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EP1042014A1 - Orthopedic casting articles containing backings having water soluble binders - Google PatentsOrthopedic casting articles containing backings having water soluble binders
- Publication number
- Authority
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- article
- fibrous
- woven
- non
- fibrous backing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
- A61L15/00—Chemical aspects of, or use of materials for, bandages, dressings or absorbent pads
- A61L15/07—Stiffening bandages
- A61L15/12—Stiffening bandages containing macromolecular materials
This invention relates to materials useful in orthopedic casting, and more particularly to orthopedic casting articles, such as tapes and splints, containing fibrous backings stabilized with water soluble binders, wherein the fibrous backing contains a hardenable material.
Background of the Invention
A variety of orthopedic casting materials useful in the immobilization of broken or injured limbs are known in the art. Among the first materials developed for this purpose were plaster of Paris bandages, which provided good moldability and palpability of fine bone structure, but which suffered from a number of disadvantages, including a low strength-to-weight ratio and slow strength build-up. Casting materials were later developed that addressed the problems associated with plaster of Paris bandages. For example, knitted fiberglass fabrics coated with water curable polyisocyanate prepolymer resins were developed which provided higher strength-to-weight ratios and improved air permeability. These materials, however, are not as compressible as plaster, tend to mask fine bone structure as the cast is applied, and are expensive to make. Efforts continue in the art to provide orthopedic casting materials having good moldability, good palpability of fine bone structure, good extensibility, and fast strength build-up during application, and also having good strength-to-weight ratios and good air permeability after curing.
Summary of the Invention The present invention relates to articles having a fibrous backing containing a water soluble binder. The binder-containing fibrous backing further contains a hardenable material to provide an article, preferably usable in a water- hardenable medical dressing capable of immobilizing and/or supporting a body part, i.e., as an orthopedic casting article. This combination of materials provides a casting material that is dimensionally stable prior to wetting. The invention is particularly useful for providing orthopedic casting articles containing non-woven fibrous backings, as well as for casting articles containing microcreped or compacted fibrous backings. Upon wetting, the stiffness of the backing drops dramatically (approaching negligible stiffness in certain embodiments) due to penetration of water into the backing and solubilization of the binder. After sufficient wetting time to solubilize the binder, the resultant wetted article may be used as an orthopedic casting article, such as a tape or splint. If a non-woven fibrous backing is employed, the wetted article is held together by the viscosity of the hardenable material, the presence of any residual binder, and any slight entanglements or other physical interactions between the fibers of the fibrous backing. The article is then highly moldable and, in preferred embodiments, may be torn with ease. If a microcreped or compacted fibrous backing is used, the water soluble binder stabilizes the backing by retaining very low strength stretch that is typically lost in resin coating, slitting, and winding processes, and preserving desirable elongation properties for end use. Fibrous materials for use in the fibrous backing of the present invention include those that may be dimensionally stabilized with a water soluble binder, that upon wetting become highly moldable, and that may be combined with a hardenable resin to provide orthopedic casting articles. The fibrous backing may comprise a blend of staple crimped fibers and straight fibers. In preferred embodiments of the invention, the fibrous backing comprises a carded non-woven web. The fibrous backing may also comprise a microcreped or compacted woven, non-woven, or knit fabric. In other embodiments, the fibrous backing may further include a paniculate or fibrous filler. Non-woven fibrous webs are a preferred class of materials for use in the fibrous backing, and carded non-woven fibrous materials are especially preferred. The non-woven fibrous backings may comprise straight or crimped fibers, and combinations thereof. Suitable water soluble binders for use in the present invention include binders that are compatible with the fibrous backing material and that impart dimensional stability to the backing. A preferred water soluble binder is polyvinylpyrrolidone. The orthopedic casting articles of this invention are preferably dimensionally stable before exposure to water. Upon exposure to water, the articles become initially moldable, pliable, and conformable as the water soluble binder dissolves. In addition the articles are preferably tearable after wetting.
The orthopedic casting articles of the invention contain a hardenable material. The hardenable material may be in the form of a coating on the fibrous backing, may be impregnated in the fibrous backing, or associated with the fibrous backing in accordance with any method shown in the art. The hardenable material preferably is water hardenable, and may include materials such as plaster of Paris or hardenable resins. Where the hardenable material includes a hardenable resin, the resin preferably is a water curable resin. Particularly preferred water curable resins are the isocyanate-functional prepolymers. The water curable resin may also be selected from the group including the liquid organometallic compounds, alkoxy silane functional polyurethane oligomers, hardenable silicate-containing compositions and epoxy resins.
In another aspect, the invention features a method of making an orthopedic casting article. The method involves applying a hardenable resin to a fibrous backing that contains a water soluble binder.
In still another aspect, the invention features a method of immobilizing a limb. The method involves the steps of: wetting an orthopedic casting article that comprises a fibrous backing containing a water soluble binder, the fibrous backing further containing a hardenable material; and applying the orthopedic casting article to the limb such that the limb is immobilized upon hardening of the hardenable material. As described herein, the present invention has several advantages. The orthopedic casting articles of this invention are dimensionally stable before use, and transform into highly moldable, and preferably tearable, materials upon wetting and application. Among other advantages, the articles provide good palpability of fine bone structure and good extensibility and dead-stretch properties during application, and have good strength-to-weight ratios and air permeability after cure. The ability to easily tear the article after wetting, in certain preferred embodiments, provides a distinct advantage over presently available orthopedic casting materials. The ability to retain very low strength stretch in embodiments of the invention containing compacted or microcreped fibrous backings stabilized with a water soluble binder also provides a distinct advantage over presently available orthopedic casting materials.
Other advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description and the appended claims.
Detailed Description of the Invention In general, the present invention features articles in which a fibrous backing contains a water soluble binder and a hardenable material associated with the fibrous backing. Preferably, the articles are usable as orthopedic casting articles.
The fibrous backing of the orthopedic casting articles of the present invention may be prepared using a variety of materials and methods. In general, suitable fibrous materials for use in the present invention include those that (1) may be dimensionally stabilized with a water soluble binder, (2) upon wetting become highly moldable and (3) may be combined with a hardenable material to provide an orthopedic casting article having high moldability during application and desirable strength-to-weight ratios upon cure.
One preferred class of fibrous backings suitable for use in the present invention are the "non-wovens." There are many known types of non-woven materials suitable for use in this invention, and many known processes for preparing such materials. For example, an air laid process commonly known as a "Rando Webber," and a wet laid process such as a paper process, are suitable. These and other known processes create non-woven webs with substantially less fiber orientation than a "carded" non-woven web.
Carded non-woven webs represent an especially preferred class of fibrous backings for use in the orthopedic casting materials of the present invention. Carded non-woven webs and processes for making them are well- known in the art. In a typical carding process, a carded web line starts with a fiber opening process, followed by a carding process. In the carding process, random loose fibers enter one end of the process, and at the other end a uniform but relatively weak non-woven web emerges. At this point, the carded non-woven web has little or no tensile strength, and must be treated with an additional process or processes that impart tensile strength to the carded web. Such processes known in the art include roll coating, needle-punching, stitch bonding, and thermal calendering. In preferred embodiments of this invention, a carded non- woven web is coated with a water soluble binder to stabilize the carded web and impart tensile strength to it.
Carded non-woven fibrous backings are preferred for use in the orthopedic casting materials of the present invention. The carding process, as described above, produces webs with a high degree of fiber orientation in the machine direction, compared with non-woven webs prepared by other processes. It is believed that the fiber orientation produced by the carding process is advantageous in terms of handling and final cured product strengths when used in an orthopedic casting material of this invention. For example, a high degree of fiber orientation maximizes the extensibility of the non-woven prior to breaking it in the machine direction. Suitable fibers for use in non-woven fibrous backings include straight and crimped fibers of polyester, rayon, cotton, nylon, acrylic, polyethylene, polypropylene, fiberglass, polyacrylamide, carbon, and combinations or blends thereof. For example, a carded non-woven fibrous backing can be made from a staple crimped fiber such as rayon, polyester, fiberglass, polyolefins such as polypropylene, nylon, aramids such as Kevlar and Nomex (both available from Dupont), carbon, graphite, polybenzimidazole, and blends thereof. Additional straight fibers may also be incorporated in non-woven fibrous backings. Suitable straight fibers include high tenacity polyester cord, polyolefins such as Allied Spectra fiber, ceramic fibers, fiberglass, aramid, carbon and graphite fiber. It is desirable to provide orthopedic casting articles having good extensibility. With respect to non-woven fibrous backings, extensibility can be enhanced by incorporating different types of fibers and fibers of different lengths. In general, a non-woven fibrous backing containing short fibers has a low percent elongation at break, and non-woven backings containing long fibers have higher percent elongation at break. Fiber composition also plays a role in extensibility properties. For example, in the presence of water, cotton and rayon fibers exhibit greater extensibility compared with polyester fibers of equal length, because the cotton and rayon fibers are hydrophilic and exhibit a higher degree of cohesiveness, tending to cling together to increase the degree of elongation. Additional suitable fibrous backing materials include compacted or microcreped fabrics. These materials are described in U.S. patents 5,405,643; 5,498,232; 5,505,692; 4,668,563; and 5,449,550. Microcreped and compacted fabrics exhibit a high degree of elongation. Such fabrics may include microcreped or compacted non-woven, woven, or knit fabrics.
