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Vindicia Contra Tyronas(A DEFENSE OF LIBERTY AGAINST TYRANTS)
THE THIRD QUESTION (Part 6): Whether it is lawful to resist a ruler who is oppressing or ruining the country, and how far such resistance may be extended; by whom, how, and by what right or law it is permitted.
Whether the king owns all property in the kingdom. (cont'd)
I would ask here, wherefore a man does swear, if it be not to declare that what he delivers he sincerely intends from his heart? Can anything be judged more near to the law of nature, than to observe that which we approve? Furthermore, what is the reason the king swears first, and at the instance, and required by the people, but to accept a condition either tacit or expressed? Wherefore is there a condition opposed to the contract, if it be not that in failing to perform the condition, the contract, according to law, remains void? And if for want of satisfying the condition by right, the contract is of no force, who shall dare to call that people perjured, which refuses to obey a king who makes no account of his promise, which he might and ought to have kept, and wilfully breaks those laws which he did swear to observe? On the contrary, may we not rather esteem such a king perfidious, perjured, and unworthy of his place? For if the law free the vassal from his lord, who dealt feloniously with him, although that to speak properly, the lord swears not fealty to his vassal, but he to him: if the law of the twelve tables cloth detest and hold in execration the protector who defrauds him that is under his tuition if the civil law permit an enfranchised servant to bring his action against his patron, for any grievous usage: if in such cases the same law delivers the slave from the power of his master, although the obligation be natural only, and not civil: is it not much more reasonable that the people be loosed from that oath of allegiance which they have taken, if the king (who may be not unfitly resembled by an attorney sworn to look to his client's cause) first break his oath solemnly taken? And what if all these ceremonies, solemn oaths, nay, sacramental promises, had never been taken? Does not nature herself sufficiently teach that kings were on this condition ordained by the people, that they should govern well; judges, that they should distribute justice uprightly; captains in the war, that they should lead their armies against their enemies? If, on the contrary, they themselves forage and spoil their subjects, and instead of governors become enemies, as they leave indeed the true and essential qualities of a king, so neither ought the people to acknowledge them for lawful princes. But what if a people (you will reply) subdued by force, be compelled by the king to take an oath of servitude? And what if a robber, pirate, or tyrant (I will answer) with whom no bond of human society can be effectual, holding his dagger to your throat, constrain you presently to become bound in a great sum of money? Is it not an unquestionable maxim in law, that a promise exacted by violence cannot bind, especially if anything be promised against common reason, or the law of nature? Is there anything more repugnant to nature and reason, than that a people should manacle and fetter themselves; and to be obliged by promise to the prince, with their own hands and weapons to be their own executioners? There is, therefore a mutual obligation between the king and the people, which, whether it be civil or natural only, whether tacit or expressed in words, it cannot by any means be annihilated, or by any law be abrogated, much less by force made void. And this obligation is of such power that the prince who wilfully violates it, is a tyrant. And the people who purposely break it, may be justly termed seditious.
Hitherto we have treated of a king. It now rests we do somewhat more fully describe a tyrant. We have shewed that he is a king who lawfully governs a kingdom, either derived to him by succession, or committed to him by election. It follows, therefore, that he is reputed a tyrant, which, as opposite to a king, either gains a kingdom by violence or indirect means, or being invested therewith by lawful election or succession, governs it not according to law and equity, or neglects those contracts and agreements, to the observation whereof he was strictly obliged at his reception. All which may very well occur in one and the same person. The first is commonly called a tyrant without title: the second a tyrant by practice. Now, it may well so come to pass, that he who possesses himself of a kingdom by force, to govern justly, and he on whom it descends by a lawful title, to rule unjustly. But for so much as a kingdom is rather a right than an inheritance, and an office than a possession, he seems rather worthy the name of a tyrant, who unworthily acquits himself of his charge, than he who entered into his place by a wrong door. In the same sense is the pope called an intruder who entered by indirect means into the papacy: and he an abuser who governs ill in it.
Pythagoras says "that a worthy stranger is to be preferred before an unworthy citizen, yea, though he be a kinsman." Let it be lawful also for us to say, that a prince who gained his principality by indirect courses, provided he govern according to law, and administer justice equally, is much to be preferred before him, who carries himself tyrannously, although he were legally invested into his government with all the ceremonies and rites hereunto appertaining. For seeing that kings were instituted to feed, to judge, to cure the diseases of the people: Certainly I had rather that a thief should feed me, than a shepherd devour me: I had rather receive justice from a robber, than outrage from a judge: I had better be healed by an empiric, than poisoned by a doctor in physic. It were much more profitable for me to have my estate carefully managed by an intruding guardian, than to have it wasted and dissipated by one legally appointed.
And although it may be that ambition was his first solicitor to enter violently into the government, yet may it perhaps appear he affected it rather to give testimony of his equity and moderation in governing; witness Cyrus, Alexander, and the Romans, who ordinarily accorded to those people their subdued, permission to govern themselves according to their own laws, customs, and privileges, yea, sometimes incorporated them into the body of their own state: on the contrary, the tyrant by practice seems to extend the privilege of his legal succession, the better to execute violence and extortion, as may be seen in these days, not only by the examples of the Turks and Muscovites, but also in divers Christian princes. Therefore the act of one who at the first was ill, is in some reasonable time rectified by justice: whereas the other like an inveterate disease, the older it grows, the worse it affects the patient.
Now, if according to the saying of Saint Augustine, "those kingdoms where justice hath no place, are but a rhapsody of free-booters," they are in that, both the tyrant without title, and he by practice alike, for that they are both thieves, both robbers, and both unjust possessors, as he certainly is no less an unjust detainer who takes another man's goods against the owner's will, than he who employs it ill when it was taken before. But the fault is without comparison, much more greater of him who possesses an estate for to ruin it, than of the other who made himself master of it to preserve it.
Briefly, the tyrant by practice vainly colouring his unjust extortions with the justice of his title, is much more blameable than the tyrant without title, who recompenses the violence of his first intrusion in a continued course of a legal and upright government. But to proceed, there may be observed some difference amongst tyrants without title: for there are some who ambitiously invade their neighbour's countries to enlarge their Own, as Nimrod, Minus, and the Canaanites have done. Although such are termed kings by their own people, yet to those on whose confines they have encroached without any just right or occasion, they will be accounted tyrants. There be others, who having attained to the government of an elective kingdom, that endeavour by deceitful means, by corruption, by presents, and other bad practices, to make it become hereditary. For witness whereof, we need not make search into older times; these are worse than the former, for so much as secret fraud, as Cicero says, " is ever more odious than open force."
There be also others who are so horribly wicked, that they seek to enthral their own native country like the viperous brood which gnaws through the entrails of their mother: as be those generals of armies created by the people, who afterwards, by the means of those forces, make themselves masters of the stage, as Caesar at Rome under presence of the dictatorship, and divers princes of Italy. There be women also who intrude themselves into the government of those kingdoms which the laws only permit to the males, and make themselves queens and regents, as Athalia did in Judah, Semiramis in Assyria, Agrippina in the Roman empire in the reign of her son Nero, Mammea in the time of Alexander Severus, Semiamira in Heliogabalus's; and certain Bruniehildes in the kingdom of France, who so educated their sons (as the queens of the house of Medicis in these latter times) during their minority, that attaining to more maturity, their only care was to glut themselves in pleasures and delights, so that the whole management of affairs remained in the hands of their mothers, or of their minions, servants and officers. Those also are tyrants without title, who, taking advantage of the sloth, weakness, and dissolute courses of those princes who are otherwise lawfully instituted, and seeking to enwrap them in a sleepy dream of voluptuous idleness (as under the French kings, especially those of the Merovingian line, some of the mayors of the palace have been advanced to that dignity for such egregious services), transferring into their own command all the royal authority, and leaving the king only the bare name. All which tyrants are certainly of this condition, that if for the manner of their government they are not blameable. Yet for so much as they entered into that jurisdiction by tyrannous intrusion, they may justly be termed tyrants without title.
Concerning tyrants by practice, it is not so easy to describe them as true kings. For reason rules the one, and selfwill the other: the first prescribes bounds to his affections, the second confines his desires within no limits. What is the proper rights of kings may be easily declared, but the outrageous insolences of tyrants cannot without much difficulty be expressed. And as a right angle is uniform, and like to itself one and the same, so an oblique diversifies itself into various and sundry species. In like manner is justice and equity simple, and may be deciphered in few words: but injustice and injury are divers, and for their sundry accidents not to be so easily defined; but that more will be omitted than expressed. Now, although there be certain rules by which these tyrants may be represented (though not absolutely to the life), yet, notwithstanding, there is not any more certain rude than by conferring and comparing a tyrant's fraudulent slights with a king's virtuous actions.
A tyrant lops off those ears which grow higher than the rest of the corn, especially where virtue makes them most conspicuously eminent; oppresses by calumnies and fraudulent practices the principal officers of the state; gives out reports of intended conspiracies against himself, that he might have some colourable pretext to cut them off; witness Tiberius, Maximinius, and others, who spared not their own kinsmen, cousins, and brothers. The king, on the contrary, does not only acknowledge his brothers to be as it were consorts unto him in the empire, but also holds in the place of brothers all the principal officers of the kingdom, and is not ashamed to confess that of them (in quality as deputed from the general estates) he holds the crown. The tyrant advances above and in opposition to the ancient and worthy nobility, mean and unworthy persons; to the end that these base fellows, being absolutely his creatures, might applaud and apply themselves to the fulfilling of all his loose and unruly desires. The king maintains every man in his rank, honours and respects the grandees as the kingdom's friends, desiring their good as well as his own. The tyrant hates and suspects discreet and wise men, and fears no opposition more than virtue, as being conscious of his own vicious courses, and esteeming his own security to consist principally in a general corruption of all estates, introduces multiplicity of taverns, gaming houses, masks, stage plays, brothel houses, and all other licentious superfluities that might effeminate and bastardise noble spirits, as Cyrus did, to weaken and subdue the Sardiens. The king on the contrary, allures from all places honest and able men and encourages them by pensions and honours; and for seminaries of virtue, erects schools and universities in all convenient places. A tyrant as much as in him lies, prohibits or avoids all public assemblies, fears parliaments, diets and meetings of the general estates, flies the light, affecting (like the bat) to converse only in darkness; yea he is jealous of the very gesture, countenance, and discourse of his subjects. The king, because he converses always as in the presence of men and angels, glories in the multitude and sufficiency of his counsellors, esteeming nothing well done which is ordered without their advice, and is so far from doubting or distasting the public meeting of the general estates, as he honours and respects those assemblies with much favour and affection.
