text:
Oldfield, Sara (comp.)(1997). Cactus and Succulent Plants - Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Cactus and Succulent Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 10 + 212 pp.
Chapter 2. Regional Accounts
pag. 118-125:
The Brazilian Region
This vast region is further divisible on a country/vegetational basis as follows:
Extra-Amazonian Brazil and Easternmost Bolivia. Four major vegetational areas are recognised here, in order of their importance for succulent plants. The largest succulent genera, each with 15 or more endemic species, are Dyckia, Encholirium, Pilosocereus, Rhipsalis, and Melocactus (Smith and Downs 1974; Zappi 1994; Barthlott and Taylor 1995; Taylor 1991b). Only recently has the importance and plight of Brazilian succulents been specifically addressed by that country's authorities with the proposal to place various endangered cacti on Appendix I of CITES. However, the most serious problem at present is the almost complete lack of reserves to protect the many rare and endemic terrestrial (rather than epiphytic) succulents from the dry parts of north-east and south-east Brazil, and from the rocky East Brazilian Highlands, which rise out of the dry zone.
Eastern Brazil. This area includes the seasonally dry, deciduous thorn forests ("caatinga" and "agreste") and associated highlands ("campos rupestres") of northeastern Brazil, plus rock outcrops in the savannas ("cerrados") of the central/eastern parts of the adjoining states of Tocantins and Goiás, and, going south into south-eastern Brazil, dry areas and campos rupestres in the states of Minas Gerais (excluding the extreme west and south-west) and Espírito Santo (inland valleys and inselbergs only). This area is home to about 100 broadly defined Cactaceae species (90 per cent endemic, including 10 endemic genera, Taylor and Zappi, ined.), c. 80 more narrowly defined, ± succulent species of Bromeliaceae, represented by Encholirium (endemic, c. 20 spp.) and numerous species of Dyckia (c. 90 per cent endemic), and many, mostly weedy and inadequately understood Portulaca and Talinum taxa, besides a few succulents from other families.
Of special conservation concern are endemic species of the cactus genera Discocactus (6 spp., 5 endemic), Uebelmannia (endemic, 3 spp.), and Melocactus (M. conoideus, M. deinacanthus, M. glaucescens, M. paucispinus), which are Critically Endangered, Endangered, or Vulnerable and have been placed on Appendix I of CITES to afford them protection from the export trade. Most of these endemics are known from only one or very few localities, where the populations number between less than ten to at most 500 individuals. Discocactus horstii, D. placentiformis, D. pseudoinsignis, D. zehntneri ssp. boomianus, Melocactus glaucescens, M. paucispinus (both known from only two or three small sites each), and all Uebelmannia spp. (U. buiningii Critically Endangered, cf. Braun and Esteves Pereira 1988) are threatened primarily by trade, including regular collection of plants for seed production, or of seeds in habitat for wholesale export in large quantities. Discocactus bahiensis and Melocactus deinacanthus (the latter with only two populations known) are more seriously threatened by agricultural development, and both the former and D. zehntneri ssp. zehntneri had their ranges and numbers significantly reduced by inundation from the Represa de Sobradinho, a huge dam lake created in the 1970s on the São Francisco River (Bahia/Pernambuco). Repeated commercial collecting was only partly responsible for the decline of Melocactus conoideus, a species Critically Endangered due to the extraction of the quartz gravel in which it grows, and threatened with extinction at its type and only known locality above the expanding city of Vitória da Conquista, southern Bahia (Taylor 1992). Some documented plants still exist in cultivation and could be used to effect its reintroduction to the wild, should attempts to find new populations near its original habitat fail. The tall columnar species, Micranthocereus dolichospermaticus (from karstic Bambuí limestone outcrops of difficult access in south-west Bahia), has attractive young seedlings appreciated by the horticultural trade and may be in danger from the practice of felling mature individuals to facilitate the collection of seed for wholesale export. Export of seed is not controlled for CITES Appendix II species such as this, which deserves further investigation in habitat to determine if it should be proposed for Appendix I listing.
The driest zone of eastern Brazil, namely the "caatinga" and its ecotones with Atlantic Forest to the east (known as "agreste"), dry forests to the south (in Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo) and savannas ("cerrados") to its west (Maranhão to Goiás), represents a severely disturbed ecosystem (Andrade-Lima 1981), which has been subject to forest clearance for agriculture over more than two centuries. However, in general many succulents have probably suffered less than most other plants as a consequence of their frequent occurrence on rock outcrops unsuitable for cultivation or livestock grazing. Thus, many species of succulent Bromeliaceae (Dyckia, Encholirium), Coleocephalocereus, various Pilosocereus, and some Melocactus (e.g. M. ernestii, M. oreas) have significant populations in places dominated by gneiss/granite inselbergs, which are probably at less risk from habitat modification unless situated near expanding towns. Of those cacti that are not mainly restricted to rock outcrops, the least threatened are those which seem able to regenerate when their forest habitat is cut over. These include Cereus jamacaru, Pereskia grandifolia, P. bahiensis, and P. stenantha, and all are also conserved by their use in the form of impenetrable livestock fences or as hedges surrounding homesteads, both within and sometimes outside their natural ranges. A few very widely distributed endemic cacti which inhabit little-utilised or sufficiently diverse habitats are probably not at risk, even though their numbers may have dropped significantly, e.g. Facheiroa squamosa, Harrisia adscendens, Opuntia inamoena, Pilosocereus gounellei ssp. gounellei and P. pachycladus s.l. However, other, mostly wide-ranging succulents that are mainly found growing in the soil of the caatinga-agreste, or on exposed rocks more or less level with the floor of the surrounding thorn forest, have suffered considerable reductions in their distributions and abundance through forest clearance. Endemic cactus species affected in this way, whose ranges now appear to be strongly fragmented, include Arrojadoa penicillata, A. rhodantha, Brasilicereus phaeacanthus, Cereus albicaulis, Coleocephalocereus goebelianus, Melocactus salvadorensis, M. zehntneri, Opuntia palmadora, Pereskia aureiflora, Pseudoacanthocereus brasiliensis, Pilosocereus catingicola s.l., P. floccosus ssp. quadricostatus, P. flavipulvinatus, P. glaucochrous, P. pentaedrophorus s.l., Stephanocereus leucostele, Tacinga braunii, and T. funalis. Although most of these are unlikely to become seriously threatened in the immediate future, regular monitoring is essential if some are not to become endangered in the longer term. The same applies to some locally abundant and spectacular caatinga bottle-trees or "barrigudas" from the Bombacaceae (Cavanillesia arborea, Ceiba insignis s.l., C. jasminodora and Ceiba sp. indet. (SW Bahia)), whose habitats have decreased sharply, especially in southern Bahia, adjacent Minas Gerais and drier parts of western Espírito Santo.
Of more urgent concern are Melocactus azureus ssp. azureus and M. pachyacanthus, which have smaller ranges and are restricted to local low-lying outcrops of limestone, whose vegetation gets destroyed when the surrounding caatinga forest is cleared for cultivation. These taxa should be classified as Endangered on the basis of their known populations (see Taylor 1991b: 40-41), but further field studies are needed in the remoter parts of northern Bahia state, where additional and less disturbed habitats could exist.
Other succulents from the caatinga, whose native populations may be threatened, include the complex of species allied with Euphorbia phosphorea, certain members of the Cucurbitaceous genus Apodanthera (e.g. A. succulenta, A. congestiflora), Dioscorea basiclavicaulis, and Marsdenia sessilifolia, but, unfortunately, little is known about their conservation status, although some appear to be Rare or of restricted distribution (Rizzini 1989, Jeffrey 1992, Rizzini and Mattos-Filho 1992). Even if succulents found on raised rock outcrops within the caatinga are generally at less risk from agricultural development etc., some, and particularly those close to roads or human settlements, are at risk from the quarrying of stone for building materials. Those found only on limestone outcrops are probably most at risk (viz. Encholirium (3 spp. indet. cited by Andrade-Lima 1977:191), Facheiroa cephaliomelana s.l., Melocactus azureus ssp. ferreophilus, M. levitestatus, Micranthocereus dolichospermaticus, M. estevesii, Pilosocereus albisummus, P. densiareolatus, P. diersianus, P. flexibilispinus, P. floccosus, P. gounellei ssp. zehntneri, Opuntia saxatilis, O. estevesii), but gneiss, granite, and other crystalline rocks are also quarried and, if this should take place at the site(s) of one of the very local taxa, extinction could be sudden (e.g. Marsdenia megalantha (Mun. Iramaia, BA), Encholirium sp. nov. (Mun. Tanhaçú, BA), Coleocephalocereus purpureus, Espostoopsis dybowskii, Melocactus deinacanthus, Opuntia werneri). O. werneri is already threatened at one of its localities through granite quarrying (Rui Barbosa, BA) and the other species are each known from only one or two localities.
The few and mostly relatively small protected areas within the vast caatinga zone are as follows:
These can offer protection to only few and mostly the widespread species noted above, since, unfortunately, there are currently no significant protected areas in the southern part of the caatingas zone (central-S Bahia to N Minas Gerais), where higher species diversity and endemism is matched by a most disturbing level of habitat destruction (mainly for agriculture and charcoal production). One of the most important areas needing protection amongst the southern caatinga-agrestes is the middle section of the Rio Jequitinhonha valley (i.e. Araçuaí to Jacinto) in north-eastern Minas Gerais, where a remarkably rich assortment of succulent plants exists (Rizzini and Mattos-Filho 1992), including many endemic and potentially threatened cactus species (Taylor and Zappi 1992). Another promising site for protection, with a comprehensive range of southern caatinga cacti, including the rare Espostoopsis dybowskii, is situated to the east of the village of Porto Alegre, on the north bank of the Rio de Contas, Mun. Maracás, Bahia. Other sites need to be identified for the conservation of succulent taxa characteristic of the deep soils and Bambuí limestone outcrops in the valley of the São Francisco River (especially for Bombacaceae and columnar Cactaceae). One such would be the massive raised outcrop south of the town of Iuiá on the east bank of the river (Bahia) which, besides some spectacular bottle-trees of Cavanillesia and Ceiba growing around its base, has two very local endemics (Facheiroa estevesii, Opuntia estevesii) restricted to the rock itself. Other sites should be found on the west side of the river, where further endemics, such as the aforementioned Micranthocereus dolichospermaticus and Facheiroa cephaliomelana, are located.
The East Brazilian Highlands, with their mosaic of "campo rupestre" and "cerrado" vegetation (Giulietti and Pirani 1988; Zappi and Taylor 1994:77), represent the least modified of the environments considered under the present heading of eastern Brazil. However, they have as many if not more endemic succulent species than the caatingas-agrestes just discussed, and many are of extremely local occurrence and therefore potentially at risk. Widespread and mostly common, non-threatened exceptions include Cottendorfia florida, Cipocereus minensis ssp. minensis, Leocereus bahiensis, Melocactus bahiensis, M. concinnus, Pilosocereus aurisetus ssp. aurisetus, Micranthocereus purpureus, and Stephanocereus luetzelburgii, the latter two endemic to the extensive uplands of the Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, and also found within its national park (Mucugê-Lencóis).
Utilisation of the campos rupestres is limited to cattle grazing, with associated burning to induce regrowth, and local extraction of some plants, e.g. Eriocaulaceae (dried flower export trade - a serious conservation issue), orchids, and Vellozia spp., and there is also limited disturbance caused by small scale mining for gold and precious stones. Some parts where cerrado vegetation is more abundant are being cut over for the production of charcoal and later converted into Eucalyptus plantations, especially in Minas Gerais state, where this activity is one of the factors threatening Uebelmannia spp. and Cipocereus crassisepalus. The burning for cattle grazing does affect some native populations of succulents, but the regular collection of plants, and nowadays more especially of seed, of certain rare cacti may be cause for greater concern.
In addition to some of the CITES Appendix I taxa noted above, the following campo rupestre / cerrado cacti are known from only one or two small populations, or at best have a very localised range which does not include any kind of designated protected area (cf. Taylor and Zappi, ined.): Arrojadoa dinae (especially the rare variant known as A. eriocaulis), Arthrocereus rondonianus, Brasilicereus markgrafii, Cipocereus bradei, C. crassisepalus, C. laniflorus (sp. nov. ined.), C. pusilliflorus, Melocactus violaceus ssp. ritteri, Micranthocereus albicephalus, M. auriazureus, M. polyanthus, M. streckeri, M. violaciflorus, Pilosocereus vilaboensis, P. aurisetus ssp. aurilanatus, and P. fulvilanatus ssp. fulvilanatus and rosae.
Similarly restricted taxa located within protected areas are rather few: Arrojadoa bahiensis (Parque Nacional Chapada Diamantina, Bahia), Cipocereus minensis ssp. pleurocarpus (Parque Nacional da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais), Arthrocereus melanurus ssp. nov. (Parque Estadual de Ibitipoca, MG) and Pilosocereus rupicola (Estação Ecológica da Serra de Itabaiana, Sergipe). If extended slightly to its west, the first-listed would include a second population of the remarkable A. bahiensis. The last-named Pilosocereus is possibly endangered or even extinct, but has not been investigated in habitat in recent times. The Serra da Piedade (Mun. Caeté, MG) is not a designated protected area, but a site of religious significance, which has a population of Arthrocereus glaziovii, a specialised species restricted to rocks very rich in iron ("canga"), many of its former habitats having disappeared through ore extraction. It is also the type and only known locality for Dyckia simulans. Numerous, other, little-known species of Dyckia and some Encholirium are recorded from various serras in central and eastern Goiás and especially from the regions of Diamantina, the Serra do Cipó and serras further south in Minas Gerais state. These deserve further study in the field to determine their taxonomic and conservation status. A peculiar and specialised cactus, found in the sandy cerrados bordering on the caatinga and campo rupestre zones, from western Bahia to central-eastern Minas Gerais, is Cereus mirabella. It is widespread but of erratic occurrence and much of its habitat is being destroyed by charcoal producers, so its status needs to be monitored carefully.
Locations where new protected areas are needed to assist the conservation of the above listed rarities, including the earlier discussed CITES Appendix I cactus taxa, are as follows and are listed in the Action Proposals.
Atlantic Forest. This comprises the coastal rain forest ("Mata Atlântica" in its strictest sense) and sandy littoral dunes ("restingas") of north-eastern Brazil and their extensions southwards, where the former broadens and merges with the planalto forests of south-eastern and southern Brazil, reaching the northern part of Rio Grande do Sul state. The area, which is very humid, has a high diversity of epiphytic cacti from the tribe Rhipsalideae, but, as is now well known, only a small fraction of the original forest remains. Endemic Rhipsalideae include the horticulturally and economically important genera Schlumbergera (6 spp.) and Hatiora (5 spp.). A few very widespread or regionally common taxa, such as the epiphytic Hatiora salicornioides f. salicornioides, Lepismium cruciforme, L. houlletianum, L. warmingianum, Rhipsalis floccosa, R. lindbergiana, R. teres, R. elliptica, and R. cereuscula, and the non-epiphytes Brasiliopuntia brasiliensis, Opuntia monacantha, Cereus fernambucensis, Pilosocereus arrabidae, and P. brasiliensis are probably to be regarded as at low risk, but the remaining Brazilian endemic species are of conservation concern to varying degrees. For example, the wide-ranging but erratically occurring restinga taxa, Melocactus violaceus ssp. violaceus and ssp. margaritaceus, are threatened at various points in their ranges by touristic developments and other forms of urban expansion. Particular species diversity "hot spots" are found in southern Espírito Santo state (between Domingos Martins and the Serra do Caparaó) and around and between the great cities of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, various taxa being endemic to very small areas. The flora of southern Espírito Santo is poorly understood, but includes a recently described species of Christmas Cactus, Schlumbergera kautskyi (known from only two or three small sites), and the remarkable, red flowered Rhipsalis hoelleri. Other species are represented by disjunct populations, often at their northern limits, such as Hatiora salicornioides f. cylindrica, Rhipsalis cereoides, R. pilocarpa, R. campos-portoana, and Schlumbergera microsphaerica (the latter two within the boundaries of the Parque Nacional do Caparaó).
Further south the diversity of epiphytic and epilithic Rhipsalideae increases markedly along the coast and in the Serra do Mar westwards from Cabo Frio (RJ), where also an isolated member of tribe Cereeae, Pilosocereus ulei, is narrowly endemic on coastal rocks. Rhipsalis pentaptera, a species relatively common in cultivation, is presumed to be extinct in the wild, since its only recorded native site is within what is now the city of Rio de Janeiro (at Praia da Gávea). Other rare and probably vulnerable (but inadequately studied) species of Rhipsalideae from the region of Rio de Janeiro include Rhipsalis pacheco-leonis, R. cereoides, R. mesembryanthemoides, and Schlumbergera orssichiana. Rhipsalis burchellii is known for certain only from the metropolitan region of São Paulo, and a substantial part of its presumed former habitat appears to have been either destroyed completely or severely affected by industrial pollution. Hatiora herminiae and H. epiphylloides are each known from only two relatively small areas of montane cloud forest between Rio and São Paulo and should be classified as endangered due to forest clearance, even though they are at least partly found within protected areas (the former in the Parque Estadual Campos do Jordão, SP, the latter in the Parques Nacionais do Itatiaia, RJ/MG, and Serra da Bocaina, RJ/SP). Other species of Rhipsalideae from this part of the Atlantic Forest and montane forest zones appear to have greater ranges, but are infrequent, disjunct or seldom observed. These include Hatiora salicornioides f. cylindrica, Rhipsalis neves-armondii, R. grandiflora, R. pilocarpa, R. clavata, R. pulchra, Schlumbergera truncata, S. russelliana, and S. opuntioides. Protected areas that include or probably include one or other of these species are the Parques Nacionais da Floresta da Tijuca and da Serra dos Orgãos (RJ), the Parques Estaduais de Ilha Grande (RJ), de Ibitipoca (MG), de Campos do Jordão and de Picinguaba (SP), and the Reservas Biológicas de Poço das Antas, de Paranapiacaba, da Juréia, Ilhabela and that proposed for the Serra do Japi (SP). Destruction of the Atlantic Forest has been greatest in north-eastern Brazil, where only 5-10 per cent remains and, therefore, our knowledge of the flora is correspondingly fragmentary. It is quite possible that epiphytic Cactaceae from here have become extinct before discovery and description. In Paraíba and Pernambuco remnants of this forest include the "brejos" on higher land away from the coast, where the watersheds are important for the human populations living below them. Such forests are currently being studied and catalogued as part of an Anglo-Brazilian initiative (Plantas do Nordeste), with great emphasis being placed on the need to preserve these floristic refuges which, inter alia, include disjunct populations of cactus epiphytes, such as Lepismium cruciforme and Rhipsalis crispata. Further south, in coastal Bahia (up to 100 km inland), between the capital Salvador and Belmonte to the south, where annual rainfall is generally in excess of 1750 mm, there are occasional records of various species of Rhipsalideae, indicating a once rich centre of diversity including Hatiora salicornioides f. cylindrica, Rhipsalis paradoxa ssp. septentrionalis, R. baccifera ssp. hileiabaiana., R. russellii, and R. oblonga. With so little forest remaining it seems reasonable to assume that here all of these are threatened to a greater or lesser extent, even if some may benefit from protection in local reserves, such as the Reserva Biológica Federal de Una (south of Ilhéus). Also part of the Brazilian north-east, is the Archipelago of Fernando de Noronha, a Federal Environment Protection area. These Atlantic islands are home to at least one endemic cactus, Cereus insularis (a relative of the Brazilian coastal C. fernambucensis), which seems adequately protected at present. A second species, or perhaps a form of the first, is C. ridleii, which has not been seen since its original collection in the 1950s and may now be extinct. It is no longer in cultivation, so far as is known.
Some of the best-preserved Atlantic Forest and coastal habitats are those found in southern Brazil, in the states of Paraná, Santa Catarina, and northern Rio Grande do Sul, between sea level and almost 2000 m. Here a wide variety of Rhipsalideae could be protected if deforestation can be controlled. These include the horticulturally important Easter Cacti, Hatiora gaertneri and H. rosea (its range includes Parque Nacional de São Joaquim, SC), which are characteristic of Araucaria forest, the peculiar Rhipsalis dissimilis (a widespread but infrequent SE Brazilian lithophyte protected in the Parque Estadual Vila Velha, Paraná), and the forest epiphytes Rhipsalis trigona, R. paradoxa, R. pulvinigera, R. puniceodiscus, R. pachyptera, and R. campos-portoana. There are also at least 11 endemic and 5 non-endemic Dyckia spp., all of unknown conservation status. In the western part of southern Brazil, in the drainage of the Rio Paraná, the situation is rather different, much of the humid and savanna forest having been cleared for agriculture. Fortunately, there are no endemic succulents known from this vegetation, which extends westwards into eastern Paraguay, where it is better preserved.
Besides those mentioned already, protected areas in the species-rich Atlantic slopes of southern Brazil include the Parque Nacional de Superagui and the Federal Environmental Protection Area and Ecological Station of Guaraqueçaba (Paraná), which probably include at least some epiphytic taxa. Non-endemic succulents found in the forested and coastal parts of southern Brazil that are probably out of danger include Cereus hildmannianus and Lepismium lumbricoides.
The third and fourth areas of extra-amazonian Brazil comprise the plant communities mainly composed of grasses etc. ("campos") of southernmost Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul state) and the savannas or "cerrados" of Central-western Brazil. The relatively smaller succulent floras of these two areas and the perceived threats have much in common with those of eastern Paraguay, eastern Bolivia, and Uruguay, as discussed below.
Campos. The "campos" of Rio Grande do Sul are important for the high number of endemic and non-endemic but probably threatened taxa belonging to the Cactaceae-Notocacteae, i.e. the genera Parodia (Notocactus) and Frailea, and tribe Trichocereeae (Gymnocalycium). There are also two endemic species of Dyckia (Bromeliaceae), their conservation status Unknown. Other succulents are representatives of widespread elements characteristic of the floras of Argentina and Paraguay and probably not at serious risk as species, e.g. Cereus aethiops, Echinopsis spp., Pereskia nemorosa, and Lepismium lumbricoides (an epiphyte). As explained below, under Uruguay, the habitats of many of the endemic and threatened Notocacteae are rocky outcrops amongst agricultural land, much of the terrain being cultivated for arable crops or grazing pasture. Exceptions include the Parque Nacional Aparados da Serra, situated at the northern border of the state with part inside adjacent Santa Catarina, and including the habitats of the endemic Parodia haselbergii and P. graessneri, which are presumed to be adequately protected. The conservation status of most of the remaining 40 or so Parodia (Notocactus) taxa (many of doubtful taxonomic standing), c. 15 Frailea and 4 Gymnocalycium spp. (2 endemic), which are concentrated in the southern part of Rio Grande do Sul, needs to be determined. However, some populations are known to be very small and illegal collection to satisfy the demand for novelties by hobbyists in Europe and elsewhere is certainly taking place. There appear to be no other officially designated, protected areas including Notocacteae/Trichocereeae in Rio Grande do Sul.
Western cerrados. The "cerrado" in the states of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás, the western parts of south-eastern Brazil and easternmost Bolivia (Santa Cruz) comprise open savanna woodlands on oligotrophic (strongly weathered and leached) soils and included rocky outcrops, inselbergs and uplands, such as the Chapada dos Guimarães (Mato Grosso). The altitude varies between 300-1500 m and rainfall is in excess of 1000 mm per annum with high average temperatures for most of the year. This area has very few endemic succulents, including 8 poorly known species of Dyckia and only 5 botanically distinct species of cacti: Arthrocereus spinosissimus, Cereus adelmarii, C. saddianus, Echinopsis hammerschmidii, and Frailea chiquituna (the latter two are Bolivian endemics found on inselbergs in the ecotonal region between the "cerrado" and Amazonian forests), all of whose conservation status is inadequately known (the Arthrocereus may benefit from any protection afforded by its location inside the Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Guimarães). Widespread cactus taxa include the highly variable Discocactus heptacanthus s.l. and Pilosocereus machrisii s.l. (both fragmented into numerous ill-defined microspecies by some authors), besides a treelike species of Cereus found on calcareous outcrops, whose identity is uncertain at present (C. calcirupicola?), C. bicolor (botanical affinity uncertain) and the shrubby C. euchlorus (= Praecereus sp.). One or more Opuntia spp., Cleistocactus horstii (? - C. baumannii), Frailea cataphracta s.l. (including F. matoana, EW according to Hunt 1992), Cereus (Monvillea) kroenleinii, Gymnocalycium anisitsii, G. marsoneri (G. matoense), Harrisia guelichii (Cereus balansae), Pereskia sacharosa, Jacaratia corumbensis, Dyckia ferox, D. microcalyx, and Deutercohnia meziana also occur, but have the major parts of their ranges in adjacent Paraguay. Although the fireswept "cerrados" are not noted for succulent plants, there may be reason for concern about the status of even the widespread taxa in this large geographical area, and especially taxa restricted to calcareous soils and rocks, which are at greater risk from habitat conversion. Large scale farming operations, for both arable (especially soybean) and livestock, are modifying the environment and local assessments of the likely effects on succulent plant populations are needed. In easternmost Bolivia this environment has been used for cattle grazing for more than 200 years and is now being cultivated in some areas. The seasonally inundated region of the Pantanal (Brazil), which includes raised rocky areas where succulents are found, is currently benefitting from ecotourism and may thus be less at risk from agricultural development.


