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Kaetlyn Osmond had to stop aiming for perfection for her fortunes to soar.
The 2018 Olympic podium contender came to this conclusion last year when she realized that perfection doesn't exist, and striving for it was an unattainable goal.
That shift in mindset took Canada's figure skating queen to the top — almost — with a silver medal win at the World Championships earlier this year. Before that, her best result at Worlds was an eighth-place finish back in 2013.
Osmond is quick to credit sessions with sports psychologist Susan Cockle as a major factor in her recent success. She began working with Cockle in August 2016.
"I found that was a big part of my improvement last year, so that is something I won't be giving up any time soon," said Osmond, now building towards the Olympic Winter Games in February.
"If something is in my head and I can't let it go, I can talk to her about it. Even speaking will get it out of my head and make training a lot easier the next day. But there's also a lot of meditation, focusing work that has helped me a lot, not just at competitions but in everyday practice to make the practice feel like competition.
"So when I go to competition, I feel happy to be there, ready to be there. I feel capable of doing that competition. Mentally, I need to be in there also, and she (Cockle) has been amazing at that."
The Competitive Edge
This past weekend at Skate Canada, the second stop on the ISU Grand Prix circuit, Osmond proved to be in a league of her own. She won the event with a score almost 30 points higher than chief rival Ashley Wagner of the United States, who finished third. A subpar short program left the three-time U.S. champion back in seventh, although she rallied in the free skate to grab bronze.
Unlike Osmond, Wagner is not an adherent to sports psychology.
"My military upbringing, my dad (a U.S. army lieutenant colonel) always taught me to be tough, and it's worked well thus far," said Wagner who often describes herself as a "military brat."
After winning world silver in 2016, Wagner had a lackluster finish last season. She slumped to seventh in the world. Looking back, she attributes her performance to lack of motivation.
At 26, Wagner is gearing up for her second — and perhaps final — run at the Olympic podium.
"For me, I don't like to think too much on the ice, I like to just skate and do my job. I found when I have worked with sports psychologists in the past it, put too much into my head. I prefer to just do my own thing."
Wagner notes there are two totally opposite schools of thought on this topic.
"Some people feel when they need to grow, to progress in sport, they turn to sports psychology. That's great if it works for you, amazing, but I never felt like I wanted it."
Russian coach Nikolai Morozov is in Wagner's camp. Working with a sports psychologist is not common for skaters in Russia, he reported, and, personally, he doesn't believe it's necessary. Morozov, who now coaches in the U.S., feels that competitors should rely on inner fortitude.
Finding Strength in Vulnerability
Osmond, 21, had worked with a sports psychologist as a teenager before the 2014 Sochi Games but, similar to Wagner's experience, it didn't go well.
Her coach Ravi Walia had to press the point — repeatedly, he said — to convince Osmond to try again when her superb performances in practice were not transferring to the competition arena.
He gave Osmond the names of two mental coaches to consider. In the end, the skater herself needed to be in control of this at-times trying process.
"I just had to find the right person, but it also had to be my decision. I had to feel right about going to see someone. It's a really vulnerable situation putting yourself in sport psychology because you're talking about your fears and feelings and working all those things into how you can focus best in a competition. So, you need to feel comfortable who you're talking to, and sometimes it takes a while for that," said Osmond, who won silver in the team event at the 2014 Sochi Games but finished 13th in the singles contest.
She meets with Cockle every week to talk about her training and whatever else is going on in her life. Together they create techniques that help her focus and block out distractions. They've developed strategies to deal with the unexpected.
[More from Excelle Sports: Two-time figure skating world champ reveals how her diet changed her life]
Canadian Olympic ice dance champions Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir also enlisted a professional to hone their mental game when they returned to competition last season, intent on winning a second gold at the Games.
Virtue said they have had similar help throughout their career, but with performance psychology specialist Jean Francois Menard they focus on performance and mental preparation. Menard even travels to competitions with the virtuoso ice dancers.
"It's neat to have those chapters accumulate and have things come together with JF. He's been phenomenal to work with," said Virtue, who has gone undefeated with Moir since returning to competition last year.
[More from Excelle Sports: 12 figure skaters to watch this Olympic season]
Virtue and Moir, who won their seventh Skate Canada title this past weekend, have a team of about 12 people — coaches, choreographers, an osteopath and nutritionist — in whom they can confide their feelings, thoughts and fears.
Closer to the Olympics, the team will help them retreat into their bubble to avoid distraction from the end goal.
"A Learned Skill"
Sports psychology is also on the agenda at coach Marina Zoueva's training center in Canton, Mich., where world class competitors Maia and Alex Shibutani, Patrick Chan and Gracie Gold train. (Gold recently stepped away to seek professional treatment for anxiety, depression and an eating disorder.)
"All of my students work with a sports psychologist," said Zoueva, also a former coach of Virtue and Moir. "It's part of the training and practice process in preparation for competition.
"It's very personal so everyone has to choose the person who they trust. All my skaters have different sports psychologists."
Canadian figure skating's high performance director said many athletes now use sports psychologists year-round, not just when a crisis hits.
"It becomes a learned skill," explained Mike Slipchuk. "As athletes get older, I think they tend to use those services more. The sport is a lot different when you're 15 versus when you're in your twenties. You often have life challenges combined with sport challenges. You have a lot of things to work through."
Osmond is a perfect example of how a skater's mindset evolves with age.
"Everything has changed for me in the last four years," she said. "Thinking about where I was leading into the last Olympic year, I was definitely in a different space. I was still unsure of my own capabilities as a skater. The last Olympics was a learning experience more than anything."
Now, with the 2018 Pyeongchang Games looming, she's mentally prepared for the competition ahead.
"I'm expecting a lot of people to be at their absolute best. For me to be able to compete against that, it doesn't mean that I dwell on what they're doing. It means I push to do the best I can do… and see if that can measure up."


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Sealing the walls and floors of your crawl space can help prevent pollutants and soil gases, such as radon, from migrating into the house.
The EPA has stated that a typical home in the US has 0.5 to 1.5 Air Changes per Hour (ACH). The ACH is the rate in which outside air replaces indoor air by means of natural or mechanical ventilation. You may be asking where does the replacement air come from? The answer is your crawl space. Without a crawl space sealing service you run the risk of having contaminants rise with the warm air within your home.
This zone is problematic due to the "Stack Effect", which is how a chimney works. It is the process of warm air rising in a home, potentially taking with it any contaminants that may be present.
Consequently, nature abhors a vacuum and the replacement air that is needed, most commonly enters at the lowest point of the home, the crawl space, continuing the contaminant cycle.
In addition to air quality there is potential for structural damage. If left unchecked, crawl space moisture can create a "Ripple Effect" systematically damaging your home due to wood rot and decay.
Contributing Factors:
These few examples offer a potential breeding ground for moisture induced hazards such as mold, fungi and allergens. Radon gas can also find it's way into your house through the crawl space.
Next Step Environmental Services can asses the situation and provide proper treatment to your crawl space and moisture related issues with our crawl space sealing services which include moisture barriers, sub membrane depressurization and crawl space encapsulation. When combined with radon mitigation, crawl space encapsulation can be an effective radon prevention method.
Addressing a crawl space problem can make your home more energy efficient, improve indoor air quality and prevent structural damage to your home.
We make the process extremely easy from the first phone call to your install! Contact us today to request a free estimate in Allentown, Bethlehem, Easton or nearby.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
According to Punch Fatai, who has been arrested by the Oyo State Police command for various Internet crimes, including hacking into bank accounts of many people in and outside Nigeria, had once been arrested for robbery and arraigned in court but granted bail.
He was arrested with the sum of N2.4m by men of the command's Special Anti-Robbery Squad in his Ogbomosho hideout. Also in his possession were: a Honda CRV with number plate KWL 280 CN, a Nissan Altima car with number plate KJA 963 CA, a Ford saloon car with number plate KRD 837 DQ and a Toyota Camry saloon car with number plate LSR 418 DJ.
Fatai said he had been in the Internet fraud business for a long time but could not remember how much he had fraudulently collected from his victims.
He said,
"It is not easy to do Internet fraud. It takes painstaking effort.
"At times, I would go to dating sites to woo both men and women. I would make sure they fall in love with me by regularly sending love and romantic messages and even calling them until I deceived them into giving me their account details.
"At times, I would send fake emails to bank customers making it look like it emanated from their banks. Then I would ask them to change their password, PIN or other bank account security details.
"They would be required to input the old and new, but as soon as I get the old password, I would use it to hack into their accounts, transfer the money to the person I'm dating abroad, who would later send it to me through another means," he explained.
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text:
The other day in the locker room at the Aquatic Center, another woman and I started talking about the Master's swim team we both belong to. It's a coached program of specific drills and timed sets.
We were moaning and groaning about something when she started remembering the team she swam for in high school.
"What about you?" she said. "What were your practices like? Who was your coach?"
"Me?" I said. "I'm a post-Title IX gal. We didn't have girls teams when I went to high school, and certainly not in college. I never had a coach. We played in the streets where we begged the boys to let us play. We sneaked into the gym. We had water ballet."
