text:
Attachment in aduwts
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In psychowogy, de deory of attachment can be appwied to aduwt rewationships incwuding friendships, emotionaw affairs, aduwt romantic or pwatonic rewationships and in some cases rewationships wif inanimate objects ("transitionaw objects").[1] Attachment deory, initiawwy studied in de 1960s and 1970s primariwy in de context of chiwdren and parents, was extended to aduwt rewationships in de wate 1980s.
Four main stywes of attachment have been identified in aduwts:
- secure
- anxious-preoccupied
- dismissive-avoidant
- fearfuw-avoidant
Investigators have expwored de organization and de stabiwity of mentaw working modews dat underwie dese attachment stywes. They have awso expwored how attachment impacts rewationship outcomes and how attachment functions in rewationship dynamics.
- 1 Extending attachment deory
- 2 Stywes
- 3 Working modews
- 4 Rewationship outcomes
- 5 Rewationship dynamics
- 6 See awso
- 7 References
- 8 Bibwiography
- 9 Externaw winks
Extending attachment deory[edit]
Mary Ainsworf and John Bowwby founded modern attachment deory on studies of chiwdren and deir caregivers. Chiwdren and caregivers remained de primary focus of attachment deory for many years. Then, in de wate 1980s, Cindy Hazan and Phiwwip Shaver appwied attachment deory to aduwt rewationships.[2][3][4] Hazan and Shaver noticed dat interactions between aduwts shared simiwarities to interactions between chiwdren and caregivers. For exampwe, romantic or pwatonic partners desire to be cwose to one anoder. Aduwts feew comforted when deir attachments are present and anxious or wonewy when dey are absent. Romantic rewationships, for exampwe, serve as a secure base dat hewp peopwe face de surprises, opportunities, and chawwenges wife presents. Simiwarities such as dese wed Hazan and Shaver to extend attachment deory to aduwt rewationships.
Rewationships between aduwts differ in many ways from rewationships between chiwdren and caregivers.[5] The cwaim is not dat dese two kinds of rewationships are identicaw. The cwaim is dat de core principwes of attachment deory appwy to bof kinds of rewationships.
Investigators tend to describe de core principwes of attachment deory in wight of deir own deoreticaw interests. Their descriptions seem qwite different on a superficiaw wevew. For exampwe, Frawey and Shaver[6] describe de "centraw propositions" of attachment in aduwts as fowwows:
- The emotionaw and behavioraw dynamics of infant–caregiver rewationships and aduwt rewationships are governed by de same biowogicaw system.
- The kinds of individuaw differences observed in infant–caregiver rewationships are simiwar to de ones observed in various cwose aduwt rewationships.
- Individuaw differences in aduwt attachment behavior are refwections of de expectations and bewiefs peopwe have formed about demsewves and deir cwose rewationships on de basis of deir attachment histories; dese "working modews" are rewativewy stabwe and, as such, may be refwections of earwy caregiving experiences.
- Romantic wove, as commonwy conceived, invowves de interpway of attachment, caregiving and intimacy.
Compare dis wif de five "core propositions" of attachment deory wisted by Rhowes and Simpson:[7]
- Awdough de basic impetus for de formation of attachment rewationships is provided by biowogicaw factors, de bonds dat chiwdren form wif deir caregivers are shaped by interpersonaw experience.
- Experiences in earwier rewationships create internaw working modews and attachment stywes dat systematicawwy affect attachment rewationships.
- The attachment orientations of aduwt caregivers infwuence de attachment bond deir chiwdren have wif dem.
- Working modews and attachment orientations are rewativewy stabwe over time, but dey are not impervious to change.
- Some forms of psychowogicaw mawadjustment and cwinicaw disorders are attributabwe in part to de effects of insecure working modews and attachment stywes.
Whiwe dese two wists cwearwy refwect de deoreticaw interests of de investigators who created dem, a cwoser wook reveaws a number of shared demes. The shared demes cwaim dat:
- Peopwe are biowogicawwy driven to form attachments wif oders, but de process of forming attachments is infwuenced by wearning experiences.
- Individuaws form different kinds of attachments depending on de expectations and bewiefs dey have about deir rewationships. These expectations and bewiefs constitute internaw "working modews" used to guide rewationship behaviors.
- Internaw "working modews" are rewativewy stabwe even dough dey can be infwuenced by experience.
- Individuaw differences in attachment can contribute positivewy or negativewy to mentaw heawf and to de qwawity of rewationships wif oders.
No doubt dese demes couwd be described in a variety of ways (and oder demes added to de wist). Regardwess of how one describes de core principwes of attachment deory, de key insight is dat de same principwes of attachment appwy to cwose rewationships droughout de wifespan, uh-hah-hah-hah. The principwes of attachment between chiwdren and caregivers are fundamentawwy de same as de principwes of attachment between aduwts.
Aduwts are described as having 4 attachment stywes: Secure, Anxious-preoccupied, Dismissive-avoidant, and Fearfuw-avoidant.
The secure attachment stywe in aduwts corresponds to de secure attachment stywe in chiwdren, uh-hah-hah-hah. The anxious–preoccupied attachment stywe in aduwts corresponds to de anxious-ambivawent attachment stywe in chiwdren, uh-hah-hah-hah. However, de dismissive-avoidant attachment stywe and de fearfuw-avoidant attachment stywe, which are distinct in aduwts, correspond to a singwe avoidant attachment stywe in chiwdren, uh-hah-hah-hah. The descriptions of aduwt attachment stywes offered bewow are based on de rewationship qwestionnaire devised by Bardowomew and Horowitz[8] and on a review of studies by Pietromonaco and Barrett.[9]
There are severaw attachment-based treatment approaches dat can be used wif aduwts.[10] In addition, dere is an approach to treating coupwes based on attachment deory.[11]
ie: positive view of sewf and positive view of oders [12]
Securewy attached peopwe tend to agree wif de fowwowing statements: "It is rewativewy easy for me to become emotionawwy cwose to oders. I am comfortabwe depending on oders and having oders depend on me. I don't worry about being awone or oders not accepting me." This stywe of attachment usuawwy resuwts from a history of warm and responsive interactions wif deir attachments. Securewy attached peopwe tend to have positive views of demsewves and deir attachments. They awso tend to have positive views of deir rewationships. Often dey report greater satisfaction and adjustment in deir rewationships dan peopwe wif oder attachment stywes. Securewy attached peopwe feew comfortabwe bof wif intimacy and wif independence.
Secure attachment and adaptive functioning are promoted by a caregiver who is emotionawwy avaiwabwe and appropriatewy responsive to his or her chiwd's attachment behavior, as weww as capabwe of reguwating bof his or her positive and negative emotions.[13]
ie: negative view of sewf and positive view of oders [14]
Peopwe wif anxious-preoccupied attachment type tend to agree wif de fowwowing statements: "I want to be compwetewy emotionawwy intimate wif oders, but I often find dat oders are rewuctant to get as cwose as I wouwd wike", and "I am uncomfortabwe being widout cwose rewationships, but I sometimes worry dat oders don't vawue me as much as I vawue dem." Peopwe wif dis stywe of attachment seek high wevews of intimacy, approvaw, and responsiveness from deir attachment figure. They sometimes vawue intimacy to such an extent dat dey become overwy dependent on de attachment figure. Compared wif securewy attached peopwe, peopwe who are anxious or preoccupied wif attachment tend to have wess positive views about demsewves. They may feew a sense of anxiousness dat onwy recedes when in contact wif de attachment figure. They often doubt deir worf as a person and bwame demsewves for de attachment figure's wack of responsiveness. Peopwe who are anxious or preoccupied wif attachment may exhibit high wevews of emotionaw expressiveness, emotionaw dysreguwation, worry, and impuwsiveness in deir rewationships.
ie: positive view of sewf and negative view of oders [15]
