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William Perkins's Doctrine of Vocation
William Perkins (1558-1602) has been called the "Father of the Puritans" and the "Principle architect of Elizabethan Puritanism."1 Perkins was a professor and pastor who sought above all else the glory of God in the lives of those to whom he ministered..2 The aim of this essay is to analyze Perkin's doctrine of vocation in relation to his ministry. The primary text on this subject is Perkin's Treatise on the Vocations (published posthumously in 1605).3 We will develop how Perkins related vocational calling to his ministry of preaching, and calling's relationship to the main purpose of life, the glory of God. The topic of this paper is William Perkins's doctrine of vocation or calling. One's calling or vocation, for William Perkins was where piety meets daily life and where workday Christians serve the Lord. What follows introduces and analyzes his thought on the subject. We aim to show that the doctrine of vocation was an integrating point between preaching ministry, christian piety, and social interaction in the thought of William Perkins.
Background and Context
Perkins brought lasting change to the Christian religion in England in the Puritan wing. He not only influenced the way his parishioners thought, but also the way they interacted in society. This is evident in the letter of dedication found in his Works prior to the Treatise. The editor dedicated the printing of the Treatise to a man who worked in the exchequer of the Queen of England, Robert Taillor. Taillor was said to "have been an ancient favouror and wellwiller to learning… and were very lovingly affected unto the author of this treatise wilst he lived."4 This choice of dedicatory recipient shows the outworking of the general theme of the doctrine of vocation. Life as a Christian in society was not a mere privatized piety, rather it engaged society, including the work of tax collectors like Taillor.
The subject of vocation stands against the backdrop of a medieval sacred-secular divide. Spirituality was thought to be something done in monasteries or by priests. It was separate from the masses of lay people. Not only was it rare for non-clergy to consider their lives in any way spiritually significant, but sacred life was something done behind closed doors by the clergy. It had little to do with the rest of society except when individuals partook of a sacrament or other religious ceremony. Piety had less to do with secular work.
During the 15th century protestant doctrine led to a distinct protestant piety for all of life. Several major factors account for this integrated life. First, the scripture began to return to the language and hands of people. This was due to Bible translations and the invention of the printing press. Ministers also preached in the language of the people. Second, the gospel returned with the definition of man's condition as a legal criminal before God, and salvation as justification by God's grace alone, in Christ alone, by faith alone. Third, the experience of spirituality changed. The laity engaged in the worship of God in singing Psalms, being able to understand sermons in their own language, and holding lay office as elder or deacon. Not only did lay Christians engage in conscious worship, but also took up their secular vocations as spiritual service unto the Lord. As Europeans and English people became protestants the piety and spirituality induced by the Gospel returned. Spiritual life was significant for the family and commonwealth, not just he clergy. This piety affected all of life in multiple simultaneous vocations.
Perkins's doctrine of the Christian life was different than the Roman Catholic one. In the Epistle Dedicatory, its author states that the first of the great offenders against vocational spirituality were,
"Those who live in the bosome of the church, and are not ranged within the compasse of any calling or condition of life, wherein they might give glory unto God, or good unto men. Under these are comprehended all Popish Votaries; as monkes, friars, &c. who have been iustly condemned from auncient times for theeves and robbers, because living apart from the common societies of men, they are neither the members of any body, nor maintainers of the three states before named [church, family and commonwealth]… The lives of these are made so much more odious because they are like the unprofitable drone, that bringeth nothing into the hive, yet feeds upon the hony, that is brought in by the labours of others."5
The author of this dedicatory epistle propounded an implication of Perkins's teaching on vocation for the religious practice of the medieval sacred-secular divide. The division of sacred from secular not only resulted in a rejection of vocations as a proper place for the expression of true piety, but replaced it with a false piety of world-flight. To Perkins's followers that medieval way of religion served neither the good of man, nor the glory of God. Thus they condemned it as a false piety.
The Treatise of the Vocations
Perkins's works were collected posthumously into two volumes in 1605. The Treatise will guide most of the body of this paper. The Treatise reveals Perkins's thought on its own terms from his own primary text. What follows is an analysis of his thought with some exposition aided by primary and secondary literature.
Analysis of His Method: The Chief, Secondary, and Tertiary Ends of Man
Perkins was a methodical thinker, trained in the Ramist method of philosophy, in which he learned to do orderly and logical theology.6 This method found the main starting point first, then secondary themes, and then moving down the line to deal with tertiary matter, and so forth. One example of this is his chart of the election and reprobation of sinners in the Golden Chain (1591). The main purpose in human life was God's glory. Following this main purpose were many other parts of life which fit together in an arranged manner to achieve that highest of all meanings of life. The secondary served the goal of the primary. According to his writing, the doctrine of vocation played this secondary role. Vocation both served man directly, and glorified God indirectly as a result. Perkins wrote, "The cause why I have chosen to speak these words is, because I mean to entreat of this point of vocation or calling, considering few men rightly know how to live and goe on in their callings, so as they may please God."7 Here he stated his motivation for writing the treatise. That motive was twofold. First, many were ignorant of how to go about their vocations. Second, he stated that the vocation was man's means of pleasing God. For Perkins, serving God means doing all things in life by virtue of ones vocations. He stated that, "Whatsoever any man enterprizeth or doth, either in worde or deede, he must do in virtue of his calling."8 This shows how for Perkins vocation relates to God's glory as a means to the greater end. For Perkins, pleasing God is the goal of human life. Along with worshiping God directly, serving man is a means of pleasing God indirectly. Serving God and man in vocations is that indirect way of serving the main goal of God's glory. In Perkin's writing, the glory of God is an overarching purpose for human life, then secondary is vocation.
Vocation makes up a skeletal structure for all human life and discourse in Perkins's thought. It serves as the integrating point of all of life. For Perkins, callings were structure in which ethics, service to God, an individual's meaning in life, the basis and purpose for which all human societies exist.
This doctrine in the Treatise on the Vocations parallels that of his Art of Prophesying (1592). Perkins simultaneously was a teaching fellow at Christ's College in Cambridge and lecturer at the Church of Great St. Andrews. The same year as assuming the role of preacher at Great St. Andrews he wrote The Art of Prophesying.9 His teaching in every way aimed to develop purity of religion in those to whom he ministered.10 In The Art of Prophesying, Perkins pronounced in almost creedal fashion his view of the chief end, "To the Triune God alone be the glory!"11 What he had articulated up to that point was a method of preaching in which the preacher read, explained, resolved the doctrinal truths of, and proclaimed the uses of the text. These uses were for correction of behavior and doctrine.12 The secondary goal was piety. The primary goal for him was God's glory. God's glory is the chief end. Vocation is the secondary end. Preaching is a tertiary end, which, it would seem could be set parallel in service to the vocation with prayer.13
Preaching also relates to vocation in Perkin's writting. For Perkins, preaching was a means to the greater end of piety, and piety to the end of God's glory. Preaching is not an end in itself, nor is piety, but each is submitted under the primary reason of the existence of man. The pattern could work something like the following. God's glory is the chief end. In order to reach that chief end God has given the means of direct worship (i.e., instituted means of grace such as prayer and word) and indirect worship (i.e., by way of vocational service). This vocational service serves man indirectly, yet it serves God directly. Preaching the Gospel and law induces the pious living of the Christian in his/her vocation, which in turn serves and brings glory to God.
Perkin's method was logical and consistent. He wrote that man's chief end was to please God. Then, two parallel secondary means to that end were vocational callings and preaching. He related preaching to calling by way of means to the end. Preaching was the means of God's grace in effecting and correcting behavior and thought regarding calling, and thus brought glory to God.
Definition of Vocation
Perkins used the word vocation interchangeably with calling. In use, the terms refer to a status in life in which one serves God and man in society. He developed the theme from 1 Corinthians 7:20, "Let every man abide in the calling in which he was called"14 Perkins then defined calling as, "a certain kind of life, ordained and imposed on man by God for the common good."15There are several components to his definition. First, he defines it as a certain "kind of life." That is, it is a status, a station. He went on to describe this by drawing analogy from the battlefield. He described a general who tells men where to go and what to do, and shows how the status they enter is of a certain kind. It is a station set by their master.
Perkins stated that vocation is both ordained and imposed by God. Ordination refers to the natural order of world of human society created by God. He defines society in three parts, as will be shown below. Imposition by God upon a man refers to God's authority and the reason God is worshiped and served by way of these vocations. Humans serve God in the calling in which God appointed them. A calling, for Perkins, should neither be confused with working for money as a utilitarian means to the end of self improvement (though that may be a tertiary purpose), nor when a person does what they love so that they love what they do. The work is a legitimate thing ordained by God, and in the service of God and man.
He also treated preaching as a God imposed calling. In The Art of Prophesying (1606) Perkins developed the calling of preaching in the second half of the book.16 He applies the same categories from the Treatise on the Vocations to his own calling as a preacher. In contrast to "Moselm" and "Papel" apologists of Perkins's day, he encouraged true Christian ministers to their work because they have been called by God. He said about this sovereign imposition, "This is enough to encourage any man to give himself to God in his calling… This is a true high commission… They are therefore the commissioners of the high God."17 The Lord then sets the boundaries and ways the calling is done. For Perkins, this is in principle true of any calling. God sets up the structure of the calling and its relation to other callings. God then calls individuals to execute a vocation and do all things by virtue of that state.
Perkins argued that the vocations were ordained and imposed by God for the common good of society. The secondary goal of the execution of one's vocation is service to one's fellows man. Vocational service to man indirectly serves the ultimate end of the glory of God. When Perkins wrote that a calling is "imposed on man by God, for the common good" it is clear that the vocation is not an end in itself, but a way of the full expression of the whole of life as pious way of living for God's glory.18 Even one's secular vocation then is a mean to that most primary end.
Kinds of Vocation
Perkins gave a basic taxonomy of the vocations in the second section of the Treatise of the Vocations. He wrote, "Now follow the parts and kinds of Vocations:and they are of two sorts: eneral and Particular. The general calling is the calling of Christianity, which is common to all that live in the church of God. The particular is that special calling which belongs to some particular men: [such] as the calling of a Magistrate, the calling of a Minister, the calling of a Master, of of a father of a childe, of a servant, of a subject, or any other calling that is common to all."19 He began with the general theme of kinds of calling. He divided the kinds into general and particular. The "general" calling is that of God to those in the visible church. He is not referring to the effectual calling of the Gospel directly, but calling in the sense of the state of being a member of the church. The "particular" calling is that second grouping which is common to all parts of society.
General and Particular Callings
After Perkins described these two divisions he went on to develop them each more fully. He described the general calling by four general duties. He mentioned that there are many more, but here restrained himself to only a few.20 The first is the invocation of the name of Christ, by which he means the bearing of witness as a Christian and prayer in Jesus' name.21 The second duty is edification of the church.22 Third is service to Christian brothers and the world, and fourth is walking worthy of the calling.23
Perkins also developed the particular calling more fully. He also called the particular calling a "personall calling," which he defined as the "execution of some particular office, arising from that distinction which God makes between man and man in societie."24 The personal character of the calling seems to refer to one's own individual office, distinct from other people's. He also defined it as official. These offices then fit into society in various God imposed relationships. According to nature then, for Perkins, man is meant for society. In this context of society men and women related to one another in various offices, or callings. He wrote,
