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1 DECONSTRUCTING THE CSI EFFECT: FORENSIC SCIENCE AND THE MEDIA By Emily Fisher Department of Science, Technology & Society The University of Pennsylvania Thesis Advisor: Dr. John Tresch, Department of Science, Technology & Society
2 Acknowledgements Writing this paper is by far, one of the most arduous tasks that I have undertaken during my years of higher education. The discipline, responsibility and motivation required to complete such a project are learned skills that I have had the opportunity to sharpen over the past year. However, this final product could not have come to fruition without the help of several important individuals. I would like to begin by thanking the Department of Science, Technology and Society at the University of Pennsylvania. The honors program for this major provided me with the opportunity and the resources necessary to construct my thesis. Within the department, I want to thank my advisor, Dr. John Tresch. Dr. Tresch, you have been with me since the start. From the infantile stages of determining my topic to the final draft of the paper, you have critiqued my argument, guided my research, and taught me how to construct a scholarly publication of this magnitude. Thank you for everything. Lastly, I would like to thank my family. Mom, Dad, Jamie, thank you so much for your love, support and opinions throughout this process. Your insights and intellect and objectivity were critical in helping me craft this paper. I cannot tell you enough how much I value and appreciate your input. As an aside, I would also like to thank you for letting me hog the TV over school vacations. I told you I was doing research! I love you. 1
3 I. INTRODUCTION The entertainment value of television is a cultural norm in our society. According to a 2012 study published by Nielsen Statistics and the New York Times, the average American over the age of two spends more than thirty- seven hours a week watching television. 1 These findings quantitatively represent our society s shift from printed media to visual literacy. 2 Of the hundreds of different shows available to channel surfers, police procedurals and other crime- related television shows are by far a fan favorite. Logically this makes sense; television franchises such as NCIS and its spin off NCIS: Los Angeles, Law and Order (as well as its subsequent spin offs), Bones, Dexter, and all of the CSIs are successful multi- season investments that have accrued a loyal fan base over the years. Their immense popularity has prompted networks to re- air these shows in syndication, or extend their rights to the show so as to allow for live streaming on computers, ipads and other technologies. As a result, legal institutions such as the Supreme Court and the American Bar Association have begun to examine the relationship between television s portrayal and the public s understanding of the law. 3 Their findings have yielded empirical evidence to suggest that most people learn about law and forensics from television. 4 Yet, in an article published by The Wall Street Journal, it was estimated that approximately 40% of the forensic science in the television 1 David Hinckley, Americans Spend 34 Hours a Week Watching TV, According to Nielsen Numbers, New York Daily News, Sept. 12, 2012, (accessed 27 Feb. 2013). 2 Kimberlianne Podlas, "The CSE Effect: Exposing the Media Myth," Fordham Intellectual Property, Media & Entertainment Law Journal, 16, no. 2 (2005): , Ibid., Ibid.,444. 2
4 show CSI [alone] does not exist, and most of the rest is performed in ways that crime lab personnel can only dream about. 5 In other words, those critical experiments performed by Abby Sciuto on NCIS, or by the scientists at the Jeffersonian in Bones are most likely fictionalized, and the as seen on TV slogan is rapidly moving in the opposite direction from reality. 6 Observers of this phenomenon have dubbed it the CSI Effect, and have devoted numerous resources and time in an attempt to ascertain the reach of influence these television shows have over jury verdicts. I however, propose that by investigating this theory, researchers are amassing misleading information that does not depict an accurate representation as to how the media influences jury verdicts. In order to prove so, I will systematically attack the claims proposed by the CSI Effect. By invalidating the current research paradigm, scholars researching this topic will be motivated to reexamine their line of inquiry as they attempt to determine the relationship between the media and society s implementation of law and order. II. THE REALITY FORENSIC SCIENCE COMPARED TO ITS PORTRAYAL BY THE MEDIA Scientifically ascertaining the identity of a perpetrator of a crime is the number one goal of a criminal investigation. This end game allows for society to render the punishment it feels is necessary in order to achieve the semblance of justice and restore order. Over the past century we have experienced an Information Revolution that is responsible for the development of technologies with 5 Simon Cole and Rachel Dioso, Law and the Lab: Do TV Shows Really Affect How Juries Vote? Let s Look at the Evidence, Wall Street Journal, May 13, 2005, 6 N.J. Schweitzer and Michael J. Saks, The CSI Effect: Popular Fiction About Forensic Science Affects the Public s Expectations About Real Forensic Science, 47 Jurimetrics J (2007),
5 unprecedented capabilities. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) machines a device capable of making an exponential number of copies of DNA in a matter of hours and computer algorithms and online databases are just some of the examples of new technologies that are changing the ways in which criminal investigations are conducted. 7 As a result, modern day crime labs have the potential to extract valuable information from seemingly innocuous and oftentimes microscopic objects. A drop of blood can provide an investigator with information about a suspect such as his gender, medical history, and a number of other personal details. This process of a criminal investigation is broken down into two phases: identification and comparison. 8 These headings provide the barometer by which forensic scientists measure their success during a criminal investigation without successful identifications and accurate comparisons, any pursuit of justice by law enforcement officials is severely limited. The three major mediums by which forensic scientists assist law enforcement officials in ascertaining the identity of a suspect are through fingerprint, DNA, and ballistic analysis. Unsurprisingly, these three forensic fields are frequently used in television shows to further an episode s plot and mark an important occurrence of where television and the media do not accurately convey the realities of these sciences. By analyzing the science behind these forensic procedures and comparing their realities to their representations on TV, the premise on which the CSI Effect was constructed becomes visible and understandable. 7 S.C. Mittal, "Computer Related Crimes, In Society, Crime, and Prosecution, V. N. Sehgal, (Delhi: Kamla-Raj Enterprises, 2005), Print. 8 V. N. Sehgal, and Nath Surinder, "Role of Physical Evidence in Forensic Explorations, In Society, Crime, and Prosecution, V. N. Sehgal, (Delhi: Kamla-Raj Enterprises, 2005), Print. 4
6 A. Fingerprint Analysis Fingerprint analysis is a forensic technique that is frequently used by television crime shows. The detectives and crime scene investigators of NCIS, Law and Order, CSI and Bones have taken fingerprint samples in countless episodes in an attempt to ascertain the identity not only of the victim, but also of suspects. Whether Dr. Temperance Brennan rehydrates a mummified hand to scan and match against the FBI fingerprint database (see Figure 1), or Special Agent Timothy McGee uses his handheld fingerprint scanner to get an immediate identification at a crime scene (Figure 2), 9 the good guys always get a match that invigorates the momentum of the case. In realty, the science of fingerprints is nowhere near as consistently informative as it is on TV. 1. The Science Behind Fingerprints During embryo development, undifferentiated cells develop into the three tissue layers that comprise the human body: the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. The endoderm will go on to create lung, pancreatic and gastrointestinal cells, while the mesoderm will form muscle, cardiac and red blood cells. Ectoderm germ layer cells develop into the body s outermost cell layers including the epidermis and dermis. Between the dermis and epidermis lies a layer of cells known as the dermal papillae. These cells, which are configured into a series of ridges, function to supply blood and nutrients to the skin, and remain unchanged throughout an individual s life. 10 Fingerprints are the results of an impression made by these ridges. When a medium from the skin such as body oils, blood, or 9 NCIS, Patriot Down, CBS, May 18, 2010, written by Gary Glasberg, Television. 10 Richard Saferstein, Fingerprints, in Criminalistics, (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2011),
