text:
Electricity meters are installed by Toronto Hydro-Electric System to measure electrical usage. Electricity use is measured in kiloWatt-hours (kWh). One kWh is the amount of electricity 10 100-Watt bulbs will use in one hour.
All electricity meters used by Toronto Hydro-Electric System bear a seal from the Legal Metrology Branch of Industry Canada (Measurement Canada). The seal indicates that your meter, or a meter manufactured in the same group, has been tested for performance, reliability and accuracy before installation.
Your electricity meter is owned, installed and maintained by Toronto Hydro-Electric System. It is an offence to tamper with an electricity meter.
Toronto Hydro-Electric System technicians have extensive training in operation of meters and can perform an accuracy test on site.
Industry Canada also carries out random checks of installed meters. If a meter fails such a test, all meters manufactured in that group will be removed and individually tested.
If you have any questions about your electricity meter, call Customer Care at 416.542.8000.
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text: Not a fan of aptitude, Like command line me :) On 17/10/2007, Tim Cutts <tjrc at sanger.ac.uk> wrote: > > On 17 Oct 2007, at 10:30 am, andrew holway wrote: > > > Apt-cache with a bit of grep is a powerful tool indeed. > > > > $apt-cache search foo | grep bar > > > > everyone I work with however prefers yum. They regard Debian as being > > a bit backward. > > I'm not familiar with yum, so I can't really comment. However, apt- > cache is of course the "previous" generation of package management > tools, and these days aptitude is recommended instead. I guess you > could say that apt-{get,cache} are to aptitude as apt-rpm was to > yum. I guess these things are always likely to leap-frog each other, > as each distro sees what's good and bad in the current tools > available with other distros, and copies/improves those features as > appropriate. > > I've been reading the aptitude documentation this morning, as it > happens, and there's all sorts of useful stuff it can do above what > apt-cache could manage, and it's solved a number of long-standing > problems I've had... in particular its search functionality is > *much* improved over apt-cache. > > Tim > > > -- > The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute is operated by Genome Research > Limited, a charity registered in England with number 1021457 and a > company registered in England with number 2742969, whose registered > office is 215 Euston Road, London, NW1 2BE. >

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Pentax Optio WG-1 GPS
The Optio WG-1 GPS offers 720p HD video capture and a 28mm wide angle zoom lens. It's waterproof, shockproof and dustproof with a built-in GPS receiver.
- Durable
- Good image quality
- Good AF speed
- LCD tricky to use outdoors
- Average at best high ISO performance
Quick Take
The Pentax WG-1 offers the summer vacationer plenty of rugged options along with benefits of a built-in GPS. Otherwise, it's a pretty average compact point-and-shoot.
Read Our Full Review: Pentax Optio WG-1 GPS Review


text:
Digital Nikonos RS
Posted 29 May 2008 - 01:01 AM
"In 1996 and 1997, Kodak made 3 digital models based on Nikon's Nikonos RS underwater camera:
DCS 425c - 1012x1524 Bay RGB-100-400 ISO
DCS 425ir - 1012x1524 IR-200-800 ISO
DCS 435 - 1012x1268 Bay RGB-200-1000 ISO
These cameras are not listed on Kodak's website, or anywhere else, for that matter. Asking Kodak, I received this reply:
'I'm sorry but those cameras never existed here at Eastman Kodak. We
never made cameras for that specific use. The information you have is
Strange thing is, I'm pretty sure my information is correct. Asking another Kodak source, I was told: 'I think the issue is who they were made for'.
I can only assume they were produced for some US military / intelligence organization. I can't really understand what the secrecy is all about, but I understand Kodak's position (the support people probably don't even know that such a camera exists)."
To see the pics:
D300, D7000, D7100. 10.5, 10-17, 16, 10-20, 17-70, 60, 105, 150 Hugyfots, Issota, Subtronic Novas, Seacams 350, YS250s, YS-D1s
Aqualung Team
Posted 29 May 2008 - 02:17 AM
I wouldn't be surprised if they were used in military or covert operations. Nikonos made the olive drab Nikonos V for that reason right?
Nasa has been using Kodak DSLR's up until recently, when I think they upgraded to the D2X. Their astronauts use the cameras in space, using a thermal blanket around them. I met up w/ a few of their folks and let them have a look at my viewfinder - as they were looking for something an astronaut could look through from a high eyepoint (inside their helmet).
I wonder where the original poster got the Digital RS and/or the photos? that's one heck of a collector's item.
Dual Ikelite Strobes
Photo site - www.reefpix.org
Posted 29 May 2008 - 02:39 AM
Posted 29 May 2008 - 05:35 AM
The Subeye had a removable back and film insert, much like a Pentax 645 camera back which could have been ideal for adaptation to digital.
Since the lens mounts for the Nikonos RS lenses and the Nikon film lenses are the same the Subeye could be used with film lenses and a port or an adaptor (to accept the lens o-ring) and an RS lens.
The RS equipment is still retaining its value V. digital equipment and was the go to tool for many working photographers for years.
By the way James the Olive green Nik V cameras and the 80 mm Nikonos lens were a big hit with photojournalists during the Vietnam war because of the damp and humid conditions.
Phil Rudin
Posted 29 May 2008 - 05:56 AM
I think someone has been pulling your leg. The only Nikonos models available during the Vietnam War were the I and II.
By the way James the Olive green Nik V cameras and the 80 mm Nikonos lens were a big hit with photojournalists during the Vietnam war because of the damp and humid conditions.
Phil Rudin
Nikon D200, Aquatica AD200
Posted 29 May 2008 - 06:24 AM
Posted 29 May 2008 - 02:37 PM
Posted 09 June 2008 - 06:51 AM
You are of course spot on regarding the olive color, the 80 mm lens however was widely used during the war due to the conditions.
So someobody actually used the 80mm for something other than a paperweight?
Posted 09 June 2008 - 05:05 PM
Life is a beach and then you dive.
My Website
Posted 10 June 2008 - 07:18 AM
Memory wasn't as sophisticated back in those days I am pretty sure we should be able to see either drive, (I doubt those two batteries could power a drive) or quite a bit of Solid State memory.. either way it doesnt look removeable .. so wheres the usb socket ?
It wouldn't surprise me if this existed, but honestly Nikonos would have released this in my mind if they had a working version back in 1996.
The RS started being made in 1992 and then quietly just got stopped being made as digital came into being and the RS also went digital ? The RS was never made after 1997 .. it just doesnt add up as a story to me.
Posted 06 July 2008 - 03:52 PM
I have been using KODAK Cameras based on different Nikon SLR models before.
They all used memory cards and hard drives in PCMCIA format.
On the pictures you can see a similar slot to slide in these big memory cards too.
Subal D70, 2x Inon D2000Wn, the usual lenses... Waiting for D200...
Posted 28 July 2008 - 01:17 PM
I found this pic in internet....US NAVY SEAL.
Edited by shchae, 28 July 2008 - 01:19 PM.
D500/D5 in modified Nexus housing
and EOS-1DS Mk3 in Seacam.
Posted 09 November 2008 - 01:21 PM
Posted 22 November 2008 - 09:40 AM
I have always thought it a great shame that those wonderful U/W corrected wideangle/fisheye lenses are not available for digital use. Come on Nikon, let's have a digital RS using today's sensors.
Posted 06 May 2010 - 01:12 AM


text:
SAN JOSE — A young father was shot to death early Thursday in what relatives are calling a senseless tragedy since he was simply moving his car out of the path of arriving street sweepers when an unknown assailant opened fire on him in East San Jose.
An uncle who went to the crime scene at Lanai Avenue and Denali Way identified the victim as 27-year-old Eric Mendoza, a husband and father of a 6-month-old boy. Adding to the family's horror is the fact that Mendoza's wife of two years was the one who found him, slumped over in his car.
Mendoza's death marked San Jose's 11th homicide of the year. And while the neighborhood off Tully Road and Highway 101 has long been a hotspot for gang activity, San Jose police said there are no immediate indications of gang motives, and both police and Mendoza's family said there was nothing to suggest the victim had gang ties.
"He was at the wrong place, wrong time, wrong car color," said Hector Hurtado, Mendoza's uncle, referring to Mendoza's red coupe. "Somebody took a very big part of our family away, somebody who had nothing to do with what was going on here at night … A son without a father now, it's not fair."
