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The stringent Fairtrade Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning (MEL) program supports ongoing education and continuous improvement.
Monitoring and evaluation is used by Fairtrade International to increase our understanding of the benefits to Fairtrade certified producer organizations. It allows us to create recommendations for increased impact and effectiveness—to improve our standards, producer service offerings, certifications, and more—enabling us to deliver more impact for the farmers, workers and their organizations.
The Fairtrade International MEL Program (compliant with ISEALS's Impact Codes) collects monitoring data annually from Fairtrade certified producer organizations. This data allows us to build and share in-depth insights into how Fairtrade certification benefits producers around the world and identify challenges where we can improve our impact. In-depth research is essential to assess the impacts and outcomes of Fairtrade certification. Explore this data more by reviewing the latest reports below or visiting Fairtrade International's Monitoring and Evaluation Reports section (external link).
The Fairtrade MEL system commissions research on an ongoing basis, which is essential to provide a full overview of Fairtrade certified producer groups, the impact Fairtrade has had for them and their communities and what has led to the reported outcomes. It provides us with insight to the perceptions and experiences of farmers and workers and gives the essential contextual background to explain monitoring data.
One of the most important things that the Fairtrade MEL system finds is that our work is not done. Read more about where Fairtrade needs to do more.


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Music/Arts Viewpoint Article List
For More Viewpoint Articles Click Links Below
Rock On With Joe and Julie Joe Lopez and Julie Mills talk about the career of vocalist and bassist John Wetton, known for his work with Asia, King Crimson and more.
Under The Radar Bands Playing Phoenix In February Hoops, Tacocat, Surfer Blood And More Come To Phoenix In February And While These Bands Might Not Be Selling Out Huge Venues, They Still Put On Must-See Shows.
Top 10 Comics Of 2016 2016 Produced An Array Of Top-Notch Comics Including The Black Monday Murders, The Autumnlands, Brian K. Vaughn's Paper Girls And More.
Top 10 Albums Of 2016 The Past Year Offered Listeners A Range Of Quality Music Choices From American Football's Long-Awaited Sophomore Album To Rihanna's Latest Tour De Force.
China Threatens Hollywood For Film Supremacy With An Ever-Increasing Audience And Market Share, China Is Making Inroads In The Film Industry And Challenging Hollywood's Movie Dominance.
Streaming Services Succeed Where Cable Failed Shows Like Stranger Things, Transparent, Orange Is The New Black And More Prove That Netflix, Amazon, Hulu And Others Have Trumped Traditional Media.
Sallis Delivers A New Kind Of Protaganist In Willnot The Originator Of The Driver And Lew Griffin Series Has Created A New Place That Calls For A New Type Of Hero In The Form Of Lamar Hale, Doctor To A Small Town On The Fringe.
James Cameron And The Military From Terminator To Avatar, James Cameron's Films Often Depict The Military As A Malevolent, And Sometimes Bumbling, Force.
The Truth Behind Hollywood's Remake Obsession While It May Seem Like Hollywood Is Making More Remakes Than Ever, Films Like Ghostbusters And Jurassic World Are Actually Part Of A Trend That Goes Back Decades.
Warcraft And The Problem With Video Game Movies Despite Huge Fan Followings And Movie Studio Support, Video Game Film Adaptations Like Warcraft Perpetually Pale In Comparison To The Source Material.
Homegrown Durant Biopic A Solid, Engaging Trip Travis Mills, Director And Mastermind Of The Project, Deftly Weaves Plot Angles And The Performances Of Quality Hollywood Talent To Bring A Piece Of Phoenix Lore To Life.
The Waiting In Line For Star Wars Experience For Hardcore Star Wars Fans, Braving Huge Lines And Hours-Long Waits Is An Integral Part Of The Moviegoing Experience.
2015 Warped Tour: A Sweaty, Musical, Happy Mess The 2015 Vans Warped Tour Made Its Stop Through Arizona, And Opened A Very Mixed Bag Of Fun, Way Too Much Sun And Musical Treats That Somehow Makes It All Bearable.
First Look: Jurassic World The Fourth Film In The Series Suspends Disbelief With A Tale That Is Remarkably Believable, Primarily Thanks To The Real Stars Of The Film: Raptors, Indominous Rex And The Rest Of The CGI Dinosaurs.
Phoenix Film Festival Rewind: Memorable Movies The 2015 Phoenix Film Festival Recently Wrapped Up It's Eight Day Takeover Of The Harkins Scottsdale 101 And Had A Lot To Offer Attendees.
Five Phoenix Albums That Should Not Be Ignored Small Leaks Sink Ships, Wolvves, decker., The Ricardos, And The Stakes Have All Dropped New Albums In The Early Part Of 2015 And So Far It's Looking Like A Good Year For Phoenix Music.
Fairy Bones Shows Off A Flair For Dramatics Phoenix-based Synth Punk Four-Piece Will Get Dramatical On Their Debut L.P. With A Listening Party At The Welcome Diner And A Release Party Jan. 31 At Scottsdale's The Rogue Bar.
Coachella's Drake Pick Is Bad Mojo For Major Festivals The Coachella Lineup Has Been Announced And With Emo-Hip-Hop Superstar Drake Headlining, It Appears The Essence Of Cool Which Festivals Like Coachella Once Exuded Is Now Available For Purchase To The Highest Bidder.
McDowell Mountain Music Festival 2015 Lineup The Phoenix Metro's Best Musical Event Has Reached Back And Hit It Out Of The Park With Stellar 2015 Lineup Featuring Mainstream Appeal And Jam-Band Tradition, Featuring A Greater Emphasis On EDM.
ALMF: The Phoenix Metro Music Scene Rocked It In Their Fifth Edition, The Apache Lake Music Festival Grew In Leaps And Bounds: They Attracted A DIverse Group Of Bands From All Over The Phoenix Metro Music Scene With The End Result One Of The Most Fun Events Around.
Live Updates From Apache Lake Music Festival 2014 Music/Arts Editor Jeff Moses Will Be On The Ground All Weekend At Apache Lake For ALMF 2014 Providing Commentary And Exclusive Interviews At One Of The Premier Music Events In Phoenix.
Nothing 'Sublime' About A Glorified Cover Band It Is Rude And Somewhat Embarrassing To Anyone Who Ever Listened To The Bradley Nowell Line Up's Music That Eric Wilson Is Enabling The Monstrosity Known As Sublime With Rome To Tour Using The Name Sublime, Or Even Play Music At All.
It May Be Fall, But It Is Always Springtime For Hitler Arizona Broadway Theater Has Opened Their 10th Season To Uproarious Laughter And Outrageously Offensive Jokes With Mel Brooks' Hysterical Broadway Hit The Producers Featuring A Cast That Might Make One Forget They Are Not On The Real Broadway.
Summer Ends Music Disaster Luckyman's Big Time Fall Festival Falls Flat On Its Face Due To Poor Planning, Underwhelming Promotion, Incoherent Musical Acts, Way Too Many Rules, And A Destructive Storm.
Going Deep Over Deep Purple's New Tour Take A Trip Down Memory Lane And Then Back To The Future With The Original Highway Stars Who Bring To The Stage Some Of The Most Recognizable Riffs In Rock.
Apache Lake Music Festival 2014 Wishlist ALMF Is Preparing For Their Fourth Annual Festival And Since The Lineup Has Not Been Released Yet Here Is Our 10 Best Hopefuls For The Lakeside Party.
Peter Pan Opens At Arizona Broadway Theatre Peoria Based Dinner Theater Company Brings The Flying, Pirate Fighting, Perpetual Child To The Phoenix Metro With A Laugh-Heavy Rendition Of The Beloved Classic.
