offer Emplea+
people expected to be reached by 2018
have used Emplea+ to date
countries across Europe, Latin America and Africa offer Emplea+
Thembeka, who lives in South Africa, traveled three hours a day to complete Java training offered through Emplea+. She quickly put her new skills to use, building an app that helps others to easily create a resume. She is now studying cloud computing and working at night.
Abigail lives in a very poor area of Argentina where few people have sustainable employment. She managed to finish her Emplea+ training and now works at a global company with a fixed term contract.
Angélica, who lives in Spain, had some job experience working for others, but nothing stable. Thanks to training from Juntos por el Empleo (Emplea+), Angélica now works for herself. She owns a shop in Madrid and is thinking of opening another store and helping create jobs for others.
José was working in construction in Bolivia, with no stability and no long-term contracts—a very physical job, in which he saw no future. He received a combination of in-person and digital training in basic workplace and job search skills. He now works in a full-time position with that company, and plans to start his own business someday.
Before joining Emplea+, Quelión struggled with communication skills. Through the program he was able to identify his weaknesses and address them before applying to jobs. He has since found steady employment in his home country of Spain.
Wesley worked at a restaurant in South Africa before starting Emplea+ training. Emplea+ opened his eyes to the world of programming and he is now pursuing a degree in computer science.
Emplea+ offers training materials, pre- and post- assessments as well as 28 competency profiles updated with digital capabilities, across five business areas:
• Information and communication technology/business process outsourcing;
• Customer goods, including warehousing, logistics and supply;
• Customer service;
• Hospitality and
• General services.
We deliver the training through our nonprofit partners, including Fundación Entreculturas and organizations belonging to the collective impact initiative 'Together for Employment of the most vulnerable'.
"The gap between what training programs provide, and the skills demanded in the labor market, remains a barrier to employment for many young people. With Training for the Future, we will help scale more effective skills training for these individuals."
Vicente Moreno, President - Spanish Accenture Foundation
"With Emplea+ we are providing young people with the skills they need to be successful. By identifying their own competency levels, participants can easily determine areas for improvement or additional training."
Delia Fernández, Associate Manager - Accenture
"Working together with Accenture, we have developed a more effective way to introduce more youth to training and equip them with the skills needed for specific jobs."
Aldo Olcese, Chairman - Education For Employment in Europe


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I have heard that browning and/or cooking onions and other vegetable in virgin olive oil causes the oil to loose its healthy properties. What do you know about this?
Common knowledge says that heating extra virgin and virgin olive oil to high temperatures causes the flavor to break down and so it is recommended that these oils be used without cooking them. The International Olive Council however maintains that olive oil is excellent for frying and retains its healthful properties even after repeated heating.


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Musik der Romantik edited by Helmut W. May. For variable ensemble (bassoon I/II). This edition: ED 6167-14. Orchestra Music. Individual part. 12 pages. Published by Schott Music (SD.49006086).
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1000 Homo DJ's
There are two different stories as to how this side-project came about... one is said that it was created through Al's distate of a poor mix of a Revolting Cocks song. Another was through his worry that the final mixes from THE LAND OF RAPE & HONEY would never see the light of day. Whichever story, thus was born that Jim Nash, co-founder of WaxTrax!, confided to him that "a thousand homo DJs would hear it!"
The project was later resurrected to release some tracks from the Mins Is A Terrible Thing To Taste period.
Buck Satan (Al Jourgensen, vocals/guitar/bass)
Ike Krull (Mike Scaccia, guitar)
Wee Willie Reefer (Bill Rieflin, drums)
Officer Agro (Jeff Ward, vocals/drums)
Trent Reznor (vocals/guitar, uncredited)
Viva Nova (vocals)
Count Ringworm (Jello Biafra, vocals)
Temple Of Drool Choir (vocals).
Self Titled EP
1990 Wax Trax Records
1. Supernaut (Black Sabbath Cover)
2. Hey Asshole
3. Apathy
4. Better Ways
Lyrics are available here.
For more release information, go to the Sideprojects Discography.
Page Last Edited on 2006-05-10 19:47:15 UTC CST (70617)


