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It may seem that progress on this project has been quite slow during the last few weeks. Partly, this is because progress has been quite slow during the last few weeks. Writing a lot of self-contained code is easy, but as soon as I have to interface with the Eclipse API, each line of code can easily take an hour of poking around in documentation. Another reason for the lack of visible progress is that I've spent a few days refactoring and reorganizing the preference pages for EclipseFP. However, these changes aren't ready yet and are currently parked away in a branch. But I decided not to let work "under the hood" keep me from posting updates!
Nominolo (my mentor, and the author of Scion) and I decided that it was no good to have the Scion server speak different protocols for each type of client that it serves. There were already separate Emacs and vim protocols, each with a different set of accessible commands, and adding and maintaining additional protocols would quickly grow unwieldy.
We therefore settled on one, and only one, protocol that is easy to parse from nearly every language: JSON. As simple as possible, but not any simpler. I threw away my hacked Lisp parser and implemented the JSON-based protocol in EclipseFP.
There are several options for JSON parsing from Java. Two feasible ones referenced from the JSON homepage are org.json (or whatever its name is) and json-simple. org.json uses specialized objects to represent the different JSON types, whereas json-simple uses standard Java classes. Although this sounds simple and elegant indeed, I abandoned json-simple because it does not employ generics, and therefore still requires many typecasts. In fact, neither of the two libraries are very nice and type-safe (because of JSON's dynamic nature, they cannot be!), but org.json provides many utility methods that save typing out explicit casts.
Apart from simplicity and well-definedness, JSON has another advantage over the previous protocol: it is now possible to test the Scion server through telnet.


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Saturday, February 28, 2015
Some 'in-pub' ghost signs from Coburg
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In February 2012 I stumbled upon a trove of company documents from the 1940s and 1950s at a demolition site in Footscray, Melbourne. Here I tell the stories associated with those documents: the records of signwriting company Lewis & Skinner, and the tattered books of correspondence connected with writer Morris West and the radio serial company he started and ran, Australasian Radio Productions. Plus the more general exploration of 'ghost signs' that my discovery has sparked.

subset: commoncrawl


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Gross Domestic Product Not Sole Indicator of Progress
What is Happiness? Many of us equate it with money. However, since 1972, the kingdom of Bhutan under the leadership of its former King, Jigme Singye Wangchuck has measured its developmental success not solely through the economic lens of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) but also through a more complete approach known as Gross National Happiness (GNH). Its laurels were based upon the original four pillars of sustainable development, preservation and promotion of cultural values, conservation of the natural environment, and good governance.
These indicators have become increasingly important over the last three decades as it became apparent that blindly pursuing economic expansion has created growing pains in a number of countries. GNH has appeared to be very successful in Bhutan, a nation the size of Switzerland with a population of around 700,000. With initiatives such as maintaining at least 60% (currently 72%) of the land for forests and conservation, while maintaining 165 indigenous mammal species such as the rare snow leopard, Bhutan also has a fast growing economy.
Government spending on health and education is the highest in the region at 18% and Bhutan boasts a GDP growth rate of 21.4% and a per capita income level that is almost twice as much as much as India's, although it was much poorer as recently as the 1980's. Independent sources also seem to echo these sentiments as Business Week magazine rated Bhutan the world's 8th happiest country.


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If I have no shot, is it due to my first year or my LSAT? If it is due to my LSAT, how greatly will my first year affect me? Is there any way I can get it to not be in consideration?
If I have no shot, is it due to my first year or my LSAT? If it is due to my LSAT, how greatly will my first year affect me? Is there any way I can get it to not be in consideration?
Based on the LSAC site ( you should play with it to see what I'm talking about), you're a 0% chance with the LSAT you put up and your grades from first year.
Shoot, is there any way you can get your profs to give you "withdrew" or "withdrew passing" for your grades? They're freakin' killing you.
With a higher LSAT, that just brings that side of the equation up a bit. It's not that your GPA is bad. It's that it's bad for admission to NYU law.
Play with the site and see what you can do to get your chances to move off of zero.
At that point, I'd say a strong personal statement and making a HUGE effort to draw attention to your grades from 2nd thru 4th year, you might get in.
Trouble is, admissions officers are reviewing hundreds of application files. The first swipe they take, in all likelihood, is just for numbers alone. So, if your numbers are great, you are probably an automatic accept. Granted, they probably review to make sure you don't have something really wrong like a felony conviction, etc.
Likewise, they probably make a first pass to get rid of folks whose numbers are simply not anywhere near what they need to be. You'd be in that boat at NYU, probably. Keep in mind, it's one of the hardest schools in the country to get into.
They won't look at your transcript when making those first cuts. They'll just look at your gpa. You need to get them to look at your transcript or at least get far enough that they can READ your personal statement. They will not read thousands of personal statements. They'll only read the ones of people who stand a shot at admission.
So, see how it works? With a higher LSAT, you might, numerically, get into the "maybe" pile instead of the "no way" pile after that first cut. Once there, then you can sort of get a chance to explain (though mostly even then it's on numbers.) Your grades are so good after your first year that you might be able to punch above your weight, gpa-wise.
In your shoes, I'd be spending every waking minute trying to get the mother of all monster LSAT scores. Like 175 or higher. Like close to 180. That puts you in the upper range of LSAT scores for admitted students and you might get a chance to explain the situation with your grades.
but proud of what I did in undergrad as a whole.


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2009 Men's Tennis Season Recap
Farmingdale, N.Y. - The men's tennis team, in just their second season as a Varsity program, finished the year with an outstanding 9-3 record and advanced to the Skyline Conference Championship, where they lost a close match 5-4 to St. Joseph's College. The Rams entered the playoffs as the #2 seed with a 6-1 conference record and defeated #4 Bard College 5-0 in the semifinals to reach the finals.
Freshman Tom Johnsen had a very impressive rookie season, finishing with a perfect 10-0 singles record, competing as the #3 player for Coach Waterhouse's team. Johnsen also went a combined 9-3 in doubles play.
Sophomore Chris Genzmann posted a 10-2 record from his #4 singles position and a 9-3 record playing on the #2 doubles team.
Senior Matt Kacmarczyk finished the year with an 9-3 record at #2 singles and an 8-4 record playing either #1 or #2 doubles.
#1 singles player and last year's Skyline Rookie of the Year, Joe Passarella, posted a 6-4 record and finished 7-4 at first doubles.
Coach Waterhouse was named the Skyline Conference Coach of the
Year, while Passarella was named First Team and Tom Johnsen and
Matt Kazmarczyk were named to the Second Team.


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INDIO >> The total number of arrests at the Stagecoach Country Music Festival on Saturday totaled 80, twice as many as last year during the same day, according to the Indio Police Deparment.
People were arrested for intoxication and being underage, either drinking underage or representing themselves as under 21, said department spokesman Ben Guitron.
A missing person scare resulted in finding the young woman and reuniting her with her worried family. Guitron said the woman declined to give details about her whereabouts.


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- 18 & over
- Two drink minimum
- All Sales are Final
- All showtimes are subject to change. Valid Photo ID Required.
- Special Event
50 W. Jefferson St.
Phoenix, AZ 85003
Comedy Central Certified
DAMON WAYANS (Special Event)
Purchase Tickets
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Performing Artists (Click on Artist for Reviews and Previews)
Show Details
- Ticket Price: $40.00 - $50.00
- Door Time: 5:30 PM
- Show Type: Stand Up
- Tags: Mainstream
18 & over
Two drink minimum
All Sales are Final
All showtimes are subject to change. Valid Photo ID Required.
Special Event
Damon Wayans is most fondly remembered for his three seasons as writer and co-star on the Emmy Award-winning series In Living Color. There, he created sketch characters like "Homey the Clown," "Handiman" and outrageously gay film critic Blaine from "Men on Film". His writing for the series earned him two personal Emmy® nominations.
Damon Wayans created, executive produced and starred in the hilariously comedic sketch show, "The Underground." Additional television credits include the half-hour Fox sitcom Damon, in which he starred and executive produced, and the hour-long drama 413 Hope Street, which was nominated for a People's Choice Award.
He served as an executive producer on Waynehead, a Saturday morning animated cartoon for WB, which featured the voices of his siblings Kim, Marlon and Shawn Wayans. He also starred and executive produced independent film, Harlem Aria. Other feature film credits include starring roles in Major Payne, Blankman and Mo Money, which he also wrote and executive produced. Wayans also starred in The Great White Hype, Celtic Pride, The Last Boy Scout, Earth Girls are Easy, I'm Gonna Git You Sucka, Colors, Punchline, Hollywood Shuffle, Roxanne and Beverly Hills Cop.


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This texture pack is designed to recreate the Aperture Science atmosphere. The concept behind this pack is that it is not intended to center around the Portal aspect of the facilities. It is a general look that offers flexibility when constructing chambers.
Only registered members can share their thoughts. So come on! Join the community today (totally free - or sign in with your social account on the right) and join in the conversation.


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"The Tourist"
Johnny Depp plays a regular guy who travels across Europe in the hopes of getting over a broken heart, only to find himself ensnared by super spy Angelina Jolie in some crazy international intrigue.
We don't waste our time on anything not worth your time. We celebrate the best of what's coming on film and TV. We cheer when our expectations are met and criticize when we're let down.


