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Full Length of Crazy Beautiful You in High Definition FormatNow you can see Crazy Beautiful You in best video format with duration 115 Min and has been aired on 2015-02-25 and MPAA rating is 1.
- Original Title : Crazy Beautiful You
- Movie title in your country : Crazy Beautiful You
- Year of movie : 2015
- Genres of movie : Drama, Romance,
- Status of movie : Released
- Release date of movie : 2015-02-25
- Companies of movie : ABS-CBN Film Productions, Star Cinema Productions,
- Countries of movie : Philippines,
- Language of movie :
- Durationof movie : 115 Min
- Average vote of movie : 7
- Youtube ID of movie : txog00CRsKY
- Translation of movie : EN,
- Actors of movie :Kathryn Bernardo (Jackie Serrano), Daniel Padilla (Kiko Alcantara), Lorna Tolentino (Dra. Leah Serrano), Gabby Concepcion (Mayor Ito Alcantara), Inigo Dominic Pascual (Marcus Alcantara), Dante Ponce (), Cacai Bautista (), Hyubs Azarcon (), Kiray Celis (), Neil Coleta (), Thou Reyes (), Menggie Cobarrubias (), JM Ibañez (), Andrea Brillantes (), Inah Estrada (), Loisa Andallo (), Chienna Filomeno (), Tippy Dos Santos (), Cheska Iñigo (), Bryan Santos ()
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Creative Producer : Carmi Raymundo, Cinematography : Moises Lee, Director : Mae Czarina Cruz, Screenplay : Bianca Bernardino, Screenplay : Maan Dimaculangan, Screenplay : Jancy E. Nicolas, Story : Rory B. Quintos, Screenplay : Carmi Raymundo, Associate Producer : John Leo D. Garcia, Executive Producer : Malou N. Santos, Executive Producer : Charo Santos-Concio, Cinematography : Dan Villegas, Editor : Marya Ignacio, Music : Jesse Lucas
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Tags: philippines, woman director, pinoy,


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A Force Against Terror
Jordanian Brig. Gen. Adnan Al-Abbadi urges global special forces to unite to defeat extremism
Unipath Staff
Enforcing security and stability and controlling international borders in unstable regions are never achieved by luck. Jordan's location places it on the front lines in the war against Daesh, an enemy that has no principles and shows no remorse for shedding innocent blood.
The role of leaders is essential to maintaining the high morale, loyalty and tenacity of troops. So when Jordan needed a commander to lead its elite forces, it demanded a man with nerves of steel and strategic foresight. That man is Brig. Gen. Adnan Al-Abbadi of the Joint Special Operations Command.
Gen. Adnan began his military career in 1983 and scaled the leadership ladder, serving as an officer in Jordan's 71st Counter Terrorism Battalion, considered one of the nation's most advanced units. He graduated with honors from Jordan's War College.
After being deployed to command the first Jordanian special operations unit in Afghanistan and staying there for seven months, he attended the United States Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth. That advanced training helped him ascend to command the 71st Battalion.
Gen. Adnan considers himself blessed that His Majesty King Abdullah II ibn Al Hussein is not only Jordan's civilian leader but one of the nation's leading military figures.
"My military idol is His Majesty King Abdullah II. He was the commander of Jordanian special operation forces from 1996 to 1999, when I served as an officer in the 71st Battalion. Before that, I was an intelligence officer in the 101st Special Forces Group, and we were in constant communications with His Majesty, as he was our commander," the general said.
"His Majesty has a sharp military mind, and we learned patience, tolerance and humility from him. He inspired us to adopt his leadership values. We are honored that His Majesty left his position as special forces commander to become king of Jordan."
King Abdullah has retained a place in his heart for special forces, personally overseeing the progress these elite troops are making in the field. Gen. Adnan and his colleagues are gratified by the attention they receive.
"Since I became the commander of special operations in July 2015, I have been blessed with four visits by the king," he said. "These visits boost our morale and make us proud. He personally discusses security challenges in the region, reviews our plans and exchanges ideas."
Gen. Adnan believes that defeating terrorists requires multiple efforts that transcend special forces, encompassing conventional military units, the civilian security sector, allied forces and society at large.
He believes it is the duty of every Muslim nation to develop plans to counter extremist ideology, clarifying the true nature of Islam to deprive Daesh of recruits misled by its lies.
"We are not working on the military objectives only; we are working on social media to educate the youth and counter extremism through a national plan," he said. "Modern war no longer uses only conventional forces and weapons. This is a new kind of war that deals with ideology. There is a race between good and evil to win the hearts of the populace."
This new kind of war also requires international partnerships united against terrorism, the general said. His dream is to create a global network of special operations troops that share the same doctrine and training. They would operate together not just during training exercises but on the battlefield as well. Key to that effort is a system of information sharing.
"As we all know, terrorist organizations across the world share ideology and enjoy cooperation and support among themselves. When evil unites, good must unite to defeat it. Our goal is to bind all efforts of the world's special operations forces to work in the same direction to set back terrorism," Gen. Adnan said.
The most pressing concern of Jordanian forces is guarding the kingdom, particularly the volatile northern border it shares with Syria. The general quoted King Abdullah's concern about the need for special forces to play both a strategic and tactical role in areas favored by terrorists.
"I have units stationed there and work daily with border forces. We help our brothers, the Syrian refugees, as they cross the border and head toward the refugee camps. At the same time we act as a rapid response force and engage the smugglers and drug traffickers who attempt to cross our borders," the general said.
"We also have an emergency unit ready to deploy, whether it's defending the integrity of the kingdom or deploying anywhere in the world where our leadership identifies a target that's essential for our security and interests."

subset: commoncrawl


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The horrors that surround hostage dramas are confusing enough on their own. Throw in complex questions about religious faith and terrorism and journalists and this kind of story pushes journalists -- in real time, under unbelievable amounts of pressure -- to their intellectual and personal limits.
Looking back on the Sydney crisis (following the early post by Bobby Ross., Jr.) I am struck by one interesting question that journalists faced and, for the most part, ducked: What was the motive? Why did gunman Man Haron Monis -- the most frequently used of his many names -- do what he did? Lacking the ability to read his mind, what concrete clues were offered during this act of symbolic violence?
A news report from The Daily Beast offered this interesting information, which I did not see repeated in most other mainstream reports:
Monis walked into the café on Monday and took everyone inside hostage. He used some of the captives as human shields and forced others to hold a black flag with white Arabic writing against the window. ...
Monis had been convicted on charges related to offensive letters he sent to the families of Australian soldiers who died serving in Afghanistan. He was out on bail as an alleged accessory to the murder of his ex-wife, as well as a string of 50 indecent and sexual-assault charges in connection to his time as a self-proclaimed spiritual leader.
Monis used a YouTube account to post a series of videos showing hostages reciting his demands, which included the delivery of the black flag of ISIS. He asked "to please broadcast on all media that this is an attack on Australia by the Islamic State," and to speak to Prime Minister Tony Abbott. (YouTube has since removed the videos from the account.)
Yet at the end of this same report, readers were told:
The flag was the most striking symbol of the drama. A black banner with white Arabic lettering that appears to be the Shahada, a central tenet of Islam that states: "There is no god but the God, Mohammed is the messenger of God." The banner might perhaps be the flag of the Islamist group Hizb ut-Tahrir (Party of Liberation), according to a tweet from The Sydney Morning Herald. The group is not known for espousing violence in the manner of al Qaeda or ISIS, but it does support the establishment of a caliphate uniting Muslims around the world.
Monis's motive is still unknown.
So here is the question that haunted me: What is the difference between a terrorist's "motive" and his "demands"?
Numerous reports showed, beyond any doubt as far as I am concerned, that Monis appears to have been a "lone wolf" operator of some kind. It is also clear that his actions could have been linked, on way or another, to several events in his troubled life -- including the fact that he might be on his way to prison.
But why not quote the actual content of his demands? He may have been a lone wolf, but why not quote his own words linking the attack to support for the Islamic state? At the very least, his motives appear to have been linked to ISIS and its calls for violence.
Yet at the Washington Post, editors called Monis a "self-styled Muslim cleric" and, as many did, stated that his "motives for the hostage-taking at the Lindt Chocolate Cafe remain unclear." This report added:
The long showdown captured the world's attention and raised questions about whether it was a "lone wolf" attack inspired by calls from militant groups such as the Islamic State. ...
The Islamic State and other extremist groups have threatened Australia with violence for its participation in the U.S.-led campaign against Islamist militants in Iraq and Syria. Australia, in response, has imposed new security measures in recent months and made several arrests of suspects accused of plotting acts of violence.
Unless I missed it in later updates, the Post did not, however, quote the actual public demands made by the gunman, using his hostages as his public voice during the drama that unfolded live before the world's cameras.
Once again, don't demands point toward motive?
In a sidebar to its main report, The New York Times offered quite a bit of depth about this man's life and beliefs. However, once again, the public demands were missing.
The police have said that Mr. Monis presented himself as a spiritual healer and conducted business for a time on Station Street in Wentworthville, a western suburb of Sydney.
A website apparently associated with Mr. Monis included condemnation of the United States and Australia for their military actions against Islamic militants in Iraq and Afghanistan. News reports said the site also contained a posting saying Mr. Monis had recently converted from Shia to Sunni Islam, and SITE, an organization that monitors Islamic extremist groups, said he posted a pledge of allegiance to the "Caliph of the Muslims." The posting appeared to refer to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi and the Islamic State militant group, SITE said, though the posting did not mention them by name.
Mr. Monis apparently emigrated to Australia from Iran around 1996, and was previously known as Manteghi Boroujerdi or Mohammad Hassan Manteghi. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation said he was granted political asylum. In a broadcast interview in 2001, he claimed to have worked for the Iranian intelligence ministry and to have fled the country in fear for his life, leaving behind a wife and family.
So once again, here is my question: Why not quote the actual words of the gunman's public demands in which he links his actions to the Islamic State? And if this is what he demanded, doesn't this point to motive? Or am I missing something, some other definition of the word "motive"?


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Júpiter tiene varios satélites y la Tierra solo uno.Jupiter has a number of satellites and the Earth only has one. Some contemplate the neighbourhoods of San Mateo, La Florida and the Echegaray borough to be part of the south zone of Satélite. You accumulate pulse factors for each minute you spend in every coronary heart rate coaching zone. They've slices like hamburger and stuff so there's that… however I'm not impressed with execution.