The fibrous backing in the orthopedic casting materials of the present invention contains a water soluble binder. Suitable water soluble binders include any water soluble polymer and/or copolymer that is compatible with the fibrous backing material and that imparts desired dimensional stability to the backing. Many water soluble polymers and/or copolymers are known. Nonlimiting examples of such polymers and copolymers suitable for use as binders include polyvinylpyrrolidones, polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate copolymers, polyvinyl alcohols, carboxymethyl celluloses, hydroxypropyl cellulose starches, polyethylene oxides, polyacrylamides, polyacrylic acids, cellulose ether polymers, polyethyl oxazolines, esters of polyethylene oxide, esters of polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide copolymers, urethanes of polyethylene oxide, and urethanes of polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide copolymers. A preferred water soluble binder for use in the fibrous backings of the present invention is polyvinylpyrrolidone (PNP). For example, in one preferred embodiment of the invention a carded non-woven fibrous backing contains a 90,000 molecular weight PNP.
The water soluble binder helps impart dimensional stability to the fibrous backing. In embodiments of the invention in which a non- oven fibrous backing is employed, the binder helps to hold the non-woven fibers together, transforming a loose web of fibers into a stable, "felt-like" fabric. Among other advantages, the stability imparted by the water soluble binder to the non-woven web allows the non-woven to be coated or impregnated with a curable resin. If desired, the water soluble binder may be applied to a non-woven web as a processing step in the preparation of the web, for example just after a carding process to form a carded non-woven web stabilized with a water-soluble binder. Preferably, the non-woven web is saturated with the water soluble binder (e.g. the water soluble binder in a solution containing the binder and deionized water), followed by drying. Upon wetting, the binder solubilizes, and the article loses much, and in some embodiments nearly all, of its stiffness, developing a consistency resembling that of wet tissue paper (where a non-woven fibrous backing is employed). This consistency makes the article very easy to manipulate in applying the article to immobilize a limb. In embodiments of the invention in which a compacted or microcreped non-woven, knit, or woven fibrous backing is employed, the addition of a water soluble binder stabilizes the backing. Microcreped and compacted fabrics exhibit exceptional elongation properties, however much of the elongation gained by the microcreping or compacting may be lost because it can be pulled out with a very low amount of force, as might be imparted during fabric coating, winding, or slitting. Advantageously, a water soluble binder can be employed to stabilize the fabric, allowing it to withstand the tensions applied in these processes. During use, the binder solubilizes upon wetting, and the retained extensibility is available to the end user, not having been lost in the process of manufacturing the article. The water soluble binder may be applied to compacted or microcreped fibrous backings by any of various coating methods, such as spraying, roll coating, foaming, curtain and dip coating. Preferably, the fabric is saturated with the water soluble binder, followed by drying.
Additional paniculate and/or non-cardable fibrous fillers can be added to the casting article. Examples of such paniculate fillers are carbon black, talc, calcium carbonate, silica, mica, hollow microspheres such as glεss bubbles, solid microspheres like fly ash or glass spheres, diatomaceous earth and the like. Examples of non-cardable fibrous materials include wallastonites, short fiber length chopped glass or carbon fiber, fibrous pulps such as cellulose and synthetic pulps such as polyolefins and aramids, metal fibers made from various elements or blends thereof and whiskers. If desired, these types of materials can be added to the non-woven, using standard methods known in the art, to improve, for example, the resin holding capacity of a given resin or to improve the final composite compression strengths of the article.
In the orthopedic casting materials of the present invention, the fibrous backing containing the water soluble binder further contains a hardenable material. Suitable hardenable materials useful in this invention include materials that can be applied to a fibrous backing and which can then be cured to reinforce the fibrous backing. Such materials may include plaster of Paris or any of a variety of curable resins known in the art. If a resin is employed the resin is preferably curable to a crosslinked thermoset state. The preferred curable resins are fluids, i.e., compositions having viscosities between about 5 Pa s and about 500 Pa s, more preferably between about 10 Pa s to about 100 Pa s.
The hardenable material used in the casting material of the invention is preferably any curable resin which will satisfy the functional requirements of an orthopedic cast. Obviously, the resin must be nontoxic in the sense that it does not give off significant amounts of toxic vapors during curing which may be harmful to either the patient or the person applying the cast and also that it does not cause skin irritation either by chemical irritation or the generation of excessive heat during cure. Furthermore, the resin preferably is sufficiently reactive with the curing agent to insure rapid hardening of the cast once it is applied but not so reactive that it does not allow sufficient working time to apply and shape the cast. Initially, the casting material is pliable and formable and in the case of casting tapes should adhere to itself. Then, in a short time following completion of application, it should become rigid or, at least, semi-rigid, and strong to support loads and stresses to which the article is subjected by the activities of the wearer. Thus, the material must undergo a change of state from a fluid-like condition to a solid condition in a matter of minutes.
The preferred resins are those cured with water. Presently preferred are urethane resins prepared by the reaction of a polyisocyanate and a polyoyl such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,131,114. A number of classes of water- curable resins known in the art are suitable, including polyurethanes, cyanoacrylate esters, and, when combined with moisture sensitive catalysts, epoxy resins and prepolymers terminated at their ends with trialkoxy- or trihalo-silane groups.
Resin systems other that those which are water-curable may be used, although the use of water to activate the hardening of an orthopedic casting tape is most convenient, safe and familiar to orthopedic surgeons and medical casting personnel. Resin systems such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,908,644 in which a bandage is impregnated with difunctional acrylates or methacrylates, such as the bis-methacrylate ester derived from the condensation of glycidyl methacrylate and bisphenol A (4,4'-isopropylidenediphenol) are suitable. The resin is hardened upon wetting with solutions of a tertiary a ine and an organic peroxide. The solutions may also contain a catalyst. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,630,194 proposes an orthopedic tape impregnated with acrylamide monomers whose polymerization is initiated by dipping the bandage in an aqueous solution of oxidizing and reducing agents (known in the art as a redox initiator system).
Some presently more preferred resins for use in the present invention are water-curable, isocyanate-functional prepolymers. Suitable systems of this type are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patents 4,411,262 and 4,502,479. An example of a preferred resin system of this type is disclosed in U.S. Patent
4,667,661. A "water-curable isocyanate-functional prepolymer," as that term is used herein, refers to a prepolymer derived from a polyisocyanate, preferably aromatic, and a reactive hydrogen compound or oligomer. The prepolymer has sufficient isocyanate functionality to cure upon exposure to water, e.g. moisture vapor, or preferably liquid water. The above-described hardenable resins, and methods of applying (e.g., coating) them onto fabrics, are described, for example, in U.S. Patent 5,449,550. Other classes of preferred water-curable resins are non-isocyanate resins such as water reactive liquid organometallic compounds (as described in U.S. Patent 5,346,939) and alkoxysilane terminated resins (as described in U.S. Patents 5,540,652 and 5,423,735). Yet another preferred non-isocyanate resin system for use in orthopedic casting materials are hardenable silicate-containing compositions as described in U.S. Serial No. 08/969,206, filed on November 11, 1997.
The orthopedic casting articles of the present invention may also include effective amounts of various additives such as fillers, polymeric toughening agents, drying agents, binding agents, hydrophobic materials, antifoaming agents, lubricants, slip agents, stabilizers, tackifiers, pigments, dyes, and fragrances. One or more of these additives may be incorporated into the articles of the present invention. They are each used in "an effective amount," i.e., an amount sufficient to provide one or more of the benefits of such an additive. Examples of lubricants which may be used in the present invention include bound lubricants and additive lubricants, which are described in U.S. patent 4,856,502, which is incorporated herein by reference.
The orthopedic casting articles of the present invention may be fabricated in the form of a tape, or as rolls of such tape, in accordance with methods well known in the art. The casting articles may also be fabricated in the form of a splint. For example, multiple layers of the casting article may be layered together (with the hardenable resin coating preferably providing adhesion between layers), and used as a splint material. The orthopedic casting articles may be packaged in similar fashion to other resin coated orthopedic casting materials. The invention features, in another aspect, a method of making an orthopedic casting article. The method includes the step of applying a hardenable material to a fibrous backing, wherein the fibrous backing contains, and is stabilized with, a water soluble binder, as described herein.
In use, for example in the immobilization of a limb, an orthopedic casting article of this invention can be removed from any packaging material and (if a water-hardenable material is coated on the fibrous backing) contacted with water (e.g. by submersion). After sufficient wetting time, the article (e.g. a roll of tape) can be removed from the water and squeezed. The tape can be unrolled and applied to a limb. In preferred embodiments of the invention, e.g. where a carded non-woven fibrous backing is employed, the wetted article is highly moldable and extensible, and exhibits the highly advantageous characteristic of being easily tearable. This feature makes the orthopedic casting article much easier to use, compared with currently available casting materials that are not easily tearable, and allows the user to tear portions of the wetted article and apply them to areas where additional support is needed. The invention features, in still another aspect, a method of immobilizing a limb. The method includes the steps of: wetting an orthopedic casting article that includes a fibrous backing containing a water soluble binder, the fibrous backing further containing a hardenable material; and applying the orthopedic casting article to the limb such that the limb is immobilized upon hardening of the hardenable material.
The invention may be illustrated by way of the following examples.
EXAMPLES Example 1 Carded Non-woven Fabric Backings Containing Water Soluble Binder
