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Mallinckrodt's M363 Pill
M363 (Vicodin) Pill Identification
M363 pill is a generic version for name brand Vicodin manufatured by Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals. Vicodin is a compound pain reliever that consists of Acetaminophen (Paracetamol) combined with Hydrocodone bitartrate.
Hydrocodone bitartrate is an opioid pain reliever. Acetaminophen is an analgesic (a pain reliever) and an antipyretic (a fever reducer) which strengthens analgetic effects of Hydrocodone.
Each M363 pill contains 500 mg of Acetaminophen and 10 mg of Hydrocodone bitartrate.
M363 pills are used to relieve moderate to severe pain.

subset: commoncrawl


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We don't normally review childrens' books on Plus, but when this colourful volume landed on our desk we couldn't resist. It appeared to do exactly what we try to do all the time: reveal the beauty and fun side of maths and show how it comes up everywhere, as a natural language in which to talk about the world. So we passed it on to two expert representatives of the book's target audience, which is 7 to 11-year olds.
Have you ever wanted to explore the symmetries of the cube and octahedron through an old Japanese art form? Or to investigate fractals using tatting and string art? Or to study the helix by knitting bed socks? If so, or if you are at least open to the idea, then this book would be a good place to start.
Dana Mackenzie's book is a display of modern mathematical developments, which have brought about the solutions of several old and important questions in number theory, topology and the theory of dynamical systems. More recent areas, related to finance and computer science, have also witnessed a lot of attention-grabbing events — some good and some bad. For those with a mathematical background this book makes a fascinating read.
This is a fascinating book on the application of game theory to situations in philosophy, politics, law, history, literature and even the Bible. The author shows that real insight can be obtained into optimal strategies for dealing with some famous dilemmas.
Clearly and interestingly written, humorous and varied, requiring only a minimal familiarity with math, The hidden mathematics of sport is a pure pleasure to read. It contains an impressive array of mathematical topics, much broader and more unusual than standard findings about the statistics of sports or the equations governing the motion of projectiles.
It's quite refreshing to find a book on maths that is so upbeat and infectious as How to build a brain. Certainly the title is a misnomer; one would immediately associate it to artificial intelligence or biology, but in reality this book is about how mathematics finds its way into many aspects of our world.
In 2006 the Fields Medal — one of the highest honours in mathematics — was awarded to Grigory Perelman for solving the Poincaré conjecture, a famously difficult problem that had stumped mathematicians for a century. To the surprise of many, and the excitement of the media, Perelman declined the award and withdrew not only from mathematics but from the world generally. In Perfect rigour Masha Gessen sheds some light on this brilliant and perplexing character and the reasons why he would renounce both the worldly rewards of his mathematical achievement and also his beloved vocation, mathematics itself.
Loving and hating mathematics is an intriguing title, but it doesn't tell you what this book is about. More informative is the subtitle: Challenging the myths of mathematical life. The book is a collaboration between a mathematician, Reuben Hersh, and a psychologist in the fields of linguistics and education, Vera John-Steiner.


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When I started out I got ambitious and bought one of the better and more expensive training kites (Ozone 3m--$300). My thinking was a larger training kite would get me closer to the actually experience of the regular kites. I spent the suggested two weeks or so before my first lesson practicing. I ended up concluding that it was of limited value.
On the plus side, you do learn concepts like "this is how I steer the kite." But the power differential was so great when I finally got to the 12m kite that I got dragged around at will and pretty much had to learn to control it from scratch. I liken in to learning to play baseball by practicing with a wiffle ball and plastic bat. Sure, you can learn intellectual concepts like the ball will come at you and you have to swing the bat. But there's a lot of "feel" involved, and timing, and muscle memory, and those are going to be completely different with a heavier wooden baseball bat and a cork-and-leather baseball.
The trainer kite was stolen but I ended up buying an older, cheap but flyable 5m inflatable kite that I use with friends when they show an interest in kiting. This has the advantage of having an actual depower system, too.


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Alanis Morissette must not have taken her jagged little pill.
The 36-year-old singer told Us Weekly she is pregnant, dropping the bombshell in a list of "25 Things You Don't Know About Me."
"I am pregnant," was No. 25.
Morissette married rapper Souleye, whose real name is Mario Treadway, May 22 at their LA home.
"We're very excited to embark on this journey with each other," she tweeted at the time.


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Wednesday, May 25, 2011
The Good Reader
Somebody on DorothyL asked a few days ago, "What makes a good reader?" As in, we know what readers expect from writers (perfection!), but what do we expect – or at least wish for – from readers?
I've been extraordinarily lucky in my contacts with readers. I love hearing from them. I've received many e-mails and in-person comments that were so wonderful and gratifying that they kept me going for weeks afterward. I've suffered only indirect blows from those who think the very existence of my books is an affront to everything they hold dear. My portrait of The Good Reader is drawn from the experiences of other writers as well as my own.
The Good Reader pays attention to what she's reading and does not complain to the writer about nonexistent errors or omissions.
The Good Reader lets an author know that she has read and enjoyed the writer's book(s).
The Good Reader doesn't rush to ruin an author's day/week/year with a long e-mail or online "review" detailing every reason large and small why she hated the writer's new book.
The Good Reader realizes that few authors make much money, that most of us do this because we love to write, that a single book represents a year or more of intense creative work, and it's disheartening, to say the least, when a reader makes it her personal mission to go around the internet urging everybody, everywhere, to shun it. The Good Reader realizes that his or her taste may not be shared by all readers.
While The Good Reader is certainly entitled to express an opinion, she doesn't use online reviews to instruct a professional author on how to improve his or her writing in future books. That's an editor's job.
(Note: Many professional writers make it a point to avoid looking at reader reviews on sites like Amazon.)
The Good Reader realizes that the characters in a book are not stand-ins for the author who created them. If a character does something awful or expresses an unfortunate opinion, that doesn't mean the writer behaves or thinks that way.
The Good Reader may voice a wish for the future direction of a series character's life – as in, "I'd love to see her marry Tom" – but doesn't become aggressive about it (as in, "If they don't get married soon, I'm going to stop reading your books").
The Good Reader realizes that an author with a traditional print publisher probably has no control over the release of an e-book version of her novel. The Good Reader doesn't ask about the e-book repeatedly, then when it's available, decide not to buy it after all.
The Good Reader doesn't ask an author published by a small press why her books aren't all prominently displayed at the local Barnes & Noble.
The Good Reader doesn't tell an author that she looks nothing like her picture on the book jacket.
I'm sure any writer who's reading this could add to the list. Feel free.
20 comments:
- caryn said...
Interesting column. I'm wondering about one of the points though-the one about readers wanting (or not) something to happen with a character. While you welcome comments, but don't want readers to be insistent, wouldn't you want to know if something about a character or character's relationship is driving readers away? I'm not referring to anything in your books with this, but I can think of two different series where based on comments from readers on both DorothyL and a couple of yahoo groups, readers were so frustrated with a sitiuation that went on and on in book after book that they stopped reading the series.
- May 25, 2011 at 8:19 AM
- Sheila Connolly said...
A good reader doesn't say, "oh, I bet I could write a book if I had the time. When I do, you'll send it to your agent/editor, right?"
I'm always amused when a reader asks, "when are X and Y going to get together?" because that's exactly what I want them to wonder (assuming I have the luxury of an ongoing series, never a sure thing).
- May 25, 2011 at 9:01 AM
- Sandra Parshall said...
Caryn, I understand what you're saying. I've stopped reading some series because of situations or behavior that I found irritating, but I didn't tell the writers. In a case like that, I'm not sure that telling the author would accomplish anything, because obviously it *is* working for him or her.
I remember the uproar when Dana Stabenow killed off a beloved character. Lots of people swore they would never read her books again. But I have a feeling most of them did come back after a time. When a fictional character readers love dies, I think a lot of them need a period of mourning, however strange that might seem. The writer has to do what she thinks is best for the series, though.
- May 25, 2011 at 9:41 AM
- Diane said...
Sheila, if one of your readers COULD write, they would make the time, no matter how long it took them. That's just an excuse.
And Sandra, I'm with you re if an ongoing situation/character irritates me, I just move on. I don't want someone to change what they are creating just to please me. I'm only one reader among many. My likes/dislikes/tastes are mine, and not something I should impose on others. Though, from what Caryn said, maybe a polite note to the author re the ongoing situation/character if something about it is bothersome or irritating to me. Just so they have a heads up what is possibly going on if readership is dropping. I imagine polite feedback might help. Emphasis on 'polite', not ongoing, ranting or just plain insulting.
- May 25, 2011 at 10:06 AM
- Peggy Webb a.k.a. Anna Michaels said...
Great post, Sandy! It's helpful, too.
My favorite readers are those who say, "I love this book. What else have you written?" and then come to my next autoghraph party with a shopping bag full of my novels for me to sign!
I also enjoy hearing that readers can't wait to know whether Callie and Jack will get back together, or Lovie (the cousin) and Elvis (the basset hound) will find true love. That's great feedback for a writer doing a series. It lets me know I'm on the right track.
Well, shoot! I'm easy. I just love hearing from readers, period!
Again, Sandy, thanks for initiating an intelligent conversation between writer and reader.
- May 25, 2011 at 1:47 PM
- Sandra Parshall said...
I love hearing from readers too, Peggy, and enjoy knowing they wonder about the characters' futures. I have to write the stories the way *I* think they should be written, though. I'm happy to say that most of the readers I hear from respect that.
What's interesting to me is that so many of the things readers want would actually remove tension and conflict from a series. Without tension and conflict, you don't have a story worth reading. You can type "And they lived happily ever after" and stop writing.
- May 25, 2011 at 1:54 PM
Interesting. I'm sure authors can be "annoyed" by all sorts of things their readers say or do, but A Good Author should realize that every reader that reads their book(s) is a Good Reader and should be appreciated.
- May 25, 2011 at 2:49 PM
- Sandra Parshall said...
I'm sure we all appreciate our readers -- I certainly do. But we are human too, and we can be hurt by intentionally cruel comments.
At Malice Domestic I asked three bestselling writers whether they look at reader reviews on Amazon and elsewhere online. They said no -- it's "too much of a downer" to read dashed-off comments that often contain errors and are sometimes very negative and personal. The negativity can eat away at a writer's peace of mind and interfere with current writing.
- May 25, 2011 at 3:08 PM
- Jeri Westerson said...
I just want MORE readers! :)
- May 25, 2011 at 3:28 PM
- Sandra Parshall said...
Wouldn't we all? :-)
- May 25, 2011 at 3:51 PM
- pehsdk said...
I wonder what effect reviews, good and bad, have on a book?
As a reader, I love all the reviews out there written by "real" people. Before I buy a book I read the reviews posted on Amazon & Goodreads, etc. I generally average out the reviews and then decide to buy or not. I would assume these reviews are more for the potential readers/buyers then the author.
- May 25, 2011 at 4:08 PM
- Sandra Parshall said...
But some of those reader comments can be abusive rather than informative. Go to the Amazon page for BURN by Nevada Barr and read the starred Publishers Weekly review, then the avalanche of negative reader comments. Yes, the readers have a right to express their opinions, but ask yourself, as I do, how you would react to that kind of "feedback" on something you've spent a long time writing and care deeply about. I hope Ms. Barr is the kind of writer who never reads those reviews. (For the record, I didn't enjoy that book the way I've enjoyed her others, but I wouldn't take it upon myself to tell a writer of her stature what to write and how to write it.)
- May 25, 2011 at 5:14 PM
- pehsdk said...
I did go read reviews of Burn on Amazon and Goodreads. I have not read anything by Nevada Barr so I did a sampling like I do when considering a book, (I may have to add her to my tbr list) but anyway what I take away from the reviews is that the series may have started more in the cozy mystery genre and the last few books may have moved more into the darker suspense genre.
I actually read both genres but know a lot of cozy readers who will not cross that line, they read cozies for a reason. I didn't see reviews attacking the writing, I saw reviews upset with the subject matter.
I would think that Ms. Barr should understand who her reader is and understand that in crossing that darker suspenseful line she may upset and lose some of them. It is perfectly her right and decision to do so as is it's the reader's right to be upset about it if they don't like it and review the book with emotion.
I much prefer reading a review written with emotion from a reader who loved or hated a book, then some canned review.
That's just how I feel.
Thanks for the discussion! :)
- May 25, 2011 at 5:55 PM
- Dru said...
I love books and I love to read. If I don't like a book, I would never bash an author or their work because I do know how long they worked on that book. Just because I didn't like it, doesn't mean it wasn't good.
- May 25, 2011 at 7:04 PM
- Cheryl said...
The more I write the more I appreciate the sweat and blood that goes into a crackin' good book. I'm a forgiving reader, but selective in spending my few reading hours with characters I enjoy.
- May 25, 2011 at 8:52 PM
- Sandra Parshall said...
If I don't like a book, I stop reading and find something I'll like more. I don't feel any urge to tell the writer I didn't enjoy her work (and why), nor any urge to prevent others from reading it. I don't get into arguments with people about whether a book is "good" or "bad". I'm just one person with my own taste. I know that many other readers will love what I don't enjoy. If I love a book, I will recommend it enthusiastically to people whose taste is similar to mine.
- May 25, 2011 at 9:09 PM
- pehsdk said...
Couple weeks ago I had the opportunity to go and listen to Debbie Macomber, part of her talk was quoting from letters she had received from readers, one in particular was along the lines of: Ms. Macomber I have not found one redeeming quality in the last 10 books of yours I've read. Debbie laughed and said, "Well, keep reading them, maybe one of them will surprise you."
Is the author writing for good reviews or to sell books? Is it better to have a starred review from Publishers Weekly or whoever and 10 five star, great reviews from readers and no negative ones or to be like Stephanie Meyer's Twilight which on Goodreads has 55,705 one star negative reviews from readers? I bet she's crying about those negative reviews all the way to the bank.
- May 26, 2011 at 9:35 AM
- Leslie Budewitz said...
Great discussion. But I think it's perfectly legit for a reader to ask a writer why her books aren't available at a particular store. Readers don't know the industry the way writers do, and they're asking in order to learn, not to insult us (most of the time, anyway!).
When a reader says "Oh, I wish they would get together," or whatever, she's telling you she likes the romantic tensions you've created – not that she wants the tension or conflict removed. Good writer realizes that sometimes otherwise good readers say stupid things because they're human, and because they may not know how to express themselves in matters literary.
- May 26, 2011 at 1:21 PM
- call center philippines said...
What you've written were few things that readers think about the writer and it's good that you able to share or think a topic like this to inform readers leading them change what they've thought to writers.
- May 29, 2011 at 11:08 PM
- Kaj Genell said...
A good reader is one who knows if he or she should continue reading after having read 2 pages.
There are too many books not worth spending time on.
Character (good) and taste (good ) is knowing when enough is enough.
- June 5, 2011 at 12:46 PM