You will use dumb bells, kettle bells, drugs balls, leap ropes and different gear to build strength and stamina. Si no encuentras lo que buscas contacta con nosotros. Gross sales rise 283.90{b2599bb04442fc331dc7396dc78453e40e32f26a9fb50287e1a88b90a116677f} to Rs 4.53 croreYash Management & Satelite reported net lack of Rs zero.35 crore within the quarter ended March 2010 as against web loss of Rs 0.09 crore in the course of the previous quarter ended March 2009.
We even have the most recent and …


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PPT Specialist
1 person likes this description
Our client, a start-up mobile app company located in Century City, is seeking a Presentation Specialist for project based work. Specialist will assist sales team with animation and design updates monthly in support of advertising campaigns and social media program initiatives.
- Advanced PowerPoint skills, including animation, imbedded charts/graphs, etc
- Experience creating sales focused presentations that drive action


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After decades providing all the equipment and controls around all brands and types of compressors around the world, CPC Engineering decided to take things a step further, by providing the full compressor packages to its customers.
This unique positioning of CPC Engineering was driven by a need from the industry players around the world to operate the heart of their plants in the most flexible yet stable way, while safeguarding its most precious assets, through safe operating conditions.
CPC Engineering differentiates itself by providing the optimal solutions to the customer process constraints. This market approach coupled with the proprietary compressor controls and protections, guarantee a trouble free operations of compressor in the process.
Do not hesitate to contact us, should you require any kind of assistance with your compressor packages.


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The Team at WebWizards have transformed many businesses in New Zealand, & around the world, to be an online success.
We had a very tired website at Farm Meats.
Scott at WebWizards did a fantastic job in the design and optimisation of the new site.
We now project a far more professional image and since our new site was rolled out, we have noticed a big increase in traffic and enquiries.
I wouldn't hesitate to recommend WebWizards for any web solutions.
Sam Leathem, General Manager, Farm Meats 2000 Ltd
Client since November 2017
Case Study
I truly value Scott's knowledge of building websites and digital marketing.
He is my go-to problem solver, and I would be lost without his expertise.
It is great to be able to rely on him for my business needs and happily recommend his services..
Michael Keown, Owner, A Cut Above Building Limited
Client since April 2015
We got Scott to look at our Website, Google Ads, Analytics, Email Service, Facebook Login, etc. He did the works – basically our whole digital footprint was overhauled and sorted out.
Extraordinary service. This guy will make you money!!
Mike Cooper – Owner
Client since March 2017
Case Study
Thank you for helping us with our marketing of the business, we appreciate your honesty and commitment and we are very pleased with the results!
Kevin Wilmshurst – Owner
Client since September 2017
Case Study
We highly recommend Scotty and his extremely knowledgeable expertise in Google Analytics, Google Ads and websites that work!
We were spending $400 p/m on Google Ads and we had no idea what our ROI was. We were getting the odd enquiry from our website, but we could't track where those enquiries came from.
Since Scotty implemented his Google "best-practice" systems and Google Ads THAT WORK, our website is now getting daily enquiries, our sales on some products have doubled and we're getting more leads than ever before... AND we're only spending half of what we were on Google Ads!
Another exciting thing is we can track what our users are doing, so now we know where to focus our efforts.
Our website is our biggest marketing tool, so we could't be happier!
Jess Abbott - Sales & Marketing
SPL Limited
Client since November 2016
Case Study
WebWizards has worked closely with us over the last 5 years and has fine-tuned our website and Google Ads marketing to be efficient and cost effective.
We can definitely tell when the Google Ads account has run out of money, as the phone and email get very quiet, and when it is topped up, the vast majority of inquiries are interested in specifically what we have to offer as plumbers and gasfitters, so we are very pleased with how our money is being spent, and the constant improvements being made by Scott and the team keep us where we need to be on Google.
We love having Google Ads access we can pause the ads when fully booked and start them again when we need.
If you are thinking of marketing online, don't look past these guys!
Jamin Saes - Director
Client since September 2012
Case Study
Damn it your Ads are so good!!
(comment via email after rewording Ads in Google Ads Campaigns - there was a "bit of a competition" to see who could write the best ads)
Jess Abbott - Sales & Marketing
SPL Limited
Client since November 2016
Case Study
Scott's technical experience proved invaluable as we built our new website. Not only was he able to work with our creative team to produce the layout, look and function that we wanted, but Scott added value by optimising the site to gain the maximum exposure. We wouldn't hesitate to recommend Scott for similar ground-up web design projects.
Steve McDonald - Managing Director
Client since September 2015
Thanks so much for our new website. We are getting many more visits and enquiries since you took it over. 90% of all our new jobs we have done have been through the website. So I'm really pleased...
Jamie Ross
Client since June 2013
Thank you - again - the website is working its socks off already with 3 good leads so far!! (8 days after website went live)
We really have had great feedback about the website and lots of shares and likes on Phil's facebook pages. All good!!!
Claire Sarsfield
Viking Security Doors and Screens
Client since July 2016
Thanks for the enthusiasm and we look forward to a great web site. We were blown away by your help and process - fantastic!
Ron Win, Gallagher Fuel Systems
Client since October 2003
Thanks work is going gang busters - starting to take bookings for next February already (November 19).
I am getting lots of good feed back about the website and how easy it is for people to find there way around.
Thank you very much for all of your help in setting it up for me.
Mark Whiteford
Client since July 2014
Scott's a wealth of knowledge when it comes to Search Engine Optimisation, as proven in the performance of the sites he manages. His commitment to best practice ensures we derive maximum value from our sites. His collaborative and inclusive approach and passion for SEO means he is always willing to share his expertise with colleagues.
Natalie Ward, Marketing and Events Manager - KiwiNet.org.nz
Client & Colleague since October 2003
Your technical knowledge and abilities are outstanding, but the thing I most appreciate about you is your speedy turnaround time and/or communication about when you can turn stuff around.
You always reply quickly to emails and it makes me feel valued as your client.
Darcy Liddell
Client from July 2008 - March 2018
Scott provides great service, the extra steps he takes with all of his clients is amazing.
His support is awesome and the personal results you gain from his service are well worth it.
I would recommend his services to anyone.
Scott used to host our website and provide us his SEO experience. We have now decided to take up the opportunity to run on our own and thank Scott for his continued support.
Hayley Smith (Developer) & John Smith (Owner)
It has been such a pleasure to work alongside Scott in the development and upkeep of my business website.
Scott brings creativity and professionalism to every level of his work.
The website has been a strong point in my small business promotion and it has brought many compliments from both customers and colleagues.
I unreservedly recommend Devine Websites (our former name) for affordable, thoroughly Kiwi and high quality web design.
Kirsty Gerlach
Owner - Kirsty Gerlach Hearing - Rotorua
Client from August 2010 to August 2014 (merged with nationwide company)
Thanks so much for my website. I am getting lots of questions/enquiries and more importantly orders directly from my site.
This is the most traffic I have ever had so I wanted to say thanks for helping me grow my business through a great marketing profile.
It is steadily ticking over, legend!!
Renee Boleyn
Client since January 2011
Thank you for the help you have given us with our website, and newsletters. Your expertise is invaluable and greatly appreciated by us all. We look forward to continuing working with you.
Turner Syndrome Support Group New Zealand
Client since November 2009
I would like to personally recommend the services of Scott Devine.
I have had nothing but a fantastic experience working with Scott and I am amazed at how gifted he is in transforming visions into tangible results.
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This included font compatibility with various platforms, or how search engines locate your site. Scott took care of all the considerations and allowed me to focus on things like content rather than the technicalities.
While anybody in his profession would likely suggest technical guidance, in my opinion, Scott's real speciality lies in his ability to assimilate your business mission, and tailor the atmosphere of your website to that objective.
Several times Scott helped me in areas that didn't seem like website design at all, such as areas like descriptions of my services, editing text and constructive feedback.
Furthermore, after I had visions of paying a graphic artist for a logo, Scott intervened. He saw what I was envisioning, and was able to doctor up the logo. Scott was able to make some image enhancements and deliver what my banner is today.
If you are considering an attempt at making your dream become a website reality, I highly recommend Scott's services.
Maryanne and I would like to thank you for all of your support over the past 10 years.
This includes the web-page design, updates/changes and hosting services you have provided.
We couldn't have done it without you!
Wayne Edwards and Mary-Anne Cowan
Client from February 2006- June 2016
Scott Devine has been our webmaster for many years (April, 2002). He designed our original website in direct consultation with myself and over the years he has provided a great service in changing necessary details, how the website looks and what ever we have wanted altered. These changes have been completed in record time, a service we are very grateful for.
We have had feedback from many of our players, parents & other users, commenting on how great & informative the website is and how easy it is to get around. We look forward to many more years under the service & guidance.
Michelle Benton WaitaraSoccer.co.nz
Client Since April 2002
Many thanks for the very positive, supportive, informative and constructive assistance in the setup of our website (in 2006) and for the provision of the hosting services.
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Many thanks again.
Jon Redwood
Auto Sound Centre (2006) Ltd
Client from June 2006 - June 2011
Scott is a dream to work with. Not only are his skills and knowledge brilliant but he is also a fantastic communicator.
Anna Goddard, Marketing Coordinator - Gallagher Security
Client since October 2003
Impressive... most impressive
(comment via email after doing contract work for legacy Gallagher Extranet Website - Dean now works for WebWizards)
Dean Hoebergen - Web Designer Gallagher Group
Client since October 2003
Need more proof that we know what we're doing...
More Reviews for WebWizards: Google Reviews - Facebook Reviews
Find out how WebWizards can help you grow your business...


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A glossary, also known as an idioticon, vocabulary, or clavis, is an alphabetical list of terms in a particular domain of knowledge with the definitions for those terms. (wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary)
Click on a letter of the alphabet to take you to the section containing words that start with that letter. For example, if you are looking for magnet, click on the 'M'. Read about magnets, and follow any links to animations, videos or other information.
"Ctrl + f" - you can also hold the "ctrl" and the "f" keys simultaneously. When the dialogue box appears in the top right hand corner, type the word you are looking for.Start
Absolute pressure – Gauge pressure + atmospheric pressure. (Sometimes referred to with an "A" at the end – e.g. kPa A, Bar A, Psi A.)
Absorption Refrigeration – Absorption in chemistry is the taking up of one substance by another. Absorption refrigeration units work by using ammonia as the coolant, water and hydrogen gas to create a continuous cycle for the ammonia. These coolers typically have no moving parts, and generally run on propane or gas. Camping type fridges also operate on 12VDC or 240VAC to generate heat.