Then this fellow swimmer, a twenty-something woman, a teacher, stared right at me and asked: "What's Title IX?"
That sort of floored me. Was her question the usual amnesia or rolling of the eyes that some people of the younger persuasion emit when folks like me dare to start talking about the "women's movement" and the enormous effect it's had on our -- make that their -- lives?
Had she really not heard of this major attempt at the federal level to equal things out between men and women? Or did she think we always had such extensive women's programs in our schools and city programs?
I wonder if she knew that in the '60s, at Cornell University's College of Agriculture, for instance, it was commonly known that women could only be admitted with SAT scores 30 to 40 points higher than men.
Or if she knew that women could only get into the University of North Carolina if they lived in a dorm. Except there were very few dorms. And men could live anywhere they wanted.
So what's Title IX? In 1972, Congress passed legislation prohibiting sex discrimination in higher education by adding Title IX to the Education Amendments Act.
Its key stipulation states: "No person in the United States, shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance."
Which meant that all public elementary, secondary and post-secondary schools -- as well as city recreation departments and nonprofit organizations receiving federal funds -- had to offer the same opportunities in sports to girls that they offered to boys.
In my circle -- contemporaries who graduated high school and/or college in the '60s -- Title IX (pronounced Title Nine) was huge. Or at least it was supposed to be.
While girls no longer have to take home economics instead of shop, and elementary schools no longer post girlsí and boysí entrances, women still earn 67 cents to every manís dollar, young girls are still not encouraged to take math and science classes.
And people still point to Title IX -- and the obvious improvements it brought for women in sports -- as the reason for not pushing towards an equal rights amendment.
But level the playing field in sports, it did.
Check it out: Thirty years ago, one in every 27 high school girls played a sport. After Title IX, one out of every 2.5 high school girls is now an athlete. There are now 2.8 million girls in high school who play sports, an 800 percent increase from pre-Title IX days.
So much for the argument that girls didnít play sports because they didnít want to. I knew that 25 years ago when I started giving a class in Chicago entitled, "Sports for Women Who Are Afraid of Sports" (or as one woman told me, "Sports for Women Who Were Afraid to Like Sports").
Tell that to all the girls on all the teams in this city. Tell that to the 12-year-old softball player I know who burns my hand with every throw.
But wouldn't you know it. Despite Title IX, women still receive 42 percent of all athletic opportunities, 42 percent of all scholarship dollars, 36 percent of all sports budgets.
This, while women college students outnumber men on campus 60-to-40. (At Armstrong Atlantic State University, women represent 70 percent of the student body).
Then, to beat the band, there are people who love to blame Title IX for the demise of some menís sports programs and the cutback in some football scholarships.
Not the bloated salaries paid to coaches.
Not the country club locker rooms or the elaborate training facilities.
Not the fact that in very few Division I schools do football program pay for themselves. Many run deficits.
Just last week I heard the head of the NCAA on NPR's "Talk of the Nation" say that out of the 350 largest Division I football programs, only 12 make money.
Still, Iíll admit it. Like most people, my biggest beef is personal.
Darn, I wanted to tell that woman in the locker room: With a little coaching, a lot of hard work, some competition to push me, I COULD HAVE BEEN A CONTENDER!
Jane Fishman can be
reached at email@example.com.
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In Youth, There Comes a Strange Spirit
Space, as after a sprint, intercedes.
Before the start, during the mark
on the blocks, and after the start
have all passed. Breath comes hard
at 400 metres, at a loss to look back.
My grandkids, full of strange spirit,
understand the race, but less a need
to see it through, like a calf's birth,
or the harvest subjected to its ruin,
may never come alive, but stillborn.
The prairie circles the arriving thunder,
the way sky absorbs the starting shot;
the prairie lies prone, in wait for games;
men on the horizon are not near, nor
can they make headway through space.
- Keith Moul 2017
Keith Moul's poems and photos are published widely. Finishing Line Press released his chap, The Future as a Picnic Lunch, in November, 2015. Aldrich Press has published Naked Among Possibilities in August 2016 and has released Not on any Map in August, 2017; Finishing Line published Investment in Idolatry early in 2017. The above poem is from a new work about prairie life through U.S. history, including migration, regional trials/conflicts, character, and attachment to the land.


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I feel like the last four days have been a whirlwind, like I took a break from my life for a moment. With the stress of the move, the wrap of pilot season, and a little bout of insecurity at the modesty of the gains in my career, I needed a little time to check out. In what is perhaps a twist of fate, my Marlin was in town over the weekend. Though I wouldn't trade any second I spent with him these last few days for all the tea in China, I look back over the weekend and my heart fills with pangs of bittersweet.
There are very few things that get my adrenaline pumping quite like walking up to a restaurant knowing that man is inside. Aside from a number of shameless sessions of Facebook stalking (don't
judge, you've done it too), I hadn't seen his face since he was in town
last October, and who knows how long before that. Still, you would have thought I was walking up to meet the President, by the 21 gun salute flip-flopping my stomach. I won't bore you with all the details, but suffice it to say the weekend solidified my growing feelings for him and shed some light that they might actually be reciprocated (although the confirmation came from a friend, not him)... which is ultimately frustrating and painful because neither of us are willing to do anything about it. The three thousand miles between our respective hat hangers is a deal breaker for us both.
there was one twist that may interest you: the group of New York
friends that came out with him for the weekend included a regular cast member on a very famous, long-running television show. I've not watched it in years, so I had no idea who she was, though I started to suspect after it was casually mentioned in passing conversation a few times. It's a tricky situation, because I was genuinely more interested in getting to know a close friend of my Marlin as a person before I got to know her as a moderately famous comedienne, so I didn't press for too many details.
We hit it off immediately. She was incredibly sweet and I wouldn't hesitate for an instant to hang out with her again. The only bummer was her success TOWERED over
mine. Not a bummer for her or our friendship, just for my ego. She
is rapidly becoming a brand name... and I'm still painfully anonymous.
At the dinner table, my dream
man was flanked by her on the right, a hugely successful actress repped
by CAA... and on the left... little ol' me. All of a sudden, I felt
feverishly inadequate and acutely aware of the vast mountain I still had in front of me. As he and I were catching up on the last six months of our lives, the baby step accomplishments that had been so exciting for me somehow seemed like fussing over nothing. All the confidence that normally pumps through my veins retreated into hiding. Neither of them made me feel like I was anything but included, but now that they're gone, I face a little of that actor fear. I work so hard, I'm so talented and still I am barely moving. That, coupled with the painful swallowing of the growing passion for someone who may
never be able to be a significant part of my life, has left me feeling a
little blue, to say the least. AND... I still haven't heard back on
that movie audition I had last week (which my acting coach thought for
sure I'd hear from them).
know this feeling will pass and that hitting a low just means there's a
high on it's way... but I wouldn't be being honest with you guys if I
didn't tell you it sucks. It so difficult to be at it so diligently for
so long and still have such little to show for it, particularly when
we're talking about trying to impress The Marlin.
Well, there's nothing left to do but keep pushing forward. So... let's do that.


text:
2.5" (DN 65) threaded brass cap & chain for protection of male outlet threads on valves and hydrants. Also, prevents entry of foreign material. Specify regional hose thread.
FINISH: Polish Brass
OPTIONS: Cast Brass or Chrome
HOSE THREADS AVAILABLE: CSA, BCT, WCT, QST, NSST, NPSH, NST, Louisville, Cleveland, Chicago, Pittsburgh, New Cincinnati, New York Corp., New York Fire Department, Richmond, Raleigh and Detroit
A= 4.56" (115.75mm)
B= 1.52" (38.58mm)
Wilson & Cousins, HF42B, 2.5" (65mm) brass cap and chain.


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Tavern on the Bay - Naples Premier Tavern and Sports Bar
Tavern on the bay is Goodlette-Frank meets 41.
We had a chance to eat at "Tavern on the Bay" this past weekend. What a fun place. A beautiful view of the bay and all the TV's you can watch. This is a glorified sports bar, the look of a high class restaurant and the atmosphere of a Tavern. (hints the name… Tavern on the Bay)
I had the Grouper plate, with the homemade French Fries. This perfectly fried grouper hit the spot, and the fries were seasoned perfectly. There aren't too many Tavern's in the area that can cook grouper like this. I highly recommend trying it.
I just cannot wait to be able to catch a baseball game here at the Tavern on the bay in a few weeks.
Tavern on the Bay feature all major sports events including NFL, MLB, College Games, NBA and more. Full bar and extensive menu offered from open to close.
Dining in Naples, Florida • Waterfront Restaurants, Bay view Restaurants, Ocean view Restaurants & Oceanfront Restaurants in Naples, FL is what you will find here. This blog has been created as a guide to anyone visiting Naples, Florida to live as locals live while you are here. You will find out the best waterfront restaurants to eat at Naples, ocean front dining, bayfront dining & dining on the gulf. What Naples sites to see, the best beaches in Naples.