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Course Library
Browse our library of planning courses
Form-Based Codes: Using Building Types, Part 1
Learn about building types in the context of form-based coding and how building types can be a direct way to achieve compatible and more predictable built results.
The Ethics of Disruptive Transportation Technologies
This course discusses the process for making ethical decisions as part of planning for disruptive technologies.
Introduction to Planning: Zoning as an Implementation Tool
This course discusses the Zoning Ordinance - its structure, its relationship to the plan and the sometimes confusing procedures through which it is modified and varied.
Urban Design for Planners 6: Streetscape Design
Learn how to identify thoroughfares where traffic calming is a high priority, identify desired thoroughfare dimensions based on urban context, and create a redesigned thoroughfare.
Urban Design for Planners 5: Density
The purpose of this course is to show how neighborhoods can increase in density in keeping with their character. Students will learn how to find areas that are close to civic uses, commercial areas, and public transit; propose a level of urban intensity (transect zone) for each area; determine what kinds of units would be appropriate in each location; and create a Sketchup model with varying density layers.
Urban Design for Planners 3: Neighborhoods and Centers
This course demonstrates how to delineate a set of neighborhoods and neighborhood centers for a given area and suggests design improvements that enhance neighborhood centers.
Urban Design for Planners 2: Getting Started with QGIS and SketchUp
The second course in the Urban Design for Planners series provides training on two important tools: SketchUp and QGIS.
Urban Design for Planners 1: Software Tools
This six-course series explores essential urban design concepts using open source software and equips planners with the tools they need to participate fully in the urban design process. The first course introduces the software you'll use to create analytical maps, 3D models, and 2D graphic designs.
Regulatory Implications of Tiny Homes
In this course we will define a tiny home and explore the history and appeal of this seemingly recent movement. The course touches on challenges associated with the legal development and regulation of this alternative residential option.
Exploring the Regulation of Short-Term Rentals
This course will provide an overview of recent short-term rental trends, the impact of short-term rentals on local and national housing markets, the potential effects of short-term rentals on neighborhoods and adjacent properties, and the zoning and licensing requirements, emerging as a means of regulating short-term rentals.
Introduction to Real Estate Equity Crowdfunding
Learn the rules that govern and allow for real estate crowdfunding and how real estate crowdfunding can be deployed in your community for possible development.
What To Do When You Suspect Your Boss Is Unethical
This courses reviews the challenges you face as a planner if you suspect your supervisor of unethical conduct.
Understanding the Content and Process for Determining Ethical Conduct
This course reviews the new organizational structure of the AICP Code of Ethics, along with an extended examination of the new procedures for advisory rulings and adjudication.
Missing Middle Housing: Meeting the Growing Demand for Walkable Urbanism
Learn about Missing Middle Housing and how to integrate these types into existing neighborhoods.
The American City, Part 3: Learning from the Grid
This course demonstrates the well-defined formal composition and spatial processes of how American cities evolve over time.
The American City, Part 2: The Invention of a New Scale
Understand how the physical characteristics of block size and street length distinguish American cities from earlier models of urbanism, and the implications of these physical characteristics for sustainability in the 21st century.
The American City, Part 1: A Brief History of the Regular Grid
Learn why the regular grid has been a standard part of the town planning vocabulary around the world for nearly five millennia.
Frontage Types and the Public Realm
This course reviews the 10 primary frontage types and how each shapes the public realm. This course focuses on understanding the features and distinctions of each type and in which locations or contexts each is appropriate.
Regulating Electronic Message Centers
This course provides practical, solution-focused guidance for regulations that leverage digital sign technology while protecting community aesthetic values and safety concerns. This course is available for free.
Form-Based Codes 101: Citywide and Countywide Code Updates
The final course in the "Form-Based Codes 101" series explores citywide form-based coding—the assessment of an entire city to determine where form-based code application should occur.


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An integrated modular service for microfluidics and mixed technologies.
The goal of microBUILDER is to increase the commercial success and competitiveness of European industry by facilitating the introduction of new microtechnology to key components in products. microBUILDER provides industry with a simple and cost-effective access to mixed technology development and manufacturing and supports customers from the first idea to a final product. SMEs, but also academic research groups, are the target user group.
MicroBuilder Partner:
IMM - Institut für Mikrotechnik Mainz (>>)
(IMM - Institute for Microtechnology Mainz)
As a partner for industrial companies and research institutions, we concentrate our activities on developing microdevices and systems for our customer's specific needs. Benefiting from this are companies from the fields of chemicals and pharmaceuticals, personal care, food industries, energy production, biotechnology, analytics, diagnostics, medical technology and sensor development. Our interdisciplinary teams of experts work out innovative solutions in close co-operation with the customer in order to open up market opportunities and new areas of business for them.
thinXXS Microtechnology AG is a IMM spin-off.
ScienceDocs - Scientific Translation and Editing (>>)
ScienceDocs is the only comprehensive scientific and medical research support service company in the world. The group consists of PhD-level biostatisticians and epidemiologists as well as expert scientific translators and editors -- some of the very best in the field today. The services include scientific and medical document editing, study design consultation, data analysis, language translation, GIS mapping, and inferential statistics programming. Clients of ScienceDocs can be found at all levels of academics, private industry and government, and include researchers, students and clinicians.
IVAM - Fachverband für Mikrotechnik (>>)
(IVAM - A Microtechnology Association)
IVAM is an international association of companies and institutes in the field of microtechnology.
IVAM is the communicative bridge between suppliers and users of microtechnology products and services. At present more than 180 companies and institutes from nine European countries, Korea, Japan and the United States are IVAM members. IVAM brings innovations to market and create competitive advantages via technology marketing. They work international markets and provide worldwide networking. And they provide lobbying services for small and medium-sized enterprises in the high-tech sector.
thinXXS Microtechnology AG is an IVAM member.
TOPAS Advanced Polymers manufactures and markets TOPAS® COC (cyclic olefin copolymer) for advanced packaging, medical, optical and other applications worldwide. It also supplies Crystal Dew® COC, wich adds decorative highlights to many settings, and the chemical raw material norbornene.
The company is a joint venture of Daicel Chemical Industries Ltd., and Polyplastics Co., Ltd. It is headquartered in Frankfurt, Germany and has a U.S. subsidiary in Florence, Ky. It operates a 30.000-metric tonnes/year COC plant, the world's largest, in Oberhausen, Germany. It employs about 100 people working in research and development, marketing and sales production and administration. It was launched January 1, 2006 following the purchase of the TOPAS business from Ticona, a subsidiary of Celanese Corporation.
TOPAS COC was developed in the early 1990s by Hoechst AG. Hoechst created a new COC proves in which norbornene is synthesized from dicyclopentadiene and ethylene. A second step copolymerises norbornene with ethylene over metallocene catalysts to generate cyclic olefin copolymer generated.