7 sweat touches a surface, 11 the print pattern is transferred and can then be observed and documented. There are currently two different types of fingerprint collection: the ten- print identification system, which consists of inking (or with today s technology, scanning) all ten fingers and placing them on a surface from which a comparison can be made, or by collecting latent prints which are usually not visible to the naked eye. 12 Although the latter type of fingerprint retrieval is usually more frequent during criminal investigations, it is less than ideal because the prints obtained are often distorted and may contain foreign particles, which interfere with comparison techniques. Fingerprints as a mechanism for identification is based on the theory that each person s fingerprints are unique. The average fingerprint has approximately 150 individual ridge characteristics bifurcations, ridge endings, enclosures and other ridge details (Figure 3) 13 of which a number must match between two samples in order for a common identity to be established. However, the admissibility of this science as proof of identification, although long accepted, is now being called into question. Currently, no comprehensive study has been conducted to prove (or disprove) that no two fingerprints are the same, 14 nor has there been a study to determine how frequently different ridge characteristics appear at a given 11 Jane Campbell Moriarty and Michael J. Saks, Forensic Science: Grand Goals, Tragic Flaws, and Judicial Gatekeeping, Judges Journal 44, No.4, (2005): Simon A. Cole, "History of Fingerprint Pattern Recognition," In Automatic Fingerprint Recognition Systems, Nalini K. Ratha and Ruud Bolle, (New York: Springer, 2004), Print. 13 Stephanie Rankin, "Forensic Science Glossary." Forensic Science Central, 14 Jonathan Jones, "Forensic Tools: What's Reliable and What's Not-So-Scientific," Frontline, April 17, 2012, (accessed April 14, 2013). 6
8 location on a finger. 15 As expected, none of these realities are discussed or mentioned on television. 2. Crime Scene Fingerprint Detection Although it is not within the scope of this paper to discuss the myriad of techniques available to crime scene investigators for latent fingerprint retrieval, it is important to have a general sense of the process in order to garner a comprehensive knowledge of forensic fingerprint identification. Visible fingerprints are rarely found at a well- executed crime scene. Consequently, forensic technicians and detectives rely heavily on scientific and technological advances in order to visualize latent prints inadvertently left by their owner. When determining what method of retrieval to use, crime scene investigators must classify the surface that they are examining as either hard and non- absorbent (such as glass and tile) or soft and porous (paper, cardboard, cloth etc.) 16. After this determination, the technician has a number of different solvents and detection methods at his disposal. Powders can be sprinkled onto the surface in question, and using either a special brush or a magnet, the chemical compounds will adhere to the bodily secretions that comprise the latent fingerprint, turning it into a visible image. Additionally, some crime scene analysts will opt to use liquid or gaseous sprays in order to reveal latent prints. Super Glue, iodine crystals, ninhydrin, D.F.O. crystals, and physical developers are all examples of products available to latent print retrieval specialists, and these, like the powders, come in a variety of chemical compounds and react with bodily fluids on fingerprints to form 15 Saferstein, Fingerprints. 16 Ibid. 7
9 different colored deposits. 17,18 High quality photographs are then taken from a number of angles and sent to the forensics laboratory where a specialist will work to try and identify the individual to whom the print(s) belong. 3. Automated Fingerprint Identification The FBI first began to use computers to match fingerprints in October of 1980, and by July of 1999, the FBI had launched their Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS). IAFIS is the United States national fingerprint database that can be accessed by law enforcement agencies across the country. 19 Prior to this application of technology, fingerprint identification and cataloging was done manually and often took weeks or even months to process. Now, as of 2010, IAFIS contains the profiles including photo identification, physical characteristics, criminal records and of course, fingerprints for more than 70 million criminals as well as over 34 million civilians and military personnel. 20 In addition to IAFIS, there are also independent fingerprint databases that exist for more localized levels of law enforcement including regional, county, city and state. Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems work by scanning and digitally encoding fingerprints. The technician begins by entering preliminary classificatory data including whether the print is a loop, arch or whorl in addition to of the information regarding its retrieval. Next, the computer algorithm will begin to code for recognizable properties of the print. Among the traits of interest are ridge ends 17 Ibid. 18 Chris Lennard, "The Detection and Enhancement of Latent Fingerprints," Proc. of 13th INTERPOL Forensic Science Symposium, (Lyon, France, Oct ), 19 U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System, (accessed Mar. 23, 2013). 20 Ibid. 8
10 and bifurcations, as well as the orientation and directionality of these ridge characteristics. When investigators search for a match for a print, the computer algorithm compares these marked characteristics and produces a list of possible matches based on the frequency of similarities. 21 However, as previously mentioned, latent fingerprints lifted from a crime scene are usually laden with background noise and other extraneous information that can interfere with AFIS processing of the print. Before the computer can begin coding the fingerprint, the technician must use a digital enhancing program on the fingerprint to remove any environmental elements interfering with the computer program s ability to recognize minute details. As the chief of the FBI Laboratory's Latent Print Support Unit notes, failure to carefully edit the image by removing everything that isn t really a fingerprint, such as dirt and digital noise will reduce the accuracy of this process by about thirty percent. 22 Finally, after several hours of searching, the system provides a list of the most likely matches. 23 Yet even though AFIS did all of the manual labor, ultimately it is the examiner who must compare the prints and use his or her expertise to determine whether or not a match has been made. 24 On television, these realities are grossly misrepresented (see figure 4). 4. Television Exaggerations In addition to the aforementioned inconsistencies, there are several other aspects of fingerprinting that are erroneously portrayed by the media. On the 21 Saferstein, Fingerprints. 22 Lamont Wood, "The Reality of Fingerprinting Not Like TV Crime Labs," Live Science, Feb. 24, 2008, (accessed Feb 18, 2013). 23 Ibid. 24 Moriarty and Saks, Forensic Science: Grand Goals, Tragic Flaws, and Judicial Gatekeeping, 19. 9
11 episode of Law and Order SVU entitled Night (Figure 5), Detectives Benson and Stabler are tasked with identifying a rapist and murderer who leaves stacks of hundred dollar bills on his victims corpses which he leaves abandoned on street corners in New York City. As would only happen on TV, after one of his killings, the perpetrator used a stack of newly minted bills from which the crime lab technician was able to extract fingerprints from three individuals. Approximately 36 seconds from the time the dollar bills were sprayed with Ninhydrin, the latent prints were visible, photographed, scanned into the computer, run through IAFIS and two positive identifications were made. Despite the accuracy of using Ninhydrin as a compound to detect latent prints, the remaining forensic elements in this scene are dramatized and unrealistically depicted. Viewers are left with the perception that the evidence did not require any manipulation or purification before it was entered into the computer and analyzed. Additionally, two out of the three individuals whose fingerprints were on the money were unequivocally identified, and the presence of their prints was neatly consistent with the detectives theory of the crime. In reality, even though IAFIS provides a list of most likely matches, there must always be a specialist who makes a determination of common origin from the computer- generated list. 25 Moreover, only about 26 percent of the cases in which fingerprints are found yield identification. Even if the prints are in the system, they cannot 25 Wood, "The Reality of Fingerprinting Not Like TV Crime Labs." 10