Peopwe wif a dismissive stywe of avoidant attachment tend to agree wif dese statements: "I am comfortabwe widout cwose emotionaw rewationships", "It is important to me to feew independent and sewf-sufficient", and "I prefer not to depend on oders or have oders depend on me." Peopwe wif dis attachment stywe desire a high wevew of independence. The desire for independence often appears as an attempt to avoid attachment awtogeder. They view demsewves as sewf-sufficient and invuwnerabwe to feewings associated wif being cwosewy attached to oders. They often deny needing cwose rewationships. Some may even view cwose rewationships as rewativewy unimportant. Not surprisingwy, dey seek wess intimacy wif attachments, whom dey often view wess positivewy dan dey view demsewves. Investigators commonwy note de defensive character of dis attachment stywe. Peopwe wif a dismissive-avoidant attachment stywe tend to suppress and hide deir feewings, and dey tend to deaw wif rejection by distancing demsewves from de sources of rejection (e.g. deir attachments or rewationships).
ie: unstabwe fwuctuating/confused view of sewf and view of oders [16]
Peopwe wif wosses or oder trauma, such as sexuaw abuse in chiwdhood and adowescence may often devewop dis type of attachment[17] and tend to agree wif de fowwowing statements: "I am somewhat uncomfortabwe getting cwose to oders. I want emotionawwy cwose rewationships, but I find it difficuwt to compwetewy trust oders, or to depend on dem. I sometimes worry dat I wiww be hurt if I awwow mysewf to become too cwose to oder peopwe." They tend to feew uncomfortabwe wif emotionaw cwoseness, and de mixed feewings are combined wif sometimes unconscious, negative views about demsewves and deir attachments. They commonwy view demsewves as unwordy of responsiveness from deir attachments, and dey don't trust de intentions of deir attachments. Simiwar to de dismissive-avoidant attachment stywe, peopwe wif a fearfuw-avoidant attachment stywe seek wess intimacy from attachments and freqwentwy suppress and deny deir feewings. Because of dis, dey are much wess comfortabwe expressing affection, uh-hah-hah-hah.
Working modews[edit]
Bowwby observed dat chiwdren wearn from deir interactions wif caregivers. Over de course of many interactions, chiwdren form expectations about de accessibiwity and hewpfuwness of deir caregivers. These expectations refwect chiwdren's doughts about demsewves and about deir caregivers:
Confidence dat an attachment figure is, apart from being accessibwe, wikewy to be responsive can be seen to turn on at weast two variabwes: (a) wheder or not de attachment figure is judged to be de sort of person who in generaw responds to cawws for support and protection; (b) wheder or not de sewf is judged to be de sort of person towards whom anyone, and de attachment figure in particuwar, is wikewy to respond in a hewpfuw way. Logicawwy, dese variabwes are independent. In practice dey are apt to be confounded. As a resuwt, de modew of de attachment figure and de modew of de sewf are wikewy to devewop so as to be compwementary and mutuawwy confirming. (Bowwby, 1973, p. 238)[18]
Chiwdren's doughts about deir caregivers, togeder wif doughts about how deserving dey are demsewves of good care from deir caregivers, form working modews of attachment. Working modews hewp guide behavior by awwowing chiwdren to anticipate and pwan for caregiver responses. Bowwby deorized dat once formed, working modews remain rewativewy stabwe. Chiwdren usuawwy interpret experiences in de wight of deir working modews, rader dan change deir working modews to fit new experiences. However, when experiences cannot be interpreted in de wight of deir working modews chiwdren may den modify deir working modews.
When Hazen and Shaver extended attachment deory to romantic rewationships in aduwts, dey awso incwuded de idea of working modews. Research into aduwt working modews has focused on two issues. First, how are de doughts dat form working modews organized in de mind? Second, how stabwe are working modews across time? These qwestions are briefwy discussed bewow.
Organization of working modews[edit]
Bardowomew and Horowitz have proposed dat working modews consist of two parts.[8] One part deaws wif doughts about de sewf. The oder part deaws wif doughts about oders. They furder propose dat a person's doughts about sewf are generawwy positive or generawwy negative. The same appwies to a person's doughts about oders. In order to test dese proposaws, Bardowomew and Horowitz have wooked at de rewationship between attachment stywes, sewf-esteem, and sociabiwity. The diagram bewow shows de rewationships dey observed:
(doughts about sewf)
(doughts about oders)
The secure and dismissive attachment stywes are associated wif higher sewf-esteem compared wif de anxious and fearfuw attachment stywes. This corresponds to de distinction between positive and negative doughts about de sewf in working modews. The secure and anxious attachment stywes are associated wif higher sociabiwity dan de dismissive or fearfuw attachment stywes. This corresponds to de distinction between positive and negative doughts about oders in working modews. These resuwts suggested working modews indeed contain two distinct domains—doughts about sewf and doughts about oders—and dat each domain can be characterized as generawwy positive or generawwy negative.
Bawdwin and cowweagues have appwied de deory of rewationaw schemas to working modews of attachment. Rewationaw schemas contain information about de way de attachment figure reguwarwy interact wif each oder.[19][20] For each pattern of interaction dat reguwarwy occurs between partners, a rewationaw schema is formed dat contains:
- information about de sewf
- information about de attachment
- information about de way de interaction usuawwy unfowds.
For exampwe, if a person reguwarwy asks his or her partner for a hug or kiss, and de partner reguwarwy responds wif a hug or kiss, de person forms a rewationaw schema representing de predictabwe interaction, uh-hah-hah-hah. The schema contains information about de sewf (e.g., "I need wots of physicaw affection"). It awso contains information about de partner (e.g., "My partner is an affectionate person"). And it contains information about de way de interaction usuawwy unfowds, which can be summarized by an if–den statement (e.g., "If I ask my partner for a hug or kiss, den my partner wiww respond wif a hug or kiss and comfort me"). Rewationaw schemas hewp guide behavior in rewationships by awwowing peopwe to anticipate and pwan for partner responses.
Bawdwin and cowweagues have proposed dat working modews of attachment are composed of rewationaw schemas. The fact dat rewationaw schemas contain information about de sewf and information about oders is consistent wif previous conceptions of working modews. The uniqwe contribution of rewationaw schemas to working modews is de information about de way interactions wif attachments usuawwy unfowd. Rewationaw schemas add de if–den statements about interactions to working modews. To demonstrate dat working modews are organized as rewationaw schemas, Bawdwin and cowweagues created a set of written scenarios dat described interactions deawing wif trust, dependency and cwoseness.[21] For exampwe, de scenarios for cwoseness incwuded:
- You want to spend more time wif your attachment.
- You reach out to hug or kiss your partner.
- You teww your attachment how deepwy you feew for him or her.
Fowwowing each scenario, peopwe were presented wif two options about how deir attachments might respond. One option was "he/she accepts you." The oder option was "he/she rejects you." Peopwe were asked to rate de wikewihood of each response on a seven-point scawe. Ratings of wikewy attachment responses corresponded to peopwe's attachment stywes. Peopwe wif secure attachment stywes were more wikewy to expect accepting responses from deir attachments. Their rewationaw schema for de dird cwoseness scenario wouwd be, "If I teww my partner how deepwy I feew for him or her, den my partner wiww accept me." Peopwe wif oder attachment stywes were wess wikewy to expect accepting responses from deir attachments. Their rewationaw schema for de dird cwoseness scenario wouwd be, "If I teww my partner how deepwy I feew for him or her, den my attachment wiww reject me." Differences in attachment stywes refwected differences in rewationaw schemas. Rewationaw schemas may derefore be used to understand de organization of working modews of attachment, as has been demonstrated in subseqwent studies.[22][23][24]
