text: Taste Perception and Food ChoicesNegri, Rossella*; Di Feola, Mariarosaria*; Di Domenico, Simone*; Scala, M. Giuseppa*; Artesi, Ginevra*; Valente, Serena*; Smarrazzo, Andrea*; Turco, Francesca*; Morini, Gabriella†; Greco, Luigi*Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition: May 2012 - Volume 54 - Issue 5 - p 624–629 doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182473308 Original Articles: Hepatology and Nutrition Abstract Author InformationAuthors Article OutlineOutline Article MetricsMetrics Objectives: The extent to which variation in taste perception influences food preferences is, to date, controversial. Bitterness in food triggers an innate aversion that is responsible for dietary restriction in children. We investigated the association among genetic variations in bitter receptor TAS2R38 and food choices in healthy children in the Mediterranean area, to develop appropriate tools to evaluate the relation among genetic predisposition, dietary habits, and feeding disorders. The aims of the study were to get a first baseline picture of taste sensitivity in healthy adults and their children and to explore taste sensitivity in a preliminary sample of obese children and in samples affected by functional gastrointestinal diseases. Methods: Individuals (98 children, 87 parents, 120 adults) were recruited from the general population in southern Italy. Bitterness sensitivity was assessed by means of a suprathreshold method with 6-propyl-2-thiouracil. Genomic DNA from saliva was used to genotype individuals for 3 polymorphisms of TAS2R38 receptor, A49P, A262 V, and V296I. Food intake was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire. Results: Children's taste sensation differed from that of adults: we observed a higher frequency of supertasters among children even in the mother–child dyads with the same diplotypes. Among adults, supertaster status was related with proline-alanine-valine (taster allele) homozygous haplotype, whereas supertaster children were mainly heterozygous. Regarding the food choices, we found that a higher percentage of taster children avoided bitter vegetables or greens altogether compared with taster adults. Taster status was also associated with body mass index in boys. Conclusions: Greater sensitivity to 6-propyl-2-thiouracil predicts lower preferences for vegetables in children, showing an appreciable effect of the genetic predisposition on food choices. None of the obese boys was a supertaster. *Department of Pediatrics, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy †University of Gastronomic Sciences, Pollenzo-Bra (CN), Italy. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Rossella Negri, PhD, European Laboratory for Food Induced Diseases, University of Naples, Naples, Italy (e-mail: email@example.com). Received 14 July, 2011 Accepted 30 November, 2011 The authors report no conflicts of interest. Abstract METHODS Population Genotyping PROP Tasting Food Preferences Data Analyses RESULTS PROP Taster Status TAS2R38 Genotype Genotype-Phenotype Association Bitter Sensitivity and Food Choices Bitterness Perception in Children Affected by Symptoms or D... DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES Sense of taste evolved to discriminate beneficial foods from environmental poisons as a critical system to ensure human survival. This goal was achieved driving innate feeding behavior to accept nutritive food or refuse potential toxic substances. Good (pleasant) tastes, as sweet and umami (the savory taste of some L-amino acids), elicited by energetic compounds as carbohydrates and proteins, trigger attraction towards nutritive food. Bad (unpleasant) tastes, as bitter and sour, evolved to detect potentially lethal compounds as plant secondary metabolites or microbial toxins. Salty taste, developed to ensure ions and water homeostasis when life moved from sea to land, can be good or bad depending on the concentration of sodium and on the physiological context. Ancestral feeding behavior was retained by contemporary humans, although food choices do not pertain to life or death. Nevertheless, taste is still a critical determinant of food selection, especially in children. As a legacy of the prehistoric age, neophobia, the refuse of new unknown food, restrains the dietary habits of infant babies and is related to feeding behavioral disorders. The taste sensors are specific receptors located in the taste buds of the gustatory papillae on the tongue and soft palate. Sweet, umami, and bitter tastants are recognized by G-coupled protein receptors encoded by the TAS1R and TAS2R taste receptors gene families, whereas salty and sour compounds are detected by ion channels. The T1R receptors are closely related and consist of the heterodimers TAS1R2/TAS1R3, which are able to recognize a wide range of sweet-tasting compounds, and TAS1R1/TAS1R3, responsible for the perception of the umami taste of L-glutamate. The pivotal role of bitter perception to avoid accidental ingestion of potentially harmful substances is outlined by the presence in the human genome of 25 members of the T2R gene family, mapping as clusters on chromosomes 7q and 5p. Human T2R genes display a high degree of polymorphism potentially involved in the variance of individual bitterness sensitivity; however, the functional consequences of the most of the receptor variants on taste sensitivity is not yet known. Allelic variations affecting the perception of some bitter compounds, such as salicine, quinine, and aloin, have been reported in the TAS2R16, TAS2R19, and TAS2R43/44 genes, respectively, but the linkage between the genotype and the trait variance is poor (1). TAS2R38, a receptor for the thiourea compounds phenyltiocarbamide (PTC) and 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP), is the only bitter receptor able to explain most of the variance in human bitter taste. On the basis of sensitivity to thiourea, the human population can be phenotypically classified into 3 categories: insensitive, sensitive, and hypersensitive to bitterness. The variance of this distribution is explained by the haplotypes generated by 3 polymorphisms in the TAS2R38 gene accounting for 55% to 85% of the variance in PTC sensitivity (2). Three nonsynonymous substitutions in the TAS2R38 gene give rise to amino acid changes to the protein at residues A49P, A262V, and V296I, putatively involved in G-protein interaction and receptor activation. The combination of the 3 single nucleotide polymorphisms results in 5 observed haplotypes with different worldwide distribution. In Europeans the taster haplotype proline-alanine-valine (PAV) and the nontaster haplotype alanine-valine-isoleucine (AVI) make up the vast majority of haplotypes present; 3 additional variants as the less common alanine-alanine-valine (AAV) and the rare haplotypes proline-valine-isoleucine (PVI) and alanine-alanine-isoleucine (AAI) can be observed (2). In vivo and in vitro studies reported PAV as the major determinant of taster status and AVI as the major nontaster haplotype, so individuals with 2 copies of the AVI allele are basically nontasters, whereas individuals with 1 or 2 copies of the PAV allele are medium tasters or supertasters. PROP sensitivity of heterozygous common haplotypes PAV or AVI in combination with less of a common or a rare variant appears to lie in between (3,4). The genotype-phenotype relation is not stringent; this is partly the result of the subjective methods of identification of the phenotype but also of the likely complexity of the genetic factors controlling taste. More genes were suggested to cooperate in the control of the phenotype (1,5,6). Several reports showed that the perception of bitter taste is related not only to the specific taste of bitter compounds but also to the wide behavior spectrum of the individual in relation to food choices (7). Hypersensitive individuals have a more restricted diet, compared with sensitive or insensitive individuals (8). These issues are of paramount importance in children after weaning: this is the time when many children gradually develop erratic food acceptance, often generating anxiety in mothers. Maternal expectations may not coincide with the transmission of only 50% of the genetic predisposition to food choices, because the other partner is responsible for the other 50%. The genetic predisposition of the child is naïve, because transformations brought by experience, social behavior, and traditions have no time to modify genetic predisposition. There is indeed scope to explore mother–child dyads to verify the concordance between them and the conditioning of the genetic predisposition. There are few studies (9) analyzing the relation among food choices, sensitivity to bitter taste, and genetics in the Mediterranean population. Such studies may help us to understand the preference for bitter vegetables and other greens in this population. The specific research question at the base of the present study is to explore the phenotype-genotype correlation in bitter taste sensitivity in either normal adults or mother–child dyads. A further task is to explore bitter taste sensitivity in obese children and those affected by a variety of food-related symptoms or diseases. Back to Top | Article Outline METHODS Population A total of 120 healthy adult volunteers (medical students) + 44 healthy children A total of 54 children affected by a variety of functional disturbances A total of 92 mother–child dyads, including 41 of the 44 healthy and 51 of the 54 affected children Inside the second group, there were children affected by: Feeding disturbances (6) Functional gastrointestinal disturbances (10) Celiac disease (18) Organic diseases (familial hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, obesity, metabolic dysfunctions) (10) Food allergy (10) Forty-four unselected healthy children, with their mothers, were recruited consecutively at a well baby clinic in the field; 54 children affected by a variety of disturbances were recruited from outpatients in the Department of Pediatrics. Their age (45F/53M) ranged from 3 to 19 years. One hundred twenty healthy young adults (medical or nursing students) were recruited on a voluntary base, after dissemination seminars at the university. Overall, the study sample mirrored the genetic and cultural environment of the local urban setting. Subjects were considered eligible for the study if they were not on dietary restrictions, with the exception of people with celiac disease, who were on a gluten-free diet. The study was scrutinized and approved by the ethics committee of the University "Federico II" of Naples. Informed consent was obtained from individuals or guardians. Back to Top | Article Outline Genotyping Genomic DNA was obtained from saliva with the phenol-chloroform extraction method following a protocol developed in our laboratory. The allelic variations of the TAS2R38 gene C145G (rs713598), C785T (rs1726866), and G886A (rs10246939) were genotyped by means of real-time polymerase chain reaction with 7900HT fast (Applied Biosystems, Carlsbad, CA) using allele-specific probes and primers (Applied Biosystems). To estimate the population prevalence of the different haplotypes, we excluded from the analysis the children of the mother–child dyads because their data are not independent of those of the mothers and would overrepresent maternal haplotypes. The expected error of genotyping was estimated to be <1% by previous work in our laboratory. Back to Top | Article Outline PROP Tasting A 2-step approach was adopted to estimate the tasting phenotype of the subjects. All of the subjects underwent a suprathreshold test to assess the sensitivity of perception at suprathreshold concentrations. For a random sample of the subjects, after the first suprathreshold test, we applied the threshold method, which assesses the individual's ability to discriminate low concentrations of the stimulus. Suprathreshold intensity ratings are often used to