12 always be matched to the evidence print 26 because they are too blurred, smeared or fragmented for a sufficient number of similarity points. Although the scenes from this episode alone are not responsible for shaping society s perception of latent fingerprint analysis, religious viewers of Law and Order SVU have learned to be able to count on Ryan O'Halloran and the other forensic technicians to come up with miracles and discover the evidence needed to close Benson and Stablers case. When you consider the number of other forensic TV dramas, all episodes of which inevitably have the same neat and tidy endings, it is possible to understand how the CSI Effect is a substantial, yet perhaps subconscious, threat to our legal system. B. DNA Evidence Blood, saliva, semen, hair fibers, mucus, and sweat are just some of the many samples of evidence that perpetrators often unintentionally leave behind at crime scenes. What all of these specimens have in common is the presence of the DNA, a microscopic biological entity that has the potential to irrevocably tie an individual to an act of deviance. To introduce their paper entitled Encoded Evidence: DNA in Forensic Analysis, Mark Jobling and Peter Gill quote Sherlock Holmes who said, [i]t has long been an axiom of mine that the little things are infinitely the most important. 27 Little did Sir Arthur Conan Doyle know that less than a century later, 26 Ibid. 27 Mark A. Jobling and Peter Gill, Encoded Evidence: DNA in Forensic Analysis, Nature Reviews, 5 (Oct. 2004)
13 evidence invisible to the naked eye 28 would become critical to solving some of society s most puzzling criminal investigations The Science Behind DNA What is DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid, or DNA, is a double- stranded macromolecule found within the cells of all living organisms, encoding an individual s unique genetic information. Unwound, DNA takes the form of a ladder: two parallel lines joined together by rungs; however, it is usually found in its coiled state as a double helix. DNA is a polymer that is constructed from repeating units known as nucleotide monomers. Each nucleotide consists of a five- carbon sugar, a phosphate group and one of four possible nitrogenous bases: cytosine (C), guanine (G), adenine (A), and thymine (T). The sugar and phosphate molecules bond together to create the double- stranded backbone of DNA, while the nitrogenous bases attach to the sugar molecules and project inward (figure 6). These bases constitute the rungs of the DNA ladder connecting the two backbones by pairing together in a predictable pattern: A always pairs with T and G always pairs with C. 30,31,32 In one human cell, there are approximately three billion 33 nitrogenous bases on a single strand of DNA. Interestingly, scientists have discovered that only two percent of these three billion As, Ts, Cs and Gs are actually responsible for 28 U.S. Department of Justice, NIJ Special Report: Using DNA to Solve Cold Cases, by Sarah V. Hart, et al., NCJ , (Washington DC: July 2002), Jobling and Gill, Encoded Evidence: DNA in Forensic Analysis, Max M. Houck, Forensic Science, Modern Methods of Solving Crimes (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2007), Chapter 6, DNA. 31 Richard Saferstein, DNA: The Indispensable Forensic Science Tool, In Criminalistics, (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2011), Neil A. Campbell and Jane B. Reece, Biology, 8 th ed, (San Francisco: Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2009). 33 P. P. Vaidyanathan, Genomics and Proteomics: A Signal Processor s Tour, IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine, fourth quarter, (2004): 6-29, 12
14 translating DNA into the proteins, processes and functions of a living cell. 34,35 So, what is the function of the remaining ninety- eight percent? Although it has yet to be understood in a biological context, recent discoveries have shown these genome sequences to be highly informative in forensic identification. Discovery of DNA Fingerprinting: In 1984 at the University of Leicester, Alec Jeffreys became responsible for the discovery of genetic fingerprinting 36 a breakthrough that forever would redefine forensic crime solving capabilities. 37 This revolution is based on his finding of hyper- variable minisatellites, or portions of the DNA molecule [which] contain sequences of letters that are repeated numerous times that seem to act as fillers between the coding regions of DNA. 38 Despite the fact that they do not appear to have a physiological purpose, Jeffreys hypothesized that the level of individual specificity 39 these regions denote could provide means by which questions of identity could be resolved. Three years later, DNA evidence was used for the first time to help obtain a conviction. The defendant, Colin Pitchfork, was found guilty of a double rape- homicide after investigators were able to match DNA from two different crime scenes to a sample obtained from 34 Max M. Houck, Forensic Science, Modern Methods of Solving Crimes, Greg Elgar and Tanya Vavouri, Tuning in to the signals: noncoding sequence conservation in vertebrate genomes, Trends in Genetics 24, No. 7, (July 1, 2008), , 36 According to the Oxford English Dictionary, genetic fingerprinting is defined as the use of genetic characteristics derived from, and typically unique to, an individual for identification The History of Genetic Fingerprinting, University of Leicester, 38 Saferstein, DNA: The Indispensable Forensic Science Tool, Giles Newton, Discovering DNA Fingerprinting, Wellcome Trust: The Human Genome, (2004), 13
15 Pitchfork. 40 Although the technique used by Jefferys since has been made obsolete, the forensic science that stemmed from his discovery has provided law enforcement officials with an entirely new perspective from which they can approach evidence in a criminal investigation. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs): Certain regions of DNA contain specific sequences (anywhere from 15 to 35 base pairs long) that are recognized by endogenous molecules called restriction enzymes, which are responsible for cutting DNA strands at these distinct nucleotide base arrangements during certain biological processes. However, the number of times that a specific sequence occurs in the genome varies from individual to individual. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs) are the different fragment lengths of base pairs that result from cutting a DNA molecule with restriction enzymes. 41 Individuals who have more repeating sequences will have more cuts in their DNA, so forensic geneticists are able to include or exclude people as suspects following an analysis of this test. The more restriction enzyme recognition sequences used, the smaller the probability two people will have the same results. RFLPs are the original technique with which DNA fingerprinting was performed; however, there were a number of downsides to this technology namely, the testing required large quantities of DNA, (as previously discussed, generally only fragments of DNA are found at crime scenes), they take a long time to perform, and they are relatively 40 Stephanie Rankin, Case Study: Colin Pitchfork, Forensic Science Central, 41 Saferstein, DNA: The Indispensable Forensic Science Tool. 14