The rewationaw schemas invowved in working modews are wikewy organized into a hierarchy. According to Bawdwin:
A person may have a generaw working modew of rewationships, for instance, to de effect dat oders tend to be onwy partiawwy and unpredictabwy responsive to one's needs. At a more specific wevew, dis expectation wiww take different forms when considering different rowe rewationships, such as customer or romantic partner. Widin romantic rewationships, expectations might den vary significantwy depending on de specific attachment, or de specific situation, or de specific needs being expressed. (Bawdwin, 1992, p. 429).[19]
The highest wevew of de hierarchy contains very generaw rewationaw schemas dat appwy to aww rewationships. The next wevew of de hierarchy contains rewationaw schemas dat appwy to particuwar kinds of rewationships. The wowest wevew of de hierarchy contains rewationship schemas dat appwy to specific rewationships.
In fact, severaw deorists have proposed a hierarchicaw organization of working modews.[25][26][27][28][29] Pietromonaco and Barrett note:
From dis perspective, peopwe do not howd a singwe set of working modews of de sewf and oders; rader, dey howd a famiwy of modews dat incwude, at higher wevews, abstract ruwes or assumptions about attachment rewationships and, at wower wevews, information about specific rewationships and events widin rewationships. These ideas awso impwy dat working modews are not a singwe entity but are muwtifaceted representations in which information at one wevew need not be consistent wif information at anoder wevew. (Pietromonaco & Barrett, 2000, page 159)[30]
Every hierarchy for working modews incwudes bof generaw working modews (higher in de hierarchy) and rewationship-specific working modews (wower in de hierarchy). Studies have supported de existence of bof generaw working modews and rewationship-specific working modews. Peopwe can report a generaw attachment stywe when asked to do so, and de majority of deir rewationships are consistent wif deir generaw attachment stywe.[23] A generaw attachment stywe indicates a generaw working modew dat appwies to many rewationships. Yet, peopwe awso report different stywes of attachments to deir friends, parents and wovers.[31][32] Rewationship-specific attachment stywes indicate rewationship-specific working modews. Evidence dat generaw working modews and rewationship-specific working modews are organized into a hierarchy comes from a study by Overaww, Fwetcher and Friesen, uh-hah-hah-hah.[33]
In summary, de mentaw working modews dat underwie attachment stywes appear to contain information about sewf and information about oders organized into rewationaw schemas. The rewationaw schemas are demsewves organized into a dree-tier hierarchy. The highest wevew of de hierarchy contains rewationaw schemas for a generaw working modew dat appwies to aww rewationships. The middwe wevew of de hierarchy contains rewationaw schemas for working modews dat appwy to different types of rewationships (e.g., friends, parents, wovers). The wowest wevew of de hierarchy contains rewationaw schemas for working modews of specific rewationships.
Stabiwity of working modews[edit]
Investigators study de stabiwity of working modews by wooking at de stabiwity of attachment stywes. Attachment stywes refwect de doughts and expectations dat constitute working modews. Changes in attachment stywes derefore indicate changes in working modews.
Around 70–80% of peopwe experience no significant changes in attachment stywes over time.[22][34][35][36][37] The fact dat attachment stywes do not change for a majority of peopwe indicates working modews are rewativewy stabwe. Yet, around 20–30% of peopwe do experience changes in attachment stywes. These changes can occur over periods of weeks or monds. The number of peopwe who experience changes in attachment stywes, and de short periods over which de changes occur, suggest working modews are not rigid personawity traits.
Why attachment stywes change is not weww understood. Waters, Weinfiewd and Hamiwton propose dat negative wife experiences often cause changes in attachment stywes.[38] Their proposaw is supported by evidence dat peopwe who experience negative wife events awso tend to experience changes in attachment stywes.[34][39][40] Daviwa, Karney and Bradbury have identified four sets of factors dat might cause changes in attachment stywes: (a) situationaw events and circumstances, (b) changes in rewationaw schemas, (c) personawity variabwes, and (d) combinations of personawity variabwes and situationaw events.[41] They conducted a study to see which set of factors best expwained changes in attachment stywes. The study found dat aww four sets of factors cause changes in attachment stywes. Changes in attachment stywes are compwex and depend on muwtipwe factors.
Rewationship outcomes[edit]
Aduwt rewationships vary in deir outcomes. The participants of some rewationships express more satisfaction dan de participants of oder rewationships. The participants of some rewationships stay togeder wonger dan de partners of oder rewationships. Does attachment infwuence de satisfaction and duration of rewationships?
Severaw studies have winked attachment stywes to rewationship satisfaction, uh-hah-hah-hah. Peopwe who have secure attachment stywes usuawwy express greater satisfaction wif deir rewationships dan peopwe who have oder attachment stywes.[42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50]
Awdough de wink between attachment stywes and maritaw satisfaction has been firmwy estabwished, de mechanisms by which attachment stywes infwuence maritaw satisfaction remain poorwy understood. One mechanism may be communication, uh-hah-hah-hah. Secure attachment stywes may wead to more constructive communication and more intimate sewf-discwosures, which in turn increase rewationship satisfaction, uh-hah-hah-hah.[43][51] Oder mechanisms by which attachment stywes may infwuence rewationship satisfaction incwude emotionaw expressiveness,[52][53] strategies for coping wif confwict,[47] and perceived support from partners.[48][54] Furder studies are needed to better understand how attachment stywes infwuence rewationship satisfaction, uh-hah-hah-hah.
Some studies suggest peopwe wif secure attachment stywes have wonger-wasting rewationships.[55][56] This may be partwy due to commitment. Peopwe wif secure attachment stywes tend to express more commitment to deir rewationships. Peopwe wif secure attachment stywes awso tend to be more satisfied wif deir rewationships, which may encourage dem to stay in deir rewationships wonger. However, secure attachment stywes are by no means a guarantee of wong-wasting rewationships.
Nor are secure attachment stywes de onwy attachment stywes associated wif stabwe rewationships. Peopwe wif anxious–preoccupied attachment stywes often find demsewves in wong-wasting, but unhappy, rewationships.[57][58] Anxious–preoccupied attachment stywes often invowve anxiety about being abandoned and doubts about one's worf as a rewationship. These kinds of feewings and doughts may wead peopwe to stay in unhappy rewationships.
Rewationship dynamics[edit]
Attachment pways a rowe in de way actors interact wif one anoder. A few exampwes incwude de rowe of attachment in affect reguwation, support, intimacy, and jeawousy. These exampwes are briefwy discussed bewow. Attachment awso pways a rowe in many interactions not discussed in dis articwe, such as confwict, communication and sexuawity.[59][60][61]
Affect reguwation[edit]
Bowwby, in studies wif chiwdren, observed dat certain kinds of events trigger anxiety, and dat peopwe try to rewieve deir anxiety by seeking cwoseness and comfort from caregivers.[62] Three main sets of conditions trigger anxiety in chiwdren:
- Conditions of de chiwd (fatigue, hunger, iwwness, pain, cowd, etc.)
- Conditions invowving de caregiver (caregiver absent, caregiver departing, caregiver discouraging of proximity, caregiver giving attention to anoder chiwd, etc.)
- Conditions of de environment (awarming events, criticism or rejection by oders)