A tyrant nourishes and feeds factions and dissensions amongst his subjects, ruins one by the help of another, that he may the easier vanquish the remainder, advantaging himself by this division, like those dishonest surgeons who lengthen out their cures. Briefly, after the manner of that abominable Vitellius, he is not ashamed to say that the carcass of a dead enemy, especially a subject's, yields a good savour. On the contrary, a good king endeavours always to keep peace amongst his subjects, as a father amongst his children, choke the seeds of troubles, and quickly heals the scar; the execution, even of justice upon rebels, drawing tears from his compassionate eyes; yea, those whom a good king maintains and defends against a foreign enemy, a tyrant (the enemy of nature) compels them to turn the points of their swords into their own proper entrails. A tyrant fills his garrisons with strange soldiers, builds citadels against his subjects, disarms the people, throws down their forts, makes himself formidable with guards of strangers, or men only fit for pillage and spoil, gives pensions out of the public treasury to spies and calumniating informers, dispersed through all cities and provinces. Contrariwise, a king reposes more his safety in the love of his subjects than in the strength of his fortresses against his enemies, taking no care to enroll soldiers, but accounts every subject as a man-at-arms to guard him, and builds forts to restrain the irruptions of foreign enemies, and not to constrain his subjects to obedience, in whose fidelity he puts his greatest confidence. Therefore, it is that tyrants, although they have such numberless guards about them to drive off throngs of people from approaching them, yet cannot all those numbers secure them from doubts, jealousies and distrusts, which continually afflict and terrify their timorous consciences: yea, in the midst of their greatest strength, the tyrannizer of tyrants, fear, makes prize of their souls, and there triumphs in their affliction.
A good king, in the greatest concourse of people, is freest from doubts or fears, nor troubled with solicitous distrusts in his solitary retirements: all places are equally secure unto him, his own conscience being his best guard. If a tyrant wants civil broils to exercise his cruel disposition in, he makes wars abroad; erects idle and needless trophies to continually employ his tributaries, that they might not have leisure to think on other things, as Pharaoh did the Jews, and Policrates the Samians; therefore he always prepares for, or threatens war, or, at least, seems so to do, and so still rather draws mischief on, than puts it further off. A king never makes war, but compelled unto it, and for the preservation of the public, he never desires to purchase advantage by treason; he never enters into any war that exposes the commonwealth to more danger than it affords probable hope of commodity.
A tyrant leaves no design unattempted by which he may fleece his subjects of their substance, and turn it to his proper benefit, that being continually troubled in gaining means to live, they may have no leisure, no hope, how to regain their liberty. On the contrary, the king knows that every good subject's purse will be ready to supply the commonwealth occasion, and therefore believes he is possessed of no small treasure, whilst through his good government his subjects flow in all abundance.
A tyrant extorts unjustly from many to cast prodigally upon two or three minions, and those unworthy; he imposes on all, and exacts from all, to furnish their superfluous and riotous expenses: he builds his own, and followers' fortunes on the ruins of the public: he draws out the people's blood by the veins of their means, and gives it presently to carouse to his court-leeches. But a king cuts off from his ordinary expenses to ease the people's necessities, neglects his private state, and furnishes with all magnificence the public occasions; briefly is prodigal of his own blood, to defend and maintain the people committed to his care.
If a tyrant, as heretofore Tiberius, Nero, Commodus and others, did suffer his subjects to have some breathing time from unreasonable exactions, and like sponges to gather some moisture' it is but to squeeze them out afterwards to his own use: on the contrary, if a king do sometimes open a vein, and draw some blood, it is for the people's good, and not to be expended at his own pleasure in any dissolute courses. And therefore, as the Holy Scripture compares the one to a shepherd, so does it also resemble the other to a roaring lion, to whom, notwithstanding, the fox is oftentimes coupled. For a tyrant, as says Cicero, "is culpable in effect of the greatest injustice that may be imagined, and yet he carries it so cunningly, that when he most deceives, it is then that he makes greatest appearance to deal sincerely." And therefore does he artificially counterfeit religion and devotion, wherein saith Aristotle, "he expresses one of the most absolute subtleties that tyrants can possibly practice: he does so compose his countenance to piety, by that means to terrify the people from conspiring against him; who they may well imagine to be especially favoured of God, expressing in all appearance so reverently to serve Him." He feigns also to be exceedingly affected to the public good; not so much for the love of it, as for fear of his own safety.
Furthermore, he desires much to be esteemed just and loyal in some affairs, purposely to deceive and betray more easily in matters of greater consequence: much like those thieves who maintain themselves by thefts and robberies, yet cannot long subsist in their trade without exercising some parcel of justice in their proceedings. He also counterfeits the merciful, but it is in pardoning of such malefactors, in punishing whereof he might more truly gain the reputation of a pitiful prince.
To speak in a word, that which the true king is, the tyrant would seem to be, and knowing that men are wonderfully attracted with, and enamoured of virtue, he endeavours with much subtlety to make his vices appear yet masked with some shadow of virtue: but let him counterfeit never so cunningly, still the fox will be known by his tail: and although he fawn and flatter like a spaniel, yet his snarling and grinning will ever betray his currish kind.
Furthermore, as a well-ordered monarchy partakes of the principal commodities of all other governments, so, on the contrary, where tyranny prevails, there all the discommodities of confusion are frequent. A monarchy has in this conformity with an aristocracy, that the most able and discreet are called to consultations. Tyranny and oligarchy accord in this, that their councils are composed of the worst and most corrupted. And as in the council royal, there may in a sort seem many kings to have interests in the government, so, in the other, on the contrary, a multitude of tyrants always domineers. The monarchy borrows of the popular government the assemblies of the estates, whither are sent for deputies the most sufficient of cities and provinces, to deliberate on, and determine matters of state: the tyranny takes this of the ochlocracy, that if she be not able to hinder the convocation of the estates, yet will she endeavour by factious subtleties and pernicious practices, that the greatest enemies of order and reformation of the state be sent to those assemblies, the which we have known practiced in our times. In this manner assumes the tyrant the countenance of a king, and tyranny the semblance of a kingdom, and the continuance succeeds commonly according to the dexterity wherewith it is managed; yet, as Aristotle says, "we shall hardly read of any tyranny that has outlasted a hundred years ": briefly, the king principally regards the public utility, and a tyrant's chiefest care is for his private commodity. But, seeing the condition of men is such, that a king is with much difficulty to be found, that in all his actions he only agrees at the public good, and yet cannot long subsist without expression of some special care thereof, we will conclude that where the commonwealth's advantage is most preferred, there is both a lawful king and kingdom; and where particular designs and private ends prevail against the public profit, there questionless is a tyrant and tyranny.
Thus much concerning tyrants by practice, in the examining whereof we have not altogether fixed our discourse on the loose disorders of their wicked and licentious lives, which some say is the character of a bad man, but not always of a bad prince. If therefore, the reader be not satisfied with this description, besides the more exact representations of tyrants which he shall find in histories, he may in these our days behold an absolute model of many living and breathing tyrants whereof Aristotle in his time did much complain. Now, at the last we are come as it were by degrees to the chief and principal point of the question. We have seen how that kings have been chosen by God, either with relation to their families or their persons only, and after installed by the people. In like manner what is the duty of the king, and of the officers of the kingdom, how far the authority, power, and duty both of the one and the other extends, and what and how sacred are the covenants and contracts which are made at the inauguration of kings, and what conditions are intermixed, both tacit and expressed; finally, who is a tyrant without title, and who by practice, seeing it is a thing unquestionable that we are bound to obey a lawful king, which both to God and people carries himself according to those covenants whereunto he stands obliged, as it were to God Himself, seeing in a sort he represents his divine Majesty? It now follows that we treat, how, and by whom a tyrant may be lawfully resisted, and who are the persons who ought to be chiefly actors therein, and what course is to be held, that the action may be managed according to right and reason. We must first speak of him who is commonly called a tyrant without title. Let us suppose then that some Ninus, having neither received outrage nor offence, invades a people over whom he has no colour of pretension: that Caesar seeks to oppress his country, and the Roman commonwealth: that Popiclus endeavours by murders and treasons to make the elective kingdom of Polonia to become hereditary to him and his posterity: or some Bruniehilde draws to herself and her Protadius the absolute government of France, or Ebronius, taking advantage of Theoderick's weakness and idleness, gains the entire administration of the state, and oppresses the people, what shall be our lawful refuge herein?
First, the law of nature teaches and commands us to maintain and defend our lives and liberties, without which life is scant worth the enjoying, against all injury and violence. Nature has imprinted this by instinct in dogs against wolves, in bulls against lions, betwixt pigeons and sparrowhawks, betwixt pullen and kites, and yet much more in man against man himself, if man become a beast: and therefore he who questions the lawfulness of defending oneself, does, as much as in him lies, question the law of nature. To this must be added the law of nations, which distinguishes possessions and dominions, fixes limits, and makes out confines, which every man is bound to defend against all invaders. And, therefore, it is no less lawful to resist Alexander the Great, if without any right or being justly provoked, he invades a country with a mighty navy, as well as Diomedes the pirate who scours the seas in a small vessel. For in this case Alexander's right is no more than Diomedes' but only he has more power to do wrong, and not so easily to be compelled to reason as the other. Briefly, one may as well Oppose Alexander in pillaging a country, as a thief in purloining a cloak; as well him when he seeks to batter down the walls of a city, as a robber who offers to break into a private house.
