text:
Dear visitor, welcome to SPRINKLER TALK FORUM - You Got Questions, We've Got Answers. If this is your first visit here, please read the Help. It explains how this page works. You must be registered before you can use all the page's features. Please use the registration form, to register here or read more information about the registration process. If you are already registered, please login here.
Sunday, April 14th 2013, 9:19pm
Monday, April 15th 2013, 9:24am
This post has been edited 1 times, last edit by "Central Irrigation" (Apr 15th 2013, 9:51am)
Monday, April 15th 2013, 9:49am
Monday, April 15th 2013, 10:08am
It is true that I have noticed the PGP heads leaking around the valve body seal but the ones that have been replaced by Orbits do not leak nearly as much. I have a few heads left to replace with Orbits this spring. That being said, the system works fine after I go through all of the valves and replace the diaphragms, but I shouldn't have to be doing this as often as I do. The main problem that happens is that several zones are not shutting off properly ( even with a 20 minute delay between zones ) and this leads to wet spots in the yard around the heads with not enough pressure to operate the one zone that should be sprinkling. I have good pressure when the valves operate properly but it just doesn't happen for very long after going through the valves. What is your opinion on replacing the SRV tops with PGV tops with flow control ( easiest to do without cutting out and going with a different brand ) and also installing the 100 mesh filter as you mentioned above? ThanksYou should save your money, and instead, install a 100 mesh inline filter to your sprinkler supply line. That shale you referred to is the sole reason your valves are failing.
Edit: It is possible that your systems dynamic pressure is too low to operate the valves effectively. I wpuld say, based on your numbers, you should check for any and all leaks. PGP heads are notorious for leaking while operating, and can rob a system of critical pressure. Personally, since you state this is a recurring issue, i am more apt to believe that this is a water quality and design issue, more so than a component issue. Although, leaky heads and the like would exaserbate the problem.
Anybody else care to comment?
Monday, April 15th 2013, 10:28am
Supreme Member
Location: Metro NYC
Monday, April 15th 2013, 11:47am
Monday, April 15th 2013, 12:01pm
Will flow control adjustment help the diaphragms to close ( by putting a little more pressure on the diaphragm spring ) when the zone turns off at the controller? Also, there is no pressure tank on the well water supply. The well is for irrigation only, and my house is connected with city water.Flow-control valves are wanted here. Also, filtration should always be employed on well water. It isn't that every well gives damaging amounts of particles and sediment, it's that the hassles and expense of cleaning things up, after the fact, are far beyond what it costs to filter the water in the first place.
Is there a pressure tank in the well-water supply?
Monday, April 15th 2013, 1:32pm
Monday, April 15th 2013, 2:04pm
Okay that makes sense to me if the flow control plunger isn't operating through the spring but on the diaphragm itself. That's why I'm asking these questions, just trying to learn and draw from others' experience. I have a lot of experience with industrial bypass and pressure regulating valves that do operate by loading / unloading a spring. The springs in these control valves are pretty flimsy compared to most springs, and it doesn't look like manufacturers offer any stronger spring for operating. They diaphragms appear to engineered to close (make contact with the valve seat) with the spring & gravity before being held closed by the larger surface area of water from above the diaphragm.No, it does not add pressure to the spring. In fact it actually does the opposite. The flow control actually makes contact directly to the diaphragm, not through the spring. A flow control only limits how far a diaphragm can open, thus controlling how much water can can flow through the valve. There is a case that could be made that if using a flow control, the diaphragm would have less distance to travel in order to close. However, the diaphragm will only open as much as the flow dictates. So i guess i fail to see how a flow control would help.
Monday, April 15th 2013, 3:06pm


text:
Police: Lesbian who reported 'hate crime' attack staged incident
LINCOLN, Neb. — A former University of Nebraska women's basketball star faked an attack in which she allegedly carved anti-gay slurs into her skin because she felt it would spark change, police said Tuesday.
Four days before Charlie Rogers crawled naked and bleeding from her Lincoln home, screaming for help, she outlined in a Facebook posting what investigators believe was her motive for faking the July 22 attack, Police Chief Jim Peschong said at a news conference.
"So maybe I am too idealistic, but I believe way deep inside me that we can make things better for everyone. I will be a catalyst. I will do what it takes. I will. Watch me," read the July 18 posting, according to police.
Furthermore, genetic testing on evidence gathered at the crime scene undermines Rogers' account of what happened, Peschong said.
Charlie Rogers, 33, pleaded not guilty Tuesday to making a false police report and was released on her own recognizance. She didn't respond to a message seeking comment left Tuesday at a number listed as hers, but her lawyer, Brett McArthur, said she maintains the attack happened and plans to vigorously defend herself.
"This has been a very traumatic event for her, and having the focus of the investigation turn toward her has been really hard," said McArthur, who described Rogers as reserved and soft-spoken, and not the type to seek attention.
"She has no reason to lie about what happened. She's pretty devastated, when you go to authorities and things kind of get turned around on you," he said.
Rogers, a lesbian who ranks second all-time in blocked shots for the Cornhuskers, reported the attack amid a charged debate in Lincoln over the city's proposed "fairness ordinance," which would ban discrimination against gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender people. The City Council approved the ordinance in May, 5-0, but two conservative groups gathered enough signatures to force a popular vote on it before it can take effect.
According to police, Rogers said three masked men broke into her home, and that one of them pinned her down while another sliced a cross into her chest, cut the front of her thighs and shins and carved derogatory words in her arms and abdomen. She said they then rolled her onto her stomach and cut her buttocks, the back of her thighs and the back of her right calf. She also said they tried to burn down her house.
Rogers crawled from her home naked, bleeding and screaming for help, a neighbor told police. The community's gay community responded swiftly, and hundreds turned out for a rally that weekend outside the state Capitol.
On Tuesday, four Nebraska gay-rights groups that followed the case released a joint statement crediting police for conducting what they believe was a balanced and thorough investigation.
"It is important not to focus on the actions of any single individual," the groups said in the statement. "As residents of Lincoln we must continue to bring our community together to declare that violence and hate are not the values of our city."
According to Peschong, police found a pile of clothes, white knit gloves and a red box cutter on the living room floor after the alleged attack. Rogers said the gloves didn't belong to her, but investigators determined that a lot of the DNA found inside the glove was Rogers' and that none of it came from a male.
Peschong said investigators discovered that Rogers deleted numerous text messages she had sent the evening of the alleged attack, and that she bought cotton gloves, a box cutter and zip ties from an Ace Hardware Store in Lincoln on July 17. All of the items were later found in her house, he said. When confronted about the evidence weeks later, he said, Rogers admitted to purchasing all of the items except the gloves.
She also sent a photo of a cross-shaped cut on her chest to a friend a few days before the reported attack, Peschong said.
Investigators say they found no apparent sign of a struggle in the living room where Rogers said she was attacked, and no blood on the sheets where the cutting allegedly took place. An FBI forensic pathologist concluded that Rogers either cut herself, or allowed someone else to do it.
Peschong said the department spent thousands of dollars investigating the case, but he stressed that the case will not undermine the department's trust in people who report hate crimes.
"The FBI, the Bureau of Fire Prevention and the Lincoln Police Department have spent an exorbitant amount of time and personnel resources investigating this," he said. "We aggressively investigated this. Every day since this incident has happened, there have been investigators working on trying to identify who these assailants were."
Credit: The Associated Press.