Tuesday, February 24, 2009
Tavern on The Bay - Naples, FL
Tavern on the Bay - Naples Premier Tavern and Sports Bar


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Frequent Links
Registered nurse
|The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (October 2014)
A registered nurse (RN) is a nurse who has graduated from a nursing program and has passed a national licensing exam to obtain a nursing license.[1] An RN's scope of practice is determined by local legislation governing nurses, and usually regulated by a professional body or council.
Registered nurses are employed in a wide variety of professional settings, often specializing in their field of practice. They may be responsible for supervising care delivered by other healthcare workers including enrolled nurses, licensed practical nurses, unlicensed assistive personnel, nursing students, and less-experienced RNs.
Registered nurses must usually meet a minimum practice hours requirement and undertake continuing education in order to maintain their registration.[2] Furthermore, there is often a requirement that an RN remain free from serious criminal convictions.[3][4]
The registration of nurses by nursing councils or boards began in the early twentieth century.[citation needed] New Zealand registered the first nurse in 1901 with the establishment of the Nurses Registration Act.[5] Nurses were required to complete three years of training and pass a state-administered examination. Registration ensured a degree of consistency in the education of new nurses, and the title was usually protected by law. After 1905 in California, for example, it became a misdemeanour to claim to be an RN without a certificate of registration.[6]
Registration acts allowed authorities a degree of control over who was admitted to the profession. Requirements varied by location, but often included a stipulation that the applicant must be "of good moral character"[7] and must not have mental or physical conditions that rendered them unable to practice.[8]
As nursing became more of an international profession, with RNs travelling to find work or improved working conditions and wages, some countries began implementing standardized language tests (notably the International English Language Testing System).[9][10]
Nursing registration in Australia has been at a national level since 2010, since the inception of the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA), which forms part of the Australian Health Practitioners Registration Authority (AHPRA). Prior to 2010, Nursing registration in Australia was administered individually by each state and territory.
The title 'Registered Nurse' (also known in the state of Victoria as a 'Division 1 Nurse') is granted to a Nurse who has successfully completed a board approved course in the field of nursing, as outlined by education and registration standards defined by the NMBA. Registered Nurses are also required to meet certain other standards in order to fulfil registration standards as outlined by the NMBA, and these can include continuing professional development, recency of practice, criminal history checks and English language competency.[11]
Nursing Education in Australia is generally at the level of Bachelor Degree, and can range in two to four years in length with three years being the national average. Some Universities offer a two-year 'fast track' bachelor degree, whereby a student will study three years worth of coursework compressed in a two year period. This is made possible by reducing summer and winter semester breaks and utilising three semesters per year compared to two.[12] Some universities also offer combined degrees which allow the graduate to exit the program with a Masters in Nursing, eg: Bachelor of Science/Master of Nursing, and these are generally offered over a four year period.[13]
Postgraduate Nursing education is widespread in Australia and is encouraged by employing bodies such as state health services (eg. New South Wales Health). There are many varying courses and scholarships available which provide a bachelor level Registered Nurse the opportunity to 'up-skill' and assume an extended scope of practice. Such courses are offered at all levels of the post graduate spectrum and range from Graduate Certificate to Masters degree and provide a theoretical framework for a bachelor level Registered nurse to take up an advanced practice position such as Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS), Clinical Nurse Consultant (CNC) and Nurse Practitioner (NP).
In all Canadian provinces except Quebec, new registered nurses are required to have a Bachelor of Science in Nursing.[14] This is either achieved through a four year university (or collaborative) program or through a bridging program for registered practical nurses or licensed practical nurses. Some universities also offer compressed programs for applicants already holding a bachelor's degree in another field.
United Kingdom
United States
In the United States, a registered nurse is a clinician who has completed at least an associate degree in nursing or a hospital-based diploma program. The RN has successfully completed the NCLEX-RN examination for initial licensure. Associate degrees in nursing frequently take three years to complete because of the increased volume of undergraduate coursework related to the profession of nursing. Bachelor of Science in Nursing degrees include more thorough coursework in leadership and community health.
Specialty certification is available through organizations such as the American Nurses Credentialing Center, a subsidiary of the American Nurses Association. After meeting the eligibility requirements and passing the appropriate specialty certification exam, the designation of Registered Nurse – Board Certified (RN-BC) credential is granted.
As of 2011, there are 2.24 million registered nurses in China.[15] In 2008 the United States had approximately three million nurses [16] and Canada had just over 250,000. In the US and Canada this works out to approximately eight nurses per 1000 people. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the job growth rate of registered nurses is 24%, well above the national average of 14%.[17] The highest paid registered nurses in the United States are in California. California cities often comprise the top five highest paying metropolitan areas for registered nurses in the country.[18]
See also
- Advanced practice nurse
- Nurse registry
- Nursing board certification
- Nursing education
- Nursing shortage
- Registered psychiatric nurse
- ^ "Definition of registered nurse – medical practitioner and medicine (US English)". Oxforddictionaries.com. 2012-12-12. Retrieved 2012-12-18.
- ^ "Registered Nurses". College of Registered Nurses of British Columbia. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
- ^ [file:///home/chronos/u-01f2f7a4a262f15e5194e05e75484908a8d3aa9f/Downloads/Nursing-and-Midwifery-Criminal-History-Registration-Standard.PDF "Criminal history registration standard"] (PDF). Nursing and Midwifery Council of Australia. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
- ^ [file:///home/chronos/u-01f2f7a4a262f15e5194e05e75484908a8d3aa9f/Downloads/Requirements%20for%20registration%20as%20a%20registered%20nurse%20-%20Information%20for%20Students.pdf "Requirements for registration as a registered nurse: Information for students."] (PDF). Nursing Council of New Zealand. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
- ^ Kirkman, Allison. "Health practitioners - Nurses and midwives". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
- ^ "History of the Board". California Board of Registered Nursing. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
- ^ "License Requirements: RN & LPN". New York State Education Department. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
- ^ "Register as a nurse: Fitness for registration". Nursing Council of New Zealand. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
- ^ "International English Language Testing". Nursing and Midwifery Council (United Kingdom). Retrieved 11 October 2014.
- ^ Dearnaly, Mathew (2014-07-09). "English language test: 'No xtra time'". New Zealand Herald (APN New Zealand Limited). Retrieved 11 October 2014.
- ^ "Registration and Endorsement". Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia. Australian Health Practitioners Registration Authority. Retrieved 2014-04-04.
- ^ "Fast Track Nursing". Fast Track Nursing. University of Tasmania. Retrieved 2014-04-04.
- ^ "Master of Nursing". Master of Nursing. University of Sydney. Retrieved 2015-04-04.
- ^ "Becoming an RN | Canadian Nurses Association". Cna-aiic.ca. Retrieved 2013-11-29.
- ^ "Statistical Communiqué on the 2011 National Economic and Social Development". stats.gov.cn. National Bureau of Statistics of China. 2012-02-22. Retrieved 2012-09-05.
- ^ "The Registered Nurse Population : Findings from the 2008 National Sample Surveys of Registered Nurses : September 2010" (PDF). Bhpr.hrsa.gov. Retrieved 2013-11-29.
- ^ "Bureau of Labor Statistics". Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2012-13 Edition, Registered Nurses. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
- ^ "Top Paying States and Metropolitan Areas for Registered Nurses". 2013-02-18. Retrieved 2013-02-18.


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Organ Recovery Systems launches new website
We are delighted to announce the launch of our new website at www.organ-recovery.com. Our site design was informed by ideas and inspiration from you, our customers and colleagues throughout the transplant community. We strived to reflect your suggestions and our gratitude and honor for the opportunity to work together to help shape the future of transplantation.
You'll see we've added new resources to the site including video interviews of leading transplant surgeons discussing their LifePort clinical experience and portals for access to the latest clinical data. And hopefully, we've made it easier than ever to find information you want about our full catalogue of LifePort products and services, as well as our leading organ preservation solutions.
From the founding of our company to present day, we remain steadfast in our dedication to advancing organ preservation by developing innovative medical devices and support systems to preserve and protect donor organs, helping clinicians transform outcomes in transplantation.
Organ Recovery Systems is the global market-leading provider of organ preservation products and services, supporting over 200 transplant programs in 28 countries with LifePort Kidney Transporter and the gold-standard in preservation solutions, SPS-1® (UW Solution) and KPS-1® (UW machine perfusion solution).


text:
Adoption Tax Credit
Topic 607 - Adoption Credit and Adoption Assistance Programs
Tax benefits for adoption include both a tax credit for qualified adoption expenses paid to adopt an eligible child and an exclusion from income for employer-provided adoption assistance. The credit is nonrefundable, which means it's limited to your tax liability for the year. However, any credit in excess of your tax liability may be carried forward for up to five years. The maximum amount (dollar limit) for 2016 is $13,460 per child.
Qualified adoption expenses For both the credit and the exclusion, qualified adoption expenses, defined in section 23(d)(1) of the Code, include:
An eligible child is an individual who is under the age of 18, or is physically or mentally incapable of self-care.