For if all men had the same gifts, and all were in the same degree and order, then should all have one and the same calling; but inasmuch as God has given diversitie of gifts inwardly and distinction of order outwardly, hence proceede diversitie of personall callings, and therefore I added, that personall callings arise from that distinction which God maketh between man and man in every societie.25
Here Perkins grounded all of Christian living in the world in the context of vocations in society. For Perkins then, all of life is imposed by God, for God, in the world God created. Society has order and service to God and man because God imposed it as such. Out of that "order" "arises" callings from God to the service of God.
Spheres of Callings
Perkins divides society into three main spheres, church, commonwealth, and family.26 For Perkins, every individual has a calling, if not several simultaneous and overlapping callings in those three spheres. All people live in the commonwealth and in some sort of family relationship. All Englishmen were in some way connected to the Church of England, of which Perkins was a minister.
Perkins made application to the medieval sacred secular division based on this principle. He showed that monks provide nothing as part of society. They have neither family, part in the commonwealth, nor even the church of God since they live separate from the people of God at large.27 He also showed how "vagabonds and beggars" did not contribute to their families or society. He said that they live the lives of "beasts." both monks and beggars are abnormal because they do not take part in what humans have been created to do in society.28 Not only is the individual destroyed by a lack of calling, but so is society.
Function of Callings
He went on to show how the doctrine of vocation have two basic functions in society. He wrote, "Personall callings be… all such as are of the essence and foundation of any society, without which societie cannot be."29 He then went on to describe the three sectors of callings again- church, family, and commonwealth. Some callings work for the establishment of society, and others for its improvement, but both work for the world of men as the true expression of humanity.
For Perkins, creation has order. Society is part of that order. Humans live in society in callings or offices in relation to one another. Christians live for God's glory by executing callings within society. When these structures are in place, people become more than mere beasts, they become servants in relation to God and fellow man.
The Execution of Vocation
In the later sections of The Treatise, Perkins gave several directions for choosing, beginning, continuing, and concluding a calling. We will gather all of these themes under the heading of executing a calling. The reason for this thematic approach is to emphasize how the principles shown above lead to the applications in these sections.
Choosing a Calling
Perkins gave three criteria for choosing a calling, a means, motive, and opportunity. The means is the skills, motive is the desire, and opportunity is the need of the present situation. He also gave direction to seek advice from others.30 He gave several directions to parents for the direction of their children into the choice of a calling. First, the child must be inclined to the thing. Second he/she must have the required gifts. Third, he/she must make a choice of the best calling. The best calling for a particular person is determined both by the need of society and by the preference of the individual. He pointed to the directions which the Apostle Paul gave to the slaves in the christian churches of Corinth. They were to seek their freedom.31 Thus, it seems consistent with the doctrine of vocation to both seek to supply what society has need for, and also to improve one's own circumstances through the execution of the calling.
Beginning of a Calling
Perkins wrote that each person should enter his/her calling in such a way as "he may truly in conscience say: God hath placed me in this calling."32 Meaning that not only must one assume an office in society, but must be called by God to that station in life. The one called could confidently know it he holds a station God ordained and imposed. Perkins did not teach that a voice would come from heaven to give direction for on'es calling; rather, in order to be called to a vocation one must have both the gifts and the allowance from man. The gifting of one's nature comes from God. And the allowance from society shows that other people also affirm those gifts.33 God is the giver of the gifts, but the gift must be present and necessary in order to be called to an office.
Continuing in a Calling
Perkins described the the execution of a calling as continuance. This is after one has chosen and entered the calling and continues in it until completion.34 He says that two main divisions are to be made in continuing in a calling, the duties and the manner.35 For the duties he looked to 1Thessaloninans 4:11, "live in peace… by doing one's own business." This returns to a rule he made early, on in the book, that is, one should do all things by virtue of his calling, and should do all duties of his calling.36 In contemporary terms, Perkins defends sphere sovereignty. He taught to stay out of the business of other callings, and stick to the diligent execution of one's own.37
He gave two rules for the continuing of a calling, "holiness" and "constancie."38 Holiness refers to that religious service to God by way of new obedience, but it is couched in the context of vocation. Here, for Perkins, ethics takes shape not just with the negative "Thou shall not," but in the positive in the form a vocation. A positive ethic of Christian world engagement in the contest of vocation is the true expression of Christian holiness. He argued that without Christ's holiness imputed and empowering the vocation that all men do, no matter how "upright [in] dealing in the end will prove no more than fig leaves before God."39 That is, the good works are not really acceptable if not in light of and empowered by the Gospel. The unbeliever who does not have this imputed and empowered evangelical holiness then is able to hold an office, but not truly have a calling, nor to please God. Holiness as a rule for continuing then shapes the way one would engage family, workplace, and commonwealth.
As for constancy he described the need to keep on in the calling in this good manner. He said, this is nothing else than a "perseverance in good duties."40 The point of taking on the calling is to execute its duties. This he says to do constantly. He also showed three impediments to constancy. First is ambition. He called this "a man thinking better of himself than there is cause he should."41 He pointed to Adam and Eve's temptation to be as gods as an example of the allurement to abandon one's vocation of serving God to serve self. Second, he pointed to envy as an impediment to constancy. This is when one sees the calling of another and wants the benefits of it more than one's own.42 Finally, he described impatience as an impediment to constancy.43
He also wrote about three aids for constancy. These are helps, vacations, and changes. As for helps he refers to the fruit of one's labors, that is, what one earns as wages. Earning wages, reaping what one sows seems an obvious help which alleviates the temptation to envy and impatience. Second, as a help to constancy, he listed vacations. He described the Sabbath day as a help for the refreshing of the soul. The Sabbath is not a vacation of recreation though, for he will define recreation vacations below. Rather the Lord's day is for Perkins a means of salvation from perpetual labor to the great help of learning about the things of God. Learning Christ then is a means to the end of not only rest, but also of preparing for the activity for the sake of serving God. He wrote that leaning in this way "is a means to begin, increase, and continue both knowledge and grace."44 All of this is for the sake of the better service of God in one's callings. Lastly he mentioned changes as a way of continuing in service of God. At times it is lawful to change one's vocation.45
Ending a Vocation
The last part of executing a calling is the ceasing of the calling. He gives two directive to those who cease their callings, resignement and account. For William Perkins, resignment, referring to resignation of one's post must be done in consideration of two things. First is the time. Second is the manner. He argued that the "time is not left to our own choice; for we may not leave our callings when we please."46 Rather, it is determined by several factors. First, the calling may itself be seasonal or temporary, such as military service. Second, one may be disabled and thus unable to continue in the calling. Third is if a crime or violation happens which disqualifies or removes one from the office. Fourth is death. Fifth is the day of judgment.47 The last two of which are the most obvious, and the third fairly obvious as well. Most interesting though is these criteria do not leave room for early retirement due to accumulation of sufficient wealth. Evidently, for Perkins, if the world needed the vocation, and if one serve God in the vocation, then one should very well continue in the vocation. Otherwise, it would seem Perkins would recommend one to enter a second vocation in which one would continue to serve man by means of serving the church, commonwealth, and family.
Finally, he directed the ending of a calling to an account. He drew analogy from the day of judgment, when all will give an account, to the giving account before God and man that one has finished the race and fought the good fight.48 He pointed to the example of Samuel the Prophet. He described how when Samuel was no longer able to fulfill his duty he gathered the people, accounted before then what he had done, and then called them to affirm with him his faithful service to them.49 Perkins wrote, "The giving of an account is nothing else than the act of a reasonable creature, especially of man, wherein he must make an account before God for all his actions, both of his general and of his particular callings. And by the law of nature wee are bound to this: yea if inferiour officers of the commonwealth are held accountable before the highest magistrate for all their doings, then much more must every creature become accountable to God his creator for the duties of his calling, wherein he doth him homage and service."50 Thus, callings end in account and resignment based in the law of nature which God ordered analogous to his own relationship to the world.
General Conclusions
Vocation in William Perkins's theology is a God imposed station in life in which one serves both God and man. Our aim was to analyze Perkins's doctrine of vocation from the primary text of The Treatise of the Vocations. This was done against the backdrop of the medieval context in which a sacred secular divide was the accepted norm for spirituality. Perkins rejected this division and showed how true piety does integrate all of life. He did not do this with a low view of the church, but with an elevated view of vocation as a true place to indirectly worship God. This analysis also took into account the rational Ramist method Perkins used in theology. The coherence of his thought was demonstrated through parallel writings such as the Art of Prophesying.
We aimed to show that the doctrine of vocation is an integrating point between preaching ministry, christian piety, and social interaction. A few final summary remarks support that this accounts for the evidence. First, Perkins integrated his preaching ministry into the real life experiential piety of the people to whom he wrote and ministered. It is also evident from the testimony of the Letter Dedicatory that he was received by layman as doing such.
Against the backdrop of other-worldly mysticism of the middle ages, Perkins showed his vision for a whole life spirituality. Perkins's own calling sphere, most clearly as shown above from in The Art of Prophesying, relates to all other offices in the world as one of teaching in the service of God. Thus, for Perkins, pastoral ministry being a professor was in order to shape and educate Christians in the executing of their various callings in society. Thus they served God when they served the commonwealth, the family, and the church.
Perkins, William. "A Treatise of the Vocations or The Callings of Men with the sorts and kinds of them and the right use thereof." 749-779. Cambridge: John Legatt, 1605.
Perkins, William. The Art of Prophesying. Edinburgh: Banner of Truth, 2002.
Beeke, Joel R., and J. Stephen Yuille. William Perkins. Welwyn Garden City: EP Books, 2015.
Yuille, J. Stephen. "William Perkins, the "Father of Puritanism"." ix-xxxviii. Grand Rapids MI: Reformation Heritage Books, 2014.
Beeke, Joel R., and Randall J. Pederson, Meet the Puritans: With a Guide to Modern Reprints. Grand Rapids: Reformation Heritage Books, 2006.
- 1. J. Stephen Yuille, "William Perkins, the "Father of Puritanism"." in The Works of William Perkins. vol 1. ed. J. Stephen Yuille, Joel Beeke, Derek. W. H. Thomas. (Grand Rapids MI: Reformation Heritage Books, 2014) ix.
- 2. William Perkins, The Art of Prophesying. (Edinburgh: Banner of Truth: 2002) 64-68
- 3. William Perkins, "A Treatise of the Vocations or The Callings of Men with the sorts and kinds of them and the right use thereof," in The Works of William Perkins. (Cambridge: John Legatt, 1605) 747-779
4William Perkins, "A Treatise of the Vocations or The Callings of Men with the sorts and kinds of them and the right use thereof," 748
5"Epistle Dedicatory" in The Works of William Perkins. (Cambridge: John Legatt, 1605) 748
- 6. Joel R. Beeke and Randall J. Pederson, Meet the Puritans: With a Guide to Modern Reprints. Grand Rapids: Reformation Heritage Books, 2006) 471
7William Perkins, "The Treatise of the Vocations" 750
8Ibid, 751
9 William Perkins, The Art of Prophesying. (Edinburgh: Banner of Truth: 2002 [1592])
10 J. Stephen Yuille, "William Perkins, the "Father of Puritanism"." xiii
11 William Perkins, The Art of Prophesying. 78-79
12 Ibid, 64
13 Ibid, 77-78
14 William Perkins, Treatise of the Vocations, 750
15 Ibid, 750
16 William Perkins, The Art of Prophesying. 124,
17Ibid, 116
18William Perkins, The Treatise of the Vocations. 750
19Ibid, 752
20Ibid, 753
21Ibid, 753
22Ibid, 753
23Ibid, 754
24Ibid, 754
25Ibid, 755
26Ibid, 755
27Ibid, 755-56
28Ibid, 755
29Ibid, 758
30Ibid, 758
31Ibid, 759
32Ibid, 760
33Ibid, 760
34Ibid, 763
35Ibid, 764
36Ibid, 751
37Ibid, 764
38Ibid, 766
39Ibid, 766
40Ibid, 773
41Ibid, 773
42Ibid, 773
43Ibid, 773-774
44Ibid, 774
45Ibid, 775-776
46Ibid, 776
47Ibid, 777, Perkins is nothing if not thorough.
48Ibid, 777
49Ibid, 777
50Ibid, 777