A random double doffer card (Model WZM/K5-d2-R2, Hergeth Hollingsworth, Dulmen, Germany) was employed to convert different types of fiber materials into various fibrous fabric backings of non-woven construction. The fibers were batch weighed and hand blended before being placed into a fiber opening unit which preceded the Hergeth card. The resulting backings consisted of a uniform mat of loose fibers with a high degree of machine direction orientation and little or no dimensional stability or tensile strength. Fiber materials of different composition, structure, denier, fiber length, and basis weight were utilized and are listed in Table 1 A. The Minifiber straight high tenacity (HT) polyester (PET) fibers were additionally passed through a Cadette 500 Fiber Opener (Laroche Co., France) before being added to the fiber opening unit. Immediately following the carding process, the non-woven fabric backings were coated with an aqueous binder solution utilizing a two-roll gravure type pad coating station. The binder solution contained either 10% polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K-30, 30,000 MW, BASF, Wyandotte, MI) or 6% polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K-90, 90,000 MW, BASF, Wyandotte, MI) in deionized water. The pad coating station consisted of a spiral grooved silicone upper roll and a typical gravure bottom roll. To thoroughly coat and saturate the non-woven fabric backings, the binder solution was first processed through a Custom Foamer (Less Inc., Dalton, GA), which whipped nitrogen gas into the binder solution. A surfactant, 0.5% TRITON GR-5 (Union Carbide, Danbury, CT), was added to help stabilize the foam, which had the consistency of shaving cream. The foamed binder solution was then pumped to the top roll of the pad coating station and distributed across the top of the roll through a coat hanger style die. After passing through the pad coating station, the binder-containing non-woven fabric backings were dried in a standard two-zone air flow oven (Industrial Heat Enterprises) equipped with an open mesh belt which supported the backings through the oven. The oven was operated at temperatures between about 85°C and 162°C. Upon exiting the oven, the backings were rolled-up by using a conventional single spindle winding station.
The basis weights and the tensile strengths (according to ASTM Test Method No. D3759-83) of the dried non-woven fabric backings containing PVP binder were measured and the results are provided in Tables 1 A and IB, respectively. The backing samples were then re-wetted using the procedure described below and tensile strengths of the wet samples were determined using the same ASTM Test Method. Results are provided in Table lC. Re-wetting Procedure- A 10.7-cm x 15 2-cm sponge was placed in the bottom of a tray filled with distilled water and squeezed several times until completely wetted. The sponge was turned over and a 7.6 cm x 15.2 cm sample of backing was immediately placed across the sponge width, thereby contacting 10 7 cm of the sponge with the sample The sample was then patted down onto the sponge by hand and allowed to stay in contact with the sponge for 15 seconds or until the sample was saturated with water. The sample was then carefully lifted from the sponge, placed in the clapping jaws of an Instron Tensile Strength Tester, and tested according to the ASTM Method
As shown by the results in Table IB, the addition of PVP binder to the loosely matted non-woven fabric backings provided materials with sufficient dry tensile strength (force at break greater than about 40 gf/cm width) for subsequent processing, such as would occur with the winding and unwinding of backing rolls during resin coating. In contrast, all of the backings containing binder had very low wet tensile strengths (Table 1C), a result which is attributable to the solubilization of the PVP binder upon saturation of the backing with water. These latter values would approach the inherent tensile strengths of the wet non- woven fabric backings without binder. Example 2 Microcreped Non-woven and Knit Fabric Backings Containing Water
Soluble Binder
A roll of SONTARA 8043 (hydroentangled polyester non-woven, DuPont, Wilmington, DE) was microcreped according to the procedure described in U.S Patent No. 5,498,232, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference A roll of MICROMATIQUE Polyester (available from DuPont and texturized by Unifi Inc , Greensboro, NC) was knit and microcreped according to the procedure described in the same patent (U S 5,498,232) Samples of both the non-woven SONTARA polyester (10 2 cm x 1 8 m) and knit polyester (9 2 cm x 1 8 m) microcreped fabric backings were carefully placed onto silicone-coated paper The basis weights of the backing materials are listed in Table 2A A binder solution containing 10% PVP K-30 in deionized water was hand sprayed over the top of some of the backing samples, which were then dried in a 60°C oven for approximately two hours The remaining backing samples were not sprayed with binder solution The basis weights and the tensile strengths (according to ASTM Test Method No. D3759-83) of the dried samples with and without PVP binder were measured as described in Example 1 and the results are provided in Tables 2A and 2B, respectively The backing samples were then re-wetted using the procedure described in Example 1 and tensile strengths of the wet samples were determined using the same ASTM Test Method Results are provided in Table 2C
As shown by the results in Tables 2B and 2C, all of the microcreped non-woven and knit fabric backing samples (with and without PVP binder) provided materials with high dry tensile strengths (force at break greater than about 4200 gf/cm width) and high wet tensile strengths (force at break greater than about 2900 gf/cm width). In addition, based on the dry tensile strength results, the addition of PVP to the backing samples greatly increases the force required to extend the fabrics. For example, the force required to reach 4% extensibility of the microcreped SONTARA 8043 backing was determined to be 17.2 gf/cm width with no PVP binder, but was increased to 172.3 gf/cm with PVP binder. Therefore, in subsequent processing, such as would occur with the winding and unwinding of backing rolls during resin coating, it is expected that much less stretch would be lost in fabric backings with binder then would be lost in backings with no binder present. Example 3
Fabric Backings with Binder and Hardenable Resin
(Orthopedic Casting Tapes and Articles)
The purpose of this example was to coat sample fabric backings from Example 1 with a hardenable resin and evaluate the resulting orthopedic casting tapes articles for ease of use and for potential cast and splint applications. A liquid isocyanate-terminated polyurethane prepolymer water-curable resin was prepared by combining the ingredients listed in Table 3 according to the following procedure. The ingredients of the Isocyanate Component (Part A) and the ingredients of the Polyol Component (Part B) were mixed under nitrogen in separate glass vessels and stored in sealed glass jars. The jar containing Component B was placed in an oven at 65°C for at least 14 hours prior to use. Just prior to coating, the jars containing Parts A and B were shaken and the components combined into a third jar which was also shaken. The combined and well-mixed components were then immediately transferred to the coating apparatus.
Sample casting tapes and splint materials were made by coating dry non- woven fabric backings containing PVP binder (Example 1; Runs 1A, 1C, ID, and IE) with the water-curable resin at a final resin to fabric coating weight of 75%. After coating, each sample was further converted into approximately 3.35-m rolls wrapped around a 1.2-cm polyethylene core. The converting was done under minimal tension to avoid stretching the fabric. After winding, each roll was placed inside of an aluminum foil laminated pouch and heat sealed. All of the samples were allowed to age at least 14 hours prior to evaluating as cast or splint materials.
Evaluation as Cast Tapes
To evaluate as a cast tape, a sample of each resin-coated backing was removed from the aluminum pouch, dipped in 23°C to 25°C water, squeezed several times, removed from the water, and then squeezed a final time to remove any excess water. The tape was then immediately unrolled, wrapped around a subject's forearm, molded, and allowed to harden. During application, all of the casting tape samples exhibited good to exceptional conformability and moldability, and had the unique characteristic of being easily torn anywhere along their length. The torn portions of tape could then be applied to areas of the cast requiring maximum levels of strength. The resulting hardened casts were rigid and had good strength.
Evaluation as Splint Materials To evaluate as a splint material, a resin-coated sample from the fabric backing of Example 1 (Run 1A) was removed from the aluminum pouch, unrolled, and cut into strips approximately 32.2 cm in length. Six strips were placed directly on top of each other to provide a six-layer, 7.6 cm x 32.2 cm splint material. The six-layer splint was then dipped in water, immediately placed on a subject's forearm, and wrapped snugly against the forearm with an elastic type of compression wrap. The material hardened into a rigid form suitable for use as an orthopedic splint.
Other embodiments of the invention are within the scope of the following claims.
Priority Applications (3)
|Application Number
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|US08/994,601 US5997492A (en)
|Orthopedic casting articles containing backings having water soluble binders
|PCT/US1998/008302 WO1999032163A1 (en)
|Orthopedic casting articles containing backings having water soluble binders
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|CN1282258A (en)
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|WO1999032163A1 (en)
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|Conformable fiberglass casting tape
|US4856502A (en) *
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Curable resin coated sheets having reduced tack
|US4841958A (en) *
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Nonwoven orthopedic casting materials with apertures
|US5342291A (en) *
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Printed woven fiber materials and method
|US5405643A (en) *
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Microcreping of fabrics for orthopedic casting tapes
|US5346939A (en) *
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Water curable resin compositions
|US5382445A (en) *
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Mechanically compacted fabrics for orthopedic casting tapes
|US5423735A (en) *
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Orthopedic cast composed of an alkoxysilane terminated resin
|US5505692A (en) *
|Johnson & Johnson Professional, Inc.
|Conformable polyurethane casting tape
|US5607387A (en) *
|M-Pact Worldwide Management Corporation
|Orthopedic splint
- 1997-12-19 US US08/994,601 patent/US5997492A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-04-20 WO PCT/US1998/008302 patent/WO1999032163A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1998-04-20 CA CA 2312944 patent/CA2312944A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1998-04-20 BR BR9813772-7A patent/BR9813772A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-04-20 EP EP19980922054 patent/EP1042014A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1998-04-20 CN CN 98812398 patent/CN1282258A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1998-04-20 JP JP2000525153A patent/JP2002509740A/en active Pending
Non-Patent Citations (1)
|See references of WO9932163A1 *
Also Published As
|Publication number
|Publication date
|CN1282258A (en)
|BR9813772A (en)
|JP2002509740A (en)
|US5997492A (en)
|WO1999032163A1 (en)
|CA2312944A1 (en)
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text:
In this Encounter, Rev. Dr. Emilie Townes, Dean of Vanderbilt Divinity, speaks to the meaning of community.
byMoyo Team
Choose from among all of the Encounter videos to explore different perspectives on each topic.
Select your own Reflections from all available options to personalize your journey into each topic.
Explore an initial selection of Actions you can take to start making a difference right away.

