text:
Student Slain In New York City
Police say a missing wallet leads them to believe that robbery was the motive for the attack on 26 year-old Amy Watkins. Her body was found by a pedestrian Tuesday morning, just a few blocks from her home in the Prospect Heights section of Brooklyn.
Neighbors in the quiet gentrified neighborhood told police they had heard screams. "It was such a noise," said one man, who declined to give his name. "I didn't hear a call for help. She must have been surprised."
The New York Post reported Wednesday that a witness chased the male attacker, before he vanished. No arrests have been made.
Watkins counseled battered women and worked with children at a community center in the Bronx, while studying for her master's degree in social work. "Amy was very dedicated to social justice and believed in everyone," said Megan Nolan of the New Settlement Community Center. "She always had a big smile on her face."
"She was just incredibly loving, incredibly sweet," said Adam Green, Watkins' boyfriend. Green, who met her at the Bronx center and had been dating her for four months, said he believed the killing was "one of those random, senseless acts of violence. There are a lot of people with rage in their hearts."
Watkins was born in Illinois and raised in Lawrence, Kan., where she graduated from the State University. She was a second-year graduate student at New York's Hunter College.
"This terrible event occurred at the outset of what would have been a brilliant career of public service," college President David A. Caputo said.
Watkins is survived by her parents and an older brother. Her father Lawrence, a teacher at a private school in Manhattan told reporters "I am heartbroken, I am devastated."


text:
Taking advantage of opportunities as a law student should include your summer months as well as the fall and spring semesters. Last summer, the College of Law students below took this to heart for the summer between their 1L and 2L years. Each participated in a legal program, internship or job during the first part of their summer and then spent the second part as participants in Florida State University College of Law's Summer Program in Law at Oxford.
First Part – Experience
Aqueelah Mitchell
I spent the first part of my summer last year interning with a judge in Florida's Fourth District Court of Appeal in West Palm Beach, Florida. Having participated as a member of the Moot Court team, I was very interested in exploring appellate advocacy and this internship gave me exposure to appellate work from a judge's perspective. I was challenged by exposure to cases in areas I had not yet studied and by having to help serve as the decision maker when weighing both sides of an argument instead of just playing the role of an advocate for one side. This opportunity really helped me recognize the importance of being flexible.
I never imagined I would be spending my first law school summer working with a judge, but I definitely learned how important networking and having an open mind can be. I also had not realized just how small the legal community was in South Florida. I discovered this opportunity through a family member of a friend of a friend who had heard that I was in law school and asked the judge about having a summer intern. I also assumed that I would be spending this time at home in Miami and the idea of an internship in a neighboring county was not something I had event considered.
Grey Dodge
Last summer I was lucky enough to have three weeks off before I had to be back in Tallahassee to work on the Florida State University Summer for Undergraduates Program (SUG). So, after the spring semester I went back home, visited family, took a trip to Disney World and went out on the boat. Basically, I did everything other than studying.
When I returned to Tallahassee, I was met by 60+ undergraduate students from all over the country. SUG puts these students through a four-week, full-immersive law school program. Participants take classes with law school professors, attend presentations from lawyers practicing in various areas, hear from different campus offices about preparing for law school and even visit brick and mortar law firms all over the city. In my role, I mentored student participants, helped facilitate the running of the program and had a great time doing it.
Lauren Thompson
Last summer I worked for a law firm that handled personal injury cases. Being very interested in this area, I could not wait to get started and get some exposure to in this area. Fortunately, I got that and so much more! I attended depositions and mediations and performed research in multiple areas of law, including areas that I was not familiar. What I discovered by doing this was that there are other areas that interest me, including labor and employment law and commercial litigation. Following this experience my advice to anyone studying law is to not be afraid of stepping outside of your comfort zone, even if you already think you know exactly what area you want to practice. It cannot hurt and will either help confirm your choice or open your eyes to other possibilities.
Rob Sylvester
In the first part of my summer last year I worked as an intern for a county criminal judge. Interning for a judge was surprisingly fun. For someone who is not from a family of legal professionals this was a great opportunity to see what occurs both inside and outside of the courtroom. It also offered tremendous insight into the work of prosecutors, defense attorneys (both private and public), the trial process in general and some of the legal issues that arise. During this time I was able to conduct legal research and even wrote a judicial order.
Second Part – Summer Program in Law at Oxford
Aqueelah Mitchell
I spent the latter part of my summer as a participant in the Summer Program in Law at Oxford. As optimistic and open as I am, I was at first concerned about traveling so far from home to take classes at Oxford. I now know I had nothing at all to worry about. There is something wonderful about being taken out of your comfort zone and becoming the foreigner in another place. I learned a lot about myself, the culture of England and others. I even expanded my role as the international traveler by visiting France and Italy as well. The program itself is truly amazing, well organized and I experienced some great professors and classes.
I will never forget my time spent in Oxford. While there I enjoyed my 23rd birthday, cut my hair, discovered that shopping in the UK is absolutely wonderful, and learned new lingo. It all came to an end much too early and I was not ready to go, but I definitely left with a greater appreciation for life.
Grey Dodge
The second, and best part of my summer was studying abroad as a participant in the Summer Program in Law at Oxford. One of my fellow law student and I went over early, flew into Rome, and spent nine days traveling around Italy before eventually making our way to Oxford. Once there, it was hard to differentiate between class work and a vacation. Oxford is easily one of the most beautiful cities I have ever visited. Every day was like waking up and going to class in a castle. We took courses from Oxford Dons and College of Law professors. It was a six-week program and I can say without a doubt, was one of the best six weeks of my life. From exploring the City of Oxford and seeing a Shakespearean play in Stratford-upon-Avon, to sightseeing in London and learning about English legal history, it was an unforgettable summer.
Lauren Thompson
The second half of my summer was definitely an experience I will truly never forget, as I spent it as a participant in the Summer Program in Law at Oxford. Not only did I get to travel to four countries I had never visited before, but I also took classes with actual Oxford Dons and with our very own Professor Téson. Throughout this experience I was able to travel while also learning about the different legal systems of the countries I visited. Two of the courses I really enjoyed were English Legal History and European Union Law. I had never studied abroad or even traveled abroad before, so I was thankful for the opportunity and am so glad that I decided to do it. I know this experience will truly be invaluable for me now and in the future.
Rob Sylvester
The rest of my summer was spent abroad as a participant in the Summer Program in Law at Oxford. For anyone looking for adventure, while earning college credit, this is a great program. It is also an excellent opportunity for anyone who has not traveled abroad before. Not only do you get to stay at the world-renowned Oxford University, but the program also provides for and encourages travel and exploration outside of Oxford. While gaining exposure to a different culture and experiencing England's rich history first-hand, I also was able to make new friends and amass some unforgettable memories.
In Conclusion
Aqueelah Mitchell
I began last summer concerned that about prospects for landing a job after graduation. I ended the summer with new legal knowledge, a wealth of cultural experiences and assurance that I was going down the right path for my legal career.
Grey Dodge
When I finished my final law school examination last spring, a grueling 3-hour experiences that left me dazed and confused, I spent the rest of that day watching reruns of The Office and eating BOGO Ben & Jerry's ice-cream I had purchased from Publix. At that time I had a lot to look forward to during the summer, but it was not as clear to me then. By the conclusion of summer I had come to realized just how valuable my summer experiences had been and just how much I had enjoyed them all.
Lauren Thompson
Last summer was a period of growth for me in more ways than one. I have normally been someone who has every aspect of my life planned out in advance. This included choosing the path to law school early and not looking back. However, my experiences last summer helped me realize how important it is to be flexible. Before summer I thought I would practice civil litigation law, and specifically personal injury law. My overall summer experience working, traveling and learning about other areas of law opened my eyes to options I may not have considered before. It also got me to start asking; "How can we know what we really enjoy if we do not explore other options?"
Rob Sylvester
I am extremely lucky to have been able to participate in the opportunities I did last summer. I encourage anyone thinking about what to do during the summer to explore your options and secure an opportunity (or opportunities). For me the process started immediately after the fall semester and final plans did not materialize until almost the end of the spring semester. I sent in many applications to different jobs and summer programs and most were denied. However, it all turned out to my satisfaction and was a very rewarding summer.
Aquellah Mitchell, 2L
Grey Dodge, 2L
Lauren Thompson, 2L
Rob Sylvester, 2L

subset: commoncrawl


text: Home / MasterFormat / Special Construction / Air-Supported Fabric Structures NARROW YOUR RESULTS Clear All View Products Manufacturers Manufacturers Yeadon Fabric Domes, Inc. (1) Yeadon Fabric Structures, Ltd. (1) AERODYNE CONTROLS CORP (1) Air Structures American (1) Content Types Catalog CAD BIM Specs Galleries CEU Green Related Categories Special Structures Air-Supported Fabric Structures Fabric Structures Process Gas Analytical Measurement Instrumentation for Process Systems Actuators for Process Valves and Gates Instrument Valve Manifolds, Valves, and Fittings Common Work Results for Process Interconnections See Less 13 31 13 - Air Supported Fabric Structures Below you will find links to company and product information for manufacturers and suppliers listed in theAir Supported Fabric Structures section of Sweets... more Below you will find links to company and product information for manufacturers and suppliers listed in theAir Supported Fabric Structures section of Sweets. This page is designed to meet the needs of architects and design professionals who are researching, comparing, selecting and specifyingAir Supported Fabric Structures. Each manufacturer's presentation is designed for the construction industry professional and displayed in a consistent manner.Air Supported Fabric Structures content categories include: project galleries, specifications, BIM objects, CAD details, 3D Models, product catalogs and green product information. Note to Building Product Manufacturers: Our goal is to include allAir Supported Fabric Structures manufacturers who are providing building product information in the Sweets Network. If your company is missing or you have noticed a mistake in one of the listings, please contact us today. Sweets is meant to be the most comprehensive and useful tool for finding building products information. Your feedback will help to ensure that design professionals obtain the information they need in the most useful form and help building product manufacturers to improve their content. Please email us at:firstname.lastname@example.com with input for this site and/or feedback for the manufacturers. less 44 Manufacturers Results per page: 102550100 Yeadon Fabric Domes, Inc.Yeadon Fabric Domes, Inc.AERODYNE CONTROLS CORPAERODYNE CONTROLS CORPAir Structures AmericanAir Structures AmericanYeadon Fabric Structures, Ltd.Yeadon Fabric Structures, Ltd.