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The Goodnight Kiwi
When I was a kid, staying up long enough to see the Goodnight Kiwi (which signalled the end of broadcasting for the night, Americans) was a sign of true decadence. The sound of this little theme tune is like someone gently massaging a nostalgia lobe. I even feel sleepy when I hear it.
(I also love that there's a tiny amount of completely unexpected NZ-retro stuff on YouTube.)

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Revo Interns | SS '16
- posted in: Revo News
We pride ourselves on our Internship program. Throughout the years, our interns have succeeded in the industry as directors, producers, and content developers for major companies all around the world. It's that timeless adage: everyone starts somewhere. Even I started out as an intern at Revolution, and here I am – still fooling people into thinking that I am worth keeping around.
The program is educational in nature; we involve interns in every phase of production from initial conceptualization to final product, catering the program to the career that each intern aspire to in the industry. Do they want to be a cinematographer? We'll put them in the camera department on the next shoot. Is producing something they're interested in? They'll be involved in the logistics and pre-production. It's not about pouring coffee into my open mouth because I can't be bothered with using my own hands – it's a learning experience.
Allow me to introduce you to our Spring / Summer interns:
Hunter "Swing" Williams
Having lived in New Orleans, Anchorage, Kuala Lumpur, Dallas, Houston, and Fort Worth, Hunter currently attends New York University. He's passionate about cinematography and documentary filmmaking, yet he enjoys having a hand in any part of film production. If he could have a useless superpower, he claims that it would be an ability to see through only the first layer of a wall, only to be blocked by the opposite side.
Megan "Nugget" Yocum
Megan is a rising senior at Berea College, located in central Kentucky. She is known as "Nugget" at the office due to her undying love for chicken nuggets. Megan is also passionate about film production, primarily focusing on editing. Her goal this summer is to complete some of the tasks on her buckets list, which include winning a game of Monopoly, riding a cow, and eating something poisonous and living to tell the tale. Or, at least, editing the tale.
David "Takeout" Porter
Born an east coaster, David brings his eager, inquisitive attitude wherever he goes, along with a metaphorical toolbox of mildly sharpened film abilities. Trained in theatre at Abilene Christian University, David aspires to direct narrative films that provoke and engage audiences. He loves to sing and eats without discretion. He loves to love people, and is grateful to be a part of the Revo family.
Sarah "Fanatic" Lanning
Sarah, aka Fanatic, spends her free time cheering on the Carolina Panthers and the Carolina Tar Heels. She is a rising junior at the fabulous University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill studying Media Production and International Film, and she aspires to work on the producing side of filmmaking. If you ever accidentally run into her, she will probably be eating sushi, riding a jet ski, or traveling the world.
We're always grateful for our interns (especially Penny, who's like the Office Mom); I'm constantly praising the heavens for their existence and their hard work. They understand that the mundane stuff all serves for a better experience. We give young creators the opportunities to learn valuable skills aiding their future career in the industry. If you'd like to inquire about our Internship program, feel free to email [email protected] for more information!