subset: commoncrawl


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Today we had visitors - two couples that are friends of Michelle's from the choir. They both live on rural properties and appreciate fine food and drink. After some hours spent tidying the house from the ravages of day-to-day living with five children and a small dog it was time to prepare the meal.
With all the produce and processing we have been doing over the past few months it was a chance to show what Michelle and Opportunity Farm could serve up.
The main meal consisted of one of our meat chooks - an average sized one at 3kg. This was slow roasted in milk from Hailey the cow. It was served with recently dug potatoes and a dish made from silverbeet leaves handpicked just before cooking.
For dessert we had homemade icecream with milk and eggs from the farm and only sugar as an import. The icecream was accompanied by a coulis of homegrown raspberries and a meringue prepared with our eggs.
To drink we offered elderflower cordial for the non-drinkers and fizzy redcurrant wine for those who could indulge.
The meal tasted excellent and everything was eaten up. The silverbeet dish was even eaten by most of the children.
A slow walk and talk around the farm while the ponies were taken out for a ride in the warm autumn sunshine rounded off a pleasant afternoon. One of the couples are keen to adopt some of our low-maintenance self-shedding Wiltshire Horn sheep to eat the grass on their property. We get to destock and they reduce their fire risk.
A fine day for a visit.
On the edge of the Monaro, Opportunity Farm is our opportunity to live, raise our children and share a more sustainable life. With our retro-fitted 1941 farmhouse, solar power, tank water, livestock for meat, eggs, milk and fibre and fresh garden vegetables and fruit, our ultimate aim as teachers, is to invite others, particularly children, to breathe fresh air, engage with farm animals and learn hands-on where their food and fibre comes from.
Sunday, March 22, 2015
A fine day for a visit
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text:
Sunday, October 14, 2012
Blogging tip: blog from your heart!
One mistake some bloggers make is that they don't blog from their heart. When you decide to start blogging, don't go into it for the money. Yes, it is true that blogging can be a source of income for some. If that's your primary reason for going into blogging, you can get discouraged when the money doesn't roll in.
Labels: Blogging tips
1 comments:
- Gabriel Ige said...
Your post is absolutely correct i like the idea behind the post. Blogging pays in the long run so for now just stick to blogging from the heart & money will come in due time. Visit my blog
Infobizz9ja and drop a comment for me.
- October 14, 2012 at 4:49 PM
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text:
We are pleased to inform you that a new SIGMA course has been published online in FAO's E-learning centre.
The new course 'Hyper-temporal remote sensing to support agricultural monitoring' is available in in the E-learning centre, category "Geospatial Data for Land Monitoring"
The course presents an approach for improved mapping and differentiating spatial-temporal facts at country-level (agro-environmental stratification), using the best remotely sensed data and most modern interpretation/analysis methods. You can learnabout:
· Hyper-temporal remote sensing to support agricultural monitoring
· Remotely Sensed Information for Crop Monitoring and Food Security
· Methodological aspects of the use of geospatial technology for agriculture statistics
· Interoperability and standards for sharing spatial data
· Technology behind Spatial Data Infrastructure
· Geospatial data and tools for monitoring global environmental trends and changes related to agriculture
The course is targeted at:
· a broad range of producers and users of spatial and non-spatial agricultural statistics;
· analysts and technicians in geo-information organizations;
· national statistics offices and statistics assessment units of ministries of agriculture, as in early warning units;
· managers and decision makers will also find interesting ideas and examples in the proposed curricula materials.
The course consists of 6 lessons, of approximately 30 to 50 minutes duration each:
· Lesson 1 The use of the hyper-temporal time-space domain
· Lesson 2 Vegetation and remote sensing
· Lesson 3 Acquisition and pre-processing of hyper-temporal vegetation (NDVI) data sets
· Lesson 4 Classification of hyper-temporal data
· Lesson 5 Visualizing, interpreting and analyzing hyper-temporal data sets
· Lesson 6 Using NDVI-maps to capture and display agricultural statistics
For more courses, please take a look at http://www.fao.org/elearning/#/elc/en/courseCategories


text:
Who's Viewed Your profile Gets a Makeover
…and its pretty good.
Good enough to suggest you might want to think again about upgrading!
9 mins video. Let me know what you think.
Leave a Reply
7 Responses to "Who's Viewed Your profile Gets a Makeover"
I tried clicking on the upgrade tab underneath the "who's viewed your profile" but it does not show personal plus at all.
The cheapest option is business plus
GBP 29.95/MOGBP 36.84/MO incl. VAT Billed annually
That would cost £360 per year which is a lot of money.
To pay monthly would be £32.95 per month.
I would not pay that and I can't see how to get a personal plus account.
Kind regards
Shirley Howe
Could I ask what software you used to create the video, Mark?
[…] Who's Viewed Your Profile Gets A Makeover (Mr. LinkedIn) […]


text:
Installing Korora - Video Guide
Being a Fedora Remix, Korora inherits the Anaconda installer for all of our images. Having undergone a massive re-write in 2012 it has seen solid improvements since then. This presentation walks you through the installation of Korora onto your hard disk and although it was created for version 18, it is still relevant for the latest release.
You may need to add
vimeo.com to the FlashBlock extension's whitelist before the video will play in FireFox.