correctly separate medium tasters from supertasters because their distribution overlaps substantially at threshold. The detection threshold, based on the lowest concentration at which a person detects the presence of a sensation, was instead described as the best method to classify individuals as tasters or nontasters. The test was offered to children and adults, who fasted for at least 1 hour. The children were instructed not to swallow the solutions and, if required, underwent brief training in the "sip and spit" method. Subjects tasted in ascending order 2 solutions of 280 and 560 μmol/L PROP (6-propyl-2-thiouracil; Aldrich Chemical, Milwaukee, WI) in distilled water, rinsing with water before and after each solution. The reported feeling or, in extremely young children, the facial expression was recorded. The sensitivity evaluation was performed by constructing a 4-point scale in which the labels "no taste," "weakly unpleasant" (bitter, barely perceptible), "unpleasant" (bitter), and "very unpleasant or terrible" (extremely bitter) corresponded to values between 0 and 3. Facial reactions were referred to a 4-point hedonic scale corresponding to "no taste/neutral," "weakly unpleasant/depression of mouth corners," "unpleasant/frown and depression of mouth corners," and "very unpleasant/frown and grimace." According to the score achieved, subjects were classified as nontasters (NT, score 0–2), medium tasters (MT, score 3–4), and supertasters (ST, score 5–6). For quality control, to estimate the intraindividual variability of the suprathreshold test, we repeated the same test in 48 of the 144 healthy individuals. The intraindividual concordance between the first and the second suprathreshold tests was 78.7%. In addition, we applied the detection threshold method to a random sample of 10% (n = 30) of the study population. PROP threshold was determined using a "forced choice" procedure, in which individuals tasted 2 samples, 1 of water and 1 of PROP solution, and were asked to identify the sample with the stronger taste. Six PROP solutions, from 0.032 to 3.2 mmol/L in distilled water, were used. Threshold values were identified as the first concentration correctly selected in 2 subsequent presentations. Subjects were classified as nontasters if the threshold was ≥0.15 mmol/L and tasters if ≤0.1 mmol/L. Through the classification of individuals by the 2 methods a good agreement was obtained in separating insensitive from sensitive subjects, because the threshold of the subjects classified as nontasters by the suprathreshold test was ≥0.56 mmol/L and that of the medium tasters or supertasters ranged from 0.032 to 0.1 mmol/L. Back to Top | Article Outline Food Preferences The data on dietary habits were collected using a food frequency questionnaire by the 3-day recall method. The questionnaire enquired about the consumption of vegetables, legumes, fruits, and sweet and savory snacks. Consumption of vegetables was detailed to bitter vegetables such as cabbage, broccoli, asparagus, and spinach and nonbitter vegetables such as artichoke, eggplant, zucchini, and legumes. Mothers filled out the questionnaire on their own eating habits and those of their children. Back to Top | Article Outline Data Analyses Differences between groups were estimated by the χ 2 test for k-independent samples, with first-degree error at 0.05. The mother–child concordance was evaluated by kappa statistics stratifying by taster phenotype and TAS2R38 diplotype. The relation between food choices and bitter sensitivity was estimated crossing subjects by PROP status, diplotypes, sex, or age. Differences in mother–child dyads were also evaluated. Data were analyzed using SPSS 15.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL). Back to Top | Article Outline RESULTS PROP Taster Status Three hundred five subjects underwent the phenotypic classification of bitter sensation by the suprathreshold method: 69 (22.6%) were nontasters, 173 (56.7%) were medium tasters, and 130 (20.7%) were supertasters (Table 1). TABLE 1 Children's bitter sensation differed from that of adults, as expected. Although the frequency of nontasters was similar in the 2 age groups, the frequency of supertasters was nearly 2-fold in children (16.3% vs 30.2%, χ 2 = 8.59; P < 0.014). There was no sex difference in the distribution of the taste phenotypes either in adults or children. Back to Top | Article Outline TAS2R38 Genotype Two hundred fifty-three individuals were genotyped for the variant loci TAS2R38 P49A, A262V, and V296I. To avoid bias caused by the presence of blood relatives in the sample, the children of the mother–child dyads were excluded. Haplotype analysis performed in 188 nonrelated individuals revealed that the common variants PAV and AVI made up the vast majority of alleles present in our population, accounting for 51% and 44%, respectively, thus composing 95% of the sample. The less common AAV haplotype and the rare variants AAI and AVV made up the remaining 5%. From the combination of the 5 haplotypes, 8 diplotypes were observed: the most frequent was PAV/AVI, which represented half of the total diplotypes, followed by the homozygous PAV/PAV and AVI/AVI, accounting for 24.5% and 16.5%, respectively. Combinations of a common (PAV or AVI) and less of a common or rare variant represented 9%. Children were evaluated separately: the distribution of their haplotypes was not different from that of adults (Table 2). TABLE 2 Back to Top | Article Outline Genotype-Phenotype Association To assess how genetics influences the variance of bitterness perception, we evaluated the association between the TAS2R38 diplotypes and the intensity rating of PROP suprathreshold solutions. A few cases with rare haplotypes were not considered because of the small sample size. Table 3 shows the relation between phenotype and genotype. It may be noted that 85% of the individuals who carry the AVI haplotype are nontasters, whereas the PAV haplotype was more frequent in medium tasters and supertasters. TABLE 3 The agreement between haplotype and taster phenotypes is 94.8% overall; only in 13 of 250 (5.2%) individuals the phenotype did not overlap with the genotype. The PROP concentration-intensity rating does not segregate by diplotype because the medium tasters or supertasters may be PAV homozygous as well as heterozygous. Among the individuals carrying the PAV haplotype, the presence of 2 copies was associated with the supertaster status in a similar proportion for adults and children (27.3 vs 36.4), but PAV heterozygosity was associated with a double percentage of supertasters in children (39.5%) versus adults (17.1%) with the same genotype (χ 2 = 8.83, P < 0.002) (Table 4). Individuals who were AVI homozygous were, as expected, more often nontasters in adults (26/31 = 84%) and in children (6/7 = 86%). TABLE 4 Concerning the subjects with an AAV haplotype, the heterozygous AAV/AVI were similar to nontaster AVI homozygous, rating the PROP solutions as "weak" or "barely detectable" (8 of 9 individuals), whereas 6 of 10 individuals who carried the AAV/PAV diplotype were medium tasters and the remaining 3 were supertasters, as observed for the PAV/AVI heterozygous. The genotype-phenotype analysis in the mother–child dyads showed that there is a high degree of concordance between mother and child genotype (55/62 = 88.7%) (Table 5). Similarly, the correlation of phenotypes between mother and child was strong (65/81 = 80.3%) (Table 5). TABLE 5 Back to Top | Article Outline Bitter Sensitivity and Food Choices We studied the relation between the sensitivity to bitter stimuli and food acceptance in the context of the dietary habits of the Mediterranean culture. Although with uncertain concordance among studies, greater sensitivity to PROP predicts lower preferences for cruciferous and other green vegetables. In our sample the overall consumption of vegetables was low; however, we observed a meaningful difference in the frequency of bitter vegetable consumption between taster groups (Table 6) and between adults and children. The status of taster or supertaster limited the consumption of bitter vegetables more often in children than in adults. Of the 74 children taster or supertaster, only 19 (25.6%) ate vegetables versus 57 of 119 (47.9%) taster or supertaster adults (χ 2 = 6.61; P < 0.01). TABLE 6 Moreover, whereas among the adult males the intake of bitter vegetables appeared loosely associated with PROP status (10/17 = 58% supertasters ate no vegetables), among adult females it was significantly related to the supertaster status, because 32 of the 41 supertasters (78.0%) took no servings of bitter vegetables in 3 days (χ 2 = 5.755; P < 0.016). No differences were observed in the children regarding the intake of legumes among tasters or nontasters, whereas in the adult sample, supertasters eating legumes were, unexpectedly, nearly 2-fold the percentage of nontasters (χ 2 = 3.63; P < 0.07). In addition, among the nontaster adults a sex difference was observed: 22 of 31 (71%) female nontasters ate no legumes compared with only 3 of 15 (20%) male nontasters (χ 2 = 10.584; P < 0.001). The evaluation of bitter vegetable intakes by genotype revealed that there were no differences between AVI/AVI or AVI/AAV individuals and PAV homozygous or heterozygous among adults, whereas 48 of the 63 children with the PAV allele (76.2%) consumed no bitter vegetables compared with 4 of 7 children with nontaster genotype. Finally, the PROP status did not influence the overall intake of fruits or salty snacks. With regard to the relation between the bitter sensitivity phenotype and body mass index, in our sample of children we had 42 normal weight, 35 overweight, and 11 obese children; nevertheless, we observed that none of the obese boys or girls was a supertaster, as compared with 32% of children of normal weight (χ2 = 4.88; P = 0.027). Back to Top | Article Outline Bitterness Perception in Children Affected by Symptoms or Disease Although the study design had no power to explore taste sensation in several groups of children affected by a variety of complaints, we observed that the 6 children with feeding disorders showed a PROP sensitivity identical to that of normal children, whereas among children affected by functional gastrointestinal disorders, 33.3% were supertasters, compared with 19.2% of normal children. Interestingly, celiac children also had a higher (31.6%) frequency of supertasters. Unfortunately, because of the small sample size we could not reach statistical significance (by simulation we observed that the difference could have been significant with a larger sample size). This was a pilot exploratory phase, aimed to give a preliminary look at those patients who will participate in a specifically tailored study. Back to Top | Article Outline DISCUSSION Taste sensitivity is significantly different in different populations because it is related to cultural attitudes and traditions. The present work is the first study of bitter sensitivity in a pediatric population in the Mediterranean area, namely in southern Italy. Our aim was to observe the relation between taste sensitivity and food choices and to evaluate the weight of genetic predisposition by comparing phenotypes and genotypes in the population, as well as in mother–child dyads. Increased sensitivity to bitterness is associated with child neophobia, responsible for children's rejection of new, unfamiliar foods, which results in a diet particularly poor in food variety (10). The data obtained in this observational study provide a solid basis to explore feeding disorders and food-related diseases in children. Taste receptors and effectors that mediate gustatory signals in the oral cavity have been found in gastrointestinal mucosa, suggesting a role in chemosensing that triggers the physiological responses to luminal content, such as absorption of beneficial or rejection of toxic foods. In this regard it is likely that genetic variations in taste receptors could