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Acceptability Judgments
James Myers
Acceptability judgments are reports of a speaker's or signer's subjective sense of the well-formedness, nativeness, or naturalness of (novel) linguistic forms. Their value comes in providing data about the nature of the human capacity to generalize beyond linguistic forms previously encountered in language comprehension. For this reason, acceptability judgments are often also called grammaticality judgments (particularly in syntax), although unlike the theory-dependent notion of grammaticality, acceptability is accessible to consciousness. While acceptability judgments have been used to test grammatical claims since ancient times, they became particularly prominent with the birth of generative syntax. Today they are also widely used in other linguistic schools (e.g., cognitive linguistics) and other linguistic domains (pragmatics, semantics, morphology, and phonology), and have been applied in a typologically diverse range of languages. As psychological responses to linguistic stimuli, acceptability judgments are experimental data. Their value thus depends on the validity of the experimental procedures, which, in their traditional version (where theoreticians elicit judgments from themselves or a few colleagues), have been criticized as overly informal and biased. Traditional responses to such criticisms have been supplemented in recent years by laboratory experiments that use formal psycholinguistic methods to collect and quantify judgments from nonlinguists under controlled conditions. Such formal experiments have played an increasingly influential role in theoretical linguistics, being used to justify subtle judgment claims or new grammatical models that incorporate gradience or lexical influences. They have also been used to probe the cognitive processes giving rise to the sense of acceptability itself, the central finding being that acceptability reflects processing ease. Exploring what this finding means will require not only further empirical work on the acceptability judgment process, but also theoretical work on the nature of grammar.
Argument Realization and Case in Japanese
Hideki Kishimoto
Japanese is a language where the grammatical status of arguments and adjuncts is marked exclusively by postnominal case markers, and various argument realization patterns can be assessed by their case marking. Since Japanese is categorized as a language of the nominative-accusative type typologically, the unmarked case-marking frame obtained for transitive predicates of the non-stative (or eventive) type is 'nominative-accusative'. Nevertheless, transitive predicates falling into the stative class often have other case-marking alignments, such as 'nominative-nominative' and 'dative-nominative'. Consequently, Japanese provides much more varying argument realization patterns than those expected from its typological character as a nominative-accusative language.
In point of fact, argument marking can actually be much more elastic and variable, the variations being motivated by several linguistic factors. Arguments often have the option of receiving either syntactic or semantic case, with no difference in the logical or cognitive meaning (as in plural agent and source agent alternations) or depending on the meanings their predicate carry (as in locative alternation). The type of case marking that is not normally available in main clauses can sometimes be obtained in embedded contexts (i.e., in exceptional case marking and small-clause constructions). In complex predicates, including causative and indirect passive predicates, arguments are case-marked differently from their base clauses by virtue of suffixation, and their case patterns follow the mono-clausal case array, despite the fact that they have multi-clausal structures.
Various case marking options are also made available for arguments by grammatical operations. Some processes instantiate a change on the grammatical relations and case marking of arguments with no affixation or embedding. Japanese has the grammatical process of subjectivization, creating extra (non-thematic) major subjects, many of which are identified as instances of 'possessor raising' (or argument ascension). There is another type of grammatical process, which reduces the number of arguments by virtue of incorporating a noun into the predicate, as found in the light verb constructions with suru 'do' and the complex adjective constructions formed on the negative adjective nai 'non-existent.'
Argument Realization in Syntax
Malka Rappaport Hovav
Words are sensitive to syntactic context. Argument realization is the study of the relation between argument-taking words, the syntactic contexts they appear in and the interpretive properties that constrain the relation between them.
Franz Rainer
Blocking can be defined as the non-occurrence of some linguistic form, whose existence could be expected on general grounds, due to the existence of a rival form. *Oxes, for example, is blocked by oxen, *stealer by thief. Although blocking is closely associated with morphology, in reality the competing "forms" can not only be morphemes or words, but can also be syntactic units. In German, for example, the compound Rotwein 'red wine' blocks the phrasal unit *roter Wein (in the relevant sense), just as the phrasal unit rote Rübe 'beetroot; lit. red beet' blocks the compound *Rotrübe. In these examples, one crucial factor determining blocking is synonymy; speakers apparently have a deep-rooted presumption against synonyms. Whether homonymy can also lead to a similar avoidance strategy, is still controversial. But even if homonymy blocking exists, it certainly is much less systematic than synonymy blocking.
In all the examples mentioned above, it is a word stored in the mental lexicon that blocks a rival formation. However, besides such cases of lexical blocking, one can observe blocking among productive patterns. Dutch has three suffixes for deriving agent nouns from verbal bases, -er, -der, and -aar. Of these three suffixes, the first one is the default choice, while -der and -aar are chosen in very specific phonological environments: as Geert Booij describes in The Morphology of Dutch (2002), "the suffix -aar occurs after stems ending in a coronal sonorant consonant preceded by schwa, and -der occurs after stems ending in /r/" (p. 122). Contrary to lexical blocking, the effect of this kind of pattern blocking does not depend on words stored in the mental lexicon and their token frequency but on abstract features (in the case at hand, phonological features).
Blocking was first recognized by the Indian grammarian Pāṇini in the 5th or 4th century
Andrej L. Malchukov
Morphological case is conventionally defined as a system of marking of a dependent nominal for the type of relationship they bear to their heads. While most linguists would agree with this definition, in practice it is often a matter of controversy whether a certain marker X counts as case in language L, or how many case values language L features. First, the distinction between morphological cases and case particles/adpositions is fuzzy in a cross-linguistic perspective. Second, the distinctions between cases can be obscured by patterns of case syncretism, leading to different analyses of the underlying system. On the functional side, it is important to distinguish between syntactic (structural), semantic, and "pragmatic" cases, yet these distinctions are not clear-cut either, as syntactic cases historically arise from the two latter sources. Moreover, case paradigms of individual languages usually show a conflation between syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic cases (see the phenomenon of "focal ergativity," where ergative case is used when the A argument is in focus). The composition of case paradigms can be shown to follow a certain typological pattern, which is captured by case hierarchy, as proposed by Greenberg and Blake, among others. Case hierarchy constrains the way how case systems evolve (or are reduced) across languages and derives from relative markedness and, ultimately, from frequencies of individual cases. The (one-dimensional) case hierarchy is, however, incapable of capturing all recurrent polysemies of individual case markers; rather, such polysemies can be represented through a more complex two-dimensional hierarchy (semantic map), which can also be given a diachronic interpretation.
Clinical Linguistics
Louise Cummings
Clinical linguistics is the branch of linguistics that applies linguistic concepts and theories to the study of language disorders. As the name suggests, clinical linguistics is a dual-facing discipline. Although the conceptual roots of this field are in linguistics, its domain of application is the vast array of clinical disorders that may compromise the use and understanding of language. Both dimensions of clinical linguistics can be addressed through an examination of specific linguistic deficits in individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders, craniofacial anomalies, adult-onset neurological impairments, psychiatric disorders, and neurodegenerative disorders. Clinical linguists are interested in the full range of linguistic deficits in these conditions, including phonetic deficits of children with cleft lip and palate, morphosyntactic errors in children with specific language impairment, and pragmatic language impairments in adults with schizophrenia.
Like many applied disciplines in linguistics, clinical linguistics sits at the intersection of a number of areas. The relationship of clinical linguistics to the study of communication disorders and to speech-language pathology (speech and language therapy in the United Kingdom) are two particularly important points of intersection. Speech-language pathology is the area of clinical practice that assesses and treats children and adults with communication disorders. All language disorders restrict an individual's ability to communicate freely with others in a range of contexts and settings. So language disorders are first and foremost communication disorders. To understand language disorders, it is useful to think of them in terms of points of breakdown on a communication cycle that tracks the progress of a linguistic utterance from its conception in the mind of a speaker to its comprehension by a hearer. This cycle permits the introduction of a number of important distinctions in language pathology, such as the distinction between a receptive and an expressive language disorder, and between a developmental and an acquired language disorder. The cycle is also a useful model with which to conceptualize a range of communication disorders other than language disorders. These other disorders, which include hearing, voice, and fluency disorders, are also relevant to clinical linguistics.
Clinical linguistics draws on the conceptual resources of the full range of linguistic disciplines to describe and explain language disorders. These disciplines include phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and discourse. Each of these linguistic disciplines contributes concepts and theories that can shed light on the nature of language disorder. A wide range of tools and approaches are used by clinical linguists and speech-language pathologists to assess, diagnose, and treat language disorders. They include the use of standardized and norm-referenced tests, communication checklists and profiles (some administered by clinicians, others by parents, teachers, and caregivers), and qualitative methods such as conversation analysis and discourse analysis. Finally, clinical linguists can contribute to debates about the nosology of language disorders. In order to do so, however, they must have an understanding of the place of language disorders in internationally recognized classification systems such as the 2013 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) of the American Psychiatric Association.