Animated absorption system GIF (Takes a few seconds to load).
Adiabatic cooling – Adiabatic cooling is the process of reducing heat through a change in air pressure caused by volume expansion.
AIRAH – Australian Institute of Refrigeration, Airconditioning and Heating: www.airah.org.au
Air Conditioning – the science of maintaining internal conditions regardless of external conditions: temperature, humidity, air quality and air movement. View the "room temperature room" video.
Kybom Air Conditioning Manufacturer Homepage.
Alternator – electromechanical device that turns mechanical energy into alternating current (AC) electricity.
Alternating current (AC) – current repeatedly changes direction of flow.
Ammeter – device used to measure current flow. (See Amp).
Ammonia (R717) – R717 is refrigerant grade high purity ammonia (NH3)(natural Refrigerant) that has zero ODP and zero GWP. The product typically is 99.98% pure with minimal levels of moisture and other impurities (> 200 ppm and > 5 ppm Oil) making it ideal for use in all types of refrigeration systems.
(Linde R717 Brochure). Click for a larger image
Amp (A) – Ampere is the unit of electric current. (See ammeter)
Anemometer (Rotating Vane and hotwire) – device for measuring the speed of airflow in the atmosphere, ductwork and in other gas-flow applications
1. Rotating Vane anemometer image
Anneal (Annealing) – is a heat process whereby a metal is heated to a specific temperature or colour and then allowed to cool slowly. This softens the metal which means it can be cut and shaped more easily. Copper tube is heated to a red heat and allowed to cool slowly.
ASHRAE – American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and AIr Conditioning Engineers. www.ashrae.org
Australian Refrigeration Association (ARA) – , a non-profit association comprised of people and organisations that support our objectives particularly from a design, engineering and operating point of view. http://www.ausref.org.au/
Australian Refrigeration Council Ltd (ARC) – administers refrigerant handling licences and refrigerant trading authorisations on behalf of the Australian Government. http://www.arctick.org/index.php
Automatic Expansion Valve (AEV) – developed for small cooling units where the load is reasonably constant, such as room air conditioners, domestic refrigerators, drink dispensers, food dispensers, ice cream cabinets bottle coolers, home freezers, ice cube makers, ice cream freezers and milk coolers.
Automatic Expansion Valve (AEV) cutaway image by Hermawan
Automatic Expansion Valve (AEV) cutaway image by http://neilorme.com/AEV.shtml
Armature – generally relates to a movable piece of ferromagnetic metal placed between poles of a magnet. For example, the rotating core of an electric motor or alternator, or the moving arm of a relay.
Atmospheric Pressure – is the pressure exerted by the weight of the air above us due to gravity. At sea level, atomspheric pressure is taken as 101,325 pascals or 101.3 kPa (14.7 psig) and can also written as 29.92 " Hg.
Atom – the smallest part of an element that can exist.
Azeotrope – A blend made up of two or more refrigerants with similar boiling points that act as a single fluid. The components of azeotropic mixtures will not separate under normal operating conditions and can be charged as a vapor or liquid. (R500 series refrigerants)
Balometer (flow hood) – directly reads average air flow rate, either intake or outflow, at ceiling, wall or floor diffusers.
1. Flow Hood - image
2. Flow Hood to measure register air flow. - image
Battery – a collection of cells connected together to deliver direct current (DC). Different methods of connection determine the voltage and the size of cells determines available current.
Bell Jar – A bell jar is a piece of laboratory equipment used for creating vacuums. A bell jar is placed on a base which is vented to a hose fitting, which can be connected via a hose to a Vacuum Pump. Bell Jar video.
Boiling Point –
Water boiling at room temperature video
Bourdon (tube) Gauge – Bourdon pressure gauge uses the principle that a flattened tube tends to change to be straightened or larger circular cross-section when pressurized. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_measurement#Bourdon).
1. Danfoss bourdon tube animation
Brazing (Silver Soldering) – metal-joining process whereby a filler metal is heated above melting point and distributed between two or more close-fitting parts by capillary action. Read the Kembla brazing manual here.
Bubble Point – the temperature at which liquid refrigerant begins to bubble when the saturation point is reached. (The lowest boilng point of one of the refrigerants in a zeotropic blend).
Temperature glide image showing bubble and dew point.
Building Management System (BMS) – A BMS is a computer based graphical interface and control system for large installations. A system for centralizing and optimizing the monitoring, operating, and managing of a building. Services may include heating, cooling, ventilation, lighting, security, and energy management.
Bundy Tube – Bundy tube, sometimes called Bundy pipe, is type of double-walled low-carbon black steel tube used for domestic air cooled static condensers.
1. Domestic fridge bundy tube static condenser. (Image)
Calipers – an instrument for measuring external or internal dimensions, or for marking out.
Capacitance – the ability of a device to store an electrical charge.
Capacitor – a device capable of storing an electrical charge.
Capacitor - Run: Runs capacitors are rated in a range of 2-80 microfarad (mfd). Run capacitors are also rated by voltage classification. The voltage classifications are 370V 440V and 480V. Run capacitors are designed for continuous duty, and are energized the entire time the motor is running. Single phase electric motors need a capacitor to energize a second phase winding. This is why sizing is so critical. If the wrong run capacitor is installed, the motor will not have an even magnetic field. This will cause the rotor to hesitate at those spots that are uneven. This hesitation will cause the motor to become noisy, increase energy consumption, cause performance to drop, and cause the motor to overheat.(source:Louisiana State University)
Capacitor - Start. – Start capacitors are housed in a black plastic case and have a mfd range as opposed to a specific mfd rating on run capacitors. Start capacitors (ratings of 80 microfarad or higher) have three voltage classifications: 125V, 250V, and 330V. Examples would be a 35 mfd at 370V run capacitor and an 88-108 mfd at 250V start capacitor. Start capacitors increase motor starting torque and allow a motor to be cycled on and off rapidly. Start capacitors are designed for momentary use. Start capacitors stay energized long enough to rapidly bring the motor to 3/4 of full speed and are then taken out of the circuit. (source:Louisiana State University)
Capacity control (Compressor, Evaporator, Condenser) – Matching the performance of the system to load or conditions in the controlled space is achieved with capacity control - compensates for low load and low ambient conditions.
1. Capacity Control of compressors (Word Doc)
Capillary (Tube) – a refrigerant metering device. Capillary is copper tube of very small internal diameter - ranging from 0.5 to 2.28 mm (0.020 to 0.09 inches). Capillary tube is commonly used as the throttling device in the domestic refrigerators, deep freezers, water coolers and air conditioners.
1. NNR029 Capillary Systems Student Book. (superseded TAFE NSW resource). .
Capstone (UEENEEJ109A) – This unit covers testing and visual inspection for verifying that a refrigeration and air conditioning system and components are safe, comply with requirements and functions as intended. It encompasses working safely, conducting compliance tests, conducting visual inspections, identifying non-compliance defects and mandatory reporting requirements. Student Guide
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) – a naturally occurring chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom. The combustion of all carbon-containing fuels, such as methane (natural gas), petroleum distillates (gasoline, diesel, kerosene, propane), but also of coal and wood, will yield carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is used as 'dry ice', and as a refrigerant (R744). Carbon dioxide Wiki Page
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Refrigerant (R744) – Non-toxic, Non-flammable, Non-ozone-depleting, Environmentally friendly, with a Global Warming Potential = 1. A high pressure refrigerant used in commercial and industrial refrigeration applications:
R744 Website www.r744.com
CO2 Phase Changes - Danfoss Video large (35 MB)
Bitzer sub-critical animation - Bitzer CO2 System
Tube system for high-pressure applications (PDF) - High-strength copper alloy Wieland K65
Cascade System: Arrangement in which two or more refrigeration systems are used in series. The evaporator of one machine is used to cool the condenser of another. These are used in ultra low temperatures.
CFC (ChloroFluoroCarbon) Refrigerant – CFC refers to the chemical composition of the refrigerant. ChloroFluoroCarbon indicates that the refrigerant is comprised of Chlorine, Fluorine, and Carbon. Common CFC refrigerants are R11, R12, R13, R113, R114, and R115. These refrigerants have been phased out of use because of their high ozone depletion potential (ODP).
Celsius Scale – a temperature scale (°C) that was developed by Anders Celsius in 1742. The zero point of the Celsius scale is set to the temperature at which water freezes, and 100 is the temperature at which water boils (at atmospheric pressure). The Celsius scale is the standard scale used around most of the world to measure air temperatures. The United States uses the Fahrenheit scale (°F).
Checklist – helps to ensure consistency and completeness in carrying out a task. Sample installation and commissioning checklist spreadsheet.
Chiller (Air Conditioning) – See "water chiller".
Circuit – the configuration of an electrical source, conductors and devices, in order to be capable of carrying current.
Circuit Breaker – is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overcurrent/overload or short circuit.
Circuit Breaker Trip Animation video
Coldrooms (Freezer Rooms) – Coldrooms and merchandising cabinets
1. Coldrooms panels and construction
Compression Ratio –The compression ratio is the ratio of the absolute discharge pressure (kPaA) to absolute suction pressure (kPaA), found using the formula Discharge Pressure Absolute ÷ Suction Pressure Absolute. Suction pressure has great influence has on compression ratio. A change in head pressure does not influence the compression ratio as much as suction pressure. High compression ratios are a major reason systems run hot. There are other reasons a system can exhibit high discharge temperatures, but knowing how to find the compression ratio can greatly aid a service technician in discovering what is wrong with a troublesome system.
Compressor (refrigerant) – the refrigeration compressor circulates refrigerant in the vapour compression system, and increases the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant so that it can be condensed into liquid. The compressor separates the low and high sides of the system.
1. Tecumseh compressor motor and component information. (PDF)
2. Screw compressor animation.
3. Bizer Screw compressor animation.
4. Copeland Scroll compressor animation.
5. Copeland Digital Scroll compressor animation.
6. Danfoss Centrifugal compressor video
7. Rotary compressor animation.
8. Danfoss Reciprocating compressor video.
9. York Screw compressor animation .exe (3.2MB)
Compressor construction – the refrigeration compressor is constructed in one of three ways:
1. Hermetic - compressor and motor mounted in a single outer welded steel shell that is completely sealed
2. Semi-Hermetic: The valve plate and motor are accessable
3. Open drive - the motor is external and drives the compressor by belt & pulley, directly coupled to the crank shaft. The shaft has a seal that is susceptible to leaks. The valve plate is accessible for repair.