modify food intake, leading to aberrant conditions such as feeding disorders up to obesity and related metabolic dysfunctions. The distribution of PROP phenotypic groups in our population was suggestive of a model of Mendelian inheritance of bitterness sensitivity, the nontaster individuals being almost one-quarter of all (22.6%), and the supertasters (20.7%) and the medium tasters roughly 50% (56.7%). The mode of inheritance of PROP/PTC sensitivity remains uncertain, showing features between a simple and a complex trait (11). Phenotypic variation in taste perception depends on various factors controlling a more general taste ability, such as sex and ethnicity. Nevertheless, the distribution of the taster groups in our sample was in agreement with the frequencies estimated in the European population (2). In addition, we observed more supertasters among children than in adults, suggesting that innate bitter sensitivity may be modified during life, in agreement with other reports about the decline of PROP/PTC sensitivity in adult life, with increasing age (12). Sex differences in taste sensitivity were reported among adults by several authors seemingly resulting from anatomical differences, in that women have more fungiform papillae and more taste buds than men (13). Sex and age also can influence the expression of phenotype in children: it has been shown that the percentage of nontasters does not differ by sex in young children (14,15), but at puberty more nontaster individuals are boys and more taster individuals are girls (16). We did not find sex diversity between taster groups, neither among preschool children nor among adolescents. Because polymorphisms at the TAS2R38 locus explain the majority of the phenotypic variation in PROP sensitivity (17), we assessed how heritable variability in bitter taste perception predicts the phenotypic groups in our population. Haplotype analysis of the 3 TAS2R38 polymorphisms allowed us to identify 2 major forms, the taster allele PAV and nontaster allele AVI, accounting for the 95% of the sample analyzed, and the rare variants AAV, AAI, and AVV. The occurrence of the TAS2R38 genotypes was similar to that of the sample (representative of the population) of Italian ancestry, genotyped by Sacerdote et al (18). The agreement between haplotype and phenotype was extremely high; nevertheless, the genotype-phenotype association among supertasters was different in adults compared with children. Whereas the hypersensitive children were homozygous as well as heterozygous, the hypersensitive adults were mainly homozygous. It may be argued that the prevalent association between strongest sensitivity to PROP and the PAV homozygous diplotype in the adults may be related to a decrease in PROP sensitivity across adult life (12). A genetic factor able to influence the sensitivity to PROP has been identified in the gustin gene, the salivary isoform of carbonic anhydrase, with a suggested role in taste bud development (19). Individuals homozygous for the gustin polymorphism associated with a fully functional protein were more frequent supertasters, whether they were PAV homozygous or heterozygous, whereas individuals with 2 copies of the nonfunctional allele were more frequently nontasters (6). These findings suggest that variation in PROP sensitivity and ultimately in chemosensory ability of supertasters may be influenced by taste bud density mediated by a functional gustin gene. Anatomical differences in the density of fungiform papillae, in the taste buds or in receptor cells within taste buds, or ultimately in the amount of receptor expressed between sensitive subjects may determine the need for 2 copies of the active receptor form to express higher sensitivity. Moreover, the observation that heterozygous subjects expressed extremely different ratios of PAV and AVI alleles (3) may explain the variability in heterozygous responses to PROP. When the basic taster/supertaster haplotype PAV was associated with AAV, the phenotype was of the taster kind, whereas when AAV was linked with AVI, the nontaster haplotype was 88%. It appears that the AAV haplotype is not associated with a single sensation, but it reinforces the basic taster/nontaster phenotypes. A number of studies suggest that PROP/PTC tasters are more sensitive to a variety of bitter substances found in food and perceive more intense oral sensations, including sweetness or astringency than nontasters (20). From taste studies investigating the role of PROP sensitivity in eating behavior, food selection appears linked to these differences. Food preference studies showed that supertasters dislike bitter vegetables and generally strong-tasting foods and express lower preference for sweet foods, sweet drinks, and salad dressings (21). PROP tasters are also more sensitive to food texture: Investigations of reported food intake have shown that tasters consume fewer vegetables and added fats than do nontasters (22). In the present study vegetable consumption was overall less; nevertheless, children consumed fewer bitter vegetables and vegetables at all than adults, irrespective of age or health status. We speculated that in a food culture in which the overall acceptance of vegetables is low, the influence of PROP status on vegetable liking may be weak; however, sex differences were observed between PROP sensitivity and vegetable intake among the adults and the children. Tepper et al (23) showed that although PROP status influences the perception of chemically diverse bitter substances, there were no differences in liking the foods containing the same bitter compounds that were tested. This finding suggests that the relation between the ability to taste PROP and the perception and liking of bitter and other strong-tasting foods is complex and until now not completely understood. None of the obese children was a supertaster: It is clear that obese individuals have a diminished sensitivity to bitter substances. Children affected by functional gastrointestinal disorders and children affected by gluten intolerance showed a higher proportion of supertasters than unaffected children, but these findings need confirmation through properly designed cross-sectional studies. Back to Top | Article Outline CONCLUSIONS We obtained a first complex picture of bitter taste sensitivity in a population, with a strong relation between phenotype and genotype. Food preferences were also linked to the sensitivity status, although not by a simple linear model. Our preliminary data support the opportunity to explore taste status in children affected by functional gastrointestinal disorders or food-induced diseases.Back to Top | Article Outline REFERENCES 1. Hayes JE, Wallace MR, Knopik VS, et al. Allelic variation in TAS2R bitter receptor genes associates with variation in sensations from and ingestive behaviours toward common bitter beverages in adults. Chem Senses 2011; 36:311–319. Cited Here... | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef 2. Kim UK, Jorgenson E, Coon H, et al. Positional cloning of the human quantitative trait locus underlying taste sensitivity to phenylthiocarbamide. Science 2003; 299:1221–1225. Cited Here... | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef 3. Bufe B, Breslin PA, Kuhn C, et al. The molecular basis of individual differences in phenyl-thiocarbamide and propylthiouracil bitterness perception. Curr Biol 2005; 15:322–327. Cited Here... | PubMed 4. Mennella JA, Pepino MY, Duke FF, et al. Psychophysical dissection of genotype effects on human bitter perception. Chem Senses 2011; 36:161–167. Cited Here... | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef 5. Meyerhof W, Batram C, Kuhn C, et al. The molecular receptive ranges of human TAS2R bitter taste receptors. Chem Senses 2010; 35:157–170. Cited Here... | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef 6. Calò C, Padiglia A, Zonza A, et al. Polymorphisms in TAS2R38 and the taste bud trophic factor, gustin gene co-operate in modulating PROP taste phenotype. Phys Behav 2011; 104:1065–1071. Cited Here... 7. Tepper BJ. Nutritional implications of genetic taste variation: the role of PROP sensitivity and other taste phenotypes. Annu Rev Nutr 2008; 28:367–388. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 8. Duffy VB, Bartoshuk LM. Food acceptance and genetic variation in taste. J Am Diet Assoc 2000; 100:647–655. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 9. Tepper BJ, Koelliker Y, Zhao L, et al. Variation in the bitter-taste receptor gene TAS2R38, and adiposity in a genetically isolated population in southern Italy. Obesity 2008; 16:2289–2295. Cited Here... 10. Cooke LJ, Haworth CM, Wardle J. Genetic and environmental influences on children's food neophobia. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86:428–433. Cited Here... | PubMed 11. Kim UK, Drayna D. Genetics of individual differences in bitter taste perception: lessons from the PTC gene. Clin Genet 2005; 67:275–280. Cited Here... | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef 12. Whissell-Buechy D. Effects of age and sex on taste sensitivity to phenyl-thiocarbamide (PTC) in the Berkeley Guidance sample. Chem Sens 1990; 15:39–57. Cited Here... 13. Bartoshuk LM, Duffy VB, Miller IJ. PTC/PROP tasting: anatomy, psychophysics, and sex effects. Physiol Behav 1994; 56:1165–1171. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 14. Keller KL, Steinmann L, Nurse RJ, et al. Genetic taste sensitivity to 6-n-propylthiouracil influences food preference and reported intake in preschool children. Appetite 2002; 38:3–12. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 15. Mennella JA, Pepino MY, Duke FF, et al. Age modifies the genotype-phenotype relationship for the bitter receptor TAS2R38. BMC Genet 2010; 11:60. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 16. Goldstein G, Daun H, Tepper B. Influence of PROP taster status and maternal variables on energy intake and body weight of pre-adolescents. Physiol Behav 2007; 90:809–817. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 17. Wooding S. Natural selection and molecular evolution in PTC, a bitter taste receptor gene. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74:637–646. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 18. Sacerdote C, Guarrera S, Smith GD, et al. Lactase persistence and bitter taste response: instrumental variables and Mendelian randomization in epidemiologic studies of dietary factors and cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol 2007; 166:576–581. Cited Here... | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef 19. Padiglia A, Zonza A, Atzori E, et al. Sensitivity to 6-n-propylthiouracil is associated with gustin (carbonic anhydrase VI) gene polymorphism, salivary zinc, and body mass index in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 92:539–545. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 20. Yackinous CA, Guinard JX. Relation between PROP taster status and fat perception, touch, and olfaction. Appetite 2002; 38:201–209. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 21. Dinehart ME, Hayes JE, Bartoshuk LM, et al. Bitter taste markers explain variability in vegetable sweetness, bitterness, and intake. Physiol Behav 2006; 87:304–313. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 22. Bell KI, Tepper BJ. Short-term vegetable intake by young children classified by 6-n-propylthoiuracil bitter-taste phenotype. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84:245–251. Cited Here... | PubMed 23. Tepper BJ, White EA, Koelliker Y, et al. Genetic variation in taste sensitivity to 6-n-propylthiouracil and its relationship to taste perception and food selection. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1170:126–139. Cited Here... | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef Keywords:bitter taste; food choices; 6-propyl-2-thiouracil; TAS2R38 Copyright 2012 by ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN


text: My 6.5-300 Weatherby shot in dead on at 100 yds will drop 46" at 600 yds. I have a 17lb. rifle that is very pleasant to shoot. No brake is needed using only 83grs. of H870. What would I have to go to caliber wise in order to shoot say 6" to a foot or more flatter? GEG [ 05-17-2003: Message edited by: GEG ]

subset: commoncrawl


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Zaytsevo village. DPR Defense Ministry photo, archive.
Frontline Zaytsevo village in the northern outskirt of Gorlovka gave birth to a child without medical assistance due to shelling by Ukrainian army, village administration head Irina Dikun told Donetsk News Agency today.
"Last night a woman had to give birth in her house. Due to the shelling, which took all night, the ambulance could only enter the village 40 minutes after the baby was born," she said.
She added that relatives and representatives of the village administration helped the woman in labor. "It was a complicated situation, none of us have medical experience, and it is a great responsibility for the lives of two people, but we succeeded," Dikun said.
According to the village head, the delivery was successful, the boy was born healthy. "Currently the mother and the baby are hospitalized, their lives and health are out of danger," the head of Zaytsevo concluded.
Dikun emphasized that the shelling was only finished by morning, the buildings on Rudneva, Lisyanskogo and Latsisa streets were registered.
Source: Donetsk News Agency


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Now you can make sure you never miss your weekly dose of Microsoft commentary from our editors Daniel Rubino and Zac Bowden on the Xbox Community Calendar. The Windows Central Podcast is now listed alongside other community shows and events in its weekly Friday time slot!
Look at that! Windows Central Podcast on the Xbox Community Calendar 🙌 pic.twitter.com/3v69k9mDW1— Daniel Rubino (@Daniel_Rubino) April 7, 2017
Available to browse both online and as an app on Xbox One, the Xbox Community Calendar is a quick and easy way to keep up with the goings-on of the Xbox community. The calendar highlights upcoming shows and streams from influencers, including members of the Xbox Ambassadors Program, community manager, and GameMasters.
The Windows Central Podcast features discussions of all of the week's Microsoft news, every Friday from 2:30 PM to 4:00 PM EDT. To watch it online, you can tune in either at our Beam page or YouTube. And you can also follow along with the new Beam viewing app on your Xbox One.


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TD is proud to support
National Sponsorships
Landmarks 2017
Landmarks 2017 invites people to engage with the Canadian landscape through a series of contemporary art projects in and around Canada's National Parks and Historic Sites.
NatureTalks with Nature Conservancy of Canada
The NatureTalks speaker series will take place in multiple cities across Canada, bringing together experts to expand our views of Canada's nature as a resource, an inspiration and a place that sustains life.
Park People and the Park People Network
To help build strong and vibrant communities, Park People is harnessing the power of parks to bring people together, and through the Park People Network will help strengthen efforts to improve and animate city parks across Canada.
Regional Sponsorships
Art Gallery of Ontario – Grange Park
The Art Gallery of Ontario is working with the City of Toronto and local residents to revitalize Grange Park, creating a new, vibrant park in the heart of downtown Toronto. The park will incorporate new pathways and seating, play areas (human and canine), and natural spaces as well as the installation of the Henry Moore sculpture, Large Two Forms.
Canadian Wildlife Federation
Combining creativity and the natural environment, the Canadian Wildlife Federation helped connect kids to nature through a pop-up nature play space at the Children and Nature Network Conference this past Spring. The natural play space will live on at a local elementary school for students to enjoy.
Forests Ontario
Forests Ontario is celebrating living landmarks across Canada through the Heritage Tree program, helping to preserve those connected to local history in recognition of our past and to help care for future generations.
Highway of Heroes
The Highway of Heroes is creating a living tribute by planting 117,000 trees along the 401 corridor to honour Canada's fallen soldiers since Confederation.
Ottawa Community Housing
Ottawa Community Housing is revitalizing Pleasure Park through the addition of nature play elements, green infrastructure, community garden beds and on-site, interactive programing for residents and the broader community.


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2017 was a year of fostering growth in our corner of the Bay Area. As you'll read in our 2017 In Review report, the City of Fremont constantly strives to nurture our residents and businesses, while enticing new ones with the powerful potential of Fremont 's economy and community. This message—that Fremont is a hub for innovation and strategic growth—was a driving force in the City's activities last year.
Read our 2017 In Review report. (Please note: Due to the large file size, we've separated the report into sections below to assist with ease of download.)
Report Cover and Introduction Letter (1MB)Quality of Life Section (7MB)Public Safety Section (4MB)City Operations Section (1MB)Economic Vitality Section (1MB)Infrastructure and Transportation Section (4MB)Sustainability Section (3MB)Awards/Headlines and Back Page (2MB)
2017 In Review Report (27MB)


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One option for aspiring teachers is to teach in a private school. Private schools are known for being more disciplined, and give teachers more autonomy in the classroom. Many private schools offer a more rigorous curriculum and smaller class sizes. Many private schools have a much higher level of parent involvement than their public counterparts. Some private schools offer room and board for students who live there during the school session.
Private schools are also self-reliant when it comes to budgets. Without government assistance, they are funded through donations, gifts and tuition. Because of this, some private school salaries are lower than public school positions, but not always.
There are several types of private schools. Some private schools are affiliated with a particular religion. These are called parochial schools and may be supported by organizations such as the Catholic church, Lutheran, Episcopal or Jewish faith. You will find parochial schools at all levels from pre-schools through high schools. Catholic schools represents the largest number of private parochial schools with 7.6 million students in the U.S.
Montessori schools are best known for pre-school programs, but have students through 12th grade as well. These schools are based on the principles of Dr. Maria Montessori, an Italian physician and educator. There are 200,000 Montessori schools worldwide.
Waldorf Schools integrate the arts with academics and emphasize the role of imagination in the learning process. Teaching methods in Waldorf schools are based on the educational philosophy of the Austrian philosopher Rudolf Steiner. There are approximately 1,000 Waldorf schools in 60 countries with students from age 5to 14.
Special needs schools are usually government funded and are designed for the needs of children with learning disabilities including ADD/ADHD, autism, dyslexia and other learning challenges. Nearly 5.8 million children receive some special needs education either in private or public schools.
Military schools can prepare students for a military career and are often a resource for troubled students who need more aggressive discipline. There are approximately 30 private military schools in the United States, most of which are boarding schools.
Other private schools are independent schools that are not affiliated with any religious groups or particular learning styles. They are note funded by government, and are governed by a board of directors.
If you are interested in teaching in a private school, there are several resources you can look at for private school jobs. The National Association of Independent Schools represents 1,400 independent schools and has a job board on its website. The Council for Private Education is an advocate for private schools and has a job board as well.