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I have no idea what the inside of my body looks like and I have only a vague notion of what each of the pieces-parts are doing at any given moment. Like most of us, I do have suspicions about when something might be wrong, but that's when I typically turn to a pro and his or her tools and knowledge (like MRI's, stethoscopes, etc.) to help figure out what's going on in there. It's the only body I have and I plan to put it to continued good use well into the future.
And if I suspected that something was seriously wrong, I might even get 'a second opinion.' Depending on my insurance, I might have to pay out of my own pocket for that opinion, and there's also a good chance I might hear the same feedback I got from the first physician, but hey, this could be serious and I can't afford to take chances!
I work with a lot of organizations who rely on software and information technology about as heavily as I rely on my body. In many cases, software runs their business and gives them a competitive advantage. And many of these business users know as much about their software's inner workings as I do about my body's. After all, it's not their field of expertise. They have IT professionals who are working 'under the covers' to make their software do what it's supposed to do.
But I've noticed they rarely, if ever, seek a second opinion. Sometimes that takes the form of a "software audit" or a "code review." Usually, it's done by an independent third party who, like a medical second opinion, may completely agree with what their IT pros are telling them. On the other hand, if something is not being done according to best practices or industry standards, that's about the only way they are ever going to find out.
Health Care has second opinions. Construction has building inspectors. Even elevators have to be routinely inspected. Isn't it about time the software industry grew up and realized that even though you may not always get a 'clean bill of health' from your audit, that's better than waiting til they break out the scalpels…?


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Go 2 Guy: Amber the Sea Gal now starlet
We knew her as Amber the Sea Gal, and now she's a rising Hollywood starlet.
In the four years since this column began, Amber Lancaster has generated more buzz than all of the beverage-cart girls combined.
Two years ago, she won over the Go 2 Guy by agreeing to sit on a sidewalk, attracting motorists to a car wash benefiting Howard Hanson, a bedridden Federal Way man.
The most popular Sea Gal in the history of the Seahawks' dance team, Lancaster left Seattle more than two years ago to pursue a modeling and acting career in Los Angeles. Now everyone, it seems, is pursuing her.
Reached on Tuesday night before meeting friends for dinner in Santa Monica, Lancaster said she was going to attend an X Games party Wednesday and is scheduled to return to Seattle on Friday to co-host a party at Venom, a downtown nightclub.
These are the engagements she keeps now, but Amber doesn't want it to sound like she's become a hobnobbing snob.
Since her reign as Miss Makita ended in December, Amber turned down a modeling job on Howie Mandel's "Deal or No Deal" to go on tour with Budweiser in Europe during the World Cup.
She is Miss Hot Import Nights 2006, a coveted title to be sure, appearing at 20 events around the country this year, including Qwest Field on Sept. 30. Log on to hotimportnights.com for a look at Amber now -- she's the one in the black teddy.
Amber is also on the cover of Import Tuner magazine, which she says is available at most grocery stores.
This fall you'll see her in a Miller Lite commercial, featured prominently as a ring-card girl.
It won't be her TV debut. Somehow I missed this, but she was Bo Bice's love interest in his hit video of "The Real Thing" on MTV earlier this year.
Asked if the 2005 "American Idol" runner-up hit on her, Amber said, "No, he's married and has a baby."
The silver screen is next, with Amber getting a small part in "Redline," which is said to be an auto-action thriller -- i.e. expect to see a lot of cars crashing, including a $440,000 Porsche Carerra GT.
Eddie Griffin, the hilarious star of "Undercover Brother," is one of "Redline's" stars. Amber is Angus Macfadyen's girlfriend in the movie. She said "Angus Macfadyen" as if I'd heard of him, and I hadn't.
I'll bet Ebert and the other guy give "Redline" two thumbs down, but I'll give 'em one finger up, just because Amber's in it. The movie will be released next month.
She also has been asked by Maxim to fly to Pittsburgh to interview NFL quarterbacks for a story in the magazine. She didn't ask for pointers -- Maxim will give her the questions to ask. Details are sketchy. She figures the Steelers' Ben Roethlisberger will be one of the quarterbacks she interviews.
"Of all places," Amber said of Pittsburgh, still seething over last year's Super Bowl. "I'll spit on the field when I get there."
Amber's connected. Her manager works for "The Firm," which apparently is big-time in Hollywood, big enough anyway to get her an invitation to an after-Oscars party.
It was held at a Hollywood Hills mansion and lasted all night, Amber not getting to her Brentwood home until dawn.
Asked if any celebrities asked for her phone number, she said, "Actually, a couple."
Amber's got another gig, too, a back-to-school campaign for Wet Seal. Ultimately she hopes to parlay the modeling jobs into an acting career, a la Cameron Diaz.
When Amber gets her own Oscar, I know who she'll thank first.
"I don't know where I'd be without you," she said.
COUG LICENSE PLATE: Two weeks ago, reader Jack Witsoe said he wanted to auction off his personalized COUGDAD license plate to the highest bidder, with proceeds going toward a WSU scholarship of some sort.
I thought there would be fast-and-furious bidding, but it's been slow and whatever the opposite of furious is. In fact, only 2 1/2 bids came in. First offer: 47 cents. Second offer: $200 from a guy named Mitch, who withdrew his bid after his wife complained about it. Way to wear the pants in your family, Mitch.
So that leaves Ed Clark as the winner after the Redmond CPA bid $500, which would be a very nice offer until I learned of his intentions.
"I will pay $500 to keep that license plate off the road," said the '77 UW alum.
Clark is the same man who won the Go 2 Guy's only other auction two years ago, as high bidder for lunch with Bob Melvin, proceeds going to the Moyer Foundation.