Summers End Music Festival Local Wish List The Three Day Music Extravaganza Is All Set At Tempe Beach Park Except For The All Important And Heavily Coveted 14 Local Time Slots, And Music/Arts Editor Jeff Moses Makes His Picks.
Wolvves Attack! Phoenix Based Garage Punks New E.P. Go Demon Or Go Home Has Bark, Bite And A Little Dangerous – A Noble Effort For An Up And Coming Band.
Keeping The Faith In Hollywood In Recognition Of Jewish-American Heritage Month, A Remembrance Of Some Of The Greatest Contributions To Popular Culture From Hollywood Icons And Legends Including Spielberg And Seinfeld.
Review Pet Shop Boys Plug New Album Electric The Synthpop/Electronic Dance Music/House/New Wave/Alternative Dance/Disco Group Most Famous For Their 1980s Hits Makes A Stop In Phoenix In Support Of Its Latest Album.
Exclusive Video Of Sleigh Bells' Return To Phoenix Brooklyn-Based "Noise Pop" Duo Made Their First Appearance in The Phoenix Metro Since 2011 And Sold Out The Crescent Ballroom For A Raucous And Celebratory Show.
NBC Sitcom Understands The 'Community' Experience Hit TV Show Is One Of Those Network Attempts At Capturing A Slice Of American Life That Gets It Right And Could Seemingly Be Happening Right Now on Any Community College Campus.
Phoenix Comicon Dominates Pop Culture In The Metro Arizona's Premier Pop Culture Event Is Exactly What It Claims To Be: The Largest, Most Attractive And Hip (For The Allegedly Not Very Hip) Event That Happens In The Southwest.
Why Are The Haymarket Squares Not Playing MMMF? If There Is A More Perfect Local Band For McDowell Mountain Music Festival Than The Haymarket Squares, It's A Mystery To Modern Times Magazine's Jeff Moses.
The Expendables 3: A Cinematic Orgy Of Stars Stallone and Company Are Preparing To Roll Out The Third Film Of Their Expendables Saga Featuring More Explosions, More One Liners, And The Addition of Han Solo, Simon Phoenix And Martin Riggs.
A McDowell Mountain Music Festival Wishlist The Headliners Have Been Announced For The Next MMMF, But Even More Important Will Be The Picks That Will Bring Phoenix Metro Flair — The Local Stage Acts.
Critics Wrongly Lament 2014 MMMF Lineup One Year After McDowell Mountain Music Festival Blew The Lid Off Of Margaret T. Hance Park, The Festival Prepares For Round Two In Downtown Phoenix By Releasing A Lineup That Is Solid, Balanced And Not Based On Name Recognition Alone.
The Breaking Bad "Felina" Finale Is A Wow Moment The Six-Year Run Of The Vince Gilligan Series Concludes With Closure For Nearly All Of The Characters, Providing A Fitting Wrap-up For The Legions Of Fans That Made The Show A Hit.
Musically Musing: The Resurrection Of The Cassette First, Audiophiles Realized How Great Vinyl Had Been And Now Everything Old Is Turning New Once Again As Cassette Tapes Are Finding Devoted Followers Thanks To Their Low Cost And Ease Of Duplicating.
The Penultimate Breaking Bad: Heisenberg's Vacation Preparing For His New Life, Walter White Hibernates In New Hampshire Under His New Identity As Mr. Lambert, But Instead He Emerges As His True Persona: The Villainous Heisenberg.
Does "Ozymandias" Foretell Breaking Bad Climax? Walt Apparently Sacrifices Jesse For A Final Time After The Shootout Results In Hank And Gomez Dead And Manages To Walk Away With A Portion Of His Riches. But For How Long?
Lushfest Is Definitely Going To Be One Great Party Future Loves Past Is Putting On Lushfest, A Two-Day Festival To Hype The Release Of Their Newest Album, All The Luscious Plants.
Breaking Bad's Final Four: "To'hajiilee" Solve The Riddle Of How Showing Some 'Stinkin' Badges' Could Have Saved A Couple Of Bodies From Bullets, And How A Monologue Doomed A Villain.
Cormac McCarthy's The Road Is Still A Gut Punch The 2006 Work Does Not Live On Its Reputation Alone But Through Its Ability To Tell Human Tales And Create Tension In What Might Be The Final Piece That Places The Author In The Pantheon Of Modern Greats.
Why Twilight Could Not Have Taken Place In Arizona For Those Who Might Ponder Whether Twilight Should Have Been Set In The Author's Home State, They Must Remember How Old, Foreboding And Downright Smelly The Desert Can Be.
Kings Of Summer Should Rule Box Office Take The Plunge Into Summer By Eschewing The Blockbusters To Watch A Film With Dialogue, Wit, And Romance Wrapped Around A Coming-Of-Age Tale.
Phoenix Author Delivers Joyride With Drive Forget The Film Adaption: Drive By James Sallis Weaves A Different, More Intricate Tale Of Adventure, Betrayal And Excitement That Also Ponders Life's Moral Quandaries.
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Skull Drug Proving Phoenix Punk Is Not Dead Punk Music Is As Much About Attitude As It Is About Music And The Phoenix Metro Band — That Is Also An Impressive Bowling Team, BTW — Is Proving They Have Both.
Presenting: The Shnobscars The First Annual (And Probably Last) Awards For The Most Deserving Films The Academy Of Motion Pictures Arts And Sciences Dismissed In 2013.
MacFarlane Succeeds With Controversy, Ratings The Brouhaha Surrounding Seth MacFarlane's Selection And Performance As Host Of The 2013 Academy Awards Show Was Nothing More Than A Calculated Public Relations Gambit.
Haymarket Squares New Album A Righteous Ruckus At Release Party, The Phoenix Metro's Most Popular And Boisterous Political, Punk And Folkgrass Band Revels In New Songs As Fans Relish In The Party.
Summer Music Festivals A Tale Of Similar Sounds Coachella, Sasquatch, Bonnaroo Have Released Their 2013 Lineups With Old Acts, Big Time Performers And A Lack Of The Regional Flavor That Established Their Reputations.
Why The Grammy Awards Sucked Big Time What Has This World Devolved Into When Taylor Swift Outperforms The Heirs To Bob Marley, And The Combined Force Of Chuck D And Tom Morello Get A Commercial Played Over Their Set?
The Who Pay Homage To Moon, Entwistle At Phoenix Metro Stop Of The Legendary Band's Quadrophenia And More Tour, Fans Relish In The Still Potent Thunder Of Surviving Members And Pay Respects To Those Departed.
Wax Tailor Brings Trippy Sounds To Phoenix French Trip Hop And Hip Hop Producer Brings His Illustrative, Melodic Show To The Phoenix Metro And Gives The Packed House A Monday-Night Escape.
Adele Leads Third British Music Invasion British Entertainer Has Best Selling Album For Second Year In A Row As Fellow European Sensations Mumford & Sons, One Direction Have Big Impacts In U.S.
Weezer Uninspired At Arizona State Fair Frontman Rivers Cuomo Goes Out Into The Crowd To Embrace The Fans, But It Still Seemed Like The Band Was Hurrying To Finish Up And Get Off Stage.
Red Dawn Remake Is Still A Bad Idea The Remake Of The 1984 Patrick Swayze Cult Classic Was Approved And Filmed, But Never Released After The Chinese Government Cries Foul.
2Pac Holopac Powered By Greed Coachella Hologram Stunt Is A Capitalistic Travesty That Sullies The Reputations Of Snoop Dogg And Dr. Dre.
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A Writer's European Muse, Part II Can Viewing The United States From The Old World Bring The Love Affair With American Culture In Perspective For A Young Writer?
Dissecting The Walking Dead The First (And Best) Zombie Television Series Delivers Thrills, Chills And Introspective Looks Inside Mankind.