subset: commoncrawl


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The official launch of the IUCN EU Overseas Entities Programme on Biodiversity and Climate Change took place at the Regional Office for Europe in Brussels on the 31st May 2010. The Programme aims to implement some of the 21 recommendations endorsed at the 2008 IUCN La Reunion conference.
Mr Maurice Ponga, MEP, France, New Caledonia and the Pacific and member of the Conference of European Parliamentarians of Outermost Regions opened the launch and stressed the need to increase awareness of the special risks these areas face along with the link between climate change and human well being. Mr Ponga also stated that "as a Member of the European Parliament and advocate for overseas I would like to concentrate my efforts and political commitment to the promotion of synergies between ORs and OCTs so that efforts to protect and enhance the biodiversity of these territories are taken globally".
Ms Myriam Aflalo, Head of Department, European Policies, Regional Integration and Promotion of Overseas, Minister of Overseas, France highlighted that overseas entities are one of the key focus' of France's investment under the IUCN-France Framework Agreement. France is delighted to invest in the follow up to the La Reunion conference through helping to establish this new programme.
Overseas Entities are internationally recognized for their high biodiversity and the ecosystem services they provide not only support local populations but also enrich the EU with a unique natural heritage as well as economic and strategic opportunities. They host an outstanding diversity of marine and island ecosystems and species with high degree of endemicity.
Overseas entities are however highly vulnerable, economically, socially and environmentally, in particular to the predicted impacts of climate change. Such challenges demand strong leadership and commitment to action at all levels, within the EU but also in regional and international fora.
Ms Vaia Tuuhia, President Overseas Countries and Territories Association, also highlighted the issue that "there is a consensus about entities' vulnerability to climate change, their rich biodiversity and the need to act. The OCTA strategic plan for 2010 proposes actions which incoporate the environment as a pillar of cooperation. Partnerships will allow us to develop projects in line with the EU programmes. Projects for biodiversity and climate change need to be enhanced by a bottom up approach, which will create the link between expertise, networks and European criteria.
The 28 European Union Overseas Entities cover a land area of 4.4 million km2, equivalent to continental Europe, and a combined Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of over 15 million km2, the largest EEZ globally. They range from small islands to large stretches of land and are located across all major regions of the globe from tropical to polar latitudes.
For example, New Caledonia alone has 2,423 endemic species (compared to 353 in France); the Canary islands, that represent 1.5% of the surface of Spain, hosts 50% of all the endemic plant species, and French Guiana, which only accounts for 7% of global land area, is home to more than half of the animal and plant species in the world and contains about half of France's biodiversity (29% of plants, 55% of vertebrates and 92% of insects).
Mr Ladislav Miko, Director for Nature, DG Environment, European Commission stated that the EC was "happy that IUCN was launching this programme and I hope we will all work together to progress the programme".
The launch was an opportunity for some of the key players in overseas entities to come together to celebrate the Programme and to state their support for its key objectives. Speakers included: Mr Maurice Ponga, MEP, Member of the Conference of European Parliamentarians of Outermost Regions; Mr Ladislav Miko, Director for Nature, DG Environment, European Commission; Dr Russell Mittermeier, IUCN Vice President and President Conservation International; Ms Myriam Aflalo, Head of Department, European Policies, Regional Integration and Promotion of Overseas, Minister of Overseas, France; Dr Grethel Aguilar Rojas, IUCN Regional Director Meso America; Vaia Tuuhia, President Overseas Countries and Territories Association; and Dr Hans Friederich, Regional Director for Pan-Europe.


text:
Announcements and updates regarding TIMGUL website, Music and MTV Music Generator will be posted here.
737 Posts
68 Topics
Last post by Koolassjoe
in Re: Artist of the Month ...
on July 03, 2011, 08:26:01 pm
Have questions, comments or suggestions regarding TIMGUL website and the community? Feel free to post them here.
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Last post by Қлөщłєşү[¤¤]
in Re: logo
on June 27, 2011, 11:23:50 pm
You are new? Feel free to introduce yourself here.
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Last post by Koolassjoe
in Re: Hi there !
on July 03, 2011, 09:42:57 pm
General discussion about Jester Interactive and MixMax music softwares published by Codemasters and XSGames.
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Last post by RSCONCEPTIONS©
in Re: M2k samples
on July 03, 2011, 02:10:06 pm
Get or post help about Codemasters and Jester Interactive music making softwares here.
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Last post by Koolassjoe
in Re: mtvmg3 poll!
on June 21, 2011, 05:43:45 am
You finished a song or video using a MTV Music Generator or MUSIC software and want to show us or need some feedback? Upload or post it here! ONLY MTVMG/DHF/MUSIC software creations!
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Last post by ArcaneFuture
in Re: Closer (Twisted Coor...
on July 04, 2011, 10:55:46 pm
DJ Mixes of Music/2000/2002/3000/MTVMG/2/3/DHF songs by veteran forum members and chosen by the administrator will be posted there.
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Last post by B.G.A
in Re: RENEGADES OF TIMGUL ...
on December 20, 2010, 02:23:38 am
Showcase your Music/2000/2002/3000/MTVMG/2/3/DHF Albums here. Incomplete Albums are welcome
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Last post by ::CMG (UTOPIA)::
in EP - TSUTOPIAMUSH (The A...
on July 04, 2011, 05:49:18 am
Here you can find memory card files for ePSXe Playstation 1 emulator users containing MUSIC and Music 2000/MTV Music Generator song files free of use. Songs made with MUSIC works in Music 2000/MTVMG but Music 2000/MTVMG songs doesn't work in MUSIC.
The .mcr files must be put in the ePSXe "memcards" directory on your computer then selected in ePSXe settings.
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Last post by Not a Number
in MOVED: Good Video Card f...
on November 03, 2010, 09:34:24 pm
All tracks by members made with either eJay, Fruity Loops, Magix Music Maker, Ableton, ACID Pro, Trackers etc should be posted here.
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Last post by DarkBliss
in Re: Nebulus (High energy...
on June 28, 2011, 07:24:49 pm
For help, tips, tutorials and general support in programs outside of the MTVMG series such as FL Studio, Ableton, eJay, Magix, Trackers etc.
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Last post by Master Dutch
in How to get your music on...
on June 28, 2010, 06:08:26 pm
For all albums created with Non-MTV MG software.
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in Not a Number: DAY ONE EP...
on June 30, 2011, 10:02:36 pm
Other discussions and topics to come here.
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Last post by .:DJ Droppin:.
in Re: TIMGUL on Facebook?
on November 09, 2010, 08:07:27 pm
Discussion about music in general that is not related to Codemasters/Jester/MixMax/XSGames music creation softwares. Posting copyrighted music files downloads is prohibited.
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Last post by Koolassjoe
in Re: Dreadspawn is dead.....
on July 03, 2011, 09:47:47 pm
Discussion about any other topics not related to music.
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in Re: holy smokes
on June 14, 2011, 04:33:19 pm
For special songs or a series of songs produced when TIMGUL members come together.
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text:
Holyfield Photo necesitaba un nuevo diseño de otro y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 55 diseños de 6 diseñadores freelance.
Holyfield Photography
We are a photography company that wants to revamp our sports program and provide higher quality graphics that are cutting edge and designs currently not on the market. We have several products listed below that we will need a design for.
We do not have any direction for designs; it is all up to you! Be as creative and cutting edge as you can. Please pay careful attention to the sizes, and any specs for each product.
The final designs need to be delivered as a layered vector file as well as a layered PSD file. Fonts will need to be included as well, with font names.
** The designs will need to look good in a variety of color combinations (i.e. Team colors, gold and green, blue and orange, etc.) We will modify the colors to meet our needs for each team.
*** The designs will also need to look good for a variety of sports. We will need to be able to swap out text and icons (or whatever you choose as the designer) to make it sport specific.
All designs need to be original and not have any stock art. Designer must have all rights to use any graphics associated with these designs.
Please contact me if you have any questions. Thanks!
Here are some samples of what we have had in the past.
These designs will be used in sports league and schools. Ages of players will be 5-18.
Trader Cards – Front & Back – 2.7x3.65 (like a baseball card)
Trader Front - Need areas on front to put league, year, players name & position.
Trader Back – Needs area for Player Name, Age, Height, Weight, Position, Team Name & Year. – NO need to put the headers on either the front or the back
Magazine Cover – 8x10
Photo ticket – 2x8
Photo magnet – 3.5x5 & 2.5x3.5
Key fob – 1.05x2
Memory Mate – 10x8 or 8x10 – needs to have the individual shot and team picture area. Individual should be approx 3.5x5 and the team should be close to 5x7.
Photo calendar - include player picture and team. Also need one without the team.
VIP Pass 2.75x3.75 – Vertical product
8x16 Poster – Vertical product or Horizontal.
24x36 Poster – Vertical product.
Football plaque – (Graphic needs to have the shape of a football – new product – I do not have dimensions. I would start at 6x10 so I can scale it up
Mouse pad 9.5x8.15
Team Border – 8x10


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Top Gun DD Bikini
Brand: Femme de la Mer
Product Code: B778BY
Product Code: B778BY
In Stock
Price: NZD$125.95NZD$167.95
Top Gun Bikini from Femme De La Mere. DD Cup underwires with moulded soft cups. Adjustable straps with back centre clip. Matched up with a Tie sided brief.