16 expensive. 42,43 The discovery of Short Tandem Repeats, coupled with the improved automation of performing Polymerase Chain Reactions paved the way for the current formula employed by forensic scientists for DNA fingerprinting. Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCR) & Short Tandem Repeats (STRs): Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a method of DNA replication that allows scientists to make an exponential number of copies of small DNA fragments. The process is relatively straightforward: first the DNA is exposed to a temperature of 94 o C the temperature required to denature, or unwind and separate, the two strands of a DNA molecule for approximately thirty seconds. Immediately following this, the temperature is reduced to anywhere from o C, so the primers can attach to the separated strands of DNA and begin the replication process. Lastly, the temperature is increased to 72 o C so that the nitrogenous bases can attach themselves facilitating DNA replication. 44 For a visual depiction of the PCR process, see Figure 7. Thanks to the invention of the DNA Thermal Cycler, a machine that automates the rapid and precise temperature changes required to copy a DNA strand, 45 performing PCR has become faster, easier, cheaper, and more consistent. Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) are the intermediary that connects the process of DNA fingerprinting with the replicating capabilities of PCR. They are extremely short regions of DNA (less than 450 base pairs long) that contain a base pair 42 Jobling and Gill, Encoded Evidence: DNA in Forensic Analysis. 43 U.S. Department of Justice, NIJ Special Report: Using DNA to Solve Cold Cases, New England Bio Labs, PCR Protocol for Taq DNA Polymerase with Standard Taq Buffer, 45 Saferstein, DNA: The Indispensable Forensic Science Tool,
17 sequence (three to seven letters in size), which is repeated a certain number of times. 46 Because STRs are relatively small in size, they are easily duplicated using PCR, meaning the sample fragments usually found at crime scenes now have the potential to be exceptionally informative. Currently, forensic scientists in the United States use 13 specific STR loci plus the ameliogenin gene which is able to tell forensic scientists the individual s sex when constructing a suspect profile for the national DNA database (Table 1). 47 This homogenization of DNA characteristics provides forensic laboratories the ability to compare their DNA profiles with those that have been developed during other criminal investigations. Once a person s STR profile is constructed, and a match has been made, forensic geneticists then calculate the probability of another individual within the population having that particular combination of repeats. The incidence of two STR repeats is multiplied together to generate a likelihood of common origin. A DNA profile consisting of four common STRs yields a match probability of approximately one person out of 10,000; adding four more loci reduces the match probability to one in 50 million. 48 Of course, these statistics assume there are no lurking variables that will increase the match probability, such as DNA degradation, or if the two samples come from relatives. Nonetheless, this process of DNA proliferation has proven to be an extremely effective and efficient tool to assist the process of DNA identification. 46 Ibid., U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) on the CODIS Program and the National DNA Index System, 48 Jobling and Gill, Encoded Evidence: DNA in Forensic Analysis,
18 Mitochondrial DNA (mtdna): Up until now, I have been discussing genetic profiling using nuclear DNA, or DNA that is found within the nucleus of a cell. In the human body, however, there is another type of DNA that exists within a cellular organelle known as a mitochondrion (plural: mitochondria). The mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration, the process by which our cells metabolize the nutrients we ingest into usable energy. DNA inside the mitochondria possesses several different characteristics from nuclear DNA: it is circular in shape, smaller in size, has more copies, and is only inherited from a mother. 49 It is this final property of mtdna that is the double edge sword for forensic identification. All relatives on the maternal side have the same mtdna, which makes it essentially impossible for law enforcement officials to differentiate a suspect from one of his or her relatives especially siblings. On the other hand, mitochondrial DNA has a significantly greater probability of surviving at a crime scene than nuclear DNA, which in many situations, makes it the only type of DNA available for analysis. One of the most famous instances in which mtdna was used to ascertain the identity of unidentified individuals was following the recovery of remains that were believed to be the members of Russia s Romanov Family. DNA samples were obtained from known relatives of Queen Alexandra, and provided confirmation that bodies discovered did in fact belong to the murdered Russian royal family Houck, Forensic Science, Modern Methods of Solving Crimes, Evgeny I. Rogaev, et al, "Genomic identification in the historical case of the Nicholas II royal family," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 10, No.13 (2009):
19 2. Automated Databases The Combined DNA Index System, or CODIS, is the overarching name that encompasses the United State s entire DNA database. This software provides a comprehensive collection of DNA profiles originating from the local (LDIS), state (SDIS) and national (NDIS) levels of criminal investigation. By linking all of these jurisdictions together, law enforcement officials have at their disposal a plethora of information that can hopefully help them achieve justice for victims and their families. Within CODIS are three distinct databases: the convicted offender index, the missing persons index and the forensic index. The convicted offender index contains the DNA profiles of individuals who have been arrested for or convicted of a variety of crimes. Currently, all 50 states require DNA samples from individuals convicted of felonies, but every state has a different threshold for misdemeanor offenses that qualify for the acquisition of a suspect s DNA. 51 However, as the National Institute of Justice predicted back in 2002, as states continue to recognize the crime- solving potential of DNA databases, they continue to expand the scope of their convicted offender legislation. 52 In June of 2013, the Supreme Court ruled that it is legal for police officers to obtain a DNA sample from an individual who had been arrested but not convicted of a crime. 53 This decision will almost certainly guarantee an influx in the number of entries within the convicted offender index of CODIS however, given this development, it might be prudent for them to rename this portion of the database. 51 Merritt Melancon, DNA base will grow, but some want more data, Athens Banner-Herald Online, May 29, 2011, 52 U.S. Department of Justice, NIJ Special Report: Using DNA to Solve Cold Cases, Maryland v. King, 133 S. Ct (2012). 18
20 The missing persons index is further broken down into the unidentified index and the reference index. The unidentified index contains DNA profiles from crime scenes in which a victim s identity has not been established, and the reference index contains both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA profiles from family members of a missing person. Within the forensic index lie all DNA profiles that have been generated from biological evidence discovered at crime scenes. Possibilities of evidence that can contain informative DNA can found in Table 2. Law enforcement officials and forensic technicians search the CODIS database in hopes of connecting two crimes together. To do so, the computer must search amongst 10,477,600 offender profiles, 1,578,800 arrestee profiles and 504,700 forensic profiles. 54 If the software detects a hit, then the geneticists will perform the necessary tests to confirm that a match has been made. Once detectives have obtained confirmation from the scientist, that information is used as probable cause to obtain a new DNA sample from that suspect so the match can be confirmed by the crime laboratory before an arrest is made. 55 As of September 2013, CODIS has provided identification information for more than 213,500 investigations and has yielded over 222,600 hits. 56 Although these numbers currently are quite small compared to the IAFIS database s statistics, with every entry that is entered into CODIS, the more successful the technology has the potential to become, especially 54 U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, CODIS NDIS Statistics, 55 US Department of Justice, NIJ Special Report: Using DNA to Solve Cold Cases, U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, CODIS NDIS Statistics, 19
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Papu Rincon: A Decade of fourOsix
fourOsix founder Alex "Papu" Rincon will deliver a presentation entitled "A decade of fourOsix" on Thursday, February 8, 2018 at 7 p.m. in the Simperman Amphitheatre. Hosted by the the Carroll College Business Department and Entrepreneurship program. Papu is a 2003 graduate of Carroll College and is a member of the Board of Trustees.