The anxiety triggered by dese conditions motivates de individuaws to engage in behaviors dat bring dem physicawwy cwoser to caregivers. A simiwar dynamic occurs in aduwts in rewationships where oders care about dem. Conditions invowving personaw weww-being, conditions invowving a rewationship partner, and conditions invowving de environment can trigger anxiety in aduwts. Aduwts try to awweviate deir anxiety by seeking physicaw and psychowogicaw cwoseness to deir partners.
Mikuwincer, Shaver and Pereg have devewoped a modew for dis dynamic.[63] According to de modew, when peopwe experience anxiety, dey try to reduce deir anxiety by seeking cwoseness wif rewationship partners. However, de partners may accept or reject reqwests for greater cwoseness. This weads peopwe to adopt different strategies for reducing anxiety. Peopwe engage in dree main strategies to reduce anxiety.
The first strategy is cawwed de security-based strategy. The diagram bewow shows de seqwence of events in de security-based strategy.
A person perceives someding dat provokes anxiety. The person tries to reduce de anxiety by seeking physicaw or psychowogicaw cwoseness to her or his attachment. The attachment responds positivewy to de reqwest for cwoseness, which reaffirms a sense of security and reduces anxiety. The person returns to her or his everyday activities.
The second strategy is cawwed de hyperactivation, or anxiety attachment, strategy. The diagram bewow shows de seqwence of events in de hyperactivation strategy.
The events begin de same way. Someding provokes anxiety in a person, who den tries to reduce anxiety by seeking physicaw or psychowogicaw cwoseness to deir attachment. The attachment rebuffs de reqwest for greater cwoseness. The wack of responsiveness increases feewings of insecurity and anxiety. The person den gets wocked into a cycwe wif de attachment: de person tries to get cwoser, de attachment rejects de reqwest for greater cwoseness, which weads de person to try even harder to get cwoser, fowwowed by anoder rejection from de attachment, and so on, uh-hah-hah-hah. The cycwe ends onwy when de situation shifts to a security-based strategy (because de attachment finawwy responds positivewy) or when de person switches to an attachment avoidant strategy (because de person gives up on getting a positive response from de attachment).
The dird strategy is cawwed de attachment avoidance strategy. The fowwowing diagram shows de seqwence of events in de attachment avoidance strategy.
The events begin de same way as de security-based strategy. A person perceives someding dat triggers anxiety, and de person tries to reduce anxiety by seeking physicaw or psychowogicaw cwoseness to her or his attachment. But de attachment is eider unavaiwabwe or rebuffs de reqwest for cwoseness. The wack of responsiveness fuews insecurity and heightens anxiety. The person gives up on getting a positive response from de attachment, suppresses her or his anxiety, and distances hersewf or himsewf from de attachment.
Mikuwincer, Shaver, and Pereg contend dese strategies of reguwating attachment anxiety have very different conseqwences.[63] The security-based strategy weads to more positive doughts, such as more positive expwanations of why oders behave in a particuwar way and more positive memories about peopwe and events. More positive doughts can encourage more creative responses to difficuwt probwems or distressing situations. The hyperactivation and attachment avoidance strategies wead to more negative doughts and wess creativity in handwing probwems and stressfuw situations. It is notabwe dat de security-based strategy is contingent on a positive response from deir attachment. From dis perspective, it wouwd benefit peopwe to have attachments who are wiwwing and abwe to respond positivewy to de person's reqwest for cwoseness, so dat dey can use security-based strategies for deawing wif deir anxiety.
Peopwe feew wess anxious when cwose to deir attachments because deir attachments can provide support during difficuwt situations. Support incwudes de comfort, assistance, and information peopwe receive from deir attachments.
Attachment infwuences bof de perception of support from oders and de tendency to seek support from oders. Peopwe who have attachments who respond consistentwy and positivewy to reqwests for cwoseness awwow individuaws to have secure attachments, and in return dey seek more support, in a generawwy rewaxed way, whiwe peopwe whose attachments are inconsistent in reacting positivewy or reguwarwy reject reqwests for support find dey need to use oder attachment stywes.[64][65][66][67] Peopwe wif secure attachment stywes may trust deir attachments to provide support because deir attachments have rewiabwy offered support in de past. They may be more wikewy to ask for support when it's needed. Peopwe wif insecure attachment stywes often do not have a history of supportive responses from deir attachments. They may rewy wess on deir attachments and be wess wikewy to ask for support when it's needed, dough dere may be oder factors invowved, as weww.
Changes in de way peopwe perceive attachment tend to occur wif changes in de way peopwe perceive support. One study wooked at cowwege students' perceptions of attachment to deir moders, faders, same-sex friends, and opposite-sex friends[68] and found dat when students reported changes in attachment for a particuwar rewationship, dey usuawwy reported changes in support for dat rewationship as weww. Changes in attachment for one rewationship did not affect de perception of support in oder rewationships. The wink between changes in attachment and changes in support was rewationship-specific.
Attachment deory has awways recognized de importance of intimacy. Bowwby writes:
Attachment deory regards de propensity to make intimate emotionaw bonds to particuwar individuaws as a basic component of human nature, awready present in germinaw form in de neonate and continuing drough aduwt wife into owd age. (Bowwby, 1988, pp. 120–121)[69]
The desire for intimacy has biowogicaw roots and, in de great majority of peopwe, persists from birf untiw deaf. The desire for intimacy awso has important impwications for attachment. Rewationships dat freqwentwy satisfy de desire for intimacy wead to more secure attachments. Rewationships dat rarewy satisfy de desire for intimacy wead to wess secure attachments.
Cowwins and Feeney have examined de rewationship between attachment and intimacy in detaiw.[70] They define intimacy as a speciaw set of interactions in which a person discwoses someding important about himsewf or hersewf, and deir attachment responds to de discwosure in a way dat makes de person feew vawidated, understood, and cared for. These interactions usuawwy invowve verbaw sewf-discwosure. However, intimate interactions can awso invowve non-verbaw forms of sewf-expression such as touching, hugging, kissing, and sexuaw behavior. From dis perspective, intimacy reqwires de fowwowing:
- wiwwingness to discwose one's true doughts, feewings, wishes, and fears
- wiwwingness to rewy on an attachment for care and emotionaw support
- wiwwingness to engage in physicaw intimacy in de case of romantic or potentiaw romantic partners
Cowwins and Feeney review a number of studies showing how each attachment stywe rewates to de wiwwingness to sewf-discwose, de wiwwingness to rewy on partners, and de wiwwingness to engage in physicaw intimacy. The secure attachment stywe is generawwy rewated to more sewf-discwosure, more rewiance on partners, and more physicaw intimacy dan oder attachment stywes. However, de amount of intimacy in a rewationship can vary due to personawity variabwes and situationaw circumstances, and so each attachment stywe may function to adapt an individuaw to de particuwar context of intimacy in which dey wive.
Mashek and Sherman report some findings on de desire for wess cwoseness wif partners.[71] Sometimes too much intimacy can be suffocating. Peopwe in dis situation desire wess cwoseness wif deir partners. On one hand, de rewationship between attachment stywes and desire for wess cwoseness is predictabwe. Peopwe who have fearfuw-avoidant and anxious-preoccupied attachment stywes typicawwy want greater cwoseness wif deir partners. Peopwe who have dismissive–avoidant attachment stywes typicawwy want wess cwoseness wif deir partners. On de oder hand, de rewativewy warge numbers of peopwe who admit to wanting wess cwoseness wif deir partners (up to 57% in some studies) far outnumbers de peopwe who have dismissive-avoidant attachment stywes. This suggests peopwe who have secure, anxious–preoccupied, or fearfuw-avoidant attachment stywes sometimes seek wess cwoseness wif deir partners. The desire for wess cwoseness is not determined by attachment stywes awone.