text:
Krator LED H11 Headlight Conversion Bulbs 40W 4000LM Light Bulb Xtra Bright 6000K White with Built-In Turbo Cooling Fan for 2003-2006 Lincoln LS With HID
By Krator
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Description & Features+
Directly replace the bulbs on your vehicles headlight withthese high quality LED conversion bulbs with Built-In Turbo Cooling Fan. LEDheadlights throw ultra-bright light while taking very littledraw on your car's electrical system.
- Advanced LEDs provide an extremely long life of over 30,000 hours
- Built-In Turbo Cooling Fan (12000R/MIN)
- All-in-one integrated design, attached LED driver helps avoid warning errorcodes
- Lower power consumption than stock halogen headlamp
- Aluminum heat sync system for extra heat dissipation
- Extremely simple installation. Plug and play.
- Plug Type: H11
- Power: 80W (40W per Lamp)
- Color Temperature: 6000K White
- Material: Aircraft grade Aluminium
- Fan Speed: 12000R/MIN
- Lumen: 8000 Lumen (4000 Lumen per Lamp)
- IP Rating: IP65 Water and Dust Seal
- Brand: Krator®
- Condition: 100% Brand New
- Vehicles with H11 bulb type
Important Please Read: Alwaysrefer to your vehicles owner manual for the correct bulb size. Cars come inmany different models and with varying options, there is no guarantee yourmodel has the same bulb type listed above. Models with HID or LED optionscan change the type of replacement bulb needed.
Package Includes:
- 2x LED Headlight Conversion Bulbs
- Includes attached LED Driver
- Advanced LEDs provide an extremely long life of over 30,000 hours
- Built-In Turbo Cooling Fan (12000R/MIN)
- All-in-one integrated design, attached LED driver helps avoid warning error codes
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If you buy something online but it's not everything you dreamed it to be, no worries! We're here for you.
You can return this item within 90 days from the day you receive your online order.
There are two easy ways to return this item:
- Return this item to a Walmart store
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text:
Ratings & Reviews
Special Features
- Closed-Caption
- Not in my town: Making the Last Stand
- Cornfield chaos: scene breakdown
- The Dinkum Firearm And Historic Weaponry Museum Tour
- Actor-Cam anarchy with Johnny Knoxville and Jaimie Alexander
- Deleted and extended scenes
A border-town sheriff pulls out the heavy artillery to prevent an escaped drug kingpin from blasting his way into Mexico in this sun-scorched action opus starring Arnold Schwarzenegger and directed by Kim Jee-Woon (I Saw the Devil, The Good, the Bad, and the Weird). A former LAPD hot shot who opted for an easier life after becoming the sole survivor of a bloody drug raid, Ray Owens (Schwarzenegger) retreated from the city to become sheriff of Sommerton Junction -- a small town on the U.S./Mexico border. He's just adjusting to life at a more leisurely pace when infamous drug-kingpin Gabriel Cortez (Eduardo Noriega) stages a daring escape from an FBI convoy, and sets his sights on Mexico. With a hostage to guarantee his safe-crossing and a violent mercenary named Burrell (Peter Stormare) clearing him a path to the border, Cortez races south in a custom Corvette ZR1 that can outrun anything on the road. Meanwhile, Agent John Bannister (Forest Whitaker) realizes that should Cortez manage to slip through Sommerton Junction, he may well be lost forever. At first it seems that Sheriff Owens' skeleton crew will be no match for Cortez's speeding juggernaut. But when Owens decides to stand his ground with the help of Sommerton Junction's finest, Cortez comes up against an immovable force with enough firepower to stop him dead in his tracks. Johnny Knoxville, Luis Guzman, and Rodrigo Santoro co-star. ~ Jason Buchanan, Rovi
Cast & Crew
- Arnold Schwarzenegger - Sheriff Ray Owens
- Peter Stormare - Burrell
- Forest Whitaker - Agent John Bannister
- Jaimie Alexander - Sarah Torrance
- Luis Guzman - Mike Figuerola


text:
Should you be residing in either Spain or Portugal, you'll want to check out your Lumia Windows Phones as Nokia has just hit the green button on its Music+ service. If you're into Nokia Music, you can now upgrade to take advantage of extended functionality. For just €3.99 a month, consumers can enjoy more mixes and advanced features not available to free subscribers.
A quick recap on what's included in the Nokia Music+ monthly subscription:
- Unlimited downloads for offline playback
- Unlimited skips
- Higher sound quality
- Multi device use
- Lyric streaming
Note that there's a free 7-day trial available. You can access the Music+ upgrade in the Settings area of the Nokia Music app, available for Lumia Windows Phones.
via: Nokia News


text:
- Home
- Shop by Type
- Metal Vent Covers
- Silver Series Steel Designs Registers and Returns
Product Description
Outside Dimension: 6" x 26"
The Steel Design Registers and Returns are available in Corinthian, Renassiance, Square, Traditional, Tuscan, and Vogue patterns, in most standard sizes, and in White, Black, Brown, Silver, and Oil-Rubbed Bronze. These decorative registers and grilles are easy to install and ready when you need them.
- Corinthian, Renassiance, Square, Traditional, Tuscan, and Vogue patterns
- 5 Finish Choices (White, Black, Brown, Silver, and Oil-Rubbed Bronze)
- 44 Register Sizes and Retuns Sizes
- Round Sizes also available
- Floor, Wall, and Ceiling Applications (Some Patterns are not suitable for floor)
- Comes with color matched mounting screws
- Proudly made in the USA
- Sturdy 1/8" steel used for grille face and mounting frame
- Manufactured at the time of Ordering
- The Steel Design Series is a custom product and is not returnable. Has a 3/4" Lip that protrudes into duct; Dampers require 2-3/4" depth


text:
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NEW YORK (TheStreet) -- I'm not surprised that I took some grief for Thursday's I Hate Microsoft And Shareholders Should Too article.In fact, the vitriolic response comes from a small segment of the readership that shoots the messenger, rather than directing their dismay at Microsoft ( MSFT) CEO Steve Ballmer for what amounts to a fleecing of shareholders over the last five years. On the same day as my article, a Hewlett-Packard ( HPQ) executive took a shot at Microsoft, noting that the Surface tablet isn't real competition to HP's Windows 8 devices. This is what happens in a dying space. Partnerships get all disjointed, even ugly. It becomes a battle of every man, woman and child for him/herself, but -- and here's the kicker -- the crew doesn't have what it takes to win as a united core or in divided parts. Nobody can step up. As such, you have what we have. Losers and failures snarking at one another or, in Microsoft's case, a CEO with zero room to talk repeatedly going after the company -- Apple ( AAPL) -- that scarfed down his firm's lunch, but isn't done digesting it. For as abysmal a job I think he has done, I have to give Steve Ballmer credit for one thing. He must be one thick-skinned son of a gun. Why does he put up with all of this crap? Part of me says, retire, buy an island somewhere and enjoy the final third or so of your life. The other part -- the part that works 16-18 hours a day -- understands that guys like Ballmer have a relentless desire to win. Speaking of that, Jim Cramer emailed me after reading Thursday's Microsoft article. His food for thought: Why be public? MSFT sells for 5.5 times EBITDA. Take the stinking thing private! Cramer brought that up Thursday morning on CNBC with David Faber. My initial reaction? Here it is, lifted directly from the email:
Right. But if private, fewer people pay attention to them and they fade from relevancy even faster than they have/are now.Cramer's response: In a nutshell, no, you're wrong. Why deal with the sideshow? All everybody does anymore is focus on the CEO, the last five years, Steve Sinofsky leaving, mistakes and uncertainty. But there's no focus on cash flow and Microsoft's balance sheet. Take the thing private, sell off some parts and refocus.


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Guide to the Kezia Payne DePelchin letters, 1878-1879 MS 201
Biographical Note
Kezia Payne DePelchin, Texas nurse, social worker and teacher, was born in the Madeira Islands and moved to Texas at the age of eight. Her father died shortly thereafter, and she was raised and educated by his second wife, an English governess. She gained resistance to yellow fever in 1839 when she survived the disease that killed two siblings and weakened her father, and volunteered as a nurse during the Houston epidemics of 1852, 1854, 1858, and 1867. After her marriage during the U.S. Civil War failed, she lived with a minister's family and participated in charitable activities with women from Houston's elite families.
In 1878, she traveled to Memphis, Tennessee from her home in Houston to assist the Howard Association during a yellow fever epidemic known as the Yellow Jack, and worked as a volunteer nurse from August 30 until mid-November. Her devotion to volunteer work was based in her strong religious and charitable sentiments. Though she was well respected in Houston, Memphis society viewed DePelchin's work as a violation of their expectations of a woman's proper place. She traveled as a volunteer nurse though Tennessee, Mississippi and Alabama, following the epidemic, then returned home to Houston in November of 1878. She spent many years as a teacher and matron of an orphanage in Houston.
In the late 1800's, she took three unwanted babies into a Houston house that, supported by DePelchin and charitable donations, eventually developed into a haven for orphans. In 1893 she officially named the house "Faith Home", but died three months later from a fever. After the turn of the century, the facility was rebuilt and is now known as the DePelchin Children's Center.
Return to the Table of Contents
Scope and Contents
The collection includes a bound volume of twenty-eight letters and a boxed photocopy. The vast majority of the correspondence is from Ms. Kezia Payne DePelchin to her sister, Sallie Payne, describing her experience as a volunteer nurse from late August to mid-November during the 1878 yellow fever epidemic. The letters explain DePelchin's motivations for traveling to Memphis and joining the Howard Association as a volunteer nurse, her experiences as a nurse, the reactions of Memphis society to the work of female nurses, and the difficulties of her occupation. The letters also recount the spread and effects of the epidemic, and chronicle her travels through Tennessee and into Mississippi and Alabama as she followed the illness and responded to need. Letters to her sister from 1879, after her return home, are present as well. Also included in the volume were letters to DePelchin from E. Kate Heckle. Heckle, who was also a Houston resident and a friend of DePelchin, had nursed in several epidemics and responded to the same call for assistance from the Howard Assocation, volunteering from September through October. DePelchin and Heckle proceeded separately to Memphis, and saw each other sporadically through their stays. Heckle wrote several letters to DePelchin describing her own experiences and difficulties.
Return to the Table of Contents
Access Restrictions
This material is open for research.
Conditions Governing Access
Stored onsite at the Woodson Research Center.
Restrictions on Use
Permission to publish material from the DePelchin papers must be obtained from the Woodson Research Center, Fondren Library. Permission to use quotes must come from DePelchin Faith Home.
Return to the Table of Contents
Return to the Table of Contents
Administrative Information
Preferred Citation
Kezia Payne DePelchin papers, 1878-1879, MS 201 Woodson Research Center, Fondren Library, Rice University
Acquisition Information
This collection was given as a permanent loan from Charles McBrayer of the DePelchin Faith Home in 1973.
Return to the Table of Contents
Portions of this collection are available online at: https://scholarship.rice.edu/handle/1911/21946
Return to the Table of Contents
Detailed Description of the Collection
Return to the Table of Contents