In Search Of The Muse of Europe Seeking Inspiration While Traipsing In The Footsteps Of Hemingway, Fitzgerald And Other Legendary Greats.
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It's Always Nietzsche In Philadelphia Is The Hilarity And Popularity Of The Hit FX Series It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia Proof That Frederich Nietzsche Was Right And God Is Dead?
Purveying Artistic Anarchy Or, Removing The Labels, Restraints And Institutions That Limit The Output Of Our Collective Artistic Minds.
Literature Is Not Created Equal Defending The Classical, Introspective Literature of Camus Against The Invasion Of the Pop-Entertainment Canon Of Rowling.
Stephenie Meyer's Twilight and Arizona Would The Wildly Popular Twilight Series Have Benefited From Being Based In The Grand Canyon State?
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Say It Ain't So Sequels Hollywood Is Suffering From A Glut Of Formulaic Garbage That Is Hogging Movie Screens.
Way To Go, Amy Winehouse As The World Moans The Loss Of Amy Winehouse, Hopefully Some Will Remember How They Felt Before She Died.
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The Anthrax Baby Heavy Metal scion Scott Ian trumpets his first missed shows with Anthrax, but why?
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'Super Sad' Future Gary Shteyngart's Super Sad True Love Story reveals a world that trades love for status, prestige, youth and credit score.
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For More Viewpoint Articles Click Links Below
Dietary Restructure A family man decides to get a consultation from a nutritionist. But when he realizes that losing weight will mean cutting out food items like cheddar fries, he obfuscates: all in good taste, of course.

subset: commoncrawl


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One year after being named a "Best Bar in America" by Esquire Magazine, the storied Anchor Bar in New Haven has closed.
News of the closing spread quickly Sunday night on social media, and patrons flocked to College Street for last call. Danielle Whittington of New Haven, a fulfillment coordinator at the New Haven Register and bartender at Thimble Island Brewing Company in Branford, said in an email that she got word of the closing from friends around 7:30 p.m. and "booked it over there to pay respects and get one last drink."
But by 8:20 p.m., Whittington said, "the staff yelled at everyone to close their tabs and leave immediately. No one was allowed to finish their drinks." Guests were speculating about reasons for the closing, and when Whittington asked a longtime bartender, "all he did was grimly say 'Yale.'"
Reports identified Yale University Properties as the Anchor's landlord. University Properties referred The Courant to Yale's Office of Public Affairs and Communications.
In an email Monday afternoon, deputy university press secretary Karen N. Peart said in order to maintain the Anchor, Yale University Properties entered into a lease agreement with DWN Enterprises, the bar's operators, in late 2012. "Although University Properties made every effort to allow the operation to continue, DWN Enterprises continuously failed to meet its obligations under the lease. University Properties made many accommodations for DWN Enterprises since their rent payments became sporadic starting in early 2013," she wrote.
"After months of non-payment of rent, University Properties and DWN Enterprises agreed to enter into a court judgment in mid-2014 that would allow DWN Enterprises to remain in the space. However, after a few months, DWN regrettably was not able to honor its commitment under the judgment. In autumn 2014, based upon the court's judgment, DWN was given notice that it would need to vacate the space. As requested by DWN, University Properties agreed that closure would be in early January 2015, after the holiday season, in order to allow them ample time to inform employees," Peart wrote.
"It was absolutely our intent to help the Anchor continue as an institution in New Haven, as exhibited by our efforts to allow the current operator to make up for their deficiencies several times," said John Pollard of Real Estate Advisors Ltd., the exclusive broker for Yale University Properties, by phone Monday afternoon. "They obviously could not do that." As for the seemingly abrupt timing of the bar's closure, "they had asked if they could stay open until after the first of the year to have time to inform employees," Pollard said. "That wasn't the landlord's responsibility. We can't speak to when they were actually told."
Charlie Moore, whose family owns the Anchor, said they had entered into an agreement with DWN Enterprises to run the bar, but would not speak to specifics of the business relationship, citing the ongoing legal process. "It's sad to see it go, but then again there are chapters in life that you just have to turn the page. It just wasn't conducive for our family to continue running a restaurant like that," he said Monday.
The Anchor got its start in Milford and is named for Anchor Beach in the city's Woodmont area, Moore said. His family bought the Anchor when he was just one year old, he said; he's now 52. "I did my homework many nights in those booths down there in the back corner and downstairs. I watched my parents and siblings and cousins all working about. It was truly a family business. The restaurant that it was back in the 50s, 60s, 70s, is not what the industry has morphed into."
A Change.org petition began circulating Monday, directed toward Yale University Properties and staff members Bruce D. Alexander and Carin Keane (identified on University Properties' website as vice president and director of New Haven and State Affairs and Campus Development and director of retail leasing and marketing, respectively.)
"The Anchor Bar and Restaurant has been one of the few remaining and well-loved local establishments in New Haven, and a place that most of us thought was safe from the slow homogenization/gentrification that Yale University has been imposing on our hometown," the text reads.
Moore said there are no immediate plans to reopen the bar. Pollard said University Properties will be looking to fill the space, but that it's "very difficult to forecast" what will fill 272 College Street next. "We're very careful about how we lease the space in New Haven and I think we've done a great job of improving the mix. We'll continue to apply the same effort there," he said.
"It's been a fantastic run. No regrets,'" Moore said. "I'd just as soon close the page right now and have a good legacy left there. People will be talking about it for years to come, I trust."
In 2014, Esquire noted Anchor Bar's appeal as a "survivor" of the days when cocktail "lounges" were in vogue. The venue's Mermaid Room was also home to regular events featuring authors and poets.
Another favorite longtime watering hole in New Haven, Delaney's Tap Room, was destroyed by fire in late August.


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text: Dainty, blue eyed Mae Questel, radio mimic, songbird and double for Helen Kane who impersonates well known celebrities of the stage and screen. An aptitude for gesticulation made Mae Questel one of the outstanding mimics of the air. Less that two years ago the dainty blue eyed New York diseuse won a Helen Kane contest and with it a brief vaudeville tour and ultimately a radio contract. Her resemblance to the Boop-Boop-a-Doop girl is remarkable. Her success on the stage led to the microphone, where her repertoire of impersonations of stellar screen and studio folk resulted in a regular weekly series of appearances. Mimicking is her art, and she loves it. As a child she pleased and taunted her playmates with her ability to "Ape." While her mother didn't want Mae to go on the stage at first, the young lady's training fits her admirably for theatrical work. She supplemented her public school work with private instruction in elocution and dancing. She never took a singing lesson, but she always was warbling popular tunes. She does that now. Impersonating Marlene Dietrich is her big moment. She stands before the microphone and goes through a variety of gestures and facial expressions throwing her arms about, a favorite habit. "Sometimes I find myself making a face at the microphone. I don't know why, because somehow I feel that the little black box is my friend," she says. She still gets a tremendous kick out of her fan mail. Recently she received requests to impersonate Amos and Andy and Phil Cook.


text:
Design Camp Seattle Camp Counselors Announced!
Very excited to announce that I will be at Design Camp Seattle with some of the nation's top design experts. My favorite local designer, Keri Petersen, owner of KP Spaces, took me with her to Design Camp in Austin last October. What a fantastic way for design-oriented minds to get together, collaborate, and share. Though not a designer myself, I value design as a realtor, homeowner, and city dweller. Seattle is an emerging design trend-setting city. I'm thrilled to be a part of this event in Seattle. There is still some space available if you know anyone wanting to attend this fantastic event being held at the Seattle Design Center in May. Details on Seattle Design Camp here.
To see a complete list of the Camp Counselors at Design Camp including Lori Dennis, Kellie Ellis, Keri Petersen, and Katy Garrett, click HERE.