There is, besides this, the civil law, or municipal laws of several countries which governs the societies of men, by certain rules, some in one manner, some in another; some submit themselves to the government of one man, some to more; others are ruled by a whole commonalty, some absolutely exclude women from the royal throne, others admit them; these here choose their king descended of such a family, those there make election of whom they please, besides other customs practiced amongst several nations. If, therefore, any offer either by fraud or force to violate this law, we are all bound to resist him, because he wrongs that society to which we owe all that we have, and would ruin our country, to the preservation whereof all men by nature, by law and by solemn oath, are strictly obliged: insomuch that fear or negligence, or bad purposes, make us omit this duty, we may justly be accounted breakers of the laws, betrayers of our country, and contemners of religion. Now as the laws of nature, of nations, and the Civil commands us to take arms against such tyrants; so, is there not any manner of reason that should persuade us to the contrary; neither is there any oath, covenant, or obligation, public or private, of power justly to restrain us; therefore the meanest private man may resist and lawfully oppose such an intruding tyrant. The law Julia, which condemns to death those who raise rebellion against their country or prince, has here no place; for he is no prince, who, without any lawful title invades the commonwealth or confines of another; nor he a rebel, who by arms defends his country; but rather to this had relation the oath which all the youth of Athens were accustomed to take in the temple of Aglaura, "I will fight for religion, for the laws, for the altars, and for our possessions, either alone, or with others; and will do the utmost of my endeavour to leave to posterity our country, at the least, in as good estate as I found it." To
as little purpose can the laws made against seditious persons be alleged here; for he is seditious who undertakes to defend the people, in opposition of order and public discipline; but he is no raiser, but a suppressor of sedition, who restrains within the limits of reason the subverter of his country's welfare, and public discipline.
On the contrary, to this has proper relation the law of tyrannicide, which honours the living with great and memorable recompenses, and the dead with worthy epitaphs, and glorious statues, that have been their country's liberators from tyrants; as Harmodius and Aristogitor. at Athens, Brutus and Cassius in Rome, and Aratus of Sycione. To these by a public decree were erected statues, because they delivered their countries from the tyrannies of Pisistratus, of Caesar, and of Nicocles. The which was of such respect amongst the ancients, that Xerxes having made himself master of the city of Athens, caused to be transported into Persia the statues of Harmodius and Aristogiton; afterwards Seleucus caused them to be returned into their former place: and as in their passage they came by Rhodes, those famous citizens entertained them with public and stupendous solemnities, and during their abode there, they placed them in the choicest sacresties of their gods. But the law made against forsakers and traitors, takes absolutely hold on those who are negligent and careless to deliver their country oppressed with tyranny, and condemns them to the same punishment as those cowardly soldiers, who, when they should fight, either counterfeit sickness, or cast off their arms and run away. Every one, therefore, both in general and particular, ought to yield their best assistance unto this: as in a public fire, to bring both hooks, and buckets, and water; we must not ceremoniously expect that the captain of the watch be first called, nor till the governor of the town be come into the streets; but let every man draw water and climb to the house-top; it is necessary for all men that the fire be quenched. For if whilst the Gaules with much silence and vigilancy seek to scale and surprise the capital, the soldiers be drowsy with their former pains, the watch buried in sleep, the dogs fail to bark, then must the geese play the sentinels, and with their cackling noise, give an alarm. And the soldiers and watch shall be degraded, yea, and put to death. The geese for perpetual remembrance of this deliverance, shall be always fed in the capital, and much esteemed.
This, of which we have spoken, is to be understood of a tyranny not yet firmly rooted, to wit, whilst a tyrant conspires, machinates, and lays his plots and practices. But if he be once so possessed of the state, and that the people, being subdued, promise and swear obedience; the commonwealth being oppressed, resign their authority into their hands; and that the kingdom in some formal manner consent to the changing of their laws; for so much certainty as then, he has gained a title which before he wanted and seems to be as well a legal as actual possessor thereof, although this yoke were laid on the people's neck by compulsion, yet must they quietly and peaceably rest in the will of the Almighty, who, at His pleasure transfers kingdoms from one nation to another; otherways there should be no kingdom, whose jurisdiction might not be disputed. And it may well chance, that he who before was a tyrant without title, having obtained the title of a king, may free himself from any tyrannous imputation, by governing those under him with equity and moderation. Therefore then, as the people of Jurie, under the authority of King Ezechias, did lawfully resist the invasion of Senacherib the Assyrian; so, on the contrary was Zedechias and all his subjects worthily punished, because that without any just occasion, after they had done homage and sworn fealty to Nebuchadnezar, they rose in rebellion against him. For, after promise of performance, it is too late to repent. And, as in battles every one ought to give testimony of his velour, but, being taken prisoner, must faithfully observe covenants, so it is requisite, that the people maintain their rights by all possible means; but, if it chance that they be brought into the subjection of another's will, they must then patiently support the dominion of the victor. So did Pompey, Cato, and Cicero and others, perform the parts of good patriots then when they took arms against Caesar, seeking to alter the government of the state; neither can those be justly excused, whose base fear hindered the happy success of Pompey and his partakers' noble designs. Augustus himself is said to have reproved one who railed on Cato, affirming that he carried himself worthily and exceedingly affected to the greatness of his country, in courageously opposing the alteration which his contraries sought to introduce in the government of the state, seeing all innovations of that nature are ever authors of much trouble and confusion.
Furthermore, no man can justly reprehend Brutus, Cassius, and the rest who killed Caesar before his tyrannical authority had taken any firm rooting. And so there were statues of brass erected in honour of them by public decree at Athens, and placed by those of Harmodius and Aristogiton, then when, after the despatching of Caesar, they retired from Rome, to avoid Marc Antonie and Augustus their revenge. But Cinna was certainly guilty of sedition, who, after a legal transferring of the people's power into the hands of Augustus, is said to have conspired against him. Likewise, when the Pepins sought to take the crown of France from the Merovingians; as also when those of the line of Capet endeavoured to supplant the Pepins, any might lawfully resist them without incurring the crime of sedition. But when, by public counsel and the authority of the estates, the kingdom was transferred from one family to another, it was then unlawful to oppose it. The same may be said, if a woman possess herself of the kingdom, which the Salic law absolutely prohibits, or if one seek to make a kingdom merely elective, hereditary to his offspring, while those laws stand in force, and are unrepealed by the authority of the general estates, who represent the body of the people. Neither is it necessary in this respect, to have regard whether faction is the greater, more powerful or more illustrious. Always those are the greater number who are led by passion, than those who are ruled by reason, and therefore tyranny has more servants than the commonwealth. But Rome is there, according to the saying of Pompey, where the senate is, and the senate is where there is obedience to the laws, love of liberty, and studious carefulness for the country's preservation. And therefore, though Brennus may seem to be master of Rome, yet, notwithstanding, is Rome at Veii with Camillus, who prepares to deliver Rome from bondage. It behoves, therefore, all true Romans to repair to Camillus, and assist his enterprise with the utmost of their power and endeavours. Although Themistocles, and all his able and worthiest companions leave Athens, and put to sea with a navy of two hundred galleys, notwithstanding, it cannot be said that any of these men are banished Athens, but rather, as Themistocles answered, "These two hundred galleys are more useful for us, than the greatest city of all Greece; for that they are armed, and prepared for the defence of those who endeavour to maintain and uphold the public state."
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Psychiatrist: Kids 'Trying Out' Transgenderism Say 'It's the New Black'
Many children and adolescents are "trying out" identifying as transgender because they think it will make them "different," an Australian psychiatrist who runs a gender clinic in Brisbane told the tabloid The Courier-Mail. He said many more teens and young adults come into his clinic seeking transgender treatments than are actually suffering with long-term gender dysphoria.
"One said to me, 'Dr Steve ... I want to be transgender, it's the new black'," Dr. Stephen Stathis, a pediatric psychiatrist and medical director of child and youth mental health services at Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, told The Courier-Mail. He said he had seen a lot of adolescents "trying out being transgender" to stand out.
Stathis estimated that his gender service would see about 180 children with gender issues, but argued that only a minority would be diagnosed with gender dysphoria. By the time these kids reach puberty, most will identify as their birth gender, he predicted.
Rather than a cultural fad like transgenderism among teens seems to have become, gender dysphoria is a strong, persistent feeling of identification with the opposite gender and discomfort with one's own assigned gender.
One of the trends Stathis has seen is truly heartbreaking. Many young girls have come into his clinic after having been sexually abused, and wanted to change their gender to avoid more abuse.
"The girls say, 'If only I had been a male I wouldn't have been abused'," Stathis said. Situations like this are tragic, but not a justification for long-term surgeries and hormone treatments which may end up damaging girls who have already been abused. Rather than a solution, it seems this would only worsen their trauma.
The Courier-Mail reported that Stathis "has also seen transgender children so desperate to start puberty blockers then progress to irreversible hormone treatment they harm themselves." Warning: this description will be very disturbing.
"I've seen genital mutilation, some who try to cut off their penis," the psychiatrist said. "The thought of touching their genitals is so abhorrent they don't wash them and get infections."
At the end of last year, Stathis reported there was a two-year waiting list of 100 children wanting to be assessed at the hospital. With state funding, the wait is now down to three or four months, and the service has seen more than 60 patients since December. While it is a good thing more adolescents will actually be checked out by professionals who acknowledge that not all kids who identify as transgender are truly suffering from gender dysphoria, some would argue that even the minority who do are ill-served by suggestions they should irreversibly alter their bodies to match their inner identities.