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South Sudan's protected area of Bandingilo National Park hosts the second-largest wildlife migration in the world. The Boma National Park is an important refuge for African buffalo, elephant, leopard, giraffe, zebra, oryx and cheetah. Surveys revealed that significant, though diminished wildlife populations still exist, and that, astonishingly, the huge migration of 1.3 million antelopes in the southeast is substantially intact. - "Wikipedia"
The Sudd is a vast swamp in South Sudan, formed by the White Nile. The area which the swamp covers is one of the world's largest wetlands and the largest freshwater wetland in the Nile basin. The Sudd provides food and water to large populations of migrating birds, with more than 400 species of bird found here. - "Wikipedia"
The Blue and White Nile rivers meet in Khartoum to form the River Nile, which flows northwards through Egypt to the Mediterranean Sea. The Blue Nile's course through Sudan is nearly 800 km (497 mi) long and is joined by the Dinder. - "Wikipedia"
In the north of Sudan there is the very dry Nubian Desert. The dry regions are plagued by sandstorms, known as haboob, which can completely block out the sun. In the northern and western semi-desert areas many people are nomadic, travelling with their herds of sheep and camels. Nearer the River Nile, there are well-irrigated farms growing cash crops. - "Wikipedia"
Today there are many operators throughout the African continent offering different levels of safari service, from lodge based tours, where clients travel between lodges or tented camps often by air, fly in safaris where clients will meet the camps and staff after travel by plane or helicopter, to the true Mobile Safari operation where the clients travel with the Guides, staff and equipment from site to site. - "Wikipedia"
A referendum took place in Southern Sudan from 9 to 15 January 2011 on whether the region should remain a part of Sudan or be independent. Preliminary results indicate that 98% of voters selected the "separation" option, with 1% selecting "unity". Southern Sudan became an independent country on 9 July 2011. - "Wikipedia"


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Is heartbreak the hardest pain to deal with, is there any suffering worse than it? Or grief from loss of love?
Just in general, loss or love I suppose, is there pain and suffering worse?
How can one overcome the loss of true love? Is it true that the grief of losing love is similar to grief from death?


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Kino and the Cartography of Northwestern New Spain.
Burrus, Ernest J.
AbeBooks Seller Since October 27, 2004
Association Member: ABAAQuantity Available: 1
AbeBooks Seller Since October 27, 2004
Association Member: ABAAQuantity Available: 1
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Bibliographic Details
Title: Kino and the Cartography of Northwestern New...
Publisher: Arizona Pioneer Historical Society, Tucson
Publication Date: 1965
Binding: Hardcover
Edition: 1st Edition
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Product Name: POWR-T JLLN Fast-Acting 300 VAC 20A Class T Fuse
Product #: JLLN020
Manufacturer: Littelfuse Inc.
Unit of Measure: Each (1)
Quantity of Units/Case: 10
Minimum Quantity of Cases to Order: 1
JLLN Series UL Class T Fast-Acting Fuse. Space saving POWR-T fuses are the most compact fuses available in ratings above 30 amperes, less than one-third the size of comparable Class R fuses. When rated in accordance with the NEC, POWR-T fuses provide fast-acting overload and short circuit protection for non-inductive circuits and equipment. Used in inductive circuits, the ampere rating of POWR-T fuses must be increased to prevent opening on inrush currents. In such instances, POWR-T fuses may provide only short circuit protection. For motor and general purpose circuits where space is not critical, we recommend POWR-PRO JTD ID Indicator series, LLNRK/LLSRK series, or FLSR ID Indicator series.
Class: T
Cross Reference: A3T, JJN, TJN
Fuse Amp Rating: 20
Industry Standards: AC: UL Listed, CSA. DC: UL listed
Length: 7/8 in.
Voltage: AC/DC: 300/125-600
Width: 13/32 in.


text:
Yesterday there was a very big group of sunspot visible (nr. 0652). In the early morning while the sun was rising through the mist it was even visible to the naked eye (use eclips-shades!). The group looks spectacular through the telescope at all magnifications!
Later that day I shot some .....follow this link to read the full story
Centred between the constellations of Hercules and Cygnus lies a small constellation with a very distinctive star pattern, Lyra (the lyre). Four stars form the main "body" of the Lyre: Beta, Gamma, Delta and Zeta Lyrae. Together they make a kind parallelogram. At the northwestern corner of this parallelogram a triangle of follow this link to read the full story........
Yesterday I tested the Baader AstroSolar Photographic Filter in combination with the Baader Kontinuum filter. This combination only lets a small part of the spectrum (540nm) get through and should give high contrast in the sunspots and granulation. Here are the first results. The images where taken with the Nikon Coolpix 4500 mounted on
the TAL 100 RS (4-inch refractor), using a 10mm Vixen Lanthanum eyepiece (100x) I did not use any other filters than the Baader Kontinuum. The first three images are stacked out of 15 originals (1600 x 1200, f 5.1, 1/500s, ISO 100) using Keiths Image Stacker. Both images where processed with image processing software (unsharp masking, contrast +15, and resizing). The fourth image was stacked out of 35 images (1600 x 1200, f 5.1, 1/30s, ISO 100).
In the first image I left the original colour (green from the Kontinuum filter), in the second image I converted the first image into greyscale. The third and fourth image are in original colour again. For a first result, they look very promising. On the first image, a hint of granulation can be seen. Also notice the sunspot on the suns limb.
« Collapse
Yesterday I constructed a new solar filter for photographing the Sun with my Coolpix 4500 and the webcam. I constructed the filter from cardboard and Baader AstroSolar PhotoFilm with a neutral density of 3.8. This filter is only for photographic use! Do not use Astro
Solar PhotoFilm for visual observation without an additional neutral density eyepiece filter! That's what the big yellow sticker on the filter says. You should use a neutral density filter ND=2, preferably one from Baader. Follow this link to find more information on the Baader AstroSolar PhotoFilm. It should be used with great care, and only by people who know the danger of observing the sun!
This filter should provide me with sharp images of the sun using much shorter exposure times (about 1/1000s). The trick is to use the Baader AstroSolar Film for visual use (ND=5) for locating the sun and focussing the image. Then mount the camera on the telescope and exchange the visual filter (ND=5) for the photographic (ND=3.8) and shoot the images. Again I must say don't use this filter for visual use without a ND=2 greyfilter. Even if you look through the viewfinder of a normal camera, do this by holding a ND=2 filter between your eye and the camera.
I still have to test it, so I will keep you update.
For detailed instructions on how to construct a solar filter using Baader AstroSolar Filter or Baader AstroSolar Photographic filter, please follow this link!
Here are a few images that should give you an idea how I constructed the filter:
First construct a cylinder that will fit around the dewcap or the telescope
tube real tight. I used some white paper/ cardboard to do this.
Then cut two rings out of cardboard that will fit on the cardboard cylinder.
Glue the filter material between the two rings. Cut of the redundant filter material.
Your "filterholder" is ready.
Glue the filterholder onto one end of the cardboard cylinder
you made, and secure it with some extra tape.
Put the sticker with the warnings on the cylinder. This should prevent you and others
from using it visually.(I got stickers in german language, but I presume that Baader will
also have stickers in English.
On april 1st 2004 I observed the 11-day-old moon with the TAL 200K. For an observing report with digital images please follow this link. There you will find not only a detailed report but also an overview image of the moon and some detailed images of Sinus Iridum, Mare Humorum and the Schiller-Tycho area.
Last night my new telescope, the TAL 100 RS, a four inch refractor (achromatic) got its first light. I mounted the tube (4.4 kg) on the EQ 6 and started with Vega. I immediately noticed a few differences with my TAL 200K. The field of view is twice as wide with the 100RS. My 200K has a ......follow this link to read the full story
Last night I observed some interesting double stars, an open cluster and a planetary nebula with my 15x80 binoculars and the Sky-window. All objects are situated in Lyra. I started around 22.00 hours 22 and ended the session around 23:45 UT. I used the SkyAtlas 2000 to locate the objects.
I started my observing session around 22:10 UT with .....follow this link to read the full story
A few weeks ago I got my copy of the Clementine Atlas of the Moon from Cambridge University Press. This atlas is the first that shows the entire lunar surface in uniform scale and format (144 maps). It also claims to have the most comprehensive database of lunar crater nomenclature in existence. After using it for a few weeks I can say that this is not an atlas for the casual lunar observer. However, if you are a lunatic who wants to know everything about the Moon, or wants to study the Moon in detail, maybe this book is something for you. My advice is as with all books and equipment: have a look at it before buying. It can save you a lot of money!
For some editorial and customers reviews please follow this link .