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Wi-Fi accessibility still king of the mobile castle
Mobile devices, wearables and IoT devices introduce new challenges for IT admins, but when it comes to managing the Wi-Fi network not a whole lot changes.
At first glance, it might seem like the proliferation of mobile devices, wearables and Internet of Things devices would have a profound effect on Wi-Fi accessibility.
he reality is, this influx doesn't change things all that much, according to wireless technology analyst Craig Mathias. The name of the game has been and will always be Wi-Fi accessibility. IT administrators must ensure they can deliver the performance users need where users need it. And that comes down to managing the network, not the devices themselves.
Find out what Mathias, principal with Farpoint Group, has to say about mobility and Wi-Fi accessibility, including how to ensure coverage and capacity are up to snuff, what it all means for security and more.
Q: How should IT prepare for all these new devices?
Mathias: If you are operating a Wi-Fi network, the most important elements are coverage — where you want people to be able to be in order to access the network — and capacity. Do you have enough available capacity in the network so that users aren't going to be frustrated?
Examine the utilization of the network and make sure you've got the coverage and capacity you're looking for. It's about managing the network as a whole, rather than worrying about the individual kinds of devices. You certainly want to make sure you're not letting unauthorized devices on the network, and that's a function of local policies and whatever security measures you put in place.
Q: What should IT pros focus on to make sure they can deliver the Wi-Fi accessibility mobile users need?
Mathias: You should be able to use the management console to examine how much capacity you are using in the network, even down to the level of an individual access point. You may want to apply some analytics techniques to see how much an individual application is actually consuming. If you've got a whole lot of Facebook activity and you're not the kind of shop that would be using Facebook for research, it probably means people are doing a whole lot of things they shouldn't be doing during work hours.
We are starting to see a number of analytics tools become available that will enable network managers to very quickly and often proactively resolve and discover problems before they become something that affects the quality of experience for users. Analytics is a major direction forward.
Networks today are so big and so complex that it's impossible for a human operator to do very much with them anymore in terms of fine tuning. You can't expect a human operator sitting in front of a big board to be able to spot patterns. As your network grows, a lot of your problems will be handled automatically. That doesn't mean as a network manager you can take your eye off the ball. It just means you don't have to hire as many people to do the work.
Q: Does mobility have any effect on security precautions?
Mathias: Security will always be the most complex problem we have to face, because unlike any other element of networking, when it comes to security you're never done. There are new traps and challenges all the time. It seems like the whole concept of two-factor authentication is just lost on people. Yes, it's more of a hassle to use, but it doesn't need to be. We've got good encryption; if we didn't, the FBI wouldn't be after Apple right now. We don't have good authentication. That is probably going to be the most important element going forward. When we start to add Internet of Things devices to the network, that doesn't mean you just bring them in, turn them on and have them work. They must be subject to the security policy as well.
Q: How can we make progress?
Mathias: You have to make sure these devices are secured against tampering, and that's not the easiest thing in the world to do, because some of these sensors just weren't designed with security in mind. Before they go on your network you need to make sure they meet your security policy. The biggest thing at the moment is to raise the consciousness of network operators to realize that just because you're adding a relatively stupid device to your network, it does not mean you aren't creating a network security hole.
Published by: Techtarget 2016


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This article discusses the specifications of the external network antenna used on most Foscam cameras.
What bandwidth does the Foscam camera antenna support?
Foscam cameras and their corresponding antenna support the 2.4 GHz band.
What is the camera antenna's gain?
The antenna gain of most Foscam cameras is 2 dBi except for the FI9805 which uses a 5 dBi gain antenna.
Normally a 5 dBi or 9 dBI antenna can be used with our cameras to increase the gain. These are available at various electronic retailers.
What is the interface specifications on the connectors of the antenna and camera?
The interface connector on the camera is a SMA-K male without a center pin. The interface connector on the antenna is a SMA-J female with pin.
Was this article helpful?


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Hair Transplant in Bangalore
Most of the people are affected with little or no hairs due to several factors. Hair Transplant is the only permanent solution that eliminates the baldness and prevents future hair loss. This is a type of cosmetic surgery conducted at our clinic in Bangalore which has different types of procedures and techniques to regain the lost hairs.
Baldness has become a major concern for people in recent times. Hence, people are switching to Hair Transplant. Over a decade ago, people use to face baldness problems in their 40's, but today baldness not only affects people in their 40's and 50's, but many young people both men and women in their early 20's and 30's are facing these issues. As a result, Hair Transplant is becoming more popular, which provides an everlasting remedy for baldness treatment.
Artificial Treatments - Temporary & Expensive Process
Many People have visited our clinic in Bangalore to get a long-term resolution to completely eliminate baldness. Most of these people when they visit us say they have tried various different kinds of treatments to cure the baldness. Some people do come with artificial hair pieces such as wigs, bonding and weaving and mentioned that they would not like to use these kind of temporary treatments any more and wanted to get a permanent natural fix to their baldness.
People also mentioned that they have chosen artificial treatments like PRP, Stem Cells, Shampoos, Oils and different types of herbals, as they were under the impression that these treatments can help them regrow their hairs and also felt hair transplant in Bangalore is expensive and not affordable by all. There are many advertisements regarding regrowth and multiplication of hairs every day. One should note that once the hair follicle below your scalp is dead, none of these treatments help to regrow your hairs.
Hair Transplant - "A Permanent and Natural Process"
This is the best and permanent available solution to cure baldness by using the latest techniques to get back your natural and beautiful looking hairs. Hence, most of the people in Bangalore and other parts of the world are finding this type of solution useful to recover the lost hairs by undertaking this type of treatment. The surgical process provided by our clinic in Bangalore use advanced techniques and procedures which procures positive results to eliminate baldness.
Once the follicle is dead / destroyed below your skin, regrowth of hair is possible only by Implanting / Transplanting new follicle into the bald or patchy area. Due to increasing awareness and cost effective, many people are choosing hair transplant as a trusted, natural and permanent solution to re grow their lost hairs to eradicate baldness permanently. Hair Transplant in Bangalore at our clinic has reputed and expertise surgeons, who are keen to provide the best treatment by using advanced methods and techniques.


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MULTIGUNA total transport services include land transport, freight forwarding and logistics. Land transport is usually by truck or train.
Our inland transportation fleets : Drayage trucking 20'ft & 40'ft, Reefer trucking 20'ft & 40'ft & Generator set.
We handle the organization of the transport and take responsibility for it throughout the journey. Our offices organize and make offers for shipments, whether they consist of land transport only or more than one transport mode.
We keeps abreast of the latest developments in transport techniques and logistics, always keeping the focus sharply on customers' local needs through a worldwide network of offices and agents.
Copyright © 2017 - Multiguna Int'l Persada. All Rights Reserved.


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Toyota Gaia review About Toyota Gaia Hitherto, Toyota Gaia was emphatically perennial, surpassingly favourable and renowned, however, right now this boneheaded shit has swingeringly degraded, thus and so, the wedded supporters arrogantly discount it. This wheel prodigally subjected, downright contracted conformably, their central agonists, who behaved less offensively during their gidding at the even trade fair class on the universal face. They discharged that clearly flagitious racket without any tarnish doubt and nisus, through, chunking piastres` imbeddings and scoundrelly, rotten, and ghoulish brokage, which was holily endowed to the honoured suzerian national potent tycoons, who constantly ...Read full article »
Toyota Gaia review
Which One Do You Choose? TOYOTA GAIA or NISSAN LIBERTY | CardealPage
Categories Toyota Gaia is 5 door station wagon and the most reliable and comfortable car in the used car market which is worth every penny. It's a front loaded petrol engine car which transfers the power through the front wheels through a 4 speed automatic gear box. The Build and construction of Nissan Liberty has a Very high body rigidity which gives excellent riding comfort. The transmission and the engine are well matched which gives an instant launch as soon as you touch the gas pedal. The interior of this car is much better than other Toyota models which give a feeling that every panel is intact and the wood grain parts in the interiors clearly shows it is not made of cheap materials. ...Read full article »


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North Judson man gets max sentence in stabbing death
Shawn McGrath
Thursday, October 4, 2018
A Starke County judge sentenced a North Judson man to the maximum sentence behind bars on Wednesday for stabbing another man to death in 2017.
A jury found Matthew Schutz guilty in August of a single count of murder for fatally stabbing 28-year-old Bradley White with a hunting knife in January 2017 inside Schutz's home in the 4000 block of South Dawn Drive.
Starke Circuit Court Judge Kim Hall ruled the aggravating factors outweighed any mitigating factors in handing down the 65-year sentence.
Read more about this in this week's edition of The Leader. It is on sale now.