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Today we went over to Grandma and Grandpa Spencer's house for Asenath's 25th Birthday Surprise Party!! Austin and Alyssa had a lot of fun playing with the other kids that were there. Asenath was surprised when she walked in---it was Awesome!! She had the cutest cake, it was decorated as a bikini,(the bikini top and bottom were little purses) She cracked us all up when she decided to put it on! Tomorrow we have a PrimaryProgram in the morning. Austin isn't in the program this year, he is still in nursery but he will be a sunbeam next year...Then we have Aunt Jeana and Haylie's birthday party that evening...cake 2 days in a row!!
Here are some pictures of Asenath's party...enjoy!
Saturday, September 29, 2007
Posted by Chad and Kristen at 10:11 PM
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The kind of exposure that a well-written blog produces is invaluable. However, with good, solid and timely information, a corporate blog that is well-presented makes it even more valuable to its readers and to the corporation. This can create links from other websites and blogs and mentions of your blog on other blogs and websites. This can also create an internet buzz about your product or company.
Is Sales Tied to Your Blogging Efforts?
There was a very interesting post by Pilsa on their blog about blogging and the relationship that it has to sales. This question certainly asks whether or not there is a tangible factor in blogging, and the short answer is "yes." Successful blogging is directly related to profitable sales. If your corporation is blogging and strategizing their media relations efforts towards being information producers, it would be almost inevitable that they would success in their profits as well.
Sales is the final result that is desired after a marketing campaign to get the customer to buy. In blogging, making succinct and crafty blog posts is akin to the "marketing" aspect of the business. The courting period between a potential customer and the company is the time where they get to know each other. The customer gets to see how the corporation views certain issues, how they are involved in their community and how serious they are about doing business with them. Blogging is that platform where this happens. Blogging doesn't necessarily ask for the sale nor does it even hint towards one. But what blogging does do is provide enough information and slight motivation to make considerations towards a sale.
What strategies does your company utilize to campaign? How do they 'ask for the sale?'
Bridget Wright
Latest posts by Bridget Wright (see all)
- Social Media Engagement: 4 Ways to Launch an Effective Campaign - January 20, 2011
- Coca-Cola Finds Success With Its Social Media Project - January 5, 2011
- The Effects of Corporate Blog Marketing - November 19, 2010
- Is Your Company Making the Most of Social Media? - July 21, 2010
- Begin With a Tweet? Foraying Into the Social Media Landscape - July 15, 2010