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Featuring CRM2: Transparency, Clarity and a Better Informed Client, the free card that saves you money, the third MAXIMIZER tm character based principle (X-Out The Negatives), Top 10 Tips to Maximize your Talent Attraction & Retention Strategy, SFG highlights and announcements, important dates and more
Are you confident you are allocating your resources, time and money into the right elements of your total rewards program to maximize your return on talent investment? Evaluate the results of your Talent Acquisition & Retention Strategy and its impact on your employees' productivity, loyalty, and of course, your bottom-line! We will show you how! Read more for workshop details.
Thu, 19 January 2017 6:00 PM – 8:00 PM CST Ramada Saskatoon A panel discussion where we will hear from leaders, coaches and HR professionals who have experienced the impact of coaching in their organizations. Among the topics covered: - Strategies for developing a coaching culture - Impact of coaching on business results - Best HR practices that support coaching in organizations - Recommendations to coaches for creating meaningful partnerships
Join the webinar to find learn about the national comprehensive web-based solution that allows you to take control of your HR, protect your company and prevent future errors that could jeopardize your business - for $100 a year!
4 Critical Areas of Pre-Planning for the Inevitable - And How To Take Action. Do not miss this opportunity to hear from four experts on how you can take action to save money and relieve your family from burden! January 24, 2017. Limited seating. RESERVE your seat today!
Attend November 24 or November 25, 2016 - Partnering with READ Saskatoon, will be presenting an opportunity for employers to bring a unique, customized advantage into their business. This opportunity will be available to only 12 businesses in 2017 – don't miss out on this information session to learn if this is the right investment for your business next year! Limited seating. RESERVE your seat today!
Do more with less. This seminar series is designed to help your business protect and capitalize on your valued resources. A seminar each day through the week of October 17 - October 21, 2016! Limited seating. RESERVE your seat today!
Make better informed decisions and access leading-edge proprietary benefits, services and preferred pricing to better attract and retain the talent you need to continue to build your business.
Why do couples go into business together? And how do they make it work? Sutton Financial Group hosted a "Couples in Business" event designed to have couples connect, engage and share ideas about an integrated life. Find out what has made them successful. Read what they had to say along with additional comments from Andrea Hansen of Sutton Financial Group.
We want to thank you and celebrate with you! Learn more about The Family Enterprise of the Year Award and the details of our big event! And check out the short video that captures our story and features some rare photos you don`t want miss! June 23rd from 4:00 - 7:00 pm at our office location! Please RSVP.
Featuring "Aging In Place: Technology, Human Touch, & Planning Ahead Financially", and "Are You the "Better Opportunity"? Evaluate Your Talent Attraction & Retention Strategy" and Personal Development to "Achieve Personal Significance" and more.


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Pak slams U.S. envoy over Trump's accusation of aiding terrorismForeign Secretary Tehmina Janjua sought an explanation from Hale over Trump's remarks, The Express Tribune reported . President Donald Trump's tweet in which he doubted Pakistan's role against terrorism, according to local reports.
Factory activity expands at fastest pace in five years in December: PMIThis is for the fifth consecutive month that the index has come in above 50-point mark that separates expansion from contraction. The modest increase in output in December followed broadly unchanged production volumes in November.
Bama routs Clemson behind defensive dominanceBama suffocated the high-octane Tigers offense, holding them to just 188 yards on the evening with nine tackles for loss. The Tide will play in their third straight CFP national championship next Monday night against fellow SEC rival Georgia.
TV Star Laura Govan 'Exposed' as Woman Sneaking With Tamar Braxton's HusbandBut Tamar was clear that despite claims that Vince has been abusive to her in the past, no violence popped off during the holiday. The Tamar & Vince season finale aired on Thursday, Dec. 28, at 9 p.m. on We TV.
Jio leads with 21.8Mbps 4G download speed in October: TRAILastly, at Rs 999, users will get 50GB data per cycle along with a data roll-over worth 200GB data and 100 free SMSes. Under this plan, users will get 1GB data per day along with unlimited voice calls, for a validity of 28 days.
Russian Federation and Turkey Seal Deal on Controversial Missile SystemNational Defense Minister of Turkey Nurettin Canikli confirmed the statement and added that the S-400 deal had been concluded. The move has alarmed Turkey's North Atlantic Treaty Organisation allies amid tensions with Moscow.
Weather warning brought forward as Storm Eleanor heads for East MidlandsOn its site, the warning reads: "A spell of strong winds is expected later Tuesday, overnight into Wednesday morning". Flying debris could lead to injuries or danger to life, while some damage to buildings is likely, it has said.
Man arrested with weapons in hotel room hours before NYE partyThe man, whose identity has not been released, was arrested for unlawfully carrying a weapon and trespassing. It comes as cities across the U.S. and around the world step up security for New Year's Eve celebrations.
Roy Hodgson 'proud' as Crystal Palace stop Man City juggernautI don't know what will happen with him, maybe in the coming days, but we're lucky". "But I don't know what happens in the future". De Bruyne was later seen being helped down the touchline back to the dressing room by City's medical staff.
LG Unveils 88-Inch 8K OLED TV, First In The WorldThe previous record-holder for the biggest OLED display TV only touched 77 inches and it only featured 4K resolution. According to Engadget , which first reported on this, LG will be showcasing the 8K resolution OLED display at CES.
Lok Sabha passes bill criminalising Triple TalaqRazia were of the view that the government should have dealt with the issue of polygamy by banning it in the same Bill. Opposition parties like the RJD, AIMIM, BJD, IUML and AIADMK objected when the Bill was being introduced in the House.
Survivor describes escape from deadly NY apartment fireSeveral online fundraisers have also been set up for the families of those who perished in the flames. Friday morning Mayor de Blasio said the search for answers in Thursday night's fire is ongoing.


text: Working with Robin for the first time was an enjoyable experience , where , I felt I could experiment with colour and shape more because of the energetic atmosphere that was given off in the room. I wanted to experiment more with black paper and white pencils because I feel my work has been linear in terms of black on white when it comes to drawing. I think these pieces are successful because the drawing feels as if it has some form of depth to it and also I had a lot of fun trying this medium out.


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Hey everyone. After a long hiatus, I'm back to excite you with all that has been going with my life and all the projects that I've been involved with. I know that most of you are wondering about the status of Mother's House. As of right now, the film is ready to go and the producers are now using Without a Box to make submissions to upcoming film festivals. But before the masses get the view the movie, the people who helped make it get a special screening sometime in the month of April. And also, more videos will be posted on the movie's youtube page sometime within the next few weeks. So be sure to stay tuned.
If you look at the title of this blog and the above picture, you could tell that I've been involved in another project. During the past week, I was the key production assistant for the film, "Maybe Tomorrow." The movie is directed by Michael Wolfe and stars the director himself as well as Paul Lange, Dominik Tiefenthaler, Carolina Ravassa, and Caitlin Norton . While the producers want to keep the plot a secret, the movie centers on three friends that go through events that will test their friendship as well as their relationship with those around them.
I currently joined the crew as the project was in the second week of production. During that time, shooting took place in a beach house in Southampton, NY. With this being my first time in the area, I was amazed by how beautiful Southampton was. The local residents were friendly and laid back and the beach house was amazing in itself. If the weather was warmer, I would have spent time walking on the beach that was right behind the house. But I enjoy my time working with the crew. I was able to acquaint with people I met in the past and got to know the people I interacted with for the very first time. But even though the second week has wrapped up, there's still one more week for us to work together. And we get to shoot in New York City and in Newark this week. So there will be plenty more blog posts about this project along the way as well as background stories on the people involved. So until the next post, see ya later!