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Born Carl Bernard Zanders, Jr., in Apopka, Florida, on April 24, 1926, Fritz Winfred Alexander, II was later given the name of his mother's brother, a Gary, Indiana, lawyer with whom he went to live after his mother became ill.1 Upon surveying the Judge's long and illustrious legal career, it becomes apparent that the elder Alexander gifted to his young nephew not only his euphonious name, but also imparted a drive for excellence, an inclination toward public service and social justice, and a passion for the rule of law.
Judge Alexander's appointment to the Court of Appeals on January 2, 1985 by Governor Mario Cuomo marked a significant milestone in the Court's history: he was the first Black American to be appointed to a full fourteen-year term on the Court.2 Upon his nomination, the fourteen-member Committee on Judicial Selection of the New York State Bar Association judged him to possess "pre-eminent qualifications" and concluded that he was "well-qualified" for the position of Associate Judge of the Court of Appeals. Although the Judge was keenly aware of historical and social import of his appointment, he was adamant that his paramount allegiance on the Court was to the people of New York and to the rule of law. At his confirmation hearings before the Senate Judiciary Committee (which voted his nomination unanimously), he acknowledged the "symbolic significance" of his status as the first Black American to be elevated to a full term on the Court of Appeals,3 and upon taking the bench insisted that he was appointed not because of his race, but because he was "a good judicial choice," and that his paramount role was "to serve the people of this state as a judge of this court."4 On the occasion of his leaving the Court after only seven years into his term, and four years shy of the mandatory retirement age of 70, he remarked that he most wanted to be known "as a jurist who sought to discharge his responsibilities to the very best of his ability, to serve justice and the rule of law, and about whom it can be said 'job well done."5
While Alexander sought to downplay his race, even as a judge he was not immunized from racial prejudice and discrimination. In her memorial remarks after his death in 2000, Chief Judge Judith S. Kaye remembered that the Judge shared personal accounts of his experiences of invidious discrimination "not with bitterness but with clear resolve to effect change."6 It is not surprising, then, that when confronted by racism from the infamous Ku Klux Klan, Judge Alexander took the incident in stride. Sometime between Friday night, January 16, 1981 and the following Saturday morning, the suite of judges' chambers on the 17th floor of the Criminal Courts Building at 100 Centre Street in Manhattan was burglarized." According to the New York Times report, six chambers were invaded, nine typewriters stolen, and "the chambers of a black State Supreme Court justice ransacked and the letters 'KKK' scrawled on the walls . . . Only the chambers of Justice Fritz W. Alexander, who is black, were defaced."7 Characteristically, Judge Alexander didn't want the incident "blown out of proportion."8
Undoubtedly Alexander's attitude in that situation was born of long experience. At age 16, he was the youngest graduate in the 1942 class of the all-Black Theodore Roosevelt High School,9 which had been established in 1927 as a result of the exclusion by whites of Blacks from the Gary high schools.10 After high school he served in the United States Naval Reserve as a quartermaster, 2nd class during World War II, and also during the Korean conflict. As a student at Dartmouth College he participated in officer training from 1944 through 1946, and was enrolled in a selective training module, the "V-12 program," which was designed to give officer candidates preliminary training during World War II.11
One of only four Black students in the Dartmouth College class of 1947, Alexander excelled academically, socially, and athletically. He majored in government there and was inducted into The Green Key Society, an honorary student service organization charged with service to and leadership in the Dartmouth community.12 He was elected its treasurer in April 1946.13 As a six foot, 200 lb. center on the Dartmouth football team, his "bulk and fight" was credited with bolstering the "middle of the Green line."14 The team profile described Alexander as "Never one to take a step backward when contact with the ball-carrier is evident."15 He proved a formidable force in the boxing ring as well, despite having suffered football injuries that would vex him throughout his life. He was Dartmouth's 1945 heavy-weight champion, albeit by default.16 Given his reputation for facing challenges head-on, one can only imagine Alexander's disappointment when his opponent, "John Bennett of Hitch" failed to show up for what the Dartmouth Log said "might have been the fight of fights."17
Alexander maintained close ties with Dartmouth in the years after his graduation. He co-founded the Black Alumni of Dartmouth Association in 1971, and served as its first president (1973-1975).18 Datrmouth was established in 1769 to educate American Indians and had its first Black American graduates in the 1820s, so Alexander felt that the college had formally acknowledged the value of a diverse student population without fully embracing and implementing the idea. No doubt motivated by the isolation he experienced at Dartmouth during the 1940s, he challenged the school to live up to its charter commitment to diversity.19 In his memorial remarks at the Riverside Church in New York City on May 20, 2000, Dartmouth President James Wright recognized Alexander's role in the fight against racial inequality at the college, saying that "[h]is leadership, his vision, his commitment to basic principles helped Dartmouth through some critical transition years in the 1970s."20 Alexander was credited with increasing the participation of Black alumnae in recruitment, alumni relations, and with urging the college to integrate diversity, equal opportunity, and affirmative action principles in the life and governance of the school.21 At Alexander's insistence, Dartmouth College appointed its first black trustee, Harry Dodds.22
After Dartmouth, Alexander studied at New York University Law School and graduated in 1951. Alexander was initiated into the judiciary in October 1970, when New York City Mayor John V. Lindsay appointed him as an interim judge on the city's Civil Court, and that same year was elected to a ten-year term as a Judge of the Civil Court from the Fifth Municipal Court District. He served as Acting Justice of Supreme Court from time to time between 1972 and 1975, sitting in the Criminal Branch and the Appellate Division, and sat by designation in the Family Court (1974-1975). He also took an academic turn, serving as an Adjunct Professor of Law at Cornell Law School in 1974-75. In 1977, he was appointed to an interim term as a Justice of Supreme Court, and was elected to a full fourteen-year term from the First Judicial District with the backing of the Democratic and Liberal parties. In 1982, the Governor designated him to sit as an Associate Justice of the Appellate Division, First Department. With his appointment to the Court of Appeals in 1985, he filled the seat left open when Judge Hugh R. Jones retired.
By 1992, Alexander had established a reputation for his deliberative approach to jurisprudence, his strong commitment to individual rights, and for the "three-alarm" chili which he occasionally cooked up for other judges.23 That year, just four years shy of the Court of Appeal's mandatory retirement age, and seemingly at the pinnacle of his career, Alexander stunned many of his colleagues and friends when he voluntarily left the Court to join the administration of his New York University School of Law classmate and former law partner, David Norman Dinkins, the first African-American mayor of the City of New York. 24 In a move that "took the legal community by surprise,"25 Alexander left behind what he described as "the relative tranquility of the Court" 26 for New York City's chaotic criminal justice system to take on what one reporter described as "a relentlessly fractious criminal-justice system as a bureaucratic traffic cop, mayoral troubleshooter, and (on occasion) interagency mud-wrestling referee."27 According to New York Newsday, Alexander's toughest task in his new job would be "forcing a bloated NYPD to shoo more cops out from behind desks and onto the streets."28 Not surprisingly, "many were critical of his choice. They saw it as folly, a step in the wrong direction."29 Even Dinkins himself said that he was surprised when Alexander accepted the thankless job of overseeing the city's Police, Fire, Correction and Probation departments.30
While his decision to leave one of the nation's most prestigious legal positions at the height of his career confounded many of his colleagues, the move was consistent with his well-established commitment to family and friendship, and his penchant for confronting important challenges. A year into the job, Alexander expressed no regrets about his decision, and explained that it was "home and friendship" and the challenge of the job, that led him to step down from the bench,31 as well as a longing for something different after twenty-two years as a judge.32 The opportunity to assist his longtime friend David Dinkins, to help his beloved New York City through its fiscal and civil woes, along with the chance to be closer to home and to his wife, Beverly, apparently was an irresistible combination.
Then-Chief Judge Sol Wachtler apparently had mixed emotions about the move. At the official ceremony at the Court marking Alexander's departure, Wachtler observed that "[t]he choice he made to relinquish his seat on this Court and to accept a new responsibility speaks eloquently of Judge Alexander's character. It tells us about his loyalty to friends, his dedication to the people of the City he loves and his willingness to confront any challenge."33 A few months later, though, he took a different view in a speech before the Legislative Correspondents Association, derisively quipping that "[i]f he [Judge Alexander] follows the trajectory, his next job will be school crossing guard."34
In addition to the challenge of the job and the opportunity to spend more time with his family, Alexander made it clear that his long standing and close association with former classmate and law partner, Mayor Dinkins played a decisive role in his decision to accept the post. Calling Mayor Dinkins his "very dear friend," Alexander said "I love the City of New York . . . [t]he Mayor needed someone to fill this spot . . . and I've always been at his side in situations where I could be of help to him. So here I am."35 He and Dinkins had been students together at New York University School of Law, where he served on the Moot Court Board, as president of his class and vice-president of the Student Bar Association.36 Dinkins and Alexander had lived in the same apartment building in the 1950s "the Riverton Apartments in Harlem".37 After working for a time with the law firm of Demov, Morris, Levin & Hammerling following his admission to the New York State bar in 1952, Alexander joined Dinkins and Thomas Benjamin Dyett in 1958 to form Dyett, Alexander & Dinkins, "the leading black law firm in New York City in its day."38 The firm, with which Alexander was affiliated until 1970, served a largely black clientele39 and also represented institutional clients such as the United Mutual Life Insurance Company and Allied Federal Savings and Loan in Queens, New York.40 In 1965, as a member of the influential Carver Democratic Club in Harlem, Alexander helped coordinate Dinkins' upset state assembly victory.41 Along with the likes of other influential Black American men such as United Nations Ambassador Ralph Bunche, the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., federal appeals court judge A. Leon Higginbotham, Bill Cosby, and Jesse Jackson, Alexander and Dinkins were fellow members of Sigma Phi Pi, the oldest Black Greek letter fraternity in the United States. Described by the Washington Post as a "once-secret black fraternity that celebrates the professional and material success of black men," the New York chapter of the organization, popularly known as the Boule, was founded by W.E.B. DuBois.42
As Deputy Mayor, the Judge helped steer Dinkins through a series of fiscal and civil crisis plaguing New York City at that time, and was at the center of all the major decisions of the Dinkins administration. He was a steadfast backer of Dinkins, as illustrated by an editorial he wrote in 1992 in which he defended Dinkins against charges that he took sides against the police after the death of a young Hispanic man during a confrontation with police officers. In a letter to the editor of the New York Times, Alexander charged opponents of Dinkins with "concocting ever more fantastic tales about the events surrounding the Washington Heights disturbances that followed the death of Jose Garcia last month," and maintained that "[t]o suggest that comforting Mr. Garcia's family was to 'take sides' against the police . . . spins a fantasy that only encourages dissension and, worse, risks further violence."43
On the Court: A Centrist, and Champion of Individual Rights