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on your resume, on your business card, underneath the nameplate on your desk…you have a title. and chances are, that title doesn't matter. take me for example, group account director. i don't know, you tell me, what do i do? does my title reflect how i best provide value to my organization?
what is my personal brand promise? is that promise accurately reflected in my title? what would happen if i changed my title to match up with what i actually spend my time doing or to reflect what i really think i should be doing to provide the best value to my company and my clients? would it change my behavior? how people see me? expectations?
here are a few ways to know your title may not matter:
- someone else gave it to you
- you have the same title as the last ten people in your job (is the job really the same?)
- you get more value from your title than the people you serve (your employees, superiors, and clients)
- people see your title and have no clue what you do
i don't know about you, but i think i'm in need of a title change.
Filed under: personal branding, brand promise, personal development, resume, title, value add


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Elbow Sleeve Blouse // Long Sleeve Printed Blouse // R Essentials Urban Cami // Faux Leather Cardigan // The Iconic Straight Leg Pants // The New Classic Straight Leg Pants // Original Comfort Slight Bootcut Pants
I accepted a position in August working in long-term care as an activity aide. In this position, I dress in business casual attire. Honestly, when I was first hired, I wore a lot of cheaper clothing. By October, I've needed to replace a lot of it. I've learned that quality vs. quantity always wins.
Recently, I've fallen in love with Reitmans. I used to think it was an "old lady store", but it's become one of my favourite stores. I love the quality of the products I've purchased thus far, their products are classic and super versatile for all ages and sizes. It's definitely a win-win to buy things from there!
Side note: The New Classic Straight Leg Pants are genuinely the best dress pants I have ever worn.