Qualified adoption expenses don't include expenses that a taxpayer pays to adopt the child of the taxpayer's spouse.
Qualified adoption expenses include expenses paid by a registered domestic partner who lives in a state that allows same-sex second parent or co-parent to adopt his or her partner's child, as long as those expenses otherwise qualify for the credit.
Income and dollar limitations The credit and exclusion are each subject to an income limitation and a dollar limitation. The income limit on the adoption credit or exclusion is based on your modified adjusted gross income (MAGI). If your MAGI amount for 2016 falls between certain dollar limits, your credit or exclusion is subject to a phaseout (is reduced or eliminated). For tax year 2016, the MAGI phaseout begins at $201,920 and ends at $241,920. Thus, if your MAGI amount is below $201,920 for 2016, your credit or exclusion won't be affected by the MAGI phaseout, whereas if your MAGI amount for 2016 is $241,920 or more, your credit or exclusion will be zero.
You must reduce the dollar limit for a particular year by the amount of qualified adoption expenses paid and claimed in previous years for the same adoption effort. For example, if you claimed a $3,000 credit in connection with a domestic adoption in 2015 and paid an additional $13,460 of qualified adoption expenses in 2016 (when the adoption became final), the maximum credit you can claim in 2016 is $10,460 ($13,460 dollar limit, less $3,000 of qualified adoption expenses claimed in 2015).
In computing the dollar limitation, qualified adoption expenses paid and claimed in connection with an unsuccessful domestic adoption effort must be combined with qualified adoption expenses paid in connection with a subsequent domestic adoption attempt, whether or not the subsequent attempt is successful. For example, assume that in 2014 an individual claimed $8,000 in qualified adoption expenses in an unsuccessful adoption effort. In 2015 and 2016 the individual spent a total of $10,000 in qualified adoption expenses in connection with a successful domestic adoption that became final in 2016. The maximum adoption credit allowable in 2016 is $5,460 ($13,460 dollar limit for 2016 less $8,000 previously claimed.)
The dollar limitation applies separately to both the credit and the exclusion, and you may be able to claim both the credit and the exclusion for qualified expenses. However, you must claim any allowable exclusion before claiming any allowable credit. Expenses used for the exclusion reduce the amount of qualified adoption expenses available for the credit. As a result, you can't claim both a credit and an exclusion for the same expenses. Examples 1, 2, and 3 illustrate these rules.
Example 1. In 2016, the following events occur: (a) You pay $13,460 of qualified adoption expenses in connection with an adoption of an eligible child; (b) your employer reimburses you for $3,460 of those expenses; and (3) the adoption becomes final. Your MAGI amount for 2016 is less than $201,920. Assuming you meet all other requirements, you can exclude $3,460 from your gross income for 2016. However, the expenses allowable for the adoption credit are limited to $10,000 ($13,460 total expenses paid less $3,460 employer reimbursement).
Example 2. The facts are the same as in Example 1, except that you pay $18,460 of qualified adoption expenses and your employer reimburses you for $5,000 of those expenses. Assuming you meet all other requirements, you can exclude $5,000 from your gross income for 2016 and claim a $13,460 adoption credit ($18,460 total expenses paid less $5,000 employer reimbursement).
Example 3. The facts are the same as in Example 1, except that you pay $30,000 of qualified adoption expenses and your employer reimburses you for $13,460 of those expenses. Assuming you meet all other requirements, you can exclude $13,460 from your gross income for 2016. You can also claim a credit of $13,460. Because of the dollar limitation, the remaining $3,080 of expenses ($30,000 total expenses paid, less $13,460 dollar-limited exclusion, less $13,460 dollar-limited credit), can never be used for either the exclusion or the adoption credit.
Timing rules: For what tax year can you claim the credit? The tax year for which you can claim the credit depends on the following:
As a result of the timing rules, qualified adoption expenses allowable in the current year may include expenses paid in a former year or years. Example 4 illustrates the difference between the domestic and the foreign timing rules.
Example 4. An adoptive parent pays qualified adoption expenses of $3,000 in 2014, $4,000 in 2015, and $5,000 in 2016. In 2016, the adoption becomes final.
If the adoption in Example 4 is domestic, the $3,000 of expenses paid in 2014 is allowable in 2015 (the year after the year of payment), and may be claimed as a credit on the parent's 2015 tax return. The adoptive parent claims both the $4,000 paid in 2015 and the $5,000 paid in 2016 as a credit on his or her 2016 tax return. The $4,000 paid in 2015 is allowable in 2016 (the year after the year of payment); the $5,000 paid in 2016 is allowable in 2016 (the year of finalization). Accordingly, nothing is allowable in 2014, $3,000 is allowable in 2015, and $9,000 ($4,000 plus $5,000) is allowable in 2016. The $3,000 allowable in 2015 reduces 2015 tax liability, with any excess being carried forward into 2016. Similarly, the $9,000 allowable in 2016 (plus any carried-forward amount from 2015) reduces the 2016 tax liability, with any excess credit, from either year, being carried forward into later years. If the adoption in Example 4 is foreign, the adoptive parent may claim all $12,000 in qualified adoption expenses ($3,000 paid in 2014, $4,000 paid in 2015, and $5,000 in 2016) on the adoptive parent's 2016 tax return, because 2016 is the year when the adoption becomes final.
If the adoptive parent pays an additional $2,000 in qualified adoption expenses in 2017, then that $2,000 is allowable in 2018 (subject to the 2017 MAGI and dollar limitations), whether the adoption is domestic or foreign.
Adoption of U.S. children that a state has determined to have special needs If you adopt a U.S. child that a state has determined to have special needs, you're generally eligible for the maximum amount of credit in the year of finality. Thus, if the adoption of a child whom a state has determined has special needs becomes final in 2016, the maximum credit allowable generally would be $13,460. However, the maximum amount will be reduced by any qualified adoption expenses you claimed for the same child in a prior year or years, and the MAGI limitation may apply.
If you adopt a child whom a state has determined has special needs, and if your employer has a written qualified adoption assistance program, you may be eligible for the exclusion, even if you or your employer didn't pay any qualified adoption expenses.
A child has special needs for purpose of the adoption expenses if:
Filing status To determine your filing status, see Publication 501, Exemptions, Standard Deductions, and Filing Information, and What Is My Filing Status?
If you filed your return using the married filing separately filing status in the year particular qualified adoption expenses are first allowable, you can't claim the credit or exclusion for those particular expenses. You may need to file an amended return to change to a qualifying filing status within the period of limitations.
Example 5. Husband and wife pay qualified adoption expenses of $3,000 in 2014, $4,000 in 2015, and $5,000 in 2016. In 2016, the domestic adoption becomes final. They have filed married filing separately for all prior tax years.
On the 2016 tax return they file married filing jointly and only $9,000 ($4,000 paid in 2015 and $5,000 paid in 2016) of the expenses qualify for 2016. Since they filed married filing separately in 2015 and the $3,000 paid in 2014 is first allowable for 2015, they can't claim the adoption credit for those expenses unless they change their filing status to married filing jointly for 2015.
Form 8839 and instructions To claim the adoption credit or exclusion, complete Form 8839 (PDF), Qualified Adoption Expenses, and attach the form to your Form 1040 (PDF), U.S. Individual Income Tax Return, or Form 1040NR (PDF), U.S. Nonresident Alien Income Tax Return. The Form 8839 Instructions contain additional information about the adoption credit and exclusion.
Cited verbatim from the IRS Website
Adoption home study
Utah Home Study
Surviving an Adoption Home Study
Believe it or not, you don't need to be a Martha Stewart clone to pass an adoption home study in Utah. The idea of a stranger coming into my home to see whether I was "suitable for a kid" terrorized me. Do I own fitting Tupperware? Are the corners of my fireplace equipped with security guards? Is the water in the toilet bowl the best color of aqua? I was a nervous wreck, to say the least.
Simply said, a home study is a process used to review the lives of future adoptive parents. Although home studies are required for both service and non-agency adoptions, the strategy to conducting a home study varies. Adoption agencies have the independence to develop procedures, policies, and their particular program packet within the rules of the state. They generally provide their own particular caseworkers to conduct the home studies. The home study itself is a written report of the findings of a social worker that has met with you and your partner (and all other children in your family) on several occasions, with at least one assembly taking place in your house.
To prepare for the home study procedure, you'll probably need to supply the following:
1) Written autobiography (of both future parents)
Most agencies provide guidelines or a format to use, but the bottom line is you've got to write about YOU. Describe your previous and current relationship with your parents, your siblings, your extended family, how you were raised, how you were disciplined, your education, how your extended family feels about your adoption interests, your future aims, your religious affiliation, your work and hobbies, your support network, your neighborhood or community, your exposure or involvement with kids in the past and present, why you wish to adopt a kid, how you have concluded feelings about infertility, anticipated relationship with the kid's birth parents, and whatever else you think speaks about you as someone and would-be parent. During a home study visit, you might be asked for additional information regarding the pieces you've written about.