Hurtado's mention of "wrong car color" was likely an allusion to the neighborhood's gang activity predominantly involving Sureño street gangs, which claim the color blue and clashes with its red-bearing Norteño rivals.
Neighbors reported hearing gunshots around 3:30 a.m.
"From what we've gathered so far, he was probably shot while driving and veered off down the street at a low rate of speed and crashed into the car in front of him," Lt. Jason Herr said.
Mendoza crashed into a parked car on Denali Way, just west of Lanai Avenue, and just blocks away from his apartment.
San Jose police responded to Lanai Avenue and Denali Way at 5:23 a.m. after receiving reports of the shooting. Mendoza was pronounced dead at the scene.
Relatives said Mendoza was a machinist who worked in Belmont and recently took the late shift ending at 2 a.m. so that someone would always be home to care for his new child because his wife worked during the day. He was dropped off from work early Thursday morning and realized it was street sweeping day. The San Jose native and Yerba Buena High graduate got into the car to move it.
When he didn't walk through the front door as he always did, Mendoza's wife headed out into the neighborhood to look for him. According to Hurtado, she actually drove by the car once before coming back around and discovered he was still inside.
Homicide detectives cordoned off a large segment of Lanai Avenue to examine the crime scene. Leonel Perez's home of 11 years was within the confined area, and he said police asked him for footage from a home security camera pointed at the street where the crash occurred. He said he installed the camera to ward off graffiti taggers and car thieves but did not anticipate it might observe a killing.
"It's surprising but at the same time, not really," Perez said.
No suspects or a motive have been identified.
"We're still waiting for some answers. This shouldn't have happened in the first place," Hurtado said. "He was very quiet, stayed to himself. Especially after he had his baby and became a family man; it was all he ever wanted."
Contact Robert Salonga at 408-920-5002. Follow him at Twitter.com/robertsalonga.


text:
Founded in early 2011, homoerotic fantasy website "Boys Love Novels Online" ("耽美小说网") recently went offline. The government charged its founder with spreading pornographic materials. The websites writers however, weren't men. They were women.
The website supposedly spread over 1,200 articles of gay erotic fiction during the time that it was active. While the site was created by 27-year-old male Wang Ming, the true writers and creative forces behind the site were women. According to the prosecution a group of 30 women in around their 20s, the youngest being 17, were responsible for the bulk of the material posted.
After Wang was charged and detained by police, a through investigation was done to find out how one man came to spread so much pornographic literature. The police found that the women, from Shanghai, Guangzhou and various cities in China penned most of the yarns. They were supposedly paid 10 RMB per story. That's US$1.6 per story!
So what exactly drives these girls to write homoerotic stories if not the money? According to website Da Hewang, the girls write these stories to feel accomplished. One girl called Minghui said that she felt a great sense of accomplishment to see her work read and reproduced online. Another girl, Meng Meng, said she wrote these erotic fantasies because she had too much time on her hands. She was already reading these novels, and when reading got boring, she started writing her own.
Da Hewang also discovered that many of these women were seen as good girls by their friends and families, who thought these girls lacked the knowledge to write these saucy stories. Apparently they did not!
Male Homoerotic Fantasy site written by 20 year-old girls [NetEase via ChinaSmack]
(Top photo: MAKENBOLUO | Shutterstock)


text:
Contact Us Today!
Come see the beauty of the Oahu's Windward side, see why it is the most sought after side of the island to live, work and play. Explore the variety of homes that we have and experience life like the locals do, away from the hustle of the city.
Relax on our beaches and let their soothing sounds relieve your stress from dusk to dawn. Swim and play among canoe paddlers, windsurfers and turtles too. Lets us help you build the experience of a lifetime. All you need is a swimsuit, swim shorts, flip-flops
(slippers) and a definite must... sunscreen!!!
Come and enjoy our beaches which have been voted within the top 10 beach destination in the US. Relax and enjoy the day with regular daily sightings of green sea turtles or indulge in a list of beach activities from snorkeling, fishing, kayaking, paddle
boarding, kitesurfing & body boarding. Our beaches will have something for everyone.
Kailua is a genuine small town, friendly, relaxed and beachy. It may also be one of the most beautiful towns in Hawaii. Come to Kailua to enjoy the beach, and stay for the art galleries, specialty stores and collection of unique eateries that make it Windward
Oahu's destination for fun, sun and the arts.
Oahu has something for everyone. Although known for it's beaches and friendly locals, take a look at enjoying the day with the many other activities it has to offer.
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Aloha Beachfront Rentals
Kailua, HI 96734
+1 (800) 749-4205
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text:
CHINO – About 150 Ahmadi Muslim men are expected to attend a weekend Leadership Conference at the Baitul Hameed Mosque in Chino.
The three-day event will start at 5 p.m. Friday with prayers and end Sunday after the combined Zuhr and Asr prayers at 1:30 p.m. at the mosque, 11941 Ramona Ave.
The conference focuses on instilling and improving leadership skills in members of the Ahmadiyya Muslim community who have reached the age of 40 and older. These members, called Ansars, which is Arabic for "helpers," have the responsibility to guide and mentor the younger members of the community.
They do this by example and through their religious training, wisdom, and life and work experience.
And, since most have families where many of their children are now married with families of their own, the Ansars are doubly committed to doing all they can to help themselves, their families and their fellow Ansars be the best Muslims and leaders in their mosques, homes and communities.
Along with speeches on "How to be a Good Leader" by Rizwan Alladin and "The Ansars' Responsibility to the Next Generation" by Imam Shamshad A. Nasir, there will be seminars and discussion groups on topics such as: moral training of our children, correct recitation of the Quran, how to do effective preaching, and maintaining good health.
The national cabinet meeting begins Friday with registration for the full weekend conference is at 8 a.m. Saturday at the Baitul Hameed Mosque.
Breakfast, lunch and dinner will also be served.
Those interested in attending should contact Imam Shamshad: 909-636-8332 or 909-627-2252.


text:
Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/Endocrine System
- 1 Objectives
- 2 The Endocrine System
- 3 Endocrine Glands And Hormones
- 4 The Pituitary Gland And Hypothalamus
- 5 The Pineal Gland
- 6 The Thyroid Gland
- 7 The Parathyroid Glands
- 8 The Adrenal Gland
- 9 The Pancreas
- 10 The Ovaries
- 11 The Testes
- 12 Summary
- 13 Homeostasis and Feedback Control
- 14 Summary of Homeostatic Mechanisms
- 15 Worksheet
- 16 Test Yourself
- 17 Websites
- 18 Glossary
After completing this section, you should know:
- The characteristics of endocrine glands and hormones
- The position of the main endocrine glands in the body
- The relationship between the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus
- The main hormones produced by the two parts of the pituitary gland and their effects on the body
- The main hormones produced by the pineal, thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal glands, the pancreas, ovary and testicle in regard to their effects on the body
- What is meant by homeostasis and feedback control
- The homeostatic mechanisms that allow an animal to control its body temperature, water balance, blood volume and acid/base balance
The Endocrine System[edit]
In order to survive, animals must constantly adapt to changes in the environment. The nervous and endocrine systems both work together to bring about this adaptation. In general the nervous system responds rapidly to short-term changes by sending electrical impulses along nerves and the endocrine system brings about longer-term adaptations by sending out chemical messengers called hormones into the blood stream.
For example, think about what happens when a male and female cat meet under your bedroom window at night. The initial response of both cats may include spitting, fighting and spine tingling yowling - all brought about by the nervous system. Fear and stress then activates the adrenal glands to secrete the hormone adrenaline which increases the heart and respiratory rates. If mating occurs, other hormones stimulate the release of ova from the ovary of the female and a range of different hormones maintains pregnancy, delivery of the kittens and lactation.
Endocrine Glands And Hormones[edit]
Hormones are chemicals that are secreted by endocrine glands. Unlike exocrine glands (see chapter 5), endocrine glands have no ducts, but release their secretions directly into the blood system, which carries them throughout the body. However, hormones only affect the specific target organs that recognize them. For example, although it is carried to virtually every cell in the body, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), released from the anterior pituitary gland, only acts on the follicle cells of the ovaries causing them to develop.
A nerve impulse travels rapidly and produces an almost instantaneous response but one that lasts only briefly. In contrast, hormones act more slowly and their effects may be long lasting. Target cells respond to minute quantities of hormones and the concentration in the blood is always extremely low. However, target cells are sensitive to subtle changes in hormone concentration and the endocrine system regulates processes by changing the rate of hormone secretion.