Although Judge Alexander balked at the appellation, he was widely perceived as a centrist, albeit with liberal leanings. A relatively infrequent dissenter, Judge Alexander wrote 108 majority opinions, 18 dissents, and two concurrences during his tenure on the Court. Hailed by many as a "champion of individual rights" and of the rights of the accused, he refused to pigeonhole his judicial decision-making. Of his jurisprudential approach, he said: "I never tried to categorize myself. I call them as I see them."44 Court watchers concurred, and described Alexander's approach as "very fact-specific," characterized by "a pragmatic dedication to justice on a case by case basis," not dictated by a personal judicial agenda45 or an "overarching judicial philosophy."46 Research conducted by the New York Law Journal and other organizations illustrate his "middle-of-the road" jurisprudence:
"During nearly seven years on the bench, Judge Alexander wrote opinions in 44 criminal cases, with 21 rulings favoring prosecution and 23 the defense. Of Judge Alexander's 27 writings in the tort field, the breakdown was 10 favoring plaintiffs and 17, defendants . . . [s]tatistics kept by the Bronx District Attorney's Office show that in close to 160 criminal cases decided since September 1990, Judge Alexander has ruled almost evenly for the prosecution and defense. In state constitutional cases, Judge Alexander aligned evenly with each side in 32 cases that have split the court since the start of 1990."47
Judge Alexander's role as a "swing-vote" is suggested by an analysis of 12 cases in which the Court was divided between prosecution and defense. In 10 of those cases, he aligned with the defense, and a Legal Aid survey of cases where the Court divided in either memoranda or opinions in 1990 and 1991 found that Judge Alexander voted for the defense in 29 of 43 cases studied.48
Despite his frequent alignment with the defense in criminal cases, in People v. Kern, 75 N.Y.2d 638 (1990), writing for a unanimous Court Judge Alexander held that, like the prosecution, defendants have no right to use peremptory challenges in a racially discriminatory manner to exclude persons of a particular race from service on a criminal jury. The case arose from the highly publicized "Howard Beach incident," in which the defendants were convicted of manslaughter for their participation in an attack by a group of white teen-agers upon three black men in the community of Howard Beach in Queens, New York. The attack occurred during the early morning hours of December 20, 1986, after the three victims left their disabled car on the nearby Cross Bay Boulevard and walked into the Howard Beach neighborhood to seek assistance. The Judge wrote that "such racial discrimination has no place in our courtrooms and that such conduct by defense counsel is prohibited by both the Civil Rights Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of our State Constitution." He rejected the position, supported in an amicus brief by the Legal Aid Society that "[t]he antidiscrimination clause of the State equal protection provision is inapplicable to the use of peremptory challenges by criminal defendants and their attorneys"49 Looking at the issue from the societal perspective rather than from the perspective of the accused, he stressed "the rights both of the excluded jurors and the community-at-large,"50 and reasoned that "[r]acial discrimination in the selection of juries harms the excluded juror by denying this opportunity to participate in the administration of justice, and it harms society by impairing the integrity of the criminal trial process."51
Judge Alexander's individualist libertarian inclination is probably best represented by the opinion he wrote in the case of Rivers v. Katz,52 67 NY2d 485 (1986), in which the Court reviewed the scope of the State's authority to forcibly administer antipsychotic drugs to individuals involuntarily committed to state facilities. Concluding that the Due Process Clause of the New York State Constitution protects the common law right of individuals who are mentally ill to make treatment decisions for themselves, and that the State may not forcibly administer antipsychotic drugs to a patient in a mental health facility over the patient's objection, Judge Alexander elegantly observed that:
In our system of free government, where notions of individual autonomy and free choice are cherished, it is the individual who must have the final say in respect to decisions regarding . . . medical treatment in order to insure that the greatest possible protection is accorded with the furtherance of his own desires. This right extends equally to mentally ill persons who are not to be treated as persons of lesser status or dignity because of their illness."53
Other opinions of note penned by Judge Alexander include a dissent in which he argued that prison officials had violated the privacy rights of a prisoner by banning him from participating in a program allowing conjugal visits after it was discovered that the prisoner had AIDS;54 and a majority decision which rejected claims by the Mercury Bay Boating Club of New Zealand that the deed of trust for the America's Cup sailing competition barred the San Diego Yacht Club from using a catamaran, a boat that was inherently faster than the monohull used by the New Zealanders.55 The New Zealand challengers had argued that the catamaran made a mockery of the race, and that the competition was a "gross mismatch" because multihulled vessels were so much faster than monohulls.56 Judge Alexander, writing for a 5-2 majority, concluded that the San Diego team was the rightful recipient of the 139-year-old silver trophy because "nothing in the deed [of trust] limit[ed] the design of the defending club's vessel."57 Thus ended a three-year legal battle over the yachting world's most renowned prize.
Both the bench and the bar considered Alexander to be the consummate jurist: meticulous, pragmatic, and eminently collegial. He was described as "perceptive and thorough on the bench, warm and sociable off, with a sense of humor that belied his sometimes formal bearing."58 He was valued by Judge Wachtler as "an intelligent, articulate legal thinker" and "a man of sensitivity and compassion,"59 while Judge Kaye saw him as "consummately collegial, respectful, good-humored." Kaye observed that "[t]he only thing I can ever recall about Fritz Alexander that was even close to sharp was his 'three-alarm chili' that he often threatened to, and sometimes actually did, produce."60 In a "Letter to the Editor" to the New York Law Journal on the occasion of his passing, Michael Letwin and Mitchell J. Briskey, president and vice president for criminal appeals, respectively, of the Association of Legal Aid Lawyers, UAW, local 2325 wrote:
"[T]he historical significance of his path-breaking career speaks for itself. He opened doors through which many shall one day pass; his contribution to opening the New York bar and judiciary to people of color will not be forgotten. We are writing to note particularly that he was a rare judge who never lost sight of our client's essential humanity no matter how horrid the crimes for which they were convicted. While we differed on many occasions, he was a person of principle who did not lose his heart as he found success. Judge Alexander unfailingly treated our lawyers with respect. He encouraged our public service and supported advocacy on behalf of the downtrodden and despised. We hope to someday encounter a judge of his historic achievement and undiluted humanity again. In the meantime, he will be missed."61
After the Court
Despite Judge Wachtler's sardonic prediction about the Judge's future prospects upon his premature departure from the Court, Alexander continued to be active in the legal profession and in the civic life of the State and City of New York after leaving city administration in the wake of Dinkins' failed reelection bid in 1993. Among other important post-Dinkins positions, he was appointed in 1994 as a Distinguished Jurist-In-Residence at his alma mater, New York University School of Law, and that same year joined Epstein Becker & Green in Manhattan as special counsel, where he focused on litigation matters.62 By appointment of then Chief Judge Judith S. Kaye, he chaired the Commission on Alternatives to Incarceration charged with considering alternative sanctions for nonviolent offenders in New York. That commission released a report proposing that prosecutors not be allowed to block a judge from sentencing nonviolent drug offenders to a state-sponsored drug treatment program.63
Despite his exemplary record, Judge Alexander's professional life after the Court was not without some controversy. In 1996, the Judge became embroiled in a dispute over a $350,000.00 commission he was awarded for serving as a court-appointed receiver in a $62 million dollar real estate foreclosure action in the case of Bank of Tokyo v. Urban Food Malls (650 NYS 2d 654) (1996). Lawyers for Urban Food Malls attempted to oust Alexander after it was discovered that he had had a brief romantic involvement in the 1970s with the judge who had appointed him as receiver in the case, Judge Jane S. Solomon. The lawyers also sought Judge Solomon's recusal, claiming that she had not been candid when she appointed Alexander to collect five million dollars in rent owed by the defendants to the Bank of Tokyo. Ethics experts observed that nothing in the Code of Judicial Ethics barred judges from appointing receivers who are close friends or who dated in the past, and the Appellate Division, First Department found no legal reason for Judge Solomon's recusal, and as to the issue of Judge Alexander's disqualification, that there was "no basis, legal or factual, to remove Mr. Alexander as receiver. The claims of impropriety and appearance of impropriety are completely unsupported."64 Although Judge Solomon eventually relinquished the case after initially refusing to do so, during the recusal hearing she insisted that the long-past relationship was "irrelevant," and that she had not been in contact with Alexander for a decade. She is reported to have said that "By the time he and his wife invited me to the wedding, he was an old friend. It was history."65 The Appellate Division agreed, stating that "there clearly was no legal basis for recusal."66 The court noted that the "long-past romantic relationship between the Justice and Mr. Alexander (neither of whom, incidentally, was married at the time). . . . does not constitute a ground for disqualification or trigger any disclosure requirements."67 As receiver, Alexander was entitled to keep up to 5% of all rents and fees collected, and, although the disputed $350,000 fee was less than the maximum amount allowed under state law, according to the office of court administration it was higher than any single commission earned by a receiver in NYC that year.68
This incident was a minor flap in an exemplary career that spanned four decades. Over the course of his professional life, Judge Alexander was affiliated with numerous professional organizations, including the American Bar Association, the National Bar Association (a Black lawyers' group that encourages young Blacks to enter the law (founding member)), the Metropolitan Black Bar Association, the New York State Bar Association, the American Judicature Society, and the Advisory Committee of the Center for Judicial Conduct Organizations of the American Judicature Society. He was Vice President of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York and served on the Association's Lectures and Continuing Education committee and its Centennial Study on Decentralization in Government in New York City. He was Trustee of New York University Law Center Foundation, a member of the Board of Trustees of New York University, and a Director of the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. He received numerous awards, including honorary doctor of law degrees from the law schools at Pace University, the State University at Albany, the College of New Rochelle, and Long Island University. He was an honorary member of the Order of the Coif, and, in addition to numerous awards from professional, civic, and community organizations he received the Golda Meir Memorial Award from the Jewish Lawyers Guild; the Arthur T. Vanderbilt Gold Medal, the highest honor awarded by New York University School of Law; and the Wm. A. Hastie Award from the Judicial Council of the National Bar Association. Alexander served as president of the Harlem Lawyers Association, was a founding member of 100 Black Men, Inc., a member of the Board of Directors of Harlem Neighborhoods Association, Inc., former director and executive vice president of United Mutual Life Insurance Company, member of Board of Managers and Treasurer of United Charities, and served on the Board of Directors of New York City Mission Society.
As fate would have it, on April 8, 2000, less than two weeks before he succumbed to cancer and just two days before his 74th birthday, the Black, Latino, Asian, & Pacific American Law Alumni Association (BLAPA) of New York University School of Law honored Judge Alexander and his life's work at its annual dinner party. Judge Kaye remembers that on that occasion at their mutual alma mater, Alexander was surrounded by a diverse group of students, "beaming with pride and choked with emotion at the personal, institutional and societal progress that ceremony represented." Judge Alexander's portrait, which was unveiled at that ceremony, now graces the walls of the law school's library. The law school also established a scholarship in his name, the Alexander Fellows, designed to help recent graduates who want to pursue careers in law teaching to prepare for the teaching market.