Compound and Complex Predicates in Japanese
Taro Kageyama
Compound and complex predicates—predicates that consist of two or more lexical items and function as the predicate of a single sentence—present an important class of linguistic objects that pertain to an enormously wide range of issues in the interactions of morphology, phonology, syntax, and semantics. Japanese makes extensive use of compounding to expand a single verb into a complex one. These compounding processes range over multiple modules of the grammatical system, thus straddling the borders between morphology, syntax, phonology, and semantics. In terms of degree of phonological integration, two types of compound predicates can be distinguished. In the first type, called tight compound predicates, two elements from the native lexical stratum are tightly fused and inflect as a whole for tense. In this group, Verb-Verb compound verbs such as arai-nagasu [wash-let.flow] 'to wash away' and hare-agaru [sky.be.clear-go.up] 'for the sky to clear up entirely' are preponderant in numbers and productivity over Noun-Verb compound verbs such as tema-doru [time-take] 'to take a lot of time (to finish).'
The second type, called loose compound predicates, takes the form of "Noun + Predicate (Verbal Noun [VN] or Adjectival Noun [AN])," as in post-syntactic compounds like [sinsya : koonyuu] no okyakusama ([new.car : purchase] GEN customers) 'customer(s) who purchase(d) a new car,' where the symbol ":" stands for a short phonological break. Remarkably, loose compounding allows combinations of a transitive VN with its agent subject (external argument), as in [Supirubaagu : seisaku] no eiga ([Spielberg : produce] GEN film) 'a film/films that Spielberg produces/produced'—a pattern that is illegitimate in tight compounds and has in fact been considered universally impossible in the world's languages in verbal compounding and noun incorporation.
In addition to a huge variety of tight and loose compound predicates, Japanese has an additional class of syntactic constructions that as a whole function as complex predicates. Typical examples are the light verb construction, where a clause headed by a VN is followed by the light verb suru 'do,' as in Tomodati wa sinsya o koonyuu (sae) sita [friend TOP new.car ACC purchase (even) did] 'My friend (even) bought a new car' and the human physical attribute construction, as in Sensei wa aoi me o site-iru [teacher TOP blue eye ACC do-ing] 'My teacher has blue eyes.' In these constructions, the nominal phrases immediately preceding the verb suru are semantically characterized as indefinite and non-referential and reject syntactic operations such as movement and deletion. The semantic indefiniteness and syntactic immobility of the NPs involved are also observed with a construction composed of a human subject and the verb aru 'be,' as Gakkai ni wa oozei no sankasya ga atta 'There was a large number of participants at the conference.' The constellation of such "word-like" properties shared by these compound and complex predicates poses challenging problems for current theories of morphology-syntax-semantics interactions with regard to such topics as lexical integrity, morphological compounding, syntactic incorporation, semantic incorporation, pseudo-incorporation, and indefinite/non-referential NPs.
Compounding in Morphology
Pius ten Hacken
Compounding is a word formation process based on the combination of lexical elements (words or stems). In the theoretical literature, compounding is discussed controversially, and the disagreement also concerns basic issues. In the study of compounding, the questions guiding research can be grouped into four main areas, labeled here as delimitation, classification, formation, and interpretation. Depending on the perspective taken in the research, some of these may be highlighted or backgrounded.
In the delimitation of compounding, one question is how important it is to be able to determine for each expression unambiguously whether it is a compound or not. Compounding borders on syntax and on affixation. In some theoretical frameworks, it is not a problem to have more typical and less typical instances, without a precise boundary between them. However, if, for instance, word formation and syntax are strictly separated and compounding is in word formation, it is crucial to draw this borderline precisely. Another question is which types of criteria should be used to distinguish compounding from other phenomena. Criteria based on form, on syntactic properties, and on meaning have been used. In all cases, it is also controversial whether such criteria should be applied crosslinguistically.
In the classification of compounds, the question of how important the distinction between the classes is for the theory in which they are used poses itself in much the same way as the corresponding question for the delimitation. A common classification uses headedness as a basis. Other criteria are based on the forms of the elements that are combined (e.g., stem vs. word) or on the semantic relationship between the components. Again, whether these criteria can and should be applied crosslinguistically is controversial.
The issue of the formation rules for compounds is particularly prominent in frameworks that emphasize form-based properties of compounding. Rewrite rules for compounding have been proposed, generalizations over the selection of the input form (stem or word) and of linking elements, and rules for stress assignment. Compounds are generally thought of as consisting of two components, although these components may consist of more than one element themselves. For some types of compounds with three or more components, for example copulative compounds, a nonbinary structure has been proposed.
The question of interpretation can be approached from two opposite perspectives. In a semasiological perspective, the meaning of a compound emerges from the interpretation of a given form. In an onomasiological perspective, the meaning precedes the formation in the sense that a form is selected to name a particular concept. The central question in the interpretation of compounds is how to determine the relationship between the two components. The range of possible interpretations can be constrained by the rules of compounding, by the semantics of the components, and by the context of use. A much-debated question concerns the relative importance of these factors.
Construction Morphology
Geert Booij
Construction Morphology is a theory of word structure in which the complex words of a language are analyzed as constructions, that is, systematic pairings of form and meaning. These pairings are analyzed within a Tripartite Parallel Architecture conception of grammar. This presupposes a word-based approach to the analysis of morphological structure and a strong dependence on paradigmatic relations between words. The lexicon contains both words and the constructional schemas they are instantiations of. Words and schemas are organized in a hierarchical network, with intermediate layers of subschemas. These schemas have a motivating function with respect to existing complex words and specify how new complex words can be formed.
The consequence of this view of morphology is that there is no sharp boundary between lexicon and grammar. In addition, the use of morphological patterns may also depend on specific syntactic constructions (construction-dependent morphology).
This theory of lexical relatedness also provides insight into language change such as the use of obsolete case markers as markers of specific constructions, the change of words into affixes, and the debonding of word constituents into independent words. Studies of language acquisition and word processing confirm this view of the lexicon and the nature of lexical knowledge.
Construction Morphology is also well equipped for dealing with inflection and the relationships between the cells of inflectional paradigms, because it can express how morphological schemas are related paradigmatically.
Conversion in Morphology
Sándor Martsa
This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Please check back later for the full article.
Despite its apparent formal simplicity, to define conversion as a word-formation technique is by no means a simple matter, even in respect of one language, let alone languages representing different typological groups or subgroups. The traditional claim that conversion is a derivationally unmarked word-class changing operation involving formally identical (homonymous) lexical items seems largely justifiable so far as English is concerned where this operation is exclusively word/lexeme-based (cf. to swap > (a) swap, clear > to clear). However, while this same claim is also true for Hungarian, a Finno-Ugric language (cf. este
To determine the linguistic nature of conversion and its place among other types of word formation is not a simple matter either, and, paradoxically, it is especially so in the case of the most extensively studied English conversion. The reasons for this to a great extent lie in the fact that practically each element of the traditional definition suggested in the previous paragraph has been called into question, giving rise to a diversity of interpretations of conversion not only in English, but also in a cross-linguistic perspective. Thus, if conversion is viewed as a kind of derivation, the assumptions can be made that being derivationally unmarked means either the presence of a zero formative, or, alternatively, the lack of any overt derivational marking on the converted item (consider for instance the English, Hungarian, German, and Old English examples above). Regardless of their long-debated justifiability, what these assumptions respectively suggest is that conversion after all should be treated either as a kind of derivation, namely zero derivation, or as a self-contained word-formation process different from derivation (affixation). In addition, being derivationally unmarked is also viewed in the corresponding literature as the absence of derivation altogether; and the suggestion is made that during conversion it is in effect the change in the inflectional paradigm that can only signal word-class shift. Because of this, so the argument goes, conversion should be seen as an inflectional and not as a derivational process.
The notion of word class itself and the uncertainties characterizing its understanding present further challenges to morphologists dealing with conversion. Concretely, it is a widely shared view that only the unmarked change of the entire word class can be recognized as conversion (see the examples above). However, there are opinions that insist that the change of a subclass or subcategory also qualifies as conversion, albeit partial or non-prototypical (cf. to run
Finally, treatments of conversion that focus on underlying semantic or conceptual motivations further add to the diversity of views of conversion. These treatments draw on the fact that there is a strong semantic link between the input and the output in the sense that normally the meaning of the latter is semantically derived (predictable) from that of the former. It is argued that this semantic link between the pair words of conversion is based on various types of conceptual, predominantly metonymic shifts whereby extralinguistic entities such as actions, instruments, properties, natural kinds, etc., undergo cognitive reanalyses (cf. instrument as action, property as action, action as actor/place) driven by the communicative needs of interlocutors. Consequently, along with the interpretations mentioned in the previous paragraphs, conversion can also be considered a word-formation process motivated by different types of conceptual shifts between formally identical input and output items.