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Hey everyone!
Today I'm going to show you a couple of swatches from one of my favorite brands - Essence.
Essence Here's My Number is one of Essence's textured polishes. I believe it's one of the first that came out. It's a grey based textured polish that has black and holographic glitter in it. The texture is not too apparent, especially when compared to other textured polishes that I own (such as the ones from the Golden Rose Holiday line). I wasn't too impressed with this polish. Pictured below is 2 coats + top coat for the second photo.
|Here's My Number with top coat.
Next up is Essence Off To Miami!, a gorgeous coral creme. It has the usual Essence formula - it's opaque in 2 coats. What I love about this polish is that when compared to other similar shades has a pinker appearance. Note that the swatch may be a bit off, because I had problems with the color profile of my editing software - it may appear slightly grey-ish.
Essence Purple Cherry is a deep purple polish that has a formula that's in between creme and jelly. It has the opacity of a creme, but the shine of a jelly. It's an older polish from Essence and I think that it's discontinued. Two coats for the swatch, though you might need another one if you tend to apply thinner coats.
And the last polish for today is Essence Black Is Back. I don't really have much to say about this one. It's a plain black creme polish. I got it because I didn't have a nice black polish that I could use as a base. I don't like this one though. I usually like my whites and blacks to have a "chalkier" consistency because I use them as bases for nail art. This one is way too shiny for my preference.
Thanks for reading!


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LEGO Overwatch D.VA Figure
I'm not much of an Overwatch player but I did enjoy the open beta and one of the characters that I liked to use was D.VA. As most of you know by now I am a sucker for anime style mechs and giant robots. D.VA has anime style and rides around in an awesome mech suit. A very talented builder going by the name of Stormbringer created a small but mighty LEGO version of D.VA and her bad ass mech suit. I don't know about you guys but I would definitely buy LEGO Overwatch figures like this.
One of the most unique and deadly abilities of D.VA is that her suit self destructs as a special attack or after taking too much damage. In combat situations this feature can definitely work to your advantage. Honestly there was nothing more satisfying than rushing a group of enemy players and self destructing D.VA's mech and killing them all instantly. This LEGO version of D.Va is not officially licensed of course, but I definitely think there is a market for more gaming related LEGO figures.
I have no idea how long it took to build this set or how they were able to make it so accurate. I still love it though and would totally put this on my desk. Who am I kidding? I would definitely play with this every chance I got. Anyway, I think this is pretty cool and I would love to see Blizzard allow LEGO to create officially licensed sets based off of their properties like Overwatch and Heroes of The Storm. I would probably become and avid collector.
So Nerd nation what do you think about this D.VA LEGO figure? Would you want to see LEGO make some official Overwatch sets and figures or do you think things like this are better off left in the gaming world? What other games do you think would make great LEGO figures or sets? Be sure to leave me your thoughts in a comment below, on the Facebook page, or hit me up on the Twitter page @Nerdgasmneeds. Click the images in the gallery below to see them full sized.
2 Responses to LEGO Overwatch D.VA Figure
can you tell me what pieces you used pls i want to build this soooo much !!!


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Geoffrey Wright's Romper Stomper was a landmark Melbourne film in the year of its release, 1992. Who can forget its in-your-face portrayal of an ugly behavioural extremism provoked by the ever-changing multi-cultural face of the city, especially the expanding Asian contingent in the western suburbs?
It's here that a gang of dole-bludging neo-Nazi skinheads have claimed the working-class suburb of Footscray as their own, fearlessly protecting its turf against interlopers. They have no qualms about brutally doling out punishment to any "gooks" who happen to stray into their realm. Hondo (Russell Crowe) is their charismatic leader but his charges are a mostly witless bunch of followers; loyal to the cause but with the combined mental ages of your average teenager. Only Davey (Daniel Pollack), Hondo's reserved best mate, differentiates himself from the rest, his haunted eyes reflecting a quiet intelligence beyond his subservience to Hondo. When Gabe (Jacqueline McKenzie), a disturbed young woman unwittingly walks into Hondo's local hangout, The Railway Hotel, he's instantly attracted. Before long he has even caused a public nuisance by shattering a store window just to steal a coat she randomly takes a fancy to.
Though Romper Stomper provoked a storm of outrage at the time, it never sets out to glamourise the skinhead gangs, unless one considers random racist theorizing and public displays of idiocy essential components of a desirable lifestyle. Raw depiction of their toxic, adrenalised rage, that can only lead to self-destruction ultimately, becomes crucial in informing Wright's anarchic debut feature. In the film's most memorable highly-charged set-piece, outrage at the slipping away of White Australian values is amplified to fever pitch as a confrontation at the Railway – which a group of Vietnamese are negotiating to buy – spills over into a massive street brawl.
The skinheads are the aggressors initially but an urgent call for backup sees carloads of Vietnamese youths from the nearby streets converging upon the site. A bloody, brilliantly staged ten minute sequence spills out into the streets and then the skinheads' hideaway where they backtrack in systematic retreat, finally outnumbered. Filmed in-close by cinematographer Ron Hagen with an immediacy that will leave you struggling to catch your breath with the intensity of the hand-to-hand combat, it does beg one question as the skinheads' hideaway is finally torched: where the hell are the police during all this? They do finally arrive on the scene but it's well after the majority of the participants have dispersed.
Hondo wants revenge more than anything but his posse is suddenly exposed as a fragmented shell of underprepared young men who, rather than having their instincts sharpened by confrontation, have become dulled by both its associable dangers and the unexpected ferocity of the surging Vietnamese youths. With unwanted clarity, Hondo begins to sees himself as a lone force who will inevitably have the bear the full brunt of responsibility, the others solely dependant on him for direction and survival. His mood worsens as their dwindling core group holes up in an abandoned warehouse; he even turns on Gabe, especially after a raid on her father's opulent home goes awry, the spoils that were within easy grasp stupidly squandered as they're sent scurrying into the night, tails between their legs like frightened animals.
The towering presence of Crowe and his impact on the response the film generated can't be understated; he's a frightening figurehead for these disaffected, misguided youths, intimidation stamped in every glare and tirade against the tainted bloodlines invading a homeland he sees slipping beyond the domain of whites. McKenzie, in her stunning feature debut, is able to exactingly evoke the duality of Gabe's inner turmoil with its conflicting forces of strength and vulnerability skillfully meshed to form an empathetic, fascinating composite. Pollack's post-production suicide still leaves a bittersweet stain on memories of the film now, his dignified performance another real key to its success. Ultimately, Davey proves to be a crucial counterweight to triangulate against the dynamic, extreme personalities of Hondo and Gabe, and it's he who shows greatest courage when it matters most as the unstable moral low ground of the trio threatens to shift and leave them grasping for purchase.
The years have hardly dulled the impact of this remarkable and increasingly relevant film. Though it can be viewed as an unsettlingly brutal and honest snapshot of Melbourne's west, the broader implications contained within are hard to shake off. Indeed, Romper Stomper remains a persuasive reminder of the capacity for ugly, primal instincts to assert themselves amidst the squalor and congestion of urban life; to create a platform for tiny spot fires that, spreading into a blackened pool of racial hatred and misunderstanding, have a genuine capacity to begin and sustain a war of attrition that, as history tells us, has no end.


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(Adds details)
*Record crude sustains energy stocks
*Profit-taking, inflation concerns weigh
TORONTO, May 21 (Reuters) - The Toronto Stock Exchange's main index was little changed on Wednesday as record-setting crude boosted energy stocks, but profit-taking and concerns over inflation chipped away at other sectors.
After a wobbly start, the S&P/TSX composite index .GSPTSE was up 4.86 points at 15,052.20.
Oil futures jumped above $130 a barrel after data showed U.S. crude stocks dropped unexpectedly last week, boosting the influential energy group by 0.6 percent.
"The key word is crude," Joe Ismail, technical analyst at Maison Placements Canada. "All of the technical oscillators, even the fundamentals, are overextended on oil."
Canadian Natural Resources (CNQ.TO) was flat at C$105.36. However, Talisman Energy TLM.TO, which late on Tuesday detailed a plan aimed at boosting returns, dropped 30 Canadian cents to C$24.60.
Elsewhere, the financial and technology sectors were slightly lower.
Among individual stocks, Potash Corp of Saskatchewan POT.TO led all decliners on Wednesday, dropping C$4.70 to C$197.00. Research In Motion RIM.TO fell C$2.16 to C$135.06.
Financial stocks dipped 0.3 percent, with Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CM.TO) down C$1.32 at C$72.09.
Stocks may have been bruised by a consumer price index reading that showed Canadian inflation rose more than expected last month, dampening prospects for future rate cuts. See: [nN21333512]
On the upside, gold firms added 0.8 percent as spot gold climbed more than $5 to $925 an ounce. Goldcorp (G.TO) was up 72 Canadian cents at C$43.37. ($1=$0.99 Canadian) (Reporting by Jonathan Spicer; Editing by Scott Anderson)