Condensate (condensation) – waste water from the condensation formed on the evaporator in refrigeration processes. Condensate drains need to be correctly designed and installed to facilitate correct drainage. View an image of a drain installation here. Use an Ezi-trap to facilitate cleaning and inspection.
Condenser – A heat exchanger used to reject refrigeration system heat to the cooling medium (ambient air or water).
2. Tube in tube condenser image (300 Kb)
Condenser pressure regulator (CPR) – maintains minimum condensing pressure in low ambient conditions.
Conductance – the opposite of resistance, relates to the ease with which electricity will pass through material.
Conductor – material that electricity will flow through with little resistance.
Contactors – an electrically controlled switch used for switching a power circuit, similar to a relay except with higher current ratings.A contactor is controlled by a circuit which has a much lower power level than the switched circuit.
Cooling load temperature difference (CLTD) calculation method – The CLTD/CLF/SCL (cooling load temperature difference/cooling load factor/solar cooling load factor) cooling load calculation method was first introduced in the 1979 ASHRAE Cooling and Heating Load Manual and is regarded as a reasonably accurate approximation of the total heat gains through a building envelope for the purposes of sizing HVAC equipment. Error when using the CLTD/CLF/SCL method tends to be less than twenty percent over and less than ten percent under.
Cooling Tower – transfer waste heat from the condenser to the atmosphere. Cooling towers use the evaporation of water to remove process heat and cool the working fluid to near the wet-bulb air temperature.
1. Cooling tower best practice guidelines (AIRAH)
2. Cooling tower types (AIRAH)
3. My Cooling Tower .com.au (AIRAH)
COP (Coefficient of Performance) – the ratio of the refrigerant effect (refrigeration capacity) to the work done by the compressor - the higher the number, the more efficient the system.
Coulomb – practical unit of an electrical charge. The quantity of electric charge transferred each second by a current of one ampere.
Crankcase Pressure Regulator (CPR) – An outlet pressure regulator which maintains a predetermined maximum outlet pressure. Designed to prevent compressor motor overload. Commonly used on low temp systems to protect the compressor from high back pressure after a defrost.
To limit the input pressure in the compressor, obtain the compressor manufacturer's specifications for the maximum suction pressure allowed for the refrigerant and the temperature. Configure the valve 20 - 30 KPa below the maximum pressure. An alternative method is to use an ammeter on opening the valve to configure a reference point that does not exceed the maximum amperage (RLA) for the compressor (90% of amps in winter).
Critical Point (Critical temperature) – the temperature above which gas cannot be liquefied, irrespective of pressure. Conventional refrigeration cycles can only operate efficiently using fluids well below critical temperature.
1. Critical temperature webpage - courtesy Purdue University Department of Chemistry
Critical Pressure – the saturation pressure equivalent to the Critical Temperature.
Current (I) – the movement or flow of electrons along a conductor. The symbol for current is I and the unit of measure is amps (A).
Current Relay – Current starting relays are used to start single-phase, refrigeration motors requiring low starting torque. Current relays are often used with capillary tubes. (Pressures equalize on the off cycle).
1. Current Relay image by Hermawan
Defrost (timer) – An electro-mechanical, or digital clock device that periodically switches from cooling to defrost to remove the buildup of frost from the evaporator. Typically 4 defrosts per day at 6 hour intervals with a duration of approximately 20 -30 minutes. Types include:
2. Domestic defrost 6 hour timer - image
3. Defrost termination klixon - animated GIF image
Delta connection (windings) – The connection of a three phase motor in the Delta configuration, often used with a star/delta starter.
1. Star - Delta Starter (PDF)
2. Star - Connection Starter (PDF)
3. Delta - Connection (PDF)
Diameter – the distance from one side of a circle to the other; the symbol is a circle with a line through it (ø).
Differential Pressure Switch – a switch that compares two pressures often used to verify fluid flow: chilled water, compressor oil, air.
1. Emerson oil pressure switches - copeland: technical information guide.
Diode – a semi-conductor device that allows current flow in one direction only.
Direct current (DC) – current that flows in one direction only.
1. Direct current (DC)– DC tool kit - animated circuit construction. (2MB)
Distributor (Refrigerant) –function of the refrigerant distributor is to equally distribute refrigerant flow from the thermostatic expansion valve into each circuit of a multi-circuit evaporator coil. (Requires an externally equalised TX valve).
Sporlan Distributor Fact sheet (PDF)
Domestic Refrigerator (Fridge) – A refrigerator or fridge is a common household appliance that consists of a thermally insulated compartment and a heat pump (mechanical, electronic, or chemical) that transfers heat from the inside of the fridge to its external environment so that the inside of the fridge is cooled to a temperature below the ambient temperature of the room. Refrigeration is an essential food storage technique where low temperatures lowers the reproduction rate of bacteria, so the refrigerator reduces the rate of spoilage. Fridge - +2 to + 4 Deg C, Freezer - -18 Deg C.
1. Domestic Fridge - Video (13 Mb)
2. Domestic Fridge Compressor - Video (25 Mb)
3. How not to carry a fridge - Video (1.5 Mb)
Drier (dryer) – liquid line, suction line and suction burnout. A filter-drier in a refrigeration or air conditioning system has two essential functions: one, to adsorb system contaminants, such as water, which can create acids, and two, to provide physical filtration.
1. Drier exposed video (Aussie 50 you tube channel)
3. Copper spun Drier exposed Image
EC Motor – brushless DC motors which include in-built electronics to convert the AC supply to DC without the need for a separate DC supply. EC fans provide a more efficient (up to 30%) means of airflow with the additional benefit of variable speed control via an output signal from the unit controller.
EER – Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) is a measure of system efficiency at a given set of rating conditions. It is a ratio calculated by dividing the cooling capacity in kW by the power input in kW.
Efficiency – the efficiency of an electrical machine can be determined by comparing the input power against the output power.
Electrode – a conductor where current passes from a solid into a liquid, into a gas, or into a vacuum, or vice versa.
Electrolysis – chemical change to material as a result of the passage of an electric current through an electrolyte.
Electrolyte – a conducting substance or medium, eg acid, base or salt, in which the flow of current is accompanied by the movement of matter in the form of ions.
Electromagnet – a magnet that is created by passing electrical current through a coil wound around an iron core.
Electromotive force (EMF) – voltage between the terminals of a cell or generator in the open circuit condition.
Electron – negatively charged particle of an atom.
Electronic Expansion valve (ETX or LEV) – electronically controlled needle and seat metering device used in large split air conditioning systems..
1. Electronic Expansion valve (video) - Aussie 50 YouTube channel.
2. Sporlan Electronic Expansion valve (PDF 2.38 Mb)
Energy Recovery (also see recovery heat wheel and heat exchanger) – a heat recovery wheel is a type of energy recovery heat exchanger positioned within the supply and exhaust air streams of an air handling system, or in the exhaust gases of an industrial process, in order to recover the heat energy. For example; using toilet or kitchen exhaust air to cool down fresh outside air.
1. Watch rotating recovery wheel video
3. Plate heat exchanger animation.
Engineering Notation – version of scientific notation in which the powers of ten must be multiples of three.
472,690,128,340 = 472.690128340 × 109
0.000 063 8 = 63.8 × 10–6
Enthalpy – the thermodynamic property of a substance defined as its total internal energy plus the total heat & heat content Pv/J. Sometimes called total heat and heat content.
Pressure Enthalpy Explained PDF
Entropy – The rate at which heat is absorbed into an object.
Evacuation – Using a vacuum pump, evacuating a refrigeration system serves two primary objectives:
Evacuation & Dehydration Videos
3. Evacuation - the right pump
4. Evacuation - the right tools
6. Evacuation pump maintenance
Evaporative Cooler (swampy) – evaporative air coolers use the effect of "Latent Heat" to cool the air as it passes over a watersoaked porous material. The amount of cooling of the air depends entirely upon the amount of moisture already in the air so they are more effective in dry air in inland areas. Because of the increase in relative humidity as air is cooled and moisture added, air should never be recirculated through an evaporative cooler. To be effective, only fresh outside air should be brought through to cooler, and be exhausted out through the other sides of the conditioned space.
3. Roof top Evap cooler image 2
Evaporator – A heat exchanger where heat from the refrigerated space is absorbed by the refrigerant (using latent heat of vapourisation), to maintain temperature and humidity at desired conditions.
1. Wall split Evaporator cutaway image (Hermawan).
2. Operating Evaporator - note the change in refrigerant quality from the TX valve to the bulb.
Evaporator Pressure Regulator (EPR) – installed in the suction line after the evaporator to regulate the evaporating pressure in refrigeration systems with one or more evaporators and one compressor. In such refrigeration systems (operating on different evaporating pressures) the EPR is installed after the evaporator with the highest evaporating pressure.
Exam Technique – open the PDF document for hints, tips and tricks to do better in assessments.
Expansion (metering)Device – meters liquid into the evaporator at the same rate which it is being vaporized and it maintains a pressure difference between the high and low sides of the system.
1. Types of metering devices - image
2. Hand expansion valve
3. Automatic Expansion Valve (AEV) cutaway image by Hermawan
3 a Automatic Expansion Valve (AEV) cutaway image by http://neilorme.com/AEV.shtml
4. High side float (HSF)
5. Low side float (LSF)
6. Fixed orifice (accurator)
7. EEV (electronic expansion valve)
8. Thermal Expansion (TX) Valve
Fan – An apparatus with rotating vanes or blades that creates a current of air for cooling, heating, or ventilation. Types of fan include: Axial (propellar, tube or vane axial), centrifugal (forward, radial, backward and airfoil), and crossflow (wall splits).
1b. Centifugal Fan animated video
2. Cross flow barrel fan image
5. FanTech Axial fan installation dos and don'ts (PDF)
6. Engineering Handbook on Fans PDF)
7. Centrifugal fan types (BMP)
Farad (F) – derived unit of measure for capacity that exists between two plates of a capacitor if the transfer of one coulomb from one plate to the other creates a potential difference of one volt.
Faraday's Law –Electromagnetic induction is the production of an electric current across a conductor moving through a magnetic field. It underlies the operation of generators, transformers, induction motors, electric motors, synchronous motors, and solenoids.
2. Faraday's Law Animation (GIF)
Fasteners (screw, Bolt, Nut) – a hardware device that mechanically joins or affixes two or more objects together.
1. Table of Fasteners PDF (400 Kb)
F-Gas – Fluorinated gases ('F-gases') are a family of synthetic (man-made) gases used in a range of air conditioning and refrigeration applications.