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WHO Declares Ebola Outbreak an Emergency
The World Health Organization has declared the Ebola outbreak in West Africa to be an international public health emergency on Friday. Photo: EPA
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
the World Health Organization to create the evil I'll freaking Last Africa in international public emergency on Friday helping is the largest in most of the year and for Dec deets ... the current outbreak of the Food bikie any team in March and has since spread to hear the highly unlikely ... the World Health Organization chief topic Marc rich and says countries affected states in the did not have the capacity to manage it now make up a sign saying complex ... on their own ... Liberia and Sierra Leone began pointing the whole sections of the nation's on Thursday ... as of this for one thousand seven hundred and eleven cases had been reported to the World Health Organization with one thousand seventy confirmed as evil ... a nine hundred and thirty two deaths ... my dearie S soldiers and police at checkpoints began to halt all broach Apple entering into the peak of the nation's fifteen counties ... and it's here the air and ... soldiers in riot gear blocked the road leading to the country's two most affected districts ... there is no license treatment for a vaccine for the virus and it definitely has been about fifty percent ... who to create civil emergencies for the swine flu pandemic into thousandnine and for polio in May this year ...


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Tanner Dixon
|Hoover, Ala.
|High School:
|Hoover HS
2013: Tanner has made the most of his freshman year, traveling to two of the four tournaments this fall season. His highlights this season include leading the team in his first tournament with a t-26th individual finish (75-74-149). Tanner also led the team this fall in putts per round with 30.75. He looks to improve his game over the 2013 off-season in order to qualify for more travel opportunities in the spring season and compete in the SAA Conference Championships.
Pre-BSC: Played his prep career for Hoover High School in Hoover, Ala., where he was a four-year starter and team captain on the Hoover golf team.
Personal: Son of Jay and Camille Dixon... majoring in business administration.


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A few weeks ago we had our friends + new baby over for brunch on a Saturday morning.
It is a rare treat for me to be in the kitchen all by myself! I had just enough time to walk around our yard to gather some herbs, flowers and vines to make this casual, organic-y, non-arrangement.
A closeup of fresh oregano and pansies.
Can you believe I actually still have some pansies? These are the last of them - made perfect accents to the blue hydrangea from my urns.
I'll be back with more brunch details tomorrow - I just finished up my Outdoor Entertaining Workshop tonight... ready for bed!


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After a short break for the Christmas holiday, the Tennessee State University women's basketball team will return to the court against Eastern Illinois University in the first Ohio Valley Conference action of the season on Saturday, Dec.29, 2012. Tip-off is slated for 5:30 p.m. in the Gentry Center.
Tennessee State (4-6, 0-0 OVC) is coming off a, 69-60, win over Lipscomb University on the road. TSU had dropped three straight before knocking off the cross town opponents.
TSU is 1-2 at home this season and only has one player averaging double-figures in scoring. Jasmin Shuler leads the team with 10.0 ppg while Simone Hopes follows with 9.5 points and team-best 7.3 points per game. Kesi Hess rounds out the top three scorers with 8.3 ppg.
As a team, TSU is averaging 55.9 points per outing while shooting 35.2 percent from the field and 24.6 percent from beyond the arc. TSU is currently shooting only 68.0 percent from the free-throw line while committing an average of 17.3 turnovers per game.
TSU averages 37.1 rebounds, 9.7 assists and 9.5 steals per game.
The Lady Tigers shook off a sluggish start against Lipscomb and overcame a double digit deficit to come back and defeat the Lady Bisons, 69-60, on the road. TSU extended its all-time series record to 18-3 over LU. Jasmin Shuler paced the TSU offense with a season-high 24 points while Chelsea Hudson added 10 points and eight rebounds off the bench. Freshman Brianna Lawrence had an impressive showing for TSU, finishing the game with seven points, four rebounds, three blocks and three steals off the bench.
Eastern Illinois has lost its last three games and fell to 5-6 on the season after dropping its most recent contest to Northern Illinois on the road.
In the loss to Northern Illinois, EIU only managed 17 first-half points and was held to a season-low 38 points in the game. Ta'Kenya Nixon was the only player to reach double-figures with 10 points to go with nine rebounds.
Eastern Illinois averages 62.6 points per game behind a 36.4 shooting percentage. The Bisons pull down 39.7 rebounds per game and average 16.3 turnovers per outing.
Mariah King is the team's leading scorer with 13.5 points per game while Nixon averages 12.4 ppg. Nixon has 29 steals this season. Sabina Oroszova pulls down a team-best 6.2 rebounds per game. Oroszova also has 16 blocks on the season.
EIU has wins over San Jose State, Buffalo, IUPUI, Evansville and Sacramento State. The Panthers are under the guidance of first year head coach Lee Buchanan.
TSU vs. EASTERN ILLINOIS
Tennessee State and Eastern Illinois will match up for the 37th time in the series history with EIU holding on to a 26-10 lead. The series was fairly close, with EIU holding a slight, 13-10, advantage until the Panthers won 13 straight to swell the advantage to 26-10. TSU's last win over EIU, was a 67-62 decision in the Gentry Center on Dec.9, 2006.
The live radio broadcast can be heard at tsuradio.com while the video stream of the game will be available online at OVCDigitalNetwork.com.
TSU will face Louisville in non-conference action on the road to close out the year on Dec.31 before returning to OVC play against, Jacksonville State on Jan. 5.