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We have been working on PPC Campaigns for over 15 years and managing Google AdWords accounts since the very first day the service launched. Managing PPC campaigns is not an easy task and could get very expensive if you're not sure exactly what you are doing. Whether you need a brand new campaign set up from scratch or simply want us to take over your existing campaign, we can work with you and keep your costs down.
What is PPC? – Also known as Search Engine Marketing or SEM, PPC is a form of Internet marketing that seeks to promote websites by increasing their visibility in search engine result pages through the use of paid placement, contextual advertising, and paid inclusion. PPC is short for Pay per Click. Translation = you are buying placement on Google or other Search Engines and paying for the keywords you want to show up for.
How do we do it? – Through extensive keyword research and analysis, Faughnan Media works with clients to determine that strategy that is right for you. Whether your goal is to generate more visits to your site, sell a product or generate leads, we can manage your PPC Campaigns and save you time and money.
Services include:
1. Landing Page Optimization – one of the key elements to a successful PPC campaign is having the right landing page. If your landing page doesn't have the right look, feel, or offer….it simply will not work. Faughnan Media Group can advise your team on how to create the best landing page or we can do it for you.
2. Campaign Setup or Optimization – We work with client's to find out their goals and help them achieve the best possible results. From setting up campaigns, deciding which keywords to buy, bidding on those words and tracking the results, Faughnan Media Group can help you spend your advertising dollars more wisely and improve your ROI.
3. Analysis and Reporting – We will track progress, report on the results, and communicate them to you in simple / logical terms so we can make educated decisions together.
4. Ongoing Management – Faughnan Media Group will work closely with you from the beginning, but our goal is do a great job for you and gain your trust so you don't have to worry about managing PPC campaigns ever again. You'll be in good hands and you can focus on your business while we handle your PPC.


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Tips to Follow While Selecting an Industrial Truck
Before deciding on whether to invest in any activity, its advisable to consider the merits and demerits of such investment. Determining the areas of your industry which is in need of the industrial trucks is a critical step to be considered before investing in any truck. In most cases, the forklifts are tailored to meet the needs of one person and not many people. It's very crucial to ensure that the lift offers all needs in all departments. In most instances, forklifts will come in different designs and it's therefore very crucial to discuss with the selling company about the type of forklift you require for your industry such as hiloindustrial.
You need to see whether the cost of renting is less compared to when you possess the equipment totally. When buying the equipment you will incur a lot of expenses such as insurance, cost of maintenance among others. Sometimes it's economical to lease the truck rather than owning it completely to cut down on the cost. Renting is not preferable when you wish to use the machine for an extremely long period.
The length of your job is a crucial aspect which tells whether you need the equipment or not. Of all the factors, the length of your job determines whether you should rent or buy the equipment. You should determine whether you require the machine for a short-term span or if you need it for many years. Inspecting the frequency of your activities is critical to selecting the type of machine that is suitable for you.
You need to consider the equipment availability. One of the main demerits of leasing is that the truck is not of use anytime you need. Hence you should consider buying. This means that you can take care of every project whenever they arise. Having full ownership of the equipment will help you have control over it and easily flexible to changes in demand.
You should inspect the company from which you want to buy the truck from. Before buying the truck you should make sure that the company is authorized to do so. You should be very careful since there are many fake dealers selling the industrial trucks out there. The a company should possess the documents of the equipment, and it's your duty to inspect them thoroughly. You should be very keen since getting into agreements with unlicensed sellers can make you lose the money and property altogether. The above tips should be inspected before one decides on whether to buy equipment or not.


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You have finally obtained your "judgment" from the court awarding you possession of the leased premises on a particular date which could be anywhere from "immediate (the date the judgment is entered by the court) possession" to a possession date seven to ten days in the future.
The possession date comes and goes and amazingly the tenant (who probably has not paid you rent for many months now and is trashing the place) has not moved out. What do you do?
Technically, as long as there is no "breach of the peace", the judgment gives you the legal right to retake possession by going into the leased premises, removing all of the tenant's personal property, placing it on the curb and changing the locks. This is called the "physical eviction".
However, your unpleasant experiences with the tenant over these past many months has taught you that the tenant would love nothing more than to provoke you into a confrontation during the physical eviction as an excuse to beat you to a pulp or as a pretext to feigning some sort of injury to the tenant or damage to the tenant's priceless antique furniture, art and heirlooms for which the tenant will call the police to have you arrested and/or hire a attorney to sue you or
That is why I counsel my landlord clients that unless they can be sure that the tenant and the tenant's family is not going to be present when the physical eviction takes place, they should coordinate the physical eviction of the tenant with the sheriff of the county in which the leased premises is located.
The sheriff's office will give you a time and date that they will have one or more sheriff's deputies standing by outside the leased premises simply for the purpose of keeping the peace during the physical eviction. Once I know that time and date, I then mail a "Notice of Physical Eviction" to the tenant containing the future time and date that the physical eviction will take place. This is not so much a courtesy to the tenant as it is a wake up call that the tenant best get out before their stuff gets dragged out to the street. If at any point the tenant does voluntarily move out, you can always contact the sheriff's office to cancel the physical eviction and avert the sheriff's charges.
The deputy assigned to the physical eviction will not assist you in removing any of the tenant's property. That is why the landlord needs to arrive at the physical eviction with several helpers who can perform the dirty work of hauling out the tenant's belongings as quickly as possible and placing them on the curb. Once on the curb, the landlord has no further responsibility for what happens to the tenant's property. If fact, after a physical eviction takes place in many of the apartment complexes my clients own and/or manage, like sharks to bloody water, a vast number of people seemingly appear out of mid air to "pick" through the tenant's belongings as if a huge yard sale was taking place only with even better deals. I only caution my clients and their helpers that they should refrain from the urge to join in the scavenging of the tenant's belongings as it might create the impression that the landlord's motive for the physical eviction was for ill gotten gain rather than merely recovering possession of the leased premises. Again, having the deputy present during the physical eviction is primarily for the protection of the landlord and the landlord's helpers against bodily harm and the raising of false allegations by the tenant against
So, what does it cost to have a Sheriff's Deputy stand by during the physical eviction? It varies from county to county. For example, the Peoria County Sheriff currently charges $43.30 per officer per hour (usually 2 officers) and charges an additional $20.00 to "serve" the tenant with the sheriff's own notice of the time and date of the physical eviction. The Woodford County Sheriff currently does not charge for the service.
The Tazewell County Sheriff, Robert Huston, currently does not charge for having a deputy standing by during a physical eviction, but he was recently quoted in an article that appeared in the Peoria Journal Star newspaper on February 1, 2014 as saying that it cost the county $66.41 per hour in terms of equipment and labor for that service which is the largest disparity between any cost to the county to deliver a service and the amount of the fee charged. He goes on to say that his office performs about 100 physical evictions per year. So, in the future you are likely to start paying a fee to the Tazewell County Sheriff for having a deputy stand by during physical evictions.
On a final note, you can't legally combine a claim for damage to the unit with your law suit for eviction. Therefore, a separate law suit has to be brought against the tenant in order to seek recovery for the amount of damage to the leased premises which exceed the amount of the security deposit (if any). That is why I would recommend that the landlord bring a camera and at the conclusion of the physical eviction take photographs to document any damages to the leased premises. Print the photos out and put the name of the person who took the photograph on the back of the print, the date the photo was taken and what is supposed to be depicted in the photo (e.g., the hole in the wall above the toilet in the bathroom or the cigarette burns on the livingroom carpet) as without some sort of explanation being placed on the back of the photo, you will be amazed how confusing your photos can become through a lapse of time ("Yea, I see a bicycle and landscape timber, but what was again I was trying to show?"). If you later have a trial on the damage issue, the person who actually took the photos should be the one to testify as to what is depicted in those photos. In the event that the tenant later sues the landlord in protest of the amounts that the landlord has deducted from the security deposit for cleaning and repairs of damages "beyond reasonable wear and tear" (applicable the legal standard) or in his or her own defense at trial, the tenant argues that the leased premises was not in that bad of shape when tenant left it, I have always found it to be true at trial that "one picture is worth a thousand words".


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Wood Group has combined with Amec Foster Wheeler to form a new global leader in the delivery of project, engineering and technical services to energy and industrial markets. To find out more about Wood visit our new website at www.woodplc.com
Chongqing Chemicals & Pharmaceutical Holding Company (CCPHC) and BASF plan to develop a common 400,000-tonnes-per-year MDI facility at Changshou, Chongqing.
This state-of-the-art facility was from the centre of an integrated chemical production complex operating in the Changshou Economic & Technological Development Zone. MDI is the main raw material used for the production of polyurethanes.
Our scope in the basic and detailed engineering, procurement, construction and commissioning phases includes two parts:
1. Overall site complex integration management and CCPHC(including JVs) and BASF interface management, and
2. Project management of CCPHC & JV plants, including:
|Chongqing, P.R. China
|CCPHC and BASF
|Project management in basic and detailed engineering, procurement, construction and commissioning phases
|2011 – ongoing


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The presidents of Iran, Turkey and Russia are to meet in the Turkish capital of Ankara to discuss matters of common interest, especially regional issues and the ongoing fight against terrorists in Syria.
Iranian President Hassan Rouhani and his Russian and Turkish counterparts Vladimir Putin and Recep Tayyip Erdogan, respectively, will discuss the ongoing situation in the war-torn Arab country on Wednesday.
Presidents of the three countries, as guarantors of ceasefire in Syria, will hold the meeting on the same day that the Russian capital is to host Moscow International Security Conference, which will be attended by defense ministers and other high-ranking officials from about 30 countries.
The important point about the trilateral summit is total exclusion of Western countries, especially the United States, despite claims by Washington that it has been playing a leading role in the fight against terrorist groups in Syria.
A Turkish official, who spoke on condition of anonymity, was quoted by the country's Daily Sabah website as saying that the French President Emmanuel Macron had indicated his willingness to take part in the meeting, but his offer was turned down by Iran.
The official noted that although Macron was willing to partake in the Ankara summit and Turkey agreed to his presence, he was finally excluded due to opposition from Iran.
The Ankara summit will be the second such meeting among three countries' presidents, the first of which was held in Russia's resort city of Sochi on November 22 last year.
During the Sochi summit, Rouhani lauded the defeat of the Daesh terrorist group in Iraq and Syria, but underlined the need for continued battle against terrorism until the eradication of all Takfiri terrorist outfits in Syria.
Iran's Ambassador to Moscow Mehdi Sanaei on Tuesday highlighted the significance of trilateral cooperation and said, "Cooperation among Iran, Russia and Turkey is an example of regional cooperation, which has resulted in considerable achievements."
He added that Tehran-Moscow-Ankara cooperation on finding a solution to the crisis in Syria proved that such interaction could play a more effective role in solving regional issues, including the fight against terrorism.
The Iranian envoy emphasized that the Ankara summit and the Moscow conference would highlight the important point that "regional issues and problems can be solved only through regional talks."
Sanaei added that the two simultaneous meetings "can lead to considerable results for regional peace and stability."


