text:
Establishment of a Flying School | Business Dissertations
31 Pages
0 Downloads
Words: 9275
Date added: 17-06-26
Category: Statistics
Tags: school
Civil Aviation Scenario - Evolution
In December 1910, a party from Belgium and two from England with many aircrafts arrived in India. The first amongst them was famous Humber motor companies. The team was led by Capt WG Windham, comprising two pilots, one French and one English and two mechanics. After reaching Bombay (Mumbai) they proceeded to Allahabad to demonstrate the aircraft at the Industrial Exhibition due to be held there shortly. The first actual flight was successfully attained by Mr. David in a Beriot on the 10th of December 1910 circled the Polo ground at a height of 25 to 30 feet.
The second aircraft flew the next day, December 11, 1910, under the control of French Pilot Piguet and carried the first passenger in India. He was one of the sons of the Maharaja of Benares In a show at Tollygunj, near Calcutta on December 21, 1910, in a show Baron flew with a lady passenger Mrs. N.C. Sen who thus became the first woman in India to get airborne.
The history of civil aviation in India started with its first commercial flight on February 18, 1911. It was a journey from Allahabad to Naini made by a French pilot Monseigneur Piguet covering a distance of about 10 km over the river Yamuna.
The first domestic air route Karachi-Delhi began in December 1912 by the Indian State Air Services in collaboration with the Imperial Airways, UK. It was actual extension of London-Karachi flight
The Indian aviation gathered momentum after three years (1915) with the opening of a regular airmail service between Karachi and Madras by the first Indian airline- Tata Sons Limited
October 15, 1932, JRD Tata started Tata Aviation and piloted the first carriage of mail from Karachi to Bombay. Tata Aviation later became Air India.
At the time of Independence, there were 9 air transport companies operating in India. Tata Airlines, Indian National Airways, Air Service of India, Deccan Airways, Ambica Airways, Bharat Airways, Mistry Airways and Oriental Airways
Air Corporation Act of 1953 was passed nationalising all airlines. Air India International took over the international traffic and Indian Airlines Corporation the domestic.
Sector structure/Market size
The Indian civil vaiation industry is among the fastest growing industries in the world with its growth rate of 18% per annum. Number of players as well as the number of aircraft is increasing in India at it is mainly due to the open sky policy of the government, because of which many overseas players are entering in the aviation market. Today, private airlines account for around 75 per cent share of the domestic aviation market.
India was at 12th position in the world's aviation market in 2006, but it has improved its position holding 9th position at present.In the year 2006 the domestic air services were available at 75 airport in India which has improved up to 82 airports now.
Month-wise Indian Scheduled Domestic Operation
(Aircraft Kms Flown) of Civil Aviation in India
(May 1988 to December 2008)
In India the air passenger travel is increasing at about 25% a year since the aviation sector opened up the skies to private carriers. Government has estimated that by 2025 the growth of aviation sector in India will outpace the global average. Currently the aviation sector is going through bad phase which started from 2008 after economic slowdown hit the market in 2008, while year 2007 was the best ever in terms of growth for India's civil aviation sector. The domestic airlines passenger load increased by 36.47 % (to 317.29 lakh passengers) in the first three quarters of 2007.
International Air Transport Association (IATA), estimated about the Indian aviation sector that India will contribute significantly to global air travel. This contribution which was US$ 5.1 billion in 2007 will soon cross US$ 5.6 billion after the market condition will be stable and then it will grow significantly. In 2007 market research firm PhoCus estimated that domestic air traffic will be more than double and touch 86.1 million passengers by 2010, up from 32.2 million passengers in 2007. But after economic slowdown this estimate may take some time to achieve after 2010.
Aviation sector is going to play a major role in terms of employment in this sector. There is going to be huge demand for technical and administrative employees in this sector due to the vast growth of aviation sector in the future. Aviation sector is not only limited up to pilots and air-hostesses but there are many employment options in this sector which are related to aviation and without which industry cannot function. Some of the Operations jobs include: Pilots, airhostesses, air traffic controller, cabin safety instructor, in-flight managers, In-flight base managers, cabin services instructor, maintenance controllers, aircraft maintenance engineers, quality control manager, cargo officers and ground staff.
There is also a wide range of positions on the ground and these include the services of mechanics, baggage handlers, ticket agents and reservations agents.
Potential for Growth and its future
The Indian Civil Aviation market was worth US$ 5.6 billion in 2008 which has grown at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 18 per cent.
According to Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation (CAPA) the domestic traffic will increase by 25% to 30% till 2010. Also international traffic will grow by 15 per cent and total market will have more than 100 million passengers by 2010. At present the India's civil aviation passenger growth is 20% and it is one of the highest in the world. By 2020, 400 million Indian passengers are likely to be airborne.
More than 100 million passenger in which 60 million will be domestic passengers and around 3.4 million tons of cargo per annum are expected to handle by the Indian airports by 2020.
There are many significant steps which are still to be taken by the government to propel growth in the Indian civil aviation sector. Indian government is already working on its plans to modernize existing airports by 2010 and is investing more than US$ 9 billion in the project. There is also a plan of the government to develop around 300 unused airstrips.