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In 1996 an online trading company name Netpicks, LLC was founded. They call Irving, Texas, home. They are a team of professionals who are experts in the online trading industry. Netpicks is a trendsetter in the online trading market, which includes being an authority day trading gold standard. They are involved in education swing trading in options, stocks and the Forex and Future principle exchange trading market.
It is the opinion and belief of Netpicks that those who are intelligently and constantly trading, using researched information, and analyses, have opportunities available to them, that are inexhaustible. Netpicks have made it their mission and priority to provide their owners, analyses that are valuable to them in a speedy way, that is factually and correct. The information that is provided to owners by Netpicks, allows them to become successful in a short amount of time. This includes management of wealth in a longer period, that continues long-term (financeswire.com).
The team of expert employees at Netpicks are real traders who are professionally trained in the trading field. They are constantly searching for trends that are significant, both long and short, allowing their clients to benefit from the research and hard work they do. They offer accurate information and assistance to their customers.
The customers of Netpicks are appreciative of the service they receive. Many letters and emails have been sent to Netpicks from clients, giving the company great reviews, about their online trading, and the free education from webinars they receive.
In relation to the forex market, Netpicks states that many traders favor trading, exchanging currency pairs due to the fact that forex market gives them a huge amount of liquidity. The forex market volume of trading is done daily and is established on trades that is equal to about 5.2 trillion dollars.
The difference between forex market and the stock market is that the stock market has a vast amount of investments to choose from. The forex market, however, provides a limited amount of choices. The currency that is traded frequently in the currency pairs includes the United States dollars against the yen or the Australian dollars.
Connect with Netpicks, visit LinkedIn.


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Law, Policy -- and IT?
Tracy Mitrano explores the intersection where higher education, the Internet and the world meet (and sometimes collide).
Faux Protest
Net Neutrality Day.
Remember when Wikipedia went black over SOPA and PIPA (thank you Aaron Swartz)? Now that was a protest that got people's attention and contributed mightily to the legislation being overthrown. Yesterday's coordinated internet industry protest against the Trump Administration's efforts to end net neutrality rules paled by comparison. Me thinks it was good enough publicity so as not to look turncoat on the 2014 push that the tech industry made to get the F.C.C. to reclassify the internet as a utility. Me also thinks that there is more to the story.
Very suspicious was the internet industry's silence prior to the fateful May 18 F.C.C. vote. Does it really take some of the most wealthy and powerful industries that practice and preach nimbleness two months to respond? And what a paltry response it was. Predictably, the most powerful among them, Google, issued a meager blog post with a link to the Internet Association's action page. While I can appreciate the graphic novel form, it is but one among what should be many approaches – including ones that don't lean so heavily on the Three Stooges theme for gifs – to explain the significance of this matter. Google outsourced the issue. Smaller sites, ones that genuinely need these rules to compete such as Etsy, were more forward. Facebook fell somewhere in the middle with a few sober words from Sheryl Sandberg.
I am disappointed, but not surprised. In the weeks leading up to the May 18 vote, the silence from the internet industry was deafening. I watched with dark interest when Chairman Pai went out to Silicon Valley prior to the vote; it seemed to me that a quiet agreement might have been made. Let the telecoms have their way, you won't be adversely affected, the telecoms will push the money-making aspect of this shift onto consumer, and you get to consolidate your position on the internet against existing and future competitors. After all, this visit was in the aftermath of Congress's vote to allow telecoms to scrape personally identifiable information from transmissions. Internet industries were strangely silent then too, perhaps because they did not want to bring attention onto their own grabby practices. Indeed, between telecoms and internet industries, this vote "leveled the playing field" on collection of personally identifiable information. At guess whose expense?
Gone are the days when there was creative tension among content owners, telecoms and tech industries. Apple cozied up to the content owners with iTunes and encryption technologies that block "unapproved" content. Thanks to the Trump Administration deregulation push, telecoms and tech industries now have more in common than that which divides them. Vertical integration of telecoms and content closes the loop. Once again, let us ask: at whose expense? You and me as consumers, and high ed, which, from research to outreach, still requires neutral pipes.
Remember duck and cover? It was what we were taught back in the 50's and early 60's to do at school, under our desks, in the event of a nuclear attack. Against immediate debris, that approach made some sense; against radiation obviously not. That approach is what comes to mind when I think of higher education's D.C. politics. Get the higher ed lobby in there when it wants something, more money for grants or to reauthorized the Higher Education Act. In the twentieth-century, when the issues were as apparent as falling debris, that approach worked. We are in the radiation phase now, and it does not. It should be time to change tactics up. With headlines about Republicans devaluing higher education and the pendulum swings on Title IX, higher education associations and institutional leaders cannot seem to get off the ropes. For the millions of dollars that higher education spends on leadership training and consultants, it would seem to me that now is the time that it should spend some money on a good coach.
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It's amazing to me that such dangerous weather can come in such a purely beautiful shade of indigo.
I like the lone billboard pressing up against the clouds. I like that this looks like the Edge of Nowhere, but it's actually part of the Bearden neighborhood.
Friday, May 8, 2009
Darkness on the Edge of Town
Posted by Knoxville Girl at 6:00 AM
Labels: clouds, neighborhoods - Bearden, trees
2 comments:
- Jacob said...
You mean the Bearden neighborhood isn't at the Edge of Nowhere...that's not what I heard.
Scary sky for sure; especially if there's lightning in it.
I was just kidding about Bearden...I think I was thinking about the bearded hood. You know, in The Godfather.
- May 8, 2009 at 8:11 PM
amazing. i always love the sky!
- May 9, 2009 at 7:22 AM
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The Expanders are part of our Legacy Fieldbus interconnection blocks. For new designs, we recommend our Megablock Series.
The DXF links in the Drawings column below are mechanical drawings of the product that may be included in your AutoCAD® or equivalent CAD drawings. The remaining table entries are PDF files that may be viewed with
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- Geri VarnadoAsked on November 21, 2011 at 01:32 PM
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Steve Wagner sent me a long letter clarifying his argument to Hilary Putnam about how to move toward a regime less prone to aggression and self-destruction than our current one. I posted on these comments "A philosopher – Steven Wagner – looks at war" here, Hilary's paper here, and my comment on it "A philosopher – Hilary Putnam - looks at war" here. I am very grateful for a continuing conversation about these issues which I think many might benefit from. Steve also sent a lecture he gave to the undergraduate philosophy club at Illinois on these matters (which I reprint below – jwar in the text is just war; there are some abbreviated sentences in the notes but it will be clear to anyone who makes a try at it), and some readings (which I have not reprinted) from a larger reading against the Iraq War which he organized.*
Steve (and Hilary) are among those not so common people who take public action when war or racism affects their lives. He regards it as a responsibility, as a philosopher and teacher, to stand up about war and to organize others to converse about/act against it. In this, the three of us (and many of you) have something in common.
We all now teach students whose lives were turned around (they at least made it back to school) from Iraq. We do not so often reach the homeless, the jobless, the imprisoned or the maimed. But in the institutions where we are, we stand up. I am honored to reprint these two documents (unedited as Steve says) which I think everyone can learn from. Professional philosophy, he rightly suggests, has dealt too little with war. There are individuals who wrote articles in the light of Vietnam and Iraq, many more who spoke out and protested against them, comparatively almost no belligerent fools. About Iraq, for all college faculty in every discipline in our region, there was only one Israeli Army officer – he got on NBC which would allow no anti-war people, as an "expert," asserting that WMD would be found in Syria a year after the invasion; in addition, one international relations person and one humanitarian interventionist who quickly changed his mind, spoke out publically – these were the only 3 who would debate in favor of the war. The outspokenness of many against the war, and the silence otherwise was enough to make one feel good about university faculty members quite generally.