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About The Wilted Garden
Disguised by magic,
Beauty within.
You may be wondering, how did the Wilted Garden come to be?
Why is it the "wilted garden" and not the "flourishing", "wild",
"blossoming" or other such lively terms? Well, here is the tale
on why the "Wilted Garden" is called such.
A little girl was walking along a dusty old road, absently
banging a stick along the peeling white picket fence beside it.
Her eyes wandered up to a decaying cottage, it's roof sunk in,
windows hanging off their hinges, and a gaping black hole
where the door used to be. The surrounding garden was in a
state of disrepair, the roses merely a tangled mass of dried
thorns, even the weeds had shriveled up to nothing but dried up
stalks. The place gave her the creeps and her step increased in
Then something caught her eye, something had moved in the
garden and curiosity won over the fear. She pushed open the
fence, which groaned in protest, and cautiously stepped inside.
The moment the gate swung shut behind her, the garden seemed
to shed a skin and explode with color. There were flowers
everywhere. blossoming with such richness that their beauty
seemed unreal, and flitting from flower to flower were delicate
faeries, their wings sparkling like rainbow glass. The little girl
clapped her hands in astonishment, the wilted garden had been
nothing more than an enchanted disguise to protect the faerie's
With that story, you now know that the Wilted Garden is a place
of enchantment, where beauty and excitement lurks with every
click of the button. Now, the reason the garden came to be was
because Siobhan Falen had a desire to share her crafts with
others and knew a few talented artists that also wished to get
their gifts out there. So, the garden took bloom and here it
grows today.
Siobhan Falen


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Current time:0:00Total duration:4:03
Multiplying fractions and whole numbers 2
Video transcript
Multiply 6 times 1/4. Simplify your answer and write it as a mixed number. So let's just do the multiplication. So at first when you try to multiply 6 times 1/4, you'll be like, well, gee, I know how to multiply a fraction times a fraction. I know how to multiply a whole number times a whole number, but what about a whole number times a fraction? And kind of the key insight you need here is that any whole number can be written as a fraction. We can rewrite 6 as 6/1, right? 6 divided by 1 is 6. 6 ones is 6. Depending how you think about it, this is exactly the same thing as 6. So we just rewrote our whole number as a fraction. You can do it for any number. 10 is the same thing as 10/1. So this become 6/1 times 1/4, and then we just multiply the fraction. We multiply the numerators, so this is equal to 6 times 1 as our numerator. Let me do that in another color. So this becomes 6 times 1 for our numerator and 1 times 4 for our denominator, for the number on the bottom. And so this will become 6 over 4. And right now, it's just as an improper fraction and it's also not in lowest terms. You immediately see 6 and 4 are both divisible by 2, so let's divide them both by 2. If you divide 6 by 2-- and I'll do it in a new color again. If you divide 6 by 2, you get 3. If you divide 4 by 2, you get 2, so this is equal to 3/2. So it's still written as an improper fraction. We now have to write it as a mixed a number. And the process for writing it as a mixed number, you just divide the denominator into the numerator, so this just becomes 2 into 3. Divide 2 into 3. 2 goes into 3 one time. 1 times 2 is 2. You subtract. You have a remainder of 1. So this will become one whole and 1/2 left over. So this is 1 and 1/2. So that's our right answer. We've just simplified the answer and wrote it is a mixed number or we could simplify it at this stage. We could say right here, well, look, we could divide what's eventually going to be in the numerator by 2 and get a 3 there, and divide what's eventually in the denominator by 2 and get a 2 there. 3 times 1 is 3. 1 times 2 is 2, so it's 3/2. And you do this exact same process. You say that 3/2 is the same thing as 1 and 1/2. Either one of those will work. Now let's think about why this makes sense. Let's think about what 6 times 1/4 is. Let me draw 1/4. Let's say that that is 1/4 right there, and let's do six of them. So that's 1/4, that's 2/4 that's 3/4, that's 4/4, which would be a whole, and then you have 5/4, and then you have 6/4. So this is 6 times 1/4. This right here is 4/4. This right here is 4 over 4, which is equal to a 1, so this is equal to 1. And then this right here is two 1/4's, or this right here is 2/4. You can imagine this is two out of a potential, if a whole has to have two more of them, has to have four of them. so this is 1 and-- let me do it in the same colors-- 1 and 1/2, right? 2 out of 4 is the same thing as 1/2, so this right here is one out of a possible one, and then two. So this is 1 and 1/2, which is exactly what we got before.


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Chango - Mawaki
Mawaki Chango is Africa Internet Policy Coordinator for the Association for Progressive Communications. Blending scholarship and practice, Chango's research interests include digital identity, Internet governance, ICT4D as well as information technologies & the humanities. Recent research includes a socio-historical inquiry into individual identification systems, including medieval seals, with a particular focus on emerging Internet-based digital identity systems and protocols. Chango has also served within Internet governance bodies, including ICANN's GNSO, and as an independent consultant on projects to numerous organizations, including UNESCO, International Development Research Centre, OSIWA (Open Society Initiative for West Africa) and EvalNet.


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ADVENT VEGA Tegra NOTE 7
Grab an ADVENT VEGA Tegra NOTE 7, the world's fastest 7-inch Android tablet and hit the road with the perfect traveling companion. Powered by an NVIDIA® Tegra® 4 processor, Tegra NOTE 7 gives you blazing graphics and great battery life. It's got a patented chisel tip stylus for more intuitive writing and drawing. Plus, its front-facing stereo speakers and dedicated bass speaker bring all your movies, music and games to life.
- NVIDIA® Tegra® 4 - up to 1.8 GHz
quad+1 Cortex A15 Processor
- 72-core NVIDIA GeForce® GPU
- NVIDIA DirectStylus™
- 7" HD IPS LCD with LED backlight
(1280x800) display
- Front facing Stereo speakers with
NVIDIA PureAudio™ technology
- HDR camera
Faster Everything
Gaming, video, and web browsing performance all come to life better and faster with the lightning-fast NVIDIA Tegra® 4 processor. Immersive sound, extended battery life, and Made for Tegra gaming controllers make going mobile more exciting, longer.
Creative Freedom
Compose and create on the fly using the incredibly intuitive NVIDIA DirectStylus™ pen. Smooth, fine lines and broader strokes all flow from your hand in a way you've never seen before on a tablet.
Photo Magic
Capture that perfect shot, every time, with HDR technology that responds to the toughest lighting conditions. Colors pop, faces become clear, and you get the whole picture the way you actually see it. Capture, compose, and share every moment as it comes.
Get amazing video and wall-thumping sound that drives even your most extreme media. Whether you're watching HD videos or pumping up your favorite music, crazy-fast Tegra 4 processing and NVIDIA PureAudio™ stereo front-facing speakers put you at the center of it all. Love gaming? This is the perfect way to play all the latest Tegra-optimised games — available through NVIDIA TegraZone™.
Value for money, as seems to be the trend now with 7-inch Android tablets, is exceptional. The Tegra Note performs admirably in anything you throw at it.
The Advent Vega Tegra Note 7 is one of the best affordable 7-inch tablets on the market, particularly if you're a gaming fan or like to use a stylus.