Although the breadth and depth of this life lived in the law can barely be summed up in words, Judge Judith Kaye perhaps captured its essence when she said that (by any measure Fritz Alexander's life was important, meaningful, well lived "a path-breaking career; a champion of American justice; a learned, sound, caring jurist; a much-loved husband, father and grandfather; a cherished colleague and friend." 69
Judge Alexander was survived by two daughters and a son. Karen Alexander-Harris, currently President of the New Jersey Cable Telecommunications Association, is a graduate of Brown University and a specialist in energy, environmental and telecommunications. Kelly Alexander Carbonneau lives with her husband Mike and daughter Danielle in the Caribbean isle of St. Maarten, where they operate a car rental company. Fritz the III, a resident of suburban Atlanta, works in the facilities management field, currently managing support operations for the law firm of Womble Carlyle Sandridge and Rice.
This biography appears in The Judges of the New York Court of Appeals: A Biographical History, ed. Hon. Albert M. Rosenblatt (New York: Fordham University Press, 2007). It has not been updated since publication.
Published Writings Include:
'Frost Finds Satisfaction in Army's Caste System Report,' The Dartmouth (May 31, 1946).
'Hold Funeral Services for Dean Strong This Afternoon at 4.30 as College Mourns,' The Dartmouth (June 10, 1946).
'Duke Promises Variety of Selections Tomorrow Night,' The Dartmouth (May 3, 1948).
'Peace and Provocation in New York City,' Editorial, New York Times, Aug. 12, 1992.
'Tribute to Judge Kaye,' New York University Annual Survey of American Law, xxix (1994).
Sources Consulted
Alumni Profile, Career Ladder Takes Judge Alexander To New York's Highest Court, New York University Law School Magazine, Fall 1985, at 9.
Baker, Black Fraternal Groups Play Big Role in Funding Wilder's Presidential Bid; Candidate Makes Use of Untapped Exclusive Middle-Class Clubs, Washington Post, Nov. 23, 1991, at A4.
Bates, Elite Fraternity Widens Agenda for Black Men Organizations: At the Prompting of a Younger Generation Prosperous and Prominent Members of the Once-secret Boule are Focusing More on Social Activism, Los Angeles Times, July 18, 1990, at E1.
Carroll, et al., Dinkins Scores with Fire Dept., NY Newsday, June 12, 1992, at 20.
Chambers of Black Judge Defaced During Break-In, NY Times, Jan. 18, 1981.
Feehan, Catherine & Karnis, Elisa, Is There High Ground In the Middle of the Road? A Review and Analysis of the Jurisprudence of the Honorable Fritz W. Alexander II, 8 St. John's J. Legal Comment. 531(1993).
Goldstein, Judges' Prior Relationship Impacts Case, NY Law Journal, May 1, 1996, at 1.
Goldstein, OCA Announces Plan to Speed Criminal Cases, NY Law Journal, Dec. 4, 1996, at 1.
Goldstein, No Ethical Lapse Found By Trial Judge, Receiver, NY Law Journal, Dec. 5, 1996.
Green Key Society website, Dartmouth College, http://www.dartmouth.edu/%7Egreenkey/who.html (last accessed August 15, 2005).
Letwin & Briskey, Letter to the Editor: Judge Alexander Remembered, NY Law Journal, Apr. 27, 2000 at 2.
NY Law Journal, Today's News: Update, May 24, 1994; Feb. 24, 1997.
New York University School of Law, News, Events and Calendars, Faculty Archived News, http://www.law.nyu.edu/newscalendars/ (accessed August 1, 2005).
Obituary Notices, New York Times, April 25, 2000; NY Law Journal, April 25, 2000; NY Times, April 26, 2000; Albany Times Union (NY), April 27, 2000.
Remarks of Sol Wachtler, Chief Judge, State of New York at Ceremony Marking the Departure of Associate Judge Fritz W. Alexander, II, 79 NY2d ix (March 24, 1992)
Remarks of Judge Alexander Upon Leaving the Court, 79 N.Y.2d xi (March 24, 1992).
Remarks of Chief Judge Judith S. Kaye in Reference to the Death of Honorable Fritz W. Alexander, II, 94 N.Y.2d vii (May 2, 2000).
Remarks by President James Wright, Dartmouth College, Memorial Service for Fritz Alexander, at Riverside Church, New York City ( May 20, 2000 (copy courtesy of the Raumer Collection, Dartmouth College.)
Sack, Alexander's Departure Leaves Cuomo Tricky Task of Picking a New Judge, NY Times, Feb. 9, 1992, at 36.
Senate Confirms Judge Alexander, NY Times, Jan. 30, 1985, at B2.
Spencer, Commission Gears Up To Screen Candidates for Court of Appeals, NY Law Journal, Feb. 10, 1992, at 1.
Spencer, Agreement Reached on Courts Bond Issue: $472 Million to Finance 8 Major Projects, NY Law Journal, Mar. 10, 1993.
The Dartmouth, May 25, 1945; Sept. 28, 1945.
'This Far By Faith: Black Hoosier Heritage: Education and the Professions,' Indiana Humanities Council, http://www.indianahumanities.org/thisfar.htm (accessed October 15, 2005).
United Press International (UPI), Alexander Confirmed for Appeals Court, Jan. 29, 1985.
Viewpoints: Into the Trenches: Can he improve public safety?, NY Newsday, Feb. 11, 1992, at 44.
Wilkerson, Two Court Appointees From Different Backgrounds: Fritz Winfred Alexander 2d, NY Times, Jan. 30, 1985, at B6.
Wise, Wachtler Court at 5: Panel Defies Labels, But Individual Trends Emerge, NY Law Journal, Jan. 21, 1992, at 1.
Wise, New York State Court of Appeals: Special Report 1991-92. The Constitutional Balance: No Drastic Shift Seen With New Judge ' Alexander, Smith Views Compared, NY Law Journal, Nov. 2, 1992, at S2.
The details of Judge Alexander's early life and legal career are taken generally from various sources, including AMERICAN BENCH (Marie T. Hough et al. eds., 6th ed. 1991-92) and various news articles and obituary notices cited above ('Sources Consulted'). For a detailed analysis of the Judge's jurisprudence see Catherine M. Feehan & Elisa Karnis, Is There High Ground In The Middle of the Road? A Review and Analysis of the Jurisprudence of the Honorable Fritz W. Alexander II, * St. John's J. Legal Comment 531 (1993).
Harold Stevens had been appointed to the court in 1974 to fill a vacancy for one year (at the time, Judges of the Court of Appeal were elected, and Stevens' run for the spot was unsuccessful). United Press International (UPI), Alexander Confirmed for Appeals Court, Jan. 29, 1985 (hereafter Alexander Confirmed).
At the time of Judge Alexander's appointment he told the Senate Judiciary committee: "I would be remiss if I did not acknowledge the symbolic significance of my elevation to the Court of Appeals." 'Senate Confirms Judge Alexander,' NY Times, Jan. 30, 1985. While he expressed hope that he could serve as an inspiration, especially to "the minority youth who so desperately need to be made to feel that there is a real future for them" 'Alexander Confirmed,' supra note 2, he nevertheless emphasized his belief that he had not been nominated "because [he] was black but rather because [he] was a good judicial choice." Isabel Wilkerson, '2 Court Appointees from Different Backgrounds: Fritz Winfred Alexander 2d,' NY Times, Jan. 3, 1985 (hereafter Different Backgrounds). "The fact that I am black is an accident of birth. I am here to serve the people of the state as a judge of this court." Id.
Different Backgrounds, supra note 3.
Judge Alexander Remarks Upon Leaving the Court, 79 N.Y.2d ix, x (1992) (hereafter Judge Alexander Remarks on Leaving).
Remarks of Chief Judge Judith S. Kaye In Reference to the Death of Honorable Fritz W. Alexander, II, 94 N.Y.2d vii, viii (May 2, 2000) (hereafter Judge Kaye Memorial Remarks); Obituary, NY Law Journal, Apr. 25, 2000.
'Chambers of Black Judge Defaced During Break-In,' NY Times, Jan. 18, 1981.
GaryOnline, http://www.garyin.com/obit/2000/2000%2OBITUARIES_1page4.html (last accessed Feb. 20, 2006).
'This Far By Faith: Black Hoosier Heritage: Education and the Professions,' Indiana Humanities Council, http://www.indianahumanities.org/thisfar.htm (last accessed Oct. 15, 2005).
E-mail correspondence with Sarah Hartwell, Reading Room Supervisor, Raumer Special Collections Library: Archives, Manuscripts, Rare Books, Dartmouth College (Aug. 11, 2005) (on file with the author) (hereafter Hartwell e-mail). For information about the 'V-12' program at Dartmouth see http://www.dartmouth.edu/~library/Library_Bulletin/Aprl1999/King.html.
Green Key Society website, http://www.dartmouth.edu/%7Egreenkey/who.html.
Correspondence with Hartwell (see note 12), Aug. 15, 2006 (on file with the author).
The Dartmouth, Sept. 28, 1945.
Remarks by President James Wright, Dartmouth College, At the Memorial Service for Fritz Alexander, '47, Riverside Church, New York City ' May 20, 2000 (copy on file with the author courtesy of the Raumer Special Collections Library, Dartmouth College) (hereafter James Wright Remarks).
The Dartmouth, May 25, 1945.
James Wright Remarks, supra note 15.
Id. 21 Id. President Wright noted that Judge Alexander 'assumed a pivotal role in negotiations with the Dartmouth College administration during the early seventies to advance the cause and increase the involvement of the African-American community of students and alumni in the life of the College. That involvement resulted in the establishment of the Black Alumni of Dartmouth Association as a formal organization, recognized by the College in 1971. Fritz was elected as its first President.'
Judge Kaye Memorial Remarks, supra note 6.
Feehan & Karnis observe that '[w]hen Judge Alexander decided to retire from the bench, many were critical of his choice. They saw it as folly, a step in the wrong direction.' Feehan & Karnis, supra note 1, at 559.
Spencer, Commission Gears Up To Screen Candidates for Court of Appeals, NY Law Journal, Apr. 6, 1992 (hereafter Commission Gears Up).
Judge Alexander Remarks on Leaving, supra note 5.
Viewpoints: Into the Trenches: Can he improve public safety?, NY Newsday, Feb. 11, 1992.
Feehan & Garnis, supra note 24 at 559.
Newman, Fritz Alexander II, 73, Judge Who Became a Deputy Mayor, NY Times, Apr. 25, 2000, at B8 (hereafter Newman Obit.).
Commission Gears Up, supra note 25.
Feehan & Karnis, supra note 1, at note 4 (citing Feb. 22, 1993 interview with Alexander in New York, New York).
Remarks of Sol Wachtler, Chief Judge, State of New York at Ceremony Marking the Departure of Associate Judge Fritz W. Alexander II, 79 N.Y.2d ix (March 24, 1992) (hereafter Judge Wachtler Remarks).
Carroll et al, Dinkins Scores With Fire Dept., NY Newsday, June 12, 1992.
Commission Gears Up, supra note 25. Alexander described his decision this way: 'The answer is too complex for even me to understand. Part of it is David Dinkins, who is striving mightily to bring the City he and I love through these days of fiscal difficulty; a part of it is the City I have come to love that must survive these difficult times; a part of it is a sense that these times are historic, even if troubled, and an era of which I want to be a part. Ever since David's election I have had the sense that I should be a player, a member of his team . . . Some people say that I am joining a losing cause, but I don't believe that. Some say that the City is finished, and that it cannot recover from its fiscal woes, and I don't believe that either. And while I have no delusions about the job, apparently Mayor Dinkins believes that I can help him and make a contribution. Be assured that I shall do my utmost.' Judge Alexander Remarks On Leaving, supra note 5.
Newman Obit., supra note 30.
Feehan & Karnis, supra note 1.
Newman Obit., supra note 30.
See Bates, Elite Fraternity Widens Agenda for Black Men Organizations: At the prompting of a younger generation prosperous and prominent members of the once-secret Boule are focusing more on social activism, Los Angeles Times, Part E, (July 18, 1990) and Baker, Black Fraternal Groups Play Big Role in Funding Wilder's Presidential Bid; Candidate Makes Use of Untapped Exclusive Middle-Class Clubs, The Washington Post (Nov. 23, 1991).
Alexander, Peace and Provocation in New York City, NY Times, Aug. 12, 1992 (Editorial Desk).
Feehan & Karnis, supra note 1 at 558.
Wise, New York State Court of Appeals: Special Report 1991-92: The Constitutional Balance: No Drastic Shift Seen With New Judge - Alexander, Smith Views Compared, NY Law Journal at S2, col. 3, (Nov. 2, 1992) (hereafter 'Views Compared').
Wise, Wachtler Court at 5: Panel Defies Labels, But Indiviual Trends Emerge, NY Law Journal, Jan. 21, 1992, at 1.
75 N.Y. 2d at 638.
Id. at 654.
Id. at 652.
67 N.Y.2d 485 (1986).
Id. at 493.
Matter of Doe v. Coughlin, 71 NY2d 48 (1987).
Mercury Bay Boating Club v. San Diego Yacht Club, 76 NY2d 256 (1990).
Id. at 259.
Id. at 261.
Newman Obit., supra note 30.
Judge Wachtler Remarks, supra note 33.
Judge Kaye Memorial Remarks, supra note 6.
Michael Letwin & Mitchell J. Briskey, Letter to the Editor: Judge Alexander Remembered, NY Law Journal, Apr. 27, 2000, at 2.
Today's News: Updates, NY Law Journal, May 24, 1994.
See generally Today's News: Updates, NY Law Journal, Nov. 16, 1994 and Dec. 4, 1996.
229 A.D.2d at 17.
Goldstein, Judges' Prior Relationship Impacts Case, NY Law Journal, May 1, 1996, at 1 (hereafter Judges' Prior Relationship).
229 A.D.2d at 26.
Judges' Prior Relationship, supra note 65.
Id. According to the NY York Law Journal article, the failure of Justice Solomon to disclose the relationship when she appointed Judge Alexander in June 1995 'had raised questions about the obligation of judges when their private and public lives collide.' Id. The Appellate Court ultimately concluded that allegations that either judge acted improperly was 'spurious' and 'totally meritless.' Id.
Judge Kaye Remarks, supra note 6.