But Steve's point about philosophy as a field unfortunately stands. There is a tendency to regard the truth as too simple and clear on this matter, as Montesquieu says, the government too bent on destruction and self-destruction, and therefore many stand against it, to one extent or another, but do not to try to provide some answers.
But Guernica (the painting covered at the United Nations for Colin Powell's reprehensible speech) looms over us. The world cries out for answers – and all of us (citizens, inhabitants) have not so long to provide them. I am grateful to Steve and Hilary for continuing action, thinking and conversation to heal the world.
"Dear Alan,
I attach with no editing or revision my notes for a presentation to the undergraduate philosophy club a few years back, also some reactions I sent Hilary upon reading his ms. —Hilary did point out to me that Hegel addresses the question of war in his History, thus making our profession look a little better...I also attach something of at most personal interest.
Some years back I organized a public reading (small scale) of texts on war and public violence, in honor of victims thereof. Here are the texts, no need to bother with them (but since they were written by non-me, the literary quality is high!)
In a complete rush, without editing, here are responses to what you've posted or privately shared concerning war, peace, and the ideas Hilary attributed to me. I am very grateful for the conversation. My remark on an institution assessing the factual situation and likelihoods prior to any belligerent course should be considered as follows...
—Regardless of my numerous blind spots and shortcomings, the last thing I am is non-political! To take an essentially trivial example, our highway safety agency was not even capable of objectively assessing Toyotas. I'd never be so naive as to think you advance public epistemology just by creating some board, cabal, or think tank. It is obvious that the constitution and functioning of any institution of knowledge is a highly political matter.
On the other hand, some public information-assessment agencies work fairly well—the GAO for instance. Or, weirdly, in a certain respect the CIA. As you know, some (admittedly naive!) people conceived the CIA, back when, as a research agency only. No sabotage, killing, manipulating elections, bribery, Air America and USAID, heroin pipelines, etc. Their pure research is still considered quite good. Now consider...(a) I was thinking of raising the epistemic standard for belligerent policy decisions from the present level, which is so low that virtually anything would be an improvement—and any improvement would avert countless deaths and disasters. (b) Start with CIA-quality research, then (i) make everything totally transparent; (ii) researchers/staff selected/elected by publicly acceptable criteria roughly in the way that, under slight idealization, decent university departments in geography, history, etc. are constituted. (c) Appropriate guards against bribery, manipulation, etc. — not as though this can't be done. (d) Continued public oversight and transparency. Incl. but not at all restricted to appropriate representation, in staff or oversight, of the classes/sectors who would bear the burdens of warfare.
Clarification: I use 'belligerence' rather than 'war' because there's a legitimate ordinary-language question whether using a drone to take out target Y in location L, or the Mossad assassination in Dubai reported a few hours ago, or an embargo on goods (of whatever kind) to country X, are war. But they're belligerence. — Next — any belligerent action as democratic decision. At a minimum: no undeclared warfare. This alone sounds like a laughably low bar, but again as you know, it's enough to have led every U.S. government since 1945 to flout it, across a series of acts of war, small and great, that possibly only William Blum has a total view of, well, Blum and a prodigiously memorious M.I.T. linguist-philosopher. —Declaration in a bicameral system, say our own, would be by both houses, and subject to immediate suit for judicial review; i.e.: no lower standards for belligerence than for any garden-variety law. [Immediate review since by the nature of belligerence various parties will immediately have standing.]
The foregoing may seem a little elaborate, but really it just spells out the transfer, to cases of belligerence, of what are in fact rather ordinary standards. Now as for your/Hilary's alternative ("public opinion in democracies world-wide") 1. No necessary conflict with my suggestion! (Which is no more than a suggestion.) 2. One would at least need to discuss how to implement that politically and concretely...! 3. If "democracies" is supposed to rule anything out, the decision on what counts as one is open to serious abuse. I'll not comment myself, but I would certainly not volunteer for the job of defending this part against charges of Eurocentrism. 4. \ "Democracies" are a subset of nations with highly developed mass media. These exist to sow ignorance and manipulate public opinion. Needs at least to be discussed, lest the proposal appear non-political in its own way.
On another matter, you suggested that local, organized popular resistance be considered to fall under the Just War heading, as opposed to the move in my notes (rejecting JWar, but taking this form of armed conflict as potentially legitimate). My response: I won't stand on the terminology... What matters to me is rejecting institutions of belligerence, and rejecting the views these hold as capable of justifying belligerence. If we consider 'war' to mean what is conducted by standing armed forces, within a government in the usual sense, then the Sandinistas, French Resistance, Chinese Communists (pre-1949), Haitian slaves, etc. were not conducting wars. If someone wants to turn this around and say, no, what this means is that just under conditions of distributed popular resistance, by definition defensive and not suited for conquest, are the JWar conditions satisfiable (sometimes), I'd reply that I don't think that's what people generally mean—but I see no particular reason to object.
...Far more discussion of all this is possible. I wanted to give you quick glimpse of my thinking beyond what you gleaned from Hilary's allusions (again: generous and appreciated!). If anything I've mentioned on the topic could be said to constitute an idea, by the standards of professional philosophy, then it is the idea of looking at the epistemology of belligerence/JWar. In this area collective/institutional mental states (beliefs, desires, etc.) are commonly (and rightly) attributed all over the place, but I do not happen to be aware of anyone's having asked how/when these could meet what are, in other contexts, perfectly normal criteria of justification. —Note that the notion of "public opinion in democracies" would face the same question; my point about media (and: education) goes to that.
I had another idea which the notes merely alluded to. ... As a matter of fact, you can go a long way toward all the results I want (peace-loving ones!) by applying nothing more than a robust, simplified form of consequentialism (reasonable "utilitarianism") that should not be terribly controversial in the domain of public policy /social choice. Hilary (also you) takes quite a different route, but it may be similar in effect. Now despite this I do not want the calculations/considerations around belligerence to be purely (n.b.) consequentialist in the usual sense (despite the vast improvement that offers); I think a notion of rights (or better: rights-like) is important. Hilary is tending in the same direction.
In a curious way there's a difference in perspective. Hilary is more like: "we need extraordinary standards to justify belligerence." I'm more like: "let's imagine what it would be to apply, to belligerence, standards that elsewhere count as unremarkable." At the moment I can't decide whether this a deep difference or just a matter of vantage point.
I seem to recall your citing Robert Jackson. The attached readings contain a line of his from the Nürnberg summation — (roughly, from memory) "In the long perspective of history, the twentieth century will not occupy a distinguished place, unless its second half is to redeem its first". I once paired this as an email signature with Bertrand Russell's reply, in the mid-60s, to the question what he foresaw for the rest of the century: " 'What do I foresee?' Nothing but corpses. It's as simple as that."
With kind regards,
The Ethics of War: Pacifism, 'Just War', and Beyond
(informal presentation notes for our undergraduate club)
Steven Wagner
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
2 November, 2005
The theme is topical. That's almost a distraction. You can't name an historical point when it wasn't, or foresee one where it won't be.
Combine: orientation re how philosophy can help our thinking; some definite, useful positions (vs. too much survey, too many fine distinctions, too many footnotes!); fresh items to keep more advanced students interested and show that these are living topics.
Peace—and war—peripheral to mainstream political philosophy. A bizarre disconnection from reality? Or a judgment that these topics raise no great philosophical questions? (Which would be improbable.)