The main endocrine glands in the body are the pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands, the pancreas, ovaries and testes. Their positions in the body are shown in diagram 16.1.
Diagram 16.1 - The main endocrine organs of the body
The Pituitary Gland And Hypothalamus[edit]
The pituitary gland is a pea-sized structure that is attached by a stalk to the underside of the cerebrum of the brain (see diagram 16.2). It is often called the "master" endocrine gland because it controls many of the other endocrine glands in the body. However, we now know that the pituitary gland is itself controlled by the hypothalamus. This small but vital region of the brain lies just above the pituitary and provides the link between the nervous and endocrine systems. It controls the autonomic nervous system, produces a range of hormones and regulates the secretion of many others from the pituitary gland (see Chapter 7 for more information on the hypothalamus).
The pituitary gland is divided into two parts with different functions - the anterior and posterior pituitary (see diagram 16.3).
Diagram 16.2 - The position of the pituitary gland and hypothalamus
Diagram 16.3 - The anterior and posterior pituitary
The anterior pituitary gland secretes hormones that regulate a wide range of activities in the body. These include:
- 1. Growth hormone that stimulates body growth.
- 2. Prolactin that initiates milk production.
- 3. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) that stimulates the development of the follicles of the ovaries. These then secrete oestrogen (see chapter 6).
- 4. melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) that causes darkening of skin by producing melanin
- 5. lutenizing hormone (LH) that stimulates ovulation and production of progesterone and testosterone
The posterior pituitary gland
- 1. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH), regulates water loss and increases blood pressure
- 2. Oxytocin, milk "let down"
The Pineal Gland[edit]
The pineal gland is found deep within the brain (see diagram 16.4). It is sometimes known as the 'third eye" as it responds to light and day length. It produces the hormone melatonin, which influences the development of sexual maturity and the seasonality of breeding and hibernation. Bright light inhibits melatonin secretion Low level of melatonin in bright light makes one feel good and this increases fertility. High level of melatonin in dim light makes an animal tired and depressed and therefore causes low fertility in animals.
Diagram 16.4 - The pineal gland
The Thyroid Gland[edit]
The thyroid gland is situated in the neck, just in front of the windpipe or trachea (see diagram 16.5). It produces the hormone thyroxine, which influences the rate of growth and development of young animals. In mature animals it increases the rate of chemical reactions in the body.
Thyroxine consists of 60% iodine and too little in the diet can cause goitre, an enlargement of the thyroid gland. Many inland soils in New Zealand contain almost no iodine so goitre can be common in stock when iodine supplements are not given. To add to the problem, chemicals called goitrogens that occur naturally in plants like kale that belong to the cabbage family, can also cause goitre even when there is adequate iodine available.
Diagram 16.5 - The thyroid and parathyroid glands
The Parathyroid Glands[edit]
The parathyroid glands are also found in the neck just behind the thyroid glands (see diagram 16.5). They produce the hormone parathormone that regulates the amount of calcium in the blood and influences the excretion of phosphates in the urine.
The Adrenal Gland[edit]
The adrenal glands are situated on the cranial surface of the kidneys (see diagram 16.6). There are two parts to this endocrine gland, an outer cortex and an inner medulla.
Diagram 16.6 - The adrenal glands
The adrenal cortex produces several hormones. These include:
- 1. Aldosterone that regulates the concentration of sodium and potassium in the blood by controlling the amounts that are secreted or reabsorbed in the kidney tubules.
- 2. Cortisone and hydrocortisone (cortisol) that have complex effects on glucose, protein and fat metabolism. In general they increase metabolism. They are also often administered to animals to counteract allergies and for treating arthritic and rheumatic conditions. However, prolonged use should be avoided if possible as they can increase weight and reduce the ability to heal.
- 3. Male and female sex hormones similar to those secreted by the ovaries and testes.
The hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex also play a part in "general adaptation syndrome" which occurs in situations of prolonged stress.
The adrenal medulla secretes adrenalin (also called epinephrine). Adrenalin is responsible for the so-called flight fight, fright response that prepares the animal for emergencies. Faced with a perilous situation the animal needs to either fight or make a rapid escape. To do either requires instant energy, particularly in the skeletal muscles. Adrenaline increases the amount of blood reaching them by causing their blood vessels to dilate and the heart to beat faster. An increased rate of breathing increases the amount of oxygen in the blood and glucose is released from the liver to provide the fuel for energy production. Sweating increases to keep the muscles cool and the pupils of the eye dilate so the animal has a wide field of view. Functions like digestion and urine production that are not critical to immediate survival slow down as blood vessels to these parts constrict.
Note that the effects of adrenalin are similar to those of the sympathetic nervous system.
The Pancreas[edit]
In most animals the pancreas is an oblong, pinkish organ that lies in the first bend of the small intestine (see diagram 16.7). In rodents and rabbits, however, it is spread thinly through the mesentery and is sometimes difficult to see.
Diagram 16.7 - The pancreas
Most of the pancreas acts as an exocrine gland producing digestive enzymes that are secreted into the small intestine. The endocrine part of the organ consists of small clusters of cells (called Islets of Langerhans) that secrete the hormone insulin. This hormone regulates the amount of glucose in the blood by increasing the rate at which glucose is converted to glycogen in the liver and the movement of glucose from the blood into cells.
In diabetes mellitus the pancreas produces insufficient insulin and glucose levels in the blood can increase to a dangerous level. A major symptom of this condition is glucose in the urine.
The Ovaries[edit]
The ovaries, located in the lower abdomen, produce two important sex hormones.
- 1. The follicle cells, under the influence of FSH (see the pituitary gland above), produce oestrogen, which stimulates the development of female sexual characteristics - the mammary glands, generally smaller build of female animals etc. It also stimulates the thickening of the lining of the uterus in preparation for pregnancy (see chapter 13).
- 2. Progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum, the endocrine gland that develops in the empty follicle following ovulation (see chapter 13). It promotes the further preparation of the uterine lining for pregnancy and prevents the uterus contracting until the baby is born.
The Testes[edit]
Cells around the sperm producing ducts of the testis produce the hormone testosterone. This stimulates the development of the male reproductive system and the male sexual characteristics - generally larger body of male animals, mane in lions, tusks in boars, etc
- Hormones are chemicals that are released into the blood by endocrine glands i.e. Glands with no ducts. Hormones act on specific target organs that recognize them.
- The main endocrine glands in the body are the hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal glands, the pancreas, ovaries and testes.
- The hypothalamus is situated under the cerebrum of the brain. It produces or controls many of the hormones released by the pituitary gland lying adjacent to it.
- The pituitary gland is divided into two parts: the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary.
- The anterior pituitary produces:
- Growth hormone that stimulates body growth
- Prolactin that initiates milk production
- Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) that stimulates the development of ova
- Luteinising hormone (LH) that stimulates the development of the corpus luteum
- Plus several other hormones
- The posterior pituitary releases:
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) that regulates water loss and raises blood pressure
- Oxytocin that stimulates milk "let down".
- The pineal gland in the brain produces melatonin that influences sexual development and breeding cycles.
- The thyroid gland located in the neck, produces thyroxine, which influences the rate of growth and development of young animals. Thyroxine consists of 60% iodine. Lack of iodine leads to goitre.
- The parathyroid glands situated adjacent to the thyroid glands in the neck produce parathormone that regulates blood calcium levels and the excretion of phosphates.
- The adrenal gland located adjacent to the kidneys is divided into the outer cortex and the inner medulla.
- The adrenal cortex produces:
- Aldosterone that regulates the blood concentration of sodium and potassium
- Cortisone and hydrocortisone that affect glucose, protein and fat metabolism
- Male and female sex hormones
- The adrenal medulla produces adrenalin responsible for the flight, fright, fight response that prepares animals for emergencies.
- The pancreas that lies in the first bend of the small intestine produces insulin that regulates blood glucose levels.
- The ovaries are located in the lower abdomen produce 2 important sex hormones:
- The follicle cells of the developing ova produce oestrogen, which controls the development of the mammary glands and prepares the uterus for pregnancy.
- The corpus luteum that develops in the empty follicle after ovulation produces progesterone. This hormone further prepares the uterus for pregnancy and maintains the pregnancy.
- The testes produce testosterone that stimulates the development of the male reproductive system and sexual characteristics.