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SCSU's Klaphake on Harlon Hill Finalist List
St. Cloud State junior quarterback Phil Klaphake has been named one of 24 finalists for the top player in Division II college football, the Harlon Hill Trophy. Klaphake threw for 2,519 yards and 26 touchdowns and has run for 460 yards and 7 touchdowns for the Huskies in 2012. He ranks in the top three in the NSIC in passing average per game, total offense and pass efficiency.
St. Cloud State is 6-4 overall this season and will close the season at Minnesota State-Moorhead Saturday at 1pm.
Klaphake is the fifth Harlon Hill candidate in Husky Football history. He follows running backs Harry Jackson (1989), and Randy Martin (1995, 1996), quarterback Keith Heckendorf (2002, 2003) and running back Matt Birkel (2004, 2005). Heckendorf advanced to the top three finalists in 2002 and 2003, and was second in trophy voting in 2003.
The winner of the 2012 award, which is presented by the National Harlon Hill Award Committee, will be announced at the 27th annual Harlon Hill Trophy Presentation Banquet on Friday, Dec. 14 in Florence, Ala.


text:
Historical records matching Yitzhak Rabin, 5th Prime Minister of Israel
Immediate Family
About Yitzhak Rabin, 5th Prime Minister of Israel
Yitzhak Rabin
5th Prime Minister of Israel
Yitzhak Rabin (Hebrew: יִצְחָק רַבִּין ) (1 March 1922 – 4 November 1995) was an Israeli politician and general. He was the fifth Prime Minister of Israel, serving two terms in office, 1974–1977 and 1992 until his assassination in 1995. In 1994, Rabin won the Nobel Peace Prize together with Shimon Peres and Yasser Arafat. He was assassinated by right-wing Israeli radical Yigal Amir, who was opposed to Rabin's signing of the Oslo Accords. Rabin was the first native-born prime minister of Israel, the only prime minister to be assassinated and the second to die in office after Levi Eshkol.
Rabin was awarded the 1994 Ronald Reagan Freedom Award by the former president's wife, former First Lady Nancy Reagan. The award is only given to "those who have made monumental and lasting contributions to the cause of freedom worldwide," and who "embody President Reagan's lifelong belief that one man or woman truly can make a difference."
Personal life
Rabin was born in Jerusalem, British Mandate of Palestine to Nehemiah and Rosa, two immigrants of the Third Aliyah, the third wave of Jewish immigration to Israel from Europe. Nehemiah Rubitzov was born in a small Ukrainian town in 1886. His father died when he was a child, and he worked to support his family from a young age. At the age of 18, he emigrated to the United States, where he joined the Poale Zion party and changed his surname to Rabin. In 1917, Nehemiah went to the British Mandate of Palestine with a group of volunteers from the Jewish Legion. Yitzhak's mother, Rosa Cohen, was born in 1890 in Mohilev in Belarus. Her father, a rabbi, opposed the Zionist movement and sent Rosa to a Christian high school for girls in Homel, enabling her to acquire a broad general education. Early on, Rosa took an interest in political and social causes. In 1919, she sailed to the region on the S.S. Ruslan, the bellwether of the Third Aliyah. After working on a kibbutz on the shores of the Sea of Galilee, she moved to Jerusalem. He has a sister named Rachel (younger)
Rabin grew up in Tel Aviv, where the family relocated when he was one year old. In 1940, he graduated with distinction from the Kadoori Agricultural High School and hoped to be an irrigation engineer. However, apart from several courses in military strategy in the United Kingdom later on, he never pursued a degree.
Rabin married Leah Rabin (born Schlossberg) during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. Leah Rabin was working at the time as a reporter for a Palmach newspaper. They had two children, Dalia and Yuval. Rabin was non-religious, with Dennis Ross remarking that Ross had never met a more secular Jew in Israel.
Military career
In 1941, during his practical training at kibbutz Ramat Yohanan, Rabin joined the Palmach section of the Haganah, under the influence of Yigal Allon. The first operation he participated in was assisting the allied invasion of Lebanon, then held by Vichy French forces (the same operation where Moshe Dayan lost his eye) in June-July 1941. After the end of the war the relationship between the Palmach and the British authorities became strained, especially with respect to the treatment of Jewish immigration. In October 1945 Rabin was in charge of planning and later executing an operation for the liberation of interned immigrants from the Atlit detainee camp for Jewish illegal immigrants. In the Black Shabbat, a massive British operation against the leaders of the Jewish Establishment in the Land of Israel, Rabin was arrested and detained for five months. After his release he became the commander of the second Palmach battalion and rose to the position of Chief Operations Officer of the Palmach in October 1947.
IDF service
During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War Rabin directed Israeli operations in Jerusalem and fought the Egyptian army in the Negev. During the beginning of the war he was the commander of the Harel Brigade, which fought on the road to Jerusalem from the coastal plain, including the Israeli "Burma Road", as well as many battles in Jerusalem, such as securing the southern side of the city by recapturing kibbutz Ramat Rachel.
During the First truce he participated in the altercation between the IDF and the Irgun on the beach of Tel Aviv as part of the Altalena Affair. In the following period he was the deputy commander of Operation Danny, during which the cities of Ramle and Lydda were captured, as well as the major airport in Lydda. Following the capture of the two towns there was an exodus of their Arab population and only a few hundred of the 50,000 to 70,000 residents remained.
Operation Danny was the largest scale operation until then and it involved four IDF brigades. He was then Chief of Operations for the Southern Front and participated in the major battles ending the fighting there, including Operation Yoav and Operation Horev.
In the beginning of 1949 he was a member of the Israeli delegation to the armistice talks with Egypt that were held on the island of Rhodes. The result of the negotiations were the 1949 Armistice Agreements which ended the official hostilities of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. Following the demobilization at the end of the war he was the most senior (former) member of the Palmach that remained in the IDF.
In 1964 he was appointed Chief of Staff of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) by Levi Eshkol who replaced David Ben Gurion and, like him, served as Prime-Minister and Minister of Defense. Since Eshkol did not have much military experience, Rabin had a relatively free hand.
Under his command, the IDF achieved victory over Egypt, Syria and Jordan in the Six-Day War in 1967. After the Old City of Jerusalem was captured by the IDF, Rabin was among the first to visit the Old City, and delivered a famous speech on Mount Scopus, at the Hebrew University.
Ambassador and Minister of Labour
Following his retirement from the IDF he became ambassador to the United States beginning in 1968, serving for five years. In this period the US became the major weapon supplier of Israel and in particular he managed to get the embargo on the F-4 Phantom fighter jets lifted. During the 1973 Yom Kippur war he served in no official capacity and in the elections held at the end of 1973 he was elected to the Knesset as a member of the Alignment. He was appointed Israeli Minister of Labour in March 1974 in Golda Meir's short-lived government.
First term as Prime Minister
Following Golda Meir's resignation in April 1974, Rabin was elected party leader, after he defeated Shimon Peres. The rivalry between these two labor leaders remained fierce and they competed several times in the next two decades for the leadership role. Rabin succeeded Golda Meir as Prime Minister of Israel on 3 June 1974. This was a coalition government, including Ratz, the Independent Liberals, Progress and Development and the Arab List for Bedouins and Villagers. This arrangement, with a bare parliamentary majority, held for a few months and was one of the few periods in Israel's history where the religious parties were not part of the coalition. The National Religious Party joined the coalition on 30 October 1974 and Ratz left on the 6 November.
In foreign policy, the major development at the beginning of Rabin's term was the Sinai Interim Agreement between Israel and Egypt, signed on September 1, 1975. Both countries declared that the conflict between them and in the Middle East shall not be resolved by military force but by peaceful means. This agreement followed Henry Kissinger's shuttle diplomacy and a threatened 'reassessment' of the United States' regional policy and its relations with Israel. Rabin notes it was,"an innocent-sounding term that heralded one of the worst periods in American-Israeli relations." The agreement was an important step towards the Camp David Accords of 1978 and the peace treaty with Egypt signed in 1979.
Operation Entebbe was perhaps the most dramatic event during Rabin's first term of office. On his orders, the IDF performed a long-range undercover raid to rescue passengers of an airliner hijacked by militants belonging to the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine's Wadie Haddad faction and the German Revolutionary Cells (RZ), and had been brought to Idi Amin's Uganda. The operation was generally considered a tremendous success, and its spectacular character has made it the subject of much continued comment and study.
Towards the end of 1976 his coalition government with the religious parties suffered a crisis: A motion of no confidence had been brought by Agudat Israel over a breach of the Sabbath on an Israeli Air Force base when four F-15 jets were delivered from the US and the National Religious Party had abstained. Rabin dissolved his government and decided on new elections, which were to be held in May 1977.
Following the March 1977 meeting between Rabin and U.S. President Jimmy Carter, Rabin publicly announced that the U.S. supported the Israeli idea of defensible borders; Carter then issued a clarification. A "fallout" in U.S./Israeli relations ensued. It is thought that the fallout contributed to the Israeli Labor Party's defeat in the May 1977 elections.[9] At the same time, it was revealed that his wife, Leah, continued to hold a US dollar account from the days that Rabin was ambassador to the United States. According to Israeli currency regulations at the time, it was illegal for citizens to maintain foreign bank accounts without prior authorization. In the wake of this disclosure, Rabin handed in his resignation from the party leadership and candidacy for prime minister, an act that earned him praise as a man of integrity.
Opposition Knesset member and Minister of Defense
Following his resignation and Labor Party defeat at the elections, Likud's Menachem Begin was elected in 1977. Until 1984 Rabin was a member of Knesset and sat on the Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee. From 1984 to 1990, he served as Minister of Defense in several national unity governments led by prime ministers Yitzhak Shamir and Shimon Peres.
When Rabin came to office, Israeli troops were still deep in Lebanon. Rabin ordered their withdrawal to a "Security Zone" on the Lebanese side of the border. The South Lebanon Army was active in this zone, along with the Israeli Defence Forces.
When the first Intifada broke out, Rabin adopted harsh measures to stop the demonstrations, even authorizing the use of "Force, might and beatings," on the demonstrators. Rabin the "bone breaker" was used as an International image. The combination of the failure of the "Iron Fist" policy, Israel's deteriorating international image and Jordan cutting legal and administrative ties to the West Bank with the U.S.'s recognition of the PLO as the representative of the Palestinian people forced Rabin to seek an end to the violence through negotiation and dialogue with the PLO.
In 1990 to 1992, Rabin again served as a Knesset member and sat on the Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee.
Second term as Prime Minister
In 1992 Rabin was elected as chairman of the Labor Party, winning against Shimon Peres. In the elections that year his party, strongly focusing on the popularity of its leader, managed to win a clear victory over the Likud of incumbent Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir. However the left-wing bloc in the Knesset only won an overall narrow majority, facilitated by the disqualification of small nationalist parties that did not manage to pass the electoral threshold. Rabin formed the first Labor-led government in fifteen years, supported by a coalition with Meretz, a left wing party, and Shas, a Mizrahi ultra-orthodox religious party.
Rabin played a leading role in the signing of the Oslo Accords, which created the Palestinian National Authority and granted it partial control over parts of the Gaza Strip and West Bank. Prior to the signing of the accords, Rabin received a letter from PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat renouncing violence and officially recognizing Israel, and on the same day, 9 September 1993, Rabin sent Arafat a letter officially recognizing the PLO. After the historical handshake with Yasser Araft, Rabin said, on behalf of the Israeli people: "We who have fought against you, the Palestinians, we say to you today, in a loud and a clear voice, enough of blood and tears ... enough!" During this term of office, Rabin also oversaw the signing of the Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace in 1994.
For his role in the creation of the Oslo Accords, Rabin was awarded the 1994 Nobel Peace Prize, along with Yasser Arafat and Shimon Peres. The Accords greatly divided Israeli society, with some seeing Rabin as a hero for advancing the cause of peace and some seeing him as a traitor for giving away land they viewed as rightfully belonging to Israel. Many Israelis on the right wing often blame him for Jewish deaths in terror attacks, attributing them to the Oslo agreements.
Rabin was also awarded the 1994 Ronald Reagan Freedom Award by the former president's wife, former First Lady Nancy Reagan. The award is only given to "those who have made monumental and lasting contributions to the cause of freedom worldwide," and who "embody President Reagan's lifelong belief that one man or woman truly can make a difference.".
Assassination and aftermath
On 4 November 1995 (12th of Heshvan on the Hebrew Calendar), Rabin was assassinated by Yigal Amir, a radical right-wing Orthodox Jew who opposed the signing of the Oslo Accords. The shooting took place in the evening as Rabin was leaving a mass rally in Tel Aviv in support of the Oslo process. Rabin was rushed to the nearby Ichilov Hospital, where he died on the operating table of blood loss and a punctured lung within 40 minutes. Amir was immediately seized by Rabin's bodyguards. He was later tried, found guilty, and sentenced to life imprisonment. After an emergency cabinet meeting, Israel's foreign minister, Shimon Peres, was appointed as acting Israeli prime minister.
Rabin's assassination came as a great shock to the Israeli public and much of the rest of the world. Hundreds of thousands of Israelis thronged the square where Rabin was assassinated to mourn his death. Young people, in particular, turned out in large numbers, lighting memorial candles and singing peace songs. Rabin's funeral was attended by many world leaders, among them U.S. president Bill Clinton, Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak and King Hussein of Jordan. Clinton delivered a eulogy whose final words were in Hebrew — "Shalom, Haver" (Hebrew: שלום חבר, lit. Goodbye, Friend).
The square where he was assassinated, Kikar Malkhei Yisrael (Kings of Israel Square), was renamed Rabin Square. Many other streets and public institutions in Israel have also subsequently been named after him. After his assassination, Rabin was hailed as a national symbol and came to embody the Israeli peace camp ethos, despite his military career and hawkish views earlier in life. He is buried on Mount Herzl. In November 2000, his wife Leah died and was buried alongside him.
There is much debate regarding the background of Rabin's assassination. There are a number of conspiracy theories related to the assassination of Rabin.
After Rabin's assassination, his daughter Dalia Rabin-Pelossof entered into politics and was elected to the Knesset in 1999 as part of the Centre Party. In 2001, she served as Israel's Deputy Minister of Defense.
The Knesset has set the 12th of Heshvan, the murder date according to the Hebrew calendar, as the official memorial day of Rabin. An unofficial but widely followed memorial date is November 4, the date according to the Gregorian calendar.
In 1995 the Israeli Postal Authority issued a commemorative Rabin stamp.
The Yitzhak Rabin Center was founded in 1997 by an act of the Knesset, to create "[a] Memorial Center for Perpetuating the Memory of Yitzhak Rabin." It carries out extensive commemorative and educational activities emphasizing the ways and means of democracy and peace.
Mechinat Rabin, an Israeli pre-army preparatory program for training recent high school graduates in leadership prior to their IDF service, was established in 1998.
Many cities and towns in Israel have named streets, neighborhoods, schools, bridges and parks after Rabin. Also two government office complexes and two synagogues are named after Yitzhak Rabin. Outside Israel, there are streets named after him in Bonn, Berlin and New York and parks in Montreal, Paris, Rome and Lima. The community Jewish high school in Ottawa is also named after him.
Yitzhak Rabin, 5th Prime Minister of Israel's Timeline
March 1, 1922
Jerusalem, Jerusalem District, Israel