Jeawousy refers to de doughts, feewings, and behaviors dat occur when a person bewieves a vawued rewationship is dreatened by a rivaw. A jeawous person experiences anxiety about maintaining support, intimacy, and oder vawued qwawities of her or his rewationship. Given dat attachment rewates to anxiety reguwation, support, and intimacy, as discussed above, it is not surprising dat attachment awso rewates to jeawousy.
Bowwby observed dat attachment behaviors in chiwdren can be triggered by de presence of a rivaw:
In most young chiwdren de mere sight of moder howding anoder baby in her arms is enough to ewicit strong attachment behaviour. The owder chiwd insists on remaining cwose to his moder, or on cwimbing on to her wap. Often he behaves as dough he were a baby. It is possibwe dat dis weww-known behaviour is onwy a speciaw case of a chiwd reacting to moder's wack of attention and wack of responsiveness to him. The fact, however, dat an owder chiwd often reacts in dis way even when his moder makes a point of being attentive and responsive suggests dat more is invowved; and de pioneer experiments of Levy (1937) awso indicate dat de mere presence of a baby on moder's wap is sufficient to make an owder chiwd much more cwinging. (Bowwby, 1969/1982, page 260)[62]
When chiwdren see a rivaw contending for a caregiver's attention, de chiwdren try to get cwose to de caregiver and capture de caregiver's attention, uh-hah-hah-hah. Attempts to get cwose to de caregiver and capture de caregiver's attention indicate de attachment system has been activated. But de presence of a rivaw awso provokes jeawousy in chiwdren, uh-hah-hah-hah. The jeawousy provoked by a sibwing rivaw has been described in detaiw.[72] Recent studies have shown dat a rivaw can provoke jeawousy at very young ages. The presence of a rivaw can provoke jeawousy in infants as young as six monds owd.[73][74][75] Attachment and jeawousy can bof be triggered in chiwdren by de presence of a rivaw.
Attachment and jeawousy can be triggered by de same perceptuaw cues in aduwts, too.[76] The absence of de attachment can trigger bof a need for cwose proximity and jeawousy when peopwe bewieve de attachment is spending time wif a rivaw. The presence of a rivaw can awso trigger greater need for attachment and jeawousy.
Differences in attachment stywes infwuence bof de freqwency and de pattern of jeawous expressions. Peopwe who have anxious–preoccupied or fearfuw-avoidant attachment stywes experience jeawousy more often and view rivaws as more dreatening dan peopwe who have secure attachment stywes.[76][77][78][79] Peopwe wif different attachment stywes awso express jeawousy in different ways. One study found dat:
Securewy attached participants fewt anger more intensewy dan oder emotions and were rewativewy more wikewy dan oder participants to express it, especiawwy toward deir attachment. And awdough anxious participants fewt anger rewativewy intensewy, and were as wikewy as oders to express it drough irritabiwity, dey were rewativewy unwikewy to actuawwy confront deir attachment. This might be attributabwe to feewings of inferiority and fear, which were especiawwy characteristic of de anxiouswy attached and which might be expected to inhibit direct expressions of anger. Avoidants fewt sadness rewativewy more intensewy dan did secures in bof studies. Furder, avoidants were rewativewy more wikewy dan oders to work to maintain deir sewf-esteem and, perhaps as a conseqwence, rewativewy unwikewy to be brought cwoser to deir attachment. (Sharpsteen & Kirkpatrick, 1997, page 637)[76]
A subseqwent study has confirmed dat peopwe wif different attachment stywes experience and express jeawousy in qwawitativewy different ways.[78] Attachment dus pways an important rowe in jeawous interactions by infwuencing de freqwency and de manner in which attachments express jeawousy.
After wove[edit]
After dissowution of important romantic rewationships peopwe usuawwy go drough separation anxiety and grieving. Grief is a process which weads to de acceptance of woss and usuawwy awwows de person to move on, uh-hah-hah-hah. During dis process peopwe use different strategies to cope. Securewy attached individuaws tend to wook for support, de most effective coping strategy. Avoidantwy attached individuaws tend to devawue de rewationships and to widdraw. Anxiouswy attached individuaws are more wikewy to use emotionawwy focused coping strategies and pay more attention to de experienced distress (Pistowe, 1996). After de end of de rewationships, securewy attached individuaws tend to have wess negative overaww emotionaw experience dan insecurewy attached individuaws (Pistowe, 1995).
Same-sex rewationships[edit]
Ridge & Feeney (1998) have studied a group of gays and wesbians in Austrawian universities. Resuwts showed dat de freqwency of attachment stywes in de gay and wesbian popuwation was de same as in de heterosexuaw; at de same time attachment stywes have predicted rewationship variabwes in a simiwar way as in de heterosexuaw popuwation, uh-hah-hah-hah. However, gay and wesbian aduwt attachment stywes were not rewated to chiwdhood experiences wif parents. Contradicting dis wast resuwt, Robinson (1999) has found dat in de wesbian popuwation dere was a wink between attachment stywes and earwy parenting. However, unwike in heterosexuaw femawes, attachment stywe was rewated to participants' rewationship wif deir faders.
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- Andersson, P. (2006) Determinants of Individuaw Vuwnerabiwity to Heroin Addiction – A Psychosociaw Study. The Doctoraw desis, Åbo Akademi University. ISBN 952-12-1677-8.
- Cassidy, J., & Shaver, P., (Eds). (1999) Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Cwinicaw Appwications. Guiwford Press, NY.
- Greenberg, M.T., Cicchetti, D., & Cummings, E.M., (Eds) (1990) Attachment in de Preschoow Years: Theory, Research and Intervention University of Chicago, Chicago.
- Greenspan, S. (1993) Infancy and Earwy Chiwdhood. Madison, CT: Internationaw Universities Press. ISBN 0-8236-2633-4.
- Howmes, J. (1993) John Bowwby and Attachment Theory. Routwedge. ISBN 0-415-07730-3.
- Howmes, J. (2001) The Search for de Secure Base: Attachment Theory and Psychoderapy. London: Brunner-Routwedge. ISBN 1-58391-152-9.
- Karen R (1998) Becoming Attached: First Rewationships and How They Shape Our Capacity to Love. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-511501-5.
- Levine, A. and Hewwer, R. (2010). Attached: The New Science of Aduwt Attachment and How It Can Hewp You Find—And Keep—Love. ISBN 978-1-58542-848-9.
- Parkes, CM, Stevenson-Hinde, J., Marris, P., (Eds.) (1991) Attachment Across The Life Cycwe Routwedge. NY. ISBN 0-415-05651-9
- Pistowe, M.C. (1996). "After Love: Attachment Stywes and Grief Themes". The Famiwy Journaw. 4 (3): 199–207. doi:10.1177/1066480796043003.
- Pistowe, M.C. (1995). "Cowwege Students' Ended Love Rewationships: Attachment Stywe and Emotion". Journaw of Cowwege Student Devewopment. 36 (1): 53–60.
- Ridge, S.R.; Feeney, J.A. (1998). "Rewationship history and rewationship attitudes in gay mawes and wesbians: attachment stywe and gender differences". Austrawian & New Zeawand Journaw of Psychiatry. 32 (6): 848–860. doi:10.3109/00048679809073875. PMID 10084350.
- Robinson, L.A. (1999). "The rewationships between attachment stywe and romantic attachment, autonomy and eqwawity in wesbian rewationships". Austrawian Journaw of Psychowogy. 51: 137–137.
- Siegwer R., DeLoache, J. & Eisenberg, N. (2003) How Chiwdren devewop. New York: Worf. ISBN 1-57259-249-4.
- Heard, D. H.AND Lake (1986). "The Attachment Dynamic in aduwt wife". The British Journaw of Psychiatry. 149: 430–438. doi:10.1192/bjp.149.4.430.
Externaw winks[edit]
- Levine, A, & Hewwer, R. "What Attachment Theory Can Teach about Love and Rewationships – The surprising secrets to finding de right partner for a heawdy rewationship" Scientific American, December 29, 2010


