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FALDER KLOCK& NIDER I HOVOf MANNI, BOTI SOPCN MARCHUM PRIM, EN HAN FAR BANE AF—4 would in contemporary Icelandic be- felIr klukka nilr f h2fuc manni, bti sokn merkum prim, of harm fdr Liana af. These few words exhibit instances of the following innovations in Swedish:—d is inserted between 11 (nn) and a following r (as b between m and 1, r, and p between m and t, n—as hambrar, Icel. hamrar, hammers, sampt, Icel. samt, together with) ; an auxiliary vowel is inserted between final r and a preceding consonant; a in terminations is often changed into a?; a u in the final syllable causes no change of a preceding a; the present tense takes the vowel of the infinitive (and the preterite subjunctive that of preterite indicative plural). Other important changes, appearing at the same time, but probably, partly at least, of a somewhat older date, are the following:—all diphthongs are contracted (as ¢gha, Icel. auga, eye; eir¢ma, Icel. dreyma, to dream; sten, Icel. steinn, stone—traces of which we find as early as the 12th century) ; e has passed into i-e (as knie, Icel. kne, knee) ; is into ice, as in Eastern Norwegian (as hicerta, Icel. hiarta, heart) ; iu into y after r, and a consonant +1 (as flygha, Icel. fudge, to fly) ; the forms of the three persons singular of verbs have assimilated (except in the so-called strong preterite); the 2nd person plural ends in -in for -i8, -ua. The transition to the 14th century is marked by important changes: short y, e.g., passed into 0 in many positions (as Or for dyr, door, &c.); there appeared a so-called law of vowel balance, according to which the vowels i and u are always found in terminations after a short root syllable, and—at least when no consonant follows—e and o after a long one (as Gupi, to God, til salu, for sale, but i garpe, in the court, for visso, assuredly), and the forms of the dative and the accusative of pro-nouns gradually became the same. The number of borrowed words is as yet very limited, and is chiefly confined to ecclesiastical words of Latin and Greek origin, introduced along with Christianity (as kors, cross, bref, epistle, skole, school, prwster, priest, almOsa, alms). At the middle of the 14th century the literary language undergoes a remarkable reform, developing at the same time to a " rikssprdk," a uniform language, common to a certain degree to the whole country. The chief characteristics of this later Old Swedish (1375–1526) are the following: the long a has passed into 8 (that is, an open o), and io (except before g, k, rdh, rt) into iO (as si¢, sea, lake), g and k (sk) before palatal vowels are softened into dj and tj (stj); k and t in unaccented syllables often pass into gh, dh (as Swerighe for Swerike, Sweden, litedh for licit, a little) ; the articles than (or hin), the, and (a little later) en, a, come into use; the dual pronouns vanish; the relative cer, that, is changed with sum; the present participle takes a secondary form in -s (as gangandis, beside gangande, going). A little later the following changes appear : ashort vowel is lengthened before a single consonant, first when the consonant belongs to the same syllable (as hat, hate), afterwards also when it belongs to the following one (as hate, to hate) ; an auxiliary vowel is inserted between 1 or n and a preceding consonant (as gavel, gable, 0ken, desert) ; short i often passes into e (as leva, to live) ; th passes into t; a new conjugation is formed which has no infinitive termination, but doubles the sign of the preterite (as bO, bodde, bolt, to dwell, dwelt, dwelt). Owing to the political and commercial state of the country the language at this period is deluged with borrowed words of Low German origin, mostly social and industrial terms, such as the great number of verbs in -era (e.g. hantera, to 3 In memory of Wamod these runes stand; and Warinn, his father, wrote them in memory of his son (by destiny) condemned to death. 4 If the bell fall down on anybody's head, the parish pays a fine of three marks should he die from it. for judging of the dialectical varieties exists in the Norwegian charters, carefully and accurately edited by the Norwegian scholars C. Lange (d. 1861), C. R. Unger (d. 1897) and H. J. Huitfeldt-Kaas.2 Swedish* and Blekinge) and certain parts of western Sweden; (2) extensive maritime tracts of Finland, Esthonia and Livonia, with their surrounding islands; and (3) certain places in Russia, where Swedish was spoken for a considerable time. The oldest but also the most meagre sources of our knowledge of Old Swedish are those words, almost exclusively personal names (nearly one hundred), which were introduced into the Russian language at the foundation of the Russian realm by Swedes (in 862), and which are for the most part somewhat influenced by Russian phonetic laws, preserved in two Russian documents of the years 911 and 944 as Igor. (O. Sw. Ingvar), Rurik (HrOrikr), Oleg (Hialge, secondary form of Helge), Olga (Hialga, Helga). Of about the same date, but of an infinitely greater importance, are the runic inscriptions, amounting in number to about two thousand, which have been found cut on stones (rarely wood, metal or other materials) almost all over Sweden, though they occur most frequently (about half of the total number) in the province of Uppland, next to which come SOdermanland, with nearly three hundred inscriptions, then ostergotland, and Gotland, with more than two hundred each. For the most part they occur on tombstones or monuments in memory of deceased relatives; rarely they are public notices. Their form is often metrical, in part at least. Most of them are anonymous, in so far that we do not know the name of the engraver, though, as a rule, the name of the man who ordered them is recorded. Of the engravers named, about seventy in number, the three most productive are Ubir, Bali and Asmundr Karasun, all three principally working in Upland; the first-mentioned name is signed on nearly eighty, the others on about thirty and forty stones respectively. These inscriptions vary very much in age, belonging to all centuries of Old Swedish, but by far the greatest number of them date from the 11th and 12th centuries. From heathen times—as well as from the last two centuries of the middle ages—we have comparatively few. The oldest are perhaps the Ingelstad inscription in Ostergotland, the Sparlosa inscription in Vastergotland, and the Gursten one found in the north of Smaland, all probably,. from the end of the 9th century. The rune-stone from Rok in Ostergotland probably dates from about A.D. 900. Its inscription surpasses all the others both in length (more than 75o runes) and in the importance of its contents, which are equally interesting as regards philology and the history of culture; it is a fragment (partly in metrical form) of an Old Swedish heroic tale. From about the year 1040 we possess the inscriptions of Asmundr Karasun, and the so-called Ingvar monuments (more than twenty in number), erected most of them in Sodermanland, in honour of the men who fell in a great war in eastern Europe under the command of a certain Ingvar; the stones cut by Bali belong to the time c. 1060. Somewhat later are the inscriptions cut by Ubir, and from the beginning of the 12th century is the remarkable inscription on the door-ring of the church of Forsa in Helsingland, containing the oldest Scandinavian statute now preserved, as well as other inscriptions from the same province, written in a particular variety of the common runic alphabet, the so-called " staflosa " (staffless, without the perpendicular staff) runes, as the long genealogical inscription on the Malstad-stone. The inscriptions of the following centuries are of far less philological interest, because after the 13th century there exists another and more fruitful source for Old Swedish, viz. a literature in the proper sense of the word. Of runic literature nothing has been preserved to our days. The literature in the Latin letters is both in quality and extent incomparably inferior to Old Icelandic, though it, at least in quantity, considerably surpasses Old Norwegian. In age, however, it is inferior to both of them, beginning only in the 13th century. The oldest of the extant manuscripts is a fragment of the Older Vastgotalaw, written about the year 1250. A complete codex (Cod. Holm. B 59) of the same law dates from about 1285, and is philologically of the greatest importance. Of other works of value from a philological point of view we only mention a codex of the Sodermannalaw (Cod. Holm. B 53) of about 1325, a codex of the Upplandslaw (Cod. Ups. 12), the two manuscripts containing a collection of legends generally named Cod. Bureanus (written a little after 1350) and Cod. Bildstenianus (between 1420 and 1450), and the great Oxenstiernian manuscript, which consists chiefly of a collection of legends written for the most part in 1385. The very numerous Old Swedish charters, from 1343 downwards, are also of great importance.2 1 Diplomatarium Norvegicum (1847, sqq.), 16 vols. have appeared. 2 The Old Swedish monuments are foi the most part published in the following collections: Svenska fornskriftsallskapets samlingar, 132 parts (1844–1907); C. J. Schlyter, Samling af Sveriges gamla lager, vols. i.-vii. and x.