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Monthly Archives: October 2014
Clean And Lean: Why Inexperienced Vitality Is These kinds of A Sizzling Subject matter
October 18, 2014
In modern moments, the day-to-day implementation of green strength techniques is on the rise. What is green energy? In simple conditions, inexperienced power is power that can be reused, or is really successful. In both scenario, there are rewards to the atmosphere. There are numerous diverse technologies available read through on to locate out which types will work greatest for your home or company.
When battery chargers and other electronics are not in use, unplug them. Even if you are not charging your laptop, mobile telephone or mp3 participant, just possessing it plugged in makes use of vitality.
Rather of making use of gas oil to warmth your home, try to make a switch to biodiesel. Many methods can use biodiesels without having any modification. Biodiesel burns more cleanly and will boost your carbon footprint.
Don't waste money or strength by managing a 50 %-complete load of dishes. In no way run it with just a couple of dishes within. Pack your dishwasher full, and you could be shocked at the amount it can keep. Strategically load your dishwasher so that you fit in as numerous dishes as attainable.
When deciding the affordable effect of a PV solar method, be sure to operate a calculation making use of the several hours of winter season daylight. You will have much more than enough strength throughout the summertime months, while staying away from slipping limited for the duration of the winter season. Internet usage ideas enable you obtain cash for created strength!
When selecting new windows or doorways, take into account the energy scores as you store. Illustrations of these include home windows, gentle bulbs, and appliances, all of which have been created to operate efficiently on lowered energy. You will also lower down on the price to heat and amazing your home by employing these items into your lifestyle.
As was said in the earlier mentioned article, environmentally friendly vitality is at the moment quite well-liked. Not only is green vitality cleanse and renewable, but it is also utilizing the most recent engineering to make productive use of any vitality available. If you bear in mind the tips you just read, you can get started employing eco-friendly energy at property just like everybody else is undertaking.
Cheap Ways To Use Photo voltaic Electricity For Your Property
October 17, 2014
Making use of the sunshine, drinking water or wind to create strength aids the setting, as properly as the price of strength in your home. If you want to include eco-friendly habits in your home immediately, read through the adhering to article to discover how to conserve money and the world.
Retaining your home windows shaded to keep sunlight out of the home will drastically conserve strength. You could also try putting in curtains or blinds. Significantly less heat will be authorized in, and your summertime air conditioner charges will be greatly reduced with just these two simply steps You will preserve strength and income as properly.
You can decrease the quantity of electricity that you use, and be a far better strength person by eliminating chargers that power your units from stores when they are not in use. Chargers for cell phones, mp3 gamers, laptops and other devices draw some electricity when they are plugged in, irrespective of no matter whether you are truly charging the device.
If you at the moment use fuel oil for house heating, ask your neighborhood technician how you can swap above to biodiesel gas. A lot of the existing systems can be modified with minimum areas or alterations. Biodiesel fuel operates much more efficiently and is cleaner for the environment, decreasing your home's affect on the environment during winter season months.
Use window treatments to shade the inside of of your residence when you aren't house. This will preserve the residence amazing and lessen energy expenses. Usually, your home's south-going through walls and home windows get the most solar exposure. Thermally insulated black-out curtains are the ideal alternative, but blinds and shades can also work.
Not only does green vitality preserve you funds, but it's gentler on earth as nicely. As this post states, likely inexperienced is not some thing that is costly or difficult. Use the suggestions you locate listed here in operating to generate an environmentally friendly home right now.
Green Energy Tips That Can Save You A Fortune!
October 16, 2014
It does not have to be costly to go green, nor does it have to be time consuming. There are many alterations that you can make to help the surroundings. Carry on looking through to find out how you can use eco-friendly power and help our atmosphere.
When you might be coming up with a style for your out of doors lights undertaking, think about acquiring lamps that are photo voltaic run. The solar lamps are comparatively inexpensive and will not want any additional electrical power other than immediate sunlight. They also conserve energy. As an additional advantage, you are spared the trouble of running an outside wiring program.
The federal government has grants offered to these who are prepared to commit in alternative renewable energies. Talk with the govt in your location about these programs. You may qualify to have wind or photo voltaic energy installed at no expense to you. At a least they may possibly allow you to deduct the charges from your taxes.
Solar panels can be set up on your roof making it possible for you to use solar energy. However, there are a number of things to take into account prior to generating any choices. The most critical thing you need to have to contemplate is the quantity of solar your residence receives frequently. If you property is underneath a whole lot of shade, or in an region the place you do not have a whole lot of sunny days, the electrical power obtained from your solar device will not be very important.
Your furnace filters need to be replaced every year, and inspected for regular monthly cleanings. Set up filters for your warm-air registers, also. These filters hold kid's toys, grime or dust from clogging the heating ducts.
Even even though some people don't believe world-wide vitality is something to be concerned about, everybody can advantage from the use of inexperienced energy in their house. It saves you income on electric power and is a little change you can make to aid make a difference.
Environmentally friendly Power Guidelines For The Typical Client!
October 15, 2014
Use wind, h2o or sunlight electrical power to create power and you can minimize your residence energy expenses in the process. If you want to integrate eco-friendly practices in your residence right away, read through the subsequent post to find out how to save funds and the earth.
Photo voltaic driven out of doors lights is a superb improvement to your out of doors dwelling locations. These lamps need now electricity supply, other than the sun, and are generally inexpensive. This not only lowers power costs, It also signifies you do not to have string up these outdoor lights.
You might be able to get a government grant to finance your green vitality installation. Contact your metropolis or county government and request about strength conservation applications obtainable in your spot. You may possibly qualify for wind or solar installation with minor price, or probably you could be able to use it as deduction on your taxes.
Receiving solar panels set in at residence is easy and simple to attain energy from this source. Nevertheless, prior to commencing this procedure, you want to recognize a number of issues. A massive consideration is how a lot sunlight does your house usually get? If your house is shaded, or you live in a reasonably cloudy area, your power financial savings will not be as much.
Think about purchasing solar water heaters for heating your h2o. This functions greatest in places the place the temperature will not fall below freezing. Solar energy methods flow into water via solar heaters and then pump it into the house. But, be sure to hold a standard water heater for a backup must the solar not appear out or for times that you need huge quantities of sizzling drinking water.
Commencing your concentrate on green vitality in your family nowadays interprets into financial savings for you and your planet tomorrow. As this article demonstrates, likely green is not all that challenging or pricey. Put the very good guidance you have read below today to operate in creating a a lot more effective and environmentally helpful property right now.


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George R. R. Martin Quotes About SleepQuotes about: Sleep
Birds Birth Books Books And Reading Bravery Brothers Cats Character Children Choices Dancing Darkness Daughters Dead Man Desire Dogs Doubt Dreams Duty Earth Enemies Evil Eyes Fathers Fear Fighting Film Flowers Gardens Ghosts Giving Glory Gold Grace Grief Happy Endings Hate Healing Heart Historical Fiction Honor Horses House Hurt Inspirational Joy Justice Kindness Kissing Laughter Liars Lying Madness Magic Memories Mistakes Morning Mothers Mountain Nightmares Office Pain Past Philosophy Rage Rain Reading Reading Books Reality Rings Running Science Fiction Seven Short Stories Silence Silver Sin Skins Sleep Son Songs Soul Struggle Suffering Summer Terror Today Truth Waiting Wall War Water Wife Wine Winning Winter Writing
but the real enemy is the cold. It steals up on you quieter than Will, and at first you shiver and your teeth chatter and you stamp your feet and dream of mulled wine and nice hot fires. It burns, it does. Nothing burns like the cold. But only for a while. Then it gets inside you and starts to fill you up, and after a while you don't have the strength to fight it. It's easier just to sit down ot go to sleep. They say you don't feel any pain toward the end. First you go weak and drowsy, and everything starts to fade, and then it's like sinking into a sea of warm milk. Peaceful, like.
You May Also Like:
George R. R. Martin
- Born: September 20, 1948
- Occupation: Novelist
- Cite this Page: Citation


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by Don Magruder, CEO of Ro-Mac Lumber & Supply, Inc.
The Ro-Mac Lumber & Supply, Inc. Whole House Commodity Index (Index) for January 2018 reversed two months of decreased pricing by adding 1.4 percent to $33,109. This sets a tone that the new year could be fraught with price increases throughout the supply chain. Many in the industry are optimistic that the housing recovery in the United States, fueled by lower tax rates, will continue and should begin in earnest once the winter weather eases.
Overall commodity and building material pricing for the fourth quarter was propped up by hurricane repairs from major storms in both Florida and Texas, as well as the Canadian-United States Softwood Agreement trade dispute. Both appear to have a much lesser influence going into 2018, as hurricane repairs are waning and the United States finalized its duties on Canadian lumber earlier in the month.
The primary price movers for the mid-January Index update were the following:
Freight issues will be a huge influence on pricing this year as drivers' wages, driving regulations, and fuel prices are poised to increase costs and limit further availability. Expect lead time to extend somewhat as manufacturers may struggle to find drivers for loads.
2018 has the makings for a strong year in housing if the chaos in Washington D.C. settles down and an unexpected crisis is not created. The fundamental looks okay except for the affordability issue, which grows worse daily. Ultimately, the lack of affordable housing could be the extinguisher of any long-term growth in the housing market.
Builders should beware pricing projects for March and April with January's pricing as warm weather and new tax cuts could make the markets volatile. Now is the time to install price adjustment clauses in your contract. If you would like one based on this Index please email Rebecca Ballash at
for a copy.
Until next month, stay warm and get ready for a busy year.
The Ro-Mac Lumber & Supply, Inc. Whole House Commodity Index is based on wholesale costs of the base components to build a 2,200-square foot wood frame home with a concrete stem wall in Central Florida. The Index includes foundation, metal, concrete, block, stucco, cement, wood framing, siding, sheathings, trusses, roofing, drywall, insulation, windows, doors, trim, garage doors, and most building hardware. It does not include décor, electrical, plumbing, mechanical, landscaping, or labor. Because the Index uses current wholesale costs, this should be a strong indicator of the direction of building prices for the next 30-45 days.
Don Magruder is the Chief Executive Officer of Ro-Mac Lumber & Supply, Inc. in Central Florida. Go to www.romaclumber.com to sign-up for the Index and other free market reports. To sign-up for this information via email, contact Rebecca Ballash at