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I'm considering putting something like a watermark on new images scanned for Gears Online. What this would mean is new images scanned for Gears Online content pages would have a "Gears Online" placed into the image. Pirates can still rub it out but most pirates put no effort into their work. If the water mark said "Scanned for Gears Online" this shouldn't challenge the copyright of the original artist/publisher of the image.
What does everyone think?
Question: Image Watermarks?
Your thoughts on this site and message board
Moderator: kosh
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Question: Image Watermarks?
If you don't like the news then go make some of your own.
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I am busy working away on the project. Although it is, supposedly, a software project, the University sees it as a project report. I am expecting to have a working prototype to accord to the the original design once the course ends but the University deliverable is a 10,000 word report. To help me develop this, I have created a blog where I am slowly developing the ideas. The first part is all about the technical structure of the hardware, servers and software but now I have to start developing the main decision engine so I am working on developing the ideas before I need to get stuck in and write the code.
Please note, I am putting my ideas down as I consider them. At no point yet have I developed a final proposal for the decision engine. In fact, I am likely to go back and change elements of the previous thoughts.
My tutor requires that I have third party involvement.
You can see how I am getting on by following my blog HERE https://tm470routingproject.blog.
I would welcome suggestions as to where to go forward but, after previous experiences, could you please be polite. I can't change the basis of the project so any suggestions that I shouldn't start from here would not be helpful. In fact, even if I fail in producing a working program, I will still be able to write my report and finish my B.Sc.(Hons).
I am looking forward to hearing from you.
Freight Car Routing -My University project moves on
Want to run your railway a little more like the real thing? Read on...
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- Posts: 14
- Joined: Wed Feb 08, 2017 4:47 pm
- Location: Ipswich, Suffolk
- Contact:
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NASH COUNTY, N.C. -- A sheriff deputy and young boy's dance-off is spreading joy to all who watch their impressive moves.
A video posted by Nash County Sheriff's Office of the two doing the running man dance move to "Juju On That Beat" has gone viral on Facebook with nearly 200,000 views two days after it was posted.
The moment was recorded by Capt. Eddie Moore of the Nash County Sheriff's Office who told ABC News that the boy, Jason, began chatting with them. When they got onto the topic of dance, Jason challenged Deputy Williams to a dance-off.
"It's important to us to foster positive relationships with the community and that they know we're here for a good reason," Moore told ABC.
From the looks of the video, people are feeling the deputy's message.
"THIS is what helps make America great," Jessica Arrington commented. Another comment said, "Deputy Williams please keep doing what you're doing brother."


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You're Hired! Now Here's a Car Payment
by Him • Tagged: automobile, employment
One of the great things about my current job is that my wife and I can commute together, whether it be by public transportation (in the past) or by car (currently). While I've waxed poetic on how much I love my job, I found myself a few weeks ago interviewing for another position. It's a step up from my current position, with much more room to advance and grow. Apparently I impressed them, which is surprising since I haven't interviewed in over eight years and I only had a few days to prepare. They're going to give me an offer soon.
As I wait for the offer to come in, I've had to review my current benefits package and lay everything out to make sure that I can make apples-to-apples comparisons with the offer I am about to receive. That's the easy part. The harder part is to determine the intangible items and see how they compare.
One of the things I love about my current job is that it is in the heart of downtown Chicago. I have access to museums, shops, parks, history, you name it, all within a 15 minute walk from my office. But like I said earlier; one of the best things is that normally soul-sucking commute time can be spent singing Christmas Carols with my wife and child and having a grand ole' time while sitting in traffic.
One of the downsides about the new position is its location outside of the city, in a suburb almost 30 miles out from downtown Chicago. In taking the position, I would certainly have to buy a new car, in addition to not commuting with my wife and child who make the commute much more bearable. If I indeed take this position, I'd have to have something I haven't in my adult life: a car payment.
Knowing that I'll have to buy a car really changes the outlook of how I'll approach the new job's offer. Should I make sure that I get compensated the amount that a new car would cost? That's somewhat unreasonable as that could increase my income by over 25%. Do I ask for flexible work schedule so that I don't have to drive as much? Is this a dealbreaker?
I won't know if this is a potential dealbreaker until I see the complete offer. Unfortunately, it seems that if I want to pursue a job in my field, I'll probably end up commuting out to the suburbs sometime in my life. But it doesn't have to be now.


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The Daily Word in the DNC, jobs, junk DNA, the environment and VMA fashions
The decision between Barack and Mittens hinges on competing myths of the American consciousness.
Only 63.5% of Americans have a job or are looking for one.
Mittens savors the jobs report. More on that report and the great recession.
Nobody wants a PC; bad times for Intel.
New "iPhone 5" to be unveiled on Wednesday—what cool new extra will it offer?
Carbon-cutting in New Mexico may be done on a voluntary basis.
The coral reefs of the Caribbean are almost dead.
Arctic ice melting at an alarming rate. (Mittens mocks any concerns.)
Junk DNA is unveiling mysteries of the human body.
What does the use of "Tu" on Twitter (rather than the formal "Vous") mean for the French language?
Stainless steel appliances are passé—what's the next big trend?
Tips on booking a vacation.
A review of the fashions at last night's VMAs.
Weather: Highs in the low '90s today, dipping to the '70s tomorrow. Thunderstorms may happen through tomorrow. High temps cruise in the mid-'80s in the first half of next week.


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Quickest blog entry ever today, before I miss another week from drowning in taxes. Six more weeks of this.
Broke 60k on Harvester the book! Not without fighting myself over lack of inspiration (what the hell happens next? I've got the larger picture, but the smaller?) and the predictable how-on-earth-did-I-think-I-could-ever-ever-ever-pull-this-off chanting in my head nearly every morning. And the entirety of every day when I think about all the short stories I'm not writing in order to get the first draft of this book done. And the ever-present nausea, which continues to be an issue even six months into this baby-carrying thing. And I miss running so much. Onward ho!
Caitlin R. Kiernan's The Drowning Girl came out yesterday, and I read Chapter 1 last night. I'm going to try and savor this experience as best possible.
The really big news is that John's iPhone game is out! Carl the Spider, now on the app store.
I'm playing through the game again since its official release, as the testing phase is off my phone. I'm loving the progression from beginning to more advanced levels, as well as trying to catch all the ladybugs (although I'm dreading the ice spikes in the Winterlands, which seriously give me heart palpitations). John is working on the first update, which will let the player see the tutorial any time they want/need to; I'm lucky in that I've learned how to play as he's coded the game. That damned double jump is tricky, and is absolutely key to getting through the levels. Oh, and he's got the iPad version coming up, with the art in retina mode (I think I said that right?), and a whole new level set to build – the Firelands. I'm most excited for that.
Oh, and the youtube video, in case you need any more convincing. Go on, buy it!
We're going to bite the bullet and see John Carter this weekend. I know, I know. Could regret it. But we've both agreed to enjoy it for what it is. Plus, I'm going to need some fun since I'll likely be at work a good deal of Saturday.
Adios, for now!


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Pinterest + Instagram = Pinstagram
May 01
Design, Technology facebook, instagram, pinterest, project 8 Comments
So what do you get when you combine a billion dollar company (Instagram) with a $500 million company (Pinterest)?
I love using Instagram. The problem with Instagram however is their web experience is non-existent. I've been frustrated that the only way to consume Instagram is through my iPhone. Lately, Pinterest and Instagram have been getting a lot of press because of Instagram's 1 billion dollar purchase by Facebook and Pinterest's hypergrowth.
My cofounder Brandon and I were having a discussion on startup pitches, especially the ones that go "we're an X for Y" and thought a hilarious VC pitch would be "we're a Pinterest for Instagram". The more I thought about it, the more I liked the idea. I liked Instagram, and this was a real need for me. There was nothing like it out there that I would use. So last weekend I decided I would make it a weekend project.
I spent a few hours putting something together using my design and front end skills. I was able to show the popular Instagram feed using their API in a Pinterest-like UI. I showed this to Brandon which quickly convinced him this was a good idea and together we started clobbering together the project. By the end of the weekend we had something that basically worked. You could log in with your Instagram id and view your feeds, your photos, what's popular and search.
We found that Pinstagram was really useful. I actually consume Instagram a lot more through this. It was an easier experience and I can see a lot more photos faster. Brandon told someone the idea and they wondered why anyone would want to use such a service but as soon as they tried it, they immediately realized that it was very useful.
So without further ado, it is my pleasure to present you:
The site does integrate with Instagram and will require that you have a valid Instagram account.
For those of you interested in how it was made. It's a very simple Ruby and Sinatra app. It doesn't even have a database. The front end was built on Twitter Bootstrap. Haters can hate me for not building the html from scratch but I prefer to build my house using off-the-shelf tools instead of having to go and chop wood in the forest. The Pinterest style layout was built using Masonry, a very useful jQuery plugin. All this of course was also made possible using the Instagram API which was very well documented and easy to use.
Popularity: 16% [?]
Related posts:


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This top will transform your denim, flatter your curves and make you feel just a little bit sexy every time you wear it. Perfect for evenings, fun for day.
Design Note: This style comes up smaller than normal. If you are in-between sizes, we advise going up one size.
- This item can be worn during pregnancy and beyond
- Crafted in soft premium jersey
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Iowa Masters English Programs On Campus
Masters in English Schools bring life to literature. Participants often examine literary works through the lens of multiple points of view such as history, culture, gender and genre. Questions such as 'How do we imagine the relationship between literature and modern politics?' could spawn lively in-class dialogue and foster intellectual growth in what are sometimes, close-knit departments.
About the Masters Degree in English
The main degree awarded by Masters in English schools is the Master of Arts (MA) in English. A Master of Arts in English program could provide students with the opportunity dive deeply into traditional literary areas, linguistics, creative and professional writing, literary theory, and composition and rhetoric.
English MA: Curricula and Courses
Course plans for MA in English programs typically include both reading and writing requirements and students may complete a thesis, essay, or research project in a specific area of interest.
Most Masters in English schools meld the structure of core courses with the flexibility to tailor the program to specific interests through electives, or a concentration. There are often times opportunities for supervised training in how to teach things like composition. Also, for students to take part in professional conferences and publications.
The actual list of books to be read and course themes vary, though some general examples of core English Masters courses are listed below.
- Literary Study
- British Literature
- World Literature
- American Literature
- Literary Criticism
- Professional Writing
MA in English: Add a Focal Area
Another aspect of Masters English programs is the possibility of a concentration, such as creative writing, teaching, or literature. This is a feature that could make one school standout over another, as they do not all have the same ones.
Either way, participants could diversify skills in writing, linguistics & literary criticism in tandem with this in-depth focal area. Below are a few examples of how a MA in English might be customized. Make sure to review individual schools to see what they offer.
Explore Literature
Students who wish to use their studies for the MA degree to enhance their grasp of and enthusiasm for reading might turn to an emphasis in literature. Masters in English Literature programs could expose students to a broad range of courses in British and American Literature.
Also, participants often learn to apply current literary theory and research to an analysis of the literatures of a specific period, through a survey of many authors, movements and genres. Women's Literature, Multicultural Literature, African American Literature and Classics are some examples.
For the Writer
To make a MA in English more writer-friendly, some schools offer a Masters in Creative Writing emphasis. Students still establish a firm base in literature and language but could balance it out with workshops in areas such as fiction and/or poetry.
In some cases, a student might also serve as an intern (newspaper, magazine etc.). A final creative thesis in the form of an artfully executed body of work (cycle of short stories, play, novel, poetry) may cap this type of program.
Focus on Teaching
Students who wish to pursue careers as community college teachers or who wish to add to their skill as high-school teachers might focus on Rhetoric and Pedagogy.
Curricula for this emphasis often helps prepare students to plan lessons, teach college composition classes, and manage students in a classroom. Coursework could include history and theory of criticism, semantics and the English Language. There may also be room for electives in literature and languages plus an element of supervised teaching practice.
How Long Does It Take to Earn A Masters Degree in English on Campus?
Full-time students might complete a Masters degree in English in from one and a half to two years. There are some variables – especially for programs that require less than 30 credits. These may be planned-out so that a full-time student could complete the requirements within one calendar year of study. Part-time options are available, and could stretch time to completion.
MA in English vs MFA in Creative Writing?
Wonder whether to look for Masters in English schools for a MA or MFA degree? The two degrees are distinct. Deciding which degree might be perfect for you depends on your goals.
- Do you want to teach high school English?
- Is it your dream to author the next great novel?
- What type of writing instruction are you interested in?
- Do you intend to pursue a PhD in English?
These are some factors that might fuel a choice. Naturally, answers are personal, and an academic advisor makes a good sounding board.
About the MA in English
A Master in English degree program may offer some creative writing, and more through a concentration. However, the syllabus usually weighs more heavily on reading the works of other writers. For instance, Masters in English literature programs might explore World Literature, Folklore, Mythology as well as various periods, authors and genres in British and American Literature.
Students could learn how to read literary works with a critical eye, to form a theory, answer a question, and analyze the texts in a cohesive, smartly formatted essay. Think more academic and research-oriented rather than a creative writing workshop atmosphere. A potential forum to bolster skills in persuasive reasoning, critical analysis and communication. Especially on campus, with like-minded rhetoricians.
While some students may decide to pursue a career, English Masters degree in hand, others may want to continue into a PhD program in English. A PhD in English may be useful should one want to teach at the postsecondary level. i
About the MFA
By comparison, a Master of Fine Arts (MFA) is a terminal degree for writers. A MFA program may require a lot of reading, but it is often geared to help students find their own creative voice. Coursework may be devoted to writing and workshops, with the goal for a student to achieve a manuscript-length project at the end of the program.
O'Net reports that 50% of Postsecondary English teachers have a Masters degree, 47% a Doctoral degree and 4% a Professional degree.ii
Admission Requirements
Graduate Schools with Masters in English programs set their own standards for admissions. In addition to any general requirements of the university, candidates for a Master of Arts degree in English may need a minimum GPA (E.g.2.75 to 3.0).
Applicants with baccalaureate degrees in fields other than English may be considered, although they may be required to take additional course work. GRE scores are requested in some schools, but not required everywhere. Students also may need to submit a personal statement of goals, letters of recommendation, and a writing sample. A critical writing sample follows school guidelines.
It could be an example that shows an applicant's research and analytic writing skills particular to the study of literature and language. How they form and defend a coherent argument. Those who want to pursue a Masters degree in creative writing may need to submit a portfolio of creative work (E.g. poems, fiction).
Search and Apply to Masters in English Schools
Are you a voracious reader, with an enthusiastic appetite for literature and a strong interest in research and writing? Do you want to immerse yourself in campus life? Masters in English schools to choose the perfect degree program for you. Refine by location to see which city or state has the grad school you want to apply to, then fill out the on-page form to get started. It's quick, easy, and free.
[i] bls.gov/ooh/education-training-and-library/postsecondary-teachers.htm#tab-4 | [ii] onetonline.org/link/summary/25-1123.00
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Emphases are offered in literature, in creative writing, and in teaching English in secondary schools.
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The University of Iowa has a long tradition of excellence as a center for the critical and historical study of language and literature, and as a center for literary creation and interchange. In fact, the diversity and vitality of graduate study is enhan...
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Friday, March 21, 2008
xTuple: a hybrid open-source ERP development model
Open source ERP products have made good progress in the past few years in gaining customers. But their challenge has always been to leverage their "developer community" to fill out the functionality of their products.
Developer community is key
There's a little bit of a chicken-and-egg problem here. To encourage contributor code submissions, the owner's development organization needs to have adequate resources to foster relationships with the community as well as to evaluate and incorporate the contributions. But to afford those resources, the product needs a large enough installed base to support the contributors.
Large open source infrastructure software projects such as Linux and Apache don't have this problem. Those products are used to support all sorts of applications, giving them tremendous scale and major service providers take it upon themselves to hire and subsidize the efforts of the project's key leaders. The scale of these projects also leads to a large pool of contributors eager to see their improvements adopted into the core product.
Open source ERP products, on the other hand, are much more narrow in their market focus and therefore have a more limited pool of contributors available. Which is why we do not see an open source ERP project of the scale of Linux, Apache, or MySQL.
A hybrid model
I've been aware of this problem for some time. So, I took note of an announcement from xTuple (formerly OpenMFG) regarding 13 major enhancements contributed by customers over the past few years (which they dub "greatest hits").
A quick read through of the enhancements shows they are not small changes. They include an EDI engine, a complete project management subsystem, multi-currency functionality, an MPS module, and a shop floor subsystem that employs lean manufacturing and theory of constraints concepts. One contribution is from a consortium of five customers who put together a CRM module.
To understand how xTuple has gotten this level of cooperation from its customers, I called Ned Lilly, the firm's CEO.
According to Lilly, xTuple is an open source hybrid. It develops its product in three versions: a completely free and open source Postbooks edition, which it positions as suitable for small businesses; a Standard edition, which is its intermediate offering; and its OpenMFG edition, which is the premium offering.
The Postbooks version is freely available for download from xTuple, at no charge. The latter two versions are sold under a traditional license, through authorized partners, who pay an annual fee to xTuple. Source code is available to customers, and the partners are encouraged to develop enhancements for specific customer requirements. Under their agreement, the partners are then obligated to return those enhancements to xTuple, which evaluates them for applicability to the core product.
Customer contributions are included in all three editions, even the open source Postbooks version, but the really sophisticated stuff, of course, is saved for the higher end versions. According to Lilly, about one third of the source code across the three editions was contributed directly by customers, and another 60% or so was developed by xTuple under customer sponsorship. The CRM module mentioned earlier was a customer-sponsored development.