-xii. (1827–1869); Svenskt Diplomatarium (6 vols., 1829—1878, new series, 4 vols., 1875-1904). handle), the substantives in -eri (r¢veri, robbery), -inna (f¢rstinna, princess), -het (fromhet, piety), be- (betala, to pay), and a great many others (klen, weak, smaka, to taste, graver, big, pung, purse, tukt, discipline, bruka, to use, twist, quarrel, st¢vel, boot, arbeta, to work, frokoster, lunch, &c.). Owing to the political circumstances, we find towards the end of the period a very powerful Danish influence, which extends also to phonetics and etymology, so that, for example, nearly all the terminal vowels are supplanted by the uniform Danish e, the hard consonants p, t, k by b, d, g as in Danish, the second person plural of the imperative ends in -er, besides -en (as tagher, for taghen, older takin). Dialectical differences incontestably occur in the runic inscriptions as well as in the literature; in the former, however, most of them Dialeces. are hidden from our eyes by the character of the writing, which is, from a phonetic point of view, highly unsatisfactory, indicating the most different sounds by the same sign (for example, o, u, y and o are denoted by one and the same rune) ; in the literature again they are reduced to a minimum by the awakening desire to form a uniform literary language for the whole country, and by the literary productivity" and consequent predominant influence of certain provinces (as Ostergotland). Only one distinct Fomgut- dialect has been handed down to us, that of the island of ntska. Gotland, which differs so essentially from the Old Swedish of the mainland that it has with good reason been characterized, under the name Forngutniska, as in a certain sense a separate language. Materials for its study are very abundant: on one hand we possess more than two hundred runic inscriptions, among them a very remarkable one from the beginning of the 13th century, counting upwards of four hundred runes, cut on a font (now in Aakirkeby on the island of Bornholm), and representing the life of Christ in a series of pictures and words; on the other hand a literature has been preserved consisting of a runic calendar from 1328, the law of the island (the oldest manuscript is from about 1350), a piece of traditional history and a gild statue. The language is distinguished from the Old Swedish of the mainland especially by the following characteristics:—the old diphthongs are preserved (e.g. auga, eye, droyma, to dream, stain, stone), and a triphthong has arisen by the change of iu into iau (as fliauga, to fly) ; the long vowels a; and 0 have passed into a and 9 (as mela, to speak, dyma, to deem) ; short o rarely occurs except before r, being in other positions changed into u; .w is dropped before r (as raijpi, wrath) ; the genitive singular of feminines in -a ends in -ur for -u (as kirkiur, of the church). Owing to the entire absence of documentary evidence it is impossible to determine how far the dialects east of the Baltic, which no doubt had a separate individuality, differed from the mother-tongue. The first to pay attention to the study of Old Swedish 1 was the Swedish savant J. Buraeus (d. 1652), who by several works (from The study 1599 onwards) called attention to and excited a lively of Old interest in the runic monuments, and, by his edition Swedish. (1634) of the excellent Old Swedish work Um Styrilse Kununga ok H¢fpinga, in Old Swedish literature also. His no longer extant Specimen Primariae Linguae Scantzianae (1636) gave but a very short review of Old Swedish inflections, but is remarkable as the first essay of its kind, and is perhaps the oldest attempt in modern times at a grammatical treatment of any old Germanic language. The study of runes was very popular in the 17th century; M. Celsius (d. 1679) deciphered the " staffless " runes and J. Hadorph (d. 1693), who also did good work in editing Old Swedish texts, copied more than a thousand runic inscriptions, published by J. Goransson as Bautil (1750). During the 18th century, again, Old Swedish was almost completely neglected; but in the 19th century the study of runes was well represented b the collection (Runurkunder, 1833) of the Swede Liljegren (d. 1837) and by the Norwegian S. Bugge's ingenious interpretation and grammatical treatment of some of the most remarkable inscriptions, especially that of Rok. Old Swedish literature has also been made the object of grammatical researches. A first outline of a history of the Swedish language is to be found in the work of N. M. Petersen (1830), and a scheme of an Old Swedish grammar in P. A. Munch's essay, Fornswenskans och Fornnorskans sprdkbyggnad (1849); but Old Swedish grammar was never treated as an independent branch of science until the appearance of J. E. Rydqvist's (d. 1877) monumental work Svenska sprdkets lagar (in 6 vols., 1850-1883), which was followed in Sweden by a whole literature on the same subject. Thus phonetics, which were comparatively neglected by Rydqvist, have been investigated with great success, especially by L. F. Laffler and A. Kock; while the other parts of grammar have been treated of above all by K. F Soderwall. His principal work, Ordbok ofver Svenska medeltidssprdket (1884 sq.), gives the list of words in the later Old Swedish language, and—taken along with the Ordbok till samlingen of Sveriges gamla lagar (1877), by C. J. Schlyter, the well-known editor of Old Swedish texts, which contains the vocabulary of the oldest literature—it worthily meets the demand for an Old Swedish dictionary. An Old Swedish grammar, answering the requirements of modern philology, is edited by A. Noreen? ' See A. Noreen, " Apercu de l'histoire de la science linguistique suedoise " (Le Museon, ii., 1883). 2 Altschwedische Grammatik (1897-1904). 2. Modern Swedish.—The first complete translation of the Bible, edited in 1541 by the brothers Olaus and Laurentius Petri, and generally called the Bible of Gustavus I., may be regarded as the earliest important monument of this. Owing to Modem religious and political circumstances, and to the learned Swedish. influence of humanism, theological and historico-political works preponderate in the Swedish literature of the following period, which therefore affords but scanty material for philological research. It is not until the middle of the 17th century that Swedish literature adequately exemplifies the language, for at that period literature first began to be cultivated as a fine art, and its principal representatives, such as Stiernhielm, Columbus and Spegel, were in reality the first to study it as a means of expression and to develop its resources. Amongst the authors of the 18th century we have to mention in the first place Dalin, who was to some extent the creator of the prose style of that epoch; while of the end of the century Kellgren and Bellman are the most noteworthy examples, representing the higher and the more familiar style of poetry respectively. The language of the 19th century, or at any rate of the middle of it, is best represented in the works of Wallin and Tegner, which, on account of their enormous circulation, have had a greater influence than those of any other authors. As to the language itself the earliest Modern Swedish texts, as Gustavus I.'s Bible, differ considerably from the latest Old Swedish ones." We find a decided tendency to exterminate Form Danisms and reintroduce native and partially antiquated of the forms. At the same time there appear several traces of a language. later state of the language: all genitives (singular and plural), e.g., end in -s, which in earlier times was the proper ending of certain declensions only. In spite of the archaistic efforts of many writers, both in forms and in vocabulary, the language nevertheless underwent rapid changes during the 16th and 17th centuries. Thus sj and stj (original as well as derived from sk before a palatal vowel) assimilate into a simple sh- sound; dj (original as well as derived from g before a palatal vowel), at least at the end of the 17th century, dropped its d-sound (compare such spellings as diufwer, giattar, envoge, for jufver, udder, jattar, giants, envoye, envoy); hj passes into j (such spellings are found as jort for hjort, hart, and hjarpe for jarpe, hazel grouse) ; b and p inserted in such words as himblar, heavens, hambrar, hammers, jam n, even,.sampt, together with, are dropped; the first person plural of the verb takes the form of the third person (as vi fara, foro, for vi farom, foram, we go, went) ; by the side of the pronoun I, you, there arises a secondary form Ni, in full use in the spoken language about 1650; the adjective gradually loses all the case-inflections; in substantives the nominative, dative and accusative take the same form as early as the middle of the 17th century; in the declension with suffixed article the old method of expressing number and case both in the substantive and the article is changed, so that the substantive alone takes the number-inflection and the article alone the case-ending; neuter substantives ending in a vowel, which previously had no plural ending, take the plural ending -n, some -er—as be.-n, bees, bageri-er, bakeries. About the year 1700 the Old Swedish inflection may, in general, be considered as almost completely given up, although a work of such importance in the history of the language as Charles XII.'s Bible (so-called) of 1703, by a kind of conscious archaism has preserved a good many of the old forms. To these archaistic tendencies of certain authors at the end of the 17th century we owe the great number of Old Swedish and Icelandic borrowed words then introduced into the language—as fager, fair, harja, to ravage, later, manners, snille, genius, tarna, girl, lima, to happen, &c. In addition to this, owing to humanistic influence, learned expressions were borrowed from Latin during the whole 16th and 17th centuries; and from German, chiefly at the Reformation and during the Thirty Years' War, numberless words were introduced—as tapper, brave, prakt, magnificence, hurtig, brisk, &c.; among these may be noted especially a great number of words beginning in an-, er-, for- and ge-. Owing to the constantly increasing political and literary predominance of France, French words were largely borrowed in the 17th century, and to an equally great extent in the 18th; such are affar, business, respekt, respect, talang, talent, charmant, charming, &c. In the 19th century, especially about the middle of it, we again meet with conscious and energetic efforts after purism both in the formation of new words and in the adoption of words from the old language (id, diligence, male., to speak, fylking, battle-array, &c.), and from the dialects (bliga, to gaze, flis, flake, skrabbig, bad, &c.). Consequently the present vocabulary differs to a very great extent from that of the literature of the 17th century. As for the sounds and grammatical forms, on the other hand, comparatively few important changes have taken place during the last two centuries. In the 18th century, however, the aspirates dh and gh passed into d and g (after 1 and r into j)—as lag for lagh, law, brad for brodh, bread; hw passed into v (in dialects already about the year 1400)—as valp for hwalper, whelp; lj like-wise into j—thus Cluster, leister, occurs written juster. In our time rd, rl, rn, rs and rt are passing into simple sounds (" supradental " The printed characters are also considerably changed by the introduction of the new letters 4 (with the translation of the New Testament of .1526), and a, o (both already in the first print in Swedish of 1495) for aa, 0. d, 