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'Wheeze Kids' take Phillies back to World Series
There have been some bizarre seasons in Phillies history, and 1983 sure was one. That team was inconsistent most of the season and bickered among each other.
The roster was filled with veteran players. Right fielder Von Hayes was the only one in the starting eight under 30 years of age, prompting Stan Hochman of the Daily News to label the team the "Wheeze Kids."
There have been some bizarre seasons in Phillies history, and 1983 sure was one. That team was inconsistent most of the season and bickered among each other.
The roster was filled with veteran players. Right fielder Von Hayes was the only one in the starting eight under 30 years of age, prompting Stan Hochman of the Daily News to label the team the "Wheeze Kids."
Included were Pete Rose, Joe Morgan and Tony Perez, three players from the Big Red Machine that dominated the National League with Cincinnati in the 1970s. Rose was in his final season with the Phillies, Morgan came in a trade with the Giants and Perez was signed as a free agent.
Incidentally, it was the last season that trio was together. After the season, Rose and Morgan were released and Perez was sold back to the Reds.
From Opening Day through Aug. 31, 40 players appeared in games for the Phillies. With the team in first place (43-42) on July 18, manager Pat Corrales was fired and replaced by Paul Owens -- the second time "the Pope" had left the front office for the dugout. In the end, the Phillies reached the postseason for the sixth time in eight years, but it wasn't easy.
Owens took a page out of Dallas Green's book, unafraid of ruffling feathers and benching big-name players. In September, Len Matuszek played more games at first base than Rose.
Twelve pitchers made starts, including rookies Charles Hudson and Kevin Gross, who combined for 12 wins.
The 40-year-old Perez was hitting .391 with 17 RBIs in 19 games on May 1, fitting as it was the 100th anniversary of the Phillies' first game. When Sept. 1 rolled around, the Phillies, Pirates, Cardinals and Expos were separated by two games in the National League East. The next day, the Pope used Ozzie Virgil to pinch-hit for Morgan. Ozzie hit a game-winning grand slam. Wonder how many times Morgan was lifted for a pinch-hitter in his Hall of Fame career?
On Sept. 5, the Phillies were 67-65 and in third place. On Sept. 14, we took over first place for good. With Morgan swinging a hot bat, the Phils won a club-record 22 games in the final month. Included was an 11-game winning streak, a modern club record. Steve Carlton's historic 300th win came during the streak.
The clincher came 14 days later in a 13-6 win in Wrigley Field, the 700th in club history. The Phillies finished six games ahead of Pirates.
Under Owens, the Phillies finished the year 47-30 in their last 77 games. John Denny became the ace, as Carlton had a losing season. Denny went 13-1 after the All-Star Game to finish with 19 wins. At the end of the season, he won the NL Cy Young Award.
Closer Al Holland, who came from the Giants in the Morgan deal, won another pitching award, the Rolaids Relief Man Award, by recording a then club-record 25 saves.
National League Championship Series
For the third time since 1977, the Los Angeles Dodgers stood between the Phillies and a World Series appearance.
During the regular season, the Dodgers completely dominated the Phillies, winning 11 of 12. That's not all. In those 12 games, we scored a total of 15 runs (13 earned). Our team batting average was .187, and their team ERA was 1.09. That's completely dominating.
Opening the best-of-five set in Dodger Stadium, the Phillies got a split, winning the first, 1-0, on a first-inning Mike Schmidt home run and shutout pitching by Carlton and Holland. Gary Matthews, nicknamed "the Sarge" by Rose, hit a homer in Game 2, our only run in a 4-1 loss.
The Sarge, who had 10 homers during the season, was just warming up. Homering in each of the next two wins and driving in seven runs, he walked off with the NLCS MVP Award in leading the Phillies to the NL Pennant. He keyed an offense that scored 14 runs in the final 15 innings. Remember, during the season we scored 15 runs against the Dodgers in 12 games.
World Series
The I-95 World Series followed between Philadelphia and Baltimore.
We won the first game at Memorial Stadium and headed home with a split, just as we had done in the NLCS. A bid for a second World Series title went down the drain as the Orioles won the next three games at the Vet.
Where Are They?
Andersen, Larry: Phillies broadcaster
Bystrom, Marty: Lives in suburban Philadelphia; WPHL TV analyst
Carlton, Steve: Lives in Colorado; owns and operates Game Winner Sports, Inc.
Denny, John: Lives Orlando, Fla.; instructor in Dennybaseball.com camp
Gross, Kevin: Lives in Claremont, Calif.; artist, hunter, fisherman, baseball coach
Hernandez, Willie: Lives in Carolina, P.R.
Holland, Al: Lives in Roanoke, Va.
Hudson, Charles: Lives in Dallas
McGraw, Tug: Deceased
Reed, Ron: Lives in Georgia; supervisor, Marketing Event Partners
Diaz, Bo: Deceased
Virgil, Ozzie Jr.: Lives in Phoenix
DeJesus, Ivan: Lives in Orlando
Garcia, Kiko: Lives in Martinez, Calif.
Morgan, Joe: Lives in the San Francisco Bay area
Perez, Tony: Lives in Florida; special assistant to Marlins' president
Rose, Pete: Lives in Las Vegas; partner in Dreams, Inc.
Samuel, Juan: Phillies coach
Schmidt, Mike: Lives in Florida; president of Michael Jack, Inc.
Dernier, Bob: Lives in Lee's Summit, Mo.
Gross, Greg: Lives in suburban Philadelphia; coach with AAA Reno (D-backs)
Hayes, Von: Alexandria, La.; manager of independent team; partner in FirstSource HR
Lefebvre, Joe: Lives in Connecticut; assistant hitting coach, San Francisco Giants
Lezcano, Sixto: Lives on Orlando Maddox, Garry: Lives in Philadelphia; president/CEO, A. Pomerantz & Co.; pres., World Wide Concessions
Matthews, Gary: Phillies broadcaster
Owens, Paul: Deceased
Bristol, Dave: Lives in Andrews, N.C.
Felske, John: Lives in Chicago
Johnson, Deron: Deceased
Osteen, Claude: Lives in Washington, D.C.
Ryan, Mike: Lives in New Hampshire
Larry Shenk is the vice president of Alumni Relations for the Phillies.