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Preva™ for Operators
Boost Your Business Management PerformancePreva for Operators is the facility management solution that will boost your business performance. This exciting package of tools has been created to simplify the management of your cardio equipment, drive more revenue or just communicate more effectively with your exercisers to increase member retention.
Increase secondary spend and customer loyalty by communicating with your exercisers through messages of your choice right through the cardio equipment console without being intrusive to their workout. Easily promote group exercise classes, sporting events, personal training sessions or anything else you like.
Preva for Operators is a cloud-based solution, so networked equipment will get Preva software updates directly over the internet on an ongoing basis, which means that your equipment becomes more powerful the longer you own it. Additionally, you'll be able to monitor cardio equipment status from any internet connected computer, regardless of where you are.Review equipment status and usage for better planning and resource allocation. Monitoring provides status on daily, weekly and hourly usage real-time through an easy to use dashboard.


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StoryCorps now has a Rent-A-Storykit
Boys and Girls, do try this at home!! Storycorps has a Rent a StoryKit. Minidisc recorder, two discs, microphone, headphone and users guide. $100/week. Requires $500 deposit.
This is pretty smart. They have the equipment, send it to you, tell you how to do the conversation, you do it, send it back, and they create the Audio CD and send that to you, and a copy goes to the American Folklife collection at the Library of Congress.
Why is it smart? All the benefit of the studio in the trailer experience, and you don't have to go shopping for equipment and puzzling over the options. Also good if StoryCorps hasn't come to town, or if StoryCorps came to town right after the holidays and by the time you found out about it, It Was Too Late.
Posted by Susan A. Kitchens on February 27, 2006 in
• Audio
• Audio: Hardware
• Do it: Yourself
(1) Comments • Permalink
Family Stories.
Everyone has 'em.
They tell where you come from. They hold secrets to who you are.
This site explores how to use digital tools and media to record and preserve spoken memories of family members.
Your host: Susan A. Kitchens (I got into this by talking to my grandpa; at the time he was 99 years old.)
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|Jepson Flora Project: Jepson Interchange
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Jepson Interchange (more information)
©Copyright 1993 by the Regents of the University of California
Annual to tree
Leaves simple to pinnately to palmately compound, generally alternate; stipules free to fused, persistent to deciduous
Inflorescence: cyme, raceme, panicle, or flowers solitary
Flower generally bisexual, radial; hypanthium free or fused to ovary, saucer- to funnel-shaped, often with bractlets alternate with sepals; sepals generally 5; petals generally 5, free; stamens (0)5many, pistils (0)1many, simple or compound; ovary superior to inferior, styles 15
Fruit: achene, follicle, drupe, pome, or blackberry- to raspberry-like
Seeds generally 15
Genera in family: 110 genera, ± 3000 species: worldwide, especially temp. Many cultivated for ornamental and fruit, especially Cotoneaster , Fragaria , Malus , Prunus , Pyracantha, Rosa , and Rubus
Reference: [Robertson 1974 J Arnold Arbor 55:303332,344401,611662]
Family description, key to genera by Barbara Ertter and Dieter H. Wilken.
Perennial, nonglandular
Leaves generally ± basal, odd-1-pinnate; leaflets ± evenly toothed to lobed
Inflorescence: dense spike or head
Flower: hypanthium ± conic; bractlets 0; sepals generally 4; petals 0; stamens 2 or 4, opposite sepals; pistils 1(2), ovaries superior, continuous to style at top, stigma many-branched, exserted from hypanthium
Fruit: hypanthium ± hardened, encasing elliptic achenes; prickles generally 4many, barbed
Species in genus: 50150 species: especially s hemisphere
Etymology: (Greek: thorn, from fruit)
Reference: [Yeo 1973 Bot Soc British Isles Conf Rep 13:193221]
Stem: flower-stem 1060 cm
Leaf 312 cm; stipules 0; leaflets 58 per side, 415 mm, ± oblanceolate-ovate, lobed nearly to midvein into 38 linear-lanceolate segments
Inflorescence: spike 1020 mm diam, ± oblong
Flower: sepals 2.53.5 mm, elliptic-lanceolate; stamens generally 4, purple-black
Fruit: hypanthium body 47 mm, obovate, ± ridged; prickles > 4, scattered, generally 13 mm
Ecology: Coastal grassland, open, rocky slopes
Elevation: 50400 m.
Bioregional distribution: s North Coast, Central Coast, w San Francisco Bay Area
Synonyms: A. c. Bitter
South America plants (var. p.) variable
Horticultural information: DRN: 4, 5, 15, 16, 17 &IRR: 14, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24.