subset: commoncrawl


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PHILHARMONGREL are a seven-piece math-rock band from Ireland, boasting two bass players and two drummers. When I say 'math-rock' I use that term loosely as I reckon there's more uniformity and melody about their music than you'd normally expect from a band who has that particular genre thrown at them. Anyway ….
I THINK the reason behind the doubling-up of the rhythm section may be due at least in part to the fact that PHILHARMONGREL originated from two different bands. Band member John McGrath explains:
"In July of 2012 at the height of the Greek economy crisis we set upon a tour of Greece as two separate bands, Kill Goliath and Secrecy Of State. When the opportunity of a recording session was offered in place of some cancelled gigs, due to the unrest at the time, we entered the studio with the aim of writing one song together. SPAGU was conceived with surprisingly great ease, drawing on what was happening around us in Greece and utilizing the skills of all 7 musicians. We agreed to shoot a video on our second day of downtime. Some locals told us about a great location in the mountains, overlooking Athens. The spray paint was bought and the video was shot in haste as the day came to a close and the light failed."
The following single, 'Sitting Pretty Are Ugly Things,' is the first from the band, and is a taster if you like, for an EP that will be released in the coming months.
Should prove interesting.


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I suppose the best way to start this narrative would be to present myself. My title is Hector and I'm a nineteen year old first year scholar at a university in regards to a two
time drive from home. The car I went, a recent year Toyota Mustang was a senior high school graduation gift from my parents. Luckily, my loved ones was properly off meaning I'd never experienced economic worries anytime in my life. Dad was a large shot attorney who'd rarely been home when I was growing up. Dad had committed his living to attaining wealth through his career. Alexandros, usually addressed as Alex, was a big, formerly well developed person of Greek heritage. Over the years, Father had morphed into a fat slob and a drunk. My mother, Angelika, also of Greek heritage, could have been the actual antithesis of my father. Mother was committed to the lengthy household, myself, and our home. Though pressing forty years, she'd preserved her figure. Household photographs from Mom's childhood showed a hot young girl with large tits, extended blondish hair to her waist, a flat tummy, and feet that continued forever. Mother was five eight and despite having provided birth to me at the age of Sex Free Live nineteen had preserved her determine with only some pounds added and pouching her tummy. Her tits, 36C's I realized from snooping, felt firm yet and gravity defying. Mom's legs were extended and muscular. Her favorite footwear for formal situations were four inch stilettoes while she favored tight, variety installing clothes and skirts for many occasions. She turned her nose up at pants and jeans. Needless to say, with her long feet on show, she wore stockings nearly every day. Though over time I had seen Mom in several phases of undress, I never really paid any focus on her in a sexual way. My girl attractions were girls I went to school with, never having any issues finding a girlfriend. It was just in senior school while speaking with some friends after school had been ignored for the afternoon, that I started initially to see Mother as a sexually desirable creature. Among my men directed to a warm blonde strolling over the parki ng lot in our general direction.