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According to the American Lung Association, most people spend 60% to 90% of their time indoors and 50% of all illnesses are either caused by, or aggravated by, polluted indoor air. New research gives strong evidence that the type of flooring selected can make a big difference in our indoor air quality.
Flooring has the potential to be harmful to our air quality in 2 ways: the collection of endotoxins and through toxic chemical emissions. Endotoxins are bacterial chemicals particularly found indoors.
According to Darryl C. Zeldin, M.D., Senior Investigator at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, "the likelihood of having recent asthma symptoms is nearly 3 times greater among individuals with exposure to high levels of endotoxin in their flooring."
One way to avoid toxic chemicals is to make sure that you choose flooring that doesn't use formaldehyde glue or binders and that has been off-gassed in the factory (off-gassing is the name of that "new floor smell" and is a chemical by-product of the manufacturing process). Research has also shown that green buildings have employees with lower turnover rates, fewer sick days and higher productivity; children in green schools demonstrate higher test scores, lower absenteeism, and heightened academic enthusiasm among students.
Choose healthy flooring! To learn more about the health benefits of cork oak visit our website at http://us.wicanders.com.
Till next week,
Team Wicanders

subset: commoncrawl


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Pre-Trip Inspections
Common Problems Often Overlooked on Pre-Trip Inspections
One of the things a Safety Manager does is participate in industry events like the annual truck driving championships. This year I got to judge the pre-trip competition for straight truck class. The results below indicate that the top drivers are the ones who know how to properly inspect a vehicle.
For those who are not familiar with the how event works, I'll provide a little background. Each of the various classes of vehicles (straight truck, 3, 4 & 5-axle tractor/trailer, doubles, tanker or flatbed) is "staged" with various "major" or "minor" problems. For example, this year's straight truck problems included a faulty seatbelt, missing reflective triangle, debris on cab floor (golf balls), loose gas cap, even a rubber chicken tucked up between the left dual drive tires! Each driver is timed and given 6:00 minutes to circle the vehicle, call out "defect" and describe it as they are discovered. Drivers are given credit for each defect they find that is listed on the judge's score sheet.
Just about every driver found most of the defects but I was simply flabbergasted at how many good drivers missed the most obvious and treacherous of all the defects – wheel seal and engine leaks! Even though puddles of oil and lube had been blatantly splashed and poured on the ground under the engine, the left lift gate hydraulic cylinder and onto the right drive wheel hub dripping onto the ground, less than 25% of the drivers spotted these hazards.
I discovered that even many of the good drivers fail to detect this type of hazard while doing their inspection because they stare and gaze at the truck or the truck component – but fail to inspect the ground underneath! This should be done as the driver first approaches the vehicle and throughout their entire circle check. This includes not just at pre/post trip inspection time, but every time the driver approaches the vehicle before getting in and driving.
You are responsible for your vehicle's maintenance!


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The past two years have been horrendous for Judy Shea, whose Glendale home is under the control of a court-appointed receiver hired by the city to repair massive health and safety code violations. She says she's felt frustrated and confused as construction and legal fees climbed to more than half a million dollars, fearing she'd lose the property she bought to be closer to her grandchildren.
This week, that fear became reality, and city officials and prosecutors say Shea's nightmare is of her own making.
A Los Angeles Superior Court judge signed off on selling the property at 4104 Lowell Ave. for $699,000 on Wednesday. Shea won't get a penny. In fact, the money won't be enough to cover all the renovation-related fees.
The city may end up spending $61,000 for legal fees associated with the case, the first of its kind in Glendale.
"I'm on a fixed income. I'm retired and I'm disabled," said Shea, 68, after learning about the approved sale. "I had a stroke, I believe because of this. I don't want to have another one."


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Last night I met with a group of women who I would consider solid members of the church. They, however, would tell you they come to our church but aren't exactly sure where or how they fit in. These are women who have served on committees and even have headed them up, yet they are still unsure of their relationship to the church. On first glance I might ask how this can be when they are so obviously part of the fabric of the life of this congregation? But. But then I remember how I sometimes felt in my home church growing up, and especially after I went off to college. I always felt awkward, and very much like I was hanging out in a place I wasn't quite supposed to be. Like I didn't belong. Maybe I wasn't cool enough to be there. Maybe I wasn't good enough to be there. Maybe I just didn't fit. Even still, this was the church where I first felt a call to ministry. I was heavily involved (youth group, choir, Sunday School, the whole bit) but I still didn't feel like I belonged. Looking back I might just chalk it up to the angst of youth, but there are times I still feel that way. And evidently, so do a lot of people.
These women met to form a small group for study about 2 years ago. They each describe it as a life changing experience. They enjoy reading books that don't seem to be at the mainstream of church culture. A favorite topic has been the divine feminine and the spiritual life of women. They consider their interest DWL- dark, weird and lovely. They consider themselves to be dark, weird and lovely. yet, I was comfortable enough with them in this short hour and half to feel like I was bonding with them. I even danced their silly joy dance at the end. It was good.
I think that really these women are not alone in their feeling of not quite fitting in. I think, truth be told, that most of the people in church probably feel that to some degree. The question is, how do we (I) create a place for these women, and others, to be themselves with each other and God. How do we(I) create a place for them to feel rooted in the church? How do I help them, and myself even, to feel that this community of faith needs them and that they are vital to it? How can we be authentic together?
One of the things that has stuck with me the most from seminary has been a statement from a book by Kennon Callahan (Twelve Keys to an Effective Church). He says that people long to be "known by name and missed when absent." If ever there was a truth of the human need to belong, this is it. We want to know that we matter. That things really are different and better because we, each of us individually, are part of something. The challenge is making it so that everyone feel these same things and makes an effort to engage each other in a manner so as to make them feel the same way. Affirmed, appreciated, loved, known, belonging.


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Monthly Archives: February, 2013
- This sapphire smartphone screen is strong, strong, strong
- Man-and-woman Mars trip by 2018? Can you say 'couples counseling'?
- Leap Motion controllers to ship May 13, cost $80
- Canada orbits suitcase-size camera to hunt asteroids
- Mozilla CEO: Android, iOS leave lots of room for Firefox OS
- First-person Mario video will blow your mind
- Sony joins 50x club with HX300, touts smallest 20x zoom WX300


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Zelda Spiritual Stones Pixel Headband
Your's for only 6 GBP
Zelda Spiritual Stones Pixel Headband
Your's for only 6 GBP
Legend of Zelda Spiritual Stones are three mystical gems the Kokiri's Emerald, Goron's Ruby and Zora's Sapphire. During his quest, Link must gather these Spiritual Stones in order to open the door to the Sacred Realm.
This is a large headband.
Please see alternate photos to see how it looks when worn!
● Made from Mini Hama Beads and part of our 'pixel range' :)
● Due to the ironing process finished results may vary.
● On a plastic yellow alice band which is 1.2cm wide.
► Will be sent in a small box rather than an envelope.
★ Shipped worldwide within 1-3 days, handmade in the UK ★


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Meet Caleb Gore
Based in New York/Boston, Caleb Gore is a sensational songwriter and vibrant vocalist, mixing popular music styles to create a unique blend of influences from soul, funk, country, rock and hip hop. Caleb Gore's genre-bending style and heartfelt lyrics give a genuine sense of his authenticity as an artist. Listen once and you will be compelled to listen again.