Open source purists might balk at this hybrid model--why isn't it all free, why do partners have to pay to be partners, etc.? Nevertheless, it's hard to argue with success. Although all ERP vendors claim that customers drive new features and enhancements, few can actually point to code that their customers have directly contributed. xTuple is making good progress in the key success factor of open source projects: getting users to actively contribute to development.
If we have to compromise a little with the open source model to make that happen, so what?
Related posts
OpenMFG is now xTuple
Open source ERP gaining adherents
The disruptive power of open source
Total cost study for an open source ERP project
ERP Graveyardby Frank Scavo, 3/21/2008 09:20:00 AM | permalink | e-mail this!
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Monday, March 17, 2008
Cloud computing: can Microsoft turn from servers to services?
As everyone knows, Microsoft rose to its dominant position as a software provider. Today, however, it faces threats of disruption from players such as Google, which delivers software functionality as a service, over the Internet.
The new approach is dubbed "cloud computing," because the software that provides the service does not reside on a specifically-identified computer but is deployed over the Internet (which is often depicted graphically as a cloud) from any number of networked computers. The user has no idea of where the host computer is or what operating system it is running. The application is just out there "in the cloud," as so to speak.
A threat to Microsoft
Market leaders spend a lot of time thinking about how they can lose their market position. As Andy Grove, founder of Intel said, "Only the paranoid survive." The trend toward cloud computing, or software as a service, certainly is a threat to a company that depends on organizations buying servers and installing software. So Microsoft's current strategy, at least the one it offers publicly, is "software plus services." That is, it continues to sell software, but it is also offering hosted versions of its popular Exchange messaging system and Sharepoint collaboration system.
Which brings us to Phil Wainewright's view of Microsoft's strategy: "bunkum." In a Feb. 1 post, he wrote:The attempt to define software as somehow separate and parallel to services is what exposes Microsoft's software-plus-services notion as bunkum. Software is the stuff that powers services. Before the Web existed, the easiest way to get those services was to install a software package. Now that the Web exists, the easiest way to get those services is to click a link and let someone else run the software. That's what Google does. That's what Yahoo! has always done. These companies aren't doing away with software; they're huge consumers of it. When Salesforce.com talks about 'No Software' what it really means is 'Lots more software, but we'll take care of it for you.' The software becomes part of the service provider's infrastructure.Now, in a new post, Wainewright says that Microsoft may already be realizing that software-plus-services will not be enough to counter the threat of cloud computing. He points to recent comments by Microsoft's chief strategy officer Ray Ozzie, which suggest that, "despite the public bluster, Microsoft's top brass already secretly realize that they must put services, not software, at the center of their world view." Read Wainewright's whole post for Ozzie's comments that reflect his view of Microsoft's need to make a more complete turn to services.
Dynamics a laggard in cloud computing
Where does this leave Microsoft in terms of its enterprise applications, Dynamics? Microsoft is way behind the curve in deploying these products in the cloud. It is just now getting ready to release CRM Live, the software-as-a-service (SaaS) version of its Dynamics CRM product. As far as its other Dynamics products, such as Axapta (AX) and Great Plains (GP), the only SaaS deployments are hosted versions offered by some Microsoft business partners.
The slow progress in moving its Dynamics applications to the cloud is not a big deal right now, as most small and mid-size businesses are still thinking in terms of on-premise deployments of software. (CRM is the one area where the SaaS model has taken hold, where its ubiquitous access characteristics are an advantage in serving sales users that have no fixed work location.) But as cloud computing becomes a more accepted way of delivering enterprise system functionality, providers that do not have a credible solution are going to be at a disadvantage.
Both Oracle and SAP are making major investments in the new model. SAP in particular is developing its new SMB offering, BusinessByDesign, from scratch to run in the cloud. As for Microsoft, it's no doubt difficult to embrace a business model that undermines the way it got to be an industry leader. But if it does not do so, it's likely to lose its position, not just in enterprise applications but the whole nine yards.
Update, Mar. 18. In the comments section, Michael Sheehan notes that cloud computing and SaaS are really not the same thing. I agree, and I was a bit sloppy in using the terms somewhat interchangeably. In my mind, SaaS is any software functionality delivered as a service, whether it be a dedicated system hosted by the service provider, a multi-tenant system providing services to multiple customers, or a system deployed in the cloud. I suppose in some organizations, the cloud could be used to deploy a system that is used by the organization itself. So, although cloud computing is often used as a way of deploying SaaS, they are not synonyms.
On his own blog, Sheehan points to this post by Paul Wallis that goes into much more detail on the evolution and relationship of supercomputing to grid computing to utility computing to cloud computing.
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Microsoft Dynamics revenue growth less than stellar
Microsoft Dynamics: management changes spell lack of directionby Frank Scavo, 3/17/2008 09:32:00 AM | permalink | e-mail this!
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Friday, March 14, 2008
Microsoft Dynamics revenue growth less than stellar
Josh Greenbaum has put together some revenue numbers for Microsoft Business Solutions, the group that develops Microsoft's enterprise applications, and finds that the group has been growing at a rate less than half of that shown by SAP and Oracle.
The numbers are not easy to get at, since Microsoft stopped reporting revenue for the group in 2006. But Josh made note of a mention by Kirill Tatarinov, head of Dynamics, that revenue was now at $1 billion. Comparing that number to the $919 million reported in 2006, it appears that Dynamics has only been growing at an annual rate of 8.8%.
Josh writes:But instead of something to crow about, $1 billion – a growth rate of 8.8 percent – represents a pretty lousy number for a group that was growing in double digits only a year earlier. It's even worse when you consider that during roughly the same period SAP grew 18 percent and Oracle grew 30 percent if you include its acquisitions, and an estimated 8.8 percent if you look at pure organic, non-acquisition-based growth. And don't forget, that 8.8 percent growth includes what everyone at Dynamics calls the hockey puck growth curve for CRM, which, I was told, has been growing at 100 percent per year for the last two years. Which means if you want to understand how non-CRM growth is at Dynamics, it's safe to either knock a few points off the overall number (7 percent? 6 percent?) or discount the heavy growth in CRM as a largely revenue neutral.As Josh points out, this less-than-stellar revenue picture could explain the revolving door of top management personnel at Microsoft Dynamics.
So, what to make of the slow growth of Microsoft's enterprise system products? I don't think the blame can be placed on the products themselves, which comprise the Axapta (AX), Great Plains (GP), Navision (NAV), and Solomon (SL) ERP systems. Microsoft obtained these products in its acquisition of Great Plains and Navision in 2001 and 2002 respectively. These were good products prior to Microsoft's acquisition, and Microsoft has continued to develop them. Customers I speak to are generally happy with them. (Microsoft developed its CRM product from scratch, subsequent to those acquisitions.)
I think the problem is that Microsoft is just getting outsold, especially by Oracle and SAP. Microsoft's sales model is 100% through business partners, a model that is more difficult to manage than that of Oracle and SAP, which rely primarily on their direct sales force and supplement it with resellers. Resellers tend to get busy in implementation with a few good accounts and are apt to slack off new sales efforts. Microsoft can't lean on resellers at the end of the quarter in the same way that Oracle, for example, can lean on its own direct sales force.
Furthermore, few resellers have the scale to compete effectively in larger deals. With the rise of globalization, many small and mid-size companies today are truly international businesses, with production and distribution operations throughout the world. A small reseller in Chicago, for example, cannot deploy resources as easily as SAP or Oracle in supporting a customer with operations in Europe and the Far East. If they try to compete, they simply get outsold by the big guys.
Microsoft is apparently having some success in signing up larger organizations as resellers. Witness the announcement this week that Microsoft is expanding its relationship with EDS to sell Dynamics CRM. Such relationships certainly address the scale issue, but I still question how much EDS is going to jump when Microsoft starts pushing at the end of the quarter.
Now we have Steve Ballmer claiming that Microsoft is now the "leading provider of enterprise software" in terms of "total dollar volume" -- a claim that is ludicrous on its face. Apparently, Ballmer is lumping in Microsoft's database (SQL Server) and its collaboration system (Sharepoint) with Dynamics -- clearly apples and oranges.
Microsoft has ambitions to compete in business applications with Oracle and SAP, but it is trying to do so with a sales model inherited with their acquisitions. The revenue picture reflects the reality that in some fashion Microsoft needs to think about having some role in direct sales for larger deals.
Update, 5:00 p.m. A source at a Microsoft reseller points out that Microsoft's direct enterprise sales people do in fact get recognized when a Dynamics sale goes through for one of their customers. However, the sale must be done through a reseller, and the Dynamics products are not included in Microsoft's volume license agreements. But since Microsoft's direct sales people are measured on enterprise license sales revenue, Dynamics is not top of mind for these folks. In other words, I don't believe they have a quota for Dynamics.
Related posts
Microsoft Dynamics: management changes spell lack of directionby Frank Scavo, 3/14/2008 01:38:00 PM | permalink | e-mail this!
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Description:Proliant BL40p 1.5X 1P M1 1MB SA5i+ NC7781 ILO Manufacturer Part# 293461-B21
Overview:The ProLiant BL p-Class system is part of the new generation of servers developed for adaptive computing and optimized for rapid deployment and automated provisioning. The ProLiant BL p Class system provides high performance high availability server blades for multi-tiered data center architectures. The ProLiant BL p-class system enables dynamic scaling and protects your investment with an intelligent modular infrastructure that can accommodate future server blades. The BL40p is the first 4-way server blade in the ProLiant BL p-Class family and is engineered for the back-end enterprise space. This server blade features up to four Xeon MP 1.5GHz or 2.0GHz processors PC2100 ECC SDRAM Integrated Smart Array 5i Plus (with BBWC) and four hot-plug SCSI drives. Using the ProLiant BL40p in conjunction with other BL servers expenses can be reduced by managing remotely from anywhere in the world with Integrated Lights Out (iLO). In addition an integrated management system and full compatibility with the Insight Manager Suite gives you maximum virtual presence and control management and health monitoring with blade visualization of all your applications.