2) Records
You must have documentation of birth certificates and marriage licenses.
3) References
You'll need to supply letters from 4-5 folks who can attest to your ability to love and raise a youngster and understand you. Attempt to pick individuals who have observed you with kids, who have known you for several years, who are in favor of your adoption strategies and understand.
4) Medical advice
A current physical examination.
The home study in Utah is normally finished before a youngster is identified and referred to the adoptive parents. Before the social worker came to run our home study visit our daughter had been in our house for almost 2 weeks. He was familiar with our house and lived in our neighborhood as it turned out. We talked about the amazing donut store across the corner and our recent trip to Argentina. He made polite remarks about the state of our teen's room also walked through our house, and checked the locks on the gate around our pool. As soon as I admitted to him how nervous I was about the visit, he said "We want to seek out dwellings suitable and loving for kids. Our job would be to assist you to pass, not look for your faults.
So recall those words that are wise, and most importantly, be yourself. There is a child out there ready to come into your house that is loving and suitable. You will pass your adoption in Utah too.
Nathan Peterson, LCSW
Nathan Peterson
Welcome To The Blog! Here you will read everything about Adoption.


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I was introduced to these amazing illustrators from the 50's and 60's
by my husband a while a go .
Marie-Claire Lefort and Marie-Francine Oppeneau
created incredible Posters, cards and other things
under the name of Lefor-Openo
I fell crazy in love as soon as I saw their great illustrations.
We looked everywhere for their commercial posters but they were so out of our budget.
Luckily I found a couple of reproductions in Tokyo few years ago, I wish I had bought more 🙁
I even got on a argument with my friend because we both wanted
the same posters.
Finally I framed them like 7 years later…..
We currently place this Noel illustration in our mantel
this added a final touch to our Christmas decor.
This other one we have in our kitchen by our breakfast nook.
Bela's favorite since She loooves bread!
We also own 2 small original lithographs we got from Paris.
These are some more images for you to enjoy!
This one is Brigitte Bardot.


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London Insiders: Camella Agabalyan, Marketing manager for Citadel Festival
Our next interview in our series links in with Citadel Festival which starts off this Sunday! Citadel takes place in the beautiful greenery of Victoria Park in the middle of the East End of London. Headliners include Sigur Ros and Caribou. We had a quick chat with Citadel's Marketing Manager, Camella Agabalyan.
How did you acquire your role and what do you enjoy most about it? I used to work at VICE and run events for them which included music festivals. I actually ended up working with MAMA on a few of theirs like The Great Escape and Lovebox but as a media partner. The Marketing position then came about at Lovebox and Clare Lusher brought me in for a chat and it all went from there really. I think what I enjoy the most is that we're very lucky to all be getting along so well as a team and it really does feel like a family when you're working together onsite across the country. In terms of campaigns though I love the creative freedom we are given to really develop brands in terms of design, brand values, voice etc.
Do you have any tips for those looking for a similar role? Organisation is key! Especially when working on different festivals. You have so many things to think about and you're lucky to be involved in so many different parts of the festival whether it be bookings, PR, Marketing, production, creative etc. And I always find it important to ensure your whole team has a voice and everyone's opinion is respected. Politeness can go a long way.
What is the best London based event you have worked on? I think my favourite project so far has been Citadel. It's been really exciting bringing a festival to London that's so different from anything else. We've worked so hard to curate the perfect Summer Sunday that showcases all the best aspects of London whether that be food, drink, comedy, debates, workshops and of course music. It's only been our second year but the feedback has been so positive I'm really looking forward to seeing everyone in the park on Sunday.
How has it been working on Citadel Festival? Working for Citadel has been really interesting. As I said above it's been a real task for our team to curate such a varied one-dayer in terms of creative programming. Our idea was always to bring a little bit of Wilderness (Citadel's sister festival) to London. I'm absolutely in love with what Citadel stands for and feel like we've developed such a strong brand and I am completely obsessed with the artwork too. It's also been really fun getting so many great partners on board such as Communion, Soundcrash or Sunday Papers Live as it adds more layers to what we plan.
If you could only eat at one London restaurant for the rest of your life, which one would it be? There are so many good restaurants in London it's hard to choose. I guess I'd have to go for a favourite local one of mine called Rotorino which serves great Italian food, has a great wine and cocktail selection and also décor is right up my street.
Do you have any must visit spots for new Londoners? I think if you are new to London you are going to be ridiculously overwhelmed with what's on offer. First Thursdays are always really fun and it's a great way to meet people and check out some great exhibitions. Or if you have no weekend plans then head to Hackney Wick for some cocktail cruises or Chatsworth Road is lots of fun.
What do you love most about living in London? I moved from Paris to London when I was 18 so the stakes were high to find another city that could beat my hometown. I think what I enjoy the most about living in London is how lucky we are in terms of what's on offer for people to do. The city is ever changing with bars, restaurants, clubs, gigs and happenings unlike anywhere else I've lived in before. I've also been lucky enough to live all around London and we are blessed with really strong local communities – every experience I've had has been very different.
Wed like to thank Camella for sparing the time to chat with us. If you're eager to attend Citadel Fest buy tickets here: citadelfestival.com


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Live from Moscow
The Celebration of Yuri Gagarin and Transnational Television in Europe
Media and Communication Studies
Södertörn University
141 89 Huddinge
Abstract: On April 14th, 1961, television viewers across Europe watched live images of Yuri Gagarin being celebrated on the Red Square in Moscow. The broadcast was made possible by the linking of the Intervision and Eurovision television networks, which was the result of cooperation between broadcasters on both sides of the Iron Curtain. By looking into how the co-operation between the OIRT and EBU was gradually developed between 1957 and 1961 this article engages with the interplay between cultural, legal and technological aspects of broadcasting and how the transnational broadcast of Gagarin's return to Moscow was made possible. The article furthermore argues the need to understand early television in Europe as a dialectic between the national and the transnational and shows how the live transmission network binding the East and West together was the result of an interplay between structures provided by transnational organisations such as the OIRT and EBU, and initiatives by national broadcasting organisations.
Keywords: programme exchange, EBU, OIRT, transnational broadcasting, television history
According to one of the technicians involved, Jerzy Rutkowski, the television link between Tallinn and Helsinki was set up with only a few hours notice. 1 It was used in a broadcast organised through of a number of phone calls and a 'chain of goodwill', showing live images of the first man in space, Yuri Gagarin , as he returned to Moscow and was celebrated by his fellow countrymen. 2 The broadcast, on 14 April 1961, marks the inception of a live transnational television link between the Soviet Union and Western Europe. Even though at the time only temporary, the link between Tallinn and Helsinki was the first junction of the Intervision and Eurovision television networks. The networks were initiatives of Europe's two main broadcasting organisations, International Organisation for Radio and Television (OIRT), which established Intervision in 1960, and the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) which established Eurovision in 1954. Television programme exchanges up to this date had been of recorded material and not live images of events happening in front of television viewers across Europe and people in Moscow at the same time.
There are no reasons to believe that Rutkowski was not telling the truth, last minute telephone calls were surely placed in order to make sure that the broadcast was possible. A similar account is given by another technician involved, Kari Ilmonen who at the time worked for YLE in Finland, explaining that 'the TV transmission from Tallinn was received on the roof of the Pasila Water Tower using an ordinary TV set and the signal was fed via a microwave link to Eurovision'. 3 Rutkowski and Ilmonen both emphasise the material aspect of the broadcast, phone calls placed and antennas adjusted, but do not engage in the novelty of the broadcast being a transnational co-operation between broadcasting organisations on both sides of the Iron Curtain. 4 By referring to a 'chain of goodwill' the organisation of the broadcast is portrayed as a matter of personal relations rather than the result of transnational co-operation. But the linkage of Intervision and Eurovision had been discussed extensively during a number of years and the 1961 broadcast must be seen in this longer historical context, not only as the result of an ad hoc technological solution and personal communications and relations. This is not meant as yet another argument concerning technological determinism, or a wish to downplay the importance of the work carried out by Rutkowski, Ilmonen and other technicians involved. This particular case is a good example of how technology is important for developing new means of communication, but that there are also a number of other aspects to take into consideration. 5 The political reality of the Cold War had long prevented a transnational television link through the Iron Curtain, but the sensational orbital flight of Gagarin seemed to have removed some of the political obstacles and made co-operation possible. By looking into how the co-operation between the OIRT and EBU was gradually developed between 1957 and 1961 this article engages with the interplay between cultural, legal and technological aspects of broadcasting and how the transnational broadcast of Gagarin's return to Moscow was made possible.