1, n, s and t), while the singular of the verbs is gradually supplanting the plural. A vigorous reform, slowly but firmly carried on almost uniformly during all periods of the Swedish language, is the throwing back of the principal accent to the beginning of the word in cases where previously it stood nearer the end, a tendency that is characteristic of all the Scandinavian languages, but no doubt especially of Swedish. In the primitive Scandinavian age the accent was removed in most simple words; the originally accented syllable, however, preserved a musically high pitch and stress. Thus there arose two essentially different accentuations—the one, with unaccentuated final syllable, as in Icel. stigr (Gr. orhIXees), thou goest, the comparative betre (cf. Gr. Magda from Taxi's), better, the other, with secondary stress and high pitch on the final, as in Icel. pret. pplur. buffo (Sans. bubudhi s), we bade, part. pret. bitenn (Sans. bhinncis), bitten. The same change afterwards took place in those compound words that had the principal accent on the second member, so that such contrasts as German urteil and erteilen were gradually brought into conformity with the former accentuation. At the present day it is quite exceptionally (and chiefly in borrowed words of later date) that the principal accent in Swedish is on any other syllable than the first, as in lek6.men, body, valsigna, to bless. The scientific study of Modern Swedish' dates from Sweden's glorious epoch, the last half of the 17th century. The first regular The study Swedish grammar was written in 1684 (not edited till of Modern 1884) in Latin by E. Aurivillius; the first in Swedish is Swedish. by N. Tiallman (1696). But little, however, of value was produced before the great work of Rydqvist mentioned above, which, although chiefly dealing with the old language, throws a flood of light on the modern also. Among the works of late years we must call special attention to the researches into the history of the language by K. F. Soderwall, F. A. Tamm, A. Kock and E. Hellquist. The grammar of the modern language is, as regards certain parts, treated in a praiseworthy manner by, among others, J. A. Auren, J. A. Lyttkens and F. A. Wulff (in several common works), E. Tegner, G. Cederschiold and F. A. Tamm (d. 1905). A good though short account of phonology and inflections is given in H. Sweet's essay on " Sounds and Forms of Spoken Swedish " (Trans. Phil. Soc., 1877-1879). A comprehensive and detailed grammar (Vdrt sprdk) has been edited (since 1903) by A. Noreen. Attempts to construct a dictionary were made in the 16th century, the earliest being the anonymous Variarum serum vocabula cum Sueca interpretatione, in 1538, and the Synonymorum libellus by Elaus Petri Helsingius, in 1587, both of which, however, followed German originals. The first regular dictionary is by H. Spegel, 1712; and in 1769 J. Ihre (d. 1780), probably the greatest philological genius of Sweden, published his Glossarium Suiogoticum, which still remains one of the most copious Swedish dictionaries in existence. In the 19th century the diligent lexicographer A. F. Dalin published a useful work. The Swedish Academy has been editing (since 1893) a gigantic dictionary on about the same plan as Dr Murray's New English Dictionary. Another such large work is Sverges Ortnamn (the local names of Sweden) edited since 1906 by the Royal Committee for investigation of the Swedish place-names. IV. DANISH, like Swedish, is divided into the two great Pre-and Post-Reformation epochs of Old and Modern Danish. 1. Old Danish.—The territory of Old Danish included not only the present Denmark, but also the southern Swedish provinces of Old Halland, Slane and Blekinge, the whole of Schleswig, Danish. and. as stated above, for a short period also a great part of England, and parts of Normandy. The oldest monuments of the language are runic inscriptions, altogether about 225 in number? The oldest of then' go as far back as to the beginning of the 9th century, the Snoldelev-stone, for instance, on Sealand, and the Flemlhse-stone on Funen. From about the year 900 date the very long inscriptions of Tryggevaelde (Zealand) and Glavendrup (Funen) ; from the loth century we have the stones of Jaellinge (Jutland), in memory of two of the oldest historical kings of Denmark (Gorm and Harald); while from about t000 we have a stone at Dannevirke (Schleswig), raised by the conqueror of England, Sven Tiuguskaegg. Relics of about the same age are the words that were introduced by the Danes into English, the oldest of which date from the end of the 9th century, the time of the first Danish settlement in England; most of these are to be found in.the early English work Ormulum.' No Danish literature arose before the 13th century. The oldest manuscript that has come down to us dates from the end of that century, written in runes and containing the law of Slane. From about the year 1300 we possess a manuscript written in Latin characters and containing the so-called Valdemar's and Erik's laws of Zealand, the Flensborg manuscript of the law of Jutland, and a manuscript of the municipal laws of Flensborg. These three manuscripts represent three different dialects—that, namely, of Slane, ' See A. Noreen, " Apergu," &c.; Vdrt sprdk, i. 181 sqq. 2 See L. F. A. Wimmer, De Danske runemindesmcerker (4 vols., 1895-1905). ' See E. Brate, " Nordische Lehnworter im Ormulum " (Paul Braune's Beitrdge, x., 1884) ; E. Bjorkman, Scandinavian Loan-word: in Middle English (2 vols., 1900, 1902) in " Studien zur englischen Philologie," vii. and xi. Also OttM.297 Halland and Blekinge, that of Zealand and the other islands, and that of Jutland and Schleswig. There existed no uniform literary language in the Old Danish period, although some of the Dialects. most important works of the 15th century, such as the clerk Michael's Poems (since 1496) and the Rhymed Chronicle (the first book printed in Danish, in 1495), on account of their excellent diction, contributed materially to the final preponderance of their dialect, that of Zealand, towards the Reformation. As to the form of the language, it hardly differs at all during the period between A.D. 800 and 1200 from Old Swedish. It is only in the oldest literature that we can trace any marked differ- Form ences; these are not very important, and are generally ofi e attributable to the fact that Danish underwent a little laaguage. earlier the same changes that afterwards took place in Swedish (e.g. h in hw and hj in Danish was mute as early as the end of the 14th century. The laws referred to above only agree in differing from the Swedish laws in the following points: the nominative already takes the form of the accusative (as kalf, calf, but Old Sw, nom. kalver, ace. kalf) ; the second person plural ends in -ce (as k¢pce, but Old Sw. k¢pin, you buy); in the subjunctive no differences are expressed between persons and numbers. Among them-selves, on the contrary, they show considerable differences; the law of Slane most nearly corresponds with the Swedish laws, those of Zealand keep the middle place, while the law of Jutland exhibits the most distinctive individuality. The Slane law, e.g., retains the vowels a, i, u in terminations, which otherwise in Danish have become uniformly ce; the same law inserts b and d between certain consonants (like Old Sw.), has preserved the dative, and in the present tense takes the vowel of the infinitive; the law of Jutland, again, does not insert b and d, and has dropped the dative, while the present tense (undergoing an Umlaut) has by no means always accepted the vowel of the infinitive; in all three characteristics the laws of Zealand fluctuate. After 1350 we meet an essentially altered language, in which we must first note the change of k, p, t after a vowel into g, b, d (as tag, roof, lobe, to run, cede, to eat); th passes into t (as ting, thing), gh into w (as law for lagh, gild) or into i (as vei for wcgh, way); ld, nd are pronounced like ii, nn; s is the general genitive ending in singular and plural, &c. The vocabulary, which in earlier times only borrowed a few, and those mostly ecclesiastical, words, is now—chiefly owing to the predominant influence of the Haase towns—inundated by German words, such as those beginning with be-, bi-, ge-, for- and and-, and ending in -lied, and a great number of others, as blive, to become, she, to happen, fri, free, krig, war, buxer, pantaloons, ganske, quite, &c. An Old Danish grammar is still wanting, and the preparatory studies which exist are, although excellent, but few in number, being chiefly essays by the Danes K. J. Lyngby and Cram-L. F. A. Wimmer. N. M. Petersen's treatise Del Danske, madcal Norske, og Svenske sprogs historie, vol. i. (1829), one of the treatment. first works that paid any attention to Old Danish, which till then had been completely neglected, is now surpassed by V. Dahlerup's Geschichte der ddnsschen Sprache (1904). A dictionary on a large scale covering the whole of Old Danish literature, except the very oldest, by O. Kalkar, has been in course of publication since 1881; older and smaller is C. Molbech's Dansk Glossarium (1857-1866). 2. Modern Danisk.