F-Gas regulation – EU regulation introduced into European Law in 2007. Impacts the use of fluorine based refrigerants. Regulation leads to record keeping, leak detection and competence levels for engineers. See F Gas Compliance.
Field – a region where magnetic lines of force can be detected from a magnet or electrical circuit.
Filter – fibrous (or other) materials which removes solid particulates such as dust, pollen, mold, and bacteria from the air. They are usually located in the return air path and also assist in keeping the evaporator coil clean. Types: viscous, HEPA, dry and electrostatic.
1. Filtertech filter types catalogue PDF 5 MB
2. Filter pressure drop (when to replace filters) PDF
3. Filter types (AC) PDF 2.5 MB
4. HEPA (High efficiency particulate arrestance) Filter image
Flexible cable (lead) – specially designed to cope with the tight bending radii and physical stress associated with moving and vibration. Used in the HVAC industry for fan motors, compressors and controls.
Fluorocarbon – A hydrocarbon in which some or all of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by fluorine..
Fluorocarbon refrigerant – A refrigerant consisting of or containing flurocarbon.
Flow hood (Balometer) – directly reads average air flow rate, either intake or outflow, at ceiling, wall or floor diffusers.
1. Flow Hood - image
2. Flow Hood to measure register air flow. - image
Free electron – an electron that is not bound to any particular atom and can therefore move from atom to atom in a conductor.
Frequency – the number of times per second that something changes. Relates to alternating current in particular and is measured in hertz (Hz).
Full Load Amps (FLA) – FLA is the nameplate amperage rating of the motor when it is running at its designed horsepower and on the motors designed voltage.
Galvanometer – device for measuring or detecting small amounts of current.
Galvanised – protective coating on iron to prevent rust, achieved by the use of a galvanic current or zinc coating.
Gauge Pressure – (see refrigeration gauges) The reading taken from a gauge normally zeroed at atmospheric pressure (one bar absolute or 14.7 psi) so that pressures can be also be read as a negative when below atmospheric pressure. (Often referred to with "G" on end – e.g. kPaG, BarG, PsiG).
Global Warming – is the term used to describe a gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and its oceans, a change that is believed to be permanently changing the Earth's climate.
Global Average Temperatures Graphic Animation
GWP – Global (Greenhouse) Warming Potential. It compares the amount of heat trapped by a certain mass of a refrigerant to the amount of heat trapped by a similar mass of carbon dioxide; (CO2 =1).
HCFC (HydroChloro-Fluoro-Carbon) Refrigerant – HCFC refers to the chemical composition of the refrigerant. HydroChloro-Fluoro-Carbon indicates that the refrigerant is comprised of Hydrogen, Chlorine, Fluorine, and Carbon. Common HCFC refrigerants are R22.
Heat Exchange – a device designed to efficiently transfer or "exchange" heat from one substance to another. For example, condenser and evaporator, or car radiator. Energy recovery wheels use heat exchange to reduce energy losses by recovering waster heating or cooling. Liquid line to suction line eheat exchangers ensures there is no flash gas in the liquid line, and ensures all liquid in the suction line is boiled off before entering the compressor.
1. Watch rotating recovery wheel video
3. Plate heat exchanger animation.
4. Liquid/Suction tube in tube exchanger animation.
Heat Pump (reverse cycle air-con) – A heat pump is a HVAC unit that heats or cools by moving heat. During the winter, the indoor coil becomes the condenser and circulates warm air through the conditioned space. In the summer, it reverses the process and the indoor unit is an evaporator that removes heat from your house and releases it outdoors. View the heat pump page.
Hermawan – Likes to share his knowledge, experience and ideas. Click on the icons to check out his Facebook Page and Blog page.
HFC (HydroFluoroCarbon) Refrigerant – HFC refers to the chemical composition of the refrigerant. HydroFluoroCarbon indicates that the refrigerant is comprised of Hydrogen, Fluorine, and Carbon. Common HFC refrigerants are R134a.
HFO (hydrofluoro-olefin) – designed for automotive AC, HFO refrigerants have a very low GWP, and are the fourth generation of refrigerants to be developed.
Henry (H) – unit of measure of inductance. If the rate of change of current in a circuit is one ampere per second, and the resulting electromotive force is one volt, then the inductance of the circuit is one henry.
Heritage listing – Buildings of natural or historical significance that are registered with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) or Department of Environment and Heritage Protection (Different in each state and territory).
Hertz (Hz) – unit of measure of frequency, one hertz (Hz) equals once per second.
Hot Gas Bypass Capacity Regulator – injects hot gas from the discharge into the TX valve through the liquid gas mixer - maintains accurate evaporator temperature independant of the load.
Danfoss Hot Gas Bypass valve animation.
Hot Gas Bypass Pressure Regulator – used for capacity regulation during 'low load' conditions - keeps the compressor running by injecting hot gas from the discharge into the suction side.
Danfoss Hot Gas Bypass valve animation.
Humidity (also see Relative Humidity) – is the amount of water vapor in the air. There are three main measurements of humidity: absolute, relative and specific.
Absolute humidity is the water content of air at a given temperature expressed in gram per cubic metre.
Relative humidity, expressed as a percent, measures the current absolute humidity relative to the maximum (highest point) for that temperature.
Specific humidity is a ratio of the water vapor content of the mixture to the total air content on a mass basis.
HVAC & R – pronounced either "H-V-A-C" or "H-vak") is an acronym that stands for "Heating, Ventilation, and Air conditioning". HVAC is sometimes referred to as climate control, and air movement, humidity and temperature must all be closely regulated to maintain comfortable, safe and healthy conditions within an occupied space.
Hydrocarbon (HC) – are naturally occurring, organic compounds consisting of hydrogen and carbon atoms. As a refrigerant, they are non-toxic, have no ozone depleting properties and almost zero global warming potential. (R290 propane, and R600a isobutane, are two common refrigerants in use).
Hygroscopic – A tendency for refrigeration and vacuum pump oils, refrigerants, and driers to absorb moisture from the atmosphere or refrigeration system.
Insulation (pipe) – material that is highly resistive to conducting heat - flexible, closed cell, elastomeric, nitrile rubber insulation that offers reliable protection against condensation and effectively prevents energy loss. (Armaflex Website).
1. Insulation Installation Manual (pdf 2MB). Isopipe Website.
Insulator – material that is highly resistive to conducting electricity.
Ion – atom or molecule that has become electrically charged by either gaining or losing electrons.
Isometric – (isometric projection) a three-dimensional drawing with horizontal edges of the object drawn usually at a 30° angle and all verticals projected perpendicularly from a horizontal base; all lines are drawn to scale.
Impedance – the opposition that is present in a circuit to the passage of alternating current. The symbol for impedance is Z; it is measured in ohms.
Inductance – relates to the characteristic of a circuit to have a voltage induced into it by current variation within the circuit itself (self-inductance) or from a nearby circuit (mutual-inductance). The henry (H) is the unit of measure for inductance.
Inverter – an electrical device that converts direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC).
Joule (J) – the unit of work or energy. It is equal to one watt for one second.
Kelvin (K) – International System (SI) unit of temperature.
Klixon – A trade name for a bimetallic switch used to protect other devices. The Klixon, or 'thermal overload' is a temperature-sensitive electrical switch that opens when a certain temperature is exceeded, or excess current is drawn.
Klixon operation animation GIF
Kybom Airconditioning – Kybom Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Co., Ltd.is a technology and quality oriented Company, and is a leading supplier to the air conditioning industry.
Kybom Air Conditioning Manufacturer Homepage.
Water cooled R410A Heat Pump Brochure(PDF)
Air Handling Unit Brochure (PDF)
Water Cooled Screw Chiller Brochure (PDF)
Leak detection – methods of finding leaks in referation systems - for all types of primary refrigerants:
Leak Detection
Yellow Jacket Electronic Leak Detectors Video
Real Skills Europe guide to good leak testing PDF
Legislation – relates to law and includes Acts, Ordinances, Regulations and other forms of delegated legislation such as rules and bylaws.
Legionella – a pathogenic group of gram negative bacteria, that includes the species L. pneumophila, causing Legionellosis (all illnesses caused by Legionella) including a pneumonia type illness called Legionnaires Disease and a mild flu like illness called Pontiac fever.
Lethal concentration 50 (LC50) – LC values usually refer to the concentration of a chemical (like refrigerant) in air. According to the OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, a traditional experiment involves groups of animals (Rats?) exposed to a concentration (or series of concentrations) for a set period of time (usually 4 hours). The animals are clinically observed for up to 14 days. The concentrations of the chemical in air that kills 50% of the test animals during the observation period is the LC50 value. Other durations of exposure (versus the traditional 4 hours) may apply depending on specific laws.
Class A signifies refrigerants with an LC50 ≥ 10,000 ppm.
Class B signifies refrigerants with an LC50 > 10,000 ppm..
Liquid line receiver – (Vertical or horizontal) located after the condenser in refrigeration and air conditioning systems, the function of a Liquid Refrigerant Receiver is to:
1. Store liquid refrigerant to ensure 100% liquid flows to the expansion device, and
2. Provide storage for the refrigerant charge during system service or maintenance, pump down cycle or low load conditions.
1. Horizontal Liquid Line receiver Image
Liquid line solenoid valve (LLSV) – a direct operated solenoid valve commonly used on pump down systems.
1. Direct operated solenoid valve - Danfoss animation
2. Pilot operated solenoid valve - Danfoss animation
3. Solenoid valve - Cutaway image courtesy Hermawan
Load – a device, appliance or component in an electrical circuit that performs work and therefore consumes energy, eg lamp, motor, etc.
Locked Rotor Amps (LRA) – "Locked Rotor Current" also called LRA which stands for Locked Rotor Amps, is commonly found on electric motor nameplates. Locked Rotor essentially means the motor is not turning. The current or amps in this case have to do with the amount of electrical energy required to start the motor. At the instant the motor is switched on, it is not turning, and draws the maximum current. .
Low pressure control (LP) – a control circuit electrical switch operated by the low pressure side of the system as either a safety control or for pump down. Cut out = Cut In - Differential.
1. LPC setting image by Hermawan
2. TD & LP/HP settings cheat sheet (PDF)
3. Danfoss LP control Animation
Magnehelic – Brand name of a gauge designed to measure pressure drop - typically across air conditioning filters.
Magnetic – refers to the invisible magnetic field that surrounds a magnet or electromagnet.
Magnetic Contactors – an electrically controlled switch used for switching a power circuit, similar to a relay except with higher current ratings.A contactor is controlled by a circuit which has a much lower power level than the switched circuit.