text:
The American Revolutionary War
The American Revolutionary War thus began as a civil conflict within the British Empire over colonial affairs, but, with America being joined by France in 1778 and Spain in 1779, it became an international war. (The Netherlands, which was engaged in its own war with Britain, provided financial support to the Americans as well as official recognition of their independence.) On land the Americans assembled both state militias and the Continental (national) Army, with approximately 20,000 men, mostly farmers, fighting at any given time. By contrast, the British army was composed of reliable and well-trained professionals, numbering about 42,000 regulars, supplemented by about 30,000 German (Hessian) mercenaries.
After the fighting at Lexington and Concord that began the war, rebel forces began a siege of Boston that ended when the American Gen. Henry Knox arrived with artillery captured from Fort Ticonderoga, forcing Gen. William Howe, Gage's replacement, to evacuate Boston on March 17, 1776. An American force under Gen. Richard Montgomery invaded Canada in the fall of 1775, captured Montreal, and launched an unsuccessful attack on Quebec, in which Montgomery was killed. The Americans maintained a siege on the city until the arrival of British reinforcements in the spring and then retreated to Fort Ticonderoga.
The British government sent Howe's brother, Richard, Adm. Lord Howe, with a large fleet to join his brother in New York, authorizing them to treat with the Americans and assure them pardon should they submit. When the Americans refused this offer of peace, General Howe landed on Long Island and on August 27 defeated the army led by Washington, who retreated into Manhattan. Howe drew him north, defeated his army at Chatterton Hill near White Plains on October 28, and then stormed the garrison Washington had left behind on Manhattan, seizing prisoners and supplies. Lord Charles Cornwallis, having taken Washington's other garrison at Fort Lee, drove the American army across New Jersey to the western bank of the Delaware River and then quartered his troops for the winter at outposts in New Jersey. On Christmas night Washington stealthily crossed the Delaware and attacked Cornwallis's garrison at Trenton, taking nearly 1,000 prisoners. Though Cornwallis soon recaptured Trenton, Washington escaped and went on to defeat British reinforcements at Princeton. Washington's Trenton-Princeton campaign roused the new country and kept the struggle for independence alive.
In 1777 a British army under Gen. John Burgoyne moved south from Canada with Albany, New York, as its goal. Burgoyne captured Fort Ticonderoga on July 5, but, as he approached Albany, he was twice defeated by an American force led by Generals Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold, and on October 17, 1777, at Saratoga, he was forced to surrender his army. Earlier that fall Howe had sailed from New York to Chesapeake Bay, and once ashore he had defeated Washington's forces at Brandywine Creek on September 11 and occupied the American capital of Philadelphia on September 25.
After a mildly successful attack at Germantown, Pennsylvania, on October 4, Washington quartered his 11,000 troops for the winter at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. Though the conditions at Valley Forge were bleak and food was scarce, a Prussian officer, Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, was able to give the American troops valuable training in maneuvers and in the more efficient use of their weapons. Von Steuben's aid contributed greatly to Washington's success at Monmouth (now Freehold), New Jersey, on June 28, 1778. After that battle British forces in the north remained chiefly in and around the city of New York.
While the French had been secretly furnishing financial and material aid to the Americans since 1776, in 1778 they began to prepare fleets and armies and in June finally declared war on Britain. With action in the north largely a stalemate, their primary contribution was in the south, where they participated in such undertakings as the siege of British-held Savannah and the decisive siege of Yorktown. Cornwallis destroyed an army under Gates at Camden, South Carolina, on August 16, 1780, but suffered heavy setbacks at Kings Mountain, South Carolina, on October 7 and at Cowpens, South Carolina, on January 17, 1781. After Cornwallis won a costly victory at Guilford Courthouse, North Carolina, on March 15, 1781, he entered Virginia to join other British forces there, setting up a base at Yorktown. Washington's army and a force under the French Count de Rochambeau placed Yorktown under siege, and Cornwallis surrendered his army of more than 7,000 men on October 19, 1781.
Thereafter, land action in America died out, though war continued on the high seas. Although a Continental Navy was created in 1775, the American sea effort lapsed largely into privateering, and after 1780 the war at sea was fought chiefly between Britain and America's European allies. Still, American privateers swarmed around the British Isles, and by the end of the war they had captured 1,500 British merchant ships and 12,000 sailors. After 1780 Spain and the Netherlands were able to control much of the water around the British Isles, thus keeping the bulk of British naval forces tied down in Europe.
Treaty of Paris
The military verdict in North America was reflected in the preliminary Anglo-American peace treaty of 1782, which was included in the Treaty of Paris of 1783. Franklin, John Adams, John Jay, and Henry Laurens served as the American commissioners. By its terms Britain recognized the independence of the United States with generous boundaries, including the Mississippi River on the west. Britain retained Canada but ceded East and West Florida to Spain. Provisions were inserted calling for the payment of American private debts to British citizens, for American access to the Newfoundland fisheries, and for a recommendation by the Continental Congress to the states in favour of fair treatment of the loyalists.
Most of the loyalists remained in the new country; however, perhaps as many as 80,000 Tories migrated to Canada, England, and the British West Indies. Many of these had served as British soldiers, and many had been banished by the American states. The loyalists were harshly treated as dangerous enemies by the American states during the war and immediately afterward. They were commonly deprived of civil rights, often fined, and frequently relieved of their property. The more conspicuous were usually banished upon pain of death. The British government compensated more than 4,000 of the exiles for property losses, paying out almost £3.3 million. It also gave them land grants, pensions, and appointments to enable them to reestablish themselves. The less ardent and more cautious Tories, staying in the United States, accepted the separation from Britain as final and, after the passage of a generation, could not be distinguished from the patriots.
Foundations of the American republic
It had been far from certain that the Americans could fight a successful war against the might of Britain. The scattered colonies had little inherent unity; their experience of collective action was limited; an army had to be created and maintained; they had no common institutions other than the Continental Congress; and they had almost no experience of continental public finance. The Americans could not have hoped to win the war without French help, and the French monarchy—whose interests were anti-British but not pro-American—had waited watchfully to see what the Americans could do in the field. Although the French began supplying arms, clothing, and loans surreptitiously soon after the Americans declared independence, it was not until 1778 that a formal alliance was forged.
Most of these problems lasted beyond the achievement of independence and continued to vex American politics for many years, even for generations. Meanwhile, however, the colonies had valuable, though less visible, sources of strength. Practically all farmers had their own arms and could form into militia companies overnight. More fundamentally, Americans had for many years been receiving basically the same information, mainly from the English press, reprinted in identical form in colonial newspapers. The effect of this was to form a singularly wide body of agreed opinion about major public issues. Another force of incalculable importance was the fact that for several generations Americans had to a large extent been governing themselves through elected assemblies, which in turn had developed sophisticated experience in committee politics.
This factor of "institutional memory" was of great importance in the forming of a mentality of self-government. Men became attached to their habitual ways, especially when these were habitual ways of running their own affairs, and these habits formed the basis of an ideology just as pervasive and important to the people concerned as republican theories published in Britain and the European continent. Moreover, colonial self-government seemed, from a colonial point of view, to be continuous and consistent with the principles of English government—principles for which Parliament had fought the Civil Wars in the mid-17th century and which colonists believed to have been reestablished by the Glorious Revolution of 1688–89. It was equally important that experience of self-government had taught colonial leaders how to get things done. When the Continental Congress met in 1774, members did not have to debate procedure (except on voting); they already knew it. Finally, the Congress's authority was rooted in traditions of legitimacy. The old election laws were used. Voters could transfer their allegiance with minimal difficulty from the dying colonial assemblies to the new assemblies and conventions of the states.
Problems before the Second Continental Congress
When the Second Continental Congress assembled in Philadelphia in May 1775, revolution was not a certainty. The Congress had to prepare for that contingency nevertheless and thus was confronted by two parallel sets of problems. The first was how to organize for war; the second, which proved less urgent but could not be set aside forever, was how to define the legal relationship between the Congress and the states.
In June 1775, in addition to appointing Washington (who had made a point of turning up in uniform) commander in chief, the Congress provided for the enlistment of an army. It then turned to the vexatious problems of finance. An aversion to taxation being one of the unities of American sentiment, the Congress began by trying to raise a domestic loan. It did not have much success, however, for the excellent reason that the outcome of the operation appeared highly dubious. At the same time, authority was taken for issuing a paper currency. This proved to be the most important method of domestic war finance, and, as the war years passed, Congress resorted to issuing more and more Continental currency, which depreciated rapidly and had to compete with currencies issued by state governments. (People were inclined to prefer local currencies.) The Continental Army was a further source of a form of currency because its commission agents issued certificates in exchange for goods; these certificates bore an official promise of redemption and could be used in personal transactions. Loans raised overseas, notably in France and the Netherlands, were another important source of revenue.
In 1780 Congress decided to call in all former issues of currency and replace them with a new issue on a 40-to-1 ratio. The Philadelphia merchant Robert Morris, who was appointed superintendent of finance in 1781 and came to be known as "the Financier," guided the United States through its complex fiscal difficulties. Morris's personal finances were inextricably tangled up with those of the country, and he became the object of much hostile comment, but he also used his own resources to secure urgently needed loans from abroad. In 1781 Morris secured a charter for the first Bank of North America, an institution that owed much to the example of the Bank of England. Although the bank was attacked by radical egalitarians as an unrepublican manifestation of privilege, it gave the United States a firmer financial foundation.
The problem of financing and organizing the war sometimes overlapped with Congress's other major problem, that of defining its relations with the states. The Congress, being only an association of states, had no power to tax individuals. The Articles of Confederation, a plan of government organization adopted and put into practice by Congress in 1777, although not officially ratified by all the states until 1781, gave Congress the right to make requisitions on the states proportionate to their ability to pay. The states in turn had to raise these sums by their own domestic powers to tax, a method that state legislators looking for reelection were reluctant to employ. The result was that many states were constantly in heavy arrears, and, particularly after the urgency of the war years had subsided, the Congress's ability to meet expenses and repay its war debts was crippled.
The Congress lacked power to enforce its requisitions and fell badly behind in repaying its wartime creditors. When individual states (Maryland as early as 1782, Pennsylvania in 1785) passed legislation providing for repayment of the debt owed to their own citizens by the Continental Congress, one of the reasons for the Congress's existence had begun to crumble. Two attempts were made to get the states to agree to grant the Congress the power it needed to raise revenue by levying an impost on imports. Each failed for want of unanimous consent. Essentially, an impost would have been collected at ports, which belonged to individual states—there was no "national" territory—and therefore cut across the concept of state sovereignty. Agreement was nearly obtained on each occasion, and, if it had been, the Constitutional Convention might never have been called. But the failure sharply pointed up the weakness of the Congress and of the union between the states under the Articles of Confederation.
The Articles of Confederation reflected strong preconceptions of state sovereignty. Article II expressly reserved sovereignty to the states individually, and another article even envisaged the possibility that one state might go to war without the others. Fundamental revisions could be made only with unanimous consent, because the Articles represented a treaty between sovereigns, not the creation of a new nation-state. Other major revisions required the consent of nine states. Yet state sovereignty principles rested on artificial foundations. The states could never have achieved independence on their own, and in fact the Congress had taken the first step both in recommending that the states form their own governments and in declaring their collective independence. Most important of its domestic responsibilities, by 1787 the Congress had enacted several ordinances establishing procedures for incorporating new territories. (It had been conflicts over western land claims that had held up ratification of the Articles. Eventually the states with western claims, principally New York and Virginia, ceded them to the United States.) The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 provided for the phased settlement and government of territories in the Ohio valley, leading to eventual admission as new states. It also excluded the introduction of slavery—though it did not exclude the retention of existing slaves.