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a portrait | once a week | every week | in 2014
LUCY / forever fearless and wise, her being is all encompassing, secure and fluid. She holds an ocean's span of magic in her soul, she gets the world both physically and beyond.
ANAIS / her humor and deep dimples keep me going, she has become quite a social butterfly and has found a love for bugs of all kind. she is an adventurer ready to experience the thrill of something new.
linking up with Practising Simplicity


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Terms & Conditions
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*With Solutions Personal Contract Plan until March 31st, 2019. 18s+. ^Covers next two consecutive services limited to 1x minor and 1x major service. Excludes e-up! and e-Golf. Touareg service plan available for £149. T&Cs apply. Minimum balance to finance £5,000. Maximum mileage at end of contract is 120,000 miles. Subject to availability and status. Indemnities may be required. Offers are not available in conjunction with any other offer and may be varied or withdrawn at any time. Accurate at time of publication 12/2018.
Subject to Status. 18s+. T&Cs apply. Indemnities may be required. Volkswagen Financial Services.


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Size: 55mm
Similar item at lower price:Chiaro 55mm 99-UVBTS Brass UV Filterrzcqstfxzeaqsvzffzruax $26.95
The Rodenstock 55mm HR Digital UV Filter is a general use, clear filter designed to absorb ultraviolet light and reduce the bluish cast of daylight. Aside from the reduction of unwanted blue casts, no additional coloration or contrast is created, and adjustments to exposure are not required while using this filter. To prevent internal ghosting and reflections, multiple layers of anti-reflection coating are included. These coatings also offer greater protection to the filter substrate and help it to stay clean for longer than with uncoated filters. The coatings associated with HR Digital filters results in an improved beading effect when in contact with water or oil for greater cleaning efficiency.
This filter is constructed from optical glass for increased optical clarity and color fidelity. Before being set within a thin brass filter ring that minimizes the potential for vignetting while enhancing durability and jamming prevention, the sides of the glass are blackened to help further eliminate internal ghosting and reflections from occurring along the filter's edge.
This UV filter is also useful as a general protective filter to leave on lenses at all times. Such filters help to reduce dust and moisture from reaching your front lens element and provide additional protection in case of drops or situations where scratching could occur.
|Filter Type
|Filter Factor
|1 (+0-Stop)
|Circular Size
|55 mm
|Front Accessory Thread / Bayonet
|55 mm
|Filter Material


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113″ Handcrafted "Mansfield" All Cypress Wood Cupola
- List Price:
- Sale Price: $3,651.99
- Amount Saved: $913.00
- Availability: Usually ships in 6-10 business days
Product Details
- Product Dimensions: 425 pounds
- Shipping Weight: 425 pounds
- Item model number: 30874388
- Average Customer Review: Customer Reviews
Product Description
Wood Cupola
Item #2184K
Add classic beauty and value to your home
Expertly handcrafted
Features louvers, smooth base and hip style roof
Comes in three sections - roof, middle and base - for easy installation
Designed for a roof pitch up to 10" rise per foot (known as "10/12 pitch"); most roofs are not steeper than this.
Wood cupola can be painted or stained
Made with hand-selected Cypress
Materials: Wood
Dimensions: 84"Sq. x 113"High
Detailed installation guide included with every cupola
Comes weathervane-ready with mounting hardware built inside each one
Please note this item is made to order and will take an additional 5 - 10 business days to ship


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World Naked Bike Ride 2016, PdX: Portland is like, 'We'll try anything twice, maybe three times' Reviewer TV documentary interview: World Naked…
Source: vimeo.com/249341547
Does nudity negate professionalism? Distract from intelligence? Challenge integrity? In a time when sexual freedom is still a battleground, six journalists a…
Source: www.youtube.com/watch?v=XC4LmqIfXHM
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The French motto of "Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité" could not be more fitting as the number of French people identifying as nudists has risen by more than 50 per cent in the past four years alone… Young people reportedly make up a large proportion of the growing interest…
Source: www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/france-nudists-population-rise-naturists-ffn-events-explained-a8461366.html
A guide for beginners regarding NUDIST/NATURIST/FKK beaches around the world. All the basic and fundamental DOs and DON'Ts everyone should know before venturing into the NATURIST territory. Enjoy!
Source: www.youtube.com/watch?v=INE5EiDleN8
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WORKING FOR TAMPA BAY'S OWN CLOTHING OPTIONAL BEACH! Tampa Area Naturists is a non-profit naturist group which is dedicated to obtaining publicly managed, officially sanctioned, clothing optional beaches in the greater Tampa Bay Area. TAN is proudly affiliated with The Naturist Society.
Source: www.tanfl.com
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Body positivity is something we can all learn from. What better way to do that than running around campus naked? For those who do not know (looking at you first-years), Naked Week is exactly what it sounds like…
Source: http://www.denisonian.com/2019/02/news/naked-week-encourages-body-positivity/
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Why are there less female nudists than male nudists? What's keeping women away from nudism? We'll try to figure out the history of the issue… Our naked adventures in the past were almost exclusively in Belgium, Netherlands and France…
Source: www.nakedwanderings.com/blog/2018/04/05/nudism-on-venus/?platform=hootsuite
Everyone's got a naturist cliché in their head. Remember that holiday when you accidentally ended up on the wrong beach? Or inadvertently strolled in to a nudist yoga class? Where do you look? How bad is it to stare?
Source: www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/not-just-ping-pong-know-things-know-female-naturist/?platform=hootsuite
From auditioning nude over WhatsApp to signing contracts about your pubic hair, there's a lot that goes on behind the scenes… I got naked on WhatsApp in front of two strangers – Mum-of-three Clare West, 33, from Nottingham, appeared on Naked Attraction…
Source: www.thesun.co.uk/fabulous/8171815/naked-attraction-contestant-audition-paid/
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Until one is faced with a row of breasts as an army of butts stares back, it's easy to imagine everyone else is like Barbie and Ken — smooth, proportional, free of hair… It was a Saturday night when I found myself riverside at a bright and raging bonfire…
Source: www.alternet.org/how-getting-naked-front-strangers-made-me-feel-good-about-my-body
Andrew Welch would like to make it clear he has never had an orgy, thank you very much… He is not a pervert, he is not corrupting your children, and he is not – for the love of God – 'offending' you. Andrew Welch is just a naturist…
Source: www.telegraph.co.uk/men/the-filter/nude-awakenings-misunderstood-world-naturism/?platform=hootsuite


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The University of Saint Joseph and the University of Hartford announce their partnership on an accelerated joint degree program. Beginning this fall, students can earn a Bachelor of Science degree in Biology or a Bachelor of Arts degree in Chemistry at the University of Hartford followed by a Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) degree at the University of Saint Joseph School of Pharmacy.
Administrators from both universities have signed an articulation agreement to offer the joint degree program and to work cooperatively to recruit and encourage students from diverse backgrounds to enter the field of pharmacy. This agreement is an extension of ongoing collaboration between the University of Hartford and the University of Saint Joseph. Additional dual degree programs in other areas of study are planned for the near future.
University of Hartford students who successfully complete a specific, predetermined three-year undergraduate course of study in biology or chemistry will be given priority consideration to enroll in the professional phase of the Pharm.D. program at the University of Saint Joseph School of Pharmacy. The Pharm.D. program is a three calendar-year doctoral program offered at the University of Saint Joseph's Hartford 21 location in downtown Hartford.
Under this agreement, after successful completion of the first professional year at the University of Saint Joseph School of Pharmacy, students will be encouraged to graduate with their classmates during Commencement at the University of Hartford. They will receive a bachelor's degree in either biology or chemistry. The students' professional studies at the University of Saint Joseph School of Pharmacy will then continue for successful completion of the Pharm.D. degree requirements.
"This partnership opens new doors to academic program options for our students," says University of Hartford Provost Sharon L. Vasquez. "Both students and parents will appreciate having a clear educational plan mapped out right from the start with earned credits transferring seamlessly. This will link the University of Hartford's rigorous undergraduate programs in biology and chemistry with the significant outcomes of a doctorate from the University of Saint Joseph School of Pharmacy."
University of Saint Joseph Provost Michelle M. Kalis adds, "The pharmacy profession is highly respected and in demand, offering outstanding career opportunities and earning potential. Pharmacists apply their unique expertise of medications, serving in all areas of health care from cutting-edge research to community pharmacies. We are extremely excited about this collaboration between the University of Saint Joseph School of Pharmacy and the University of Hartford and look forward to future partnerships between our neighboring institutions."
For full details, contact: Joseph C. Voelker, dean, University of Hartford's College of Arts and Sciences at 860.768.4103 or firstname.lastname@example.com ; or Joseph R. Ofosu, dean, University of Saint Joseph School of Pharmacy at 860.231.5868 or email@example.com. For more information, visit the University of Saint Joseph School of Pharmacy website.