—The first important monument of this is the translation of the Bible, by C. Pedersen, Peder Palladius and others, the so-called Christian III.'s Bible (155o), famous for the Modrn unique purity and excellence of its language, the dialect Danish of Zealand, then incontestably promoted to be the Ian- sourcm guage of the kingdom. The first secular work deserving of the same praise is Vedel's translation of Saxo (1575). The succeeding period until 1750 offers but few works in really good Danish; as perfectly classical, however, we have to mention the so-called Christian V.'s Law of Denmark (1683). For the rest, humanism has stamped a highly Latin-French character on the literature, striking even in the works of the principal writer of this period, Holberg. But about the year 1750 there begins a new movement, characterized by a reaction against the language of the preceding period and by purist tendencies, or, at least, efforts to enrich the language with new-formed words (not seldom after the German pattern), as omkreds, periphery, selvstcendighed, independence, valgsprog, devise, digter, poet. The leading representatives of these tendencies were Eilschow and Sneedorf. From their time Danish may be said to have acquired its present essential features, though it cannot be denied that several later authors, as J. Ewald and Ohlenschlager, have exercised a considerable influence on the poetical style. As the most important differences between the gram- Form matical forms of the 18th and 19th centuries on one hand of the and those of the 16th and 17th centuries on the other, may language. be noted the following: most neuter substantives take a plural ending; those ending in a vowel form their plural by adding -r (as riger, for older rige, plural of rige, kingdom), and many of those ending in a consonant by adding -e (as huse for hus, of hus, house) ; substantives ending in -ere drop their final -e (as dommer for dommere, judge); the declension with suffixed article becomes simplified in the same way as in Swedish ; the plural of verbs takes the singular form (as drak for drukke, we drank); and the preterite subjunctive is supplanted by the infinitive (as var for vaare, were). The first Modern Danish grammar is by E. Pontoppidan, 1668, but in Latin; the first in Danish is by the famous Peder Syv, Gram- 1685. The works of the self-taught J. H¢jsgaard (e.g. mattcal Accentueret og raisonneret grammatica, 1747) possess great treatment. merit, and are of especial importance as regards accent and syntax. The earlier part of the 19th century gave us Rask's grammar (183o). A thoroughly satisfactory Modern Danish grammar does not exist ; the most detailed is that by K. Mikkelsen (1894). The vocabulary of the 16th and 17th centuries is collected in' Kalkar's Ordbog, mentioned above; that of the 18th and 19th centuries in the voluminous dictionary of Videnskabernes Selskab (1793-19o5), and in C. Molbech's Dansk Ordbog (2nd ed., 1859) ; that of our days in B. T. Dahl's and H. Hammer's Dansk Ordbog for folket (1903 seq.). As already mentioned, Danish at the Reformation became the language of the literary and educated classes of Norway and re- mained Inained so for three hundred years, although it cannot be denied that many Norwegian authors even during this "gm. n. period wrote a language with a distinct Norwegian colour, as for instance the prominent prose-stylist Peder Clauss¢n Friis (d. 1614), the popular poet Petter Dass (d. 1708), and, in a certain degree, also the two literary masters of the 18th century, Holberg and Wessel. But it is only since 1814, when Norway gained her independence, that we can clearly perceive the so-called Dano-Norwegian gradually developing as a distinct offshoot of the general Danish language. The first representatives of this new language are the writer of popular life M. Hansen (d. 1842), the poets H. Wergeland (d. 1845) and J. S. C. Welhaven (d. 1873), but above all the tale-writers P. C. Asbj¢rnsen (d. 1885) and J. Moe (d. 1882). More recently it has been further developed, especially by the great poets Ibsen (d. Igoe) and Bjprnson and the novelist Lie; and it has been said, not without reason, to have attained its classical perfection in the works of the first-named author. This language differs from Danish particularly in its vocabulary, having adopted very many Norwegian provincial words (more than 7000), less in its inflections, but to a very great extent in its pronunciation. The most striking differences in this respect are the following: Norwegian p, t, k answer to Danish b, d, g in cases where they are of later Form of date (see above)—as l¢pe, Danish l¢be, to run, liten, D. the/an- liden, little, bak, D. bag, back; to Danish k, g before gtla8e' palatal vowels answer Norwegian tj, j; r (point-trill, not back-trill as in Danish) is assimilated in some way with following t (d), 1, n, and s into so-called supradental sounds; both the primitive Scandinavian systems of accentuation are still kept separate from a musical point of view, in opposition to the monotonous Danish. There are several other characteristics, nearly all of which are points of correspondence with Swedish.' Dano-Norwegian is in our days grammatically and lexically treated, especially by H. Falk and A. Torp (e.g. Etymologisk Ordbog, 1903, 1906). At the middle of the 19th century, however, far more advanced pretensions were urged to an independent Norwegian language. By the Nor- study of the Modern Norwegian dialects and their mother Nog-an- language, Old Norwegian, the eminent philologist J. Aasen Nor- (d. 1896) was led to undertake the bold project of con- ian. structing,by the study of these two sources, and on the basis —gun. of his native dialect (S¢ndmpre), a Norwegian-Norwegian ("Norsk-Norsk ") language, the so-called " Landsmal." In 1853 he exhibited a specimen of it, and, thanks to such excellent writers as Aasen himself, the poets 0. Vinje and K. Janson, the novelists A. Garborg and J. Tvedt, as well as a zealous propagandism of the society Det Norske Samlag (founded in 1868) there has since arisen a valuable though not very large literature in the " Landsmal." Since 1892 it is also legally authorized to be, alternatively, used in the church and by teachers of the public schools. But still it is nowhere colloquially used. Its grammatical structure and vocabulary are exhibited in Aasen's Norsk grammatik (1864) and Norsk Ordbog (1873), supplemented by H. Ross's Norsk Ordbog (1895; with supplement, 1902). The local names of Norway are treated in the large work Norske Gaardnavne, by O. Rygh (1897 seq.).End of Article: FALDER
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India Tour or England 2018 – IND vs ENG First ODI Match of the Three Match Sequence 2018 Dwell Telecast on Doordarshan (DD Nationwide-DD1) channel of DD sports activities, Sony Six, Sony Ten three Television Channel from 5:00 PM IST time, 12:30 PM Native time on 12 July 2018 – डीडी नेशनल लाइव क्रिकेट मैच.
Proper right here on this text present the Free reside Reports and rating of the ODI Sequence 2018 India Tour of England so that you don't fill to modify wherever to appear for the Upcoming Ind vs ENG Finally Match. Reasonably a couple of the cricket followers of India can Stare DD Nationwide – DD 1 (Doordarshan) reside Reports to appear for Every cricket match through their Television channel and moreover through internet clarify materials The save Crew India Keen on characterize per legit information dd nationwide who's in whole recognized as Doordarshan is not going to reside telecast of this Three Match collection 2018 of ODI Match between India vs England on their channels That may be carried out at Trent Bridge, Nottingham on 12 July 2018 Apart of this factual information for the Indian Followers as They will revel within the India vs England ODI collection Dwell Telecast and safety on Sony Six and Sony Ten three TV channels in English and Hindi Commentary Respectively other than on-line on sonyliv.com.
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IND vs ENG 1st ODI Match Preview 2018
The overall cricketing followers are prepared for the excessive climax ODI collection 2018 of India tour of england for Three Match collection which begins from the 11 july.
Possible Enjoying XI of India for the England 2018 ODI collection :
Possible Enjoying XI of England for ODI match in opposition to India :
Match Summary
Match is however to originate..
India vs England ODI Dwell Reports (12 July 2018)
Journey the India vs England First ODI Dwell Reports three July 2018 from the 5:00 PM IST time.
Full India tour of England 2018 ODI collection time desk
Will 12 July ODI Match of India vs England Dwell telecast on DD Nationwide channel ?
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IND vs ENG ODI Dwell Reports First Finally international of Three Match collection on sonyliv.com 12 July 2018
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Sony Six is one amongst the indian sports activities Hindi TV channel which is owned by the Multi Present Media which is in whole recognized as Sony Leisure Television and Subject Max. Sony Six TV channels is launched on seventh April 2012. On this Sony Six TV channels Largely broadcast the Soccer, Cricket, Wrestling, Rugby, Basketball and Badminton sports activities on their TV Channel. Sony SIX Honest not too way back broadcasting FIFA World Cup, Indian Premier League, 2015 Rugby World Cup, Copa América 2015, Cricket in New Zealand, The FA Cup, Italian Serie A, Liga BBVA, Nationwide Soccer League, Nationwide Basketball Affiliation, NASCAR, Closing Fighting Championship and Full Nonstop Motion Wrestling.
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Rep ODI collection 2018 Match of India vs England prediction proper right here.
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Amazing Paperboy delivers, as we play through Paperboy on the Sinclair Spectrum, Commodore 64, Amstrad CPC, BBC Master and Sega Master System all on the original hardware with no emulators. We also take a look at a second version of the CPC game and try to find out if there is any truth in the fact that the Master System version is based on the CPC version. More videos at http://www.chinnyvision.com
ChinnyVision - Episode 49 - Paperboy - Spectrum, C64, CPC, BBC, Sega Master System
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Monday, 21 August 2017
Wasted life
In the end, it seems, nothing summarises the time in Parliament of Peter Dunne quite as much as his timing in choosing to leave.
After thirty years in office, around twenty of them as a lapdog to power, he had signalled that he might, for the first time, be able to see his way clear to effecting some sort of liberalisation of the War on Drugs -- his first move of any significance in all his time as the various politicians' poodle.
So the very moment he may have proved himself to be of some use to the wider world proved instead his complete and utter impotence.
And instead of a liberalisation that has been far too long in coming, an achievement for which he would have deservedly been remembered, he leaves the Parliament instead after thirty years without a single credible achievement to his name.
He will be able to look back back, in other words -- just like many another politician -- at a wholly and completely wasted life.
2 comments:
Heavy dude, glad to be out of NZ right now, it sounds awful.ReplyDelete
- colette sale22 Aug 2017, 16:47:00
I must admit that as a self-confessed devotee of Norman Kirk, Mr Dunne had a funny way of honouring Kirk's beliefs and hopes.ReplyDelete
He has had a very lucrative career in Parliament and now a very lucrative retirement with the interests of Number one firmly kept in mind.