The complexity of television and the importance of acknowledging the interplay between culture and technology, as well as politics and economy, is well established. However, to a large extent the historical relations between, for instance, culture and technology are explored in national contexts, which have motivated critique from scholars within the field of television history. Michele Hilmes, for instance, takes issue with the national perspective, arguing that 'the media historians frequently adopt a national perspective blindly' and that the transnational, rather than the national, 'shaped core values, aesthetics, and practises within each national tradition'. 6 While Hilmes' interest lies in the transnational relations between broadcasters in the US and UK, others have focused on transnational broadcasting in (Western) Europe. 7 In this article, then, I argue that the broadcast of Gagarin's return to Moscow highlights the need to understand early television in Europe as a dialectic between the national and the transnational. 8
1 Live And Direct: Space Man Celebrations
Until 14 April 1961 the Intervision and Eurovision networks were not linked together. Intervision was born in 1960 when television organisations from four East European countries (Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary and Poland) were linked together, and the broadcast of Gagarin signalled the entrance of a fifth country, the Soviet Union. Eurovision was formed in 1954 and in 1961 it had members from 18 countries in Western Europe. According to Ernest Eugster one of the reasons for relaying the broadcast via Finland and Sweden and further on to the rest of Europe was that the Soviet Union at this time lacked a direct link to the Intervision network. 9 However, as we will see below, there are more incentives than just being able to reach the members of Intervision, not least the opportunity to join the two networks and thereby create the possibility to reach viewers in Western Europe.
When it was announced that the Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin had successfully orbited the earth in 108 minutes and then returned safely to earth it was immediately recognised as part of the symbolic struggle during the Cold War. A few days prior to the orbital flight rumours spread from Moscow that the first man in space was soon due, or perhaps even already a fact. After the achievement Gagarin was celebrated, both in the Soviet Union and internationally, as a hero and as an incarnation of modernity. In the political arena Soviet communism continued to secure its position as the most fertile soil for technological advancement and fostering of a modern society, and the United States of America seemed to be hopelessly behind in the space race. This aspect of Gagarin's historical flight is often discussed in research on the space race and Cold War history. 10 But it was not only the space flight that accentuated the achievement of Soviet engineering and technology, the less often discussed live television broadcast was a similar symbolic victory that underlined the ambiguous position of television as both a promise and threat in the Cold War era. 11
The broadcast showed live images of Gagarin's motorcade from the airport, as well as the celebrations in the Red Square. 12 Recorded images and announcements from a news studio interrupted the live feed from time to time. Initially the broadcast had some quality problems with the image breaking up and making the events on the screen difficult to discern. The sound was divided into street sounds and three layers of commentary: Russian and English in the original feed and then the commentators from the receiving country on top of that. 13 However, my interest in this article is not primarily concerned with the broadcast itself, but rather with how it was made possible and how the co-ordination between OIRT and EBU was realised.
In many respects the celebrations of Gagarin are similar to other early media events, such as the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953 or the so-called Calais Experiment in August 1950 when a live feed was transmitted from Calais to the UK. 14 Whereas these examples have been canonised and often discussed in literature on television history, the celebration of Gagarin is rarely mentioned. I find this somewhat peculiar and would argue that the celebrations of Gagarin and the live transmission through the Iron Curtain may be considered as just as important in television history. Just as the earlier transnational media events, the celebrations depended upon extensive collaboration and co-ordination between broadcasters, but being an event penetrating the Iron Curtain adds yet another dimension: the necessity to overcome Cold War tensions and cultural and political differences.
2 The EBU Archive In Geneva
Even when carried out on a routine basis and within a well established framework, television production is a complex undertaking. The broadcast from the Red Square was the first of its kind and included a number of novelties – most of the people involved are unlikely to have had a clear idea of the details of the broadcast beforehand. After more than 50 years the task of trying to understand the transnational co-operation leading up to the event is truly delicate. As with any historical research the account given is the result of a particular perspective, since certain perspectives and certain records are prioritised over others. 15
This article is based upon research carried out in the archives at the EBU headquarters in Geneva which today hold records both of the EBU and the OIRT. When OIRT ceased to exist in the early 1990s OIRT and EBU merged into one organisation. 16 The merging brought their archives under the same roof and the records of the OIRT are today part of the same archive as the EBU records.
The records referred to in the article present but one aspect of the transnational relations that made the broadcast possible. Even though the documents discussed are rich and provide valuable insights in how the transnational television network in Europe came into being, a wider empirical focus would paint a fuller picture of the complex broadcast events. Due to restrictions in space this article is limited to the minutes from two meetings of great importance to the emerging co-operation and co-ordination of transnational television in Europe.
The following sections present a close reading of the reports from two of the meetings leading up to the 1961 broadcast. The first is an unofficial meeting of the technical committees of OIRT and EBU in 1957 while the second took place in early 1960 and brought together not only the technical representatives but also the legal and programme committees of the two organisations. The main part of the documents used stem from the EBU, but press releases and other documents from the OIRT confirm the statements made in the reports of the EBU committees.
3 Synchronised Engineering: The OIRT-EBU Meeting In Helsinki 1957
The technical committees of OIRT and EBU met for the first time in early February 1957 in Helsinki in order to discuss matters of information exchange and technical co-ordination. The meeting was the result of a Finnish proposition and deliberately chosen to be informal and with a small number of representatives from both organisations. Six members of the respective technical committees were present during the meeting, and two observers attended on behalf of Finnish television.
According to the Final Report of the meeting four points were on the agenda: 1) exchange of long-wave and medium-wave reports and lists of stations, 2) exchange of lists of VHF stations in Band I, II, and III, 3) exchange of measurements of long-wave and medium-wave ionospheric propagation, 4) exchanges of views on matters suitable for future agendas. 17 The discussion was thus directed towards co-ordination of information and how to avoid interference between both radio and television stations, especially concerning stations close to east-west borders. The fourth point on the agenda also spurred the issue of how to proceed with the co-operation and information exchange between the two organisations and the OIRT suggested three measures to be taken, among which one was to regularly visit each other's technical committee meetings. The delegation from EBU, however, did not agree to this proposition and referred to the Administrative Council of the EBU, which had to authorise such a plan. In a later document of EBU's technical committee it is clear that the EBU considers the proposition of future points of discussion as 'not desirable', 'premature' or 'a matter for the Administration'. 18
In the following years the EBU occasionally complained that the OIRT did not respect the agreements of the Helsinki meeting, especially concerning ionospheric propagation, which was considered a reason not to expand the common activities any further. Even though the meeting in 1957 for the most part concerned information exchange and technological issues in relation to interference and propagation it also meant an opening for future collaboration and a recognition of television as a cross-border or transnational matter. Later, the meeting is referred to as a first step and an important and successful event where representatives from the two organisations first started to share information and competence. Thus, even if the meeting formally could only be considered a partial success (since only some of the points were fulfilled to the extent agreed upon) it is accredited with importance in hindsight. One reason for this is of course the actual co-operation that was initiated, even though to a lesser extent than hoped for, but perhaps more importantly the meeting could be regarded as an ice-breaker where representatives got to share each other's viewpoints and also started to build social relations that made future co-operation run more smoothly.
4 Expanded Networking: The OIRT-EBU Meeting In Geneva 1960
Three years later, in early February 1960, it was time for another meeting between the OIRT and EBU, this time in Geneva. It was a formal meeting with a more extensive agenda and delegates from respective technical, legal and programme committees participated. While the agenda of the Helsinki-meeting had a particular focus on technical issues the Geneva-meeting was instead entirely devoted to various aspects of programme exchange and possible co-operation within this field. The first two points of the five-point agenda concerned possibilities of exchange of radio and television programmes and films, as well as mutual transmission of sports events. The two following points were of a more technical character, addressing technical problems and means of measuring and controlling transnational television networks. The fifth and final point concerned legal aspects of transnational programme exchanges. 19 Besides widening the agenda to include programme matters and legal aspects of transnational broadcasting it also meant a greater emphasis on the content of the exchanges.
The Geneva-meeting is documented in three appendices, one from each committee, describing the proceedings during the four-day long meeting. As it seems, the discussions during the meeting only followed the initial agenda to a certain degree and the reports reflect the ongoing discussions rather than the set agenda. The reports differ significantly from each other; not only due to their shifting interest areas, but also in the ways problems are being addressed. The legal committees, for instance, refer most of the issues back to bilateral agreements rather than try to incorporate them into organisation-wide policies. The technical committees instead emphasise the role of the EBU and OIRT and possible co-operation between the two organisations, even if bilateral solutions are recommended in some cases. The programme committees often chose a middle ground, suggesting a general framework supported by the OIRT and EBU, but leaving it up to the member organisations to make bilateral agreements if necessary.
During the meeting the committees engaged in questions of programme exchanges in relation to their respective expertise. As mentioned, the legal committee referred most issues or problems back to bilateral agreements between the broadcasting organisations and their respective national legislators, directly involved in the exchanges. The meeting discussed 'grand droits' and 'petit droits', 20 as well as exchange of actualities and television films, mainly in relation to copyright issues, often noting that legislation varies between countries in the two organisations. 21 The report ends with the following statement: 'In conclusion, it is noted that programme exchanges between member organisations of the OIRT and the EBU will be governed by the legal conditions obtaining in the countries involved'. 22 In terms of legal issues, at least those discussed during the meeting, it is thus difficult to bypass the national legislations and create a transnational legal framework that runs parallel to those of the respective member countries.