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The organization principle recommends the use of "chunking" information in order to make the most important information the primary focus of the graphic (Lohr, 2008). For this project, I selected the top three "take-aways" that I want my students to focus on when they begin to design their courses using the CoI Framework. In order to create my "chunks", I had to review the three presences in their entirety and focus on the big ideas, rather than the small considerations made throughout the section. The process was time consuming, but will help the learners get started in their CoI Framework course designs.
Justification of Organization-Considered Design
- Describe your users (people that will see the typography in the unit).
The users of my unit will be educators, either undergraduate or graduate level, that are learning the Community of Inquiry (COI) Framework in relation to online course design. It is assumed that they are adults with at least one student experience in online education. The users would be capable of reading college-level material.
2. Why does your design solution work?
The most important information regarding the three presences are chunked into sequential lists. I considered the "seven to nine" rule while determining what information was going to be presented. All of the presences are have something that is difficult for the learners to create, therefore I did not represent the information hierarchically. I had the information horizontal instead of vertical, but I want the learners to be able to easily print this graphic, and the text boxes when horizontal were too large. I did my best to make the sections the same distance apart in order to create represent equal importance.
3. What did you learn from the "user-test"?
My user-test was performed on the same individual from last week's assignment. He viewed the horizontal version and agreed that the information should be vertical.
4. What changes did you make to the design after the user-test?
I have not made any changes because the feedback was positive. I will if my classmates indicate a change needs to be made.
Lohr, L. (2008). Creating graphics for learning and performance (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education


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The Zombies - Odessey & Oracle Live
Saturday, October 3, 7:30pm
Event Location:
The Zombies
The Odyssey Continues…
For the first time ever, British psychedelic pop legends, The Zombies, will bring their seminal 1968 album "Odessey & Oracle" to American stages – an event fans have awaited for almost 50 years!
This unique presentation will unite past and present….featuring both the current incarnation of The Zombies performing material from their highly-anticipated new studio album and a reunion of all 4 surviving original members, who will lovingly recreate "Odessey & Oracle" in its entirety with full instrumentation.
Founding and current members Colin Blunstone and Rod Argent will be joined original bassist/co-songwriter Chris White and drummer Hugh Grundy for their first American tour together in 5 decades bringing to our shores the long-overdue live debut of the album that marked the end of their career… and the beginning of their legacy.
Original line-up: Hugh Grundy (drums), Colin Blunstone (lead vocals), Chris White (bass/vocals), Rod Argent (keyboards/vocals), Paul Atkinson (guitar)
By 1967, The Zombies had already ridden the wave of the "British Invasion", following The Beatles as the 2nd UK band to score a #1 hit in America. With the initial success of their singles "She's Not There" and "Tell Her No", the band entered Abbey Road Studios in London with experimental ideas and 12 new songs written by keyboardist Rod Argent and bassist Chris White. The result was "Odessey & Oracle", released by CBS Records in 1968, with its famously misspelled album cover by artist Terry Quirk.
Sadly, the album failed to generate any attention upon its release, prompting the group to disband and move on to other projects. The Zombies never performed the material live, and the band would remain dormant for decades. However, this decision proved premature.
A year after their break-up, the last track on the album, "Time of the Season", became the surprise world-wide chart-topping song of 1969. And by the 1980's, "Odessey & Oracle" had been rediscovered as an enduring pop masterpiece – to this day, it continues to be embraced by new generations of fans, cited by breaking artists as a major influence, and lauded by critics as a touchstone in music.
The band members continued to stay active in the music industry throughout the years as performers, writers and producers – guitarist Paul Atkinson was a successful record label executive until he passed away in 2004.
Current line-up: Jim Rodford (bass/vocals), Rod Argent (keyboards/vocals), Steve Rodford (drums), Colin Blunstone (lead vocals), Tom Toomey (guitar/vocals)
Following the break-up of the original band, lead singer Colin Blunstone went on to develop an acclaimed solo career, and keyboardist/songwriter Rod Argent rocked '70's arenas with his eponymous band ARGENT, but the legend of The Zombies continued to take on a life of its own. By the start of the new Millennium, Blunstone and Argent were inspired to resurrect The Zombies, recruiting bassist Jim Rodford (formerly of ARGENT and The Kinks), Rodford's son Steve on drums, and renowned session guitarist Tom Toomey.
2013-2014 marked a major resurgence for the band, with two U.K. and five U.S. tours (including stops at SXSW in Austin, NYC's Central Park SummerStage, Seattle's Bumbershoot Festival and Milwaukee SummerFest)…the American release of their new album, "Breathe Out, Breathe In" (Huffington Post's David Wild called the album "inspired" and said "some songs recall the haunting melodic heights of the group's 1968 masterpiece Odessey and Oracle.")… the debut on RollingStone.com & VEVO of their first-ever music video for "Any Other Way"… a PBS Special filmed on the legendary Austin City Limits stage….Eminem's sample/cover version of "Time of the Season" on his comeback album… the amazing Keira Knightley "She's Not There" campaign for Coco Chanel… and the announcement of their first nomination to the Rock 'n' Roll Hall of Fame.
The Zombies returned to the studio in early 2015 to begin work on a new album – only taking breaks to debut new songs live during a triumphant return to SXSW, a live Yahoo! Screen broadcast from House of Blues New Orleans, and their first appearances at the UK's Great Escape and Glastonbury Festivals. The new album, "Still Got That Hunger", slated for a September 2015 release, was produced by Chris Potter (The Verve "Urban Hymns", Rolling Stones "Steel Wheels") and has been the focus of a PledgeMusic campaign, giving fans the first-time opportunity to come behind-the-scenes and the band writes and records.
Meet & Greet Package with the Zombies available at the payomet performance!
Package includes:
- One premium reserved ticket located in the first 5 rows
- Exclusive meet & greet with The Zombies
- Personal photograph with The Zombies
- VIP access to The Zombies preshow soundcheck
- Collectible, autographed vinyl copy of Odessey and Oracle
- Autographed tour lithograph (numbered, limited print)
- Exclusive Zombies tour merchandise item
- Official meet & greet laminate
Limited availability. Click 'Purchase Tickets' link to see ticketing and package options.


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to Perks Espresso Catering
We will perk up any special event or occasion with our mobile coffee bar. Perks is a unique way to add a splash of fun and elegance to any party or event, formal or informal, large or small.
Perks is perfect for wedding receptions, board meetings, client appreciations, employee appreciations, open houses, holiday parties, birthdays, grand openings, corporate events, bar/bat mitzvahs, fundraisers...you name it!
Let us help you:
- add flair and sophistication to any occasion or event.
- make a grand impression.
- show how much you appreciate your employees, clients or customers.
Whether you are planning a small intimate gathering or a corporate event, Perks will help you create a unique, memorable experience for your guests.
We do all the work, you reap all the compliments.


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As reported yesterday I think I am done with Christmas cards for 2017. So to celebrate I made a thank you card for the newest challenge at CAS(E) This Sketch. After all, when the Christmas is said and done, I've got some thank you cards to send out!
Our sketch is designed by Leigh and although I was originally leaning toward using floral images for my card I thought it would be fun to use geometric shapes instead. I settled on using these dotted circle images stamped in colors inspired by the challenge at Sunday Stamps. I used a dark gray to stamp that sentiment but it's a REALLY dark gray so it looks quite black - even in real life!
Thanks for stopping by! I hope you have a chance to check out the amazing cards that my CAS(E) This Sketch teamies have made for this challenge. They are going to knock your socks off! I hope we'll see you in the gallery!
Stamps: Dot Spot (Papertrey Ink)
Paper: White (Catherine Pooler)
Ink: Coral Berry, Ruby Red (Altenew); Blackberry Bliss (Stampin' Up!); Smokey Shadow (Papertrey Ink)
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Saturday, 16 February 2019
Last updated 43 weeks ago
Oct 23 2012 | 9:02am ET
BNY Mellon has named Marina Lewin head of sales for its asset servicing business in the Americas.
In her new role, Lewin will be based in New York and report to Samir Pandiri, CEO of Americas asset servicing & alternative investment services. Lewin will continue to lead global sales for the company's alternative investment services group.
Lewin has been with BNY Mellon since 2000. Prior to that, she was with JPMorgan and Deutsche Bank and has held a variety of roles in the securities industry, including in operations management, product management, and product development. She's also had extensive experience leading major business integration projects.
"Our AIS business has more than doubled its assets under administration the last four years, with Marina a major force behind that growth," said Pandiri in a statement. "As institutional investors continue to make alternatives a larger core of their portfolios, we'll see a sharing in the kinds of services we can offer clients on both sides. Services like prime custody also point to the growing need among hedge fund managers for wider custodial capabilities.
BNY Mellon merged its two investment services businesses—global custody and hedge fund administration—earlier this year. The firm has more than $525 billion of alternative assets under administration and custody.
Jan 30 2018 | 9:49pm ET
As the U.S. shifts from monetary stimulus to fiscal stimulus, market pricing should...
May 24 2017 | 9:25pm ET
Starting in 2019, financial industry executives sitting for the coveted Chartered...
Feb 14 2018 | 9:57pm ET
Tasked with delivering returns on client capital, a common dilemma for many alternative...