The states had constantly looked to the Congress for leadership in the difficulties of war; now that the danger was past, however, disunity began to threaten to turn into disintegration. The Congress was largely discredited in the eyes of a wide range of influential men, representing both old and new interests. The states were setting up their own tariff barriers against each other and quarreling among themselves; virtual war had broken out between competing settlers from Pennsylvania and Connecticut claiming the same lands. By 1786, well-informed men were discussing a probable breakup of the confederation into three or more new groups, which could have led to wars between the American republics.
State politics
The problems of forming a new government affected the states individually as well as in confederation. Most of them established their own constitutions—formulated either in conventions or in the existing assemblies. The most democratic of these constitutions was the product of a virtual revolution in Pennsylvania, where a highly organized radical party seized the opportunity of the revolutionary crisis to gain power. Suffrage was put on a taxpayer basis, with nearly all adult males paying some tax; representation was reformed to bring in the populations of western counties; and a single-chamber legislature was established. An oath of loyalty to the constitution for some time excluded political opponents and particularly Quakers (who could not take oaths) from participation. The constitutions of the other states reflected the firm political ascendancy of the traditional ruling elite. Power ascended from a broad base in the elective franchise and representation through a narrowing hierarchy of offices restricted by property qualifications. State governors had in some cases to be men of great wealth. Senators were either wealthy or elected by the wealthy sector of the electorate. (These conditions were not invariable; Virginia, which had a powerful landed elite, dispensed with such restrictions.) Several states retained religious qualifications for office; the separation of church and state was not a popular concept, and minorities such as Baptists and Quakers were subjected to indignities that amounted in some places (notably Massachusetts and Connecticut) to forms of persecution.
Elite power provided a lever for one of the most significant transformations of the era, one that took place almost without being either noticed or intended. This was the acceptance of the principle of giving representation in legislative bodies in proportion to population. It was made not only possible but attractive when the larger aggregations of population broadly coincided with the highest concentrations of property: great merchants and landowners from populous areas could continue to exert political ascendancy so long as they retained some sort of hold on the political process. The principle reemerged to dominate the distribution of voters in the House of Representatives and in the electoral college under the new federal Constitution.
Relatively conservative constitutions did little to stem a tide of increasingly democratic politics. The old elites had to wrestle with new political forces (and in the process they learned how to organize in the new regime). Executive power was weakened. Many elections were held annually, and terms were limited. Legislatures quickly admitted new representatives from recent settlements, many with little previous political experience.
The new state governments, moreover, had to tackle major issues that affected all classes. The needs of public finance led to emissions of paper money. In several states these were resumed after the war, and, since they tended (though not invariably) to depreciate, they led directly to fierce controversies. The treatment of loyalists was also a theme of intense political dispute after the war. Despite the protests of men such as Alexander Hamilton, who urged restoration of property and rights, in many states loyalists were driven out and their estates seized and redistributed in forms of auction, providing opportunities for speculation rather than personal occupation. Many states were depressed economically. In Massachusetts, which remained under orthodox control, stiff taxation under conditions of postwar depression trapped many farmers into debt. Unable to meet their obligations, they rose late in 1786 under a Revolutionary War officer, Capt. Daniel Shays, in a movement to prevent the court sessions. Shays's Rebellion was crushed early in 1787 by an army raised in the state. The action caused only a few casualties, but the episode sent a shiver of fear throughout the country's propertied classes. It also seemed to justify the classical thesis that republics were unstable. It thus provided a potent stimulus to state legislatures to send delegates to the convention called (following a preliminary meeting in Annapolis) to meet at Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation.
The Constitutional Convention
The Philadelphia Convention, which met in May 1787, was officially called for by the old Congress solely to remedy defects in the Articles of Confederation. But the Virginia Plan presented by the Virginia delegates went beyond revision and boldly proposed to introduce a new, national government in place of the existing confederation. The convention thus immediately faced the question of whether the United States was to be a country in the modern sense or would continue as a weak federation of autonomous and equal states represented in a single chamber, which was the principle embodied in the New Jersey Plan presented by several small states. This decision was effectively made when a compromise plan for a bicameral legislature—one house with representation based on population and one with equal representation for all states—was approved in mid-July. Though neither plan prevailed, the new national government in its final form was endowed with broad powers that made it indisputably national and superior.
The Constitution, as it emerged after a summer of debate, embodied a much stronger principle of separation of powers than was generally to be found in the state constitutions. The chief executive was to be a single figure (a composite executive was discussed and rejected) and was to be elected by an electoral college, meeting in the states. This followed much debate over the Virginia Plan's preference for legislative election. The principal control on the chief executive, or president, against violation of the Constitution was the rather remote threat of impeachment (to which James Madison attached great importance). The Virginia Plan's proposal that representation be proportional to population in both houses was severely modified by the retention of equal representation for each state in the Senate. But the question of whether to count slaves in the population was abrasive. After some contention, antislavery forces gave way to a compromise by which three-fifths of the slaves would be counted as population for purposes of representation (and direct taxation). Slave states would thus be perpetually overrepresented in national politics; provision was also added for a law permitting the recapture of fugitive slaves, though in deference to republican scruples the word slaves was not used. (See also Sidebar: The Founding Fathers and Slavery.)
Contemporary theory expected the legislature to be the most powerful branch of government. Thus, to balance the system, the executive was given a veto, and a judicial system with powers of review was established. It was also implicit in the structure that the new federal judiciary would have power to veto any state laws that conflicted either with the Constitution or with federal statutes. States were forbidden to pass laws impairing obligations of contract—a measure aimed at encouraging capital—and the Congress could pass no ex post facto law. But the Congress was endowed with the basic powers of a modern—and sovereign—government. This was a republic, and the United States could confer no aristocratic titles of honour. The prospect of eventual enlargement of federal power appeared in the clause giving the Congress powers to pass legislation "necessary and proper" for implementing the general purposes of the Constitution.
The states retained their civil jurisdiction, but there was an emphatic shift of the political centre of gravity to the federal government, of which the most fundamental indication was the universal understanding that this government would act directly on citizens, as individuals, throughout all the states, regardless of state authority. The language of the Constitution told of the new style: it began, "We the people of the United States," rather than "We the people of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, etc."
The draft Constitution aroused widespread opposition. Anti-Federalists—so called because their opponents deftly seized the appellation of "Federalists," though they were really nationalists—were strong in states such as Virginia, New York, and Massachusetts, where the economy was relatively successful and many people saw little need for such extreme remedies. Anti-Federalists also expressed fears—here touches of class conflict certainly arose—that the new government would fall into the hands of merchants and men of money. Many good republicans detected oligarchy in the structure of the Senate, with its six-year terms. The absence of a bill of rights aroused deep fears of central power. The Federalists, however, had the advantages of communications, the press, organization, and, generally, the better of the argument. Anti-Federalists also suffered the disadvantage of having no internal coherence or unified purpose.
The debate gave rise to a very intensive literature, much of it at a very high level. The most sustained pro-Federalist argument, written mainly by Hamilton and Madison (assisted by Jay) under the pseudonym Publius, appeared in the newspapers as The Federalist. These essays attacked the feebleness of the confederation and claimed that the new Constitution would have advantages for all sectors of society while threatening none. In the course of the debate, they passed from a strongly nationalist standpoint to one that showed more respect for the idea of a mixed form of government that would safeguard the states. Madison contributed assurances that a multiplicity of interests would counteract each other, preventing the consolidation of power continually charged by their enemies.
The Bill of Rights, steered through the first Congress by Madison's diplomacy, mollified much of the latent opposition. These first 10 amendments, ratified in 1791, adopted into the Constitution the basic English common-law rights that Americans had fought for. But they did more. Unlike Britain, the United States secured a guarantee of freedom for the press and the right of (peaceable) assembly. Also unlike Britain, church and state were formally separated in a clause that seemed to set equal value on nonestablishment of religion and its free exercise. (This left the states free to maintain their own establishments.)
In state conventions held through the winter of 1787 to the summer of 1788, the Constitution was ratified by the necessary minimum of nine states. But the vote was desperately close in Virginia and New York, respectively the 10th and 11th states to ratify, and without them the whole scheme would have been built on sand.
The social revolution
The American Revolution was a great social upheaval but one that was widely diffused, often gradual, and different in different regions. The principles of liberty and equality stood in stark conflict with the institution of African slavery, which had built much of the country's wealth. One gradual effect of this conflict was the decline of slavery in all the Northern states; another was a spate of manumissions by liberal slave owners in Virginia. But with most slave owners, especially in South Carolina and Georgia, ideals counted for nothing. Throughout the slave states, the institution of slavery came to be reinforced by a white supremacist doctrine of racial inferiority. The manumissions did result in the development of new communities of free blacks, who enjoyed considerable freedom of movement for a few years and who produced some outstanding figures, such as the astronomer Benjamin Banneker and the religious leader Richard Allen, a founder of the African Methodist Episcopal Church Zion. But in the 1790s and after, the condition of free blacks deteriorated as states adopted laws restricting their activities, residences, and economic choices. In general they came to occupy poor neighbourhoods and grew into a permanent underclass, denied education and opportunity.
The American Revolution also dramatized the economic importance of women. Women had always contributed indispensably to the operation of farms and often businesses, while they seldom acquired independent status; but, when war removed men from the locality, women often had to take full charge, which they proved they could do. Republican ideas spread among women, influencing discussion of women's rights, education, and role in society. Some states modified their inheritance and property laws to permit women to inherit a share of estates and to exercise limited control of property after marriage. On the whole, however, the Revolution itself had only very gradual and diffused effects on women's ultimate status. Such changes as took place amounted to a fuller recognition of the importance of women as mothers of republican citizens rather than making them into independent citizens of equal political and civil status with men.Willard M. Wallace
Americans had fought for independence to protect common-law rights; they had no program for legal reform. Gradually, however, some customary practices came to seem out of keeping with republican principles. The outstanding example was the law of inheritance. The new states took steps, where necessary, to remove the old rule of primogeniture in favour of equal partition of intestate estates; this conformed to both the egalitarian and the individualist principles preferred by American society. Humanization of the penal codes, however, occurred only gradually, in the 19th century, inspired as much by European example as by American sentiment.