Homeostasis and Feedback Control[edit]
Animals can only survive if the environment within their bodies and their cells is kept constant and independent of the changing conditions in the external environment. As mentioned in module 1.6, the process by which this stability is maintained is called homeostasis. The body achieves this stability by constantly monitoring the internal conditions and if they deviate from the norm initiating processes that bring them back to it. This mechanism is called feedback control. For example, to maintain a constant body temperature the hypothalamus monitors the blood temperature and initiates processes that increase or decrease heat production by the body and loss from the skin so the optimum temperature is always maintained. The processes involved in the control of body temperature, water balance, blood loss and acid/base balance are summarized below.
Summary of Homeostatic Mechanisms[edit]
1. Temperature control[edit]
The biochemical and physiological processes in the cell are sensitive to temperature. The optimum body temperature is about 37 C [99 F] for mammals, and about 40 C [104 F] for birds. Biochemical processes in the cells, particularly in muscles and the liver, produce heat. The heat is distributed through the body by the blood and is lost mainly through the skin surface. The production of this heat and its loss through the skin is controlled by the hypothalamus in the brain which acts rather like a thermostat on an electric heater. .
(a) When the body temperature rises above the optimum, a decrease in temperature is achieved by:
- Sweating and panting to increase heat loss by evaporation.
- Expansion of the blood vessels near the skin surface so heat is lost to the air.
- Reducing muscle exertion to the minimum.
(b) When the body temperature falls below the optimum, an increase in temperature can be achieved by:
- Moving to a heat source e.g. in the sun, out of the wind.
- Increasing muscular activity
- Shivering
- Making the hair stand on end by contraction of the hair erector muscles or fluffing of the feathers so there is an insulating layer of air around the body
- Constricting the blood vessels near the skin surface so heat loss to the air is decreased
2. Water balance[edit]
The concentration of the body fluids remains relatively constant irrespective of the diet or the quantity of water taken into the body by the animal. Water is lost from the body by many routes (see module 1.6) but the kidney is the main organ that influences the quantity that is lost. Again it is the hypothalamus that monitors the concentration of the blood and initiates the release of hormones from the posterior pituitary gland. These act on the kidney tubules to influence the amount of water (and sodium ions) absorbed from the fluid flowing along them.
(a) When the body fluids become too concentrated and the osmotic pressure too high, water retention in the kidney tubules can be achieved by:
- An increased production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the posterior pituitary gland, which causes more water to be reabsorbed from the kidney tubules.
- A decreased blood pressure in the glomerulus of the kidney results in less fluid filtering through into the kidney tubules so less urine is produced.
(b) When the body fluids become too dilute and the osmotic pressure too low, water loss in the urine can be achieved by:
- A decrease in the secretion of ADH, so less water is reabsorbed from the kidney tubules and more diluted urine is produced.
- An increase in the blood pressure in the glomerulus so more fluid filters into the kidney tubule and more urine is produced.
- An increase in sweating or panting that also increases the amount of water lost.
Another hormone, aldosterone, secreted by the cortex of the adrenal gland, also affects water balance indirectly. It does this by increasing the absorption of sodium ions (Na-) from the kidney tubules. This increases water retention since it increases the osmotic pressure of the fluids around the tubules and water therefore flows out of them by osmosis.
3. Maintenance of blood volume after moderate blood loss[edit]
Loss of blood or body fluids leads to decreased blood volume and hence decreased blood pressure. The result is that the blood system fails to deliver enough oxygen and nutrients to the cells, which stop functioning properly and may die. Cells of the brain are particularly vulnerable. This condition is known as shock.
If blood loss is not extreme, various mechanisms come into play to compensate and ensure permanent tissue damage does not occur. These mechanisms include:
- Increased thirst and drinking increases blood volume.
- Blood vessels in the skin and kidneys constrict to reduce the total volume of the blood system and hence retain blood pressure.
- Heart rate increases. This also increases blood pressure.
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released by the posterior pituitary gland. This increases water re-absorption in the collecting ducts of the kidney tubules so concentrated urine is produced and water loss is reduced. This helps maintain blood volume.
- Loss of fluid causes an increase in osmotic pressure of the blood. Proteins, mainly albumin, released into the blood by the liver further increase the osmotic pressure causing fluid from the tissues to be drawn into the blood by osmosis. This increases blood volume.
- Aldosterone, secreted by the adrenal cortex, increases the absorption of sodium ions (Na+) and water from the kidney tubules. This increases urine concentration and helps retain blood volume.
If blood or fluid loss is extreme and the blood volume falls by more than 15-25%, the above mechanisms are unable to compensate and the condition of the animal progressively deteriorates. The animal will die unless a vet administers fluid or blood.
4. Acid/ base balance[edit]
Biochemical reactions within the body are very sensitive to even small changes in acidity or alkalinity (i.e. pH) and any departure from the narrow limits disrupts the functioning of the cells. It is therefore important that the blood contains balanced quantities of acids and bases.
The normal pH of blood is in the range 7.35 to 7.45 and there are a number of mechanisms that operate to maintain the pH in this range. Breathing is one of these mechanisms.
Much of the carbon dioxide produced by respiration in cells is carried in the blood as carbonic acid. As the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood increases the blood becomes more acidic and the pH decreases. This is called acidosis and when severe can cause coma and death. On the other hand, alkalosis (blood that is too alkaline) causes over stimulation of the nervous system and when severe can lead to convulsions and death.
(a) When vigorous activity generating large quantities of carbon dioxide causes the blood to becomes too acidic it can be counteracted in two ways:
- By the rapid removal of carbon dioxide from the blood by deep, panting breaths
By the secretion of hydrogen ions (H+) into the urine by the kidney tubules.
(b) When over breathing or hyperventilation results in low levels of carbon dioxide in the blood and the blood is too alkaline, various mechanisms come into play to bring the pH back to within the normal range. These include:
- A slower rate of breathing
- A reduction in the amount of hydrogen ions (H+) secreted into the urine.
Homeostasis is the maintenance of constant conditions within a cell or animal's body despite changes in the external environment.
The body temperature of mammals and birds is maintained at an optimum level by a variety of heat regulation mechanisms. These include:
- Seeking out warm areas,
- Adjusting activity levels,
blood vessels on the body surface,
- Contraction of the erector muscles so hairs and feathers stand up to form an insulating layer,
- Shivering,
- Sweating and panting in dogs.
Animals maintain water balance by:
- adjusting level of antidiuretic hormone(ADH)
- adjusting level of aldosterone,
- adjusting blood flow to the kidneys
- adjusting the amount of water lost through sweating or panting.
Animals maintain blood volume after moderate blood loss by:
- Drinking,
- Constriction of blood vessels in the skin and kidneys,
- increasing heart rate,
- secretion of antidiuretic hormone
- secretion of aldosterone
- drawing fluid from the tissues into the blood by increasing the osmotic pressure of the blood.
Animals maintain the acid/base balance or pH of the blood by:
- Adjusting the rate of breathing and hence the amount of CO2 removed from the blood.
- Adjusting the secretion of hydrogen ionsinto the urine.
Test Yourself[edit]
1. What is Homeostasis?
2. Give 2 examples of homeostasis
3. List 3 ways in which animals keep their body temperature constant when the weather is hot
4. How does the kidney compensate when an animal is deprived of water to drink
5. After moderate blood loss, several mechanisms come into play to increase blood pressure and make up blood volume. 3 of these mechanisms are:
6. Describe how panting helps to reduce the acidity of the blood
- http://www.zerobio.com/drag_oa/endo.htm A drag and drop hormone and endocrine organ matching exercise.
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_system Wikipedia. Much, much more than you ever need to know about hormones and the endocrine system but with a bit of discipline you can glean lots of useful information from this site.


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Back to Main Page / Back to List of Rules
Rule 101. Requisites
The citation shall be styled "The State of Texas" and shall be directed to the defendant and shall command him to appear and answer the plaintiff's petition at or before 10 o'clock a. m. of the Monday next after the expiration of 20 days from the date of service thereof, stating the place, of holding the court. It shall state the date of the filing of the petition its file number and the style of the case, and the date of issuance of the citation, be signed and sealed by the clerk, and shall be accompanied by a copy of plaintiff's petition. The citation shall further direct that if it is not served within 90 days after date of its issuance, it shall be returned unserved.
Source: R. C. S. Art. 2022.
Change: The citation will be directed to the defendant rather than to the officer and may be served in any county in the State of Texas where the defendant may be found (see Rule 102). The return day will be fixed by the date of service. All citations will be accompanied by a copy of the petition, which need not be certified.