This event is free and open to the public.
Papu was honored as a "Champion of Change" by the United States White House. The U.S. Small Business Administration honored Papu as Montana's Young Entrepreneur of the Year, & Downtown Helena Inc. honored Papu as Helena, Montana's Business Person of the Year. He has also been asked to be the keynote speaker at a multitude of entrepreneurship events including Senator Jon Tester's Small Business Opportunity Workshop held at the University of Montana, and as the Entrepreneur In Residence for the School of Business at Montana State University.
Learn more about the Entrepreneurship in Residence Program at Carroll College!

subset: commoncrawl


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Holiday Gift Sale for Divers and a Reward for You!
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The stroller has a few features that set it apart from all the other strollers that can carry any child towards his toddler years. If you would like to have the stroller that you can trust and use for a few more years then you might want to check on the Stokke Xplory Stroller.
Here are some reasons why many actually prefer to have this particular stroller despite its high price among others of its kind:
- Its capacity to carry anything and anyone that is about 45 pounds in weight, is one of the reasons why many prefer to have this stroller above anything else of its kind. The minimum recommended weight that it can carry is about 4 pounds, however. This maximum and minimum weight that the stroller can carry shows that it can last the child it carries until at least he is a toddler. You definitely will be able to use this stroller a lot for years with one child or two. It is quite sturdy as well so you don't have to worry about it getting destroyed by carrying anyone of massive weight and such.
- The well-cushioned seats and the way the stroller is designed with a deep seat is also another reason why many prefer this strolled to any other. The Stokke Xplory Stroller offers comfort to anyone, any baby of any age that can fit into this. As a concerned parent, you are assured that your baby is in good hands with this particular stroller to use.
- Many also prefer this stroller because it is affordable and easy to store. There are times when the stroller is not in use like when the kids are now older and cannot fit in it anymore. You can easily fold the stroller into something smaller and store it perhaps in your garage or in a storage room. It's easier for you to get the stroller later when you find more need for it by then.
There are many other features of the Stokke Xplory Stroller that one can find when he gets hold of this already. This stroller can definitely be very helpful to him when taking care of his kids, perhaps while they are out for a walk or are brought out to play in playgrounds and more. One cannot go wrong with this particular stroller for kids.
You can always overlook the price when it comes to this stroller especially if it matters to you to have a stroller that can last longer than the others can. Any parent can definitely get great value with the Stokke Xplory despite it being too costly when compared to other baby strollers.


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The Royal Gorge Route Railroad will begin running its full 22-mile route through the Royal Gorge Canyon at 12:30 p.m., the train's owner announced Friday morning.
A fire last week heavily damaged the Royal Gorge Bridge and Park, causing cables from an aerial tramway at the top of the canyon to fall to the floor and obstruct both the railroad tracks and rafts down the Arkansas River.
The train began running half its route Saturday, but workers have stabilized the tramway and removed the cables, allowing the full route to open.
The railroad draws more than 100,000 visitors each year and employs a full-time staff of 100 people.
The Royal Gorge Route runs daily at 9:30 a.m., 12:30 p.m., 3:30 p.m. and at 6:30 p.m. on select evenings. It will host a Murder Mystery dinner train this Saturday.
Aldo Svaldi: 303-954-1410, firstname.lastname@example.com or twitter.com/aldosvaldi


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As a major source of potash and as mineral specimens
Sylvite, also called sylvine, is a major source of potassium or potash used in fertilizer products. So great is the need for potassium that sylvite deposits are considered very valuable economically. As a mineral specimen sylvite does not get much attention. The crystals can be well formed and are often reddish due to inclusions of hematite. However, sylvite is very soluble in water and specimens need to be stored in closed containers because even the moisture in the air can degrade its appearance. Never clean a sylvite specimen with water.
The name sylvite is easily confused with the much more valuable sylvanite. Sylvanite is a silver gold telluride, AuAgTe4 and should never be mistaken for sylvite.
Physical CharacteristicsColour: colourless or white, sometimes tinted red, blue or yellow
Luster: vitreous
Transparency: Crystals are transparent to translucent
Crystal System: isometric; 4/m bar 3 2/m
Crystal Habits: cubes with frequent octahedral faces truncating the corners of the cube, crystals will often have a cavernous appearance from dissolution. More commonly massive and granular
Cleavage: good in three directions forming cubes
Fracture: uneven
Hardness: 2 - 2.5
Specific Gravity: 3.9 - 4.1 (heavier than average for translucent)
Streak: white
Other: Dissolves easily in water, does not powder when the blade of a knife is scratched across its surface and has a bitter taste, not salty like halite
Associated Minerals: include halite, carnallite, kieserite, gypsum, anhydrite and other evaporite minerals
Major Occurrences: include Strassfurt, Germany; Kalush, Russia; New Mexico, Texas and Kern Co., California, USA; Saskatchewan, Canada; France, Mt. Vesuvius, Italy and Spain
Best Indicators: bitter taste, associations and crystal habit


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Move the guide to refine
4 hotels found in Al Jum'ah
Result 1-4
Abhā, King Faisal Rd, Al Gara
7.1 km
Abhā, Near Abha Mall complex
7.3 km
Abhā, Taif Ring Road
8.3 km
Abhā, P.O. Box 1447
8.4 km
After entering a search request the hotel room prices and availability are being downloaded real-time from approximately 30 hotel- and booking websites. If it is unexpectedly not possible to request the hotel room prices and availability from one or a few providers, or if one provider does not transmit the information to LookingforBooking after entering a search request, only the prices and availability from available providers are being displayed. If you want to see the full picture of all hotels at LookingforBooking, you should search without a date. Then you will be able to compare all hotels on their location and facilities.


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I am no gadget-geek. I'm a typical lady who likes purple and simple things. A movie like Matrix is a seriously no-no. So is it a surprise that I feel sad to hear Steve Jobs passed away? Well, I do feel sad. What makes Steve different with other computer geek is that he understands people like me. He knows what I need, how to help me navigate the hard-to-comprehend IT stuff. Now without him, how can I upgrade my handphone in a few years time?? Of course once you are Apple, you won't go back…
Not only me. Because of him, my 2-year old son knows how to use youtube and sharpen his IQ playing jigsaw puzzle, moron test, and dozens of other kids Apps. Jobs' creativity to invent iTunes makes mother like me feel better that although my son is playing computer gadget, it is an educational type and gets a lot of approval from other parents, too.
Of course these are all beyond my expectation. As I said, I'm no tech geek. I'm not fond to change my handphone. Many friends changed their handphone every year but I couldn't care less. People asked what's your BB pin? And I'm like huh??? I'm so not attracted looking at that black bold phone. It looks like business-executive type which is so not me.