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Steam Railtours
CBS Share Offer
Shakespeare Express
Events at Tyseley
5080: Defiant Club
About Us
Get Involved
Gift Shop
Latest News
Open Menu
Steam Railtours
Steam Railtours
Rail Tours
CBS Share Offer
CBS Share Offer
Vintage Trains Share Offer - Contents
The Share Offer
Letter from the Chairman
What We Are Going To Do
What we will use the money for
Projected Performance
About Us
Community Benefits
Our Structure
The Board
Shareholder Benefits
Ride on the Firsts
Financial Model
Planning Assumptions
FAQ (page 2)
Shareholder Benefits (cont)
Contact Us
Shakespeare Express
Shakespeare Express
The Shakespeare Express Experience
Fares and Times
The Route Stations
Breakfast, Afternoon or High Tea
Sunday Lunch
Fun for all the Family
Events at Tyseley
Events at Tyseley
Open Weekend
Travelling to Tyseley Loco Works
Tickets & Times
5080: Defiant Club
About Us
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Contact us
About Us
VTL News
Get Involved
Get Involved
Vintage Trains Society
How to Volunteer
Gift Shop
Latest News
Press Release - Vintage Trains Share Offer
Press Release
8th January 2018
Now you can own a share in a British main line steam operated railway company.
For the first time since the Victorian era, the British public is being given the opportunity to buy shares in a British main line train operating company. The offer is part of a fundraising exercise by Vintage Trains, the West Midlands' premier steam train operator, to ensure our iconic British steam trains continue to run epic journeys throughout the UK and tell the stories of how the British rail industry changed the world.
For the past 50 years, Vintage Trains has built a strong reputation for its preservation of traditional railway skills and for its historic fleet of gleaming steam locomotives which see regular use on main line charter trains throughout the UK, serving tourist hotspots of York, Oxford, Stratford-upon-Avon and the Cotswolds.
The company is now looking to the future, and its innovative £3 million share scheme will ensure this vital part of Britain's history can be enjoyed for generations to come. The additional funding will also help deliver an increased programme of train trips, boosting the tourism economy by encouraging people to visit British attractions by travelling there on one and will promote the very best of Britain's heritage in the wake of Brexit.
Adrian Shooter, the former Chairman of Chiltern Railways who has over 40 years experience will be the chair of the Vintage Trains operating company and said: "The railways – and the steam engine in particular - were key to Britain's success on the world stage. In our increasingly technological age, it's easy to lose touch with our industrial past which is why Vintage Trains is helping to preserve the golden age of steam, and make it even more accessible to future generations and tourists alike.
"This unique opportunity to buy shares in a steam train operating company, will enable anyone to own a piece of history, whilst helping us to train young engineers and continue the investment in our fleet of locomotives and carriages."
Michael Whitehouse, Chairman of both Vintage Trains Charitable Trust and Vintage Trains Community Benefit Society. said: "This offer is for everyone who believes there is magic in the sight, sound and smell of a steam locomotive pulling out of a station or hurtling across the countryside and for everyone who wants to experience the thrill. Together, we will create a new golden age, for new generations.
"We're really proud of our steam heritage, and you're going to help make sure that the skills of the steam age, which were invented in Britain and exported to change the world, live on for generations to come."
The new company will create up to 11 full-time roles and will be promoting traditional engineering expertise before they disappear forever so that future generations can enjoy this experience.
In owning shares, which start from £500, Community Share Members will not only have the pride in knowing that they own part of a British steam operated main line railway company, they will also have voting rights, travel benefits on the company's services and, after six years, Members may also have the opportunity to receive interest payments on their shares and to withdraw their share capital.
The company expects these shares to sell fast, to secure yours and to review the share offer:
Book online


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"RUR" Book: Free Download
RUR, RUR book, RUR Book Download
Book Download: "RUR" Book: The play begins in a factory that makes artificial people, called roboti (robots), from synthetic organic matter. They are not exactly robots by the current definition of the term: they are living flesh and blood creatures rather than machinery and are closer to the modern idea of clones or replicants. They may be mistaken for humans and can think for themselves.
Book Informations
- Author: Karel Capek
- Format: PDF
- Pages: 101
- Language: English
- File: 227 KB
Keywords: book, book download, RUR book download, RUR book, cfp
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Cajos' Ceramics
Having recently returned from "Formex" at Stockholm International Fairs, I am so inspired and it feels so great to get to work and let the autumn start. Over the next few weeks, my webshop will expand and what I sell in my shop on Östra Storgatan 52 in Jönköping will be available to order via internet too.
You who've looked into my online store have already seen a lot of products already available to choose from. My own CDs, DVDs, books and original paintings are there, as are some reproductions of the Mouth & Footpainters. I am a distributor for Forever's Aloe Vera products and many of them are also available to order.
Now I want to introduce Carina "Cajo" Johansson. An amazing ceramist that I have great pleasure to be a reseller for. Her pottery is now available in the webshop for ordering.
"- Design, handmade ceramics and paintings are my daily chores!"
Carina "Cajo" Johansson, born in Gustav Adolf, Västergötland, in 1969 with a keen interest in creating already at an early age. The interest has continued now by far and now she creates full-time. Utensils and art of ceramics but also painting with different materials.
Cajo has worked at a large furniture company in nearly 25 years with product development as their main occupation, in 2013, she changed her course in life to focus on her main interest - to create.
Cajo makes a lot of custom orders, to companies, restaurants & cafes and private customers. Her unique creations she sells at markets and exhibitions as well as in her studio in Lovsjö. She also collaborates with agent companies as an independent designer of products to stores with interior design, flower & gift industry. She also sells their products through a few selected retailers among others Butik Lena Maria (Shop Lena Maria).
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Anne- Berit » Japan, Thailand and 50 years!: "Beautiful"
Göran Wolff » Idag är det Internationella Mun- & Fotmålande Konstnärernas Dag 2018: "Tack Lena Maria ! Hälsa till Patrik . Göran W"
Birgit Flordin » Tack Gotland!: "Tack kära Lena Maria för all Glädje Du sprider och gör allt Du gör! Underbart. .."


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Sinking of the titanic | Where was the Titanic wrecked
Reddit user: Mezilgad RMS Titanic was a British passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean after it collided Movies: Titanic fanfiction archive with over 2,762 stories. Come in to read, write, review, and interact with other fans. Free Titanic E-Books. Please notify the board administrator or webmaster: firstname.lastname@example.com Relationship to Titanic disaster / inquiries. After departing Liverpool April 14 on her own passage westbound for New York, Mauretania soon became part of Titanic's story, related on three separate occasions. Learn the unsinkable wreck with free interactive flashcards. Choose from 103 different sets of the unsinkable wreck flashcards on Quizlet.
Books about the Titanic
Titanic conspiracy theory of the Jesuits sinking the titanic in order to establish the Federal Reserve. Book at Titanic Comfort Mitte, Berlin. No Reservation Costs. Great Rates. Book Now,Book for Tonight,No Booking Fees A British tour company will soon offer travellers the opportunity of a lifetime to tour the wreck of the Titanic on the ocean bed Damien Hirst: Treasures from the Wreck of the Unbelievable review - a titanic return 5 / 5 stars 5 out of 5 stars. Palazzo Grassi and Punta della Dogana, Venice. Discover and share Quotes About Titanic Sinking. Explore our collection of motivational and famous quotes by authors you know and love. March 9, 2012 - via Discovery News. The first comprehensive map of the Titanic wreck site has been created as researchers pieced together some 130,000 photos taken by underwater robots in the depths of the North Atlantic Ocean. Visit the world's most authentic Titanic museum, or book a tour of the city and the shipyard that built her. Step into the history of this spectacular ship. One hundred years after the sinking of Titanic is the IMO World Maritime Day. Additional reference information: Frequently Asked Questions on History and Significance; Cameron recorded footage of the real Titanic wreck. The reconstruction of the Titanic was created at Playas de Rosarito in Baja California. Voyage on the Great Titanic: The Diary of Margaret Ann Brady is a historical fiction book by Ellen Emerson White. It is the twelfth book in the Dear America series and was first published in September 1998. Find great deals on eBay for Sinking Titanic 1912 Book in Books on Antiquarian and Collectibles. Shop with confidence. Low Prices on Discovery Of The Titanic Sinking of the RMS Titanic's wiki: The sinking of the RMS Titanic occurred on the night of 14 April through to the morning of 15 April 1912 in the North Atlantic Ocean, four days into the ship's maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City. Titanic is a blockbuster, multiple Academy Award-winning 1997 film based on the 1912 sinking of the liner RMS Titanic. The film spent fifteen weeks at the number one spot on the box office, getting bumped by the release of Lost in Space. Raise the Titanic! by Clive Cussler starting at $0.99. Raise the Titanic! has 14 available editions to buy at Alibris Complete list of Titanic survivors. How many people survived the Titanic disaster? 712 people survived the sinking of the Titanic out of 2,207 aboard. The wreck of the RMS Titanic is lying 3,900 metres (2.4 mi) at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean, almost precisely under the location where she sank at April 15, 1912.
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How deep is the Titanic
The sinking of the Titanic is being tweeted out in real time, 104 years after it happened. Image by Claire Reilly/CNET We all know how the story of the Titanic starts and ends. Kids learn about the sinking of the Titanic including the construction of the unsinkable ship, the beginning of the voyage, hitting an iceberg, the ship sinks, survivors, and interesting facts. Discover and share Quotes About Titanic Sinking. Explore our collection of motivational and famous quotes by authors you know and love. Best Price Guarantee! Book at Titanic Berlin Mitte Berlin Book Now,Book for Tonight,No Booking Fees The RMS Titanic was a British registered ocean liner built for the transatlantic passenger and mail service between Southampton, England and New York City. The sinking of the Titanic is one of the most historical tragedies ever to occur. Here are the accounts of one of the largest peacetime maritime disasters. October 14, 2000 Causes and Effects of the Rapid Sinking of the Titanic Prepared for Teacher's Name University of Wisconsin By Vicki Bassett Almost 100 years after the sinking of the Titanic, a new theory suggests a wrong turn may have led to the disaster. But relatives tell Channel 4 News there is still no consensus. Back in 1898 a book was written called "Wreck of the Titan" which has a lot of similarities between the fictional story and what is said to have happened when the Titanic sunk in 1912.