Manometer – may be any device that measures pressure. However, unless otherwise qualified, the term "manometer" most often refers specifically to a U-shaped tube filled with fluid.
Mass Spectrometer – a highly sensitive method of leak detection in refrigeration systems. A vacuum is pulled on the equipment, and then helium is sprayed over the area that potentially has a leak. Sensitive mass spectrometer mesuring equipment detects helium and proves the system has a leak. Read more about the Mass spectrometer here.
Metering (expansion) Device – meters liquid into the evaporator at the same rate which it is being vaporized and it maintains a pressure difference between the high and low sides of the system.
1. Types of metering devices - image
2. Hand expansion valve
3. Automatic Expansion Valve (AEV) cutaway image by Hermawan
3 a Automatic Expansion Valve (AEV) cutaway image by http://neilorme.com/AEV.shtml
4. High side float (HSF)
5. Low side float (LSF)
6. Fixed orifice (accurator)
7. Electronic Expansion valve (ETX or LEV) – Electronic Expansion valve (video) - Aussie 50 YouTube channel.
8. Thermal Expansion (TX) Valve
Metre (m) – International System (SI) unit of length. Since 1983, the metre has been internationally defined as the distance travelled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of 1/ 299 792 458 of a second.
Micron – A micron is a metric measure and is defined as 1 millionth of a meter or 1 thousandth of a millimeter. The micron then is a much more precise method for measuring a deep vacuum
Mind Map – Mind mapping is an approach to both teaching and learning. Using mind maps as an innovative thinking tool in education helps students to visualise and externalise concepts and understand the connections between different ideas.
Motor (induction or asynchronous) – motor is an AC electric motor in which the electric current in the rotor needed to produce torque is induced by electromagnetic induction from the magnetic field of the stator winding. An induction motor's rotor can be either wound type or squirrel-cage type.
1. Exploded View of an induction motor
2. Cutaway View of an induction motor
3. Video - how an induction motor works. (6 MB)
4. Best Practice guide - motors (PDF)
Motor starters – Starting is a process where a motor's rotor is brought from zero speed to rated (or desired) speed. Motor starters can limit start current, control torque and protect the electrical circuit from overloading in fault conditions.
1. Single Phase motor starters wiring diagram image - PTC relay, current relay & potential relay: (Image by Hermawan).
2. DOL three phase motor starter wiring diagram: ( JPG Image by Hermawan)
3. Potential relay video. ( 25 MB).
4. ABB Soft Starter Handbook PDF. (8 MB).
5. Three Phase motors start schematics (PDF)
6. Three Phase motors start schematics (PDF) downloaded from http://www.sari-energy.org/
7. 3 phase motor starters animated schematic video: DOL, contactor DOL, Star Delta, Autotransformer, primary resistance and secondary resistance. (Video 11.5 MB)
Multimeter – electrical meter that is capable of measuring a range of different electrical values, (Ohms, Volts and Amps).
Natural refrigerants – naturally occurring substances such as; hydrocarbons (propane, iso-butane), CO2, ammonia, water and air. Natural refrigerants are heat transfer mediums in refrigerators and air conditioners that do not harm the ozone layer, and have little or no effect on climate change. http://www.refrigerantsnaturally.com/natural-refrigerants/about-natural-refrigerants.htm
1. Natural refrigerant types JPG image courtesy 'refrigerantsnaturally.com'
Negative Temperature Co-efficient (NTC) – a type of variable resistor used to measure temperature in the HVAC&R industry. As the temperature increases, the probes resistance decreases (and vice versa). The correct resistance value for any probe must be read from the manufacturer's data table.
1. NTC Probe application guide - PDF
Neutron – neutral (uncharged) particle of an atom found in all atoms except hydrogen.
Newton (N) – International System (SI) unit of force.
Nitrogen (N) – colourless, odourless inert gas that forms about 78 per cent of the earth's atmosphere. Liquid nitrogen (made by distilling liquid air) boils at 77.4 kelvins (−195.8°C) and is used as a coolant, and pressure testing HVAC & R systems prior to refrigerant charging.
ODP – Ozone Depletion Potential - The capacity of a refrigerant to destroy stratospheric ozone. ODP is stated relative to the ODP of CFC-11, which is taken as having an ODP of 1.
ODS – Ozone Depleting Substance - are those substances which deplete the ozone layer and are widely used in refrigerators, airconditioners, fire extinguishers, in dry cleaning, as solvents for cleaning, electronic equipment and as agricultural fumigants.
Ohm (Ω) – derived unit for measurement of resistance. If a device dissipates one watt of power with one ampere of current flowing through, it has a resistance of one ohm (R = P/I2).
Ohm's Law (Ω) – states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the potential difference across the two points. V = I x R.
1. Ohm's law animation (JAR file)
Ohmmeter – a device used for measuring resistance in ohms.
Oil (Refrigerant) – See refrigeration oil
Oil Trap – Pipe work designed to trap refrigerant oil so that it is returned to the compressor.
3. Wall Split oil trap (indoor above outdoor) (Hermawan)
4. Wall Split oil trap (outdoor above indoor) (Hermawan)
Oil Separator – separates the oil from the superheated discharge refrigerant vapor and returns it to the compressor crankcase.
2. oil separator cutaway image (by Hermawan)
3. Heldon oil separator handbook (PDF)
Oil pressure switch – a differential pressure switch designed to protect the refrigeration compressor if the oil pressure is too low. (Compares crankcase and pump pressure).
1. Emerson oil pressure switches - copeland: technical information guide.
Open circuit – an electrical circuit that is not complete; there is a break in the circuit therefore no current is flowing. An open circuit can be from a switch being open in the circuit or a fault in the circuit.
Ozone (O3) Layer – Ozone is a naturally occurring gas: 10% in the troposphere (10–16 kilometers altitude), and 90% in the stratosphere (50 kilometres altitude). The large amount of ozone in the stratosphere is often referred to as the "ozone layer."
20 Questions about ozone PDF (8MB)
NASA Ozone Layer hole watch website
Parallel – in the same direction. A parallel circuit is where a number of electrical loads are arranged in relation to the one voltage supply to have individual current flow paths.
Pascal (Pa) – International System (SI) unit of pressure.
Perpendicularly – straight up and down; vertical or upright.
Pipe Design – the pipe work for refrigeration systems must be sized correctly to ensure sufficient refrigerant flow, and oil return.
Pipe Design – the pipe work for refrigeration systems must be sized correctly to ensure sufficient refrigerant flow, and oil return.
1. Johnson Controls - General Piping Recommendations and Refrigerant Line Length for Split-System Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps
2. McQuay Refrigerant Piping Design Guide
3. Dupont Refrigerant Piping Handbook
Pole – (1) Either terminal of a battery or cell. (2) Either end of a magnet.
Positive Temperature Co-efficient (PTC) – a type of variable resistor used to measure temperature in the HVAC&R industry. As the temperature increases, the probes resistance increases (and vice versa). The correct resistance value for any probe must be read from the manufacturer's data table.
1. PTC Probe application guide - PDF
Potential difference – the work needed to transfer one unit of charge between two points, measured in volts (V).
Potential Relay – a starting device for single phase, cap start cap run (CSCR) motors. At startup The back EMF from the motor operates a relay that drops the start capacitor out of the circuit and leave the compressor operating a permanent split capacitor (PSC) motor.
1. Potential Relay video How a potential relay works
2. Potential Relay video How to wire a potential relay
Potentiometer – a type of variable resistor used for voltage adjustment.
Power – the rate at which energy is converted from one form to another. The unit of measurement of power is the watt (W).
Pressure – (symbol: p or P) is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed. (Note: 0 gauge pressure = 100 kPa absolute). Measured with a manometer (see "Manometer").
Pressure Switch – a line voltage (electrical) control that senses system pressure and open and closes at set system pressures. Typically used for low pressure safety and pump down, and high pressure safety and fan control, as well as other applications.
1. Danfoss pressure switch animation.
Pressure Temperature (PT) Chart – a table of data showing the relationship of refigerant boiling (condensation) points at given pressures in the saturated condition. The PT chart can be used to troubleshoot system operation, specifically to check proper low- and high-side pressures, set or measure superheat and subcooling temperatures, and to set pressure controls.
Proton – the positively charged particle of an atom.
Pythagoras Theorem – the square of the hypotenuse (the side opposite the right angle) is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides. The theorem can be written as an equation relating the lengths of the sides a, b and c,
Psychrometrics (Hygrometry) – the science of studying the thermodynamic properties of moist air and the quantitative interdependence between temperature and humidity.
1. Online psychrometric calculator - (from UIG Inc.)
2. Online psychrometric calculator - (from The Sugar Engineers)
3. Psychrometric overview - (PDF 1 MB)
4. Psychrometrics 101 - (PDF 9 MB)
5. Nautica Psychrometric Chart - (PDF )
6. AIRAH Psychrometric Chart - (PDF)
7. Psychrometric Chart - Sea Level - (JPG)
8. Hermewan Psychrometric Chart - Air conditioning Processes - (JPG)
9. Hermewan Psychrometric Chart - Cooling Process - (JPG)
Pulley – a simple machine that is made with a rope, chain or belt wrapped around a grooved wheel. Pulley systems are used in the air conditiong and refrigeration industries to drive fans and compressors. Also see vee belts Formula: pulley speed a x diameter a = pulley speed b x diameter b. (d1 n1 = d2 n2).
Q (Volume flow rate)– Represented by the letter Q, volumetric flow rate, (also known as volume flow rate, rate of fluid flow or volume velocity) is the volume of fluid which passes through a given surface per unit time. The SI unit is m3·s−1 (cubic meters per second). It can be calculated using the velocity (in meters per second) of a fluid and multiplying by the area (square meters) of the pipe or duct.
R32 (Difluoromethane) – classified as A2L, or mildly flammable, R32 has a Global Warming Potential (GWP) of 650, which is significantly less than the more commonly used R410A which is 1,980, and Ozone depletion potential of zero.
1. AIRAH Flammable Refrigerant guide (1 MB)
3. Fujitsu R32 Product Training (PDF 3.3 Mb)
Radius (r) – the distance from the centre to the circumference (outside line) of a circle.
Radius and Radians animation (gif image)
Reclaim (refrigerant) – To recover refrigerant from a system into a reclaim cylinder for return to a reclaim facility for reprocessing.