Cases in point: Rawls, Theory of Justice; or Hegel, Philosophy of Right. Standard rejoinder, perhaps: in logical progression we settle/clarify the units before interactions among the units. But if used in an exclusionary way this is scientifically fallacious. Or: focus on the domestic b/c it's the "normal" condition, with war as the sporadic aberration. But in the case at hand the "units" (states and the like) are conceived and perpetuated in warfare/threat; derive or lose resources through it (directly or indirectly); are organized with an eye to its conduct (e.g., by maintaining/supporting armies, spies, etc.) The units are intertwined with warfare (conduct, threat of, etc.) historically; functionally; conceptually.
The topic has very rarely received philosophy of the first order.
Clearly primary question: ethics of undertaking, preparing for, threatening war in the first place. (As opposed to rules of engagement, etc.) State of the discussion:
Widespread agreement that the burden of proof is on war-making, in general and case-by-case.
Among soi-disant theorists of war, strong preference for some form of "just war doctrine". —Philosophers agree with generals!
Among informed and enlightened political writers, working consensus that armed forces generally do the bidding of grasping, oppressive elites—Historically hardly debatable! —and nothing else can be expected from them. Thus elimination of war a by-product of revolutionary social transformation.
Necessary, if routine, textbook exposition: tenets of just war doctrine (omitting much analytical qualification):
1. Just cause.
2. Purity of motive (of the motive in 1).
3. Warfare as a public act by public authorities.
4. Last (feasible, plausible) resort (to achieve 1).
5. Probability of success (at 1).
6. Ethical benefits (see 1) will outweigh the inevitable evil. (Sometimes also called "proportionality".)
Call these Jwar 1-6.
This is usually opposed to pacifism: some form of general, principled opposition to war.
Trouble starts here: no clear incompatibility between Jwar and pacifism. Jwar is a framework for justification which one could hold to be satisfied: often, never, almost never, …
My aims:
Offer a form/variant of pacifism for consideration.
Jwar is philosophically bankrupt.
A core pacifism
Some insights of past analysis… [illustrate or elaborate]
#1: "Bellicosity" is a standing condition of society/societies, with warfare proper as an intermittent manifestation—or intensification—thereof.
#2: This condition ramifies through the usual list of principal social institutions—markets/banking, schools, courts, police, legislation, entertainment, family/reproduction, urban+transportation organization, industry, labor force, …
#3: Connected analytically and empirically to practices/institutions in the sense of: patriarchy, coercion, inequality/exploitation, … N.b. Gandhi: the greatest form of violence is poverty. Also Hannah Arendt (Human Condition): to obstruct robust, chaotic public exchanges of ideas and perspectives is a major form of violence.
Thus a form or variant of pacifism (one hypothesis, not to rule out others):
Opposition (resistance) to the institutions and manifestations of bellicosity. This understood simultaneously as a:
—long-term, comprehensive socio-political programme
—unilateral and immediate programme for one's own society, whichever it may be. Not (or hardly) conditional on developments elsewhere.
—basis for immediate refusal to participate in the most intense + direct institutions of bellicosity (the military; weapons manufacture; research to the ends of war, surveillance, and the like; … e.g.); others as possible. (The more these pervade, the less possible.)
Stronger than usual formulations of pacifism (although, often, not of other oppositional political views) b/c of inclusive scope (institutions). Recall: ramifications, analytical + empirical connections.
Weaker b/c the prohibition becomes less clear as the warfare becomes less institutional, less systematic, less the product of a bellicose structure of society. More concretely: indigenous(-based) guerilla warfare and related—violent (conjoined with nonviolent)—resistance.
Clarification: to the extent that it is distributed and popular. E.g., among current "guerilla" movements FARC (Colombia) seems rather suspect in this regard. Far from incidentally, it is also not very successful politically—facing opposition from its own supposed popular base.
Reasons for the exclusion:
Radically different institutional, political, economic profile of popular (n.b.) resistance. E.g., it can hardly gain its resources from an economy geared toward sustaining it(!); participation is essentially voluntary (typically against powerful incentives for going over to the dominant side); leaders may or may not be formally elected but require confidence and popularity, and similarly operations require consent; if there's any chance of success then "the guerillas move among the population as fish move in water"; etc.
Virtually always reactive against state-institutional warfare (armed occupation)—by foreign or own state. Hence empirically posterior, almost epiphenomenal (despite its historical importance).
[And in terms of argumentative strategy] Evades, tactically(!), a main objection to pacifism—purely defensive violence against already initiated, local aggression. While compatible with respecting, for quite a distance, the broad benevolent, ahimsic (essentially Buddhist) motives for stronger pacifism: opposition to organizing civil society around coercion and oppression, let alone around warmaking (cf. bellicosity). Peace and non-harming as pervasively, a way of life.
Elaboration: from a viewpoint of general opposition to violence, or to armed and organized violence, agnosticism about guerilla resistance makes no sense! But here we consider the ethics of war in the context of political economy, ideology. For the reasons sketched, state warfare (or repression) and popular resistance are analytically radically distinct. With the former obviously the primary phenomenon. So we focus on its critique, content for the moment to let the other fall where it may.
Very well. A discussable position. What else do we want to do? Dissolve or cancel the rival—Jwar.
Could do that by arguing that for empirical reasons, Jwar has—for all the philosophical sound and fury—v. little effective difference from our pacifism. This is far from wild.
One "little" snag: almost by definition, Jwar 3 will not hold. Jwar 3 fails for popular resistance; for their part our pacifist cannot accept Jwar's authoritarian state agent.
Could just drop 3? No, use it as the thread to unravel Jwar on relatively abstract—but no less politically compelling! —philosophical grounds. Historically 3 was a big deal—so its pivotal philosophical character is appropriate. Note: 3 is the odd condition out—it has no reference to 1—which is no accident.
Jwar unfounded
Perspective: our interest in connecting critique of war with broad programme of liberation—democracy, equality, transparency, sociality/community, human realization, autonomy. Cf. historian Brian Downing: roughly, zero-sum relation between devoting social resources to bellicosity vs. to civic well-being. (Surprise!) Argue that Jwar cannot survive reflection on the nature of community and agency.
Interesting echo in the textbook rival to the Jwar and pacifist camps, "realism". —On its face misnamed and not a serious philosophical position. Not to mention: advocated by serial war criminals like G. Kennan and H. Kissinger. —But can be construed as saying: Jwar models states—armed states—as agents subject to ethical description [as ethical agents], i.e., to moral motive, intention, deliberation, and this is false. That far "realism" is indeed more realistic than Jwar. Let's explain...
Agents—personal, subpersonal, suprapersonal; unity and transparency.
Paradigm agents: individual humans.
Alternative: subpersonal (ancient; but also from Kant, Freud, Chomsky, …)
Alternative: suprapersonal (clubs, nations, corporations, families, clans, towns, Republics, teams, …)
Conditions on personhood (Plato and onward): unity of action, acting as one entity; integrated awareness/information flow. Given these, can attribute, to some extent or other, predicates of agency: motive, belief, knowledge, foresight, …
Jwar: States (modern or premodern) as person-like agents, as "persons". "France made war on Germany."
Criticisms: Politically hierarchical, class- and gender-divided (etc.) societies fail the unity and transparency conditions. Common agency, shared knowledge, etc. fail. Therefore the agent of war—which is indeed basically the whole society—is not the agent deciding/deliberating on the war. —Compare Jwar 3, which tries to address this but can't.
This is not readily fixed—that would mean eliminating (radically reducing) the social divisions. Then considering the war decisions of such a ("utopian") society. We strongly doubt whether such a society would choose war (under remotely normal conditions); it's a commonplace that wars are initiated to benefit the elites, under conditions of massive deception, indoctrination, propaganda.
In any case, only then could we even talk about satisfying the Jwar conditions.
Restatement: Jwar assumes a war-fighting agent—basically the whole society/nation, as is empirically the case—and a decision-maker. The Jwar fiction is that the latter agent is the former, but social divisions preclude this. Within reason the latter can (nearly enough) satisfy conditions for being one (collective) agent. But this is useless for Jwar. [Elaboration… See also below.]