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Copyright Exigent Ventures Ltd 2010-
Simply put sales can grow discretely and tends to be quite smooth as shown as the red curve. Organisations growth, by contrast, tends to be much more lumpy. This is because a certain staffing complement has a finite growth capacity and beyond that point just adding people doesn't help. In fact at some point adding people reduces performance. What is required is an organisational restructure which will create a step change in a companies ability to support its growth. However this is not easy to accomplish because most businesses address this problem too late. This often results in business growth reverting to the typical "lumpy" organisational restructure rather than a smooth increase. The reason for this is that sales now have to wait for the organisation to catch up so you tend to end up with a year of rapid growth followed by a year of of no growth or even negative growth.
Smaller Businesses tend to rely too heavily on a few key people, this results in a stagnation of performance of the remaining staff who have little or no chance to develop their skills. So when the time comes to reorganise the business owners or management are reluctant to make the step change necessary to reorganise the business because they cant see who, apart from the usual suspects, who will be able to take on additional responsibility. What this results in is either a re-
"Stay ahead of the Hammer!"
What does this mean in organisational terms? Below are some suggested key actions:
First; Always! Always Always! Implement a reorganisation ahead of its need. This gives you time to fine tune; it is also the only way you can maintain that rapid growth.
Second; Establish a model for organisational growth. That is how will your business deal will sustained and rapid growth. Your plan must also be able to estimate at what point (size of revenues) will you be needing to consider the next reorganisation.
Third; Reorganisations must have longevity. Typically a major reorganisation should last about 24 months, with interim adjustments taking place yearly. Recognise that reorganisations get bigger and more complex as you grow, so put in place a post reorganisation quality control process.
The challenge for a business in maintaining high growth is to grow the organisation consistently over time to match sales. In supporting businesses to understand and undertake this challenge in a knowledgeable way we are much more like to provide sustainable high growth businesses.
Organisational Growth is falling behind sales growth
|Definition of High Growth
|High Growth Challenge
|Strategy and Planning
|Talent Management
|Financial Management and Control
|Systems and Processes
|Business Development
|The High Growth Challenge
|Matching Organisational and Sales Growth
|The Impact of Badly Managed Growth
|Its All About Culture
|Healthy Culture Delivers Better Business Performance
|Using Your Culture for Competitive Advantage
|Good Culture and Return on Investment
|Are You Winning on the Cultural Battleground?
|How a Strong Culture Improves Your ROI with New Recruits
|The Importance of Planning
|Getting Your Vision
|Building A Structured Sales Process
|How To Ruin Your Sales Efforts With One Question
|The 6 Signs of a Dysfunctional Board


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What is IMCHF ?
IMCHF International is a Christian child development organization dedicated to releasing children from poverty. Our ministry is twofold: We work through local churches to provide child development programs to deliver children from economic, physical, social and spiritual poverty, enabling them to become responsible, fulfilled Christian adults. And we speak out for children in poverty – informing, motivating and equipping others to become advocates for children.
What is your mission statement?
In response to the Great Commission, Compassion International exists as an advocate for children, to release them from their spiritual, economic, social and physical poverty and enable them to become responsible and fulfilled Christian adults.
How does Compassion work?
The hallmark of Compassion's work is one-to-one child sponsorship. A sponsor is someone who has made the decision to personally invest in the life of a child in need. Through sponsorship, children are able to participate in a church-based program that offers life-changing benefits that range from educational opportunities to health care.
How and when did IMCHF start?
It began in the heart of one man moved by Korean War orphans in 1952. The Rev. Everett Swanson was on a successful preaching tour in South Korea when he encountered the bitter poverty of Korea's unwanted children. He knew he had to do something.
Upon his return to the United States, Everett established a program that allowed caring people to provide food, shelter, education, medical care and Christian training for Korean orphans. That program was, and remains, the foundation and core of Compassion International.
Where does we work?
Today we works in 26 countries. In Africa, we work in Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Togo and Uganda. In Central America, we work in the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua and Mexico. In South America, we work in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. In Asia, we work in Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand.
How does IMCHF choose which countries to work in?
IMCHF follows an in-depth process of investigation, analysis and research for God's direction to expand into new countries and communities. Compassion's criteria for opening a new country include:
- God's leading. Each decision about a new country is wrapped in prayer. No country is selected unless the responsible staff are convinced of God's leading and blessing.
- Need. Compassion works in some of the world's poorest communities. Local church partners then select the children in their communities who have the deepest need to participate in our program.
- Strong local church partners. Christian leaders and churches must be willing to invite our ministry into their country and competent Christians to staff country offices and lead projects.
- Risk management and legal issues. A country must not have legal barriers to our ministry. There must be a provision for international banking. Our work with the local church to encourage long-term Christian child development also must be understood and accepted.
What makes IMCHF stand out among other child development and/or sponsorship organizations?
We believe IMCHF has four very distinctive values:
- Christ-Centered. Without coercion, we teach the life-changing gospel to every child in a culturally relevant way.
- Child-Focused. Our ministry directly engages each child as a complete person.
- Church-Based. We choose to partner with the church as a local group of believers who can teach, train and mentor children. This is done in partnership with parents and the community.
- Committed to Integrity. We commit to excellence and integrity to best benefit the children we serve. We commit to help children, families and churches create relevant child development activities. We commit to the highest professional and biblical principles.
Can you explain IMCHF's rating on Charity Navigator?
On June 1, 2016, Charity Navigator introduced a revised method of calculation for the charities they review. This revised system
altered Compassion's 4-star rating to a 3, less than three months after awarding Compassion a 4-star rating for the exact same numbers.
There are two changes that had the most impact on Compassion's rating. First, Charity Navigator's updated criteria removed "revenue growth" as a measure they evaluate. Even during difficult financial times in the economy, God has blessed Compassion with dedicated sponsors and donors who care deeply about impacting children around the world, allowing our ministry to continue to grow year over year. Second, the revenue growth metric was replaced by a "debt to asset ratio." This ratio measures the assets a charity holds on its financial statements. This change impacts Compassion's rating negatively because we choose to send dollars to the Implementing Church Partners every month for our programs that impact children.Since 1952, Compassion's ministry model has proved to provide immense stability in the face of various economic situations. We believe our sponsors and donors are best served when their dollars are quickly put to use releasing children from poverty, not sitting unnecessarily idle in an account.
IMCHF's strong commitment to financial transparency, integrity, and our core purpose of releasing children from poverty in Jesus' name is and will continue to be unwavering. Be assured, Compassion is committed to invest at least 80 cents of every dollar to fund the programs that benefit our Compassion-assisted children. For fiscal year 2016, 82.4 cents of every dollar were applied to these programs. In other words, our commitment to stewardship has not changed even though the calculations of Charity Navigator have undergone revisions.


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"Mixed is an absorbing and thought-provoking collection of stories that explore racial identity, alienation, and people often forced to choose between races and cultures in a search for self-identity."
Vanessa Bush – Booklist
"There are some wonderful, deftly crafted, satisfying reads in Mixed"
Lise Funderburg for Chicago Sun-Times
"Prasad gets inside Amelia Earhart's psyche to give life to the woman behind the myth. Add this insightful novel to the list of new nonfiction Earhart books (The Sound of Wings and Amelia Earhart: The Thrill of It) coinciding with a new movie."
Kristine Huntley - Booklist, October 1, 2009
"The multiracial characters in Mixed, who inhabit worlds as diverse as a Los Angeles suburb, an Indian reservation in Wyoming, a Vietnamese village, and the streets of Queens, New York, emerge as refreshingly complex and compelling."
Pearl Fuyo Gaskins, author of What Are You?: Voices of Mixed-Race Young People
"Mixed is an absorbing and thought-provoking collection of stories that explore racial identity, alienation, and people often forced to choose between races and cultures in a search for self-identity."
Vanessa Bush – Booklist
"There are some wonderful, deftly crafted, satisfying reads in Mixed"
Lise Funderburg for Chicago Sun-Times
"Prasad gets inside Amelia Earhart's psyche to give life to the woman behind the myth. Add this insightful novel to the list of new nonfiction Earhart books (The Sound of Wings and Amelia Earhart: The Thrill of It) coinciding with a new movie."
Kristine Huntley - Booklist, October 1, 2009
"The multiracial characters in Mixed, who inhabit worlds as diverse as a Los Angeles suburb, an Indian reservation in Wyoming, a Vietnamese village, and the streets of Queens, New York, emerge as refreshingly complex and compelling."
Pearl Fuyo Gaskins, author of What Are You?: Voices of Mixed-Race Young People


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"Thermo fax" machines were an early form of copier which used heat to transfer images onto heat sensitive paper. They have long been overtaken by more modern technology but the machines remain popular with artists. Using a modern plastic film produced by Riso, carbon based images are transferred onto the film which is then used like a silk screen to print the image onto the preferred substrate.
Reconditioned original machines are in high demand, and virtually impossible to find in Australia. In 2004, a German engineer named Guenther Panenka decided to produce a modern version of the thermal imager. You can read his story here
I use the A3 model to produce my images.
Thermal imaging is particularly suited to fine lines and designs with fine details. Large solid areas of black do not work so well.
Check out my galleries for ideas on incorporating thermofax images in your work. I have an excellent range of ready made screens you can order in different sizes. Or you can email me your image and I will produce a custom screen for you.


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Cameron & Rhoda McMaster's
Landscape, Habitat and Flora Galleries
Plants seen on a typical tour in NovemberMaclear, 21st November 2008. Maclear (1) Maclear (2) Maclear (3) Maclear MapThe Maclear district of the North Eastern Cape is at the southern end of the Drakensberg range. Situated between 2000 and 2500m altitude, the region enjoys a high summer rainfall and very cold winters with snow and frost. The vegetation is montane grassland with a high diversity of orchids, geophytes and other forbs. The area is only accessible to 4-wheel drive vehicles and can only be visited in the company of local guide Adele Moore. There are numerous spectacular San Hunter-Gatherer Rock Art sites in the vicinity to which Adele can take visitors. PlantsCrinum bulbispermumCyperus sphaerocephalusCyphia longifoliaDierama cooperiDierama robustumDisa cornuta flower close-upEulophia aculeataEulophia foliosaEuphorbia sp.Fanninia caloglossaGnidia polyantha habitatHelichrysum pilosellumKniphofia northiae groupLedebouria ovatifoliaMoraea alticolaPachycarpus reflectensWatsonia gladioloidesAlso see:African Rock Art at Maclear - 21st November 2008For further information about the tours we offer contact Cameron McMaster.