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A Techie's Guide to the Future of Tech Stocks: Microsoft
This is part of my series on Tech Stocks. So far I've covered Amazon and Apple. Next on the list – Microsoft (NASDAQ: MSFT). This article is also available at The Motley Fool. Windows 8 has generally been positively reviewed on touchscreen devices (Windows Phones and the Surface Tablet). The new breed of Windows Phone…Read More


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Another new guy here so thought I'd say hi. I am Rico and I look forward to learning more and sharing my ideas. See you around guys!
Another new guy here so thought I'd say hi. I am Rico and I look forward to learning more and sharing my ideas. See you around guys!
Welcome to the forum. A place full of wonderful, smart and helpful people.
Principal Unix System Engineer, Yoyodyne Propulsion Systems
Hey, I'm a new member here as well. Nice knowing you.
Welcome to the forum, Rico. There is a lot to learn here. I know because I've learned a lot here myself.
Hi everyone!! I am new in this community. I would say this community look like wonder full and informative about photography. I want to say that I have no more idea about photography, that's why i join this community, and want to explore ideas about photography from you guys. I hope all of you guys will welcome me and share amazing stuff about photography in this forum.
Hi Juniper,
and welcome!
Welcome aboard!
I steal time at 1/125th of a second, so I don't consider my photography to be Fine Art as much as it is petty larceny.
I'm not OCD. I'm CDO which is alphabetically correct.
Hello everyone, welcome. I'm fairly new myself too, but I already learned a lot here!
hello rico, hope we can be friend, anyway, im new too at this forum, we can learn a lot of new experience we dunno before about photograph from senior here.


text: Panerai created its very first prototype dive watches for Italian military divers in 1936. The watches, which became often called Radiomirs, went into production two years later on. In the mid-1950s, Panerai launched a fresh version using a curved, crown safety bridge. It became known as the Luminor. Till 1993, […] An Insider's Complete Review of SIHH 2017 Watch Show, its ...21 Sep, 2017 in Panerai tagged Panerai watch review


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Not even one day had passed since we graduated from our Masters, and we were off to Slow Fish, Slow Food's biannual festival of sustainable fish and fishing in Genoa. The capital of the coastal region of Liguria (best known overseas for its basil pesto), Genoa is a pretty industrial city with a hefty local shipping trade and plenty of cargo-loaded barges docked in the harbour. The port is heavy with maritime machinery, but head a few streets back and you'll find these narrow, rundown alleyways to get lost in, and a jumble of different architectural styles that I immediately fell in love with.
With just 24 hours in town with my lovely parents-for-the-weekend – Meg and Tim, generously loaned by my classmate Chelsea – we managed to pack a lot in. Our whirlwind trip was filled with street food dishes featuring all sorts of local seafood from the many food trucks and stalls at the festival, a guided visit to the bustling seafood market to learn about low-impact, sustainable fishing practices, and a walking tour of the hillside Castelletto neighbourhood – reached by catching a 100-year-old lift, the Ascensore Castelletto Levante – to discover sweeping views, covetable verdant rooftop terraces and full washing lines expertly strung outside from window to window.


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Teens and Partying
by Donna Nahlik, Chestnut Health Systems
(Teenage Son)..."Mom...Trevor is having a party this weekend...can I go?
(Mom)..."I don't think I know Trevor. How do you know him?"
(Teenage Son)..."He's in my Math class and he and James are really good friends."
(Mom)..."Are his parents going to be home?"
(Teenage Son)..."I think so...Yeah...I'm sure they are. Anyway...you should trust me. I'm a good kid."
So...does any of that sound familiar? The older our kids get, the better the chances they are spending quite a bit of time with kids that we do not know. Hourly class changes in middle and high school means your teen could interact with 100-150 other kids throughout the course of each day. Then you add in all of the activities they are involved in, and pretty soon your child has a lot of new friends.
As our teens spend more time with friends, a great deal of that time is spent away from our homes. While it is a positive and natural developmental step for them to make new friends and involve themselves in school activities, it can be worrisome for parents when their pre-teen or teen starts to spend time in (what amounts to be) strangers' homes. Parents report typical concerns about things like safety, supervision, and the availability of drugs and alcohol when their children are "hanging out" at a friend's house.
These concerns are not only normal...they are also the sign of a smart parent. Parents are right to be concerned about the environment in which their teens are spending time. Rules and circumstances are different in every household, and it is your right and responsibility as a parent to make sure that your child is surrounded by people who are aware of your family's values and who share your approach to parenting. For instance, you have the right to know if there will be adequate supervision at a party involving both boys and girls. You have the right to assure that no alcohol will be allowed at a party your high school student will be attending.
For whatever reason, many parents do not feel comfortable asking those questions. are certainly an option, but they are not the best way of handling the situation.
While we absolutely do not want to offend anyone when contacting another parent, the direct and honest approach is really the best way to handle the situation. home, make a phone call to the other parent just to introduce yourself.
The conversation could start something like this:
"Hi, this is Mary Smith and my son Thomas has gotten to be really good friends with your son Ryan. I understand that Thomas has been invited over this Friday, and I just wanted to make sure that you were aware of their plans."
"I know that Sarah and Emily are planning to hang out at your house on Friday evening. I appreciate you inviting my daughter. Will you or your husband be home during that time?"
"Hi, this is Mary Smith, and my son Tom is coming to your house for Anne's party on Saturday night. I just wanted to make sure that the party will be supervised. I hear that the party is alcohol-free and I just wanted to thank you for that. My family has strong beliefs about no alcohol use by teens and I am glad to know that the kids will be safe at your house."
"Hi, my daughter tells me that she and your daughter have gotten to be really good friends. I just wanted to introduce myself so that we can get to know each other a bit. I hear really nice things about your daughter and I wanted to let you know that they are welcome to hang out at our house this weekend if that works for you."
Once you begin the conversation, it is generally easy to get a feel for how the other parent handles certain situations. If they tell you that they are not planning to be home during a party their teen is hosting, for example, you will have to make the decision about whether or not your child will be allowed to attend. You will not know that until you ask, though.
I would also advise asking the parents about their plans for making sure that no alcohol or other drugs will be allowed at the party. Let them know about your family's "no-use" policy regarding drugs and alcohol, and ask for their help in keeping your child safe. Again, their response will let you know how to handle the situation with your own teen.
As long as you are respectful and polite, most parents will be happy that you called. In fact, they will probably be relieved because that means their child will be safe at your house as well.
Ultimately, your pre-teen or teenager is responsible for their own behavior. It is not the job of the other parent to ensure that your child makes good decisions when they out with friends. It is just nice knowing that there are other people out to provide support, knowing that we will be doing the same thing for them. Parenting is hard, and we can use all the help we can get.
The hardest part about making these kinds of calls is just picking up the phone. Remember who it is we are doing this for.
They're our kids...and they're worth it!
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Mark Knopfler
The instantly recognisable dilute blues-rock sound of Dire Straits is the creation of it's leader and songwriter Mark Knopfler.
As well as being the creator of the band's original sound, Mark also has the songwriter's gift of melody, although this too is rather restrained and understated, made up of subtle shifts which mingle beautifully with his sublime guitar work.
It is toss-up whether he will be best remembered for his songs, or for the inimitable guitar technique so admired by GOD.


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Gulf Coast Symphony is always a great hit with every crowd. We stock all tickets to every Gulf Coast Symphony show!
NASCAR Sprint Ticket | NFL Football | NHL Hockey | Major League Baseball | NBA BasketballNCAA Sports | The US Open | Masters Golf | The British Open | PGA Championship | Kentucky Derby | Rodeo


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Wednesday - July 18th, 2012
Written by: Tristan Pelligrino
Just about every day as I walk to work, I go by the Old Town theater in Alexandria, VA. Earlier this morning, I was walking down King Street towards the theater and noticed a large QR code in the window. I scanned it and the code brought me to the theater's Kickstarter page. I'm happy to see that they're going to rejuvenate the theater and make it a featured attraction in Old Town again.
After checking out the Kickstarter page on my phone, I thought about how important it is for organizations to integrate offline and online marketing initiatives. In some cases, when working with an online branding company, everyone can get focused on the digital/online aspects of marketing. However, I also thought about how important it is to keep your online and offline marketing in sync.
Below is a list that includes four key considerations for any organization looking to maintain a consistent brand across online and offline marketing initiatives.
- Be approachable – If you have a retail operation, it is very important to be personable when greeting customers. Even if you don't deal with walk-in customers, it is still very important to be approachable. So, when you put together your online marketing campaigns, make sure your content is approachable. Some key things to integrate include customer testimonials, case studies and in-depth biographies of the leadership. Your potential clients should feel comfortable when arriving at your place of business – whether that is your lobby or your website.
- Be human – It doesn't matter what type of organization you are involved with, there needs to be a human element. Marketing and sales can only go so far. At the end of the day, people buy from people. By integrating your personal story and having a "face" to your organization, online marketing efforts can still be human. In this scenario, a blog helps to document personal stories and lessons learned – from both online and offline adventures.
- Listen to customers – One of the advantages of digital marketing includes the data and the opportunity to analyze how customers interact with your content. However, it is important to keep in mind that you can learn from online and offline interactions with customers. In fact, you can use information gathered from online feedback and use this to enhance your in-person communications. For example, we like to compile a list of FAQs and develop posts around these subjects. But, I've often found that it is helpful to reference blog posts when talking with customers on the phone or in-person. Over at 522 Productions, I frequently reference a blog post that discusses the factors in pricing video productions.
- Analyze and adapt – As noted in #3 above, it is important to listen. After listening, it is imperative to analyze what your customers say and adapt. Twitter and Facebook are great platforms for encouraging feedback and responding. However, it is important to not only respond, but adapt how you meet the requirements of customers. In many cases, you may need an entire section of your website restructured based upon feedback from customers. Or, you may need to create a brand new service line to solve customer problems.
Well, there are a few thoughts that come to mind as businesses look to maintain a consistent brand, both online and offline. Now, before I forget, I'm going to have 522 make a donation to the theater. After all, it's only a block away.