text:
Master Meals
Master Meals
Your resource to a successful Meal Planning Formula. Digital download of meals contributed by member of ChaoticBlessing's Meal Planning Group. These meals are go to meals for many members and can help you structure your meal plan from week to week. Want more tips, how to's, recipes and Cook With Me Scopes. Come join in on the Fun: ChaoticBlessing's Meal Planning Group
Document is a digital download. Please save to your computer before printing. This document prints double sided with long edge binding. If you are having problems with printing print all odd pages and then print even. It is suggested to test just 2 pages first to make sure you know how your printer formats and the direction it prints. Document is sized for A5 which can be used in multiple sized planners including Happy Planner, ring planners and more.


text: Little skier went to a wonderful winter evening ride and was hit by a great meteor shower. You can not miss the opportunity and collect gold stars. Hero flustered and quickly began to move, try to control his movements with the mouse, so that he could catch the falling stars and avoid the huge snow balls. For reinforcement, so have time to grab a hot cup of coffee, occasionally appearing to the left or right.


text:
Kitchen Design Ideas
Ceramic and porcelain tile, granite, marble, stone transform a kitchen into the center of your world. In this section, we've assembled images of kitchen design ideas to inspire you in your own home.
- Honey Onyx Wall
- Cappuccino Herringbone
- Stone All Around
- Country Chic Kitchen
- Subway Glass
- Carrara Pinwheel Pattern
- Metal Linear Kitchen


text:
Capital Tape V1510 Medium Density PVC Foam
These tapes provide an excellent combination of flexibility and conformability with strength and wear resistance. Performs in those "tough duty" applications where a tape must still flex to fit and seal. Excellent dimensional stability and a cushion against heavier loads. Foam density permits clean die cuts and fastener penetration. Withstands wear and abrasion.
Density (lbs./cu. ft.) ASTM D-1667 15#
Hardness (Shore 00) ASTM D-2240 40
Force to Compress (psi) ASTM D-1667 9 @25% kPa 62
Compression Set 30% ASTM D-1667 2 (% loss from original height)
Peel Adhesion ASTM D-1000 3-4 lbs.
Water absorption GTP 1.0 (% by volume)
Tensile Strength (psi) ASTM D-412 80 kPa 550
Percent Elongation ASTM D-412 160
Thermal Conductivity ASTM C-518 0.30 (K factor) (btu-in.)/(hr.,sq.ft.)(F°) w.mK
Recommended Service Temperature -30°F to 200°F -35°C to 90°C
Recommended Application Temperature 50°F to 110°F 10°C to 45°C
Fungi resistance Excellent
Oxidation resistance Excellent
Weather resistance Excellent
The values stated in charts are averages and are not to be construed as a warranty. Products must be tested by the end user for suitability in their applications.


text:
Bug Check 0xFA: HTTP_DRIVER_CORRUPTED
The HTTP_DRIVER_CORRUPTED bug check has a value of 0x000000FA. This indicates that the HTTP kernel driver (Http.sys) has reached a corrupted state and cannot recover.
Important This topic is for programmers. If you are a customer who has received a blue screen error code while using your computer, see Troubleshoot blue screen errors.
HTTP_DRIVER_CORRUPTED Parameters
Parameter 1 identifies the exact state of the HTTP kernel driver.
|Parameter 1
|Parameter 2
|Parameter 3
|Parameter 4
|Cause of Error
Address of work item
Name of the file that contains the work item check
Line number of the work item check within the file
A work item is invalid. This will eventually result in thread pool corruption and an access violation.
We'd love to hear your thoughts. Choose the type you'd like to provide:
Our feedback system is built on GitHub Issues. Read more on our blog.
Loading feedback...


text:
We all recognize that exercise is an excellent method to improve your well-being and total wellness. I discover that when I exercise on a regular basis my anxiousness becomes a lot less serious. Fitness trackers are wonderful enjoyable method of staying inspired and tracking your progression. Depending on the tracker you can track, calories, range took a trip, steps, heart rate as well as sleep. A few of the trackers provide GPS so you can draw up your walking or running path, and see your speed.
The FitBit Ionic is a feature abundant eye-catching smartwatch and fitness tracker. You can store up to 300 tunes on it and it includes a step-by-step instructor. The Fitbit Train aids you to have vibrant exercises that are customized to you. It can track your calories shed and heart rate. It also tracks sleep phases and gives you insights on the best ways to improve your sleep. The Fitbit Ionic features cordless syncing and smartphone notifications. On the drawback you can't reply to the messages or notifications on guard you can just see them and erase them. Additionally the watch is just water-resistant to 50 metres and not totally waterproof. You can swim with the watch but its suggest to dry the band when you can. The Ionic takes my # 1 Victor placement due to the fact that it integrates the best aspects of a fitness tracker with an eye-catching smartwatch. It also tracks swimming, cycling, and climbing stairs. I also enjoy how many colour options and mixes there are. It includes GPS and Altimeter sensing units also. This is a start of the art fitness tracker. If you want to know even more concerning fitness trackers, check out this wonderful post concerning workout watches at one of my favored anxiety sites.
The Samsung Gear Fit2 Pro is a feature packed fitness tracker and wise watch. It features all-day fitness tracking and GENERAL PRACTITIONER for speed and tracking your exercise. It has heart rate surveillance, vehicle exercise discovery, smartphone notifications, as well as has a 4 gB hard disk drive so you can save several of your tunes on it. The screen is a curved AMOLED which is super modern-day and brilliant. It fits conveniently on your wrist. It also features Spotify preloaded so you can sync your account from your phone to the watch. The watch deals with android and iOS. It takes the # 2 Victor spot due to the fact that its not as comfortable to copulate for sleep tracking. Its also extra smartwatch-like which might not be the sort of fitness tracker that you want.
The Fitbit Fee 2 is a nicely created comfortable wristband tracker. You can eliminate the tracker and modification bands. It has vehicle modes which recognize exactly what activity you're doing. It also works a bit like a smartwatch and reveals you call, text, and calendar notifications if your phone neighbors. You can track your sleep phases with it also. I truly like that it wirelessly syncs to your computer system and to your smartphone. On the drawback, its only splash proof but not waterproof. Additionally due to the fact that there's no integrated GPS you'll need to bring your phone with you if you want to track your course. For these reasons its my choice for # 3 Victor.
Regular exercise has big wellness benefits specifically for those suffering from anxiety. Fitness trackers are an excellent method to stay inspired. They're enjoyable to utilize and also permit you to be social with your workouts and compete with friends. Much of them can also be utilized to track and improve your sleep, which is an additional wonderful method to reduce your anxiety. I hope you enjoyed my report and discovered the excellent fitness tracker for you.
You have actually probably heard of Light Therapy lights and SAD. DEPRESSING stands for Seasonal depression and its a kind of clinical depression which is triggered by modifications in the seasons. Many individuals do not obtain sufficient sunshine in the cold weather and utilize DEPRESSING lights to make up for that. I have no idea concerning you but my anxiety and clinical depression becomes a lot worse in the cold weather, and I make certain its partly due to the modification in light and the earlier sundowns.
The signs and symptoms of DEPRESSING typically begin in the autumn and continue with the cold weather. Whether you're diagnosed with SAD or not the light therapy can be useful to assist to deal with routine clinical depression and anxiety. It also functions to lessen the effects of the modification of the period for people that have anxiety and clinical depression but not full-blown SAD.
Study recommends that the reason for SAD or worsening clinical depression and anxiety in the winter months is connected to your biological rhythm (circadian rhythm). By not obtaining enough sunshine there is an interruption to your body's biological rhythm. You can read everything about it in this outstanding post concerning light therapy lamp at an excellent website devoted to the subject.
Light therapy (otherwise called photo-therapy) functions to lessen your signs and symptoms of anxiety and clinical depression by imitating the effects of sunshine. For light therapy to work you put the light on your office desk or in your house and you sit in front of it. It needs to enter your eyes indirectly so you place it to the left or right of where you are looking.