The report from the meeting of the programme committees is divided into two main parts, one dealing with exchange of radio broadcasts, the other with television broadcasts. They are structured in similar ways, both discussing different types of programmes that could be exchanged. There are three points reported in relation to television programme exchanges: 1) direct exchanges, 2) exchanges of television recordings, and 3) exchanges of actualities. These three types of exchanges cut somewhat differently, where direct exchanges incorporate different genres such as cultural, scientific and sports events. Actualities could be regarded as one such genre that would be included by the term direct exchanges but was apparently considered a large and important enough issue to earn its own heading in the report. The main conclusion of the meeting was that the two organisations would systematically exchange lists of programmes deemed suitable for exchange between member organisations. The member organisations could then choose between the programmes on offer, and the exchange would normally go 'through the intermediary of respective secretariat', but not excluding 'direct exchanges between member organisations, which inform their respective secretariat thereof.' 23 Here then, the OIRT and EBU are willing to take an active part in the programme exchanges, organising information exchanges and also suggesting the secretariats as central nodes in the exchanges. However, the sovereignty of individual member organisations is protected by means of keeping the possibility of bilateral agreements open at all times and in effect bypassing all efforts made by the EBU and OIRT.
The technical committees have a head start due to their ongoing collaborations since the Helsinki-meeting in 1957 and this is the area in which the organisations have most experience both regarding technical co-operation and co-ordination and negotiations of respective agendas. There are four main points of the agenda, starting with 'Operational questions regarding the mutual exchange of television programmes', followed up by a similar point regarding sound broadcasts and a follow-up discussion of the Helsinki-meeting three years earlier. The report ends with a discussion of 'Additional matters for future study'. 24 The discussion regarding television programme exchange is by far the lengthiest and includes exchanges of maps of respective networks as well as exchanges of conducts of practice. Other issues include co-ordination of test signals and broadcasts. Just as in 1957 a great deal of the meeting was set aside to discuss the exchange and co-ordination of information but it is also evident that some important measures towards creating a permanent network for television exchange were taken, for instance regarding the ordering of and payment of circuits.
Few places in any of the three reports witness differences of opinion between the two organisations. The only visible trace of such differences appear in the report from the meeting of the technical committees where the OIRT opened the meeting by suggesting five terminal points for Intervision/Eurovision junctions. The report of EBU's technical committee concludes on the different points that need to be negotiated by the countries involved (see figure 1)
Figure 1: Report of the Meeting of Technical Delegates, Geneva, 6 Feb 1960. 25
The discussion regarding the junctions is a good example of the tension between the national and the transnational. Regarding most issues the representatives of the OIRT and EBU were able to make agreements without having to refer them back to the national broadcasters (or other national bodies), as far as it had to do with programme matters or technical issues other than the actual linking of the two networks. The permanent junctions suggested by the OIRT included five links, from Hungary and Austria in the south to East Germany and Denmark in the north. However, the suggestion presented by the OIRT was clearly too sensitive to be decided upon during the meeting and the EBU therefore referred it back to the national PTTs. It is notable that the junction eventually linking the two networks is not mentioned in the discussions. The Tallinn/Helsinki link was put into use 14 months later but then comes as a near surprise to the EBU. 26
The link is first mentioned in a report of Working Party L of the technical committee of the EBU, which was released on 4 February 1961 (see figure 2). The matter was brought up during the meeting by Mr. Arni, a delegate from YLE in Finland, who said that 'the working party might like to know of the situation concerning an East/West link between Estonia and Finland'. 27 Arni explained that the link would be taken into service in May 1961 and that it is reversible with five minutes notice, and that it could be 'extended to Sweden outside Yleisradio programme hours' and 'occasionally as an international vision junction linking Moscow and the Eurovision network'. Mr. Mathews from Independent Television Companies' Association (ITCA) in the UK confirmed Arni's information and added that his company planned a unilateral transmission from London to Moscow in May 1961. 28
Figure 2: Report on the Tenth Meeting of Working Party L, Paris, 4 Feb 1961. 29
So, even though the possibility of linking broadcast networks on both sides of the Iron Curtain had been on the agenda since 1957 the final realisation of such a network was created with little direct involvement of the OIRT and EBU. One way of understanding this would be to accept Rutkowski's testimony regarding the link as the result of an ad-hoc co-operation of technicians in the national contexts of broadcasting. However, as evident from the minutes of the meetings of the OIRT and EBU in both 1957 and 1960 there were efforts made during these years to find common ground in respect of both legal, technical and programme matters. In some instances advances were made, for instance regarding technical information exchange and less politically charged programme exchanges. In other instances the co-operation soon came to a grinding halt, such as the proposed junctions by the OIRT, which was clearly too sensitive to be accepted by the EBU. Even though the transnational co-operation was only partly realised I would argue that the meetings paved the way for the actualisation of the networks that were eventually established in April 1961. The negotiations and discussions during the meetings can be said to have created a protocol, 30 i.e. a common understanding of how television could be part of a future transnational network. Here it is not only a matter of technical problem solving, getting the signal through, dealing with live conversion, etc., but also about finding common understandings and expectations on television as a transnational medium. Furthermore, it is likely that the meetings played an important role in creating social relations between representatives of the two organisations, relations without which the 'chain of goodwill' Rutkowski referred to probably would not exist.
5 The Gagarin Lessons
What do we learn by studying the broadcast of Gagarin's return to Moscow? One of the vantage points of this article was the observation that television history and theory have often neglected transnational co-operation and co-ordination and that the national perspectives have been all too dominant within the field. The meetings between the OIRT and the EBU in 1957 and 1960 demonstrate the tension and ambivalence between the national and transnational that was built into the entire process of making live cross-border broadcasting possible. As we have seen, the two organisations were quite willing to develop some transnational relations and a common understanding regarding the future development of European television, while other areas remained off limits.
So, then, how can the tensions and ambivalences regarding the national and transnational best be described and understood? The ambition to create a transnational broadcast network joining the Intervision of Eastern Europe and the Eurovision of Western Europe was the overarching objective of both meetings and was shared by both organisations. However, there are a number of obstacles that present themselves when the three committees of the organisations work through their agendas during the meetings. Some issues were more likely to be solved within a common framework than others. The actual exchange of broadcasts demanded a common practice and understanding since they, in a more direct way, incorporated a need to overcome cultural and political differences.
Also, the process of transnationalisation clearly moves at different paces depending on which area is concerned. In order to organise a transnational broadcast a number of different actors need to be involved. I have demonstrated how advances in technical co-operation were achieved faster, for instance, than agreements over legal matters. In other words, some areas are more likely to be dealt with through transnational co-operation than others, where legal issues more often than not had to be referred back to national organisations. The third group of experts dealt with programme matters and this is perhaps the area in which the ambivalence shows most clearly. A recurring formulation in the minutes from the programme committees states that the matters could be solved by the larger broadcast organisations, but that they may as well be left to the national broadcasters and bilateral agreements. Here, then, it is obvious that the programme committee was cautious not to risk the sovereignty of their member organisations.
Overall the meetings in 1957 and 1960 were characterised by an effort to find ways to co-operate. I would argue that the collaboration between the OIRT and EBU provided a general structure of understanding and endorsed the creation of an infrastructure linking the Eastern and Western television networks. Programme exchanges between the organisations and their members were considered an important development of the European television landscape and were discussed extensively from technical, legal and cultural viewpoints. The live transmission network binding the East and West together, as well as the actual programme exchanges, can thus be seen as an outcome of the structures provided by the OIRT and EBU. But at the same time the live broadcasts, such as Gagarin's return to Moscow, were to a large extent the result of bi-lateral agreements and co-operation. However, in order to get a better grasp of how the programme exchanges across the Iron Curtain were produced more research is needed, including not only the multi-national perspectives of the EBU and OIRT but also perspectives and viewpoints of the broadcasting organisations involved, textual analysis of the broadcasts themselves and secondary media, etc.
Beside widening and deepening the empirical foundations, such a study would benefit from taking into account some of the theoretical implications of the broadcast of Gagarin's return. Already the realisation of such a broadcast forces us to reconsider our understanding of television. For instance, it is clear that television not only has national histories but also transnational histories. 31 As noted in the opening paragraphs, the celebration of Gagarin marks the inception of a television network stretching all over Europe and shows that we have to understand television as a transnational medium already in the early 1960s, if not earlier. But the case of Gagarin and the broadcast of his celebrations add yet another dimension: the transnational is not confined to the broadcasting systems of Western Europe and the United States, but also have to include co-operation between broadcasters on both sides of the Iron Curtain. In short, we need to do away with ideas of television in Eastern and Western Europe as separate and distinct spheres.
This article has provided but a short glimpse of the broadcast events taking place in April 1961. Its limited scope leaves a long range of questions unanswered and it is my hope that the story presented here can serve as one of many possible vantage points for further studies of the history of transnational television.