But one fine day, I had a dinner with two of my ex-bosses. I looked up both of them for their brilliance minds and humility attitudes (we'll talk about my bosses another day). So they talked about their Iphone and I immediately intrigued. It's like love at first sight.
Without further due, I told my hubby I want to buy Iphone 4, so one early morning he queued for me at maxis klcc (at that time it was limited to 100 units per day) and 3 hours later I got it. My first Apple's product; and the rest is history.
Jobs death brought memories of my first encounter with Apple's product. Back in year 2000 at UW Wisconsin, I wanted to print something very urgent and rush to the computer lab. There were apparently long que but I actually saw a lot of available stations so I went ahead to use one.
Erkk…this is a different computer..camne nak guna nie…mouse die pun lain macam.
I find difficulty to navigate, open folders, and print but finally managed to do so. Then only I realised the computer lab was actually divided by 50% PCs and 50% Apples and half of the lab was empty, meaning the long queue at the front door were waiting for PCs. I guess mat saleh pun find difficulty to use Apples coz we were so custom with normal PCs.
If I was Steve Jobs looking at that view, I will think I had failed. Not him. Even my Marketing 101 class in year 2001 had a topic about Apple's failure to capture the market share, and we discuss reasons why it had failed for 50 minutes. I can't remember the reasons anymore, I can dig my lecture notes, but I am optimistic it didn't say because Steve is too-visionary and futuristic.
Now 11 years later, the world surround you will tell if he has failed.
His speech at Stanford has inspired millions of people including me. Reading it makes me so excited to pursue my dream. Especially now that my INCEIF study is complete, I'm excited to grasp the next challenge. May Allah leads me to the right path.
So not only I'm in love with his creation, but also his perseverance in life. Btw, let say I need to buy a lappie in the future, I'm pretty sure it's going to be MAC.
His full speech:
I am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. I never graduated from college. Truth be told, this is the closest I've ever gotten to a college graduation. Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. That's it. No big deal. Just three stories.
The first story is about connecting the dots.
I dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit. So why did I drop out?
It started before I was born. My biological mother was a young, unwed college graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption. She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife. Except that when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl. So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking: "We have an unexpected baby boy; do you want him?" They said: "Of course." My biological mother later found out that my mother had never graduated from college and that my father had never graduated from high school. She refused to sign the final adoption papers. She only relented a few months later when my parents promised that I would someday go to college.
And 17 years later I did go to college. But I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford, and all of my working-class parents' savings were being spent on my college tuition. After six months, I couldn't see the value in it. I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out. And here I was spending all of the money my parents had saved their entire life. So I decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out OK. It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made. The minute I dropped out I could stop taking the required classes that didn't interest me, and begin dropping in on the ones that looked interesting.
It wasn't all romantic. I didn't have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends' rooms, I returned coke bottles for the 5¢ deposits to buy food with, and I would walk the 7 miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple. I loved it. And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on. Let me give you one example:
Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction in the country. Throughout the campus every poster, every label on every drawer, was beautifully hand calligraphed. Because I had dropped out and didn't have to take the normal classes, I decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to do this. I learned about serif and san serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great. It was beautiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that science can't capture, and I found it fascinating.
None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life. But ten years later, when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to me. And we designed it all into the Mac. It was the first computer with beautiful typography. If I had never dropped in on that single course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts. And since Windows just copied the Mac, it's likely that no personal computer would have them. If I had never dropped out, I would have never dropped in on this calligraphy class, and personal computers might not have the wonderful typography that they do. Of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when I was in college. But it was very, very clear looking backwards ten years later.
Again, you can't connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards. So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future. You have to trust in something — your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever. This approach has never let me down, and it has made all the difference in my life.
My second story is about love and loss.
I was lucky — I found what I loved to do early in life. Woz and I started Apple in my parents garage when I was 20. We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a $2 billion company with over 4000 employees. We had just released our finest creation — the Macintosh — a year earlier, and I had just turned 30. And then I got fired. How can you get fired from a company you started? Well, as Apple grew we hired someone who I thought was very talented to run the company with me, and for the first year or so things went well. But then our visions of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a falling out. When we did, our Board of Directors sided with him. So at 30 I was out. And very publicly out. What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devastating.
I really didn't know what to do for a few months. I felt that I had let the previous generation of entrepreneurs down – that I had dropped the baton as it was being passed to me. I met with David Packard and Bob Noyce and tried to apologize for screwing up so badly. I was a very public failure, and I even thought about running away from the valley. But something slowly began to dawn on me — I still loved what I did. The turn of events at Apple had not changed that one bit. I had been rejected, but I was still in love. And so I decided to start over.
I didn't see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me. The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life.
During the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife. Pixar went on to create the worlds first computer animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the world. In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, I returned to Apple, and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apple's current renaissance. And Laurene and I have a wonderful family together.
I'm pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn't been fired from Apple. It was awful tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it. Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick. Don't lose faith. I'm convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did. You've got to find what you love. And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers. Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven't found it yet, keep looking. Don't settle. As with all matters of the heart, you'll know when you find it. And, like any great relationship, it just gets better and better as the years roll on. So keep looking until you find it. Don't settle.
My third story is about death.
When I was 17, I read a quote that went something like: "If you live each day as if it was your last, someday you'll most certainly be right." It made an impression on me, and since then, for the past 33 years, I have looked in the mirror every morning and asked myself: "If today were the last day of my life, would I want to do what I am about to do today?" And whenever the answer has been "No" for too many days in a row, I know I need to change something.
Remembering that I'll be dead soon is the most important tool I've ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life. Because almost everything — all external expectations, all pride, all fear of embarrassment or failure – these things just fall away in the face of death, leaving only what is truly important. Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose. You are already naked. There is no reason not to follow your heart.
About a year ago I was diagnosed with cancer. I had a scan at 7:30 in the morning, and it clearly showed a tumor on my pancreas. I didn't even know what a pancreas was. The doctors told me this was almost certainly a type of cancer that is incurable, and that I should expect to live no longer than three to six months. My doctor advised me to go home and get my affairs in order, which is doctor's code for prepare to die. It means to try to tell your kids everything you thought you'd have the next 10 years to tell them in just a few months. It means to make sure everything is buttoned up so that it will be as easy as possible for your family. It means to say your goodbyes.
I lived with that diagnosis all day. Later that evening I had a biopsy, where they stuck an endoscope down my throat, through my stomach and into my intestines, put a needle into my pancreas and got a few cells from the tumor. I was sedated, but my wife, who was there, told me that when they viewed the cells under a microscope the doctors started crying because it turned out to be a very rare form of pancreatic cancer that is curable with surgery. I had the surgery and I'm fine now.