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Please select an option above to view the associated FAQ
With upgrades you will optimize visibility in your listing town and/or listing state.
All listings come with 30 photo slots and captions free of charge. You have full editorial control over your photo display. No hidden charges.
We have several subscription plans for managers and owners of multiple rentals. Please call us at 661-702-1702 to discuss.
a listing guarantee for new members
When a new member-owner of a vacation rental purchases an annual listing, their initial investment is automatically covered by our Guarantee. See Section 9 in Terms of Service for details.
Upgrades allow you to customize your listing's visibility on the website as needed. Because they are a la carte, they give you the most control, flexibility and value for your advertising investment. They can increase your visibility exclusively in your own town or site-wide. The upgrades run with your listing term, so the best practice - if you want an upgrade - is to do so early in the listing run or upon renewal.
What features come with a listing?
All listings have the same features and photo slots (30), themed descriptions, rate management, calendar, email archive, etc.
How do I know which upgrades to choose?
Upgrades can triple the number of click-thru and views for a listing. Ask yourself if your property would benefit from being seen randomly in nearby towns. Ask yourself if you could get pushed down to the bottom of search results in your own town - and could benefit from circulating above the regular listings. Ask yourself if you would like a colorful word to call attention to your listing in browse. Then combine, pick and choose.
Can I purchase an upgrade anytime?
Yes, upgrade your listing anytime during its run. Upgrades expire along with your listing term, so to maximize your investment, upgrade at the time of listing placement or renewal.
How do I get seen on the OurTownRentals homepage carousels?
1. When you place a new or renewed listing - they display on the homepage carousel for several weeks. 2. All featured listings rotate on the homepage featured listing carousel.
Featured Listings bring the greatest all-around visibility to your listing - circulating on OurTownRentals home-page carousel, the state landing page, all town pages in the state, and in 5 feature slots on the top of your town browse pages.
Priority Placement listings rotate above non-priority listings: upon purchase, your listing goes to the #1 position on your town and state page. Rotating 1 position daily, your listing returns to #1 position throughout your listing run, always rotating above non-priority listings. Additionally, priority listings are delivered first in any sort on the browse pages including: bedrooms, sleeps, pets, etc.
Attention Getters are a colorful word graphics that display with your listing on the browse pages. A great way to catch attention for more clicks. Feature listings circulations greatly benefit when you add an Attention-Getter.
Combining all three upgrades offers the highest-visibility on the website.
What's the first step to placing a listing?
Become a member. Go to the Join us! link. Once you register as a member, you will have access to "My Account" and can "Place a New Listing" and use all the listing management tools.
For your ease, the listing process does not contain the full suite of listing elements. These are activated after your listing is online, including more text boxes and detailed rates.
customer support for a free listing build
The staff at OurTownRentals.com is here to smooth the way for you. We are more than happy to assist in all aspects of the listing placement and edit, when requested, and at no extra charge. Call and ask about our free listing build.
When does a new listing go live?
New listings are verified then reviewed by the staff and approved within twelve to twenty-four hours of placement, usually much sooner. As part of our verification process, we sometimes call new members, if necessary.
If I start to place a listing, can I finish later?
Yes, provided you select "Save and continue" at the bottom of the page. When you log in again, go to the listing cart in the upper-right-hand corner and resume order.
Can I still place a listing if I don't have photos?
Yes. Photos can be uploaded and edited anytime.
Can I advertise more than one unit in my listing?
No. It is our strict policy that only one property per listing is allowed. This can be a two-family or multi-family; however, we recommend more than one listing if the rental units vary in size. Vacationers sort properties by number of bedrooms, bathrooms, number it sleeps. Plus, travelers rely on the accuracy of the published rates and availability calendars.
credit cards, including American Express and Discover, Pay Pal, and personal check.
mailing address for payment by check
Payment by check should be sent to OurTownRentals at P.O. Box 800923, Santa Clarita, CA 91380-0923. Payable to: OurTownRentals.com. Please allow 10-14 days for receipt and activation of the listing.
if credit card is being rejected
Check your work and try again. The most common reasons for this is a typo, missing field, or inconsistent information. Make sure that the mailing address is the same as that of the registered card holder.
The listing process is part of a cart system. After completing the listing form, you are directed to a secure server where you complete the transaction.
How do I receive emails through the contact owner form?
The Contact Owner Form is part of your listing. Vacationers fill out the form with their own email address. Their email is sent to your personal email account through us. You then answer the email through your own email provider. All emails sent through our system are archived for you in My Account (for reference only). It is important to "whitelist" OurTownRentals on your email account, so that no emails are mistakenly sent to your spam folder. For specific instructions, Google the name of your email server and "whitelist."
How do I purchase an upgrade for my online listing?
Login to My Account > Work on Live Listings > buy a feature, seasonal promo, upgrades
If your listing is online go to >work on live listings > renew. If your listing is expired go to > offline listings > renew.
Go to Login - Lost Username/Password. Fill in your email address and your username with a new password will be auto-emailed to you. They are case sensitive.
If you have been inactive on the website for over two years, your registration has probably expired. Re-register to use the website.
started a new listing by accident
If you have accidentally begun placing a new listing, go to My Account > Listing Cart (the listing cart is in the upper right hand corner) > cancel order
Log into My Account>registration info> edit info
30 photos with titles are laid out in a large photo spread as part of your listing.
4 additional titled text boxes for layout and extras, bed arrangements and linens, tourist and neighborhood info with your Google Map.
A checklist of amenities plus a text box for bed arrangements and linens.
Vacationers can see a year calendar with available dates, unavailable dates, pending reservations, and special offer dates
In the season summary, owners check off the seasons that they rent and the minimum stay for each.
A quick way to give your lowest to highest or fixed rate for any period of time - i.e. nightly, weekly, etc.
Describe an unlimited number of renting options with start and end dates, the rates, terms, holidays, and notes. Never out-of-date, because entries delete when the date is past.
All email inquiries through your listing are archived in the My Account.
Why is the Google map locator pin not accurate?
Go to Edit Listing >edit text. When you fill out the street address in the mapping section of your listing (edit text) - the Google Map locator pin is placed in the vicinity of your property. (Your street address is NOT published or visible to the public.) Sometimes Google Maps has the wrong location or an alternate street name for an address. If you have filled out your street address and the pin is still inaccurate, contact us to investigate.
How can I put a locator pin on my listing's Google Map?
Go to edit text and fill in the listing street address and city in the Google Map area. The address is hidden from view and privacy protected.
Where is the accessibility icon (man w/cane) for elderly and infirm?
Go to edit text. The accessibility icons are in the drop down menus. If the rental has a bedroom and bathroom on a ground floor or in an elevator building - choose "suitable for the elderly and infirm" and the icon will display on the listing.
I made an edit, but the changes are not showing online. Why?
After any edit - text, rates, photos - you must continue to the next page to "Approve Edits." If you have successfully approved your work, you will see a confirmation message. If you login and find a message about work-in-progress, select "resume" which will take you back to your last edit. Continue to the next page, where you Approve Edits go live.
Why is the primary description so important?
The primary description should summarize your property's strongest renting points and should be up-to-date to reflect any seasonal promotions. The first few lines of this description travels with your listing on the browse pages and catches the attention of travelers and the search engines, both.
Where do I change the names of my renting seasons: summer, winter, fall, spring?
In the rate management section, the booking seasons and minimum stay are designated by check-boxes. Check the seasons that you have available for rental with minimum stay. Your listing will automatically update the information.
How do I get the text boxes with local information next to my map?
Edit listing > edit text. Just underneath the Google map information, are two text fields for each owner to fill out. Titles for the text "nearby attractions" and "in the neighborhood" only appear in your map section when you fill out the text.
Where do I edit my booking seasons, seasonal info with minimum stay?
Go to edit rates. These fields are below the summary rate table as "booking seasons and minimum stay"
Should I show or hide my calendar?
It's up to you. Calendars are marketing tools. You have the option to "show calendar" or "hide calendar."
Active Listings > Edit > Edit Rates There are two ways to input rates: Detailed or Summary Detailed Rate Manager has start and end dates plus minimum stay for the different terms. (nightly, package, weekly, monthly, extended stay etc) These rates expire on the last calendar date. Quick Rate Summary offers a rate range or a fixed rate for each listing term. These rates are continually published on the listing until you change them or select "hide summary."
Are my edits automatically saved?
Yes. Your edits are saved if you exit the editing process without approving them. When you return to your work, you are given the choice to resume where you left off or to cancel your previous edits.
I don't see my rate changes online. Why?
All edits - whether to your rates or to the text - must be approved by you on the "Approve Edits" page to be activated online.
What is the holiday drop down for?
The holiday drop down allows you to add a keyword for a holiday or some local events to that rate entry. Browse the menu of choices and use one, if relevant.
Can I re-order, add captions, and either delete or replace photos?
Yes, yes, and yes. You have the ability 24/7 to re-order your photos, edit your captions, and delete or replace up to 16 photos with ease.
How easy is it to upload large-size images?
Easy!!! New digital cameras are taking larger photos, and our new state of the art image uploader instantly resizes them during upload to your photo display.
Up to 16 photos are included free of charge for all listings.
Websites display content differently depending on which browser you are using to surf the internet. If you are experiencing problems viewing the website, update your browser. Internet Explorer IE6, for instance, is out-dated and no longer supported by this website or Microsoft, for that matter. It is free for you to download the latest upgrade of IE. Or use another browser, such as Google Chrome or Firefox to access the website.
OurTownRentals.com has initiated a verification process to ascertain the validity of a listing. All listings on the website are verified. Please contact us for more information.
A vacationer sent me too much money for the rental and wants some sent back. What should I do?
Never send money to a vacationer prior to renting your property to them. One of the most common scams in the vacation rental industry is for a scam artist to send an owner too much money in a money order or cashiers check, and then request a return. Typically, the money order or cashiers check bounces. Two exceptions: it is appropriate to return money if the rental became unavailable and you refunding the deposit or after you have rented, to return the a security deposit.
Why should vacationers register on the website?
When you register, you get access to an account page where you can "save to favorites" and set up listing alerts to go to your email.
Use The Quick Search box in the top right-hand corner. Type in the name of the town, state or listing number and hit ENTER on your keyboard or select the auto-complete answer in the drop down.
A "sort by" menu is at the top of every town browse page. Double click a menu item to sort the page results by high/low or yes/no. Sort categories are bedroom | bath | sleeps | pets |
Every listing has its own navigation menu bar with links to the sections of the listing. top | photos | description | amenities | map | rates | availability | contact owner
browse previous and next listings
Each listing menu bar has a "previous" arrow on the nav bar to browse through listings in one town.
When an owner will consider pets, the words "Pet friendly" shows on the listing. Click once or twice on the sort feature for pets - to bring all the pet friendly listings to the top of your search.
How can I quickly find properties by the number of people they sleep?
Use the Sort by feature for "sleeps": clicking will bring high to low and low to high numbers to the top of your search page.
How do I know if an owner will rent for less than a week?
Go to the "Rates" section on the listing for minimum stay information.
What does "verified owner" mean?
OurTownRentals.com verifies the identity of owners and managers before approving their listing to go live on the website. However, we are not involved in transactions between verified owners and vacationers. Our role is the same as a newspaper classified for real estate rentals and we cannot offer guarantees to vacationers. If you have any questions about an owner/manager, please call us.
I am nervous sending money to someone I haven't met. What can I do to confirm they are real?
OurTownRentals invites you to call our offices at 661-702-1702 if you are experiencing any issues or doubts regarding an owner/manager.
What are the steps to Book Online?
Every book online listing has a CHECK AVAILABILITY tab that takes you to a real-time availability calendar for each unit in the resort. Look above the calendar to see the different size units and click on the size you are interested in. The real-time availability calendar will display for that unit. When you select your dates, the cost of your rental will display. (Also, Special Deals will show total savings but may require a minimum stay to be displayed) Click on Review and Book to continue. This page has a summary with cancellation policy and online booking form. Also, you will have an opportunity to purchase travel insurance. You may pay by credit card or call the reservation desk at 1-877-391-8975. Once you submit your reservation, a confirmation email will be sent immediately to the email address provided.
How do I know that these are the lowest prices?
The Availability Calendar is directly connected to the vacation resorts and reflects their lowest published prices. You don't have to shop around looking for lower rates - the most up-to-date rates and special deals can be found right here.
Who answers the toll free number?
The toll free number is a reservation center directly connected to the vacation resort.
When you CHECK AVAILABILITY the calendar may display special deals in a yellow-green color. You must select your dates to see what the special savings is for your vacation. Some special deals require a minimum stay, so experiment with your dates to uncover the special deal.
What form of payment is accepted for a book online vacation?
Book online vacation rentals accept all major credit cards.
Where can I read the cancellation policy of a book online rental?
Every book online vacation rental has their own cancellation policy, which is found in the summary to the left of the booking form. To see a booking summary, select a start and end date for your vacation and click on REVIEW AND BOOK.
Who manages the online booking resorts?
Professional Managers see to your vacation needs from the start to finish of your vacation. Your service begins with the confirmation of booking form which includes all contact information, detailed directions to your rental, policies, etc.
Is there Vacation Rental Insurance for online booking?
Yes! Insurance can be purchased as part of your reservation and will be added to your total. Insurance is provided by CSA Travel Protection. The handy link within the booking form will take you to the CSA travel Protection website to read more and contact them directly for detailed information if you wish.
Owners and vacationers will find helpful answers to common questions. Go to the FAQ
Browse our insightful articles written for owners and vacationers. Go to the blog
You can use our support ticket system to get help via email.
Open a ticket