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Villette Street Festival
May 4-17 at the Grande Halle de la Villette
Hip-hop is at the centre of the second edition of the sparky young Villette Street Festival at the Grande Halle de la Villette. The hall will host gigs, dance-offs, art exhibitions, street parties, food trucks, shopping stalls and more. It's not exactly a spontaneous street dance-off, but that doesn't detract from the sheer fun and variety of the programme.
To read more (in French), click here.
|Event phone:
|01 40 03 75 75


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HR Systems Manager - Liverpool - £50,000 - £55,000
Annapurna HR are exclusively recruiting for a outstanding rapidly growing organisation who are seeking a HR Systems Manager. A key responsibility of this role will be to centralise, standardise and improve HR processes to drive system improvements and develop out transformational HR. The first step in this is the implementation of a new HR system, in which, the successful candidate will play a key role.
This role will be the lead owner for the HR systems, based out of the HR Shared Service centre in Liverpool. Working closely with managers and stakeholders across the UK to continuously improve the system and develop efficient self-service for users and using your super user knowledge to provide first point of contact for user queries.
Key skills required:
This is a fantastic opportunity for a candidate looking to substantially develop their career and play an integral part of this organisation's professionalisation and systems transformation. You will be able see the impact of your work in developing this organisation and driving forward it's future operating.
If you are interested in this role, then please apply by contacting Joe Bridger on firstname.lastname@example.com or.
HR Systems Manager - Liverpool - £50,000 - £55,000
Annapurna HR are the exclusive provider for this vacancy.


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Thursday, 5 October 2017
Pretty Pumpkin...........
Thank you for popping in, huge hugs Lou xxx
2 comments:
Gorgeous card, love the colours. Hugs to you at your sad time, I'm sure your Grandad knew how much you meant to him and he will always be with youReplyDelete
Ooh I just LOVE this!! I know I'm going to want to have her. She's fab for fall!! LOVE your colouring on this Lou and the card design brings it all together so beautifully. I love your roughed edges. I can never get mine to look quite so worn and I do love that effect. Glad your Grandad's funeral went well (as well as can be expected!) they are not easy days to weather. We visited Greg's Gran while we were home on Spring break with the kiddos and she's about to turn 103!! Incredible really and she was up and chatting with the kids. Lovely to read you're brave enough to cut into those stroke only Maja papers! I'm such a woos with mine! I have a huge 'stroke only' stash. But the joy is in the creating with them. So I need to do it more. Sending big hugs my darling pal, Wends xoxoReplyDelete


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My podcast recommendations/
I've recently really gotten into listening to podcasts. I work alone at home a lot now, or am by myself sometimes and in a country where I don't yet know the language, it's nice to listen to something or have it on in the background. Here are my favourite podcasts- I have a small attention span so it's important to me that podcasts are engaging, interesting, or make me laugh/think!
I recommend using either the Apple "Podcasts" app, or my personal favourite, "Overcast". Overcast has cool features like "smart speed" which optimises how you listen to it and it's very customisable.
My favourite comedy podcast has to be Hamish and Andy, a radio program that's on Australian radio during peak hour every weekday. It's seriously funny and it's my guilty pleasure! Hamish and Andy have been on Australia air waves for about 10 years now so everyone knows who they are, but I find them just normal, down to earth comedians who aren't overly negative / get their jokes by putting down others. Seriously recommend! And it seem highly popular on iTunes as well!
I don't listen/engage with science media/comms as much as I used to, but I did always enjoy the Infinite Monkey Cage with Brian Cox and Robin Ince. They're both UK-based (so do it for the accents!) and they talk about scientific concepts but in an approachable and fairly humorous way. Brian Cox has done a lot of popular science shows/radio/media stuff and he's active on twitter too, so if you're interested in a bit of science and want to learn something random but interesting, check him out!
I discovered this podcast while we were doing extremely long drives in the US. I'm talking 7-9 hours PER DAY. After a while, the conversation does run out and it's hard to beat the tiredness/boredom. So we started listening to a podcast called Hardcore History by Dan Carlin. The main feature is that these podcasts are long. Like, 5-6 hours per podcast long. So they definitely got us through some long drives! My boyfriend is enthusiastic about ancient history and he talks about history in a really engaging way which is not always easy to do. He makes analogies to modern history/politics and honestly sometimes makes some pretty good jokes!
I've been following Lily Pebbles on youtube and on her blog for a while now - I like her content for aesthetics/inspiration, and she recently released a new podcast called At Home With... where she meets important people in the blogging/lifestyle/beauty industry and just chats about their life, work and their homes. I find it nice to listen to and interesting to get an insight into how their guests work/live.
I discovered this podcast after it was recommended by Amy (vagabond youth) on youtube; it's called Optimal Living Daily and it's just a guy reading blog posts in each podcast. They're only 4-5 minutes each usually, so nice and easy to listen to. Most of the posts are taken from blogs about minimalism, living intentionally, productivity and basically how to live the optimal life. Some of the posts I don't necessarily agree wholly with but some of them are a nice reminder of how to approach life.
Thanks for reading, and I'd love to hear your podcast recommendations! I'm always looking for more :)


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Phone: 205-685-9600
Degrees and Certifications:
Bachelor of Science (Exercise Science) - Auburn University Master (Secondary Education) - University of Montevallo
Mrs. Meagan Sharp
I began my journey as a 6th grade English teacher in August of 2005. I enjoyed teaching middle schoolers so much that I've never left! In addition to molding every young mind I can get my hands on, I also invest a lot of time with my family. My husband Jason, my daughter Lillie, and my step-son Bryant are the driving force of my good times away from school. We also have several furry members of our family, including four dogs and one very fat cat.
Will I be teaching you new and exciting things this year? If so, I consider myself lucky! I cannot wait to laugh and learn with you. I run a classroom that is both structured and fun. I like to mix things up so I (I mean you students) don't get too bored. That means my desks are never arranged the same way and lessons are never mundane. I love teaching because I love kids. My goal is for every student to learn how to be an amazing person (and hopefully learn some grammar and writing too!)


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Specializing in Business Networks
Central Florida Business Systems will provide you with expert advise regarding your business technical needs.
We understand that each company has a unique environment and as your consultant we will assist you in creating a customized solution. From Computers and Hardware to a Shared Office Network we will install, configure and successfully transfer all your data to ensure your system is updated and protected.
Central Florida Business Systems, designs and implements business network environments and can assist you in the selection, setup, configuration and service of your business network.


text: If today were a color it would be purple. The day wasn't bad and it wasn't fabulous, therefore it was purple. I didn't talk to boy 1, boy 2, or even to my best friend today. Well I mean I did talk to my best friend but none of the conversations mattered. My best friend is obsessed with one direction and it literally drives me nuts. But I love her so I go with it. Yeah, purple is an okay color.


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No products in the cart.
Reading & Leeds 2016 Line Up
15 Mar
Reading & Leeds 2016 Line Up
The 2016 Reading & Leeds line up has now been released and has been well received by most with a mix of both old and new artist and a leaning towards the rock end of the spectrum as you'd expect from Reading & Leeds.
Festival Republic is staging the events over the August bank holiday 26th – 28th August @ Richfield Avenue Reading and Bramhan Park Leeds.
This years line up consists of the following with major names like Foals , Red Hot Chili Peppers & Biffy Clyro headlining each night.


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- LIST of the stressors in your life, and next to each stressor write down how you handle this stress. (NOTE: You will need to refer back to list when you complete the assignment for this Learning Plan.)
Refer back to the list you created in Learning Activity #2.
After reading this chapter, review this list and critique your current stress management skills.
Type your responses in a Word document and submit it to your instructor via the dropbox "LP8 Assignment: Stress Management." This assignment is worth 50 points; grading will be based on the LP8 Scoring Guide.