Oct. 29, 1940, eff. Sept. 1, 1941.
Sept. 20, 1941, eff. Dec. 31, 1941
Oct. 10, 1951, eff. March 1, 1952
Repealed by order of July 15, 1987, eff. Jan. 1, 1988.
Question: Where a copy or copies of the petition are furnished under amended Rule 101 prescribing .the requisites of the citation, is the district clerk entitled to the fee, for comparing copy with original, prescribed by Revised Statutes of 1925, Article 3928, as amended by Acts 1941, 47th Legislature S. B. No. 269?
Answer: Yes, the amended article implies that the comparison is to be made and the fee charged and it prevails over the rule.
5 Tex. B.J. 15 (1942) reprinted in 8 Tex. B.J. 6 (1945).
Question: Rule 101 reads that the citation shall command the defendant to answer on "the Monday next after the expiration of twenty days from the date of service thereof." If the twentieth day falls upon Sunday, will defendant be required to answer on the Monday immediately following or will he be justified in awaiting the second Monday in view of Rule 4 which reads that, in computing "any period of time" prescribed or allowed by the rules "the last day of the period" is to be "included unless it is a Sunday or legal holiday, in which event the period runs until the end of the next day which is neither a Sunday nor a holiday"?
Answer: Defendant will be required to answer on the Monday immediately following the expiration of the twenty days because the time between service and answer is a traditional period in Texas procedure and seems to be the principal interval which Rule 101 has in view. In reason the last day of the intermediate twenty-day period is not within the purview of Rule 4 for the above reason and for the further reason that nothing has to be done on that day that requires the presence or aid of an official who would normally be unavailable on a Sunday or legal holiday.
5 Tex. B.J. 15 (1942) reprinted in 8 Tex. B.J. 6 (1945).
Question: In tax suits should citations be returnable and the defendant be cited to answer on the first Monday after the expiration of twenty days from service as required in Rule 101, or should the citations be returnable to the next regular term of court?
Answer: By virtue of the last sentence in Rule 2, Articles 7328.1 and 7345b, Section 3 (d), specifically stating the requisites of citations in tax suits, are continued in effect; and the citations issued in such cases should be returnable to the next term of court and otherwise conform to the provisions of the aforesaid statutes.
No opinion is given upon whether, in such a suit, a citation returnable according to Rule 101 would also be valid.
5 Tex. B.J. 53 (1942) reprinted in 8 Tex. B.J. 7 (1945).
Question: Is the twenty days mentioned in Rule 101 twenty days from and including the date or service of citation, or is the date of service not counted and the time construed to mean on the first Monday after the expiration of twenty full days exclusive of the day of service? Concretely, where citation was served on January 6, would a default judgment on Monday, January 26, be proper?
Answer: Under the provisions of Rule 101 twenty full days must elapse between the date citation is served and the Monday upon which the defendant is required to answer. The date of service is not to be counted in computing the twenty days.
Where citation is served on January 6 the defendant would not be required to answer on Monday, January 26, because there are not twenty full days between January 6 and January 26. Accordingly a default judgment could not be taken against the defendant on Monday, January 26, when he was served on January 6.
5 Tex.B.J. 95 (1942) reprinted in 8 Tex. B.J. 7 (1945).
Question: Notwithstanding Rule 101 requiring answer at or before ten o'clock a. m. of the Monday next after the expiration of twenty days from the date of service, may a defendant, in case such time of answering falls in vacation, postpone his answer until the following term, without risk of default judgment by reason of such late filing, provided the answer is filed promptly at the opening of the term?
Answer: We think so. Under Rule 239 judgment by default can only be entered in term time. Under Rule 237 appearance day as to a defendant who is required to answer on a day in vacation is the first day of the next term. Under Rule 238 the docket is called for default on such appearance day, at ten o'clock a. m., or as soon thereafter as may be practicable, and under the cited rules default judgment can only be taken where there is no answer on file at the time of the call of such docket, whether such call be at such proper time or at a later time that is not in vacation. Note, however, that the second paragraph of Rule 237 provides for vacation procedure in instances of removal to federal court.
This construction of the rules is aided by the past decisions upon the subject, that, notwithstanding a defendant, even in term time, fails to file his answer by the time for default judgment, such judgment cannot be taken against him, if he files an answer before the default is actually taken. See Moore v. Janes, 6 Tex. 227 (1851); Ellett v. Britton, 6 Tex. 229 (1851); Hurlock v. Reinhardt, 41 Tex. 580 (1874); World Co. v. Dow, 116 Tex. 146 (1926).
5 Tex. B.J. 95 (1942) reprinted in 8 Tex. B.J. 8 (1945).
(No. 24) Question: In a tax suit is it permissible for citation issued for personal service to be made returnable on the Monday next after the expiration of twenty days from the date of service as provided in Rule 101?
Answer: Yes. The last sentence of Rule 2 provides that all statutes in effect immediately prior to September 1, 1941, prescribing rules of procedure in tax suits are continued in effect. Article 7328 provides that the defendants in tax suits "shall be served with process ... as provided by law' in ordinary foreclosure suits in the district courts of this state."
Said Article 7328 relating to procedure in tax suits was not repealed when the New Rules were adopted, and therefore under the last sentence of Rule 2 said procedure in tax suits is carried forward and remains in force, and by virtue thereof citation for personal service in a tax suit may properly be issued in conformity with Rule 101.
According to a previous Opinion (TEXAS BAR JOURNAL, Volume V, page 53). it was concluded that Article 7328.1, Section 5, which provides a specific form of citation to be used in tax suits, is still valid and in force by virtue of the last sentence in Rule 2. As above stated, however, citation by personal service in a tax suit will also be valid if issued in accordance with Rule 101, thus authorizing a cumulative Or additional form of citation in such a case.
5 Tex. B.J. 168 (1942) reprinted in 8 Tex. B.J. 13 (1945).
(No. 28) Question: Should a citation by publication contain the direction that if it is not served within ninety days from the date of issuance, it shall be returned unserved as provided in Rule 101?
Answer: Yes. Rule 114 provides that where citation by publication is authorized it "shall contain the requisites prescribed by Rules 15 and 101 insofar as they are not inconsistent herewith." One of the requisites of an ordinary citation prescribed by Rule 101 is the following:
"The citation shall further direct that if it is not served within ninety (90) days after date of issuance, it shall be returned unserved."
It is not inconsistent with requirements of Rule 114 to incorporate this requisite of an ordinary citation in the citation by publication and it should, therefore, be included.
5 Tex. B.J. 169 (1942) reprinted in 8 Tex. B.J. 13 (1945).
(No. 57) Question: In view of Rule 819, which declares that procedural statutes not listed in the enumeration of repealed articles shall continue as rules, is Article 4639a, providing for notice of contempt proceedings where a parent has been ordered to support minor children, governed by Rules 2, 15, and 101, the latter two rules requiring process to be answered on the first Monday succeeding twenty days after service?
Answer: We consider that notice of such a contempt proceeding is not governed by general Rules 15 and 101 as to time and that Rule 2 is not inconsistent with this conclusion. This particular matter is special, and favors prompt rather than delayed action because it involves the support of minor children. Since the amendment of the cited article (Acts 1941, 47 Legislature, H. B. No. 750) the latter consideration is again emphasized; if the amendment is valid in view of Art. III, Sec. 36 of the Constitution, the judge may even hold the contempt hearing in vacation.
5 Tex. B.J. 322 (1942) reprinted in 8 Tex. B.J. 23 (1945).
(No. 85) Question: Under Rule 101 within what time is it necessary, after suit has been filed, to have citation issued in order that the filing of the suit may stop the running of limitation?
Answer: Rule 101 did not change the established rule of decision that in order to toll the statute of limitation there must not only be a bona fide intention to have process issued but due diligence must be exercised to see that it is done. The rule with respect to statutes of limitation which require the action to be "commenced and prosecuted" within a designated time after the accrual of the cause of action is thus stated in Allen v. Masterson, 49 S.W.2d 855 (Tex. Civ. App.-Galveston 1932, writ ref'd):
"When a petition is filed, it is the duty of the clerk to issue citation immediately, and the plaintiff has the right to presume that the clerk will issue within a reasonable time. If, however, the clerk fails to do his duty, it is incumbent upon the plaintiff to see that it is done."
See also San Saba Nat'l Bank v. Parker, 135 Tex. 136, 140 S.W.2d 1094 (1940).