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14k Yellow Gold Engagement Set
In Stock | STYLE: FE17A79-FE17A79W
Forever Elegant™ 1/3 Ctw. Diamond Semi Mount shown with 1 Ct. Round Center Diamond in 14K Gold
Forever Elegant™ 1/8 Ctw. Diamond Wedding Band in 14K Gold
Items also available to purchase separately... *Prices are subject to change based on fluctuations in metal prices and currencies


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September 20, 2004
Welcome back to UCLA Anderson for a weekend of learning and social and professional networking with fellow Anderson alumni. Alumni Weekend offers something for everyone.
Weekend's highlights include:
- Leadership Conference - "Redefining Business: A View From the Top"
Learn how C-level executives have seized the opportunity to redefine their businesses and shift the market place.
- Networking Reception
- Family Barbecue Picnic
- Welcome Luncheon featuring Chancellor Albert Carnesale and the Alumni Awards presentation.
- Class Reunions for the Classes of 1979, 1984, 1989, 1994, 1999
Watch the Alumni Weekend video. (broadband, 3:33, requires Real Player)
Visit the Leadership Conference Web pages to see the line up of speakers and conference schedule.
Visit the Class Reunion Web pages to see your class year facebook and schedule of events.
Visit the Logistics page for information on event location, parking and special hotels rates.


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Southland Co-op has locations in Assiniboia, Gravelbourg, Mossbank, and Coronach. Our many stores have your needs covered from gas & groceries, to agriculture, pharmacy items and homebuilding supplies.
Our food stores have the largest selection of brand name grocery products and provide our own private label brands that offer great quality at better prices. We have always offered a 100% satisfaction guarantee.
Southland Co-op is proud to be helping our communities by donating to various organizations throughout the region. In 2014 over $120,000.00 have been put into organizations in the Southland region and we continue to donate to causes that are important to our community.
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