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Visited for more than a century by the wealthy and the affluent, ranging from prime ministers, to business moguls, even big-shot Hollywood celebrities, Kozminsky has closed after nearly 170 years of selling exquisite gift necklaces and engagement rings in Melbourne; bringing that certain je ne sais quoi to life's special moments.
Melbourne's oldest jewellery house located in Bourke Street, after 165 years of operation, closed last Friday, this February 10. The remaining stock will be sold on the 4th of March via an auction in the Leonard Joel auction house. According to estimates, this will be the most valuable single-owner jewellery auction ever held in Australian history. More than 600 pieces of jewellery, both antique and contemporary, with additional small decorative antiques have been estimated to be worth between $770,00 and $1.2 million, according to some conservative calculations.
The of Kozminsky is happening now, as big name, international jewellery houses, such as Graff, Bulgari, even Tiffany & Co., expand into the Australian market and leave their mark. The trend of customers buying items online, even the more egregiously priced ones, continues, which puts strain on the antique market; which, in recent years, has had a rough time, with younger generations preferring more contemporary designs rather than silver that has to be polished or brown-coloured furniture that would be ill-fit in more modern aesthetics found in architect-design homes or harbourside residences.
The owner of Kozminsky, Kirsten Albrecht, who acquired the business after purchasing it from her brothers in the 2000s after they inherited it from their father; Kurt, described it as a sort of "behemoth". She described it as "slow moving", which she states is ill-fit for the modern market which she states as requiring being able to move quickly to meet the demands of customers.
Albrecht states that she will re-invent the brand name, after a long break abroad to see new possibilities. She states that if ever that the Kozminsky brand name was to be revived, it would go with the times by having a notable presence online. She states that no one does a job like hers if they don't love it.
With the market changing these days, what does this mean for the customers seeking necklaces and engagement rings in Melbourne?


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New products galore from Nando's10th April 2016
Nando's has unveiled a number of new products this month. It is relaunching PERinaise – its delicious unique mayonnaise with a PERi kick. The recipe has been improved to exactly match the PERinaise in the Nando's restaurants and a unique squeeze bottle design has been developed.
Meanwhile, an Extra Extra Hot Peri-Peri Sauce is now available to replace the Extra Hot variety. This is designed to provide more differentiation to the Nando's range, and targets the "spice junkies". The sauce, available in 6 x 125g packs, contains no artificial preservatives, flavours or colourings. It has no added MSG and is suitable for vegetarians.
Finally, Nando's is launching Coat 'n Cook pouches in a Price-Marked Pack. The product works much like a marinade but without having to leave the food overnight – the chicken is simply coated, and then cooked straight away. Coat 'n Cook adds flavour, zest and a gentle dash of heat to any meal. Hot and medium varieties will be available at a £1 PMP.
An estimated 1.3 million UK TV viewers tuned into Channel 4's Food Unwrapped to learn just what makes Kühne pickled gherkins so special.
From October we will be the exclusive distributor within the wholesale, convenience and impulse channels for three brands from The English Provender Company
The Mary Berry's brand is set to expand once more with the introduction of a range of premium condiments made from the finest ingredients


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297 Blackberry Road, Blowing Rock, NC 28605
- $749,900
- 4 Beds
- 4 Full | 1 Partial Baths
- 4,237 sq ft
- Year Built: 2001
- Single Family
- Listing #203473
- Status: Under Contract
A spectacular setting with extraordinary long-range layered mountain views describes this custom-built, open-concept living, four-bedroom, four-and-a-half-bath mountain retreat. The home is set on a gently sloping 2.69 acre tract, located just off the Blue Ridge Parkway. Entry level features include a spacious master suite with fireplace and large en-suite bath, office, spacious great room anchored by natural stone fireplace bookended by custom built-ins, a large dining area and kitchen featuring hardwood flooring, custom cabinets, granite, gas cook top and a large entry-level laundry, separate pantry and powder room. There is also a second entry-level guest suite with en-suite bath, all of which is accessible from the level-entry, oversized three-car attached garage. On the upper level, there is a spacious family room/library and two additional guest suites each with en-suite baths, a bonus room above the garage with separate entrance and a flex space currently used for storage but originally intended to be a home theater room. The lower-level unfinished walkout basement provides additional flex space to be finished if needed.
|4 Beds
|4 Full | 1 Partial Baths
|Year Built
|Property Type
|Single Family
|Listing #
|Under Contract
|Listing Type
|For Sale
|Square Feet
|Heating and Cooling
|Central A/C, Forced Air-Propane, Fireplace-Wood Stove Insert, Wood/Gas Logs, Zoned, 2 Units, Central, Heat Pump, Zoned
|Gas Vented, Stone, Two
|Hardboard, Masonary Block, Stone
|Architectural Shingle
|3+ Car, Attached, Oversized
|Lot Size
|2.69 acres
|MLS Area
|4-Blue Rdg, Blowing Rck (Yadkn Valley-Pattersn-Globe-CALDWLL)
Courtesy of Eric Ritchie, Premier Sotheby's International Realty - Blowing R


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Offering panoramic views of the Swiss Alps, the Cambrian is located in the centre of Adelboden. It features a 700 m² spa area and a heated outdoor pool overlooking the mountains. The spacious, elegantly furnished rooms offer free Wi-Fi. They feature a flat-screen smart-TV. Spa facilities at The Cambrian include an indoor pool, 2 saunas, a hot tub, and a modern gym. Guests can enjoy unique views of mountains and waterfalls from the sun terrace and the lounge, which features a fireplace and a billiard table. The Glasshaus Restaurant offers various dishes including fresh fish, meat and fresh vegetables. Guests can relax in the well stocked Axe Bar. Depending on availability you can use the hotel's underground car park or the parking lot. Bicycles are offered at an additional charge to explore the surroundings. A shuttle service takes guests to the ski slopes, also at an additional charge.
Situated amid the pristine scenery of the Swiss alps and with stunning mountain views in every direction. The Cambrian offers the kind of location that tense desk huggers the world over spend their days dreaming about
The fine print
Guests are required to show a photo identification and credit card upon check-in. Please note that all Special Requests are subject to availability and additional charges may apply.
Please note that guests wishing to dine in the restaurant are kindly requested to make reservations in advance.
Please note that dogs are not allowed in the restaurant.
If you arrive with children, please inform the property about their number and age. You can use the Special Requests box when booking or contact the property.
Credit card prepayment authorization forms will not be accepted. The credit card used for prepayment must be presented on check-in. Alternatively, a bank transfer can be arranged for making the prepayment.
Équipements de l'établissement
- Activities
- Skiing
- Billiards
- Hiking
- Cycling
- Bowling
- Ski storage
- Ski school
- Ski equipment hire (on site)
- Ski pass vendor
- Common areas
- Garden
- Terrace
- Library
- Sun terrace
- Shared lounge/TV area
- Front-desk/reception area services
- 24-hour front desk
- Newspapers
- Safety deposit box
- Valet parking
- Currency exchange
- Ticket service
- Luggage storage
- Concierge service
- Pools and wellness
- Sauna
- Spa and wellness centre
- Massage
- Outdoor pool (all year)
- Indoor pool (all year)
- Business facilities
- Meeting/banquet facilities
- Business centre
- Fax/photocopying
- Entertainment and children services
- Babysitting/child services
- Children's playground
- General
- Parking
- Pets allowed
- On-site parking
- Private parking
- WiFi available in all areas
- Services
- Internet services
- WiFi
- Free WiFi
- Cleaning services
- Laundry
- Dry cleaning
- Ironing service
- Daily maid service
- Food & Drink
- Restaurant
- Room service
- Bar
- Breakfast in the room
- Packed lunches
- Snack bar
- Special diet menus (on request)
- Miscellaneous
- Non-smoking rooms
- Facilities for disabled guests
- Family rooms
- VIP room facilities
- Bridal suite
- Lift
- Heating
- Allergy-free room
- Non-smoking throughout
- Transportation
- Bicycle rental
- Shuttle service (surcharge)
Presidential Suite
This spacious suite has 3 en-suite bedrooms, 2 of them with balcony, a living room with panoramic views and 2 balconies, and 1 additional bathroom.
Quadruple Room with Balcony
Suite on 2 floors, with a small balcony.
Two-Bedroom Suite
This suite features 2 en-suite bedrooms, an open gallery with a single bed above the master bedroom, a small living area and a balcony with partial mountain view.
Deluxe Suite
Suite with a bedroom, a separate living room, and a balcony.
Deluxe Double Room
This room offers a private bathroom and flat screen TV. Two rooms in this category cater for the needs of disabled guest. Please note that extra beds are not available in this room type.
Deluxe Double Room with Panoramic View
These spacious rooms offer panoramic views of the surrounding mountains. Please note that extra beds are not available in this room type.
Junior Suite
These very spacious rooms have a seating area.
Junior Suite with Panoramic View
These very spacious rooms have a seating area and a balcony with panoramic mountain views.


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Giveaway: Kate Morton's Novels
I am so excited to be giving away THREE books from a favorite author, Kate Morton!
I love her novels so much, that I'm buying her first two (The House at Riverton and The Forgotten Garden) to share with one of our readers. In addition, Atria Books is generously allowing us to giveaway a copy of Ms. Morton's most recent novel The Distant Hours.
In order to qualify for all three of these wonderful books, you need to do the following:
- Be a resident of the US.
- Enter the contest before November 19th at Midnight EST.
- Fill out the form below.
Good Luck!!
Reviews of Kate Morton's books on GJR:
Julie's Review: The Forgotten Garden
Lisa's Review: The Forgotten Garden
Julie's Review: The House at Riverton
Lisa's Review: The House at Riverton


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son of
David C. & Mariah
E. Bumpus,
died Feb. 26, 1861,
AE 1 year 7 mos.
& 12 days.
Section C Map page
back to names list
Copyright © 2005 by Andrew W. Griffith. All rights reserved.
This site may be freely linked to but not duplicated in any fashion
without my consent.