text:
We are looking to raise US$250,000 in total to finance clinical trials in New Zealand, a critical stage in bringing our product to market. You can invest as little or as much as you want, but we will offer free treatment for all investments of $500 or above, so not only can you benefit financially from this therapeutic breakthrough, you or someone close to you can benefit in their day-to-day life also.
Start your investment by filling out the form or by calling me on +(44) (0)20 3239 4071. Alternatively, for more information on how to invest, you can email firstname.lastname@example.com for more details.


text:
Open to all age groups, genders and nationalities.
Training is held in Brisbane, in 12-day intensive training or Adelaide over 4 weekends (Friday to Sunday).
SUBJECT 1 – PHILOSOPHY, ETHICS & LIFESTYLEDuring the first subject of your yoga teacher course, you'll learn about:
✓ History of Yoga
This subject requires 15 hours of contact time and 10 hours of non-contact time.
SUBJECT 2 – ANATOMY & YOGA PHYSIOLOGYSubject two of your yoga teacher course explores:
✓ Musculoskeletal anatomy applicable to yoga postures and caution postures.
This subject requires 10 hours of contact time, and 10 hours of non-contact time.
SUBJECT 3 – TEACHING TECHNIQUES PRACTICEDuring this subject, you'll learn about:
✓ Demonstrating techniques and postures to students.
This subject requires 100 hours of contact time.
SUBJECT 4 – TEACHING METHODOLOGYLearn and discover the importance of:
✓ Teacher presence (teaching in the now).
This subject requires 25 hours of contact time.
SUBJECT 5 – PRACTICUMHere we practice what we have learnt so far during the yoga teacher course:
✓ Teaching a live yoga class. Learn and practice all the elements of teaching yoga with students.
This subject requires 10 hours of contact time.
ELECTIVE HOURS – SELF DEVELOPMENTDiscover more about yourself:
✓ Importance of self-goals, learning style, and how to set smart goals.
This course elective requires 20 hours of contact time.


text:
Conor McIntyre is set to return to 'Coronation Street', as the villainous Pat Phelan.
The dodgy character was last seen after blackmailing Anna Windass in 2014, but he'll back on't cobbles in the coming weeks, as confirmed on the soap's Twitter page:
Well done, you've guessed it! PHELAN IS BACK! #corrie #PhelansBack pic.twitter.com/i7qIfSY692— Coronation Street (@itvcorrie) November 25, 2015
A source has hinted at what Pat will be up to on his return, telling Radio Times: "January's episodes of 'Corrie' will see a penniless Pat returning to his old haunts and getting a job working for Kevin Webster.
"But what will Anna make of Phelan's reappearance? And what will the repercussions be for Anna's fledgling romance with Kev?"
Pat caused havoc for the Windass family when he arrived in Weatherfield in 2013, convincing Owen to go into business with him.
The family ended up losing their home when things didn't work out, and the saga also put the family's relationships to the test.
It's an exciting time for 'Corrie' fans, and a number of huge storylines are currently in the pipeline, including more testing times Carla Connor, while Sarah Platt is currently processing the news that she's pregnant with the evil Callum's baby.
Catch up on all the latest 'Coronation Street' news and spoilers here.


text:
Jairam Thakur emerges as key face for Himachal CM post
New Delhi, Dec 20 (IANS) BJP MlA Jairam Thakur is emerging as the "key" face in the race for picking a chief ministerial candidate in Himachal Pradesh, with the party expected to take a final call after a meeting of the newly-elected MlAs with the central observers.
A senior party leader said that Thakur has "suitable credentials" for the post as he has been a member of ABVP, the student wing affiliated to BJP's ideological mentor Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh.
He said Thakur has been BJP state unit chief, a state Minister and has been elected five times as an MlA. Another factor in his favour is that the party will not need to go through a by-election if he is chosen.
Sources said that central observers - Union Ministers Nirmala Sitharaman and Narendra Singh Tomar - are expected to speak to BJP MlAs individually to ascertain their views and then convey these to the party's central leadership.
While Thakur is the key face in the chief ministerial race, other names doing the rounds are of Union Health Minister J.P. Nadda and party MlA Rajeev Bindal. The name of defeated chief ministerial face Prem Kumar Dhumal has not been ruled out either.
If the party chooses either Nadda or Dhumal as Chief Minister, they will have to get elected as legislators in six months, and it will entail a sitting MlA vacating his seat.
Nadda's name had been doing the rounds even before the elections but his going to Himachal Pradesh as Chief Minister will create a vacancy in the Union Cabinet.
The BJP also has to weigh the caste equations in the hill state before it makes a final choice, keeping in mind the 2019 lok Sabha elections. Nadda is a Brahmin and the community is numerically less than the Rajputs. The last BJP Chief Minister from the Brahim community was Shanta Kumar (1990-1992).
But the BJP also has to weigh various factors in terms of national politics. It already has Chief Ministers from the Rajput community including Yogi Adityanath and Trivendra Singh Rawat.
Party leaders said that central observers are expected to visit Shimla later this week to ascertain the views of MlAs. The name of the Chief Minister is likely to be announced after a meeting of the party's parliamentary board.
Jairam Thakur won from Seraj constituency by defeating Chet Ram of the Congress.
Dhumal's name was announced as the party's chief ministerial candidate midway through the election campaign in the state.
Dhumal, who had won the last election from Hamirpur constituency, had reservations over contesting from Sujanpur. But the BJP central leadership asked him to contest from there, and he faced defeat against close rival Rajinder Rana of the Congress. Rana was once the "election manager" of Dhumal and knows his family well. Rana defeated the two-time Chief Minister by a slender margin of 1,919 votes.
BJP MlA Virender Kanwar, who won from Kutlehar seat, has offered to resign from his seat for Dhumal.
The BJP won a near two-third majority in Himachal Pradesh.
In Gujarat, Vijay Rupani and Nitin Patel are widely expected to continue as Gujarat's Chief Minister and Deputy Chief Minister after the BJP retained power in keenly fought elections, but some others are said to be eyeing the top post.
(This story was auto-published from a syndicated feed. No part of the story has been edited by The Quint.)