Reclaim & pump down cylinders PDF
Refrigerant Reclaim Australia Reclaimation and destruction of refrigerants website
Reovery & Reclaim
Refrigerant – The medium used for heat transfer in a refrigerating system, which absorbs heat on evaporating at a low temperature and a low pressure, and rejects heat on condensing at a higher temperature and higher pressure. There are three main classes of Refrigerants:
Primary - used in vapour compression systems: change state twice.(Natural, HFCs and HCFCs - Pure, Azeotropic and Zeoptropic)
Secondary - Do not change state, transfer heat and undergo a sensible (temperature) change only. (water, brine, glycol)
Expendable - change state once and are lost to the environment. (Ice melts at 0 deg C, Dry Ice subliminates at -78 Deg C, liquid nitrogen vapourises at -196 Deg C).
Video - Liquid Nitrogen used to freeze pipes for a valve insertion
2011 Refrigerant Reference Guide (PDF 4Mb)
Refrigeration Basics – an introductory refrigeration training course available on CD-ROM or download for PC, Mac or Tablet. Learn about the mechanical refrigeration process and how to diagnose and troubleshoot refrigerant side, air and water and electrical side problems.
Refrigeration cycle (vapour compression cycle) – is one of the many refrigeration cycles widely used to provide air-conditioning refrigeration.
1. Hermewan refrigeration cycle image
2. Refrigeration cycle animation with ph chart.
3. Compressor Refrigeration cycle animation with components.
4. Refrigeration system overview animation with components.
Refrigeration Gauges (Manifold) – The HVAC gauge manifold set consists of a blue low pressure compound (positive and negative pressure)gauge, and a red high pressure gauge. Hose lines enable access to a refrigeration or air conditioning system, and are used to remove or replace refrigerant, pressure test and evacuated HVAC systems.
1. Danfoss Bourdon Tube Animation
2. Refrigeration Gauges Prezi
3. Refrigeration Gauges Animation
Refrigeration oil – The purpose of oil in a refrigeration system is to lubricate the compressor to reduce the friction on metal parts, reducing wear on the compressor and prolongs the life of the system. Refrigerant oil is a special high-temperature formulation designed for use in refrigeration systems, so it is important to use the recommended lubricant for the equipment. Oil that is too heavy will not flow smoothly to all working parts. Oil that is too light will not adhere properly, causing inadequate lubrication.
Rehabilitation – to restore to a condition of good health in order to be able to get back to work.
Relay – switch device operated by electromagnetism.
Relative Humidity (RH%) – is the amount of moisture in the air compared to what the air can "hold" at that temperature and is expressed as a percentage. The RH of air can be found by measuring the 'dry bulb' and 'wet bulb depression' using a sling psychrometer.
1. Sling Psychrometer Type 1 Image
2. Sling Psychrometer Type 2 Image
3. Sling Psychrometer Relative Humidity chart Chart
4. Sling Psychrometer Psychrometric Chart
Residential Air Conditioning – air conditioning systems specifically designed for residential living spaces - house, unit, apartment, townhouse etc. 23 - 25 deg C dry bulb in cooling, and 18 - 21 Deg C DB in heating, humidity 50-60%.
1. Residential ducted air conditioning interactive page
2. CAS Residential air conditioning products brochure PDF
Residual – something that is left over or remaining, eg residual current.
Resistance (R) – the opposition to current flow. In an electrical circuit everything has some resistance, including conductors. The symbol for resistance is R and it is measured in ohms (Ω).
Resistor (R) – A resistor is an electrical component that causes electrical resistance in a circuit. Specified in ohms (Ω), the current through a resistor is in direct proportion to the voltage across the resistor's terminals. This relationship is represented by Ohm's law: V = I x R
1. Resistor colour chart - image
Return Air (RA) – air that is returned to a heating or cooling system from the conditioned space through the return air plenum and ductwork (if fitted).
Reversing valve (RV) – pilot operated 4 way valve used in air conditioning systems that reverses the flow of refrigerant so the unit can cool or heat the conditioned space.
1. Danfoss reversing valve animation
2. Aussie 50 - open reversing valve
Rheostat – a type of variable resistor used to vary current flow.
Rotary Heat Exchanger (also see energy recovery) – a heat recovery wheel is a type of energy recovery heat exchanger positioned within the supply and exhaust air streams of an air handling system, or in the exhaust gases of an industrial process, in order to recover the heat energy. For example; using toilet or kitchen exhaust air to cool down fresh outside air.
Scientific Notation – the way that scientists easily handle very large numbers or very small numbers. For example, instead of writing 0.0000000056, we write 5.6 x 10-9.
Example: 10000 = 1 x 104 and 24327 = 2.4327 x 104
Screws – A screw, or bolt, is a type of fastener characterized by a helical ridge, known as an external thread or just thread, wrapped around a cylinder. Some screw threads are designed to mate with a complementary thread, known as an internal thread, often in the form of a nut or an object that has the internal thread formed into it. Other screw threads are designed to cut a helical groove in a softer material as the screw is inserted. The most common uses of screws are to hold objects together and to position objects.
1. Allfasteners screw types (PDF 4.5Mb)
2. Allfasteners anchor types (PDF 8.5Mb)
3. Electronix Express All about Screws (PDF500 Kb)
Sensible heat – When an object is heated, its temperature rises, when heat is removed from an object its temperature falls, the heat added or removed is called sensible heat. Heat that causes a change in temperature in an object is called sensible heat. The formula to calculate the energy required to change sensible heat in a substance of food is Q = m c dt
Semiconductor – material with electrical conducting properties intermediate between that of metal and insulators.
Series – one after the other. A series circuit is where one load is placed after another in the same circuit , so there is only one path for current flow.
Service Report – Tips on how to write your service report
Shaded Pole Motor – a small squirrel-cage AC motor in which the auxiliary winding is composed of a copper ring or bar surrounding a portion of each pole. This auxiliary single-turn winding is called a shading coil. The direction of rotation is from the unshaded side to the shaded (ring) side of the pole. Low start torque and are only reversible via disassembly and flipping over the stator.
1. Dismantled shaded pole motor image.
Short circuit – a fault condition where a low resistance connection has happened across an electrical circuit resulting in high current flow. Often referred to as a 'short'.
Shunt – a circuit component connected in parallel with another.
SI (Système Internationale) – a metric system of measurements defines seven units of measure as a basic set from which all other SI units are derived. These SI base units and their physical quantities are:
Sight Glass – Sight glasses are used to indicate: 1. The condition of the refrigerant in the liquid line of the plant. 2. The flow in the oil return line from the oil separator.3. The moisture content in the refrigerant.
1. Sight Glass (animated image).
2. Sight Glass 2 (animated image).
Sling Psychrometer – is a simple instrument used to measure wet bulb depression. It consists of two thermometers and the wet-bulb thermometer has an absorbent cover that is soaked in water before using the instrument. A second thermometer, called the dry-bulb thermometer, measures the ambient temperature. Relative humidity and dew point are determined using the difference between the temperatures recorded by the two thermometers - refer to the chart below:
1. Sling Psychrometer Type 1 Image
1. Sling Psychrometer Type 2 Image
1. Sling Psychrometer Relative Humidity chart Chart
1. Sling Psychrometer Psychrometric Chart
Solenoid valve (LLSV) – a direct operated solenoid valve commonly used on pump down systems.
1. Danfoss EVR2 direct operated coil animation
2. Danfoss EVR25 pilot (servo) operated coil animation
3. Solenoid valve - Cutaway image courtesy Hermawan
Specific heat capacity (c) – The Specific Heat is the amount of heat required to change a unit mass (kg) of a substance by one degree ( K) in temperature expressed as kJ/kg oK.
Split Systems – refers to a range of air conditioning units with separate indoor fan coil unit (FCU) and outdoor (condensing) unit with interconnecting pipework and controls.
Star or wye (3 phase winding) – a winding used in a polyphase electric machine in which one terminal of each phase coil is connected to a common point and the other terminals are joined to the outside system.
Static – stationary or not moving. Static electricity relates to a build up of electrical charge without any current flow.
Static Pressure – Static pressure is the measure of the potential energy of a unit of air in the particular cross section of a duct - more simply, the air pressure on the duct wall is considered static and is measured in Pascals (Pa).
Measuring static pressure using a Magnahelic gauge (Image)
Stratosphere – The region of the earth's atmosphere extending from the top of the troposphere (a height of about 10km) to about 50km. The stratosphere is characterized by the presence of relatively high concentrations of ozone.
Image of the layers of the atmosphere.
Sub-cooling (subcooled liquid) – is the temperature fall below the saturated condensing temperature of a liquid medium. It is important for refrigerant leaving the condenser to be sub-cooled by approximately 5 to 10 oC.
Suction Line Accumulator (SLA) – by ensuring only vapour and carry over oil is returns to the compressor, the SLA provides compressor protection by preventing compressor failure due to liquid slugging.
Suction Line accumulator image
Inside a Suction Line accumulator Video
Heldon Suction Line Accumulators PDF
Superheat (suction and discharge) – is the amount of heat added to a vapor to raise the vapor temperature above its boiling (saturation) point corresponding to the pressure at which it is operating. Note: If there is liquid refrigerant present, there can be no superheat.
Superheated Steam Experiment - Video 12MB
Evaporator superheat – Refrigerant enters the evaporator in a partial liquid/vapor mixture. Part of the liquid turns to vapor as it passes through the expansion device by way of pressure drop. The remaining liquid absorbs heat (from the area to be cooled) and turns into (boils or vaporizes) a saturated vapor. Upon leaving the evaporator, the desired refrigerant state in the suction line is a superheated vapor.
Synchronous Speed – of a motor may be determined by the formula SS = 120 * Hz / N
Where Hz=Frequency, and N = Number of Poles
Theoretically, a 117V 60Hz 6-Pole motor has a Synchronous Speed of 120 * 60 / 6 = 1200 RPM In operation, there are losses resulting in SS = 1075 RPM This formula is derived from Hz = (P/2) x (RPM/60) = P * RPM / 2 / 60 = P * RPM / 120 Note that P/2 is the number of PAIRS of poles
Synthetic Greenhouse Gases (SGG) – Refrigerants that are harmful to the environment that may have ozone depletion potential, global warming potential or both. Governemtn controls apply to the import, export and manufacture of a range of environmentally harmful synthetic greenhouse gases including CFC's HCFC's and HFC's.
Australia - Arctick Website
Temperature – is a measure of the average heat or thermal energy of the particles in a substance.
Temperature Glide – the temperature difference that occurs between the vapor state and liquid state during evaporation or condensation at constant pressure, i.e. the temperature in the evaporator and condenser is not constant. Temperature glide occurs in near-azeotropic and zeotropic mixtures.