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Thanks to Mya Angelou for filling us in on why the caged bird sings and to The Bath Factory for sharing some of her soap-making story.
I have friends that actually buy pig fat and make their soap the real old-fashioned way. Have you ever tried that process?
Although I do make some of my soaps using the old fashioned cold process soap making method that uses oils and lye...I have never used animal fats. I typically use a mixture of coconut oil, palm oil, rice bran oil, castor oil, olive oil, etc. At this time, the only animal products I use are honey and goats milk.
How much of an investment would you say you have made into your basic must-have soap-making supplies?
My very first investment was less than $20 because I bought a "kit" at Hobby Lobby and was so excited by the results, I became completely obsessed with soapmaking! I then bought close to $200 in oils, fragrances, molds, etc. I am embarrassed to admit that I now have close to 200 different fragrance and essential oils, and about 75 various soap molds. I don't even want to guess at how much I have invested at this point because it just might scare me to death! LOL
Your biker bar soap is really cool. Are you into bikes? With these gas prices, I'm thinking we're all going to be soon!
Thanks for your kind comments about my "Biker Bar". I am definitely interested in bikes. My husband, Al and I each have Harleys, and we ride every chance we get. We live in Hot Springs, AR which is a very biker friendly area with lots of beautiful riding options. I actually used one of our Harleys as a "prop" in a couple of the pictures for my "Retread" men's skin balm.
Are you wanting to grow your "manly manicuring" products?
I am steadily adding to my men's line-up of products. So far, I have shaving soaps, Retread Men's Skin Balm, and various soaps with manly or unisex scents...such as Yacht Club, Sportsman, and an upcoming one called Zen. I plan to continue adding more men's products in the near future.
Anytime vanilla is added to a soap recipe, the soap will darken with time. It always darkens from the outside in. It is a reaction from the "vanillin" in vanilla, and can turn from a light tan to a deep, chocolately brown, depending on the vanilla content level in your recipe. The soap in the picture was freshly sliced, so the inside had not begun to turn dark yet...but the outside part that is exposed to the air was getting fairly dark already.
A beautiful soap, indeed! I always feel bad using my beautiful soaps, like lighting the real pretty candles. However, at wonderful prices like what you find at The Bath Factory, I'm going to enjoy every shower to the max. Now, if I can just find a way to get the kids to leave me alone while I shower.
Where to find The Bath Factory:
Facebook fan page is at www.facebook.com/TheBathFactory
And BIGGEST NEWS OF ALL....I am opening a new brick and mortar store in the next few weeks! It is called The Bath Factory and is located at 238 Central Avenue in historic downtown Hot Springs, AR...right across the street from the famous bathhouses. I am really excited by this latest adventure, and can't wait to get everything done so I can open for business!
Brick and Mortars aren't for everyone, but that is a perfect spot for her perfect shop! I know that she will do well. Lots of tourists, both on foot and on bike.
"The caged bird sings with a fearful trill of things unknown but longed for still and his tune is heard on the distant hill for the caged bird sings of freedom."--Mya Angelou
Not that Mya Angelou has anything to do with soap-making, but for those of you who keep up with my quirks, you know that I tend to wax poetic in the wee hours. Something about the dark hours and ice cream. It just does something to me. And I like it! lol


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It looks like you're new here. If you want to get involved, click one of these buttons!
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Founded by two flight attendants, Baggallini bags have become a favorite for ladies for 20 years.
In stockEmail to a friend
Practical is what describes the Baggallini Criss Cross Bagg Apple. Sleek and chic is what you will be while you wear this bag. The Criss Cross Bagg packs your everyday essentials inside its lightweight, unique shape. It will be your survival bag as you make your way through the concrete jungle every day. Oraganized is what you will be. You will appreciate design and plentiful pockets for credit cards, a cell phone, keys and other necessities. Plus, a hidden center pocket keeps items secure.
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- Interior organization and multifunctional pockets
- Quick-access phone pocket
- 11″ (D) x 10″ (W) x 2″ (H)
Additional information
|1 lbs
We want you to be 100% satisfied with your order.
- You have 30 calendar days to return or exchange an item from the date you received it.
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Ship your item back to us:
Lucky Feet Shoes
1151 Pomona Rd Ste A
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For more information, view our full Returns and Exchanges information.


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Okinawa is a Japanese Island renowned world over for healthiest older people on Earth. The older generation in this Island has a life span of eighty years and above. They are known for their agility and active lifestyle in spite of their age.
After many conjectures it was discovered that this attribute was due to a type of tea consumption known as Jasmine Green Tea. This is also known as San Pin Tea in local lingo and the elderly consume large amounts. The health benefits accrue from this consumption and decrease if the consumption is reduced. This has been noted amongst the Okinawa population that has moved away from this island.
The clue to this amazing fact is quality green tea as in the case of San Pin. The tea contains the youngest leaves picked from the plant. The plant is cultivated seasonally at moderate heights and has limited fluoride contents.
For those not in habit of consuming the wonderful brew green tea extract is the answer. The extract accords all the benefits that arise out of the green tea. The antioxidants, poly phenols and ECGC are all present in the magic leaf. This leaf is known to benefit in cardiac ailments, diabetes, cancer and help reduce weight.
News Source
News Source


text: Has an Economics degree and an MBA in Corporate Finance. He began his career in the financial market in an investment fund called Tempo Capital. He adds his experience with a solid performance in the sports segment and in the fashion retail market. After working at Inbrands, a holding company of Vinci Partners Bank, Bruno was chosen to be the first CFO of IMM, Joint Venture between IMG and Mubadala, contributing to its rapid growth. Years ago, as Controller of Esporte Interativo, he helped structure all the financial area of the famous TV channel as it launched in 2007. Bruno was also COO at a technology investment holding in Brazil.


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Or Just Curl Up with a Spine-Tingling Webster's Collegiate
Quote: "It's captivating, just sitting down there and watching these kids spelling words you've never heard before." ESPN spokesman Mac Nwulu in the AP.
Figure of Speech: anacoluthon (an-a-COL-u-thon), the grammar shift.
The National Spelling Bee has finally made it to prime time TV. ABC will air the finals next month. But ESPN has been airing America's nerdiest sport for years. The network's spokesman uses an anacoluthon ("lacking order") to describe the thrill of witnessing word-stuffed pre-pubes wrestle with orthographic punctilios. (Figaro can't spell worth a damn, but he dares those punks to take him on in synonyms and neologizing.)
The anacoluthon begins a sentence with a grammatical order that changes partway through — not "It's captivating to sit…" but "It's captivating, just sitting…" The figure allows you to introduce a shift in scene, like blurring a movie frame before a dream sequence.
Use it to hold your audience — you know — spellbound.Snappy Answer: "We'll watch it for the foreign beer commercials and highly educated cheerleaders."


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Provost and Executive Vice President for Academic Affairs
- Employer
- Towson University
- Location
- Towson, Maryland
- Salary
- Not specified
- Posted
- Sep 07, 2018
- Ref
- Faculty Jobs
- Education
- Administrative Jobs
- Academic Affairs
- Executive Administration Jobs
- Provosts
- Institution Type
- Four-Year Institution
Towson University (TU) is seeking a Provost and Executive Vice President for Academic Affairs (Provost) to join the university's senior leadership team and play a major role in continuing to fulfill the institution's mission to foster student success and personal growth. This individual will be the second-in-command at the university and a close partner of President Kim Schatzel, who began her tenure in January, 2016.
TU is a comprehensive public university that balances teaching and research in an academic environment supportive of a high-quality student experience, academic rigor, distinguished scholarship and significant community engagement. A member of the 12-campus University System of Maryland, TU is the second largest and fastest growing institution, with almost 23,000 undergraduate and graduate students enrolled for the 2018 fall term.
The Office of the Provost provides the support and resources for an environment grounded in respect and inclusion where students, faculty, and staff can engage in learning and teaching, scholarly research and creative work. TU's academic units include the College of Business and Economics; College of Education; College of Fine Arts and Communication; College of Health Professions; College of Liberal Arts; Fisher College of Science and Mathematics; and the Honors College.
The Provost will have a strong vision for academic excellence and a passion for the mission of public education, understanding the important social, cultural and economic roles it plays in the region and state. Equally important is the need for the Provost to apply strong management skills in directing the office of academic affairs and setting TU's academic priorities. This leader will play a key role in assisting the President in the administration of the university, and will have the depth of management experience required to develop and execute strategies to ensure its future successes. Additional information about the position can be found at www.wittkieffer.com.
Review of candidates will begin in late October 2018. For fullest consideration, applicant materials should be received by October 15, 2018. Application materials should include a letter addressing how the candidate's experiences match the position requirements, a current CV/resume and contact information for at least five references (references will not be contacted without the prior knowledge and approval of the candidate). Confidential inquiries, nominations and application materials should be directed to:
John K. Thornburgh and Elizabeth K. Bohan
Towson University is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer and has a strong institutional commitment to diversity. Women, minorities, persons with disabilities and veterans are encouraged to apply. Towson University's policies, programs, and activities comply with federal and state laws and University System of Maryland regulations prohibiting discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, age, national origin, gender, sex, gender identity and/or expression or sexual orientation.