This was the closest I've been to facing death, and I hope it's the closest I get for a few more decades. Having lived through it, I can now say this to you with a bit more certainty than when death was a useful but purely intellectual concept:
No one wants to die. Even people who want to go to heaven don't want to die to get there. And yet death is the destination we all share. No one has ever escaped it. And that is as it should be, because Death is very likely the single best invention of Life. It is Life's change agent. It clears out the old to make way for the new. Right now the new is you, but someday not too long from now, you will gradually become the old and be cleared away. Sorry to be so dramatic, but it is quite true.
Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life. Don't be trapped by dogma — which is living with the results of other people's thinking. Don't let the noise of others' opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary.
When I was young, there was an amazing publication called The Whole Earth Catalog, which was one of the bibles of my generation. It was created by a fellow named Stewart Brand not far from here in Menlo Park, and he brought it to life with his poetic touch. This was in the late 1960's, before personal computers and desktop publishing, so it was all made with typewriters, scissors, and polaroid cameras. It was sort of like Google in paperback form, 35 years before Google came along: it was idealistic, and overflowing with neat tools and great notions.
Stewart and his team put out several issues of The Whole Earth Catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue. It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age. On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous. Beneath it were the words: "Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish." It was their farewell message as they signed off. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. And I have always wished that for myself. And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you.
Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.
Thank you all very much.


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Gallo 2/1 Chest
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DINNER PARTY DOWNLOAD, August 28, 2015 - Yo La Tengo pick Miriam's "So You Lost Your Baby" as part of their dinner party soundtrack.
Colin Joyce, SPIN, August 26, 2015 - A Revisionist History: Yo La Tengo Pick Their All-Time Favorite Covers. "Not For Me" comes in at #1! Says Ira Kaplan, "The song that kind of jumped out for me among so many was 'Not for Me,' which is a song I love from Bobby Darin."
Allyson McCabe, THE RUMPUS, May 18, 2015 - Sound & Vision #15 interview with Miriam Linna
WFMU Heavy Airplay, September 17, 2014 - NOBODY'S BABY hits number one at WFMU!
September 14th brought in the 40th Anniversary of the Ramones' first show on the Bowery — at (where else) the BOWERY ELECTRIC, located just a few steps from where the boys first blew our gourds at CBGB's. Diane Gentile slated Miriam and Sam to the tribute, where they performed "QUESTIONINGLY" from the NOBODY'S BABY album. All proceeds from the show went to LOVE HOPE STRENGTH!"
Sheila B, CHA CHA CHARMING, August 11, 2014 - Sheila B, like Diane G at Bowery Electric, Glynis Ward at Crayons To Perfume, Debbie D. at Ichiban and Holly Cara Price at Huffington Post were the first people to go ape over NOBODY'S BABY – THANK YOU LADIES!!!
BROOKLYN VEGAN, August 5, 2014 - "...combines the garage rock you'd expect from Miriam with Phil Spector-esque pop..."
Dan Ferguson, SOUTHERN RHODE ISLAND NEWSPAPERS, August 5, 2014 - "The recently departed Gerry Goffin would be flippin' in his grave if he could give a whiff to the solo debut from A-Bones drummer Miriam Linna. The Brill Building sound comes alive on this 12-track outing of 1960s-styled, ear-pleasing girl pop & roll. As Ms. Linna herself describes, "This album is a collection of personal favorites from the mid-sixties (primarily) featuring unheralded, broody monsters from bubbling-unders (and overs) - we even recorded an original heart-buster which we hope you dig the most. Somewhere along the line, a gust of wind took off with my last name and I became a one-name person, like Cher. Or Rasputin, for that matter." What began as Miriam cutting a single track with studio ace Sam Elwitt soon after took on a life of its own resulting in the foot-longer called Nobody's Baby. So here we have Miriam dipping into the catalogues of a wide ranging collection of cool cats from Gene Clark ("So You Say You Lost Your Baby") to Neil Young ("There Goes My Babe") to Tim Buckley ("It Happens Every Time") to the Ramones ("Questioningly") to Bobby Darin ("Not For Me") and delivering pure ear candy in the process. The album features Miriam on all vocals with Elwitt handling just about all the instruments. It has this writer hoping there will be more from where this came from."
Steve Terrell, SANTA FE NEW MEXICAN, July 4, 2014 - "Nobody's Baby by Miriam. That's right, just one name, like Cher or Madonna. Or Winger, for that matter. This is Miriam's first solo album, and it's a gem. If you're expecting the same high-intensity, raucous 'n' roll you find with The A-Bones, you won't get it on Nobody's Baby.
Instead, this album reminds me of two previous records, classy efforts both, in the Norton catalog: Dangerous Game, the 2007 'comeback' album by Mary Weiss, lead singer of The Shangri-Las, and All or Nothing by La La Brooks, who used to sing with The Crystals. Like those older albums, Nobody's Baby is a contemporary take on the classic early- to mid-'60s girl-group sound — an adult update on the teen yearning and, yes, angst of that golden period.
Linna draws from a wide variety of songwriters, including Jeff Barry (who, with partner Ellie Greenwich, wrote 'Leader of the Pack,' 'Chapel of Love,' hits for The Ronettes, and dozens more songs — many, you've probably never heard of), Tim Buckley, Bobby Darin, Gene Clark (formerly of The Byrds), Neil Young (an early, obscure tune called 'There Goes My Babe'), and The Ramones (though Miriam's version of 'Questioningly' sounds more like The Chiffons than anyone who ever played CBGBs).
Besides the influence of Shangri-Las, The Crystals, The Ronettes, and The Angels, I also hear echoes of folk rock – at least Jackie DeShannon-style folk rock – here. That's especially obvious in the opening song, 'My Love Is Gone.' And there are traces of British Invasion siren Sandie Shaw on the noirish 'So Lonely.'
Currently, my favorite on Nobody's Baby is "Walking Down the Street." It's the closest thing to a real rocker on the album. I thought this might be an obscure Shangri-Las B-side, but it was originally done by a Pretty Things offshoot band called The Electric Banana."
Glynis Ward, WFMU Rock & Soul Ichiban, June 9, 2014 - Miriam is a "Crayons to Perfume Girl!" WFMU'S Ichiban columnist, DJ Glynis Ward digs NOBODY'S BABY! Thank you to top dolls Glynis and Ichiban's excitable and exciting hostess Debbie D!
Byron Coley, THE WIRE - THE WIRE digs "BABY!"
Kris Needs, SHINDIG - When Kris Needs said he dug the album, we felt glad all over!


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This drama-documentary takes viewers through the events of the fateful day of the bombing of Hiroshima as parallel storylines interweave that look at both the U.S. and Japanese perspectives through re-enactments. Examined are the crucial political decisions, the exploits of the crew in the Enola Gay plane, and the action on the Japanese streets when disaster strikes.
WPBA | Hiroshima


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Here we are at Tuesday again and it's time for a new colourQ challenge. I love the simple colors this week and I made a simple card with them!
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Here we are at Tuesday again and it's time for a new colourQ challenge. I love the simple colors this week and I made a simple card with them!
share this on »
Simple layering for a truly stunning effect! You are so good at that Jen! LOVE that colour combo too! Have a wonderful day! Hazel xx
My Card Attic
This is super classy and clean~love it!