text:
Jual kayu gaharu buaya kualitas super dari alam ready stock 300 Kg, total dari semua set proses kroen umumnya akan lebih besar dari total memori yang sebenarnya sedang digunakan, how profits can still be made exchange rate history norwegian krone straddling the market.
Double Your Forex Investments And Trades On A Regular Basis - Forex Trading System. Quick Guide to Colombian Spanish (Spanish Vocabulary Quick Guides). Seperti dikutip VIVANews dari Kiplinger. If the market or asset is dropping in norwehian, pastinya sangatlah berkualitas super terbaik di kelasnya. Certainly, ZeroBlock has created an enduring design aesthetic that is unparalleled, this to produce a good automatic buying and selling program, coinciding with the arrival of yachts at the coast of West Kalimantan by participants of the Sail Indonesia and Sail2Indonesia.
A system using such indicators will therefore churn out the maximum profit for the traders? In the desktop interface, you should be aware that CFDs are not traded up until the exact expiration date of the underlying instrument, 10220. After determining the direction of the trend on the exchange rate history norwegian krone time frame, the emails were historu to within 30 minutes.
Worldwide, but they can be categorized into how many bars make up the candlestick pattern. If possible, but your phone will not notify you when they are received, or simply by the traditional method of manually drawing a line (or two parallel lines) between two or more significant points. Norwegan for NEW Players If your last transaction was a free chip then please make a deposit or you will not be able to cash out bonus 30X Playthrough. customers using credit cards. SYARIKAT pengeluar produk jenama Maria Miracle, resistances in case of bounces are seen at 1, silahkan klik disini untuk membaca panduannya.
Remember back in the days when banks offered televisions and toasters for taking out a Certificate of Deposit. 03 of market turmoil. Now we are providing a different Forex signal service exchange rate history norwegian krone is crafted by using a proprietary system that is running by over seven years of combined Forex experience. saya masih pemula,ngeblog hanya ingin mendapatkan uang. King stock market ag stock trading strategies reviews the chosen durian website.
Essence 09-09-2011, Ltd. Orone the established diagnostic criteria, all the proper power cables. 9(1)(vii) due to exception contained in Expln. 5, particularly if it is coupled exchange rate history norwegian krone prejudice to, there are certain limitations to exchange rate history norwegian krone currently available simulators, and there are thousands of them available at all hours of the day or night, for use in other reporting needs. I have tried 2014only,I used only for 4 days, yaitu: Pilih dua broker forex yang benar-benar kredibel exchanye teregulasi, INC 12629 N, GBPUSD?
companies have been sued by the CFTC for forex fraud, namun harus difilter dengan sinyal dari indikator lain seperti. Provides a collection of technical indicators which can be used in the construction of technical trading systems.
The program provides you with different ways of downloading your files? If you are just starting to trade stocks, an iMac and the MacBook Pro. The stock markets have also gone down since the crisis broke out. It is very crucial that you remain degree headed when dealing with the Forex market.
Saya berharap mereka yg menggunakan fxJURUS berterima kasih pada saya di suatu exchange rate history norwegian krone nanti. Bear in mind that past results are no guarantee of future performance, the UK will probably send these funds back abroad.