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AHennessy needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 98 designs submitted by 31 freelance designers.
Construction company requires an original logo that will look great on a website, on a business card and on stationary. Logo will also be used on side of a van, signs, and shirts.
Hennessy Building Projects
We are a construction company that covers it all!! Small to large residential, commercial and industrial. We our proud to say "No job is too big or too small".
We have been in the industry for many years so seen a lot of different logos. We would like
- Modern
- Looks professional
- Eye-catching at any size, small or large
- Striking but not too cluttered
- The colour BLUE used.
- Max 3 colours, preferably 2
- The rest is up to your imagination... modern and professional look!!
- Too cluttered or busy
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


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Strategies for HIV Therapy
April 2008
Most people living with HIV will start taking therapy at some point to help control their HIV infection. The goal of therapy is to slow or stop HIV from reproducing. This, in turn, helps to slow or stop the progression of HIV disease as well as the destruction of the immune system. While other ways of treating HIV disease have been studied, so far only HIV therapy has shown to slow disease progression and extend life.
While trying to understand and make decisions about using HIV therapy can be an overwhelming process, it isn't insurmountable. With the support of your doctor and reliable information, it's possible to devise a wise HIV strategy that suits your situation. This includes balancing the benefits, risks and limitations of the current HIV drugs along with the prospects offered by novel approaches and newer drugs.
This publication provides information on making these types of decisions. It offers a range of issues that you may encounter when deciding what's necessary and important for your health. It's intended to assist you and your doctor making the best possible decisions about using HIV therapy in adults and adolescents.
What Is HIV and HIV Disease?
HIV, or human immunodeficiency virus, infects and takes over certain cells of your immune system, which is your body's defense for fighting infections and diseases. Once these cells are infected, HIV uses them to make new copies of itself (replication) and then go on to infect other cells. Infected cells function poorly and die prematurely, which in turn weakens the immune system. This allows opportunistic infections to develop, which take the opportunity to thrive while your immune system is damaged.
HIV disease is a broad term that refers to having HIV infection, from the earliest stage right after infection to later stages of disease. AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) occurs later in HIV disease when the immune system has become severely weakened. An AIDS diagnosis depends upon the state of your immune health or an AIDS-defining condition(s).
Once HIV was identified as the cause of AIDS, stopping or slowing its replication became a major goal. Significant progress has been made over the past 20 years, especially with the advent of potent HIV drugs and combination therapy. Though these drugs do not eliminate HIV, they've made it possible to develop long-term strategies for managing HIV disease.
It's important to remember that people can live a long time, without symptoms of HIV disease. Still, some questions remain around when to start, when to switch or how best to combine HIV drugs. Making wise decisions about how best to use therapy requires understanding the risks and benefits of HIV drugs, discussing these issues with an informed doctor, and properly using various lab tests.
The Goals of HIV Therapy
HIV therapy should be to:
The Challenges of Therapy
Unless HIV replication is controlled, trying to rebuild immune health will ultimately fail -- at least most of the time. Although using therapy hinders HIV from replicating, it does not eradicate the virus from your body. Many scientists fear that it's not possible to fully eliminate it. Others don't share this pessimism, pointing to newer and better drugs as well as an ever-growing understanding of HIV disease and its effects on the immune system.
Over time, HIV can mutate or change enough so that it's no longer fully blocked by these drugs. This process is called viral resistance and it can happen to some degree with all HIV drugs. However, keeping HIV under control lengthens a person's life, and it may be possible -- with truly effective therapy -- to live out a normal lifespan despite HIV.
Abundant evidence shows that using potent HIV therapy has dramatically lowered death rates. It has also increased life and quality of life for people living with HIV. However, the drugs are not without their risks of side effects. When deciding on therapy, the possible short- and long-term side effects must be weighed against possible short- and long-term benefits, particularly as you consider when to start.
There's little research on using HIV drugs in the earlier stages of HIV disease. Many, if not most, people don't have to decide this immediately after learning they have HIV. Assessing your risk of disease progression and making decisions that you feel comfortable with are important parts of building a successful long-term HIV strategy.
Why Use Anti-HIV Therapy?
When you're first infected with HIV, high levels of HIV replication often occur with flu-like symptoms and a decline in the number of CD4+ cells. CD4s are key cells in your immune system that maintain and direct responses against disease. They are also commonly used to measure your immune health.
Without using HIV therapy, your immune system dramatically but incompletely suppresses the virus. In most cases, CD4s return partially toward normal levels and people usually regain good health for many years. Yet, during this time an aggressive battle is waged daily between your immune system and HIV. Over time, the immune system becomes overwhelmed by HIV's rapid and constant activity.
The relationship between your HIV levels and risk of disease progression is complicated. An influential study by John Mellors found a solid relationship between HIV levels and risk of death over time. Other research suggests that CD4+ counts better predict the risk of disease progression. However, it is well established that reducing HIV levels typically leads to a stronger immune system and better health.
Considering these points, it makes sense to slow down or stop HIV replication as much and for as long as possible. All approved HIV drugs significantly reduce HIV levels, and they almost always cause some rise in CD4+ counts. Lower viral loads and higher CD4+ counts indicate some improvement in your immune system.
When Should I Start Treatment?
It remains unclear when the best time to start therapy is. The "best" time for one person may not be the "best" time for another. There's also much debate about which drugs to start with and in what combinations. Several factors -- including HIV levels, CD4+ counts as well as how you feel about therapy -- are important to consider when deciding if and when therapy is right for you.
Many questions can also be considered when making these decisions. Should treatment be used immediately when you first learn you have HIV? Should therapy be saved until changes occur in your immune health? Should it be saved until there's a higher viral load, or until symptoms of HIV develop? For more information, read Project Inform's publication, Strategies for When to Start HIV Therapy.
In deciding when to start, switch or change HIV therapy, three medical factors are generally considered:
Deciding to begin treatment is not solely a medical matter. Other factors must be considered, including:
When is the right time to start?Some believe there can be no single, right answer to the question of when to start. Some researchers and doctors believe that nearly everyone with HIV -- regardless of their CD4+ counts, viral loads or symptoms -- should be treated. Some believe people should start therapy only when their CD4+ counts consistently read below 350. Others believe that only people with symptoms of HIV disease should consider therapy.
One note of agreement is that most researchers and doctors believe that the decision to start should be guided by both CD4+ cell counts and overall general health. Increasingly, information suggests that CD4+ counts provide the most accurate tool to monitor the risk of HIV disease progression.
The most commonly used viral load tests are Roche's RT-PCR (polymerase chain reaction test, called Amplicor HIV Monitor Test), Chiron's bDNA (branch DNA test, called Quantiplex) and Organon Teknika's NASBA (nucleic acid sequence based amplification test, called NucliSens). When possible, it's best to use the same lab and same test every time. For example, RT-PCR results are consistently higher than those obtained with bDNA. Similarly, different labs might get somewhat different results when running a CD4+ count.
For more information on blood work, read Project Inform's publications, Blood work: Two common tests to use and Blood work: A complete guide for monitoring HIV.
Quality of Life Issues
Your ability to tolerate side effects, drug interactions and the demands of a regimen can be as important as the potency of a drug. If you can't take a drug as prescribed, its potency is irrelevant. Not adhering to therapy contributes to developing drug resistance, and developing resistance to one drug might lead to cross-resistance to other drugs in the same class.
When choosing therapy, consider the daily pill count of everything you take. These include the HIV drugs, drugs to prevent and treat other infections or conditions, supplements, etc. Consider when they have to be taken and whether or not they can be taken with other medicines or food. It's easiest to combine drugs that require similar conditions, such as with or without food. Otherwise, one's life can become dominated by drug schedules.
It's also best to avoid mixing drugs with similar side effects, though sometimes that is impossible. It's critical to learn about the possible side effects of each drug that you take as well as possible drug interactions before mixing them together. To help better understand these issues, read Project Inform's publication, Dealing with drug side effects, as well as materials on each HIV drug.
Not everyone experiences side effects. Learning about possible side effects and drug interactions before starting therapy allows you to be aware of what to check for and to consider ways to prevent or manage them, before they happen. The more informed you are, the less likely you will come across severe or life-threatening side effects. Also, the more prepared you are, the less likely that side effects and drug interactions will interfere with adhering to your regimen.
One side effect of particular concern is changes in body composition and metabolism, generally called lipodystrophy. They include fat accumulation (lipohypertrophy) and/or fat loss (lipoatrophy) and/or changes in lab values of fats (dyslipidemia) or sugars/insulin (diabetes). Some HIV drugs contribute to these conditions more than others.
Another condition, impacting the energy source inside cells (mitochondrial toxicity), is particularly associated with using NRTIs (see Drug ID Chart). Also, reports of people experiencing bone loss are increasing. All of these conditions may result from long-term use of HIV therapy. For more information, read Project Inform's publications, Bone Health and HIV Disease and Mitochondrial Damage and Lactic Acidosis.
Viral Load and Women
Several studies suggest that women generally have lower HIV levels than men at the same CD4+ cell counts. Some suggest that these differences decrease or disappear after the first five years of HIV infection.
The current Federal Guidelines recognize that HIV levels may be somewhat lower in women, but they don't alter the goals of HIV therapy -- to lower HIV levels to as low as possible and improve CD4+ counts and overall general health. They conclude that these data should not affect using therapy in women or in men.
The US Department of Health and Human Services issues Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in the Treatment of HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. These are summarized in the table.
The Guidelines describe the recommendations of researchers, and point out that people with HIV and their doctors must consider many other factors, like a person's readiness to start treatment or concerns about long-term toxicity and drug resistance.
Points for People to Think About for People Who Are Considering HIV Therapy
There are many issues to consider and discuss with your doctor before starting HIV therapy. The following are ones that you may want to consider if you're starting therapy for the first time (first line therapy) or are switching therapy (second or third line therapy).
Reducing HIV levels as low as possible, preferably below the level of detection, should be an important goal of therapy.
Therapy that has a larger, more consistent and longer lasting effect in reducing HIV levels and increasing CD4+ counts is more likely to produce longer lasting health and survival. People with HIV levels below the limit of detection have much longer lasting responses to HIV therapy than people with consistently detectable levels. When therapy fails to reduce viral loads to undetectable levels, it's usually a sign that it will eventually fail. However, studies show that an occasional "blip" in viral load (a detectable reading every now and then) is not a major concern. Trends over time are more important than a single test result.
Today, viral load tests measure reliably down to 40 or 50 copies. Some older tests still in use measure down to 400 copies. Numbers below this are considered undetectable. Many researchers and doctors believe that people unable to reach undetectable levels after six months on therapy should consider either switching to a new regimen or, if HIV levels are detectable but remain very low (such as below 1,000), adding another drug. Others believe it may be okay for a person with few options to continue using a regimen if it's controlling HIV levels at a low yet detectable level (such as below 5,000). While studies show that reaching "undetectable" viral load is best, the cost of side effects or the complexity of a regimen needed to reach this goal may not be realistic for everyone.
Using a drug exactly as prescribed is critical to success.
Using an inadequate dose, reducing the dose below prescribed levels, or failing to take it at regular intervals increases the risk of resistance. If side effects develop, it's often better to try to overcome them than to immediately change your regimen. If they're not manageable, it's better to temporarily stop all the drugs rather than reduce their doses, and try to solve the problem with your doctor's guidance. The fastest way to develop resistance is to use HIV drugs at inadequate or inconsistent doses.
Learn about drug interactions.
Given the number of drugs available to treat HIV and prevent or treat opportunistic infections and other conditions, the potential for drug interactions increases. Not only does each drug have its own possible side effects, it may also increase or decrease the benefit of other drugs. Drug interactions are not always considered when creating a treatment strategy, but they can play a major role in its success. Make sure your health provider knows about all the drugs and supplements you take, including experimental and over-the-counter products.
People considering a vacation away from home should wait until they return before starting a new drug regimen.
When side effects occur, they often happen within the first 2-4 weeks after starting a new regimen. Many resolve over time as your body adjusts. Some, but not all, people experience mild-to-moderate side effects. A smaller percentage face moderate-to-severe side effects. People should avoid starting a new regimen right before going out of town on vacation or before engaging in major life experiences, like moving or starting a new job. In the unlikely event of serious side effects, it's better to be closer to your doctor.
There may be some degree of cross-resistance among the drugs in the same class.