Moreover: because bellicosity spreads (is indeed in positive feedback with) coercion, secrecy/deception, exploitation: the more pronounced bellicosity is in society X, the less X will satisfy appropriate unity conditions. So exactly as we approach war-readiness, the agency presuppositions for Jwar go down the drain.
Rejoinder: "These are just the worries Jwar 3 is supposed to address. 'Legitimacy of the state agent', etc." —Yeah, but it "addresses" them by defining them away. It's true that state authorities will (all but by definition of 'state'…) assert [in effect] that agency conditions are satisfied. That has nothing to do with actual satisfaction.
One could add: empirical arguments that for any elite ("military-industrial-political complex") as we know it, satisfying Jwar 2, incidentally also Jwar 4, is wildly unlikely. That would tie into the following…
Justifying a claim to justice in war
A tempting ambiguity in 'Jwar': suppose a given war is just, by these standards, for the sake of argument; but initiating it is justified only if the judgments affirming 1-6 are not only held but held with justification.
If we're treating the state, or the elite, as a person-type agent, then let's apply rather ordinary epistemic criteria to the judgments.
Elementary that justification will fail. Justification would require [in an obvious empirical sense] objective estimates of capacities, likelihoods, alternatives, etc. Exactly the institutional structures and patterns of bellicosity preclude this. E.g., secret police/spies (foreign and domestic); secret deliberation; authoritarian hierarchies processing the information; option of securing consent by coercion or propaganda; profits to some from war-making; career benefits from war-making; etc. The systems that bellicosity requires/involves—upon whose existence war-making depends—corrupt the collection, flow, and processing of information.
The whole notion would be laughed out by nearly any economist or psychologist. It's empirically hard enough to rationally estimate outcomes for oneself. Jwar conditions 4-6 (at least) require reliable estimates, by the war-deciding elite, of likely losses and gains to others.
Virtually superfluous to elaborate all this in light of current events. Also, again, almost distracting—the point is timeless.
On the topic of knowability, it would be almost unfair to dwell on Jwar 2. That is, not only is satisfaction of Jwar2 wildly implausible in actual cases (this wouldn't as such be an argument against Jwar, only an argument that Jwar leads to pacifism). Rather, we're requiring the war-deciding elite to be a reliable assessor of its own motives. Now this is an empirical question about types of or about individual agents. The University of Illinois chess club seems quite an accurate estimator of its own motives, as likely are chess clubs in general. Maybe I am, in my near-dotage, a fair estimator of my motives—better than some people (for their own motives) anyway, if worse than other. Etc.; cases vary. Obvious that a political elite is not very well wired up for this sort of thing.
So, a form of double argument against Jwar.
A. For the right/intended agents [= whole societies/nations], conditions of agency fail; and fail worse the more bellicosity takes root.
B. For the war-deciding elites, agency obtains reasonably well. But aside from the fact of their not being the intended agents, they are in general incapable of epistemically justified deliberation re going to war.
(It's unsurprising, given the empirical difficulty of even verifying what the elite's attitudes are—esp. under conditions of bellicose social organization—that since Day 1 Jwar doctrine has been an open invitation to hypocrisy. Whether this, too, is a philosophical weakness of the position we leave for another time. It is certainly a weakness for any conception intended to play a role in public argumentation. Cf. analogous concerns in Rawls, we need public justifications that merit and are seen to merit confidence.)
Avoidance of war is intimately connected to highly substantive democracy and community. —This is absolutely not the familiar, brain-dead (and false) saw about "democracies not making war on democracies." —Rather:
The Jwar conditions would make sense only under conditions of radical equality, community, knowledgeability. But these are incompatible with institutions of bellicosity. Moreover, under those conditions a popular desire—all things considered—to make war is pretty implausible.
At the same time (cf. Plato, Republic), the radical (democratic community-creating) conditions help to optimize a society's resilience against takeover and conquest [compare our reflections on popular resistance]; optimize ability to position oneself (through economics, diplomacy, …) as a desired friend/ally, not target.
So a pacifist hypothesis supercedes Jwar analyses.
[That said, an observation: Popular armed resistance, although by definition (and intent) disqualified from Jwar 3, is otherwise semi-congenial to Jwar. There's likely fair justification in the cause (Jwar 1). —Ironically, the Spanish resistance that gave us the word 'guerilla' may be one of the lesser cases. The peasants were so miserably repressed by Church and King that Napoleonic conquest might have been a relief… —Moreover popular resistance simply cannot be aggressive, a foreign "intervention", or the like. Jwar2 can't be taken too seriously—philosophically—in any case, but here it will be better off than usual. Jwar 4 almost goes without saying. Indeed, occupiers and repressive authorities methodically destroy civilian institutions. These, not armed elements, are typically the first target—look at Israel in Palestine, e.g.. So when guerilla tactics gain support there is often little alternative. Jwar 5 varies wildly, but in a given case the chance for success can be high. Jwar 6 involves a twist. As far as effects on the enemy (occupiers) goes, popular resistance is almost necessarily "proportional"—guerillas just can't muster that much force, and occupiers may have a politically precarious position anyway. The question would be whether overthrowing the occupiers is worth the toll they will exact on the population, esp. the resistance and their sympathizers. Here we arrive at, and will prescind from, difficult problems for resistance strategy. Note, though, that by the same token Jwar theorists tend to overlook or deny the cost of bellicosity for the population undertaking a supposedly just war—e.g., the rise of the U.S. military-industrial-police state as a consequence of WW2.
I'm not a Jwar theorist, but an exclusive focus on popular resistance would seem advisable for anyone in that framework.]
If there exists a dominant bellicose state, and you attempt radical, or really even quite mild reform, it will of course go to the ends of the Earth to destroy you.
Appendix: getting started
Start on-line with the Stanford, Routledge, and Internet encyclopedias of philosophy. These offer bibliographies and links. Among the original articles available on-line try E. Mendieta, "The 'clash of civilizations' and the just war tradition" and, particularly, A. Alexandra, "Political pacificism". —Philosophers tend first to mention Augustine, Aquinas, and Kant. But—with due respect—specifically on bellicosity/peace the two most philosophically insightful authors are Thucydides and Woolf. (Peleponnesian War, Three Guineas) —As for journals, the leading philosophical ethics journals hereabouts (Philosophy and Public Affairs, Ethics) offer little. Just started is a promising electronic journal out of Adelaide, Borderlands. It's highly interdisciplinary and eclectic, already including some fine work on our topics.
Appendix: a predictable debate
"You've ignored the obvious question for any pacifism: is it credible or even palatable that we—either the U.S. or the U.K.—shouldn't have fought Hitler?"
The question is reasonable but far from primary. It's a separate topic, but since this inevitably comes up, here's some quick orientation. (Unphilosophical, but part of this stretch of applied ethics territory.)
1. 'Einmal ist keinmal' ("one example is no examples" — I gather there's a similar saying in Arabic). If that's the only decent challenge anyone ever comes up with, its interest is limited.
2. On historical grounds, note that the challenger only means the European war. The Pacific war was nothing more than an imperialist catfight, as was widely remarked even at the time.
3. In its usual form the argument cheats by using hindsight. Britain's war against Germany could well have been lost, in which case fighting it would have been much worse than not fighting it.
4. The counterfactual history assumed here is extremely complicated. E.g., for Germany to hold an empire against guerilla warfare would have been extremely difficult (esp. in the Soviet territories). On the other hand, the U.S. very quickly put Nazis in power in Greece (initiating a civil war to that end), permeated the German and Italian governments with them, etc. The "black-white" conception of the decision-theoretic outcomes is a pleasant fantasy.