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Article by Drake Mann, Gill Ragon Owen, PA, Attorneys
Thank you to Jenny Teeter for sharing this article with ASDA
For more than 20 years now, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and the rules under it have evolved. Evolution does not mean "grown hopelessly complex" for most dental practices, though.
The most-important word throughout the HIPAA framework is "reasonable." Privacy and security practices that might be reasonable for a rural dental practice with a small staff would not be reasonable for a billion-dollar insurance company with thousands of employees (and vice versa, of course).
CLICK HERE to download the remainder of the article


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This week, LBC hosted the 12th annual Research Symposium, supported by MSUFCU. Students gave oral presentations and poster presentations throughout the week on various topics from their courses.
LBC's Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SUTL) Fellows presented Monday afternoon, showcasing their projects from this year.
The following evening, 37 students presented in the MSUFCU Poster session. Students presented their work to hundreds of visitors throughout the session.
The MSUFCU Grand Prize Winner (with $1000 prize) went to Investigating the Use of Next Generation Sequencing of Mitochondrial Genomes for Species Diagnostics for R. pomonella and R. zephyria, presented by Kelly Geith, Nick Zonca, Wanda Sankey and Krista Dunger.
The event's two MSUFCU Honorable Mention Awards (along with a $250 prize) went to How many photons does it take for an Indiana Brown Bat to survive hibernation, presented by Riley Eubanks, Natalie Bobowski, Matt Horvath and Caleb Wendt, as well as Deciphering the role of MLK3: An in vivo model of metastatic breast cancer, presented by Hayden Stoub and Kathleen Gallo
Congratulations to the winners, and well done to all of the symposium participants!


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Published at Monday, January 22nd, 2018 - 08:22:58 AM. . By Dianna Gorat.
Golden hues will also be quite popular for 2018. Warm shades, including mustard yellow, brilliant marigold and sunny sunflower hues will all be making their way into the interior design world. Simple Geometric Shapes. While you likely cant remodel your bedrooms existing layout to reflect this trendy geometric pattern, there are plenty of ways to incorporate this trend into your space. Look for geometric patterns on mirrors, bedding and other basic accessories for your design. Mirrors of any style pair well with the black and white color palette, but will also pair well with any dramatic or subdued color palette, making the mirror a great accessory choice. Of course, the geometric trend doesnt just apply to mirrors. For all of your bedroom design updates, look for clean lines and basic geometric shaping.
However, don't go in for ones that have fancy patterns. Instead, buy rugs or small carpets in solid colors and interesting patterns - think geometric! Rugs in different textures can also add a touch of drama to the entire space. Furniture - Keep it stark and simple. Furniture in simple and clean lines is the hallmark of modern bedroom design. The darker the shades of wood, the better the style adaptation! Enhance the overall appearance by using modern bedroom furniture in rectangular or square shapes. Avoid circular shapes! Brushed metal and real wood look is really in. Try it. Lights - Set the mood in your modern bedroom with mood reflecting lights.
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Junior News
The club and it's members are very proud of the activity and nationally successful junior section at the tennis club.
Junior Christmas Party
Thirty nine juniors enjoyed their Christmas parties over two evenings this week. Father Christmas was kind enough to attend both parties! They enjoyed tennis fun and games on court followed by hotdogs, pizza and reindeer cookies. Thanks to all who came along and those who helped. Carolyn Pocock, Junior Rep.
Club Futures Chronicle December 2015
A message from Nigel Mann, Head Coach: "I am pleased to attach the CFS Chronicle which includes junior results from the 2015 Summer Season and final rankings as well as other very relevant information.
Compiling a newsletter is very time consuming (in particular detailing the results of players). Please could parents help by sending me the qualifying results of junior players so that I can include the successes in the next newsletter. I hope that I have not omitted any results, apologies if I have but it is tough searching for the results for so many successful players!!!"
If you have an article which wish to submit for inclusion in the next Chronicle, please do not hesitate to send it to Nigel!! The more the merrier!
Click below for the newsletter:
Club Future Chronicle Nov 2015
Junior Christmas Party 2015
Red and Orange ball players
Thursday 10th December 5-7pm – Ticket price £3 per child
Green and Yellow ball players
Friday 11th December 4.30-6-30pm – Ticket price £4 per child
Full details please click on the link: Junior Christmas Party 2015


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Robinson Airlines Pilot Hat Badge
Ithaca, NY 1945-1972
The airline began operations in 1945 as Robinson Airlines flying single engined, three passenger F-24 aircraft. As they grew in the 1950s, the DC-3 became its primary aircraft; the CV-240, CV-440 and M 4-0-4s were integrated into their fleet later. The airline also experimented with helicopter service with limited success. In 1952 Robinson was purchased by Robert Peach, and the name was changed to Mohawk Airlines as the result of a customer contest. In 1958, the airline moved their headquarters to Utica, NY in the heart of the Mohawk Valley. Mohawk upgraded their fleet with the BAC 1-11 in 1965. By 1969, all piston-engined aircraft had been retired from their fleet and Mohawk flew mainly BAC 1-11 Fairchild Hiller FH-227. From 1968 to 1971, labor and economic issues bled Mohawk financially. Unable to pay creditors at the end of that period, Mohawk entered merger discussions with Allegheny Airlines, and the merger was completed in 1972. The resulting company eventually became USAir in 1979, changing their name to US Airways in the late 1990s. US Airways merged with America West Airlines in 2005, who chose to maintain the more nationally recognized name of US Airways.


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Keepers of the Cloth Quilt Show
The Needle and Threads Quilter's Guild of Chicago hosts its 2014 quilt show October 18 (10am-6pm) - October 19 (10am-4pm) at 5531 S. Martin Luther King Drive, Chicago (Washington Park). There is parking available and the admission is $6.00 For more information about Needles and Threads, visit their website at http://www.chicagontqg.com
Chicago Artists Month at Zhou B's
Fiber artist Clairan Ferrano will be part of the show on Sunday October 19, 2:00-5:00 pm. Zhou B's is located at 1029 W. 35th St., Chicago, IL.
Round Robin Reveal
The stunning results of the round robin projects were revealed at our October guild meeting. The quilt tops were varied and all really beautiful. All those involved agreed that we would have to do this again!
It's our latest collaborative quilt! At our weekly work gatherings during September members have been busily assembling the red and white blocks into a finished quilt top. And it's GORGEOUS! Our next steps are to purchase the backing fabric and take the top and backing to our long arm quilter to finish. Depending on our quilter's schedule, members can look forward to seeing the finished quilt at either our November or December meeting.
Some of you will recall that there were 4 "extra" red and white blocks. There were different ideas about what to do with these blocks and we finally decided they should be made into two standard pillow shams to match the quilt. That way all the blocks that were created will be featured prominently.
Lakeside Quilting Guild is a registered 501(c)3 nonprofit organization. Make your tax deductible donation today.
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It is estimated that by 2020, China's urban sludge production capacity will reach 74.6243 million tons. The 2015 issue of "water 10" requires that the existing sludge treatment facilities in the end of 2017 to achieve the basic completion of the transformation, the land level and above the municipal sludge harmless at the end of 2020 up to 90%. It is estimated that the new sludge treatment equipment investment will reach 50.06 trillion, sludge treatment and disposal is a huge market.
Industrial wastewater sludge, urban sewage sludge, water sludge, rivers and lakes dredging sludge, and even oil fields after the production of sludge need to be treated. At present, the methods of sludge treatment mainly include land use, landfill, incineration and composting. Sludge incineration technology has been gradually becoming the mainstream technology of sludge treatment, which has the characteristics of reducing, stabilizing and harmless. The core equipment of sludge reduction includes the spiral dewatering machine, the belt dewatering machine centrifugal dewatering machine, the plate-frame dehydration machine and so on.
Sludge treatment industry market gradually opened, the future into this field of enterprises will also increase, competition will be more intense. In the sludge treatment industry, new enterprises to enter the field of sludge dewatering equipment, to cross what necessary "threshold"? Enterprises must first have their own core technology and a complete set of solutions, can be based on sludge treatment market. In order to develop in the medium and long term, we must have our own core technology and high cost-effective products to meet the needs of customers. "said the flower Cheng.
In recent years, sludge production has been rising, the production of sludge in 2015 was 35 million tons, increasing by 16%. With the arrival of "Thirteen-Five", the amount of sludge will increase. Compared with the increasing trend of sludge production, the effective treatment rate of sludge is low, so the present situation is both an opportunity and a challenge for environmental protection enterprises.