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Lots of people with money to take a position consider putting it into something apart from a financial institution account, to enable them to earn a much better return of investment. This is a great idea, as banks generally provide a really low rate of interest, and you may make much more money elsewhere.
However, where do you turn if you have been conned by a dishonest broker? You cannot file suit an agent simply because he lost you cash – in the end, he's just making recommendations, it is your decision whether or not to follow them or otherwise. What if he's done something genuinely wrong? There are a variety of situations in which the law might be in your corner:
1. Should You Be Fooled
Your financial broker is duty-bound to provide you with all the information regarding a specific investment. Including the potential risks and drawbacks along with the potential benefits. In case your broker continues to be economical using the truth, possibly suggesting that the investment is certain to provide a particular rate of return, so it then unsuccessful to satisfy, you might possess a situation.
2. If He's Constantly Altering Your Investment Funds
1 week it's gold, the following it's currency, the following it's pharmaceutical companies – if this describes your broker, then odds are he has got his needs in mind instead of yours. Remember that each time he trades neglect the, he constitutes a commission. Therefore the more occasions he trades, the greater money he makes. A genuinely good investment should stay great for an extended time period, so bear in mind in case your broker is exchanging too often.
3. If He Ignores Your Instructions
Although an economic broker manages your hard earned money, remember that it's exactly that – Your hard earned money. As a result, he or she must get permission to so something with it, and that he should also execute every ask that you are making, no matter his personal opinion onto it. In case your broker is buying and selling without your permission, or refusing to complete that which you question, he's disobeying the law.
4. If He Buys Investments That Don't Suit You
Your broker can there be to provide you with assistance with which kind of investments suit you, your budget, as well as your lifestyle. For instance, if you're short on cash, he then must only buy investments he can certainly and rapidly sell again. In the end, should you all of a sudden end up requiring additional money, you won't want to discover that the cash is kept in for several several weeks or years.
If any of these situations affect you you might possess a legitimate situation to do this upon your financial broker. To do this, you need to talk to a securities lawyer or arbitration consultant. They can take a neutral review your situation, let you know whether you've got a genuine situation, which help you to select the next plan of action.


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Nationally and internationally significant Anglo-Saxon and Viking artefacts from the British Museum and Yorkshire Museum Trust along with current research are brought together in this exhibition to provide a new interpretation and a fresh perspective on how Vikings transformed and shaped every as
See the new outsize ink, watercolour and gouache paintings that comprise the short graphic novel Thinking Room by Carol Adlam, available for purchase from the Gallery Shop.
Invade…immigrate…integrate… inspire. 'Danelaw Saga' tells the tale of how the Vikings shaped the East Midlands.
View and buy scrolls created by Jiang Hongsheng, winner of a National Golden Prize for Chinese painting and Founder of the Red Peony Academy, Ningbo.
Cara Dillon occupies an enviable position at the very top of her genre. This extraordinary Irish singer has been captivating audiences and achieving exceptional acclaim for over 20 years.
This talk will interpret the silver and coinage from the hoards displayed in the exhibition, using them to argue that the Vikings transformed Britain.
Fun, creative play sessions for your toddler. Suitable for ages 18-36 months.
In our activity session focussing on Viking Age beliefs and funerary practice, think about Viking Age beliefs and what objects would have been buried with a Viking man, woman or child, and why.
Whatever your age or ability come along to AIM as an Art Investigator to visit exhibitions and enjoy arts and crafts activities led by University of Nottingham students.
This is an opportunity to make a beautiful basket bowl from freshly gathered materials, including hazel and willow dogwood, which will be woven into a proper basket.
Discover how museums look after their ancient coin collections; find out about the coins in the Museum collections and have a go at some of the activities which museum curators undertake to care for, identify and research their objects.
Learn how to create attractive Chinese lanterns and window flowers. You can also make a beautiful Chinese knot of your own to take away, frame and decorate your home.


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Login to download lectures and curriculum
Please create a free account and login to be able to download our lectures and curriculum. All content is free and you can attend the class without logging in, but we do request that you login to download.
About this Class
Dr. Paul House walks you through the theology of the entire Old Testament. His textbook, Old Testament Theology, is a standard in the field and now you can enjoy hearing him talk through the topic and enjoy his unique humor. The lectures were originally given when Paul was guest lecturing at Beeson Divinity School in 2002.
Introduction to the methodology of doing Old Testament Theology
Methodology of OT Theology
Final comments on history; Creation in Biblical Theology
Discusses a possible theme that runs throughout the Old Testament. Also discusses the doctrine of creation and the doctrine of God's knowledge of the future.
Discusses the essential relationship between the Creator and his people
After answering a series of questions, House deals with the basic purposes of the Law and the relationship between faith and the Law
Treats the purpose of the law as reflected in the sacrificial system.
Discusses the role of law and salvation throughout Scripture
After discussing hermeneutical principles as to how Old Testament laws are understood in the New Testament, House goes on to discuss the God of history
Develops the theme of God as Ruler of all history and its implications.
"God who Sends a Savior." Established the roots of the Messianic Promise in the Law and then develops the theme in connection with the Abrahamic covenant.
"God, who Sends a Savior (continued)." Traces the Messianic promise in connection with the Davidic covenant.
"God, who sends a Savior (continued)." Discusses the Servant passages in Isaiah.
"God, who sends a Savior (continued)." Demonstrates how the Davidic promises come together into the Son of Man theology.
"God, who Merits Worship." Traces Messianic themes from the Old Testament as they appear throughout the New Testament.
"God who merits Worship (continued)."
"God who Meets the Hurting."
"God who Meets the Hurting (continued)."
"God whose Word is a Unity."
"God whose Word is a Unity (continued)."


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Medici Villas
From my base in Montaione, I attempted to visit 5 Medici Villas, some more successfully than others.
The first was at Artimino, the Villa La Ferdinanda. I knew from the guide book that I could not visit the interior but the gardens would be possible. Despite opening hours posted on the gate, a buzz to the inner sanctum gave a firm "No" when asked about a visit. So a photo from the road of the front with its many chimney pots. If you are a Lions Club member they do have regular lunch there and it is available for wedding and ceremony rentals.
Next stop were two fairly close together but were a nightmare in terms of traffic, passage through unattractive industrial areas, and unmarked roads, Castello and Petraia. Villa di Castello is now the site of the keepers of the Italian Language (Accademia della Crusca) and visits to the interior can be made in advance. However the gardens and park are free entry.The park is overgrown and full of shady paths leading up to an overlook of the Villa gardens which are geometric in design and beautifully maintained. There was a complement of workers attending to the plantings when I was there. The most interesting feature was the Grotto of Animals that reminded me of a similar grotto in the Boboli Gardens in Florence. Petraia is just up the road a few kilometers and also free for the garden entry. There is also the possibility of a guided tour but I missed the timing and didn't want to wait. No photos inside. The gardens here are a mix of formal geometric beds and open grass area. There are benches in the shady spots. The ones at the end of the garden have great views toward Florence. I could sit there and imagine what the views in the 16th century and up would have been without all the modern factory and houses being in the way. This was also the summer residence of the King Vittorio Emanuel II during his reign in the 19th century.
Rounding out the successful visits is one to Villa di Poggio a Caiano. The visit is free and accompanied by a watcher to make sure you don't take photos in the villa. Our guide would answer questions (no English spoken) but didn't offer any information. There were on 4 of us walking through at that time and I was very lucky to strike up a conversation with the extremely charming and knowledgable Mark, from Vienna, who gave me a background in all that was on display. He told me that the pouty look on some of the portrait subjects was a trademark of the Habsburg dynasty. This villa is where Francesco I and his wife, Bianca Cappello died within hours of each other and poison is suspected. Their bedroom and a wonderful decorative stairway/balcony. Napoleon's sister, Elisa (of Lucca fame) also had apartments here and King Vittorio Emanuel II stayed here when Florence was the capital of Italy. The great hall of Leo X is a wonder to see.
The last on my list was the villa at Cerreto Guidi, Villa Medicea, which was used as a hunting lodge. It is where Isabella (Medici) Orsini was murdered by her husband. In a trap of poor signage (there was a "to the left sign" followed by the "to the right sign" and nothing in the middle), I circled the town several times and couldn't find a way in to the villa. Perhaps I'll try again before I leave on when I come back to Lucca in a few weeks.