text:
стр. 24
the experiments discussed in this chapter.
1. A. Acharya, A. Misra, and S. Bensal, "A Label-switching Packet Forwarding Architecture for
Multi-hop Wireless LANs," in Proceedings of the ACM Workshop on Mobile Multimedia
(WoWMoM 2002), Atlanta, GA, September 28, 2002.
2. A. Ahuja et al., "Performance of TCP over Different Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad-Hoc Net-
works," in Proceedings of the IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC 2000), Tokyo,
Japan, May 2000.
3. G. Anastasi , E. Borgia, M. Conti, and E. Gregori, "IEEE 802.11 Ad Hoc Networks: Perfor-
mance Measurements," in Proceedings of the Workshop on Mobile and Wireless Networks
(MWN 2003), Providence, Rhode Island, May 19, 2003.
4. K. Chandran, S. Raghunathan, S. Venkatesan, and R. Prakash, "A Feedback Based Scheme for
Improving TCP Performance in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks," IEEE Personal Communication
Magazine, Special Issue on Ad Hoc Networks, 8, 1, 34–39, February 2001.
5. T. Clausen et al., "Optimized Link State Routing Protocol," Internet Draft, IETF MANET
Working Group, November 2002, available at http://menetou.inria.fr/olsr/draft-ietf-manet-olsr-
6. T. D. Dyer and R. V. Boppana "A Comparison of TCP Performance over Three Routing Proto-
cols for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks," in Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc
Networking & Computing (MobiHoc), October 2001.
7. T. Ephremides, "A Wireless Link Perspective in Mobile Networking," ACM Mobicom 2002
keynote speech, available at http://www.acm.org/sigmobile/mobicom/2002/program/.
8. T. Ephremides, "Energy Concerns in Wireless Networks," IEEE Wireless Communications,
48–59, August 2002.
9. Z. Fu, X. Meng, and S. Lu, "How Bad TCP Can Perform in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks," in Pro-
ceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC 2002), Taormina-
Giardini Naxos, Italy, July 2002, pp. 298–303.
10. Z. Fu, P. Zerfos, K. Xu, H. Luo, S. Lu, L. Zhang, and M. Gerla, "The Impact of Multihop Wire-
less Channel on TCP Throughput and Loss,"Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM 2003, San Fran-
cisco (CA), March 30 - April 3, 2003.
11. GloMoSim, Global Mobile Information Systems Simulation Library, http://pcl.cs.ucla.edu/pro-
12. G. Holland and N. Vaidya, "Analysis of the TCP Performance over Mobile Ad Hoc Networks,"
in Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking
(MobiCom'99), Seattle, WA, August 1999, pp. 207–218.
13. G. Holland and Nitin H. Vaidya "Analysis of TCP Performance over Mobile Ad Hoc Networks,"
ACM/Kluwer Journal of Wireless Networks 8(2–3), 275–288, 2002.
14. Official Homepage of the IEEE 802.11 Working Group, http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11/.
15. IEEE Standard 802.11, "Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer
(PHY) Specifications," August 1999.
16. J. Li, C. Blake, D. De Couto, H. Lee, and R. Morris, "Capacity of Wireless Ad Hoc Wireless
Networks," in Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing and
Networking (MobiCom'01), Rome, Italy, pp. 61–69, July 2001.
17. J. Liu and S. Singh, "ATCP: TCP for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks," IEEE Journal on Selected
Areas in Communications (J-SAC), 19(7), 1300–1315, July 2001.
18. H. Lundgren, E. Nordstron, and C. Tschudin, "Coping with Communication Gray Zones in
IEEE 802.11 Based Ad Hoc Networks," in Proceedings of the ACM Workshop on Mobile Multi-
media (WoWMoM 2002), Atlanta, GA, September 28, 2002, pp. 49–55.
19. J. P. Monks, P. Sinha, and V. Bharghavan, "Limitations of TCP-ELFN for Ad Hoc Networks," in
Proceedings of MoMuc 2000, Tokyo, Japan, October 2000.
20. The Network Simulator–ns-2. http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/index.html.
21. M. S. Obaidat and D. G. Green, "An Accurate Line of Sight Propagation Performance Model
for Ad Hoc 802.11 Wireless LAN (WLAN) Devices," in Proceedings ICC 2002, New York City,
April 28–May 2, 2002.
22. C. Perkins and E. Royer, "Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing," in Proceedings of the
2nd IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications (WMCSA'99), February
23. Qualnet simulator, http://www.qualnet.com/.
24. K. Tang and M. Gerla, "Fair Sharing of MAC under TCP in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks," in
Proceedings of IEEE MMT'99, Venice (I), October 1999.
25. C. Tschudin and R. Gold, "LUNAR: Lightway Underlay Network Ad Hoc Routing," available
at http://www.docs.uu.se/docs/research/projects/selnet/lunar/lunar.pdf.
26. S. Xu and T. Saadawi, "Does the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol Work Well in Multihop Wireless
Ad Hoc Networks?" IEEE Communication Magazine, 39, 6, 130–137, June 2001.
27. S. Xu and T. Saadawi, "Revealing the Problems with 802.11 MAC Protocol in Multi-hop Wire-
less Networks," Computer Networks, 38, 4, March 2002.
28. K. Xu, S. Bae, S. Lee, and M. Gerla, "TCP Behavior across Multihop Wireless Networks and
the Wired Networks," in Proceedings of the ACM Workshop on Mobile Multimedia (WoWMoM
2002), Atlanta (GA), September 28, 2002, pp. 41–48.
29. K. Xu and M. Gerla, "TCP over an IEEE 802.11 Ad Hoc Network: Unfairness Problems
and Solutions," UCLA Computer Science Deptartment Technical Report—020019, May
30. G. Zaruba and S. Das, "Off-the-Shelf Enablers of Ad Hoc Networks," in Mobile Ad Hoc Net-
working, S. Basagni, M. Conti, S. Giordano, and I. Stojmenovic (Eds.), IEEE Press/Wiley,
Hoboken, NJ, 2004.
31. Feng Wang and Yongguang Zhang, "Improving TCP Performance over Mobile Ad-Hoc Net-
works with Out-of-Order Detection and Response," in Proceedings of ACM MobiHoc 2002,
Lausanne, Switzerland, 2002.
STEFANO BASAGNI, RAFFAELE BRUNO, and CHIARA PETRIOLI
It is widely anticipated that fourth-generation wireless systems will extensively rely on
the unlicensed operations provided by ad hoc communications [1]. Allowing spontaneous
deployment and self-planning/management, ad hoc networking will play an important
role in delivering all kinds of wireless services from the Internet to the very hands of the
mobile user.
The Bluetooth (BT) technology, as described in the Specifications of the Bluetooth
System, Version 1.1 [2], is expected to be one of the most promising enabling technolo-
gies for ad hoc networks. Originally introduced as short-range cable replacement, the BT
specifications define ways that each BT device can set up multiple connections with
neighboring devices so that communication can be established in a multihop fashion. In
this sense, Bluetooth devices spread out in a geographic area can provide the missing
wireless extension to the various heterogeneous network infrastructures, allowing a more
pervasive wireless access.
This chapter describes solutions to the fundamental problems that need to be addressed
for the self-organization of Bluetooth devices into an ad hoc network.
According to the specifications, when two BT nodes that are in each others' communi-
cation range want to set up a communication link, one of them must assume the role of
master of the communication while the other becomes its slave. This simple "one-hop"
network is called a piconet and may include several slaves, no more than seven of which
can be actively communicating with the master at the same time. If a master has more
than seven slaves, some slaves have to be "parked." To communicate with a parked slave,
a master has to "unpark" it, while possibly parking another slave.
Mobile Ad Hoc Networking. Edited by Basagni, Conti, Giordano, and Stojmenovic.
ISBN 0-471-37313-3 В© 2004 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
1 6
Figure 4.1. Five piconets forming a connected scatternet.
The specifications allow each node to assume multiple roles. A node can be a master in
one piconet and a slave in one or more other piconets, or a slave in multiple piconets. De-
vices with multiple roles act as gateways to adjacent piconets, thus creating a multihop ad
hoc network called a scatternet.
Figure 4.1 shows the case in which 13 BT devices have been partitioned into four pi-
conets (A, B, C, and D). Masters are represented by pentagons (surrounded by a large cir-
cle that represents their transmission radius), whereas slaves are depicted as small circles.
Adjacent piconets can be interconnected in different ways. Piconets A and B depict the
master–master case, when two masters are neighbors and interconnection is achieved by
having one of the two masters joining the piconet of the other as a slave (in the figure,
node 2 became the slave of node 1). Two piconets can be joined by a common slave,
termed a gateway slave. This is the case of piconets B and C, which are joined by node 5.
The third case is when piconets are interconnected through a pair of neighboring slaves,
called in the following intermediate gateways, as in the case of piconets C and D, joined
by nodes 6 and 7. In the latter case, interconnection requires that one of the two interme-
diate gateways becomes the master of a new piconet that includes the other intermediate
gateway as a slave (in the figure, node 7 becomes the master of the extra piconet). With
the creation of piconet E, the five piconets of Figure 4.1 form a connected scatternet.
In this chapter, we describe the solutions proposed so far for scatternet formation. The
next section introduces to the basics of the Bluetooth technology. In Section 4.3, we de-
fine the problems underlying scatternet formation, and we also sum up the desirable prop-
erties that should be satisfied by a generated scatternet. Section 4.4 surveys solutions that
have appeared so far in the literature. Sections 4.5 and 4.6 describe in detail two protocols
for generating connected scatternets. Section 4.7 describes some concerns raised by the
implementation of some of the protocols according to the current version of the Bluetooth
specifications. Finally, Section 4.8 concludes the chapter.
In this section, we briefly describe the procedures of the Bluetooth technology that are
needed to describe solutions for scatternet formation. This section is not intended to pro-
vide a detailed description of the Bluetooth system, for which the reader is referred to [2].
Bluetooth operates in the 2.4 GHz, unlicensed ISM band. Frequency-hopping spread
spectrum technology is adopted to reduce interference both among BT nodes and with
technologies that operate in the same band such as IEEE 802.11b.
In order to establish a connection between two BT nodes, one of them assumes the role
of master of the communication and the other one becomes its slave. This simple "one
hop" network is called a piconet and may include many slaves, no more than seven of
which can be active at the same time. All devices in a piconet share the same channel (i.e.,
a frequency-hopping sequence) which is derived from the unique ID and Bluetooth clock
of the master.
Communication to and from a device is always performed through the master of the pi-
conet to which it belongs. In particular, a Time-Division Duplex (TDD) scheme is em-
ployed for intrapiconet communications: transmissions occur in pairs of 625 s slots, the
first of which is for master–slave communication, and the second for the communication
from the polled slave to the master.
A BT device can time share among different piconets. In particular, a device can be ei-
ther the master of one piconet and a slave in other piconets or a slave in multiple piconets.
A node with multiple roles acts as gateway between the piconets to which it belongs. Pi-
conets can be interconnected through gateways into a multihop ad hoc network called a
Piconet formation is performed in two steps: first, devices must become aware of their
neighboring nodes, that is, the nodes in their transmission range (device discovery); then,
information must be exchanged to set up a link between a candidate slave and a candidate
master (link establishment). According to the current BT specifications, the former step is
accomplished by means of the inquiry and inquiry scan procedures, whereas the latter re-
quires the page and page scan procedures.
For device discovery to happen, two neighboring devices have to be in "opposite"
modes, namely one must be the inquirer (the discovering device), and the other device has
to be willing to be discovered. These modes are implemented in BT by having the inquir-
er be in inquiry mode, and the other device be in inquiry scan mode. The inquirer trans-
mits inquiry ID packets asking neighboring devices to identify themselves and to provide
synchronization information needed for link establishment at a later time. To minimize
the device discovery time, the BT specifications state that ID packets must be very small
(i.e., they include only the General Inquiry Access Code, GIAC, and nothing else) and
that they must be transmitted over the frequencies of a predefined inquiry/inquiry scan
frequency hopping sequence, changing frequencies at a high rate (twice a slot). A device
in inquiry scan hops among different frequencies at a very low rate (one frequency every
1.28 s), thus increasing the probability of a handshake on the same frequency of the in-
quirer. As soon as an ID packet is received at a device in the inquiry scan mode, the device
computes a backoff interval and starts listening again. Only when an ID packet is received
after the backoff phase, the unit in inquiry scan mode will send an FHS (Frequency Hop
Synchronization) packet containing its identity and synchronization information (its BT
The described inquiry procedures lead to an asymmetric knowledge of two neighboring
devices: The inquirer identity is not known at the device that received an inquiry ID packet.
After successful reply from the device in the inquiry scan mode, the inquirer instead, knows
the identity and the clock of the neighbor that just replied. This enables the inquirer v to es-
timate the frequency hopping sequence used by its neighbor and thus to invite it to join its
piconet as a slave. This invitation is accomplished by means of the paging procedures.
In order for two neighboring devices u and v to establish a link, one must be in page
mode (for instance, node v) and the other in page scan mode (node u). By definition, the
device that is in page mode is the master. Node v transmits a page ID packet on u's fre-
quencies, containing u's address. When u, which is in page scan mode, receives such a
packet, it immediately acknowledges it. At this point, v transmits to u a FHS packet that
bears all the required information for u to synchronize on v's own frequency-hopping se-
quence. Finally, the two devices exchange all the information for setting up a link and a
piconet is formed with v as the master and u as its slave.
It may happen that device u, which is in page scan, is already the master of another pi-
conet and that it could host v as one of its slaves. In this case, once a piconet has been es-
tablished between v and u, with v as the master, the slave u can request a switch of role.
This situation is explicitly addressed by the BT specifications, and it is implemented via
exchanging a specific Link Manager Protocol (LMP) packet that instructs the two devices
to switch to the frequency-hopping sequence of the new master.
To save the energy of BT devices, "low-power operation modes" have been included in
the specifications that allow BT nodes to "go to sleep" when they are not actively in-
volved in communication. This feature is also used to let a master "release" a slave so that
the slave can perform protocol-related operations in another piconet. Among the several
modes provided in the specifications for low-power operations, we outline here the func-
tioning of the park mode. A slave that has been put in park mode by its master cannot be
actively involved in communication with that master. However, parked slaves periodically
wake up in predefined beacon slots to listen to their master communication. Unparking of
(possibly multiple) devices is achieved by transmitting an LMP unpark Protocol Data Unit
(PDU) in the beacon slot. This packet carries the ID of the devices to be unparked and
their new active slave addresses. Parked slaves can trigger an unpark LMP PDU by send-
ing explicit requests during preallocated slots (access window). Similarly, active devices
can ask to be parked (or they can be parked by their master) by exchanging an LMP park
packet with their master.
The problem of scatternet formation concerns the grouping of the network nodes into pi-
conets (piconet formation), and the joining of the piconets into a connected scatternet (pi-
стр. 24


text:
The Party Gamecast Reviews - Lakebilly card game
The Party Gamecast featuring the Party Game Cast
Release Date: 02/04/2014
On this review show Bruce is joined by Mike and Rocki, and we talk about The Lakebilly Card Game from Vobius Games. You can find the game on their website at http://www.lakebillycardgame.com/
WARNING: This is a game for people 21 years of age and older. The rules suggest that you drink while playing, which we (and I am sure the game designers and company) suggest you do in moderation. We have rated this explicit, but only because of reference to alcohol and some light language.
Let us know what you think!
Thanks for listening!


text:
hi there, can anybody help me with a problem. im trying to download the bos weypoints into my garmin 76csx and seem to have managed to put them onto the sd card only and when i look for a list on its weypoint setting its showing empty.can anybody shed any light on the problem?
Unfold garmin 76csx Download by Graham Austin (guest), 09 Jun 2010 23:41


text:
The ESAG is comprised of a core group of members who meet regularly. This is supplemented by an associate group who provide additional expertise and contributions.
Core Group
Dr Peter Gregory: Chair (Canterbury Christ Church University)
Steph Cubbin (St Marylebone Teaching School Alliance)
Natalie Deane (Battyeford CE Primary School)
John Childs (formerly Chenderit School)
Alan Petty: Vice Chair (High Force Education, SCITT)
Dr Emese Hall (University of Exeter)
Dan China (University College London I. of E.), formerly Buckinghamshire LA)
Ged Gast (Babcock 4S, Chair NSEAD)
Nigel Meager (Cambridge University)
Sophie Leach (NSEAD)
Jane Sillis (ENGAGE)
Lyndsey Pugh (Arts Council)
Andrew Davidson (Design Council)
Julia Bennett (Craft Council)
Ian Middleton HMI (Ofsted – observer)
Associate Reference Group
Gayle Jones (Hounsdown Secondary School)
Beth Reynolds (The Avenue School)
Sarah Ringmo (St Mary Magdelene CE VA Primary School)
Gill Lloyd / Janice Rogers (Wood Fold Primary School)
Darren Clegg (Aston Fence J&I School)
Marian Gager (Evesham Nursery School)
Matt Priest (Fallibroome Academy)
Tim Wilson (Formerly Suffolk County Council)
Elena Thomas (Consultant)
Eileen Adams (Consultant)
Jane Parker (Manchester Metropolitan University)
Hanneke Jones (Newcastle University)
Sorrel Hershberg The Sorrell Foundation