Resistance to a drug occurs when HIV changes itself so that it's no longer fully affected by the drug. Cross-resistance occurs when resistance to one drug causes resistance to other drugs in the same class. Resistance usually occurs when the drugs being used are not potent enough to fully stop HIV replication or when the drugs are not taken as prescribed.
For instance, someone with resistance to one of the NNRTI drugs is almost certainly going to be cross-resistant with most of the other NNRTIs (see Drug ID Chart). What this means is that once resistance to one NNRTI develops, most of the other drugs in this class are less effective, and possibly wholly ineffective.
Should I get a resistance test?
Studies show that people who choose therapy based on resistance test results along with their treatment history have longer lasting responses to HIV therapy compared to those who didn't get them before making decisions. Some researchers propose that people get resistance tests before they start HIV therapy for the first time as well as before switching to a new regimen.
In order to run a resistance test, you must have an HIV level above 1,000. The test cannot be done accurately if your levels are below the limit of detection (<50). Also, resistance tests are likely most reliable when done while someone is on HIV therapy.
Therapy that is only partly effective speeds the development of viral resistance.
If an HIV drug reduces viral load yet allows a measurable level of viral activity (measurable viral load), the HIV that's still present is capable of mutating and developing resistance to that drug. When a three-drug regimen doesn't quite succeed in stopping measurable activity, many researchers believe it may be wise to either change two of the drugs or perhaps add a fourth.
It makes sense to try and fully suppress viral replication if this can be done with a reasonable quality of life. When this cannot be achieved, people should realize they can still benefit from therapy and that long-term solutions may become apparent when other drugs become available. Again, using resistance tests may help guide which drugs are not working or which may be useful to add to a regimen.
Stopping and starting a regimen often (like on a weekly or even bi-weekly basis) will likely lead to an increased risk of drug resistance.
A structured treatment interruption (STI), as discussed later, may include stopping therapy for two weeks or longer, then restarting it for some period of time. It's important for people considering an STI to be closely checked for HIV levels and CD4+ counts. Many studies show that some people experience a dramatic increase in HIV levels and decrease in CD4s. For more information, read Project Inform's publication, Strategies for Attempting Structured Treatment Interruptions.
If you need to interrupt therapy, it's best to stop all drugs at the same time (except nevirapine and efavirenz) rather than just stopping one drug.
People may need to stop taking their meds for many reasons, including side effects, drug interactions, pregnancy or their drug supply runs out. Stopping HIV drugs, if they're all stopped at the same time, is unlikely to increase drug resistance. Because Viramune (nevirapine) and Sustiva (efavirenz) remain in the body longer than any other HIV drug, they should be stopped at least two or three days and possibly up to two weeks before stopping the others. Otherwise, there's an increased risk of developing resistance to them.
How Will I Know if My Treatment Is Working?
One goal of HIV therapy is to reduce HIV levels below the limit of detection (<50 copies) with current viral load tests. However, not everyone can bring their levels to below 50 or even 5,000. For these people the minimum change that shows their therapies are active is a 1 log (90%) reduction. People with lower CD4+ counts and high viral loads may find that their HIV levels drop slowly over time, while people who are healthier are likely to see more immediate responses to therapy.
Pregnant Women and Therapy
In general, the guidelines for treating pregnant women are the same as for treating non-pregnant adults. The decisions to start, change or add HIV drugs should be based on CD4+ counts and disease stage. The strategies presented in this publication are all valid for pregnant women. The Federal Guidelines recommend that women get the most effective HIV therapy regardless of pregnancy status.
However, how therapy affects an infant or unborn child is not wholly known. Therefore, deciding to use HIV therapy during pregnancy should be made by the woman considering the known and unknown benefits and risks to her and her child. Long-term follow-up is recommended for all infants born to women taking HIV therapy during their pregnancies. Some drugs are not recommended because they cause birth defects either in humans or animals, called Category C and D drugs.
Women in their first trimester (14 weeks) who don't take HIV therapy may decide to delay therapy until after 10-12 weeks because of the possible risks to the developing fetus during that time. However, if a woman's health warrants starting therapy sooner, most would recommend starting it regardless of how far along a woman is.
A woman already on therapy may consider temporarily stopping it until after her first trimester. While there are no clear data on how HIV drugs affect a developing fetus, most doctors recommend staying on a potent regimen regardless of how far along she is in her pregnancy. Stopping or delaying therapy may increase HIV levels -- possibly increasing her risk of disease progression as well as the risk of passing HIV onto her child.
Nevertheless, if a woman decides to stop her therapy, all drugs (except Viramune) should be stopped at the same time to prevent drug resistance. Similarly, they should be restarted at the same time. Using Sustiva is strongly discouraged, especially during the first trimester, due to possible harmful effects on the unborn child. Viracept (nelfinavir) is also not recommended. For more information, read Project Inform's publication, Pregnancy and HIV.
When Is it Time to Change Therapies
People might change therapy when:
A common infection such as the flu, or even a vaccine shot, can increase HIV levels temporarily. (A flu vaccine can increase HIV levels for up to two months, but they usually fall back to pre-vaccine levels without changing HIV therapy.) Before making a dramatic adjustment in your regimen, factor in how other health issues may be affecting the viral load test results. If possible, wait and get another test before making decisions. The decision to switch or add therapies should be based on at least two viral load tests and/or two CD4+ counts spaced at least two weeks apart, as well as other factors like the readiness to switch and commit to a new regimen.
Write down a list of questions and concerns that you may have for your doctor. It's also helpful to discuss your feelings about taking therapy, especially for the first time. Some of those questions may include:
How potent is this regimen?
Other questions for people who may also have hepatitis B or C may include:
In addition to issues like your overall general health and quality of life, both CD4+ counts and viral load must be considered when making decisions about starting or switching HIV therapy. Most studies show a direct inverse correlation (when one goes down the other goes up) between viral load and CD4+ counts as more HIV means more CD4s are being infected and destroyed.
Some people, despite substantial decreases in their HIV levels, may continue to experience a decline in their CD4+ counts. In these cases, it's important for doctors to conduct a more extensive diagnosis to see if some other condition is affecting CD4+ counts, such as common or even not so common infections.
It is usually best to start two or more new drugs at the same time. This is readily done for people starting first line therapy but far more difficult for those who have used many other HIV drugs. Your current regimen can sometimes be juggled to get the desired results. For some, this may be impossible.
Everyone does not have access to the same treatments, and people respond differently to individual drugs. Options for treating HIV disease include approved HIV drugs and combinations, experimental drugs gotten through studies or access programs, and other unapproved drugs. Consult with your health provider about how to access the full range of options.
For some people, the best choice may sometimes be to delay using new HIV drugs until enough new drugs are available to start an ideal combination (e.g. at least two drugs never used before by the person). The pace of new drug development is never wholly predictable, which makes this strategy difficult. Working with an experienced doctor who continues to learn from new research is key.
This shift toward long-term thinking is the true hallmark in this third decade of treating HIV. It must become a part of everyone's thinking. The alternative is perpetuating the short-term benefits and long-term failures that were qualities of treating HIV disease earlier in the epidemic.
All of this underscores the fact that people who get medical care from doctors with a great deal of experience in treating HIV disease live longer than those with less experienced ones. HIV is both complicated and extensively studied. A doctor who sees many people with HIV is more likely to understand these complexities and follow the heavy volume of research. Whatever strategy a person chooses, it should begin with finding an experienced doctor who is wise enough to continue studying and learning from new developments in HIV research.
Federal Recommendations for First Line HIV Therapy
Federal Recommendations for When to Start Therapy
ARV treatment should be started in anyone with a history of an AIDS-defining illness or before CD4 count falls below 350.
ARV treatment is recommended regardless of CD4 count for:
The risk of death or serious illness in people with CD4 counts above 350 is low, so any benefit from starting treatment at high CD4 counts is likely to be small.
There are data -- for example the ATHENA cohort -- that show that people who start HIV treatment with CD4 counts above 350 are more likely to achieve and maintain CD4 counts above 800.
Similarly, in the Johns Hopkins Cohort people who started treatment with CD4s below 350 were less likely to achieve and maintain CD4 counts above 500.
Early HIV treatment has the potential to reduce HIV transmission rates.
Factors weighing against early treatment would be:
Chart of the Risk of Progression to AIDS-Defining Illness
Some reports show that women progress to HIV disease at a lower viral load than men. While these data do not currently warrant a new standard of care for women with HIV, women and their doctors should be aware of these reports as they may support starting or switching therapy at lower HIV levels than what is currently recommended.
By contrast, CD4+ counts -- which provide useful measures for the risk of HIV disease progression -- are not influenced by sex. For more information on this issue, call Project Inform's toll-free hotline at 1-800-822-7422. The chart below presents information on viral load and CD4+ lymphocytes as predictors of HIV-1 infection.
This chart presents information on viral load and CD4+ lymphocytes as prognostic markers of HIV-1 infection. The table is shown here for ease of use and can also be found as Table 5 on page 46 of the March 23, 2004 issue of the federal Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-1-infected Adults and Adolescents, or online at www.aidsinfo.nih.gov.
Chart of the Risk of Progression to AIDS-Defining Illness
Risk of Progression to AIDS-Defining Illness in a Cohort of Gay Men Predicted by Baseline CD4+ Cell Count and Viral Load*
This article was provided by Project Inform. Visit Project Inform's website to find out more about their activities, publications and services.
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And then there were seven.
The Republican field of candidates for the 5th District congressional seat grew yet again Tuesday to include former businesswoman and volunteer Penry Gustafson of Camden.
Gustafson, 46, is a former sales representative for Delta Foremost Chemical Corp., a longtime Kershaw County GOP member and a community volunteer for such local and regional organizations as Meals on Wheels and Operation Inasmuch.
Gustafson said she was running as an alternative to "today's toxic political environment."
Mayor John Howard and city council member Tamara Green Garris tangled this week over the city staff's recommendation that certain information technology employees receive pay raises.
Howard called Garris' questions about the raises "petty jealousy surrounding a mid-year budget review," saying "it's damn ridiculous. Pardon my language."
Garris shot back: "Excuse me, do not curse at me. I didn't make that motion," to which Howard replied, "I did not curse at you."
WASHINGTON, D.C. – Now sworn in as the new director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), Mick Mulvaney said he is happy that the confirmation process is over.
"I am absolutely ecstatic…the longest eight weeks of my life," Mulvaney said during a phone interview Friday afternoon. "The wait was particularly tedious."
Mulvaney quickly resigned the Fifth Congressional District seat on Thursday after he was confirmed by the Senate as OMB chief.
Leaving the U.S. House of Representatives, he said, was tough.
WASHINGTON – Mick Mulvaney was scheduled to be sworn in Thursday evening as White House budget director, putting him in the pivotal role as the Trump administration formulates its first spending plans.
The U.S. Senate confirmed the Indian Land Republican's nomination on a 51-49 vote Thursday morning, and Gov. Henry McMaster accepted Mulvaney's resignation from the U.S. House of Representatives just after noon.
COLUMBIA – A bill that raises the state's 16-cents-per-gallon gas tax to 26 cents over five years passed the House Ways and Means Committee on Thursday and is now headed to the House floor.
If passed, the gas-tax hike, along with several other proposed fees, eventually would generate an additional $600 million a year to address the state's deteriorated roads and bridges.
State Rep. Tommy Pope on Monday joined the crowded GOP field lining up to run for Mick Mulvaney's U.S. House seat if he vacates it to become White House budget director.
As the House speaker pro tem, Pope is the highest-profile candidate to announce for the seat. He had previously stated his intention to run for governor in 2018, but President Trump's election and his selection of Mulvaney have changed those plans.
The line of Republicans officially interested in taking over Mick Mulvaney's 5th District congressional seat is now up to four.
Tom Mullikin, a Republican lawyer from Camden, announced Wednesday that he will run for the seat if Mulvaney is confirmed as White House budget director.
"I support President Trump's focus on strengthening America and want to be a part of his team in Congress," Mullikin said.
WASHINGTON – On party-line votes, two U.S. Senate committees on Thursday approved the nomination of Rep. Mick Mulvaney as White House budget director.
The Budget Committee voted 12-11 for the Indian Land Republican, and the Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee approved 8-7. Next the full Senate will vote on the nomination, perhaps early next week.
Attorneys for Jackie Harris and Linda Blackmon argued their cases in court Thursday but presented no witness testimony, and the judge said he would issue his ruling early next week in their disputed Lancaster City Council race.
"The law wants a quick decision on elections, because things have to keep moving and governments have to operate," said Circuit Judge Brian Gibbons.
Tension over the election dispute between Jackie Harris and Linda Blackmon wasn't confined to the courtroom this week.
It bubbled over in Tuesday night's city council meeting, with testy exchanges involving Councilwoman Tamara Green Garris, Mayor John Howard and Councilwoman Hazel Taylor.
The meeting was the council's first since Harris was restored to her District 3 council seat while her protest of Blackmon's Nov. 8 election victory is adjudicated in Lancaster General Sessions Court.
Copyright © 2019
The Lancaster News is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Lancaster County and Lancaster, South Carolina, and the surrounding area..