6 Tex. B.J. 76 (1943) reprinted in 8 Tex. B.J. 32 (1945).
(No. 115) Question: Rule 114 relating to citation by publication provides that the citation shall contain the requisites prescribed by Rules 15 and 101, provided no copy of the plaintiff's petition shall accompany the citation and that the citation "shall be directed to the defendant or defendants by name." The rule further provides that the citation, among other things, "shall contain the names of the parties." Is it necessary that the names of the defendants be stated twice in the citation, i.e. (1) In the direction of the citation and (2) in stating the names of the parties to the suit?
Answer: We are of opinion that it is unnecessary that the names of the defendants be stated twice in the citation, assuming that all the defendants are cited by publication. All parts of the, citation must be construed together. The portion of the citation indicating the names of the defendants to whom the writ is directed, is a part of the citation. Since a citation by publication is not accompanied by a copy of the plaintiff's petition as is required in the case of citation in general, which petition discloses the names of the parties, the requirement of Rule 114 that the names of the parties be stated is designed to appraise the defendants not only as to who the plaintiffs are but also who the co-defendants are. No good purpose can be served by requiring that the names of the defendants be stated twice in the citation.
We are, therefore, of the opinion that a citation by publication directed to the defendants by name and which elsewhere in the body of the citation sets forth the names of the plaintiffs followed by the statement, in substance, that the defendants are those persons first named in the writ and to whom it is directed, complies with the requirements of Rule 114.
If there are other defendants, who are personally served, their names, of course, should appear in stating the names of the defendants by adding after the words "to whom it is directed," as used in the preceding paragraph, some such wording as the following: "and (naming such other defendants) who are being (or have been) personally served with citation (or in any different manner authorized by law other than by publication)."
7 Tex. B.J. 44 (1944) reprinted in 8 Tex. B.J. 42 (1945).
(No. 123) Question: Should citations in suits for delinquent taxes by taxing units under Article 7845 (b) be issued and served as provided in Article 2022 of the 1925 Revised Civil Statutes, or as provided in Rule 101 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure?
Answer: Article 2022 of the statutes was repealed by the adoption of the Rules of Civil Procedure (see enumeration of repealed statutes) and therefore said article is no longer in effect and can not be used as a guide for the issuance of citations. Said article did not relate specifically or particularly to tax suits, and therefore it is not continued in effect by that portion of Rule 2 providing that statutes prescribing rules of procedure in tax suits are continued in effect.
However, there were statutes in effect prescribing specific procedure for the issuance and return, of citations in tax suits at the time of the adoption of the rules, and therefore said statutes are continued in effect under the above provision of Rule 2. Therefore, in regard to citation by personal service in tax suits, cumulative methods are permissible, one method being prescribed by Rule 101 of the Rules of Civil Procedure, and the other procedure being prescribed by statutes which specifically relate to tax suits.
The subcommittee has heretofore given opinions upon this matter, and we refer you to the opinion appearing in 5 Tex. B.J. 53, and Opinion No. 24 appearing in 5 Tex. B.J. 168 .
See also Opinion No. 38 in 5 Tex. B.J. 171 relating to procedure in regard to citation by publication in tax suits.
7 Tex. B.J. 152 (1944) reprinted in 8 Tex. B.J. 46 (1945).
Question: Under Rules 101, 107, and 108 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, is it necessary for the validity of the citation that a copy of the citation upon which the officer makes his return and files in the court be accompanied by a copy of the plaintiff's petition?
Answer: In the opinion of the committee, the answer is "No."
The purpose of the provision that the citation should be accompanied by a copy of the plaintiff's petition is to give the defendant notice, at the time of service, of the nature of the plaintiff's demands. This purpose is accomplished when a copy of the plaintiff's petition is served on the defendant, and to require that another copy be filed in the papers of the Court with the officer's return would be useless. The original petition is already on file to be referred to if necessary and the filing of copies thereof attached to the citation would unnecessarily increase the files and would serve no purpose.
The language of Rule 101, which states that the citation "shall be accompanied by a copy of the plaintiff's petition" indicates that a copy of the plaintiff's petition is not considered as a part of the citation. Likewise in Rule 107, with reference to the return on the citation, it is provided: "it shall state when the citation was served and the manner of service and shall certify that a true copy of the citation with the accompanying copy of the petition was delivered to the defendant and was signed by him officially." This would indicate that the accompanying copy of the petition was not a part of the citation itself, otherwise it would not be necessary for the officer in his return to certify that a true copy of the petition was delivered to the defendant. Rule 107 provides that the officer executing ,the citation shall make his return thereon or attach it thereto, and there is no provision in Rule 107 providing that a copy of the plaintiff's petition should accompany the sheriff's or other officer's return thereon.
Rule 101 further provides that the party filing any pleading upon which citation is to be had shall furnish the clerk with a sufficient number of copies thereof for use in serving the parties to be served and this, in the opinion of the committee, requires only one copy for each of the parties to be served. The inference being that the parties defendant are each to be served with a copy of the petition but no provision is made for extra copies to be used by the officer serving the citation and attached to his return thereof.
Prior to the effective date of the Rules of Civil Procedure, Articles 2037 and 2038 of the Statutes applied in notices to serve non-residents. Article 2037 provided that the notice shall state that a copy of the plaintiff's petition accompanies the notice and that a certified copy of plaintiff's petition shall accompany the notice. Article 2038 provides that the defendant shall be delivered a true copy of the notice, together with a certified copy of the plaintiff's petition. Within the knowledge of the committee, it has always been the custom of the clerks under such Articles to attach a certified copy of the plaintiff's petition only to the copy of the notice which was actually served on the defendant. The committee has searched the cases bearing on Articles 2037 and 2038 and has failed to find any case in which the question was raised as to whether the return of the notice to serve non-residents made by the officer and filed in court should also be accompanied by a certified copy of the plaintiff's petition.
IT IS, THEREFORE, the opinion of the committee that the copy pf the plaintiff's petition is not a part of the citation, or notice to serve non-residents, and it is not, therefore, necessary that a copy of such petition be attached to the citation upon which the sheriff makes his return and files in the court.
8 Tex. B.J. 51 (1945).
Question: (1) In guardianship proceedings in the County Court should the citation required by Article 4116, Vernon Statutes, as amended, for minors over fourteen years of age be directed to the minor or should it be directed to any sheriff or any constable within the State of Texas, or should it be directed to the sheriff or any constable of the county within which the minor appears to be at the time?
(2) In such proceeding as is assumed in Question No.1 above should the notice required by Article 4114, Vernon Statutes, as amended, be directed to the sheriff or any constable of the county within which the proceeding is pending, or should notice be directed to any sheriff or any constable within the State of Texas?
Answer: Articles of the Statutes Nos. 2021, 2022, 2228 and 2286 have been expressly repealed.
Article 2286 provided in substance that all writs and processes should be directed to the sheriff or any constable of the proper county. Since this Article has been repealed, it appears that Rules 15 and 101 now contain the sole provisions in respect to the form and contents of writs and citations.
It is true that Rule 2 preserves the rules of procedure in guardianship proceedings as provided by a statute, but there seems to be no article in the probate statutes providing to whom a citation should be directed. Article 3310 sets forth the requisites of citation in probate but does not state to whom the citation should be directed. This is true also in respect to Articles 3310a, 3311, 3333, 4414, 4415 and 4416. Article 3333 does state to whom the Clerk is to deliver the citation, stating that it shall be delivered to the sheriff or constable of the proper county.
Since Article 2286 has been superseded by Rules 15 and 101, and since the probate articles do not contain an express provision as to whom the notice or citation should be directed, it is the opinion of the Committee that the notice required by Article 4114 and the citation provided by Article 4116 should be directed to any sheriff or constable within the State of Texas.
10 Tex. B.J. 271 (1947).


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I don't agree with Cathy, but there isn't really an alternative, unless you buy the Panny 45mm macro, which should work ok, although the port is long for it.
The macro is a wet 67mm diopter lens.
Zen domes will have a 100mm dome for the 9-18 that fits the housing - $499, out in maybe a month or so.
Edited by JackConnick, 27 May 2010 - 10:13 AM.


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Wishing you a very happy birthday and many more!!Love Audrey
October is my favourite month of the year. Enjoy this October sunset and have a lovely month!Love Audrey -xxx-
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I LOVE SUGAR! ALL WAGS & SMILES She's an inspiration to us all.