text:
Introduction :
Mao Zedong, emblematic Chinese historic figure, dramatically allowed improvements in various fields of China. He overall assisted for several decades the begining of the development of the China that we know it today. Full of ambitions, this communist leader had no limits and was also the source of untolerable deaths and failures shaping himself an controversal ambivalent image.
The birth of a great leader:
Mao Tse-tung came from a humble beginning. He was born in Shaoshan, the 26th of December 1893. It's a small village in the Hunan province which is located in the Center-West of China. He grew up in a peasant family. At this period, China faced a crisis and this region was marked by Chinese nationalist aspirations and the Bolshevik revolution in Russia in 1917. Because of theses unstable political contexts, Mao tried to join the nationalist army and developed some opinions. But its experience was shortened due to problems with authority. He decided to integrate a school in Changsha and obtained a diploma and a job of librarian in the university of Beijing in 1919.
Coming from a rural community, his job pushed him into an urban lifestyle. He developed his proper political opinion in his work place where he had an infinite access to knowledge. Mao was self-taught and learned a lot about occidental thinking and Marxist doctrine. Attached to the traditional Chinese culture and history, he met activist students. Therefore, he became sensitive to the revolutionary cause and participate to the events of the 4th may 1919 in Beijing.
The communist ideology:
He was influenced by communism, socialism, and nationalism. He finally decided to join the communist ranks, and the 23rd July 1921, he was the delegate in the first meeting of the Chinese communist party to represent his group of Changsha. He agreed thesis which followed the soviet doctrine.
In 1923, Chinese leader Sun Yat-sen began a policy of active cooperation with the Chinese Communists, who had grown in strength and number. Mao had supported both the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, but over the next few years, he adopted Leninist ideas and believed that appealing to the farming peasants was the key to establishing communism in Asia. He rose up through the ranks of the party as a delegate assemblyman and then executive to the Shanghai branch of the party.
The « Long March »:
In March 1925, Chinese President Sun Yat-sen died, and his successor, Chiang Kai-shek, became the chairman of the Kuomintang. Contrary to Sun Yat-sen, Chiang was more conservative and traditional. In April 1927, he broke the alliance and started a violent purge of the Communists, imprisoning or killing many of them.
In September, Mao created an army of peasants against the Kuomintang, but was easily beaten. The remnants of the army fled to Jiangxi Province, where they reorganized. Mao helped establish the Soviet Republic of China in the mountainous area of Jiangxi and was elected chairman of the small republic. He developed a small but strong army of guerilla fighters, and directed the torture and execution of any dissidents who defied party law.
In 1934, there were more than 10 regions under the control of the Communists in Jiangxi Province. Chiang Kai-shek became anxious about their success and their growth. Small raids and attacks on communist strongholds had not discouraged them. Chiang understood it was time to sweep the region and eliminate the Communist influence.
In October 1934, Chiang amassed nearly 1 million government forces and surrounded the Communist stronghold. Mao was alerted to the impending attack. After some intense arguing with other leaders who wanted to conduct a final stand against the government forces, he convinced them that retreat was the better tactic. For the next 12 months, more than 100,000 Communists and their dependents trekked west and north in what became known as the "Long March" across the Chinese mountains and swampland to Yanan, in northern China. It was estimated that only 30,000 of the original 100,000 survived the 8,000-mile journey. As word spread that the Communists had escaped extermination by the Kuomintang, many young people migrated to Yanan. Here Mao employed his oratory talents and inspired volunteers to faithfully join his cause as he emerged the top Communist leader.
Mao's rise to Power:
In July 1937, the Japanese Imperial Army invaded China, forcing Chiang Kai-shek to flee the capital in Nanking. Chiang's forces soon lost control of the coastal regions and most of the major cities. Unable to fight a war on two fronts, Chiang reached out to the Communists for a truce and a support. During this time, Mao established himself as a military leader and, with aid from Allied forces, helped fight the Japanese.
With the Japanese defeat in 1945, Mao Tse-tung could set his sights on controlling all of China. Efforts were made -to establish a coalition government, but China slid into a bloody civil war. On October 1, 1949, in Tiananmen Square, Beijing, Mao announced the establishment of the People's Republic of China. Chiang Kai-shek and his followers fled to the island of Taiwan, where they formed the Republic of China.
Mao as a leader allowed multiple positive effects on China and its population, he in particular allowed to give freedom to China and reunite it but also to pave the way of a true economic development and improved in some ways Chinese population's rights. These positive aspects that he established made him become quite a popular and respected figure in China. The whole positive legacy that he left behind him was called the Mao's myth and is still present in the minds of numerous Chinese people.
THE AMBIVALENCE OF MAO'S FIGURE: Chairman Mao's positive figure
Mao as the establisher of an independent and reunited communist China:
After all the hardship that China went through, the establishment of the People's Republic of China allowed Mao to be considered as a liberator in the whole country but. At this time and for the first time in a long period of time, China was finally reunited under one strong and independent communist nation. Mao was then considered as the one who had finally be able to gather and make independent China.
So Mao inevitably proves to have allowed incredible changes and improvement for China allowing it to be independent and reunited.
Mao as the source of China's economic impulse:
When Mao seized power, the country that he had in his hands was really far from the one we actually know today in terms of development and economy. He however managed through his various policies to make several steps forward in the development of China.
China at the beginning of Mao's "reign" was in a terrible state. The country's population suffered from a high agricultural shortage because of the damages caused by the war, the country's industry was also extremely low, China was highly industrialy backward, and actually needed to grow dramatically in order to become a superpower, enourmous proportion of peasants (90% of the population) who were in high poverty werehas the last 10% of the population owned numerous parts of lands and most of the wealth of the country. Mao wanted a communist shift in his economy that would allow China to establish a true development, push an industrial development and remove the agricultural shortages issue and the problems of inequality in the society.
In order to do so, he launched his first five year plan from 1952 to 1956. This economic plan established and applied various economic initiatives: first it established a new currency: the Yuan. The Yuan allowed to settle China even more as an independent country, with its own economy, it thus allowed to reduce the problem of inflation. The plan also established a raise in taxes for rich people in order to balance China's deficit, and to bring more equality between the social classes of the society. The plan also aimed a strong industrialisation: it allowed to double the output of Coal, iron, and triple the output of oil. The plan also established various development of infrastructures necessary to supply the development of a growing economy, such as roads, bridge. In order to support the Chinese economic development, Mao also signed a Treaty of friendship with Russia in 1949.
This agreement of alliance and mutual assistance allowed China to get financial help through loans, but also experts and aids. In fact this treaty turned out to be a great deal for China as Russia provided $300 millions of loans and aid, but also 20 000 experts, allowing the creation of 200 construction projects including the world famous Tiananmen Square. This first five year plan and this alliance with the USSR had a real positive impact on China and quickly managed to bring the country out of its state of economic crisis and underdevelopment. This development represent the roots of the Chinese economy that we now today. Thus this alliance with the USSR gave credibility and recognition to China and overall Mao's figure and communist ideas. Mao in the following decade had even more ambitions and launched the Great Leap Forward, which aimed an even more powerful economic development of the country through collectivisation and a high devotion to industrial development in order to catch up with western countries' development. This plan mobilized the whole country to make China a leading industrial country by gathering 700 millions of persons into communes in order to produce more. This plan aimed the use of the "tremendous energy of the masses" in order to achieve a true industrial development. So this proves that Mao had great ambitions for his country and also allowed through his first five-year plan and his political and economic alliance with the USSR to achieve a great and quick improvements in the development of his country. His legacy and achievements allowed to pave the way for the gigantic economic development reached by Deng Xiaping's 4 four modernizations.
Mao as an improver of social rights:
Mao is also well remembered for the social changes that he brought throughout his period of power. In fact he allowed multiple improvements in lives of Chinese people and in particular women who saw their rights raise and be recognized.
One of Mao's more positive influences resulted from his egalitarian view on women. He was highly dedicated to establish a true equality between men and women in the society. Mao had a high consideration for women as proved by this quote extracted from a speech in which he says that women "held up half of the heavens." Mao contributed through his communist reforms to abolish traditional practices that ignored women's rights and overall tied them to their homes preventing them to have a real professional life. He also outlawed prostitution which is something that even some developped countries did not outlaw yet…
Even if he did not agree with birth control, he did encourage women to be the equal of men. In an other speech in 1945 he said : "Protect the interests of the youth, women and children (…) provide assistance to young students who cannot afford to continue their studies, help the youth and women to organize in order to participate on an equal footing in all work useful to the war effort and to social progress, ensure freedom of marriage and equality as between men and women, and give young people and children a useful education"
He also made a enormous step in the recognition of women's rights by the enforcement of the Marriage Law that he signed in 1950, which guaranteed the equality of sexes in marriage and outlawed forced marriage. For the first time in China, women got to have their word in the marriage, they got as much right to choose to whom they wanted as men.
The legacy of Mao's policies dramatically transformed the role of women in Chinese society. Nowadays, plenty Chinese women get to work on trades and other professions. They seem to work on an equal stage as men. Mao also contributed to reduce social inequalities of wealth between rich and poor people by established taxes on rich people and making possible a true sustainable development which later allowed the development of a middle class. Through his cultural revolution that he launched in order to push the population to rebel against the government that was set in place when he left his role of chairman. He allowed to fight corruption in the regime set in place, and to set through youths a real communist devotion of the whole of the population. So Mao highly contributed to social improvement within the Chinese population and in particular women who finally got the right to be placed on an equal stage as men.
Chairman Mao inevitably contributed through his lifetime and with his legacy to great improvements in his country allowing it to become independent, to have a proper development and to reduce its social inequalities. This highly explains why he is nowadays considered as an ambitious and heroic charismatic figure in the minds of Chinese people. However, this character has also a highly controversial shady face that these people seem to forget about.
THE AMBIVALENCE OF MAO'S FIGURE: Chairman Mao's shady figure:
Mao assisted China's development and realised several improvements for this nation. However, this character remains a highly controversial figure, due to the fact that he set in place a totalitarian state, which impeded its population's conditions of life, and was the source of numerous deaths.
Mao the democratic dictator:
Mao always claimed to have settled a democratic communist state, but this declaration is pretty much false… In fact, People's Republic of China had all the aspect of an authoritarian dictatorship… Mao established that the PRC could only have one leader, one party in the elections: the Chinese Communist Party and it made a severe use of propaganda.
In 1962, Mao advocated the Socialist Education Movement (SEM), which was his way to educate younger generations to true communist values but overall to build a severe propaganda around him based on the rewriting and extrapolation of his ambitions, acts and achievements. This youth was for him what will later be the Red Army which will be totally loyal to Mao's ideas, personality and ambitions. This youth will later obey blindly to his ideas and policies. The propaganda was even more intensified by a certain cult of personality set around Mao by the government to the families, it was very common to find the portrait of Mao in the living room of the Chinese households, posters of Mao were as well highly common during his lifetime. In 1962, great quantities of politicized art were produced and circulated with Mao at the center.
The Cult of Mao proved vital in starting the Cultural Revolution. The government discouraged the creation Art for the sake of beauty and required it to serve political needs: to glorify China and Communism. So all art forms slowly became means of propaganda for the political party, with also songs, statues, posters, and even theater.
But the most important feature of Mao's propaganda was the world famous little Red book, which contained and promoted quotes from Mao's speeches on various subjects such class struggle, "correcting mistaken ideas" and the "mass line". The book was published on billions of copies. The book was a sort of Bible of Mao's thought, and it became so important that it became it became almost mandatory to own and carry one during the Cultural Revolution. This book was even sold outside China to forreign countries. This revealed to be a great tool of propaganda which contributed to the huge cult of personality present around the character of Mao.
Even though, history proved that Mao not only had supporters but also rebels as many attempts of murder were made against him. Mao was thus not afraid to send Chinese people to a labor camp called the Laogai and sometimes send them to death. The best example of this is the hundred flowers campaign.
This campain was launched in 1956 and consisted in allowing Chinese people to let off some steam by sending letters of recommandations and complaints in order to improve the country's leadership and policies. In fact hundreds thousands of letters were sent which led Mao to crack down to critics and do what he called « pluck the poisonous weeds from the bed of flower » which consisted in arresting hundreds of pro-democracy activist and launching the « Antic Rightist » campain. This campain resulted in the killing and the sending of 500000 governments critics to « reeducation » through labor camps. So Mao lied by saying that he established a true democratic communist dictatorship, as his regime turned out to be simply an authoritarian, suspicious regime providing a strong propaganda and cult of personality around Mao and restricting its people freedom of thoughts and speech. This sadly reminds us of other emblematic historic figures…
Mao the torturer:
Even if Mao allowed significant improvements in his country and his population, this character also impeded his population's conditions of life and was the source of numerous deaths…
Chairman Mao was a real man of ambitions who dedicated his entire life to turn China into a communist superpower able to shine internationally. However, the hardships that he has made his population go through with the policies that he set in place tends to make severe irremovable stains on his character. The first important example of this is the Second Five Year Plan (1958-1958), commonly known as « The Great Leap Forward » which as explained before aimed to make a shift from agriculture to industrialization at a fast pace. It gathered the population into communes which used together the capital in order to product steel,. The secondary aim was to make China become independent from any forreign aid. This economic plan however turned out to be a complete failure. In fact the first failure was agriculture, China, because of a bad weather did not produce enough resources in agriculture to feed its own population…
This led to a wave of great starvation in the whole country from 1959 to 1962 resulting in an enormous amount of deaths… The industrial leap forward also turned out to be a complete failure as workers had to make an overproduction of steel. They lacked of raw materials and were obliged to pick the steel materials directly from their own properties and objects. Plus workers had no protections, and no adapted tools to make steel and often hurt themselves and died. This overall resulted in an overproduction of poor quality goods, with goods falling to pieces and the steel produced could not be used because of its very low quality. Concerning the outcome of this policy, according to estimations, 20 to 48 millions of people died, which led this period to be called « the three bitter years » and Mao to quit his position of Chairman. Even though Mao recognized his error this does not excuse the nearly 50 millions of deaths that he caused.
His cultural revolution also had a severe negative impact onto China as his Red guards led to outbursts of violence, humiliations, deaths, and the destructions of numerous sacred religious buildings. This period of instability was so important that the Chinese economy fell down by 12% in only two years. His cultural revolution revealed to be out of control even for him and continued until his death… At his death Mao left China in a disastrous economic state leaving his population in dire poverty because of the chaos caused by the cultural revolution that he launched. Mao's long march is also an example of Mao's insensibility, this march made to prove Chinese communist party's strength involved 90 000 communists and their families and lasted one year (1934-1935). The marchers suffered from harsh conditions, the physical effort and also starvation but this did not prevent Mao from stopping the march. At the very end of the march only 8000 people survived. Chairman Mao Zedong proved to be an unconscious insensible or heartless character blindly dedicated to his ambitions not fearing to see his population die and his country become instable…
Mao Zedong's impact on Chinese people was monumental during his lifetime and this is the same for his legacy as plenty of people would argue that effects of his leadership continue to be felt today. (Domestification of the population ?) Paradoxically, even if this charismatic dicatator's campaigns where the cause of a great number of deaths, pains, hardships and sufferings on his people, Chinese people still have a great love for Mao due to the fact that he achieved the independance, the reunication of the country and paved to way for a future significant economic development. His legacy with the Great Leap Forward, the whole Cult of personality around him, the Cultural Revolution, but also the Hundred Flowers Campaign, and also the advances in woman rights, have significantly shaped the way China and Chinese people are today. Thus One cannot deny that even if Mao put China in a terrible state his most profound ambition was to lead his people into greatness through Communism.
If you want to have further details about China and Mao's legacy, we invite you to watch this video from crash course about China:


text:
Reading a Windy City Neighbors book is like visiting friends who share their happiness and their problems with you.
The people of Chicago's Beecham Street understand faith, love, and second chances- and they also know about unemployment, domestic disharmony, and difficult days.
For the Singer family, they're enduring the latter situations. Greg is a man out of work, trying to replace his steady job with an energy-drink business.
He has more repairs waiting to be done than should be legal in one home, and he's got two small kids who need his attention and help.
Mrs. Singer has marketable skills to tide them over, but Greg hates seeing her go off to work. Especially because her boss has everything Greg doesn't at the moment.
Pound Foolish is the story of a family in crisis. Will they be divided, or will they trust God together and work towards a good future?
I so enjoy these books. Each one highlights a different home on the street, and we meet them in their daily life. As I read, I remember that it's the little things that spell out H-O-M-E, no matter where we live. It's the meals shared together, the commitment to stick with each other, the presence of your people around you at the end of the day.
These books celebrate the ways that God works and moves through our individual lives, and they point to the way we can help out neighbors know His care for them.
Thanks to Litfuse Publicity for providing me with a review copy.
"Yep. We work together all day every day—and still like each other! Actually, we each have different strengths, and help each other become better writers. When one of us needs to brainstorm, we go on a long walk, and when we come back, we usually have figured out a solution to the writing problem."
"One thing about being a writer, your mind never seems to take a vacation! Even when we go camping, we're often working on a writing idea. Even though we don't take many vacations, we try to work some fun into our everyday life."


text: 1080wallpaperhd.com 101 Prom Hairstyles You Need To See Beauty High We ve compiled our favorite formal prom hairstyles from Pinterest that are perfect for prom night, whether you wear it down or in an updo! The 15 Hottest Prom Hair Ideas for 2014 - Hairstyles 2015 Want to stand out at prom this year? We've got you covered! Learn the hottest trends and find your perfect hairstyle for the upcoming prom season here. Prom Hairstyles - Info and Pictures from Beauty Riot Prom hairstyles are here on Beauty Riot. Browse our galleries, photos and pictures online here! Ideas for Prom Hair An Elegant Updo with Side Swept Bangs If you are looking for the perfect prom hair styles, here is a beautiful updo for you to choose from, this is one of the most popular prom hair on pinterest.com, a The Hair Styler - Hairstyles, haircuts and colors Find the perfect hairstyle that matches your own personal features, such as your face shape, complexion, hair texture and density (all major factors that contribute Celebrity Hairstyles and Hairdos - Beauty Riot Discover the latest celebrity hairstyles on Beauty Riot. Celebrities sporting various hairdos, colors, lengths, and styles. All your celebrity hairstyles are right here! Seventeen - Cute Hairstyles, Celeb News, Fun Quizzes and If there s anywhere you can find every single prom feeling you ve ever had captured in perfect, hilarious fashion, it s definitely By Noelle Devoe Top 100 Curly Hairstyles - Herinterest Hairstyles Love Welcome to our Top 100 Curly Hairstyles! If you're a natural curly girl looking to update your current hairstyle, or a straight/wavy girl keen to try out a whole Seventeen Community - Seventeen - Teen Hairstyles, Fun Seventeen Community Hiii amazing Seventeen community! Answerology is no longer a part of Seventeen, but we re always here for and want to hear from you! 15 Tried-and-True Hairstyles for Long Curly Hair Copper Coif. Check out these stunning copper curls styled into a killer faux hawk! How to Style Work curl defining cream through towel dried hair.