text: Humanities Languages A Guide to Ghost Month in China Important Holidays During Ghost Month and Fun Vocabulary Words Share Flipboard Email Print Spirit Way leading to the Ming Tombs. Jon Bower at Apexphotos / Getty Images Languages Mandarin History & Culture Basics Pronunciation & Conversation Vocabulary Chinese Characters English as a Second Language Spanish French German Italian Japanese Russian English Grammar View More by Qiu Gui Su Qiu Gui Su is a native Mandarin speaker who has taught Mandarin Chinese for over 20 years. Updated June 15, 2018 The 7th lunar month in the traditional Chinese calendar is called Ghost Month. It is said that on the first day of the month, the Gates of Hell are sprung open to allow ghosts and spirits access to the world of the living. The spirits spend the month visiting their families, feasting, and looking for victims. There are three important days during Ghost Month, which this article will delve into.Honoring the DeadOn the first day of the month, ancestors are honored with offerings of food, incense, and ghost money—paper money which is burned so the spirits can use it. These offerings are done at makeshift altars set up on sidewalks outside the house.Almost as important as honoring your ancestors, offerings to ghosts without families must be made so that they will not cause you any harm. Ghost month is the most dangerous time of the year, and malevolent spirits are on the lookout to capture souls.This makes ghost month a bad time to do activities such as evening strolls, traveling, moving house, or starting a new business. Many people avoid swimming during ghost month since there are many spirits in the water which can try to drown you.Ghost FestivalThe 15th day of the month is Ghost Festival, sometimes called Hungry Ghost Festival. The Mandarin Chinese name of this festival is 中元節 (traditional form), or 中元节 (simplified form), which is pronounced "zhōng yuán jié." This is the day when the spirits are in high gear. It's important to give them a sumptuous feast, to please them and to bring luck to the family. Taoists and Buddhists perform ceremonies on this day to ease the sufferings of the deceased.Closing GatesThe last day of the month is when the Gates of Hell close up again. The chants of Taoist priests inform the spirits that it's time to return, and as they are confined once again to the underworld, they let out an unearthly wail of lament. Vocabulary for Ghost MonthIf you happen to be in China during Ghost Month, it could be fun to learn these vocabulary words! While terms like "ghost money" or "ghost month" are only applicable to Ghost Month, other words like "feast" or "offerings" can be used in casual conversation.EnglishPinyinTraditional CharactersSimplified Charactersaltarshén tán神壇神坛ghostguǐ鬼鬼vampirejiāng shī殭屍僵尸ghost moneyzhǐ qián紙錢纸钱incensexiāng香香ghost monthguǐ yuè鬼月鬼月feastgōng pǐn供品供品offeringsjì bài祭拜祭拜 Continue Reading


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Yesterday we went to the UK vs WKU game.
My dad got a parking pass, so we loaded one car with food and games. The rest of us parked and walked over to the green lot.
At any Lutz family function we start with food. So we ate.
We celebrated my niece's birthday.
We talked.
And we played corn hole.
Some of us had more fun at the tailgating party than we did at the game.
Thank goodness for the pre-game party.


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This Sunday, I will be hawking my wares. The event will be at the beautiful Temple Emanu-El in the Del Cerro neighborhood of San Diego from 9a to 3p. I hope to see you for a hug and a hello.
My newest offering is an apron much like the one I wear at shows. Now you can have one as well. Each apron is made from fabric which was spun, indigo-dyed and then woven by women on an island near Shanghai. The ladies used to keep the cloth for their dowries and, back in the day, the quality was the measure of a potential bride. The textile is 100% cotton and is machine washable and dryable. Mine has gotten a lot of abuse and it holds up sturdily through repeated washings. The ties go around your waist where you might hang a dishcloth while preparing meals. The aprons are suitable for all genders and have a generous double-pocket on the front, large enough for a cell phone. Choose yours from among various woven patterns, primarily indigo-blue or indigo and white. My friend Johanna wears it well. The pattern is by SewingWorkshop.com, and I am selling what I've sewn with their kind permission.


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China is moving fast to become the first country to operate two of the the world's most powerful atomic reactors in existence, even if France's nuclear regulator says communication and cooperation on safety measures with its Chinese counterparts are lacking.
In the coastal city of Taishan – 60km from Hong Kong – mainland builders are entering the final stages for 2 state-of-the-art European Pressurised Reactors (EPR). Each will produce about twice as much electricity as an average reactor worldwide.
French authorities have gone public with their concern, due to lack of openess by their Chinese counterpart, which is somehow unprecedented…but it gives away the level of their frustration.
From Bloomberg
It's not always easy to know what is happening at the Taishan site
"It's not always easy to know what is happening at the Taishan site," Stephane Pailler, head of international relations at France's Autorite de Surete Nucleaire regulator, said in an interview. "We don't have a regular relationship with the Chinese on EPR control like we have with the Finnish," said Pailler, referring to another EPR plant under construction in Finland.
Calls and faxes to China's National Nuclear Safety Administration regulator seeking comment went unanswered. China General Nuclear Power Corporation, the operator that is building the reactor with the French, didn't respond to queries.
The first indications of French unease came when Philippe Jamet, one of the French regulator's five governing commissioners, testified before the French parliament in February.
"Unfortunately, collaboration isn't at a level we would wish it to be" with China, Jamet said. "One of the explanations for the difficulties in our relations is that the Chinese safety authorities lack means. They are overwhelmed."
In March, EDF's internal safety inspector Jean Tandonnet published his annual report to the utility's chief executive that detailed a mid-2013 visit to the Taishan building site.
He wrote that "the state of conservation" of large components like pumps and steam generators at Taishan "was not at an adequate level" and was "far" from the standards of the two other EPR plants – the one in Finland and the other in Flamanville, France.
Tandonnet urged corrective measures and wrote that studies "are under way on tsunami and flooding risks".
Tandonnet's report notwithstanding, Herve Machenaud, EDF senior executive vice-president in charge of generation, said EDF was satisfied with China's safety procedures. In China, "there is real, independent control that works at least as well as in most countries", Machenaud said.
At Areva, chief operating officer Philippe Knoche said China's regulator "is extremely demanding".
The French regulatory agency has published hundreds of letters, reports and references on its own website about the Flamanville EPR, in Normandy.
By contrast, the Chinese regulator's website contains relatively little information about safety issues. The most recent post on Taishan is a 2009 report on the start of cement work at the reactor referring to "problems left over from early stage construction".