1. Commenters are welcome and invited.
2. All comments are moderated. Off-topic grandstanding, spam, and gibberish will be ignored. Tu quoque will be moderated. Links to bogus news sites (and worse) will be deleted.
3. Read the post before you comment. Challenge facts, but don't simply ignore them.
4. Use a name. If it's important enough to say it, it's important enough to put a name to it.
5. Above all: Act with honour. Say what you mean, and mean what you say.


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Tattoo Marketing: How to Foster EXTREME Brand Loyalty
You're probably loyal to at least a few specific brands – Pepsi or Coke, McDonald's or Burger King, Advil or Tylenol, for example. But are you an advocate to the extent that you would literally brand yourself with a tattoo of their logo? I'm guessing no. But some people are, and those are the people your brand needs to reach. Those people have the potential to turn into not only lifelong loyal customers, but lifelong brand advocates.
According to The Cult Branding Company "… a brand's outliers—their most outrageous fans and radical customers—are the people with whom marketers should engage, talk, and most importantly, listen. Although tattooing brand logos and imagery may seem too extreme to marketers, these outliers represent a brand's choir. These radical customers understand your business on a deeper, more meaningful level than marketers." So how do you find those potential "outliers" and keep their attention and loyalty?
First, you'll need to understand why people choose to get tattoos of their favorite brands. Then you can harness those strategies and mimic them to get some lifelong loyal customers of your own.
Consumers choose to get inked with their favorite brand for a variety of reasons. As The Cult Branding Company state, some people do it to feel as though they belong to a unique social group, others because they have a special relationship or experience associated with the brand, and others because the brand embodies their ideals and values.
Here's the moment you've all been waiting for … how YOU can create a brand worthy of lifelong ink. Essentially, it all comes down to extremely effective, immersive branding.
Know your market, and stick to it. People get tattoos of their favorite brand because they feel that brand represents their lifestyle. For example, "badasses" (or bros) might get a tattoo of the Monster Energy Drink logo, hipsters might get a PBR tattoo, athletes could opt for the Nike swoosh, and a "child at heart" might get inked with the Disney logo. Vans represents the lifestyle of west coast skaters and surfers, and they learned the hard way to stick with their target audience. Establish which niche audience your brand is meant for, and then stick with it.
Appeal to your target audience's lifestyle and priorities. Once you figure out who your target audience is, make sure that every experience they have with your brand reflects their personality and interests. This includes everything from your advertising, spokespeople, social media, and in-store experience, to your actual product. Every aspect of your brand's personality should directly align with the kinds of customers you hope to attract. You shouldn't simply sell your product; every interaction with your brand should be an experience.
On a related note, you must create a cohesive brand identity. This is where your packaging, ad design, and logo come into play. You must be highly selective when choosing the typeface and design of your logo, because as the Retail Alphabet Game suggests, if you brand yourself effectively consumers will be able to identify your brand based on one letter of your logo. And after all, if it's your logo you want people to be tattooing onto themselves for life, that thing better be aesthetically pleasing and iconic.
If all else fails, you can try flat-out challenging your customers to get tattoos of your brand like Ecko Unltd. Or you can provide free tattoos of your logo and offer a relevant reward for those who choose to get inked like the alcoholic beverage Sailor Jerry did earlier this year.
What do you think? Are there any brands that you love enough to get permanently branded on yourself? What would a brand have to do to convince you to do so? Sound off below!
Photos courtesy of TerryJohnston, quinn.anya, and evil angela.
Bubba is the Quality Logo Products mascot. He may have started out as "just a stress ball," but he's come a long way since the company's launch in 2003. Bubba has been immortalized in numerous vector artwork designs for internal and external promotions, and you can see him change outfits on the Quality Logo Products homepage whenever a holiday rolls around. Oh, and he thinks pants are for the birds. You can connect with Bubba on Google+
Brand tattoos make me nervous. The only way I could see myself getting one is if it was for a company I started, or if the symbol stood for something profound, but even that would take some thorough consideration. I can see why people do it, though. Tattoos have become so mainstream that people don't even think twice about getting one! If people will get wasted and stumble into a tattoo shop to get some random flash art on a whim, then why wouldn't they get a brand's logo for a major discount? It doesn't matter to some people, I suppose…
So I take it you wouldn't get a Taco Bell tattoo for a lifetime discount, Jenna? Not even a small one? 😉
I totally agree. I've been thinking about getting a tattoo for a while now, but I just can't think of anything important enough to have on my body forever. But for some people that doesn't matter, and more power to them!
Hmmm, if they were handing out free Taco Bell tattoos in exchange for a lifetime discount I don't think I could pass that up. I think I'd have to do it!
Wow, this takes brand advocacy to a whole new level, Jenna! Kudos to people out there who are so passionate about a brand that they're willing to go under the needle for, but I haven't found that brand for me yet. I'll just stick to writing blogs about how much I love Dunkin' Donuts, I don't need to have their logo or a coffee cup tattooed on me- even if it meant free coffee for life 😉
You mean to tell me you don't want a Dunkin' Donuts tattoo, Amy? Maybe you should sleep on it. You might change your mind by tomorrow!
I don't know if I'd ever get a brand tattoo. I feel like with my luck, the day after I'd get the tattoo, that company would go out of business. But like Amy said, more power to those people who feel like they have a connection to the brand.
However, if Starbucks offered some kind of discount for fans with Starbucks tattoos, I would definitely consider inking that siren on an arm. No shame.
I agree, Mandy. I couldn't think of a brand I would get tattooed until Jill brought up Taco Bell. That might be my only exception. Starbucks would be a good call for someone who likes coffee! Plus, the logo isn't too ugly, so it wouldn't be too much of an eyesore.
I'm not opposed to tattoos. I've never had one simply because I don't know what one, singular image defines me above anything else. With that said, if the most I had to say about myself is someone else's brand, company, what have you? Business is a very public thing, and tattoos, private…unless you opt for some full-arm sleeves. At least that juxtaposition explains why brand and logo tats aren't the most popular style. Interesting post, Jenna!
Thanks for commenting, Eric! Your mention of private vs. public is very interesting — and true. If you really think your whole personality can be captured by a corporate logo…what does that say? However, if you just got the tattoo in exchange for a discount, maybe that's worth it?
I have a monster engery drink logo on my arm and I want to know how much could I get for having a brand name logo on my skin


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Rumor Report – Darnell Dodson will not return to UK next season. Heading to the Draft, REALLY?
Update: DeMarcus Cousins told DraftExpress.com tonight that Dodson will be leaving and Calipari is expecting four Kentucky players to return next season.
Beldsoe, Wall and Cousins on the side lines in Columbus attending the McDonald's All-American game…..


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Headlines are struggling to keep pace with volatile market movements as investors take flight because of fears over the global economy.
In the eurozone, sovereign debt problems are growing more complex as politicians fail to agree on funding decisions, adding to concerns that the crisis will not be resolved and that struggling countries could ultimately default on their commitments.
While most commodities have slumped in value, the gold price continues to set record highs. Last week, it reached $1,920 an ounce.
Gold is traditionally seen as investors' preferred safety option in turbulent times but Hargreaves Lansdown head of research Mark Dampier says there are other avenues worth considering.
He says: "I have been a big fan of gold in these situations for a number of years, as it is the natural place to be but there is no such thing as a safe haven. There are a few other options. I also think the entire asset model has gone up the spout as it is not prepared efficiently.
"The safest place at the moment is cash, which is something I have been suggesting to clients and even hold personally. Absolute return scenarios have also been worthwhile because they have made money as markets have fallen."
Eurozone concerns have grown, with questions surrounding the commitment of bigger European economies to the single currency refusing to dissipate.
Germany, seen as one of the rocks of the eurozone because of its relative resilience to the region's debt woes, delivered a shock when German chancellor Angela Merkel saw her party defeated in local elections in her home region of Mecklenburg Western Pomerania.
However, while the eurozone is providing a troubled backdrop, there are other markets that still look attractive, according to AFI panellists.
City Asset Management investment analyst Stuart Fox says he still has high confidence in emerging markets and thinks that Asia in particular offers attractive fundamentals.
He says: "Investors are looking at well known safe havens such as gold, with other options like the Singapore dollar, Norwegian krone and the Swiss franc also being popular, but investors are not comfortable putting on any large bets.
"We think the long-term fundamentals for emerging markets are very strong. We are particularly keen on Asia, especially China, which we favour over Russia or Brazil, which are slightly more volatile".
Killick & Co partner Mick Gilligan says: "It is worthwhile to look at long/ short equity funds, which are making money even when the market falls.
"There is the likes of the Liontrust European absolute return fund, which takes a long position in companies with a good cashflow and short positions in companies with a poor cashflow."
Data supplied by Financial Express


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No matter where you have come from, being an immigrant in a new country has a unique list of challenges and risks. However, what you may not currently realize is how your experience as an immigrant can play to your advantage in the colorful world of business in Illinois. Fortunately, your experiences and the unique cultural background you have can provide you with needed competencies that other workers may not have.
Can you excel in business as an immigrant?
Don't give up on remaining in the U.S.