Lars Lundgren is Assistant Professor of Media and Communication Studies at Södertörn University, Sweden. His current research focuses on early transnational television in Europe and specifically on programme exchange across the Iron Curtain during the 1960s. He is conducting the research project Through the Iron Curtain: Early Transnational Broadcasting and Television Discourses , funded by the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation (www.rj.se) .
- Jerzy Rutkowski was chief engineer of Polish television and interviewed by Ernest Eugster in Geneva, November 1976 (cited in Ernest Eugster, Television Across National Boundaries: The EBU and OIRT Experience, Artech House, 1983, p. 108).↑
- The video on YouTube shows a Soviet edited newsreel published by the BFI. However, the images shown are basically the same as the live broadcast, only with significantly better sound and pictures.↑
- Kari Ilmonen, 'The Basis of it All – Technology', in Raimo Endén et al, eds, Yleisradio 1926-1996: History of Broadcasting in Finland, WSOY, 1996, p. 255.↑
- To be fair, Rutkowski's account is presented by the words of Ernest Eugster, 1983. ↑
- Brian Winston argues convincingly for the need to understand the relation between technology and society. Brian Winston, Media, Technology and Society: A History: From the Telegraph to the Internet, Routledge, 1998.↑
- Michele Hilmes, Network Nations: A Transnational History of British and American Broadcasting, Routledge, 2012, p. 3. ↑
- Jonathan Bignell & Andreas Fickers, eds, A European Television History, Blackwell, 2008; Wolfgang Degenhardt & Elisabeth Strautz, Auf der Suche nach dem europäischen Programm: Die Eurovision 1954-1970, Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1999; Andreas Fickers & Catherine Johnson 'Transnational Television History: A Comparative Approach', Media History, 16, 1, 2010.↑
- Other studies of the transnational history of European television are presented by Sonja de Leeuw, 'Transnationality in Dutch (Pre)Television', Media History, 16, 1, 2010, and Christian Henrich-Franke, 'Creating Transnationality Through an International Organization? The European Broadcasting Union's (EBU) Television Programming Activities', Media History, 16, 1, 2010. ↑
- Eugster 1983, p. 108. ↑
- James L. Kaufmann, Selling Outer Space: Kennedy, the Media and Funding for Project Apollo, 1961-1963, The University of Alabama Press, 1994; Asif A Siddiqi, Challenge to Apollo: The Soviet Union and the Space Race, 1945-1974, NASA History Section, 2000, p. 282. ↑
- The fears and hopes of television are made clear in a statement of the Sprague Committee in the United States, which in August 1960 warned 'the linkage of the Soviet television system with Eurovision will create in the future a significant problem that has not existed in the past' (cited in James Schwoch, Global TV: New Media and the Cold War 1946-69, University of Illinois Press, 2009, p. 116). ↑
- The broadcast available in the EUscreen database is a recording provided by The Swedish Media Database at the National Library of Sweden. An edited version of the broadcast, as shown in the United States, is available on YouTube. Furthermore, EUScreen also archives the Swedish newscast from the evening of the orbital flight, i.e. two days prior to the live broadcast from Moscow. ↑
- At least in Sweden and the Netherlands, which are the two countries that I have managed to get hold of recordings from so far.↑
- The link was put into more permanent use two years later when viewers on both sides of the channel could watch the same programmes simultaneously during a week in July 1952. See further the article 'Reading Between the Lines: A Transnational History of the Franco-British "etente cordiale" in Post-war Television', by Andreas Fickers and Andy O'Dwyer in this issue. See also Andreas Fickers, 'National Barriers for an Imag(e)ined European Community: The Techo-Political Frames of Postwar Television Development in Europe', in Lennard Højbjerg & Henrik Søndergaard et al, eds, European Film and Media Cultures, Museum Tusculanums Press, 2006; Heinrich-Franke 2010.↑
- Jason Jacobs, "The Television Archive: Past, Present, Future", in Critical Studies in Television, 1, 1, 2006. ↑
- David Wood, 'OIRT-UER',Diffusion Online 2003/36, EBU, 2003.↑
- Archive of the European Broadcasting Union, Geneva (hereafter EBU), 'Final Report of an Unofficial Meeting of Representatives of the O.I.R.T. and E.B.U. Technical Committees, Helsinki, February 1957', box CA PV 2 Anglais 1957/1960, 28th Jan 1957, Appendix 8 (otherwise unmarked). ↑
- EBU, C.T./127-Com.T./16-C.A./464, 'Report of the Bureau of the Technical Committee', p. 18, appendix to EBU, O.A./1103-C.A./483, 'Sixteenth Meeting of the Administrative Council', 5th Jul 1957. ↑
- EBU, O.A./1446-Com.T./25-Com.Pro./377-Com.J./295, 'EBU-OIRT Meeting, Geneva 3rd to 6th February 1960, Final Resolution', 6th Feb 1960. ↑
- The terms 'grands droits' and 'petit droits' refer to different kinds of music rights, where grands droits covers stage performances and petit droits cover non-stage performances. ↑
- EBU, O.A./1446-Com.T./25-Com.Pro./377-Com.J./295, 'EBU-OIRT Meeting, Geneva 3rd to 6th February 1960, Final Resolution', 6th Feb 1960, Appendix 1, 'Report of the Group of Legal Experts'. ↑
- EBU, O.A./1446-Com.T./25-Com.Pro./377-Com.J./295, 'EBU-OIRT Meeting, Geneva 3rd to 6th February 1960, Final Resolution', 6th Feb 1960, Appendix 1, 'Report of the Group of Legal Experts', p. 3. ↑
- EBU, O.A./1446-Com.T./25-Com.Pro./377-Com.J./295, 'EBU-OIRT Meeting, Geneva 3rd to 6th February 1960, Final Resolution', 6th Feb 1960, Appendix 3, 'Report of the Group of Programme Experts', p. 3. ↑
- EBU, O.A./1446-Com.T./25-Com.Pro./377-Com.J./295, 'EBU-OIRT Meeting, Geneva 3rd to 6th February 1960, Final Resolution', 6th Feb 1960, Appendix 2, 'Report of the Meeting of Technical Delegates'.↑
- EBU, O.A./1446-Com.T./25-Com.Pro./377-Com.J./295, 'EBU-OIRT Meeting, Geneva 3rd to 6th February 1960, Final Resolution', 6th Feb 1960, Appendix 3, 'Report of the Group of Programme Experts', p. 1.↑
- Even if not discussed during the meetings the junction between Tallinn and Helsinki was probably not totally unexpected since the television towers are within near proximity of each other.↑
- EBU, Com.T.(L) 86, Technical Working Party L (International Television Relays), 'Report on the Tenth Meeting of Working Party L, held in Paris on 31st January, 1st and 2nd February 1961', 4 Feb 1961, p. 13. ↑
- In the end the broadcast was organised by the BBC rather than the ITCA. Arnold's comment can thus be understood in the light of the competition between public service and commercial broadcasters in the United Kingdom.↑
- EBU, Com.T.(L) 86, Technical Working Party L (International Television Relays), 'Report on the Tenth Meeting of Working Party L, held in Paris on 31st January, 1st and 2nd February 1961', 4 Feb 1961, p. 13.↑
- Lisa Gitelman, Always Already New: Media, History and the Data of Culture, MIT Press, 2006.↑
- This call for studying transnational television is shared by many: cf. Bignell & Fickers 2008, Fickers & Johnson 2010, Hilmes 2012. ↑
Journal of European Television History and Culture
Volume 1 Issue 2/2012
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18146/2213-0969.2012.jethc018
Publisher: Netherlands Institute for Sound and Vision in collaboration with Utrecht University, University of Luxembourg, and Royal Holloway University of London
Copyright: Each article is copyrighted © by its author(s) and is published under license from the author(s). When a paper is accepted for publication, authors will be requested to agree with the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Netherlands License.


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Tirana, Albania, May 19, 2017. The Albanian women's national team have started their preparations for this year's CEV Volleyball European League, a competition for which the Albanian Volleyball Federation has invested a lot during the last few months. Under the leadership of head coach Altin Martiri, 17 of 20 players due to represent Albania internationally this season started working together with their sights set on June 9, the day they will be contesting their first match against Finland – before later that same weekend Albania take on Austria and Belarus in Pool A.
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The official conference excursion options has now been confirmed as below for Wednesday afternoon.
Trip to Big Buddha and Po Lin Monastery followed by a Trip to Tai-O fishing village
On Wednesday afternoon – directly after lunch – conference delegates have the option of taking the provided coach transport at 2:00pm directly outside of the Auberge to the famous "Big Buddha" statue and monastery. This will go from 2pm til 4pm.
At 4pm we will then continue in the coach to Tao-O fishing village
see: http://www.hong-kong-traveller.com/tai-o-fishing-village.html#.WfJ4YYZx38M
We will leave at 6:00pm for return to the Auberge.
Please note the transport is provided free to all delegates but all other costs are the resposnsibilty of the delegates
Please check back later. for other social events planned during the week.


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