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Our Team
Josh Wedge
Josh Wedge
Josh joined AspinallVerdi in January 2017 on completion of his degree in Real Estate and Planning (MSc). The course was RICS and RTPI accredited and Josh is currently working towards his APC via the planning and development pathway.
Since joining AspinallVerdi Josh has gained experience in conducting residential, commercial and land market analysis, producing Economic Viability Assessments (EVA), undertaking planning policy analysis and working on Master-planning projects.
Projects include: The Prince Regent EVA (London Borough of Sutton), East Street EVA (Fareham Borough Council), Powercourt EVA (Luton Town Football Club), Local Plan and CIL Viability (Craven District), Residential Call for Sites (Hambleton District Council) and Site Unlocking Study in the Eastern Gateway, Halifax (Calderdale Borough Council).
Favourite Regeneration Project
HafenCity, Hamburg – the ongoing regeneration of Hamburg's waterfront is really impressive. Taking a redundant 157-hectare former port and industrial site, the regenerated area incorporates a mix of residential, commercial and cultural spaces creating an exciting place to live, work or travel.


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Research Areas
The HATlab has three related primary streams of research.
What is the impact of anxiety and trauma-related disorders on physical health and chronic pain?
Understanding the relationships between anxiety and trauma-related disorders (e.g., PTSD), and physical health conditions and chronic pain. These investigations include understanding co-occurrence, mechanisms that explain co-occurrence, and correlates/outcomes of co-occurring conditions (e.g., substance misuse, healthcare utilization, suicide).
How does mental health impact adverse health events, and what are common psychological outcomes following such events?
Understanding psychological sequelae (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder, delirium) of adverse health events such as the onset of an acute illness, major surgery and associated complications, and admission to the intensive care unit. Dr. El-Gabalawy is not only interested in negative reactions to such events but also potential positive psychological outcomes such as post-traumatic growth and resiliency, and what pre- and peri-event factors might contribute to particular outcomes.
What are feasible interventions to improve health outcomes in adverse health events such as major surgery?
Developing targeted interventions aimed at reducing negative psychological outcomes following adverse health events.


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Dental veneers cover the natural tooth with a coloured material (to match existing teeth) to improve its appearance. Patients who are concerned about gaps, have teeth that are brittle/worn, or their teeth are naturally small and uneven can benefit from dental veneer treatment.
Veneers are ideal to:
Veneers are made up from either composite resin or porcelain which allows patients a choice in benefits and affordability.
Composite Resin Veneers:
Best suited to patients with small – medium size chips, minimal staining or small gaps.
Porcelain Veneers:
Best suited to patients with severely discoloured or stained teeth, misshaped or short front teeth or patients who are seeking longer lasting and flexibility in appearance.
Veneers are strong and durable and if properly taken care of will for last many years. Good dental hygiene and regular check-ups will help prolong the life of your veneers.
Teeth whitening is one of the most popular cosmetic procedures in dentistry today. It is a relatively cost effective solution making teeth whitening affordable for many patients.
Dental Implants are the closest restoration you can get to healthy, natural teeth. They are posts made of titanium, surgically positioned into the bone beneath the gum. A porcelain crown is then inserted onto the post to create your new, natural looking tooth.


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Nicholas Snookes
BVetmed MRCVS Director
Nick has been on the veterinary scene for over 27 years after qualifying from the Royal Veterinary College. Nick has been a Partner at WHVC for over 22 years with most of that time spent concentrating on the equine side of the practice. He is also involved in veterinary provision for the film and TV industry, with projects including many TV commercials and feature films such as Warhorse, Harry Potter, Batman, Robin Hood, Snow White and the Huntsman, Exodus, Into the Woods, Cinderella and many more! Nick has a loyal band of clients that keep him busy when he is not on set. It was also due to Nick's contacts that led us to be the vets at the opening ceremony of the London 2012 Olympics. That was a once in a lifetime experience for the team and one that we as a practice are very proud to have been involved with.
Ben Wakeling
BSc BVMS MRCVS Equine Clinical Director
Ben qualified in 1996 from Glasgow university and then worked at Liphook Equine Hospital for several years, initially as a House Officer for eighteen months specialising in equine anaesthesia and intensive care therapy, and then for three years as a First Opinion Assistant. He joined Wendover Heights Equine in October 2003 after travelling for a year, including some time spent in working in Zambia. Ben was a keen rider throughout his teens and early 20s. In 2000 he took part in a ride across the Mashatu Game Reserve in Botswana in aid of the Injured Riders and Jockeys Fund. Ben is particularly interested in orthopaedic and poor performance cases, reproduction and equine nutrition. Ben is now firmly back on the horse scene with his daughter who is a dedicated Pony Club member!
Kathryn Tuckett
BVetMed Cert AVP (EP) MRCVS – Veterinary Assistant
Kathryn qualified from the Royal Veterinary College in London in 2009 and joined the equine team at Wendover Heights in August 2014 following five years at an equine practice in Kent. Kathryn was keen to return to her home county of Bucks where she spent her youth as a member of the Whaddon Chase Pony Club. Kathryn's grandfather was also a local vet so she has a long, established link to the area. Kathryn completed her Certificate in Advanced Veterinary Practice specialising in Equine Practice in 2015 and is particularly interested in internal medicine cases and ophthalmology. Kathryn is also on the treating vet team at The Horse of the Year Show and is a trained race course vet. She can be seen on duty at local point to point meetings and events throughout the year representing Wendover Heights Equine.
Marie Claire Bal
DVM Cert ESM MRCVS
Marie Claire Bal graduated from the University of Turin in Italy in 2010. After a couple of years spent in mixed practice in her home town of Aosta, in the Italian Alps, she moved to Ireland to gain more experience in equine medicine. She worked three years in a busy equine hospital in Kildare, the heart of the Irish Thoroughbred industry, where she developed a keen interest in Equine sports medicine, lameness and poor performance investigations. In 2015 she completed a Graduate Certificate in Equine Sports medicine, held by University College Dublin. In order to become a well-rounded equine vet, Marie Claire spent this past year in a big reproduction facility in the Netherlands, where she gained experience in the routine stud work and also in more advanced techniques, such as embryo transfer and ovum pick-up.
In her free time, Marie Claire enjoys every kind of outdoor activities: she loves running and hiking and she's a passionate skier. In the past she also competed in some local endurance competitions and she is a qualified equestrian tourism guide.
Rachel Harrison-Osborne
BVM&S MRCVS – Veterinary Assistant
Rachel Harrison-Osborne joined the equine team in November 2015 following a move from Essex, she qualified from the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies at the University of Edinburgh. She enjoys all aspects of first opinion equine practice but is particularly interested in medicine cases and lameness cases. She also completed an externship at Newmarket Equine Hospital in 2015. Rachel grew up owning, competing and working with horses so she has first-hand experience of many of the veterinary problems faced by horse owners and is looking forward to getting to know our clients and their horses – she rides her own horses as often as possible and is looking forward to finding the time to compete again in the near future. Rachel is also a keen netball player and plays for a local team. Her personal ambition is to win the Great British Bake off!
Jessica Mullard
BVetMed MRCVS
Jessica qualified in 2014 fom the Royal Veterinary College in London and joined the equine team at Wendover Heights in 2018 after 2 years at a first opinion equine practice in Norfolk. Previously Jessica has worked in research looking into equine pain, and completed an internship in Clinical Orthopaedics at The Animal Health Trust in Newmarket. Jessica enjoys all aspects of equine ambulatory practice but is particularly interested in orthopaedics, diagnostic imaging, poor performance and ophthalmology cases. In her spare time Jessica enjoys walking her Spaniel Kai, and is a keen dancer, Jessica grew up riding and having worked as a polo groom and played she is also looking forward to getting back on the pitch!
Jane Holman
RVN – Registered Veterinary Nurse
Jane has been a qualified nurse for twenty years and joined the nursing team at Wendover Heights in 1996. Jane initially worked on the small and large animal sides of the practice but now works with the equine team. She is an experienced horse woman having had her own horses for years and competing in a variety of disciplines. Jane is about to take on a new youngster who she hopes will develop into a fun all round riding horse, Jane's daughter is also a keen rider with her own pony. They also have four dogs at home, two of which are fully trained working dogs.
Jane is also a qualified Equine Behaviour Consultant, her nurse training and knowledge combined with her Behaviour qualifications make Jane the perfect person to be on hand when your horse needs veterinary treatment.
Georgina Nixon
RVN – Registered Veterinary Nurse
George Nixon joined the practice in 2002 and qualified as a nurse in 2004. George is a familiar face to most of our equine clients and is an accomplished horse woman. Having previously held the head nurse position at Wendover Heights George is an experienced and very skilled equine nurse who is at ease with all types of horses, she is passionate about gold standard horse care and management and her main interests include working along-side owners and their competition horses enabling them to reach their full potential. George has her own Spanish stallion that she competes regularly and is also an established instructor locally, she rides and competes on behalf of her clients.
Rachel Jones
Cert PM&A – Equine Coordinator
Rachel joined the practice in 2009 as Equine Coordinator and now manages the day to day running of the department. She is responsible for ensuring the vets and nurses are able to deliver first class veterinary care and services to the clients of the practice. She is also responsible for organising all the equine events and keeping clients up to date with all the practice news through the Facebook page. Rachel completed a certificate in Practice Management in 2013 and enjoys all aspects of her role. Before joining the practice Rachel managed a large yard of mixed discipline horses and has previously worked with pleasure and competition horses. She also enjoys teaching kids and adults on their own horses. Rachel is having a break from horse ownership and is enjoying riding other people's instead for a while!
Emily Andrews
RVN – Registered Veterinary Nurse
Emily is another long-time member of the equine nursing team having joined the practice in 2005. Emily worked full time with the equine team until her beautiful children came along and now she works with us part time. Emily has had horses of her own although with a busy family life she rides other peoples at the moment, she also teaches at a local Riding School. Emily is very organised and efficient when it comes to looking after the equine unit, stables and theatre. She is also very good at making sure the Equine Vets have everything they need to hand so they can do their jobs as efficiently as possible. Emily is particularly interested in medicine cases such as gastric ulcer investigations.
Clinical Groom
Hi, I'm Zed and have recently achieved my lifelong ambition to work in Equine practice. Having completed my home study Equine Veterinary Nursing Diploma last year, I am now keen to apply this alongside my previous experiences as a BHSAI Freelance Instructor and Groom. I'm no stranger to WHVC as my horse was looked after the team here for many years and I have completed many valuable weeks of work experience whilst studying. I have a very keen eye for detail and am very partial to producing clean and tidy horses and an immaculate yard! Outside of work I enjoy my family time with hubby, our black lab Bailey and very active 7 year old son, who also enjoys doing some PC activities and in-hand showing with our 32 year old pony who we share locally. I enjoy the challenge of Kettlebells and am a qualified lifesaver for our local community swimming pool. I am looking forward to meeting all the lovely clients and their horses!