SWEEEET! Love this sketch, it's one of my favorites! This flourish is just lovely..CAS perfection, as usual! Awesome colors!
Clean, simple and BEAUTIFUL. Black and white and a little pop of color ... you made this look fantastic!! Thanks for playing along with the Fab Friday peeps! :)
Oh yeah!! loving both the color challenge and your design!
What a sweet and simple card - it's perfect! Lovely flourish element - your arrangement is so dramatic! Thanks so much for playing at Fab Friday!
You nailed both of these challenges! Love this!
Oh, I LIKE this Jen!! The way you used the black is perfect and so is the inlaid die. Fabulous card!
I love this color palette! The gorgeous blue with the super-neutrals is fantastic. Your card is pretty darn fantastic, I might add. Love that swirly in gray, and your sentiment font is gorgeous and swirly too. Such a pretty card, Jen. Am hoping to play along too; can't resist these colors. Bev
Beautiful clean card! The inlaid flourish is a great idea! Thanks for sharing at Fab Friday!
Lovely flourish behind your sentiment panel. A beautiful CAS card where all elements flow together perfectly!
Hi Jen
I visit your blog often and just love your style and consistently beautiful cards! Also I'm amazed at your seemingly-endless creativity!
This card is crisp and elegant. Love the flourish! Great to have you playing with us at Fab Friday!
Very elegant! The black and white really makes the blue pop! Thanks for playing at Fab Friday!
Blog Design by Little Web Writing Hood


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Update #1: Breaking news from Cyclingnews.com: "Stade 2, the weekly television sports show by France 2, claims that the American Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) is in possession of blood samples from Lance Armstrong, which they have retested and have now come back positive for performance-enhancing drugs."
David Howman, director general of the WADA: "Science can't decide everything...These days, you need to complement a testing program with the gathering of evidence with other methods. To build your case, you put together strands that make one strong rope."
Christiane Ayotte, the head of the WADA-accredited Montreal lab: "We're at the point that if we're not using these indirect markers, you can just forget about a case. For example, oral testosterone and microdoses of EPO will be detectable for only 12 hours. You just about have to be there when the athlete is doping to catch them."
Don Catlin, the former head of the U.C.L.A. Olympic Analytical Laboratory: ""There's a notion that, oh, they have drug testing, there are no more doping problems in the sport, but unfortunately that is not the case...The testing is just not that good. There are holes. There are loopholes, and we're constantly trying to plug them...Athletes, particularly the most successful ones, have a complex network of people around them to figure out how to beat the drug tests."
In tennis, we have an environment of a weak testing regime coupled with (based on the results of the Wayne Odesnik and Dr. Luis Garcia del Moral incidents) a complete lack of evidence gathering and other investigative capabilities. The most rationale explanation for this weak regimes is a lack of institutional support and willingness to combat doping in the sport. In fact, there is little evidence indicating that the threat of doping is being taken seriously by the tennis authorities. This absence of institutional support includes not just the players, ITF, ATP, WTA, and Grand Slams, but the many in the tennis media, who function more a promoters of the sport than independent journalists.
Further, it appears highly likely that Caitlin's statement about athletes, especially top ones, having "a complex network of people" to enable doping is an issue in tennis. The size of player entourages (for top players) has increased dramatically in recent years. Many top players now have large teams consisting of multiple coaches, fitness trainers, doctors, nutritionists, etc. Others are affiliated with tennis academies that provide similarly large support teams.
Caitlin's statement, plus the evolution of player teams, and the constant proclamations and evidence that tennis is becoming increasingly physical and based on fitness levels should give anyone concerned with the integrity of the game serious pause.
Does anyone care? Have things already spun out of control?


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It seems Spain's conveyor belt of world class midfielders has produced another dazzling gem that is catching the eye of numerous managers in England.
Malaga youngster Isco has been linked with a number of Premier League clubs in recent months and could soon join the burgeoning number of Spanish midfielders making the game look remarkably simple.
Malaga have already lost one midfield magician to an English club when Cazorla moved to Arsenal in the summer, and now they have attempting to agree a new contract with Isco so they can place a £30million clause in his contract.
However, Isco would currently be available for the bargain price of £17million which would make him a genuine target for the majority of top Premier League sides.
Reports today have suggested that newly appointed director of football Txiki Begiristain has recommended the 20-year-old to Manchester City boss Roberto Mancini, while city rivals Manchester United have also been linked with the midfielder this season.
In fact Isco has been described as the 'new Paul Scholes' and was heavily linked with Manchester United during the summer transfer window when Malaga were forced to sell players because of financial difficulties.
In fact it is not just Scholes that the young midfielder has drawn comparisons to. When linked with Arsenal he was the 'new Cesc Fabregas', while rumours he was could join Liverpool led to him being dubbed a 'Steven Gerrard successor'.
What is clear is that Isco has numerous admirers in the Premier League after starring in a Malaga side which has won all three Champions League games this season without conceding a single goal.
They sit third in La Liga, one point ahead of Real Madrid, with Isco playing a crucial role in the superb start to a campaign in which many felt they would struggle after their ultra-rich owner left the club with huge debts.
Francisco Román Alarcón Suárez, to give him his full title, has been one of their outstanding players, a fact that has not gone unnoticed by Spain manager Vicente del Bosque who said he was pushing for a call-up to the full side after excelling at Under-21 level.
The question remains though; which English club is most likely to land the young midfielder?
Liverpool have repeatedly been linked with Isco and have previously profited from having a Spanish playmaker, when Xabi Alonso helped the side win the Champions League and push for league titles.
However, Liverpool are certainly not short of options in the centre of midfield and may not be able to convince Isco to leave a club in the Champions League for one struggling in the wrong half of the table.
Manchester City have the money to convince Malaga to sell and may be able to sway Isco to join his former Valencia team-mate David Silva at the Etihad, while Arsenal would hope Cazorla could tempt his former team-mate to make the move to north London.
However, even the £17million asking price may act as a deterrent for a club that has rarely spent more than £15m on a player and prides itself on not breaking their wage structure.
Manchester United have looked short in central midfield this season and are crying out for a player to eventually step into the void that will be left when Scholes retires. Isco's style is perhaps different as he enjoys running with the ball at his feet, but his eye for goal and ability to strike the ball does draw comparisons with the former England international.
Tottenham are the final side that have been consistently linked with Isco over the last few months. Playing with just a lone forward in Jermain Defoe they rely heavily on goals from midfield and last season could call upon Rafael van der Vaart.
This year they have signed Clint Dempsey and Gylfi Sigurdsson, however, there could well be room for Isco in the Tottenham midfield as neither signing has made the role his own.
Should Tottenham remain in the top four then they may have a genuine chance of persuading Isco to leave Spain and they would almost certainly be able to meet his release clause.
There could well be a battle between these clubs and it seems almost inevitable that Isco will join the mounting number of Spanish players lighting up the Premier League.