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Taken 3: What You Need To Know
It redefined Liam Neeson, it influenced a whole new generation of action movies and contained possibly the greatest telephone call in movie history, but after almost a billion dollars at the box office and three movies, the Taken franchise is drawing to a close. The final instalment Taken 3 is out on DVD now and here is everything you need to know about it.
What's The Plot?
Having spent the first two movies hunting for those who took the ones he loved, this time it's Brian Mills who is being hunted. The film begins with Mills' ex-wife Lenore coming over for a catch up, him going out for bagels and coming home to discover her dead in his apartment, with the situation clearly set up for him to take the fall. From then on he's on the run, trying to track down the real killers and trying to stay away from the police, FBI and CIA. Will he find them? He's got quite a good track record…
Who's In It?
Liam Neeson, of course, returns as Brian Mills, while Famke Janssen and Maggie Grace are also back as his wife and daughter. Joining the cast this time are Forest Whitaker and Dougray Scott, Whitaker plays Inspector Frank Dotzler, the man tasked with investigating Mills, while Scott plays Stuart St John, the new husband of Mills' ex-wife Lenore.
Does It Deliver?
We're on the third instalment of this franchise so you know what you're getting into. There's plenty of action, plenty of thrills, plenty of excellent set pieces and a typically stern conversation. It's Taken for god's sake!
Taken 3 is available for pre-order now on DVD, Blu-Ray and exclusive hmv steelbook.


text:
Product Code: S0276
Minimun Quantity: 50
Build up your brand name with this stress house with chimney. Perfectly suited to promotions for estate agents, construction companies and the banking industry. This anti-stress house with chimney makes a low cost, fun promotional business gift.
Product Size: Height 71mm x Width 76mm x Depth 58mm
Print Area: 30mm x 50mm
Have You Also Considered?


text:
|Category: NAIL Accessories [ Nailarama Brand ]
|Description: NAILARAMA finger Nail clipper drum of 72
dz=Dozen ea=Each
Minimum Quantity is 1ea ( $12.75 )
|Master-Case Volume:
|0.45cf (0.013cm)
|Master-Case Weight:
|29.99Lbs (13.62kg)
|Maximum Cases Per Pallet:
|Cases Per Layer:
|23cases (4 Layers)
Freight charges shown apply only to orders of mixed merchandise that fills a complete pallet.
Our shopping-cart shows you when your pallet is 100% full.
You are not required to order a full pallet. Just be aware freight estimates would be respectively higher br> Unfortunately Freight charges for smaller shipments is not calculated on the web.
But We do not collect payment information on the web. br> Sooo Just place your order and we will call you up and answer all your questions.


text:
Break ThingsRegurgitated by The Usual Suspect sometime around 7:16 AM
I wasn't able to fall asleep last night, so I've been up for two days straight now. Don't expect everything to make sense.
Out in the big somewhere, we walked through rubble and trash, doing something I'm sure. Gunfire not too far from us, but it didn't really seem like it was coming directly towards us, so that's good. We cleared a bombed out building and as we moved into the open, I heard a sound I hadn't quite heard in specific before.
I turned my head to a friend. "That was a bullet huh?"
At the moment, the only reaction I could muster was to laugh and utter the Jackass mantra, "Holy shit, dude!" I decided to stick a little more closer to the opposite side of the concrete pillars after that.
And then there was running, and clearing and panting and sweating, and fogging of the eyewear. And shifting of the shoulders with the weight of the body armor etc on it. And the looking for stuff, and the not finding stuff.
And then more of all that. New house, they all seem the same. Usually the doors are unlocked. When they aren't, you get to kick them in, and the frail wooden ones are lots of fun.
Abandoned houses and broken glass and shit all over the place, some houses really nice, some completely empty except for broken things.
The Iraqi Police that we worked with today were slow to do anything, showed no motivation, and got in my way more than anything. I'm not really a commanding type person, but even I was bitching at these guys to hurry the fuck up and do their job. It was pitiful, and they kept sneaking away when we weren't looking. Fuck them.
They did seem to think it was cool when I'd kick a door open and rush into a room like there was actually going to be someone to shoot or something. All that did though was wear me out quick. I've come to love and worship any tiny little breaks we get, sitting down and trying to cool off. I've found that if you pull forward on the neck of your body armor, you can feel all this heat ventilating out away from your body. It pretty much just rises up into your face, but hopefully it helps cool you down. The armor traps heat with a vengeance.
Good god, how much of this deployment is still left? As run into the ground as I feel after each day lately, I'm starting to think this is going to REALLY suck, and not just suck more than anything else in the world, but REALLY suck. This is a long time period we're staring at here, folks. But that's out of my control. Fuck it.
The point that I'm almost trying to make is that if you get to thinking about things too much out here, it'll trip you up. I'm exhausted, and thus less able to shrug things off. To put it in layman's terms:
Stuff like that. Good night.
2 Comments:
- Jenni said...June 14, 2007 at 8:05 AMdoughboy, sorority girls=nasty viral infections in the nether regions that don't go away.
october's 4 months away. even with all your hard earned cash and i quote "i transferred $x000 into savings just because i could" i doubt you'll have to buy a single drink. maybe i'll even give you a hamburger to throw on dad's neighbor's roof again
as for my friends, easy now cowboy ;)
jenzers (did i spell it right?)
- Anonymous said...June 15, 2007 at 8:09 AMSee? You're leaving your mark on the world! Unfortunately for them, it's on their front door!!! So you can come back here & work for Uncle David "knocking on doors"!
Stay safe!
Aunt Sandy


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Optimistic Viewpoint of the Day | 0211
Slavery used to be practised by every single civilisation. Now it is illegal everywhere on Earth. The concept of equal rights for women wasn't a concept until a couple of hundred years ago. Now it is part of the explicit belief of all world bodies and most countries. The rights of children not to be exploited for their labour, racial equality, religious tolerance, freedom of speech… it's very difficult to find clear statements of these values before the Enlightenment. There were some statements in ancient Greece, but they certainly didn't carry the day then. In almost everything that you could take as an index of moral progress, the data show that we have been making it.
Steven Pinker, in: 'The way to deal with pollution is not to rail against consumption'
[x]#13766 fan zondag 11 februari 2018 @ 18:03:11


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In an age where no one gets shit done, take a hold of your future. Go vegan and improve your life MASSIVELY.
Ignore the bullshit your parents are constantly telling you and ignore your friends laughing at you because you give a fuck about not murdering animals, destroying your health and the environment.
If you have any sense of the words 'compassion' and 'care', you would never choose to eat animals and support the meat and dairy industry.
All of us have the compassion to be vegan.
Society removes the honest feelings we have as children. Every kid will ball their eyes out at seeing an animal die. Yet society, the media, parents, friends family all brainwash children into thinking it's ok.
It's not.
Eating animals isn't ok. It's not ok for our health. It's not ok for the environment. It's definitely not ok to value our life over another living being.
Just get it done.
If you're thinking about going vegan or are toying with the idea, just do it. You wont regret it.
Focus on high quality plant based food and everything will get better. Your mind will be clearer, you'll be healthier and you'll feel fucking great.
Anyone who says being a high carb, low fat vegan is bad has NO idea.
Cut the negative people out your life and focus on what really matters to you. If that's eating vegan then do it.
If you want to ride bikes and get fit. Do it.
Don't listen to the people who tell you, you can't or you shouldn't. You should and will go vegan. It's the best thing to do.
Soon enough, they might realise the same thing. Leading through example and showing them ho amazing eating and living vegan is will definitely impact people around you. A few months down the line expect people to come to you and thank you for opening their eyes.
Everyone has it in them. It's just a matter of time.
Go vegan.


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The struggle for equality
March 7, 2018
Filed under Opinions
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Since the beginning of mankind, women have been seen as inferior and not equals to the opposite sex. The word "woman" has the incorrect connotation of dependent and that without a man by her side the female is helpless.
Feminist icons such as artist Frida Kahlo and writer Virginia Woofle used their art forms to speak life into the activist movement. Women have been fighting for equal rights for hundreds of years, and still do to remind the world that a woman's body belongs to no one but herself.
Through the pressures of social media and the constant need for approval, women often feel they need to find the perfect relationship. Many believe that by being with a man, the problems of a woman will slip away and happiness will be found. Because of this, many women are insecure due to being rejected many times. A woman's worth is not measured in the hands of a man, but in her strength and courage. In many cultures today, women are still believed to be the inferior sex. They are still expected to stay at home to care for the children and the house, while the standards for men are quite different.
Feminist activists often fight for equal rights and treatment through marches, protests, and social media movements. The most recent Feminist movement being the #MeToo movement. A common misconception is that these protests are only for fighting for equal pay or the right to get an abortion. In reality, many marches and movements are held for social injustices such as catcalling and street harassment.
Every woman is created unique, beautiful, courageous, and inspiring. Despite years of oppression, women are resilient and independent despite the world believing they are not. Women are in every way equal to their male counterpart. Women capable of taking the world by storm, and should be given the freedom to do so.
In the future, it is my hope that women all across the globe will receive the respect that we deserve. Throughout the past hundreds of years, the struggle for women's rights has gained a strong foothold, but there is still a long way to go. Feminist activists have aided in the fight, but change takes time. Alongside the thousands of oppressed minorities, everyone can assist in the fight for equality for all.
I'm the croissant he almost dropped.
I like sappy romance movies... Thats about it.
Also, Erika Lynette Cook is my bestie for the restie>>>