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- stevendelongAsked on February 20, 2014 at 10:06 AM
Hi there,
There is something wrong now. When users submit the form it will ask for a new captcha on a seconds page.
When is this happening?
- JotForm SupportWelvinAnswered on February 20, 2014 at 11:31 AM
There are two reasons why this is happening;
1. A conflict between your current form embed codes and website scripts that causes the form validation to stop from working. If the validation will stop, the form will trigger an error after you submit it or sometimes, the captcha won't work if you have it on the form. This can be fix by re-embedding your form using our iFrame Method: Getting the Form iFrame Code
2. The user may have provided the wrong captcha. If the first attempt is not successful, the submitter will be redirected to a second page with captcha alone asking to enter the correct codes. I can say this is rare because the captcha was too easy.
Kindly try the iFrame Codes and check if the issue is still there. Please update us here for the results.


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The EGMR Offensive #9: Rage Of Ultron
Welcome to a brand new gaming podcast, which we're calling The EGMR Offensive.
This week is all about Avengers: Age of Ultron, although there is some gaming discussion before and after. Not too much. There are many spoilers in this episode so definitely be aware of that, and definitely only listen if you've seen the movie or don't care about spoilers.
Here are the topics discussed during this week's episode:
- Obligatory gaming talk… for a short while
- Avengers: Age of Ultron
- Questions
Keen on getting offended? Here's how:
Direct Download | Libsyn | iTunes | Android | RSS
- http://egmr.net/author/cavie
- http://egmr.net/author/cavie


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Let me guess, you have been playing Irish Times Simplex crossword and got stuck on the clue Conjecture, hypothesis. Well, you have come to the right place to find the answer to this clue.
While some crosswords are much simpler than others, most require that players have a vast knowledge of the language and possibly even various topics. So while crossword puzzles are seen as a more intelligent game, they can be very frustrating for players to complete and even experienced crossword players need some help occasionally.
When finding the answers to the clues becomes too difficult, there's no shame in looking for them online.
Now you have the answer to your clue. Its time to move on to the next clue. You can browse through the list with all the answers to the Irish Times Simplex crossword of August 21st, 2018. Or you can use the search form below to find the answer (no matter if its Irish Times Simplex Crossword or any other crossword).
|Irish Times Simplex crossword of August 21st, 2018 other clues
|Southern US state
|Holding on tightly
|The strange ringtone is gas
|Control to regulate speed
|Points beyond which one may not go
|Tiny organisms, good and bad
|Indian dish of dried pulses
|In these, you're laughing hard
|Tremble with cold
|Cup-bearer of the gods and a flowering shrub
|One buys and sells
|Latin cat found in the ocean
|Formal address or discourse
|Water vehicle
|Collections of things to be handled together
|Movable joints between lid and box, say
|Bale out of the Mediterranean island
|Garments for dancers
|Natural aptitude
|Come into view
|Series of operations to achieve a goal
|Fast-running flightless bird
|Of the Middle Ages
|Set afloat
|Goodbye, cheerio
|Official edict
|Demand firmly
|Shallow dish
|Examine the component parts
|Forbearance, tolerance
We offer support and help with a wide range of crosswords and are guaranteed to make sure you complete everything; the site is also updated regularly to make sure that all of our answers are correct and to add more crosswords to the ever growing list.__IMAGE__
If there is any problem with the answer, please contact us! We will fix the problem.


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PikesI think singing low bass helpsThu Oct 5, 2017 10:48pm184.108.40.206I have a low C, (C2, C, -xC, Great). When I am rested, and my voice is fresh, I can go down to the next C, (CC, C1, -yC, Contra). Lately with this thing, I can do that more easily. I found that vocalizing way down there soothes my chest and heart with the deep vibration, and shortly afterward, I am able to cough up the junk rattling around down in there. Every time I do this, it gets better. The vibration seems to break up the mucus so I can get rid of it. Does that make sense?
I know about the impairment of breathing issue, and seriousness of real pneumonia. That's why I didn't call this that.
- Well, if your throat is sore, gargle with warm, very salty Sia☺giah, Thu Oct 5 3:52amwater as it not only soothes a sore throat, but it kills germs at the same time. I haven't any idea what to do for a respiratory infection though. Just stay on top of it with plenty of fluids and... more
- I think singing low bass helps Pikes, Thu Oct 5 10:48pm
- Not sure what my voice classification is. PH👏🏾👏🏾EY, Fri Oct 6 10:37amMedium range. But on occasion with a cold the range can drop quite a lot. Almost to basso. And the sound is great. Wish I were a basso... with great projection.
- I'm a soprano no matter whether I have a cold or not Sia☺giah, Sat Oct 7 12:17amIn fact, I'm often mistaken for a young'un on the phone due to my soft spoken, high-pitched voice.
- That's better than PH👀EY, Sat Oct 7 6:12amhaving phone engages saying "yes sir" as a lady friend was laughing about this the other day. She does have a deep Beau Arthur voice.
- Good advice. PH💊💉EY, Thu Oct 5 4:42pmI had some weird flu-like attack in the spring. And my throat was very sore. I don't eat sugar except as a chocolate fix now and again. But I use honey in my coffee and on my cereals. I took a couple ... more
- My Dad used to give us Cognac, honey, & lemon in a Sia☺giah, Fri Oct 6 1:32ammetal flask when we had a sore throat or a miserable cold. It soothed it. If something "instantly" cures it, then it's either super dry throat or a heavy, thick, post nasal drip stuck to the back of... more
- My grandfather dosed out ginger-glavored brandy and honey Jeeves, Fri Oct 6 6:17amfor sore throats. Does it still hurt? Have another swallow... It worked. 8^}
- Ha ha ha. My husband SWEARS by Ginger Brandy when Sia☺giah, Sat Oct 7 12:19amdown with a cold. The idea of the Cognac, lemon, and honey was to sip it all day long so that the thick fluid constantly coats the sore throat and ultimately gets ya to feeling happy and no pain.
- Oh nurse! Where's my faithful old nurse? Pikes, Fri Oct 6 2:07amhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CjBXqjxXvTc
- Very short sore throat Pikes, Thu Oct 5 11:03pmMy throat was only sore for little more than a day, with a couple very intense hours, with a cough so bad I nearly puked. Since then, its the rattling when I breathe, and I'm a little tired and... more
- Get some Mucinex! wondering, Fri Oct 6 5:37amYou might live through it this time, but next time go to a walk-in clinic and get some antibiotics to go along with the Mucinex. Do not wait for it to get better. Trust me. I've been there.
- Sounds like bronchitis Sia☺giah, Fri Oct 6 1:48amInflammation of the airways causes them to narrow and secrete thick mucus, or phlegm, which clogs the small airways, causing the characteristic cough of bronchitis, wheezing, and shortness of breath. ... more
- Many Garcias Pikes, Fri Oct 6 2:00amI won't be foolish about this. I can be foolish, and fool like. But I didn't feel like this was that visit from Brunnhilde. Feeling crappy is one thing. Dying is another. The low notes still feel... more
- Just watch for pneumonia or pleurisy Sia☺giah, Sat Oct 7 12:28amPneumonia can set in overnight and you'll be in deep sneaks then with higher costs than just a quick doctor visit. If you've gone over to bronchitis, and get that often, just call your GP and ask for ... more


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Birthday & Graduation Catering
Want to throw an epic birthday or graduation party for a friend or loved one? Hire Ben & Jerry's and never look back. They will love the idea and will always remember the gesture.
Try something different, try Ben & Jerry's.
415 263 7233
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Monday: 9:00am - 5:00pm
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