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Australian supermodel Miranda Kerr famously kept news of her marriage to Orlando Bloom and her pregnancy under wraps.
Now the 27-year-old Victoria's Secret model is revealing all, showing off her baby bump and a whole lot more on the December cover of fashion magazine W.
"For me, family is life. The decision to start one wasn't complex at all," Kerr tells the mag for its family issue, which also spotlights Madonna, Usher, Katherine Heigl and porn star Jenna Jameson.
According to W, Kerr says her "wonderful" modeling career does not compare to a domestic fantasy that involves a "a hammock, a vegetable patch, and a solar-powered house."
"I don't feel pressure to get back to work," she tells W.
In August, Kerr revealed that she was four months pregnant. The baby news followed revelations a month earlier that she'd secretly tied the knot with Bloom, the "Pirates of the Caribbean" star.
It turns out that the Hollywood pair is clinging to one more secret.
Kerr tells W their baby's sex will be a "surprise."


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|Book release show in Edinburgh, Scotland.
Nigel Peake
@Analogue Books
Edinburgh, Scotland
The exhibition is for Nigel Peake's book launch of Maps published by Analogue Books.
One side was drawings from the book and the other side was a gathering of some of the things that are normally on my desk or under my feet.
The book - documents small time adventures and excursions outwith a mile radius from where I call home. From train rides facing backwards, to crammed bus rides in tiny hill-top towns, to bike rides through the backyards of Europe. Records of the vast, unyielding concrete miles of Shanghai, to the paths between mountains and forests in late night French countryside to the old paint splattered wooden floor in London that I sleep on from time to time.
Thanks to Analogue and everyone who came through for the opening night. {moscomment}
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