It is a frightening thing these days to face deportation. The courts do not appoint public defenders to help immigrants accused of criminal activity. You are on your alone, doing battle with the U.S. government, at a time when many Americans want you gone.
Diversity visa lottery website issues leave applicants confused
An apparent technical glitch or outage affecting the U.S. State Department's Diversity Visa lottery website left countless potential immigrants applying for the 2019 visas scratching their heads. The lottery people initially opened on October 3, scheduled to run until November 7.
Provisional unlawful presence waiver eligibility requirements
If you obtained a visa to travel to Illinois, Wisconsin or another part of the country and stayed past the date your visa expired, you will begin to accrue unlawful presence in the United States. Essentially, this means that you will not be able to lawfully return to the country for a predetermined amount of time that varies based on how long past your visa's expiration date you remained in the country. If you meet certain criteria, however, you may be able to obtain a Provisional Unlawful Presence Waiver to reenter the United States. At the Francis Law Center, we have a firm understanding of the eligibility requirements associated with this type of waiver, and we have assisted many clients navigate their paths to permanent citizenship.
What is a visitor visa, and how can you get one?
If you or someone you know is foreign-born and interested in traveling to Illinois, Wisconsin or another part of the United States, you may be wondering whether you may do so with a visitor visa. A visitor visa may fit your needs if you are planning to stay in the country on a temporary basis, and if you are traveling to the United States for business, pleasure, tourism or visiting others.


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We were in Wood Street, London E17 in the Borough of Waltham Forest for the unveiling of two plaques commemorating the lost film studios of Precision and Broadwest where, between 1910 and 1924, Walthamstow was the home of British silent cinema with over 400 films made by these companies and others.
|Paul McGann, Barry Bliss and Pamela Hutchinson
Pamela Hutchinson, in her introduction, said that the area was chosen for its proximity to London as well as its peace and quiet – Whipps Cross being relatively rural a century ago as we were to see later…
The Gobbett brothers built Precision Studios in 1910, three years before the first Hollywood studio… and whilst only a single small image survives – as far as is known – the building had a studio with a glass roof on top and workshops below: it must have been some sight. Here were filmed dramas such as a version of East Lyne (1913) starring Blanche Forsythe and Fred Paul, and comedy shorts like Anarchy in England (1909?), directed by TJ Gobbett and reconstructing a raid on a Tottenham rubber factory.
|Precision Studios as they were...
Elsewhere, Ethyle Batley, whose films included the provocatively titled Peggy Gets Rid of the Baby (1912), also made films in E17 studios as did the aforementioned Mr Elvey (at British and Colonial). The most watched film in British history, The Battle of the Somme (1916) was also completed here: an important place.
This has been a labour of love for filmmaker Barry Bliss who become fascinated with Walthamstow's film heritage after moving there thirty years ago. He said that the plaques were not just a celebration of the past but the area's continuing creative vibrancy. In addition to celebrating all four of the local studios (Precision Film Studio, Cunard Films/Broadwest Films, British and Colonial Kinematograph Company, I.B. Davidson), there will be projects involving a range of cultural initiatives in the areas.
Actor Paul McGann (a man of many, excellent, parts - I particularly like his current play Gabriel - on next week in Greenwich - as well as a super Three Sisters he did at the SouthwarkPlayhouse in 2014...) paid tribute to the spirit of the film makers and the readiness with which they adopted the new technologies – a spirit of adventure we still need, as he said, "this is your history folks!" and our future.
The next plaque was for the Cunard studios opened in 1914 and which became Broadwest Studios, run by Richard West. Anna Neagle, Victor McLaglen and others worked here and many important films were produced.
|Broadwest Studios
As a last treat, Bryony Dixon showed some of the E17 films from the BFI archive, starting with a comedy, A Bad Day for Levinsky (1909/10?) shot by TJ Gobbett around the area with present-day locals recognising Wood Street station as well as Whipps Cross. The Mystery of a London Flat (1915) was next, a Broadwest film directed by Walter West, starring Vera Cornish and George Foley – this tense drama is available now on the BFI Player.
Lastly, we saw some of the remaining reels of another Walter West film, The Merchant of Venice (1916) starring the extraordinary Matheson Lang, a stage actor who clearly grasped the need to underplay for the camera. This film is available on the BFI Player and excerpts are also featured in the Play On compilation.
|Matheson Lang broods in The Merchant
Local MP Stella Creasy was also on hand to commend the project – this felt like a real community effort end-to-end and one I will continue to watch with interest.
Walking back up Wood Street we saw that in the time it took to enjoy an E17 Hollywood burger in the Dukes Head, the first of a series of Wood Street Walls murals celebrating local film makers was already up and rather splendid it is too!
|Walter West of Broadwest Studios
It's a rich history and one that is still re-emerging… Few of the films made in E17 survive but the search continues… both here and at the extremes of the World-wide distribution chains: you never know.
For more details on the Hollywood E17 Project, visit the website and watch the story grow.


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Experiential Marketing provides many exciting ways for brands to meet consumers, for consumers to meet brands, and for brands to meet one another to meet the needs of the marketplace.
We have been lucky to align with some amazing organizations through the years locally and nationally to create some awesome events, products and campaigns. A few of these include:
-A spirits tasting events with different "themed" tasting stations
-The launch of a new cell phone
-A $10,000 makeover in NYC
and so many more. The face of brand exposure
and driving consumer interest has changed so dramatically through the years with so much emphasis being placed on social influencers and the number of followers one does or doesn't have. While we agree there is power in numbers, there is also a lifetime of reference building, understanding industry "speak," developing relationships through the years, laying career milestones and successes that come from knowing your industry, collaborating with others, and being in "the flow" as change happens. The disadvantage that today's social influencers face is not knowing the voice of a brand, its culture, its storyline, nor the changes that have been presented through the years. You can't always take a "today technique" and trust the empty results it often brings. Anyone can capture 100K followers online. But can they build a brand, handle all of the moving parts of product manufacturing, and the many other aspects of media than just "social" media.
But this past weekend at BeautyCon Los Angeles we were able to align with an exciting brand, SimpleHuman, and learn more about their amazing vanity mirrors, and meet many others on the trade show floor like Hello dental care. Many of these companies and their leaders are doing exciting things for the world of beauty and new product launches.
If a brand is constantly knocking its shins trying to do things a certain way, or if they're just not seeing results attempt after attempt, it's time to do a little homework, ask for advice, and change something.
Our team has seen a lot of wonderful experiences and "proof in the pudding" results
thanks to the trusted brand leadership of our founder, Beverly Hills Hair Stylist Billy Lowe. From reality makeover shows to product launches, even corporate events, retreats or image/grooming workshops, we've experienced and built a diverse portfolio that came to shape our own hair care line. We love the experiences we've had and opportunities to support ideas and growth with others and to celebrate those "I thought I could" moments along the way.
Customers love tips. Whether they're watching something on television or perhaps reading a quick style guide for beauty items, customers love quick and easy how to's in order to achieve results of some kind.
Step 1, Step 2, Step 3. Customers love ordered or listed information. Many people don't have hair or makeup experience, or perhaps experience in any other category that might be relevant here, so numbering the tips and shedding light on "when" something should be done helps clear up any confusion of why, how and when.
Customers love to see results. In the world of beauty this may be a before and after photo. In the world of real estate it may be a before and after kitchen. Results mean benefits to a consumer. What is this going to do for me and why should I participate (or purchase)?
Engaged shoppers. Customers love to listen to and learn from other friends or consumers when it comes to trying new things. As we say in retail sales, "the chair is contagious." If you don't have someone sitting in your chair, then chances are, no one is interested in coming in to "see what the action is all about!"
Customers love percentages and rankings. They want to know how much and by when. Their hair will feel 20-30% stronger? They will save how much time cooking their food?
There are so many creative ways that brands can align and "co-create" together to deliver more of what consumers need, while providing added value & service options, and probably more time saving solutions and discovery.
For Experiential Marketing in Los Angeles or other events whether you're an electronics brand or a health, beauty or wellness category, we look forward to working with you and at least meeting you somewhere down the line and learning more about your brand.


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Need help with your office search?
Contact one of our property experts for a no obligation consultation.
Call: 020 3053 3882 | Email: email@example.com | Web: www.officebroker.com
This office is no longer available, for alternatives please see offices in Liverpool Street.
A superb modern building which has undergone extensive refurbishment. This business centre provides an excellent corporate image for small and large companies alike, with fully serviced office space let on flexible license arrangements.


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Sale finally bucked that trend Saturday as the Red Sox exploded with eight runs over the seventh and eighth innings for an 11-3 victory at Fenway Park.
BOSTON Jackie Bradley Jr. made Detroit pay dearly for a couple of late mistakes.
"I haven't (thrown over 120 pitches) in pro ball ... but I felt good", Pomeranz said after the start.
But the Red Sox blew open the game in the eighth, batting around and scoring five more runs.
"All night long we did a very good job with long at-bats, staying with the strike zone and being relentless at the plate", Red Sox manager John Farrell said. Verlander has five ER in 29 IP in those past four matchups. I dont think it will be an ongoing thing. Unfortunately, I cost the team a win tonight..