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Independent Peer Reviewers Reject Fish and Wildlife Service's Gray Wolf Delisting Proposal
February 7, 2014
Contact: Melanie Gade, Defenders of Wildlife, firstname.lastname@example.com; 202-772-0288
WASHINGTON – Panel members of the independent scientific peer review committee conducted by the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis at the University of California, Santa Barbara today told the U.S Fish and Wildlife Service (the Service) that the science behind the proposal to strip federal protections for gray wolves across nearly all of the lower 48 states was not based on the best available.
The following is a statement from Jamie Rappaport Clark, president of Defenders of Wildlife:
"The peer reviewers have now said what we have been saying all along: The Fish and Wildlife Service's proposal to strip protections for gray wolves in the U.S. is not based on the best available science. This should now make it clear to the Service that delisting the gray wolf is premature and shortsighted.
"During each step of this delisting process, serious scientific questions have been raised about the Service's proposal.
"The Service should now withdraw their proposal and use the best available science to chart a sustainable recovery path for wolves in the U.S."
Defenders of Wildlife is dedicated to the protection of all native animals and plants in their natural communities. With more than 1 million members and activists, Defenders of Wildlife is a leading advocate for innovative solutions to safeguard our wildlife heritage for generations to come. For more information, visit www.defenders.org and follow us on Twitter @DefendersNews.


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5:00 pm
Locked Out: The Fall of Massive Resistance In 1958, the Commonwealth of Virginia led other Southern states in refusing the U.S. Supreme Court's mandate to integrate its public schools in the aftermath of the Brown V. Board of Education decision. Several counties "locked down" or closed their public schools altogether - one for as long as five years - rather than allow black students into all-white schools. D
6:00 pm
Idaho Reports 2013 Host Greg Hahn, with a panel of news professionals, plus political analysts, examines the week's events at the Idaho Legislature.G
7:00 pm
Underground Railroad: The William Still Story The first generation of his family born free, the black abolitionist and historian (1821-1902) of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, sets out to get as many escaped slaves as he could across the U.S. border to safety in Canada, and to document their stories. This film uses Still's diaries, re-enactments, historical perspectives and contemporary accounts to re-create the Underground Railroad saga and Still's part in it.G
8:00 pm
Global Voices "Our Disappeared/Nuestros Desaparecidos" They dreamed of a revolution that would transform Argentina. But what exactly happened to this hopeful generation who suddenly "disappeared"? Thirty years after leaving his native country of Argentina, Director Juan Mandelbaum discovers that a former college girlfriend was among the thousands abducted, tortured and "disappeared" during the country's military dictatorship from 1976 to 1983. His personal journey, along with others who lost loved ones, tells the story behind the brutal events that still haunts Argentina today. D
9:30 pm
Dialogue "Miss Representation" Filmmaker Jennifer Seibel Newsom talks with host Marcia Franklin about making the documentary, Miss Representation, which explores how inaccurate portrayals of women by the media are connected to the under-representation of women in positions of power and influence.G
10:00 pm
America ReFramed "America Dreams Deferred" A young Latino man, William Caballero, juggles unconditional family love with the challenges of breaking the cycle that has kept so many relatives from reaching their dreams. Set against a backdrop of Coney Island and Fayetteville, North Carolina, an NYU graduate student turns the camera on his Puerto Rican-American family plagued by social, medical and public health issues. U.S. D


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CALL US: 011 431 4067 EMAIL US: email@example.com
Park In Hotel Tete by Radisson Tete is an eagerly anticipated new offering in one of Africa's most rapidly growing cities. On the banks of the mighty Zambezi River, Tete, The Park Inn hotel in Tete is located three kilometres from Tete International Aiport and four kilometres from the city centre and main business district of Moatize.
Park Inn Hotel Tete is the most convenient hotel to Tete airport and the best choice for avoiding bridge congestion, the Park Inn recommends itself for business-related events. A few minutes' drive brings guests to the city centre and bustling Moatize business district. This Tete conference room's 190 square metres are divisible into three separate spaces. The 113-square-metre pre-function area with terrace makes the facilities ideal for small to mid-size gatherings.
While enjoying this hotel's great location for city centre business, guests can also take advantage of convenient, delicious dining at the on-site RBG Bar & Grill. The Tete retaurant's vibrant, welcoming atmosphere complements a fresh, versatile menu. International favourites like gourmet burgers and salads sit alongside local specialities and light bites on the all-day menu.


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This quadruple silicon-gate CMOS analog switch is designed for 2-V to 5.5-V VCC operation.
These switches are designed to handle both analog and digital signals. Each switch permits signals with amplitudes up to 5.5 V (peak) to be transmitted in either direction.
Each switch section has its own enable-input control (C). A high-level voltage applied to C turns on the associated switch section.
Applications include signal gating, chopping, modulation or demodulation (modem), and signal multiplexing for analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion systems.
Please enter valid number
Please enter a valid price
+86-755-8378 2464 / +852-3129 9798


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ICC profiles
As it pertains to general desktop use, an ICC profile is a binary file which contains precise data regarding the color attributes of an input, or output device. [1] Single, or multiple profiles can be applied across a system and its devices to produce consistent and repeatable results for graphic and document editing and publishing. ICC profiles are typically calibrated with a (tristimulus) colorimeter, or a spectrophotometer when absolute color accuracy is required.
[1] ICC Profile. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 6 July 2010. Web. 13 Aug. 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC_profile>.
ICC Profile Generation
File Transfer
Profile generation on a Windows 7/Vista/XP, or Mac OS X system is one of the easiest and most widely recommended methods to obtain a ICC monitor profile. Since ICC color profiles are written to an open specification, they are compatible across operating systems. Transferring profiles from one OS to another can be used as a workaround for the lack of support for certain spectrophotometers, or colorimeters under Linux: one can simply produce a profile on a different OS and then use it in a Linux workflow. 2 Recommended colorimeters include the X-Rite i1Display 2 and the Spyder3 Pro. Note that the system on which the profile is generated must host the exact same video card and monitor for which the profile is to be used. Once generation of an ICC profile, or a series of profiles is complete on a Windows 7/Vista/XP system, copy the file(s) from the default path:
Mac OS X generally stores saved ICC profiles in one of two locations:
/Library/ColorSync/Profiles /Users/<username>/Library/ColorSync/Profile
Once the appropriate .icc files have been copied, install the device profiles to your desired system. Common installation device profiles directories on Linux include:
/usr/share/color/icc /usr/local/share/color/icc
2 Linux Color Management. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 23 Aug. 2010. Web. 22 Aug. 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_color_management>
LPROF ICC Profiler
LPROF is an ICC profiler with a graphical user interface listed under lprof in the Arch User Repository (AUR).
- Review the ArchWiki article Using LPROF to Profile Monitors for details on how to profile monitors.
- Review the official LPROF Main Help Window for details on how to profile additional devices, including printers and scanners.
Argyll CMS
The Argyll Color Management System is a complete suite of command-line profile creation and loading tools listed under argyllcms in the Arch User Repository (AUR).
- Review the official Argyll CMS documentation for details on how to profile selected devices.
Loading ICC Profiles
- xcalib is a lightweight monitor calibration loader which can load an ICC monitor profile to be shared across desktop applications. xcalib is part of the Arch User Repository (AUR)
Xinitrc Example
Load profile Template:Filename in /usr/share/color/icc/ on display host:0 when X server starts
#!/bin/bash /usr/bin/xcalib -d :0 /usr/share/color/icc/P221W-sRGB.icc
JWM Template:Filename Example
Load profile Template:Filename in /usr/local/share/color/icc/ on display host:0 when JWM starts
<StartupCommand>xcalib -d :0 /usr/share/color/icc/P221W-sRGB.icc</StartupCommand>
Xinitrc Example
Load profile Template:Filename in /usr/share/color/icc/ on display 0 when X server starts
#!/bin/bash /usr/bin/dispwin -d0 /usr/local/share/color/icc/906w-Native.icc
JWM Template:Filename Example
Load Argyll calibration file Template:Filename in /usr/local/share/color/icc/ on display 1 when JWM starts
<StartupCommand>dispwin -d1 /usr/local/share/color/icc/906w-Native.cal</StartupCommand>
Additional Resources
- Linux Color Management - Wikipedia
- Argyll Color Management System - Official Site


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(c) Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association, Deerfield MA. All rights reserved.
Contact us for information about using this image.
George Washington died on December 14, 1799. As the nation grieved for his loss, services were held in many cities and towns. February 22, 1800, [Washington's Birthday] was set aside as the official national day of mourning. Orations and eulogies extolled the virtues of the great man who had led the nation to victory in the Revolutionary War and who had been unanimously elected the first President of the United States. In his eulogy at the official Washington, DC memorial service on December 26, 1799, Henry "Light Horse Harry" Lee spoke these famous words: "First in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen, he was second to none in the humble and endearing scenes of private life. Pious, just, humane, temperate, and sincere; uniform, dignified, and commanding, his example was as edifying to all around him as were the effects of that example lasting."
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The Washington County Mutual Insurance Company broadside
Embroidery of Mount Vernon
Letter to Dorothy Ashley Williams from her husband William Williams telling her of George Washington's funeral
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