PT chart and temperature Glide PDF
T.E.W.I – Total Equivalent Warming Impact. The measure of the global warming impact of equipment based on the total related emissions of greenhouse gases during the operation of the equipment and the disposal of the operating fluids at the end-of-life. Methods of calculating Total Equivalent Warming Impact TEWI) 2012 (4 MB).
Thermal – relates to using, caused by or producing heat.
Thermistor – electrical device that reduces resistance as temperature increases.
Thermocouple – device having junction between two dissimilar metals; when heated an EMF is produced.
Thermocouple video. courtesy Steorn SKDB.
Thermostat – An electrical switch that operates on temperature - setpoint and differential or cut out and cut in. They are often used to control heating and cooling systems as well as fans and other devices.
1. Danfoss Thermostats (PDF)
2. Danfoss Service thermostats (PDF)
Thermodynamics – the study of heat energy (or thermal energy) and the processes by which this energy may be converted into other forms of energy.
Thermopile – several thermocouples joined in series to produce a combined EMF.
Three phase – source of electrical power from three separate alternating voltages that are out of phase with each other by one-third.
Transformer – a device that uses coils to convert AC voltage and current from one value to a different value voltage and current.
1. How transformers work video (18 MB)
2. 240v to 24v transformer image
Transmission load – The transmission load is the heat leakage that infiltrates the refrigerated area through walls, ceilings, roofs, and floors.
Triple Point – the temperature and pressure where solid, liquid and vapor refrigerant can coexist in equilibrium. Animated image showing triple point.
Troubleshoot – trace and correct faults in a mechanical or electronic system. Danfoss troubleshooting guide.
TX Valve – Thermal eXpansion valve: a refrigerant metering device. (Pbulb = Pspring + Pevaporator).
1. Externally equalised TX valve cutaway image by Hermawan (1MB).
2. Danfoss TX TED (ext equalised) valve animation.
3. Danfoss TX T2 (Internally equalised) valve animation.
4. Danfoss electronic ETS TX valve animation.
5. Danfoss electric AKV 10 expansion valve animation.
6. Danfoss TX valve - fitters notes.
UEE11 – Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Appliance Servicing • Qualifications • Skill Sets • Competency Standard Units. EE-Oz UEE11 Brochure.
UEE32211 – This qualification provides competencies to select components, install, set up, test, fault find, repair and maintain refrigeration systems and equipment that apply to food storage and preservation, air conditioning and air distribution equipment in buildings and premises. It includes regulatory requirements for purchasing and handling refrigerants. UE32211 page
Unitary equipment – Air-Conditioner or refrigeration system that is one or more factory-made assemblies containing an evaporator or cooling coil(s), compressor(s), and condenser(s) and may include a heating function. (Package unit).
Ullage space – Cylinders must have a 3% ullage space (vapour space) at 57°C as specified in AS2030. Ullage space is the space provided for vapour volume in a cylinder during the worst summer condition.
Vacuum – an enclosed space entirely devoid of matter, especially air, that has been partially removed so that the matter or gas remaining in the space exerts less pressure than the atmosphere.
Valence shell – the outermost orbit path for electrons in an atom is known as the valence shell or conduction band.
Vapour barrier (Insulation) – A vapor barrier is an impermeable membrane that blocks the flow of air and is essential in preventing the water vapor that is contained in the air entering the insulation. The air within a cold store holds a good deal less water vapour than the air outside. There is a tendency for moisture in the ambient air to pass through the insulation of a cold store to the area of low partial pressure within. When this vapour is cooled, it condenses and at the point where the temperature is 0°C, it freezes to form ice. This process will continue over a long period of time and the build-up of ice will eventually affect the insulation properties of the cold store wall and also weaken the structure of the wall or building.
Vapour compression system (refrigeration cycle) – is one of the many refrigeration cycles widely used to provide air-conditioning refrigeration. The Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle is a process that cools (or heats) an enclosed space to the desired temperature . Heat is transferred to or from the enclosed space and dissipated into the surroundings (using air or water). During the cycle, a substance called the refrigerant circulates continuously through four stages:
1. Compression stage - the pressure of the refrigerant is increased, which raises the temperature above that of the surroundings, and circulated throught the system.
2. Condensation - the natural direction of heat flow allows the release of energy into the surrounding air (or water) and the vapour refrigerant condenses into a liquid.
3. Expansion - the liquid refrigerant pressure is lowered through a metering device (restriction). The refrigerant begins the Evaporation stage and removes heat from the enclosed space (evaporator).
1. Hermewan refrigeration cycle image
2. Refrigeration cycle animation with ph chart.
3. Compressor Refrigeration cycle animation with components.
4. Carnot cycle animation
Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) – VRFs come in two system formats, two pipe and three pipe systems. In a heat pump 2 pipe system all of the zones must either be all in cooling or all in heating. Heat Recovery (HR) systems have the ability to simultaneously heat certain zones while cooling others this is usually done through a 3 pipe design, with the exception of Mitsubishi which is able to do this with 2 pipes. In this case the heat extracted from zones requiring cooling is put to use in the zones requiring heating. This is made possible because the heating unit is functioning as a condenser, providing sub-cooled liquid back into the line that is being used for cooling.
Variable speed drive (VSD) – also known as a variable frequency drive (VFD) - a method of controlling three phase motors by varying the supply frequency (Hz).
1. Yaskawa - How does a VFD work - PDF
Vee Belts – a loop of flexible material used to mechanically link two or more rotating shafts. Belts are looped over pulleys. In a two pulley system, the belt can either drive the pulleys in the same direction, or the belt may be crossed, so that the direction of the shafts is opposite. For example; a motor driving the shaft of a fan coil unit.
Graham Rubber vee belts maintenance.
Ventilation – The process of moving or changing the air into and out of an interior space either naturally or mechanically. Airflow can be forced or induced by using fans, or natural means - using convection and prevailing winds.
Vibration eliminator – a fitting used with reciprocating compressors to reduce the vibration and stress in refrigerant pipework. Installed in the suction or discharge lines near the compressor and must be installed parallel to the compressor crankshaft (see image below).
1. Vibration eliminator cutaway diagram
2. Vibration eliminator installation image
3. Anaconda Vibration Eliminator (PDF)
Volt (V) – derived unit of measure for the potential difference existing between two points on a conductor.
Voltmeter – device used for measuring volts.
Voltage drop – reduction in voltage in a part of a circuit between the power source and the load. Caused by resistance in a DC circuit or impedance in an AC circuit.
Volume flow rate– Represented by the letter Q, volumetric flow rate, (also known as volume flow rate, rate of fluid flow or volume velocity) is the volume of fluid which passes through a given surface per unit time. The SI unit is m3·s−1 (cubic meters per second).
Wall Split – Refers to a wall mounted split system air conditioning unit or heat pump.
Water Chiller – a system designed to cool a fluid by removing heat from it, either through a vapour – compression or absorption refrigeration cycle. Typically, the fluid used in chillers is water. Once chilled, this water is then used to cool and dehumidify air in a range of air conditioning applications.
Water Valve – A manual or electrical operated valve which provides a flow of water. Used for regulating the flow of water through condensers in refrigeration and air conditioning plant. Danfoss water valve animation
Watt – derived unit of measure for power used when energy is expended at the rate of one joule per second.
Zeotrope – A mixture made up of two or more refrigerants with different boiling points. Zeotropic mixtures are similar to near-azeotropic mixtures with the exception of having a temperature glide greater than 5-7° C. Zeotropic mixtures should be charged in the liquid state..
Zone – A zone in the HVAC industry refers to areas of a building or residence that may have the air flow, space temperature and/or humidity controlled independant of the other zones in the building. For example; a house may have a DAY or Night Zone, a large commercial space may have a PERIMETER (EXTERNAL) and INTERNAL zone, a NORTH zone and a SOUTH zone etc. Zones require equipment and controls capable of regulating airflow, temperature and humidity that vary according to the change in heat load and ambient conditions.


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You see, even though I am devoted to the things I love to do, and very much so, I wasn't able to give attention to this blog due to the huge workload, I have right now. I will be more often here and posting from now on. On the following photos is my male cat Pimko, while he is washing himself. Enjoy and talk to you soon 🙂
Today I was able to shoot some great photos of a beautiful gray tabby. While I was heading towards my car, I saw this cat on the window of a house at the end of the street. Something in the face of this cat made me stop and grab my camera. Take a look at his sweet and kind of depressed, and asking face. I loved the expression on it and hope you'll like it too.
For today I have for you a few photos of the cat of a friend of mine called Bibi. She is such a gorgeous cat, that he cannot leave her at home while on holiday and takes her with him, wherever he goes in Europe.
The first photo was taken in Spain several weeks ago, while the 2nd one is from Bibi and Tarzan together on the coutch in the home of my friend, and the other with Bibi her sister Summi, and than Tasja, the other cat, and the dog Tarzan.
What do you see in this pet family? I see lots of love and acceptance, and wish the same to all my cat friend lovers and their pets 🙂
A comment on the previous post of mine pointed me to the following video, and I am so glad to learn something new about feline illnesses, and to see such a sweet cat being the star showing it to us. I am so glad that Charley doesn't suffer any pain, and has a normal life in a home where he is loved and cared for. And if we didn't have already 6 cats with us I might have looked for one, just like Charley, and adopted it.
Both videos are really priceless 🙂 And it's so funny that I wonder if we will be able to teach our cats to start talking to us 😉 Well, I will defnitely try, and will keep you posted too.
And this one is saying "Hello"
Some kitties are very, very smart 🙂
…Yes, and with his bare hands! I couldn't believe it, but according to Amram Tsabri, an Israel Nature and Parks Authority this really happened in Negev, Israel.
I loved the fact that a man is able to stop a wild leopard with his bare hands to save the life of his own cat. The guy is worthy of a big prize, don't you all think?
Welcome to MyCat.be 🙂
There are thousands of cat blogs and sites, but we wanted to create a place where we would be able to share happenings with our own cats, and also photos and videos that we find special. If you have a special story or photo you'd like to share, contact us by leaving a comment on a post, and we will get back to you as soon as possible. Thank you 🙂
We would like to present to you our own cats.
Please meet Chicha
And here is Mimi
And this is Mimi's sister Pituta
This one is our gray tabby Mila
A very funny yaaaawn of Mila 🙂
And this is Mila together with our only male cat Pimko
And this one is the biggest black cat we have, Sophy