Nicholas Castellano and Mikey Mahtook homered and Martinez and Jose Iglesias both had three hits for the Tigers (29-31). Unfortunately Detroit's bullpen couldn't hold the lead, depriving Zimmermann of what would have been his sixth win of the season. The first half went to us.
The Red Sox came right back in the bottom half of the seventh and they stopped playing around. "And their second half was better than our first".
Victor Martinez is 21-for-49 (.429) with four home runs against Sale in his career. He's 8-8 with a 3.01 ERA against Detroit.
Moreland led off the bottom of the fourth with a homer to right, just out of J.D. Martinezs reach and into the bullpen.
Andrew Benintendi had a two-run single in the eighth and finished with three RBIs.
Tigers vs Red Sox — Sunday Night Baseball
With runners on first and second, Moreland doubled off the Green Monster against Warwick Saupold (1-1).
Former Boston College baseball player Pete Frates, who was diagnosed with ALS in 2012 and started the Ice Bucket Challenge two years later that's helped raised over $100-million for research of the disease, donated his bucket and sunglasses he used in the original challenge along with his glove and BC hat to the National Baseball Hall of Fame on the field before the game. The Red Sox scored 11 runs in Saturday's victory and four or more runs in nine of their last 12 games.
This will be just the second time Sale has started opposite Verlander as the home starter. This was a big win.
The Tigers nearly had to go to their bullpen early after Zimmerman took a line-drive off the back of his leg in the first. In the Tuesday night game against the New York Yankees this week Bradley had several hard hit balls that were tracked down near the wall by Yankee outfielders with the temperature being less than ideal for June baseball.
Zimmerman remained in the game and threw 94 pitches.
"That's a tough team over there", Sale said. "Unless his leg's severed, he's not coming out". "But, yeah, scoring three runs on Sale is not easy to do". Bradley also drove in a run with a single in the fourth. He almost homered again to start the sixth with a deep fly off the center-field wall for a double.
Brian Johnson, recalled by Boston earlier in the day from Triple-A Pawtucket, settled in after a rocky start and pitched 4 1-3 innings.
It was Johnsons first start in the majors since he pitched a a five-hit shutout May 27 against Seattle. McCann had been out with a cut on his left hand. Verlander had an injury scare in his last start, going just 2 innings before being pulled.
The Detroit Tigers could use a nice road win here to snap a three-game losing streak.
If Rutledge continues to produce offensively while playing a quality defensive third base, he could see more playing time against right-handed pitchers, as he did Saturday against Justin Verlander. One of his two losses this season was against Detroit, which beat Boston 2-1 on April 10 despite 10 strikeouts by Sale.


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Welcome to AncestralHeroes.com
Ancestral Heroes, Your Ancestors, Fathers, Mothers, Grandfathers, Grandmothers, Uncles, Aunts, Friends, Who Served in the Civil War, Revolutionary War, War of 1812, World War I, World War II, Korean Conflict, Vietnam War, Gulf War.... and defended our freedom.
Browning, George
BROWNING, GEORGE Private
Son of John and Sarah Ellen Browning; born June 5, 1886,
St. Charles, Mo. Moved to Milltown, Crawford County, Ind.
in 1893. Laborer. Entered service June 5, 1917, Corydon,
Ind. Trained at Camp Sherman, Ohio; and later transferred
to Camp Niagara, N. Y. Assigned to Company K, 334th
Infantry, 84th Division. Died of disease October 14, 1918,
Camp Niagara, N. Y. Buried at Milltown, Ind.
Gold Star Honor Roll, A Record of the Indiana Men and Women who died in the service of the United States and the Allied Nations in the World War 1914-1918, published by the Indiana Historical Commission, 1921
Ancestral Heroes is a genealogy site compiled of biographies, obituaries, articles and information on military war heroes. Compilation, design, artwork and concept covered by copyright. Copyright ©2007-2015, All rights reserved. Contact me. Privacy Policy.


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Shipping to BFPO addresses
At Stafford Outdoor Leisure to help all members of the Her Majesty's Armed Forces we offer 10% off most items, with a few exceptions in the shop. We are now extending this discount to our online store. Please get in contact for further details on how to claim your discount.
Most orders shipped within the UK are post free; any exceptions are noted within the website.
We will happily ship to any BFPO addresses, within the limitations made by the MOD which are explained within this link here . A brief overview of the limitations are below.
HM Forces BFPO Parcel size and weight limits: -
All BFPOs (with the exception of HM Ships, Op HERRICK and Op KIPION):
Maximum Weight: 30kg per parcel
Maximum Size: 1.05 mtrs Length, 2.00 mtrs Length and Girth combined.
HM Ships (BFPOs 200 to 499)
Maximum Weight: 11kg per parcel
Maximum Size : 1.05 mtrs Length, 2.00 mtrs Length and Girth combined.
Op HERRICK, Op KIPION and HM Ships in Support:
No parcel service available.


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Women of the Revolution – Kira Cochrane – Book review
Women of the Revolution is an anthology of feminist writing selected from Guardian archives by journalist Kira Cochrane. The resulting book is a guide to feminism as written about in the Guardian. It would be understandable to expect it to be a largely white educated middle class discussion of the women's movement, and this is true to a degree, but voices and opinions of minority groups within the movement are also represented. Alongside regular Guardian contributors such as Polly Toynbee and noted feminist luminaries like Germaine Greer and Bell Hooks, Raekha Prasad interviews Sampat Devi Pal of India's 'Gulabi Gang,' there are interviews with working class women in the UK, rape survivors in Congo and Rwandan politicians, but the majority of viewpoints come from Guardian journalists or women whose voices are heard in the mainstream. Altogether there are 72 articles.
The first piece from 1971 is by Mary Stott, a long serving women's page editor. In it she attempts to answer the question; "What is the Women's Liberation fuss about?" Some of the language in the early articles is almost quaint. Michael Behr's patronising if well intentioned assessment of Betty Friedan back in 1971; "How to be Voluble, Sexy and Liberated," may seem cringeworthy now, but even old fashioned sexism such as that from the union executive who calls a journalist 'sweetheart' and refuses to answer her question about union rules because they're too complex for her, is mild in comparison to the sexually explicit abuse openly directed at women online today, as discussed in 2007's 'How the Web Became a Sexists' Paradise', by Jessica Valenti.
The linear nature of the articles makes it possible to trace the changing shape of the women's movement over the years, and often makes disheartening reading. Issues facing women today are acute as old gains in areas such as equal pay, education and abortion are being eroded, while the technological age has brought new concerns such as the explosion of misogynistic sadistic pornography. Many of the later articles discuss the effects of the sexual saturation of our society, sexual violence against women having reached epidemic proportions. Emine Saner's interview with a sex worker quotes her as saying, "I believe there is a conspiracy to turn women into readily accessible semen receptacles," this was one of the first articles I read and I raised a sceptical eyebrow, but after reading through the rest of the book it doesn't seem such an outlandish statement. Ariel Levy's critique of raunch culture makes more salient points. On a positive note the internet provides many women with a space to discuss and organise. In the penultimate article Libby Brooks calls for a debate on what feminism means today and also makes the point that young feminists can find answers to present day issues in the history of the movement. Much current discussion goes over old ground, and marginalises older women in the process.
Women of the Revolution makes a good starting point for people interested in feminism. Whilst it could never be a comprehensive guide, readers will discover voices that speak to them and can choose to read further, (although it does lack a further reading list). As a collection of short pieces, there is little room to go into feminist theory, but this is not an academic book, it acts as both an interesting period piece and a springboard for ideas. The range of styles and content means articles may be interesting, amusing, offensive, contradictory, or utterly harrowing, such as Emily Wax's 2003 report on sexual violence during the war in Congo. Whilst 'Forty Years' may seem the kind of book to dip in and out of, it's interesting to see follow up pieces and notice recurring themes, which means it is best read in date order, and every article is worth a read. Although at times depressing, 'forty years' is ultimately inspirational.


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In the News: June 22, 2017
By Michael Duricy
Read recent items about Mary in both Catholic and secular news. Also see International Marian Research Institute news and updates.
Marian Library/International Marian Research Institute Features
Father Benedict O'Cinnsealaigh of Mount Saint Mary's Seminary/Athenaeum of Ohio, Bishop Roger Foys of Covington, Kentucky, and thousands of others gathered at 1 p.m. on June 4, 2017 for the twelfth annual "Cross the Bridge for Life" event across the Purple People Bridge to raise awareness for the sanctity of human life, born and unborn. The event concluded at Riverfront Row with a free picnic. For more information see crossthe bridgeforlife.com.
Mary in Media: Books, Films, Music, etc.
New Fatima movie has been released in Spanish
Fátima, el último misterio [Fatima, the Ultimate Mystery] from GOYA Producciones premiered in Madrid recently. Dr. Gloria Dodd and Dr. Robert Fastiggi appear in the official trailer which is available on YouTube and runs two minutes and 19 seconds.
From the Marian Treasure Chest
Brother John Samaha, S.M., sent us the article below with the following comments: "May 13, 2017, marked the one hundredth anniversary of Our Lady's first apparition at Fatima, Portugal. Recall her message."