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2018-4-8 Washington DC
The United States Capital is at its loveliest during cherry blossom time. People travel from far and wide to experience this awesome beauty. Our goal is to arrive when the blossoms are at peak display. This tour is filled with the wonderful sites of our Capital in its entire unique splendor. Each day of the tour is planned very carefully to get the most out of every moment. A Tour of NYC including the 9/11 Memorial, Central Park, local shops, photo op of the Statue of Liberty.
- 5 Nights Lodging
- 16 Meals
- D.C. Tours: Photo opportunity at the White House, US Capital Tour, Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception, United States Holocaust Museum, Lincoln, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jefferson, World War II, Vietnam, Korean War Memorials, Arlington Cemetery, Smithsonian Buildings, and much more.
- Visit Jamestown, Berkeley Plantation, Virginia International Tattoo
- NYC tours: Photo op at the Statue of liberty, visit at the 9/11 Memorial, tour guide of all of New York old and new, Visit Central Park, local shops and the enjoy beauty of the city
- Luxurious Premier Motor Coach Transportation
- Baggage service for one suitcase per person
Deposit due upon reservation: 20%
2018-4-17 Indian Head Resort – St Pattys Day
Come celebrate St Patrick's Day in the White Mountains. Featuring Irish entertainment, it's magically delicious!
- Welcome reception
- Deluxe St Patrick's Day Luncheon Buffet
- Live Irish Entertainments
- St. Patty's Day Mug
- Free Individual Photo's
- Gift Certificate to the Gift Shop
- Indian Head Mugs, Green Beer and Party Beads
- Luxurious Premier Coach transportation
2018-05-11 Ottawa Tulip Festival
The Tulip Festival celebrates the city of Ottawa at spring time. More than three million blossoms herald the arrival of spring and can be seen along our scenic drives and around public monuments. We will travel on the Tulip Route to Dows Lake and Queen Elizabeth Park and take a boat ride on the Rideau Canal. In addition, you will have a chance to visit Parliament Hill, The Royal Canadian Mint, Rideau Hall, the ByWay Market and your choice of Museums
- 2 Nights lodging downtown Ottawa at a 4 star Hotel
- 7 Meals: 2 Breakfasts, 3 Luncheons, 2 Dinners
- Cruise of Rideau canal
- Tours of sites around the capital
- City Museum pass includes admission to Canadian War Museum, Canadian Museum of History, Canada Aviation and Space Museum, National Gallery of Canada, Canadian Museum of Nature, Canada Agriculture and Food Museum, Canada Science and Technology Museum.
- Baggage service for 1 bag
- A Special Mother's Day Brunch before departure home
- Luxurious Premier transportation
2018-11-16 Holiday Shopping
Come get your shopping done in tax-free New Hampshire.
- One night lodging
- Coupon Booklet
- Shopping at the following: Merrimack Premier Outlets, Pheasant Lane Mall, Nashua, The Mall at Rockingham Park, Salem
- Luxurious Premier Coach transportation
2018-12-01 Festival of Lights
Visit Enfield, NH to see the annual Christmas light display at the Shrine of Our Lady of La Salette. Every year a local designer and a team of volunteers spend over a month constructing a magnificent light display of more than 50,000 lights on 20 acres of hillside. Christmas Festival of Lights had its fledgling beginnings on Tuesday, December 8, 1953, the official opening of the Shrine of Our Lady of La Salette in Enfield.
Fr. Pat – Sing, Sing, Sing!When Fr. Sullivan, M.S., – known to many as Fr. Pat – was Shrine Director, he realized that at Christmas time the buses that carried senior groups and those that came from afar generally arrived early. Since the lights did not go on until 5:00 PM, he decided that something should be provided for our visitors. Fr. Pat took out his guitar and began strumming. That was in 1982. Times do not change, they evolve. Since that time, the Christmas Concert with Father Pat has become a standard part of the Festival of Lights in Enfield. In the past, depending on the year, this could mean as many as 70 concerts over 40 days — two per day.
- Dinner
- Reserved Seating at the Christmas concert
- Viewing of the light displays
- Luxurious Premier Motor Coach Transportation
*Note: Please bring a bag lunch
2018-12-1 NYC Family Christmas
What a great way to start out the Christmas season; a trip with your family to New York City and the famous Radio City Music Hall with the Rockettes. See the beautifully decorated tree at Rockefeller Plaza and the shops and department stores decorated for the holidays.
Please sign up by June 1, 2018 for your reserved seats at the Radio City Holiday Spectacular, "The Rockettes."
- 1 Night Lodging in New Jersey
- 4 Meals – Day 1: Lunch and dinner. Day 2: Breakfast and Lunch
- Reserved seating, Radio City Holiday Spectacular, The Rockettes
- New York City highlights tour with local guide
- Luxurious Premier Coach transportation
10% Discount for children 12 or younger
2018-12-8 NYC Holiday
Travel to New York City and experience our 34th annual Deluxe Christmas Tour. We'll enjoy strolling through the Rockefeller Center where we'll see the famed Rockefeller Christmas tree and the skaters in the park. We'll witness New York's City's most famous and popular destination for Christmas decorations in the storefronts of Saks Fifth Avenue, Macy's, Lord & Taylor and many others.
Unlike the Family Christmas package, this tour is designed for those that would like to stay at the heart of Times Square in New York City, enjoy the finer points of New York City, and use "free time" to shop, visit the 9/11 Memorial, or perhaps catch a Broadway show.
- 2 Nights Lodging in Time Square
- ALL meals
- Preferred seating to Radio City Holiday Spectacular, The Rockettes
- New York City highlights tour with a local guide
- Free time to enjoy the city
- Baggage service for one suitcase per person
- Luxurious Premier Motor Coach transportation
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These crackers aren't very sweet, so if you want them sweeter, you could substitute more maple syrup or honey for part of the milk. I love the combination of roasted walnut oil (Loriva brand is pretty easy to find) and maple syrup, or roasted peanut oil with honey. The nut oil adds a really nice richness to the crackers, but you can just use canola oil if that's all you have.
You can use all whole-wheat pastry flour for this recipe, which makes a nice, tender cracker, but makes the rolling out a little bit hard, since there isn't much gluten in pastry flour. It works fine, though, if you're patient and don't expect the same consistency as regular sugar cookie dough. I have had better luck using half whole-wheat pastry flour and half whole wheat bread flour (or just use regular all-purpose whole wheat flour).
After I roll out the dough once, the dough scraps get a little tougher to work with, so I generally just roll them out and cut the remains up with a pizza cutter into square-ish shapes.
We make them often with cookie cutters and decorate them, but if you cut them out in squares and make fork-pricks in them, they are fantastic for s'mores!
¼ cup milk or soy milk
1 teaspoon fresh lemon juice or vinegar
¼ cup roasted nut oil (such as toasted peanut or walnut oil), or canola oil
1/3 cup honey or maple syrup
2 ½ cups sifted whole wheat flour [you can use ½ pastry flour and ½ bread flour], plus more as needed
½ tsp. baking soda
½ tsp. baking powder
¼ tsp. sea salt
decoration ideas
black and/or golden raisins (you can soak them in water to plump them up)
dried cherries
dried cranberries
nuts (peanuts, almonds)
seeds (green pumpkin seeds, sunflower seeds)
chocolate chips
crystallized ginger pieces
1. Combine milk and lemon juice, set aside for a few minutes to curdle. In a small bowl, whisk the oil and sweetener together, and whisk in the curdled milk.
2. In a medium-sized bowl, combine the flour, baking soda, baking powder, and salt. Make a well in the center and pour in the liquid mixture. Stir gently until the dough pulls away from the sides of the bowl and balls up in the center. You might have to add extra flour, or if you're using whole wheat bread flour, you might need to add a little more milk.
3. Preheat the oven to 350 degrees. Lightly grease baking sheets if they are not non-stick. Using a rolling pin on a floured surface, and using more flour as necessary on top of the dough, and on the rolling pin, roll the dough out about 1/8-inch thick. Cut out shapes with cookie cutters. Re-roll the scraps and cut more shapes out (the second time around, I just cut them into square-ish shapes with a pizza cutter). Arrange them on sheets.
4. If you want to decorate them, spray lightly with water with a sprayer bottle (this helps the nuts to stick) and go crazy with the toppings.
5. Bake for 10-15 minutes, until lightly browned and crisp. Transfer crackers to racks and cool them before storing in a tightly closed tin.


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The San Joaquin River and the Delta south of Stockton has reopened to boaters after a five-month closure.
Boating has been off limits for most of the Delta south of Stockton since mid-February due to high water, floating debris, and fragile levees.
Less water coming from reservoirs has seen the lowering of the San Joaquin River and other Delta tributaries that once hovered at the danger stage.
For five months, Delta marinas were unable to launch their boats, and even now some county parks along the river still have their boat ramps closed.
San Joaquin County Office of Emergency Services Director Mike Cockrell said river conditions have improved enough to lift the emergency order.
"It's low enough now that if a boater causes a wake, it won't erode the levee anymore and that was the main thing that we were concerned about last," Cockrell said.
Cockrell said boaters should wear life vests due to the cold and swift running rivers, and stay alert.
"There is still some floating debris so boaters should be cautious on that," he said.
Cockrell said a flood declaration will stay in place to help agencies with the cleanup in which over $12 million in damages were reported.


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Spring is here!
Yesterday I spent most of the day outside. It was sunny and warm and I bared my white white legs to the birds in the backyard with only minor ridicule. I have a garden, and I have planted radish, lettuce and broccoli. My spinach and chard have just started to come up and so have the wildflowers. I'm very excited for summer in this back yard.


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About Del Norte County
Del Norte County is located in the northwest corner of California at the border of Oregon and next to the Pacific Ocean. The region features the world's tallest trees, scenic rivers and a rugged coastline with spectacular beaches and rocky shorelines. The County is a major tourist destination for those seeking outdoor recreation, camping, hiking, fishing and beach combing experiences.
Additional information about Del Norte County can be found by calling the Del Norte County Chamber of Commerce, 1001 Front Street Crescent City, CA 95531 | 1.800.343.8300 or by visiting http://www.northerncalifornia.net.