5. The war arose out of the omnilaterally militarized Euro-American world of the time, including U.S. efforts to arm and otherwise back the Nazis. The Nazi danger is therefore no argument at all against rejecting institutions of force. We're therefore taking on the challenge most favorably construed—"everything has been done wrong up through 1939; OK. But now what do you say?
This could be discussed further, but it's something of a tangent from my talk's main lines. Very little of the philosophical theory is affected (even w/o reverting to point 1).
Afterthought for philosophers
"You said, 'It's empirically hard enough to rationally estimate outcomes for oneself. Jwar conditions 4-6 (at least) require reliable estimates, by the war-deciding elite, of likely losses and gains to others.' But doesn't philosophical ethics require that, assuming even a moderately consequentialist component?" —Good question. Not a problem for my position, rather it underscores the point. The difficulty of estimating consequences means
(i) Setting the epistemic standards for political decision-making very high. Existing institutions/procedures are inadequate to begin with and radically compromised to boot.
(ii) Generally an argument for gradualism, for, as it were, corrigible rather than ballistic movements. Since war-making is paradigmatically ballistic (not to mention, then also epistemically corrupting), this argues further against warfare. Hence also against maintaining institutions and social practices serving bellicosity.*There is a wider conversation here. I used to talk with John Rawls about these matters (some of that conversation shows up in his remarks on the democratic peace hypothesis in Law of Peoples, pp. 48-52), with Dick Boyd and Dick Miller, and recently, with Brendan Hogan and James Bohman (see here). Philosophy is a field which invites critical argument and leads to public action. If the writing is not so plentiful, the reality, in doing something, is much better


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Course Offerings
Course Details
* ENE 453 / MAE 453 Graded A-F, P/D/F, Audit
Wind Turbine Aerodynamics and Technology
The course addresses basic wind turbine technology such as aerodynamics, control and structural aspects. Theory will be provided that can be used to predict the aerodynamic loads on the wind turbine blades and their impact on the structure with respect to internal loads and deflections. The influence of the stochastic loads from atmospheric turbulence will be addressed and the structural dynamics of a wind turbine and possible instabilities will also be covered. Small computer programs will be written based on the lectured theory and verified in some papers.
Sample reading list:
Martin O.L. Hansen, Aerodynamics of wind turbines, 3rd ed
Burton,T; Jenkins,N.;Sharpe,D.; Bossanyi,E., Wind Energy Handbook, 2nd ed.
Reading/Writing assignments:
During the course three assignments will be given and a brief report of 10-15 pages per assignment must be handed in, that, together with a small test at the end, form the final grade. To solve these assignments some short computer programs in, for instance, Matlab must be written.
Other Exam - 20%
Papers - 80%
Other Requirements:
Statistical, design or other software use required
Not Open to First Year Undergraduates.
Prerequisites and Restrictions:
The potential students must have some basic programming skills. A basic course in structural dynamics or in fluid mechanics is not absolutely required but is recommended..
Schedule/Classroom assignment:
|Class number
|11:00:00 am - 12:20:00 pm
|T Th
|Engineering Quad A-Wing A224
|Enrolled:6 Limit:20
|03:30:00 pm - 04:20:00 pm
|Friend Center 112
|Enrolled:6 Limit:20


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A vacuum-assisted birth involves a doctor using a vacuum device to guide a baby out of the birth canal by the head. Normally, the vacuum is not applied until the baby reaches Station 3, toward the end of the birth canal. This procedure normally takes seven minutes.
The defendant doctor in this case started the vacuum at Station 0 - deep inside the birth canal. She also placed the vacuum improperly, cock-eyed around the side of the baby's skull. This doctor's procedure would take 25 minutes, and result in severe brain hemorrhaging, skull deformation, and permanent brain damage.
David Woodruff, Esq., needed a series of animations to show how this gross negligence caused his young client a lifetime of pain and suffering.
The following animations helped Mr. Woodruff return a $4M verdict - $5.5M after accounting for interest - in addition to a confidential settlement in an earlier part of the case.
The professionals at High Impact are truly phenomenal. They understand complex medical issues and have a remarkable ability to capture those medical concepts in images that communicate clearly to juries. High Impact's fantastic work, in this case, was instrumental in recovering this child nearly $8 million.
Normal Unassisted Birth
First, we demonstrated what a normal birth looks like, without vacuum assistance, which helped jurors understand the normal birthing anatomy and the location of Station 0 for later discussions about negligence.
A clock in the top-left corner tracks the time so we could speed up the animation without losing context.
Normal Vacuum-Assisted Birth
After showing a normal birth, we animated a normal vacuum-assistant birth to demonstrate the correct procedure that should have occurred.
We highlight where the vacuum is applied at Station 3, and then cut to two perspectives from the top and side, showing what is supposed to happen throughout this procedure that normally takes seven minutes.
Animating Malpractice
Once we had established the way everything was supposed to happen, we demonstrated the actions of the defendant. This cringe-inducing animation shows the painful 25 minutes of torture this doctor forced this child through while breaking down what the doctor did wrong.
Gonna be honest, I cried a few times while animating this - and only a few jobs get that reaction. Just seeing the size of the hematoma, the permanent scar in the client photos, and knowing that the family goes through a struggle everyday was heavy. So happy they got a win from this whole ordeal and hopefully it helps them with their lives.Ben Taylor, Senior Technical Animator, High impact
We highlight where the surgeon incorrectly starts the procedure at Station 0. We then compare the correct placement versus the defendant's placement. As the doctor pulls on the baby's head, we show the progression of brain bleeding as the skull starts to deform. We reinforce the intensity of this experience with a fetal monitoring strip that shows the baby's heart rate rise to 220 beats per minute.
Illustrating Right vs Wrong
Finally, we provided Mr. Woodruff with this illustration board comparing the right way versus the wrong way to place the vacuum.
The visual presentation helped jurors understand why the doctor was undeniably and egregiously liable for the baby's injuries. The case resulted in a $4M verdict, which amounted to $5.5M after accounting for costs and interests.
High Impact's team of visual strategists, artists and developers can build and customize your digital presentation for any case involving personal injury, medical malpractice, birth trauma - or any subject involving complex information.
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Sergey Starzhinskiy
Customer Solutions Engineer
United States
Customer Solutions Engineer at F5 Networks. Building agile solutions for Service Providers and Enterprises in security, automation and control, and application delivery markets.
Previously focusing on Diameter and EPC control plane, architected and designed many solutions in mobility and policy and charging domains.
12 Dev Points


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It's hard to imagine life after Big Little Lies, but this might help.
Big Little Lies might have been a fleeting part of our lives with only seven episodes, but it's certainly left its mark. If you're looking for something to fill the void, we've got your backs. Whether you're yearning for more complex stories of friendships among women, for further contemplations of trauma, for a little bit of mystery, or for all of the above, here are some films and TV series you might want to dive into next.
9 to 5
Starring three legends (Dolly Parton, Jane Fonda, Lily Tomlin), 9 to 5 can best be described as a second-wave feminist revenge romp against the patriarchy. And honestly, how fun is that? —Alanna Bennett
20th Century Fox
Ally McBeal
Long before Big Little Lies, David E. Kelley was responsible for this series about a lawyer with a complicated personal life — well, not quite as complicated as Celeste's. But Ally McBeal is also similar in the way it blended genres and used dream sequences and heightened reality to contrast its more grounded storytelling. —Louis Peitzman
Boys on the Side
The relationship between the three women at the center of Boys on the Side is only strengthened by the trauma they endure. Fans of Big Little Lies will notice a pretty significant plot similarity between the series and this film; it's a major spoiler for both, so just watch. —LP
Warner Bros.