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Windows 7 could be final on the 13th of July
Will probably be leaked by the 14th.
By: Sean Kalinich | Software News | Posted: Jul 6, 2009 3:32 pm
Comment | Email to a Friend | Font Size: AA
Looks like we might see a final version of Microsoft's Windows 7 sometime next week. If the rumors running around the internet are true, and the final RTM (release to manufacturer) is leaked then it is possible that the work will get its first real glimpse of the Vista Replacement around the 13th of this month.
Windows 7 has received much better initial press than its predecessor Windows Vista despite sharing the same Kernel and many oter "under the hood" features.
Pre-Sales of Windows 7 have sold out in many countries and the RC 1 download had enough demand to force MS to upgrade their download servers.
Maybe this time around people will actually use the OS before badmouthing it.
Read the whole story here.
Related Tags
Got an opinion on this news? Post a comment below!


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The ABD is pleased to offer members free legal advice in relation to motoring offences in the United Kingdom.
This advice is provided by Emma Patterson, Principal Solicitor at Patterson Law.
Emma will endeavour to reply within 24 hours.
Call Emma on 01626 359800 if you have an urgent court hearing date.
As an alternative option, there is a paid telephone service available.
Talk to a qualified solicitor on 0906-633-0245 in the strictest confidence. Lines are open from 09:00 to 21:00, 7 days a week and are staffed by fully qualified solicitors. Calls cost £1.50 per minute from BT Landlines. Other service providers may charge more.
Legal advice is available on motoring & road traffic issues and also on most aspects of English law.
Telephone services are provided by The Legal Action Bureau Limited, who have been granted a full ICSTIS License to operate this legal advice help line in the United Kingdom. In the event of any problem with the line please email Legal Action Bureau in the first instance to firstname.lastname@example.com
Premium rate call barring may need to be removed to access this service, this can be done via your phone service provider. Please ask permission of the bill holder before making a call. Calls may be recorded for monitoring and training purposes. The service is only available to callers of 16 years of age or older.


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Neon Green is next in line for the Air Max 270
Beginning this February, the Nike Air Max 270 will make its debut. Adding to the "Hot Punch" and "Total Orange" colorways is yet another vibrant colorway, this time arriving in "Tonal Orange"
Like the other two pairs, this comes decked out in a Black mesh upper highlighted with a bright Orange 270 Air Max heel unit, highlighting the hero feature of the new silhouette.
The Nike Air Max 270 "Neon Green" will release on February 1st at select retailers and Nike.com for $150.
Nike Air Max 270 "Neon Green"
Color: Black/Neon Green
Style Code: AH8050-011
Release Date: February 1, 2018
Price: $150
For more Nike news, click here.


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It's not over, I still have the books and will reread them as many times I want to. But it's hard to believe I just read the last book. The end. Of course I'm terribly emotional, for seven years Harry has had a very important part in my life and though it feels as if I just woke up from a very long dream I know they will never be really gone. I'll keep drawing the for the books, rereading and revisiting all the places, all those moments which are now treasured memories too.
I loved Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, it was better than I could imagine, sometimes surprising, lovely, funny, terrifying, heartbreaking and once I just couldn't believe my eyes. I will reread it again, starting today, and probably again and again, to keep me going with the chapter drawings, to keep stepping back in that wonderful world. I'll probably draw a lot of those I'm mourning, I still can't believe the cruelties in their lives. But I'm very happy with the ending, it's the very best! :)
I'm not sure if I should laugh or cry, it's over and I wish I could sit in the great hall and share this feeling with a lot of other fans, to mourn the dead and bring back memories.
I hope in many years time I'll be just as fond of Harry as I am now, and as I have been for years.
Posted by: veganhothead (veganhothead)
Posted at: July 22nd, 2007 05:36 pm (UTC)
I agree about Dhm and the books in general, and about being sad it's over. The finality hasn't hit me, but the great thing about fiction is it doesn't have to be final. Not for readers with imaginations.
But I'm glad you're going to keep drawing. There'd better be some Snape/Lily stuff ;-)
Posted at: July 22nd, 2007 05:43 pm (UTC)
Oh, but there will be! ^_^
I'm still shocked about it all, as soon as I have more time again (busy job at the moment) I'll have to draw some parts of this book, to get over it, or to get back into it.
Posted by: veganhothead (veganhothead)
Posted at: July 22nd, 2007 05:36 pm (UTC)
I agree about DH, rather. Oops!
Posted at: July 22nd, 2007 05:45 pm (UTC)
I'm too stunned by it all, I must draw Snape again soon.
Posted by: just as unpleasant in person (swtalmnd)
Posted at: July 22nd, 2007 05:41 pm (UTC)
It's very hard to believe that that's the last book-release party I'll ever go to, that there's no more wondering about the next bit of canon, and of course mourning for the dead, both those that made an impact on Harry and those who were thrown in to be extra names, more dead, to add to the senselessness of war. But at the same time I do feel very satisfied that this book fit with the rest, that I could close it and say, yeah, that was Harry Potter to me.
And now, of course, I can do whatever *I* want to with it, and that's wonderful in its own way, too, to have this forum of fandom to play in even after the rush has gone by.
Knowing how I still love the books I loved at five, fifteen, and twenty-five, I think I'll still love these when I'm forty-five and seventy-five. ♥
Posted at: July 22nd, 2007 05:48 pm (UTC)
:) I'll always love Harry Potter too
Still, the last book. It'll take some time to get over it, I'd grown used to waiting for the next one. *sigh*
Posted at: July 22nd, 2007 08:23 pm (UTC)
*hugs back* thank you so much :)
Posted by: love's the greatest thing (leeann_marie)
Posted at: July 22nd, 2007 10:58 pm (UTC)
I feel very much the same way. I'm already starting to read it again.
I'm thrilled to hear you'll be drawing a lot! There were so many scenes I thought would make amazing works of art. :)
Posted by: moocow (misconstrue)
Posted at: July 23rd, 2007 01:37 am (UTC)
your feelings are doubtless echoed throughout fandom. i feel like harry, after sirius fell through the veil and fandom will be my mirror erised.


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Trapdoor Collector Discussion Board
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Re: Pete's Colt SAA
Posted by Larry Weinbrenner on Wednesday, 19 May 2010, at 12:05 p.m., in response to Re: Pete's Colt SAA, posted by Fred on Wednesday, 19 May 2010, at 11:38 a.m.
Fred, That must be none other than Barney Davis. Being a member of MVACA & one of it's earliest members & officer, I knew Barney & all the other old timers. I bought several Civil war weapons from Barney when my interest ran along those lines at that time. I hope to be at the summer show & possibly add to my I.W. collection.
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