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Wednesday, June 13, 2007
Tobias Fünke
Dr. Tobias Fünke is a "nevernude." He wears Levi cutoffs under his clothes. He also tried to join the Blue Man Group after mistaking them for a support group for depressed men. If you haven't seen Arrested Development, go do it now... I'll wait here.
18 comments:
- Heather Keele said...
I watched it. It's amazing how stupid shows like Friends (yes, I said it, Friends is a stupid show) stayed on for ten years and we only get two and half seasons of Arrested Development. Not cool.
Please do a drawing of Buster - with a juice box.
- June 13, 2007
- GhettoFab said...
as per your advice I watched them all. It is the best show ever. Thanks for waiting for me so I could post.
Its funny cause today I was just talkin about tobias and how his character would be fun to animate.
You captured him perfectly Shane
- June 13, 2007
- John Nunnemacher said...
awesome :)
- June 13, 2007
- Kevin Keele said...
Arrested Development was my favorite show, and Tobias was my favorite character on that show. So, naturally, I really love this post. Nice work!
- June 13, 2007
- Heather D. White said...
Hmm..I think I'm one of the ones that caused its tragic demise. I've never even heard of this show! LOL! Please don't stone me. So I think I'm a little lost with the story behind the drawing, but I love it anyway.....well done as always! :-) P.S. You have to try the S'More. It WILL probably make you fatter just thinking about it....but it's worth it. Jog around the blog a few times afterwards! :-)
- June 14, 2007
- Laura Williams said...
Great job! You really captured him.
I agree the show was hilarious and if you haven't already seen it check this site for some more Arrested Development sketches.
- June 14, 2007
- Jon Engle said...
Lovin' it! I miss this show. We need an Arrested Development movie...
- June 17, 2007
- Richard Gaines said...
Dare I say, "Awwwwwweeeeee, soooo cuuuuuuuuute!"
- June 17, 2007
- Adrian Ropp said...
Thought I'd check this out on your blog... Didn't lose any of the humor on the trip over from Toon Club. Tobias Funke... Pensive Blowhard.
- June 17, 2007
- Lucía Borjas said...
I miss this TV serie :(
I think that it's the best with "Curb Your Enthusiasm" I like them!
Good illo! : ))
- September 28, 2007
- Cathie said...
oh, didn't watch that one. lots of dumb shows out now so don't spend too much time with them. like the oldies much better! i like your character anyway and that color of blue...
- September 28, 2007
- Rrramone said...
I was a huge fan of AD. I miss it. Not sure I would say it's better than the office. :-)
Great illo!
- September 29, 2007
- thefridayfrog said...
someone just told me that jason bateman is like, almost 50. that just can't be. we all grew up togther, he, me, justine, ricky schroder...now, just rick, i guess.
tobias made the show, tho...despite grinning teen wolf 2. :)
you nailed his nose, shane! :)
- September 30, 2007
- Digital Scott's illustrationblog said...
I'm sorry I didn't watch it. I'm feeling massive guilt at the moment. I will look forward to seeing it on DVD though.
- September 30, 2007
- cata said...
Oh! i love him!
Really nice style!
- October 02, 2007
- Craig Lamberton said...
i too am burdened with an overriding guilt at not having seen it.. one of those shows you always hear about, but never get round to watching it..
great illustration though.!! lol
- October 03, 2007
Good times. You do realize that he also had a dual discipline. He was an analyst and therapist and a good analrapist is hard to find!
- March 28, 2008
- the Kev said...
Do these effectively hide my thunder?
NICE work, man
- April 16, 2008


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Liberty News
Golf team wins first-ever Big South Championship
Liberty University's men's golf team won the 2011 Big South Men's Golf Championship by 31 strokes on Wednesday, April 20, at The Patriot Golf Club in Ninety Six, S.C.
Liberty, which is ranked No. 29 in the country in the latest Golfstat rankings, finished the three-day, 54-hole event with an eight-under par 856 (290-277-289).
The win has earned the team an automatic bid to the NCAA Regionals, scheduled for May 19-21 in six different locations around the country. The Flames will learn their NCAA Regional location 10 days prior to competition. This will be Liberty's third trip to the NCAA Regionals; the team earned at-large bids in 2003 and 2006.
For coverage of the 2011 Big South Men's Golf Championship and Liberty golf, go to www.libertyflames.com.


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By PHIL DEVITT
By PHIL DEVITT
Fall River Spirit Editor
A Fall River teen's design will become the very visible logo of a citywide energy conservation contest in 2013.
"I didn't think I was going to win, but it feels good," said Joe Rebelo, a Diman Regional Vocational Technical High School junior.
His simple design, which features the words "Fall River Neighborhood Energy Contest" and a plug cord, was on display above his head at Government Center last week and will soon be plastered other places throughout the city.
"I wanted it to appeal to everyone," said Rebelo, who beat out a competitive group of fellow graphic design students to claim victory.
Kim Rego, also a Diman junior, was named runner-up for her design, which incorporated Fall River's iconic Gates of the City on Ponta Delgada Boulevard.
"I'm so thankful and surprised to get recognized for this," she said.
For Siobhan Santos, who teaches Rebelo and Rego, seeing the young designers in the spotlight was a memorable moment.
"You couldn't have picked two nicer students," she said. "They are humble, respectful, polite and always have good initiative. They are model students and very talented."
Santos said that when she received the call for entries, she told her students of the opportunity but didn't make the project mandatory.
"They were eager to do it," she said of her students.
Santos said the project allowed her students to apply their classroom knowledge to a real-world assignment, which could encourage them to pursue graphic design after graduation.
The 2013 Fall River Neighborhood Energy Contest will encourage city neighborhoods to implement energy-saving measures in homes and apartments, according to James Sweeney, general manager and director at New England Gas Company, which is sponsoring the contest with National Grid and Mayor Will Flanagan's office.
The contest was designed to increase participation in energy efficiency services that have long been offered by Massachusetts gas and electric companies, Sweeney said. The best way to do that, he added, is through friendly competition among neighborhood groups.
Flanagan said interested participants should complete a free Mass Save Home Energy Assessment, which includes a basement-to-attic inspection to evaluate potential for energy improvements. A personalized report details recommended improvements. Income-eligible customers may be able to receive the measures at no cost through Citizens for Citizens, the city social service agency.
The neighborhood association that registers the most energy savings will receive $5,000 to make improvements to the neighborhood's public places.
A Feb. 9 energy fair at Diman will kick off the challenge. The fair will feature exhibits of the latest efficient natural gas technologies, interactive educational demonstrations for children, vendor exhibits, contest information and more.
Contest details will be posted soon on the city website, www.fallriverma.org, according to Flanagan. Home energy assessment details are available at www.masssave.com.
In addition to the neighborhood associations, other partners include Citizens for Citizens, the Bristol Community College Green Center, the Fall River Council on Aging, the Fall River Board of Realtors and Greater Fall River Re-Creation.
Phil Devitt can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com or (508) 979-4492.


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I'd been enjoying some extra bed time while getting over a bug, when I had this annoying nightmare. In it my MacBook was catching viruses off the internet. Could have been guilty download conscious, but I balance out such thievery with the reality that I wouldn't buy any music even if I didn't get it free. Suppose I was too spoiled receiving a never-ending supply of LPs and CDs for review during my music critic days. But as for movies, I have no excuse but boredom. Though I like animation, it's highly unlikely I would have paid to see Happy Feet in the theater – unless I had some friend's kids to take. And the lowly street or swap meet vendor is not losing out on my money either, 'cause doubtful I would ever purchase the Seinfeld-style "filmed in the audience" version from them. But there it was, the only full-length feature flick that didn't stop half way whining "need more sources"; a low res Happy Feet inserting its avi self into the "shared" folder on my laptop. Shot by someone less artistic than Kramer, who didn't even bother sitting front and center, or worry if his jacket might be covering the lens for a few minutes, and hand-held the thing – shaky-cam late '90s style – for the full 98 minutes.
I know my dilemma – this fear of infliction – has less to do with guilt than it has to do with solidity. Living away from family, without a real permanent home, flowing through life, "riding the waves" so to speak, you have a tendency to utilize whatever is around you, to create structure; a sense of grounding. And I know it sounds silly perhaps, but my Mac has somehow become a symbol of such. Sure it's not without its foibles, like any close friend, boyfriend, (in)animate object, but point is that I need to feel as though I can count on it; that it's dependable, reliable. Yes, even though I know it can go at any time…it's like one's life, solid yet still vulnerable. Maybe that's why when anything happens to my computer I get emotionally stirred. I count on it too much, to hold my thoughts, my dreams, facilitate my ability to work and create; a conceptually steady entity in an all-too fluctuating world.