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For many of us, what keeps us young is balancing the hormones, maintaining a healthy reproductive system, and creating great skin.
The right combination of foods can be helpful for achieving all those goals. Another benefits from eating the right type of food, especially for women, are: healthy mood, glowing skin, healthy libido, fast metabolism, smooth operating digestive tract and high energy. To function, our body needs the right amount of nutrition by consuming food.
It is important for young women to take control over their hormones, so it is not a surprise that they change moods and menstrual cycles when they consume particular hormone – balancing foods.
Middle aged women, especially the less active ones, look for a burst of energy in order to keep functioning all day. For women in menopause this foods will be useful for hormone imbalance and about the changes their body is ready to take. For women that have passed the menopause, the foods for hormone balancing, are beneficial for them to look younger, because they help cells from wrinkles forming. One important thing for our body is to consume the foods that it needs.
If it not, it will produce the hormones irregularly. In the following few lines, you can read a list about what women should put in their daily menu.
1. Yogurt Yogurt is very well known by his rich health benefits, since ancient periods. It is a fermented dairy product, contains high dose of calcium which is very useful for our bones, as well as probiotics which help in increasing the health bacteria in the gut. It also contains vitamin D, important for balancing hormones and aging gracefully.
2. Fatty Fish The omega – 3 fatty acids have one of the most important role in women's health. They are helpful in preventing diseases and conditions like heart disease, hypertension, inflammatory disease, and depression.
3. Vegetables rich in antioxidants Try to consume dark leafy greens, if you are looking for the right antioxidant foods. Kale, collard greens, spinach, and cilantro, are the kinds of foods used for hormonal balance.
4. Healing spices Because of their great use and of their results in maintaining youthful glowing skin, herbs and spices are very important for consumption. Cinnamon, ginger, and garlic are very useful, especially for women to maintain and stabilize their mood, balance the hormones and it will also help them in looking young longer.
5. Avocado The avocado contains healthy fat, which can be very important for women as it absorbs the key nutrients. It also contains fiber, magnesium, potassium, vitamin E, folic acid, and B-vitamins, and all these are considered as very useful in balancing hormones. You can never be wrong with avocados.
You should avoid the following few foods:
1. Sugar Sugar is considered to be our enemy number one. It is one of the reasons for diabetes and obesity. It can cause hormonal imbalance, and can be very dangerous for pancreas the liver and the digestive system generally. But not every sugar is the same. Natural sugars in fruits can be very useful.
2. Alcohol Alcohol can spark hot flashes. It makes the organs to work overtime. You may take a glass of beer or wine with your foods, but if you have hot flashes, you will have to say no to it.
3. Caffeine Caffeine can cause hot flashes in women which are in menopause. It can also cause anxiety and nervousness. If you cut out caffeine, you will balance your body easily.
4. High-Glycemic Foods An essential thing in the hormone levels is the blood sugar. The high glycemic foods can damage the balance, and some of them are white bread, sugar fruit juice. They increase insulin levels alter the way estrogen is metabolized.
5. Soy Soy mimics the body's naturally occurring hormone functions because it is a phytoestrogen. The thyroid gland is responsible for the production and storage of hormones. It can be disturbed by the phytoestrogen. Thyroid hormones regulate heart rate, balance blood pressure and maintain body temperature. Soy can intermediate with certain thyroid medications. It can have several negative impacts on our health, such as weight gain, infertility, muscle loss, and mood swings.


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Dulce Pinzón: The Real Story Of The Superheroes
Dulce Pinzón's ongoing project photographs Mexican migrant workers in NYC as superheroes at their not-so-super jobs, which they take in order to send money back home. From her exhibit's page:
The Mexican immigrant worker in New York is a perfect example of the hero who has gone unnoticed. It is common for a Mexican worker in New York to work extraordinary hours in extreme conditions for very low wages which are saved at great cost and sacrifice and sent to families and communities in Mexico who rely on them to survive.
The Mexican economy has quietly become dependent on the money sent from workers in the US. Conversely, the US economy has quietly become dependent on the labor of Mexican immigrants. Along with the depth of their sacrifice, it is the quietness of this dependence which makes Mexican immigrant workers a subject of interest.
The principal objective of this series is to pay homage to these brave and determined men and women that somehow manage, without the help of any supernatural power, to withstand extreme conditions of labor in order to help their families and communities survive and prosper.
Each photograph of the superheroes is accompanied with the person's name, their hometown in Mexico, and how much money they send back.
See the full set here. | Via


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Environment Canada will be continuing to look over the data gathered from the storms which raged through Saskatchewan Tuesday night, looking if there were more tornadoes which may have touched down in the province. There were four confirmed tornadoes. The reports came from Val Marie and Golden Prairie, as well as two separate events in Wood Mountain.
"There is the potential for more tornadoes as the day to day goes on," explained John Paul Cragg with Environment Canada. The warning preparedness meteorologist explained it can take a few days for all the reports to get to them.
The key indicator for tornadoes in many areas is the rotation signature on the radar, but it isn't always an indicator of a tornado.
"We do keep track of where the rotation on those storms were, and where the potential areas were that tornadoes could occur," said Cragg. "Even looking at the radar data, tornadoes can occur where there isn't any rotation showing on radar so we really do look for those reports afterwards to confirm or include tornadoes to our database."
There were three unconfirmed reports of tornadoes Tuesday evening. The reports, on social media, came from the Minton, Tribune and Ocean Man areas.
Cragg explained there is always the case of damage caused by winds being mistaken for damage from a tornado. He said those downburst winds, or plough winds, are generally the cause.
In Mankota, there were wind speeds of 122 kilometres an hour reported due to a downburst wind. The winds can also be extremely localized.
With the threat of the storms having passed over the province, it appears the forecast will be calling for sunshine for the next few days, leading into the weekend. Temperatures will slowly make their way back up to the high 20's but will be fairly close to normal for this time of year until the weekend.


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I adore pie, but sometimes I find a whole slice, even a sliver, can just be too much after a rich meal. That's one of the reasons I love to experiment with squares; they offer a great alternative to larger portions of dessert while providing the same sweet finish. Squares are also a great option for those who feel intimidated at the thought of making pastry. This recipe features a nutty shortbread crust topped with a deliciously gooey layer; the bourbon in the filling adds a slightly unique but not overpowering flavour. They can be made ahead and frozen for up to a month.
- 1 3/4 cups flour
- 3/4 cup butter, softened
- 1/3 cup white sugar
- 1/3 cup coarsely chopped pecans
- 1 1/2 cups corn syrup
- 2/3 cup firmly packed brown sugar
- 4 eggs
- 6 tablespoons flour
- 1 teaspoon salt
- 1 tablespoon bourbon (can substitute with 2 teaspoons vanilla)
- 1 1/2 cups coarsely chopped pecans
- Heat oven to 350°F.
- Make crust by combining flour, butter and sugar in a large bowl (a stand mixer is great for this, if you have one).
- Beat at medium speed with an electric mixer until mixture resembles coarse crumbs. Scrape down sides a few times as needed.
- Stir in 1/3 cup chopped pecans.
- Press crust mixture evenly onto bottom of parchment-lined 13×9-inch baking pan.
- Place in centre of preheated oven and bake 18-20 minutes or until edges are just beginning to brown. Remove from oven but don't turn oven off.
- While crust is baking, make filling by combine corn syrup, brown sugar, eggs, flour, salt and bourbon in a large bowl (can do this by hand or using a stand or electric mixer). Stir in pecans.
- Once crust has completed its partial baking, spread filling evenly over crust.
- Bake an additional 25 – 30 minutes or until filling is set (jiggle pan to check).
- Let cool on a wire rack and cut into squares.


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Surf Rentals
Basic Board Rentals: $20/day or $100/week (includes rash guard and leash).
Also want to rent body boards daily and weekly, no problem !
We have a good stock ranging from 5′ 10″ all the way up to 11′ long boards. Fun shaped, fish-tail, and standard shaped boards. Depending on where you are going to surf and your level, we will be able to match you up. If we don't have it, we'll find it for you.
Contact us for more informations