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Dozens of volunteers gathered at Chestnut Hill Presbyterian Church, 8855 Germantown Ave., to create a memorial for 331 people killed by guns in Philadelphia in 2012.
The memorial was the work of Heeding God's Call, a Northwest Philadelphia faith-based organization dedicated to reducing gun violence through a number of actions, including regular protests at area gun shops.
Reverend W. Jarrett Kerbel of St. Martin-in-the-field, who organized the work today, said the project was the idea of church youth groups — many of the youth group members from both churches were working to build the memorial. Heeding God's Call sponsored the work.
The video includes remarks from Heeding God's Call executive director, Bryan Miller, Reverend Cindy Jarvis of Chestnut Hill Presbyterian and Kerbel.


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Brussels, 3 October 2008
Childcare services in the EU
What are the so-called 'Barcelona targets'?
Ensuring suitable childcare provision is an essential step towards equal opportunities in employment between women and men. In 2002, at the Barcelona Summit, the European Council set the targets of providing childcare by 2010 to:
How do we measure progress towards the Barcelona targets?
Provision is measured as children cared for (by formal arrangements other than by the family) as a proportion of all children in the same age group (children under three or between three years and the mandatory school age).
This indicator is broken down by the number of hours per week during which the children are cared for (up to 30 hours a week /30 hours or more a week). Data are collected through an EU harmonised survey, the EU Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC).
Formal arrangements are defined as the following services: pre-school or equivalent, compulsory education, centre-based services outside school hours, a collective crèche or another day-care centre, including family day-care, professional certified childminders. The care provided by family members, neighbours or non-certified childminders are therefore not included under this definition of "formal arrangements".
How are the Member States performing?
Regarding the lower age-group (0 to 3 years), only five Member States (DK, NL, SE, BE, ES) have surpassed the 33% coverage rate, while five others (PT, UK, FR, LU, SI) are approaching this target. In most of the other countries, much still needs to be done to meet the demand for childcare facilities. While seven Member States (FI, IT, CY, EE, DE, IE, LV) have reached an intermediate level of coverage (between 16 and 26%), eight Member States (EL, HU, MT, SK, LT, AT, CZ, PL) show a coverage rate of 10% or less.
Nevertheless, these coverage rates relate to all children, irrespective of how many hours per week they attend a childcare facility. Attendance hours vary widely from one country to another, and in numerous countries a particularly high proportion of childcare facilities operate on a part-time basis only[1]. The Netherlands and the United Kingdom are prime examples, with under-3s attending childcare centres almost exclusively on a part-time basis.
[ Figures and graphics available in PDF and WORD PROCESSED ]
Regarding children between 3 years old and the mandatory school age, eight Member States (BE, DK, FR, DE, IE, SE, ES, IT) have surpassed the 90% coverage rate[2], while three others (UK, NL, CY) are approaching this target. Seven Member States (EE, SI, HU, FI, PT, SK, AT) have a coverage rate that is substantial but nevertheless still some way short of the target, between 70% and 85%. Moreover, in many countries a high proportion of childcare facilities for children in this age-group operate on a part-time basis only. For example, the coverage rate for full-time attendance is below 50% in more than half of the Member States and not even 30% in a third of Member States.
Any interpretation of these figures must take into account, however,
different countries' particular ways of organising nursery-school education and
the availability or not of after-school childcare services.
What is the link between childcare and the employment and social situation of parents?
There is still a huge imbalance between men and women in the sharing of domestic and family responsibilities, leaving women – much more so than men – to opt for flexible working arrangements or even give up work altogether. Although these working arrangements may in part reflect personal preferences, they have an impact on women's career development, on the continuing wage gap between men and women and on the accumulation of pension rights. For example, approximately one-third of women work part-time, compared with fewer than 1 in 10 men, and the employment rate falls by 12.4 points for women when they have children under 12 to care for, while it rises by 7.3 points for men.
There is a direct link between availability of childcare facilities and the scope for parents to engage in paid employment. Childcare facilities allow parents to take a job and keep it, thereby improving their quality of life and removing a major obstacle to their freedom to organise their time. In the EU, more than 6 million women in the 25 to 49 age-range say they are forced into not working, or can only work part-time, because of their family responsibilities[3]. For more than a quarter of them, the lack of availability of childcare facilities, or the cost of such facilities, is the problem. If this demand were met, the overall rate of female employment could be increased by at least one percentage point.
Full participation by a parent or parents in work with decent pay can also help to avoid in-work poverty and helps to combat the risk of poverty in lone-parent households, who suffer a much higher poverty rate (32%) than that applicable to all households with child (17%)[4].
How is the Commission helping EU countries reach the Barcelona targets?
In its Roadmap for equality between women and men (2006-2010), the European Commission made balancing work, private and family life a key priority and undertook to "support the achievement of the Barcelona targets on childcare facilities".
The Commission has no direct powers in the field of childcare, but it will:
What is the impact of parenthood on employment rates?
Graph 3 shows the impact of parenthood on the employment rate of women and men, that is to say the difference (in percentage points) between the average employment rate of persons aged 25 to 49 with at least one child under 12 minus the average employment rate of persons without any children under 12.
The impact of parenthood on employment is negative for women, both as an EU
average (-12.4 points) and in almost every country, whereas it is positive for
men (+7.3 points on average). There are big differences between EU Member States
and there is a link between the availability of childcare services and the
impact of parenthood on the employment rates.
[1] Less than 30 hours a week.
[2] When all children attending for at least one hour per week are considered.
[3] Eurostat, Labour Force Survey 2006
[4] Eurostat, EU-SILC 2006
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Report: FBI Falls Short On Port Threat Assessment
The Federal Bureau of Investigation is not taking appropriate steps to review and assess potential maritime terrorism risks facing U.S. sea ports, the Justice Department's internal watchdog has found.The audit, released on Thursday by Inspector General Michael Horowitz, found that while top FBI officials believe the country faces a low maritime terrorism threat, that view is actually based on "incomplete and potentially inaccurate information."Moreover, the audit found that the FBI had not conducted its own formal assessment of the matter.In a letter to Horowitz dated Aug.
Marine Coatings: Moving with the Tide
The maritime industry has always followed a path of gradual improvement, albeit with many opting to travel the route of least resistance. In some ways, this is a good thing. A cautious approach to navigating change brings stability, assurance and predictability. This measured attitude toward managing change has been fundamental to ensuring that the commercial shipping industry remains the most financially viable transportation solution for moving most goods around the world. But, we now live in very unpredictable times, and the world around us needs more than reliable shipping services; it needs future-proof solutions.
The Decommissioning, Marine Life Connection
Data sharing and better understanding of how marine life interacts with manmade structures is the target for the next phase of the Insite program.What to do with offshore structures is a sticky problem for oil companies, regulators and policy makers alike, as many structures are starting to cease production in the North Sea, where some fields have been producing oil and gas since the early 1970s.Regulations, which include the OSPAR (Oslo Paris convention) state that a clear seabed should be left behind, once production has ceased, with some exceptions (platforms over a certain age and weight). But, some have argued that more should be left behind.
Italian Police Escort Migrant Boat
An Italian charity ship was escorted into the port of Lampedusa by police on Tuesday after rescuing 49 Africans in the Mediterranean, with Interior Minister Matteo Salvini calling for the crew to be arrested.A judicial source said a magistrate had ordered that the boat, the Mare Jonio, be seized as an investigation is launched into allegations of aiding and abetting human trafficking.The vessel picked up the migrants, including 12 minors, on Monday after their rubber boat started to sink in the central Mediterranean, some 42 miles (68 km) off the coast of Libya.
INSIGHTS: Peter Stephaich
Chairman & CEO, Campbell Transportation Company.Peter H. Stephaich is Chairman and CEO of Blue Danube Incorporated and Campbell Transportation Company. Currently, he is also Chairman of the Board of the Waterways Council, Inc. (WCI). Peter also serves on the Board of Directors of Blue Danube, a position that he has held since 1982. Serving the barge industry for over 30 years in a number of key roles, he also counts among his many qualifications his tenure(s) as Past Chairman and Past Treasurer of the American Waterways Operators (AWO), Past Chairman and Trustee of the National Waterways Foundation


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Knot List: Bowline Knot ‐ Step-by-Step
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Bowline Knot TyingForm a small loop leaving enough rope for the desired loop size. Pass the end of the rope through the loop as though making an overhand knot. Continue around the standing end and then back through the small loop.
Compare Bowline Water Bowline View Video Below
Bowline Knot Details
Uses: The Bowline (ABOK # 1010, p 186) makes a reasonably secure loop in the end of a piece of rope. It has many uses, e.g., to fasten a mooring line to a ring or a post. Under load, it does not slip or bind. With no load it can be untied easily. Two bowlines can be linked together to join two ropes. Its principal shortcoming is that it cannot be tied, or untied, when there is a load on the standing end. It should therefore be avoided when, for example, a mooring line may have to be released under load.
Comparison: The Bowline and the Water Bowline are linked here for easy comparison.
Name: The name Bowline derives from "bow line". The Bow Line Knot secured the line holding the weather leech of a square sail forward to prevent it being taken aback.
Shakes Undone If Not Loaded: When a bowline is unloaded, it can very readily work its way untied - I know, it has happened to me while swimming! Fortunately I only lost a scrubbing brush.
Eskimo Bowline: This is an alternative method of creating a loop at the end of the rope. The knot is tied around part of the loop instead of around the Standing End. It is preferred when the loop will be stretched wide and is also claimed to better resist shaking loose.
One Handed: The bowline can be tied with one hand - useful if injured, essential if you are using the other hand to hold on to the line or the boat!
Length of Tail End: An intermittent load, e.g., on a mooring line, may cause many knots to slip or loosen. The bowline is relatively tolerant of such stresses. Nevertheless some texts quote a rule of thumb which states that, for safety, the length of loose end should be 12 times the circumference. A half-inch diameter rope would require a tail more than eighteen inches long but this is rarely seen in practice.
Safety Knot: A Bowline should be used with great care when climbing. It is too easily tied incorrectly and can also shake loose. A Safety Knot is essential, e.g., a Double Overhand (Strangle Knot) can be tied around either the adjoining loop (left) or the standing end (right).
Yosemite Tie-off: A widely used alternative passes the tail around outside the loop and back under the collar to form a Yosemite Tie-off. Tighten the Bowline first and then tighten the Yosemite Tie-Off. Failure to do so can result in a slip knot.
Error is possible: Whichever safety knot is used, it must be inspected and stress-tested – but not in the direction of fall!
Left Handed Bowline: When tied as shown in the animation, the tail end lies in the middle of the loop. However, if the end is passed the opposite way round the standing end, it forms a "Left Handed" bowline (ABOK # 1034 1/2, p 188).
The left handed version performs satisfactorily and withstands ring-tension (a distending force applied either side) better than the standard bowline. However, the tail end is more likely to catch an adjacent rope or spar.
Disclaimer: Any activity that involves ropes is potentially hazardous. Lives may be at risk - possibly your own. Considerable attention and effort have been made to ensure that these descriptions are accurate. However, many critical factors cannot be controlled, including: the choice of materials; the age, size, and condition of ropes; and the accuracy with which these descriptions have been followed. No responsibility is accepted for incidents arising from the use of this material.