Part of this sentiment is that when it's healthy and working at its best, I work at mine. The flipside, the one I dread, like when the body breaks down and you end up lazy with sniffle-itis, is a fear of my Mac crashing, bringing up unhappy memories of lost files, documents, recalling the hours and weeks of work -poof- disappearing….
Emphasizing these moments, of a pondered stability, I've had equally traumatizing dreams of grabbing my surfboard and at first it seems solid, and then it kinda flops and folds and doesn't keep its shape. My last nightmare of that sort was disturbing, as I tried hopelessly to mold the board, as if it was Play-doh, into something ridable so I could paddle back out. Those who surf (more than they work 😉 ) understand the trauma of anything bad happening to their board, particularly if they can't afford to just go out a buy a new one. Yes, almost like an addict not able to get their fix, or someone living in the outskirts having their car break down, or an earth sign unknowingly being dosed with acid – you lose the thing you depend upon so much. Things that offer continuity, solid ground; the anchor that keep one from blowing in the wind, or getting lost out at sea.
Surfers can be such a scattered breed, as we indulge to no end in the water element, it's important to keep such cogent things about us. In the water, our foundation comes in collective and varying forms: our health and fitness; the strength we feel as we killed that last wave; of the fact that there is land that we can see; G-d we can feel; spiritual renewal that we experience; that we have our families, loved ones, pets waiting for us; a nice home…to go home to. Even a job or an appointment or somewhere to be after our session offers up some structure to our daily lives. But otherwise, it is the surfer's gear that is the actual physical components that enable our adrenaline-based liquid reality: surf shorts, bikini, wet suit, surf wax, sunscreen, leash…and most importantly our surfboard. And that board, it really needs to be solid. It's gotta float! So, to end up with a board that's acting more like water…doesn't work! Water won't float on water…it disperses into itself.
The whole fear of the mutability of the surfboard, and I believe initial cause for such nightmares, first began while trying to support a local, East-side, Big Island shaper we'll just call "escobar". I purchased a couple of his boards. He seemed to be getting them out on time (a big deal in Hawai'i!) and I liked the shapes. Unfortunately what I didn't pay enough attention to was the reason why all the kids who had his boards had them duck-taped around the edges and why they were flooding the used surf board racks in town; guess he hadn't mastered a little thing called the glass job (for those unknowing souls that's the coating -fiberglass cloth plus resin- that seals in and protects the foam and gives the board its "glassy" finish). Problem is, what's the use of a good shape and getting the board in the specified time frame when the glass job sucks!
It had barely been a month since I'd had the board and the rails were already crumbling like old feta and on top of that there were tiny pookas covering the bottom from not saturating the cloth enough. But the one moment that still shakes my core to this very day was when I was putting my board into the back of my car and as I was sliding it over the seat, pushing it in, my thumb actually went into it! It was as if the molecular structure altered. My reliance on the congruity of the object shocked my system. Buuuut… if my surfboard is not a solid, what is? Ah, okay, I'm being dramatic you think, but honestly, for a broke-ass surfer, the incident was a true rug-pulled-out-from-under-you moment. When all is not what it seems and you have no control. Besides being physically injured and unable to surf, it's those times when there are waves but you don't have a board when a surfer comprehends his or her true dependence and vulnerability.
There I was, sent adrift, having spent my surfboard fund on something that was carelessly created and disintegrating before my eyes. My season of winter surfing – my exercise, my challenge, my release, my daily opportunity to clear the mind, focus, renew – potentially ended just as it was beginning. Aren't there any guarantees in life? At least those things for which I pay my hard-earned bucks should supply to me the illusions of solidity that they are intended on providing; from surfboards to Apple computers.
Macs never really had viruses. Well, Apple may have had the first official wild viruses on their floppy bootable antique Lisa machines, and that one the Mac publisher released as a prank on its own readership to prove viruses could happen, but most of the Mac viruses were really just weirdnesses. Like the altered date setting that was actually some Apple programmer embedded issue, which surely made sense to them somehow but I still don't understand why I needed to be bothered with wasting time struggling to find the most current version of a document because they were all mixed up with 1904 dates; fooooey! The Finder might get corrupt, or the system would need to be reinstalled, or SuperClock would go koo-koo. I recall many font conflicts, renumbering fonts, and having one Helvetica that would print and another that wouldn't. But they weren't really viruses, more like corruptions. Besides minor inconveniences, usually at the output place, it'd be fine.
Today most of these Mac "viruses" are mainly vulnerability issues (often for Microsoft software – and for which we get regular automatic updates). Still, from alarmist articles (written by PC users) to conversations (with PC users) they always like to inform you, "Well, they're coming." The viruses for the Mac are coming. Ergo, why use a Mac because you only think they are safe. Ergo, I will stay sick and infected and fighting off viruses with my Windows machine 'cause at least I know what I'm dealing with (it's kinda like an unhealthy person using the "Well, we're all gonna die anyway" as an excuse for bad lifestyle choices). Yet, they have been saying the same thing for years. It's not that I don't understand the potentiality of infliction some day, that I should use protection, especially as Mac market size increases and as Apple keeps egging hackers on with their superior "we're impenetrable" verbiage, but do I really need to live with that problem now? Do I need to add any instability to my day-to-day life? As the headline of one article stated: "Windows vs. Linux vs. Mac OSX – Ignorance is Bliss" … it is bliss. It's also nice that I never have to reinstall my system, wonder why I can no longer print or connect to the internet, or have to bring my machine in for regular antibiotic treatments like most of my PC-using friends.
On Apple's web site they boldly state:
By the end of 2005, there were 114,000 known viruses for PCs. In March 2006 alone, 850 new threats were detected against Windows. Zero for Mac. While no computer connected to the Internet will ever be 100% immune from attack, Mac OS X has helped the Mac keep its clean bill of health with a superior UNIX foundation and security features that go above and beyond the norm for PCs. When you get a Mac, only your enthusiasm is contagious.
MacObserver explained away much of the "Big Mac Attack" articles and these so-called Mac viruses in a piece, dated in computer world terms, but still holding true: Mac Viruses By the Numbers – Word Macro: 553, Classic Mac: 26, OS X: Zero. And of course, there are the commercials that explain Mac vs. PC in a more simplistic symbolism: of the kinda geeky but casually hip creative guy (played by actor Justin Long – Drew Barrymore's new boyfriend) vs. the repressed conservative nerd business man. (What, you didn't really think Drew was going to date the loser using a cheap clunky bug-ridden Dell?!?). Sure, in this "PC" world, I also am more apt to naively trust in the Mac guy….
Hey, it's not that I don't have my problems with Mac (see article "Apple Computers: My Long-term Love/Hate Relationship" – and I've had a few more since then, that keep me on the edge of nervous [still confident a few pow-wows with Steven J. we could clear this all up! Honestly, I don't know why he still won't take my calls!]). And I can only imagine most surfers – with their sun, sand, wet lifestyle – would only feel completely secure the day they invent the 100% waterproof, sand-resistant, ding-proof version of their laptop (maybe a fully loaded "sports" model? Perhaps once they start some healthy competition with XO in the "One Laptop Per Child" campaign they'll put more cash back into "rugged, durable, child-friendly" adventurer model).
I want my MacBook to thrive amongst a little sand and sea, as it does while rummaging through Limewire. Ultimately, I feel more safe on a Mac – not having to worry that my new ridiculous version of Happy Feet is the idiocy that might render my computer and I terminally ill. And though I'm all about supporting the local shaper, I need to find the ones that also support me. My surfboard must keep me afloat and enable many many awesome surf sessions, as well as handle simple events such as being slid into the back of my car. And just as I don't want to deal with virus protection software that requires me to approve every move I make on the internet, I don't want to have to ride a too thick 'n' floaty epoxy in order to avoid dings. I want that feeling of security while not being confined by it… or compensating performance. Enjoy the water without overindulging and becoming waterlogged. Appreciate the comfort in structure as much as I relish absolute freedom. I know I have vulnerability issues – we all do – but I don't want to let my need for feeling safe and secure keep me from expanding into the unknown or leave me fearful of jumping into the abyss.