Fatima in Focus by Brother John Samaha, S.M.
May 13, 2017, marked the one hundredth anniversary of Our Lady's first apparition at Fatima. She appeared there each month from May to October in 1917 on the thirteenth of each month.
Like the apparitions of Our Lady at Guadalupe and at Lourdes, her apparitions at Fatima are known far and wide across the world in both religious and secular circles. To appreciate more clearly the impact of Mary's appearances at Fatima, it is important for us to know something about the conditions in Portugal at the time of the appearances in 1917. The events need to be placed in historical context.
The historical, political, social circumstances
For centuries Portugal had distinguished itself by its zeal for the spread of the Christian faith. But in the eighteenth century the government was influenced by anti-religious ideas and, from that time, Freemasonry set about de-Christianizing the country. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the moral and religious situation in Portugal was abysmal. In 1911, the separation of Church and State became official. The years from 1910 to 1913 were years of terror: priests and bishops were imprisoned or exiled; religious orders were suppressed; almost all the seminaries were closed and confiscated; missions languished or were abandoned. Freemasonry was in control. From 1910 to 1926 Portugal experienced sixteen revolutions with forty changes of government officials.
The apparitions and their message
Then, on May 13, 1917, a shining Lady appeared to three little shepherds near Fatima, a Portuguese village. They were Jacinta, seven years old; Francisco, her brother, nine years old; their cousin, Lucia, ten years old.
The brilliant Lady encouraged them to pray the rosary, a summary of the Gospel, and to offer acts of penance. Then she asked them to return on the thirteenth of the next five months. The children were faithful in coming, except for August 13, for the mayor, a Mason, had them imprisoned at that time. He had threatened to cast them into a caldron of boiling oil if they did not reveal the secret confided to them by the Lady.
At each meeting, the Lady revealed to them a little more of God's designs. She foretold future misfortunes which they were to keep secret for the time being, and which were recently revealed by the sole survivor, Lucia. These had to do with an even more terrible war than the current one of 1914-1918. The Lady asked for the consecration of the world to the Immaculate Heart of Mary, for only through her could the aid of God come to the world. On the last apparition, that of October 13, she promised a great miracle which everyone would be able to see.
Curiosity drew ever larger numbers that accompanied the little visionaries to each meeting: there were some 25,000 to 30,000 on September 13; about 70,000 on October 13.
That day, on which the great miracle promised by the Virgin Mary was to take place, rain poured all morning. The crowd was soaked. But at noon the skies cleared. Mary appeared to the three shepherds and revealed her name: Lady of the Rosary. She asked that people be converted and pray. Then, in the sight of the 70,000 spectators, the sun, which had just appeared through the clouds, began to rotate or spin three times. Each rotation lasted three or four minutes, illuminating the trees, the crowd, the earth, with all the colors of a rainbow. Then it zigzagged in the sky and descended as though to fall into the crowd. People fell to the ground crying for mercy. Then the sun returned to its proper place. The spectators noticed that their clothes were completely dry.
News of this miracle, witnessed by 70,000 people, including a number hostile to religion, spread like wildfire throughout Portugal and made a tremendous impression. The material miracle was but a sign of another miracle, the enlightenment of souls and the conversion of the country.
The aftermath
Less than two weeks after the last apparition, a first sign of a new attitude manifested itself in the protest by an influential antichristian newspaper against a sacrilegious attack by a group of sectarians at Fatima. In 1918, the bishops were recalled from exile and were able to hold a meeting at Lisbon. The military chaplaincy was reinstated and relations with the Holy See reestablished. At that point, the Masonic lodges had the president of the Republic of Portugal assassinated. They sought to reinstate the control of the anticlericals, but their efforts failed.
Come 1936, a new great danger menaced the land. The Russian Bolshevists decided to establish atheistic communism in Spain and Portugal in order to spread it more successfully in the east and in the west, throughout all Christian Europe. We know what success they had in Spain. Portugal seemed unable to resist their activity, organized with satanic cleverness. To dispel the danger, the bishops saw salvation only in the Blessed Virgin Mary. In 1936, they promised, by what was termed an anticommunist oath, to make a pilgrimage of the entire nation to Fatima if Portugal were preserved from the peril which was threatening it.
While, on the other side of the frontier in Spain, the "Reds" were massacring, profaning, pillaging, burning priests and men and women religious and churches and convents, trying to extirpate the last vestiges of Christianity, Portugal enjoyed peace. And so, in 1938, an enormous pilgrimage of a half-million faithful was on route to Fatima to thank the Virgin for her miraculous protection.
In 1940, Portugal signed with the Holy See the most perfect concordat, from the Christian point of view, ever signed in recent times. The faith is proclaimed throughout the entire country with pride, the sacraments are frequented, Catholic Action flourished, ecclesiastical vocations multiplied. In eight years the number of religious had quadrupled. In keeping with the prediction of the Virgin at Fatima, the Second World War was much more horrible than the first. Yet, though most of the nations of the world were involved in the indescribable calamities and anguish, Portugal continued with its tranquil life under the protection of Mary.
The Church's action
The ecclesiastical inquiry into the facts of Fatima opened in November of 1917. However, because of circumstances, a verdict was rendered only thirteen years later, on October 13, 1930. Meanwhile, pilgrimages continued to arrive, always more numerous, and usually on the thirteenth of each month. Cures were taking place. In 1926, a board of review was established similar to the one at Lourdes. More than a thousand cures, scientifically unexplainable had been registered by 1955.
On the occasion of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the apparitions at Fatima, the ecclesiastical authority judged the moment suitable for revealing in part what Our Lady of the Rosary had asked Lucia to keep secret for the time being.
In his radio message of October 31, 1942, to the pilgrims gathered at Fatima, Pope Pius XII consecrated the Church and the world to the Immaculate Heart of Mary. He renewed this consecration the following December 8 in Rome. The bishops of the whole world also made this consecration for their individual dioceses on March 28, 1943. We know that the Pope Pius XII confided to Cardinal Tedeschini that he himself had seen the solar phenomenon on October 30 and 31, and on November 1 and 8, 1954, on the occasion of the definition of the dogma of the Assumption.
The impact of Fatima
The message of Fatima has been heard in Portugal, and Mary's goodness has marvelously repaid it. Has it been heard in the rest of the world? Certainly not enough. Otherwise wars among nations by armies, and "cold wars," and fratricides within countries would have ended long ago.
However, not all have turned a deaf ear. The message of Fatima has been received in part, at least, by a great number of Christians. Devotion to the rosary continues to gain favor and reaches into many countries. As has been said, all the dioceses of the world have been consecrated to the Immaculate Heart of Mary by the bishops. The visits of the Pilgrim Virgin statues have been received with tremendous enthusiasm not only by Catholic populations, but by some Protestants and Muslims as well.
The message of Fatima has moved many and has contributed to making our era an Age of Mary. It has not spoken its final word. What that word will be depends on the cooperation which Our Lady of Fatima receives from us. She extends this call and invitation to each of us.
These words of St. Thomas Aquinas, later used by Franz Werfel about Lourdes, apply also to Fatima: "For those who believe, no explanation is necessary. For those who do not believe, no explanation is possible."
N.B. Now through August 20, 2017 visitors are encouraged to view the Marian Library's Fatima exhibit on the second floor of Roesch Library. Click here for more information.
Marian Events
Theme: Pilgrimage to Marian Shrines
Date: September 24 - October 5, 2017
The Companions of Saint James in the Archdiocese of Cincinnati are sponsoring a pilgrimage to Marian shrines in Spain, France, and Portugal with Bishop Joe Binzer through George's International Tours. Click here for details.
Mary in the Catholic Press
Pope to Nuns: 'Like the Virgin Mary, Go on Your Way' (Zenit website) May 26, 2017
'Like the Virgin Mary, go on your way.'
Pope Francis gave this encouragement to participants in the twelfth General Chapter of the Little Missionary Sisters of Charity (Don Orione) at 12:30 p.m. today, in the Consistory Hall of the Vatican's Apostolic Palace.
The sisters' general chapter took place May 1-20, 2017, in Rome on the theme: "To give oneself completely to God, to be completely given to the neighbor! PSMC: missionary disciples, joyful witnesses to charity in the suburbs of the world."
In his remarks, Francis also reminded the sisters to be bold and courageous, to be prophets of mercy, and to be led by the Spirit and free from all ties....
Click here to read the entire article.TOP
Mary in the Secular Press
The director and editors of All About Mary under the auspices of the International Marian Research Institute do not necessarily endorse or agree with the events and ideas expressed in this feature. Our sole purpose is to report on items about Mary gleaned from a myriad of papers representing the secular press.
Exhibit on Marian Art of Asia (Catholic Telegraph) June 21, 2017
An exhibit showing how the Blessed Virgin Mary is perceived in some Asian countries, Ex Oriente Le - Marian Art in Asia, will be on display on the seventh floor of Roesch Library, 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. from June 26 - September 8, 2017 (closed Independence Day and Labor Day). Complimentary visitor parking passes can be obtained at the visitor parking information center of the University of Dayton.
Click here to read the entire article [go to page 2].