Kapil Kaul, CEO India & Middle East, Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation (CAPA), in an interview said that India's civil aviation passenger growth is among the highest in the world. "The sector is slated to cruise far ahead of other Asian giants like China or even strong economies like France and Australia. The number of passengers who will be airborne by 2020 is a whopping 400 million."
The markets being as it is holds great promise for potential investors and numerous International no-frills budget carriers are making a beeline for India. With so much activity in the sector there is a tremendous need for personnel as well. While earlier, the airline industry was largely government owned and perceived as regulated and also a tad boring, with private and international players entering the market, opting for a career in the airlines has become both a lucrative and glamorous option
To meet the growing demand, Indian scheduled carriers are placing major orders for aircraft. Based on press reports, Indian carriers placed orders over US $12 billion at the 2005 Paris Air Show. Of the 280 aircraft order received by Airbus, 135 are from Indian carriers. Moreover, of the $50 billion that Airbus can earn from these deals, the contribution of Indian carriers is over $15 billion. Airbus forecasts that the number of new aircraft it would sell to Indian carriers would go up to 400 by the year 2023. This will make the India the third largest market for new aircraft in Asia, behind China (1,790) and Japan (640), according to Airbus' Global Market Forecast 2004-2023. The aviation industry is of the view that the European aircraft maker may have to again revise its projection upwards. The report further states that Boeing expects India to buy aircraft worth $35 billion in the next 20years.
As per a press report, the Center for Asia Pacific Aviation (CAPA) estimates India' domestic airlines would need 650 new aircraft by 2012, up from the current 210. Every new carrier launched in the country will need to buy a minimum of five aircraft to start operations, as stipulated under the license condition, in the next 12 months. Inter Globe Enterprises has placed firm orders for 100 aircraft worth $6.5 billion. The anticipated fleet augmentation planned by airlines of India are shown in Table
Source DGCA
It will be observed that India is likely to see large increase in aircraft registered in India and operation of such fleet would result in straining of aviation infrastructure. Policy decisions have been undertaken to enhance the airport infrastructure.
Another component of aviation infrastructure that is of crucial importance to growth of Civil Aviation is up-gradation of capacity to train critical manpower. The training for making available operating crew and maintenance personnel is an expensive exercise and requires long gestation period. Prior to liberalization in early 90's, the two State-owned airlines had established elaborate training infrastructure to train critical manpower for their needs.
The training plans were evolved based on its fleet expansion plans. In the first phase of domestic market liberalization in early 90s the requirement of critical manpower had placed a strain on availability of this human resource. Large scale poaching of critical manpower from one airline to another had been resorted to. The growth of fleet in the first half of the current decade had again resulted in shortage of operating crew and maintenance personnel.
The series of steps have been taken recently to meet the present shortfall of cockpit crew that include increase of eligibility age of pilots from 60 years to 65, permission to ex-pat pilots to operate airline services etc. Industry is still facing problem besides opening up of doors for foreign pilots. In fact DGCA has taken a lead role to alleviate the situation of shortage of pilots in all possible manners without compromising the safety aspects.
Private airlines are equipping themselves with flight simulators for pilot training including recurrent checks. Indian Airlines has been inducting CPL holders for its training program at CTE Hyderabad. Air India has embarked on a planned program to cater to long-term requirement of pilots by resorting to induct trainees for outsourced training to PPL & CPL level thus enabling them to be inducting into ab-initio training program at its training establishment.
Based on the fleet augmentation plans of various airlines and expected increase in the number of airlines, the requirement of critical manpower is expected to be the key factor in maintaining sufficient operating capacity to meet the growing demand for air travel in the country.
Demand For Operating Crew
The requirement of operating crew, of which cockpit crew is most critical due to long gestation period in training and need for elaborate and expensive infrastructure involving training aides such as aircraft simulators and other equipment in addition to training aircraft. The demand for operating crew in the country is based on the combined fleet augmentation proposed by all existing scheduled airlines and the prospective entrants into the air transportation business. Apart from schedule operators, pilots are also required by a large number of existing non-scheduled operators involved in charter operations and also for corporate aircraft owned by large business houses.
Since the unprecedented growth rates achieved in the domestic market, and huge orders placed by airlines for new aircraft to cater to expected passenger carriage in the market, government, airlines, and other research institutions involved in civil aviation have been making projections for pilots requirements in the country. The projection by various bodies are at variance depending upon their estimation of the size of the market and expectations of the fleet size.
The Center for Asia Pacific Aviation (CAPA) estimates that India's domestic airlines would need 650 new aircraft by 2012, up from the current 210. This projection results in annual induction of over 70 aircraft that would require over 500 pilots per year for the new aircraft yet to be inducted.
While evaluating the emerging aviation scenario, Kaw Committee (2006) had the following to say about critical manpower requirements to meet future needs:
"Induction of large number of aircraft would require more than thousand additional type-rated pilots and equally large number of type-rated engineers in span of a decade, to meet the growth requirements, in addition to the recurring requirement of the licensed personnel. At present, most of the private operators get their pilots and engineers trained at the facilities of aircraft manufacturers or approved training organizations abroad. Considering the huge potential of training engineers and pilots in the country, some agencies, including aircraft manufacturers are thinking of establishing type-training facilities in India. DGCA will have to be strengthened to conduct examinations and licensing of large number of pilots and engineers required to operate and maintain the additional aircraft being acquired".
Currently there are 1650 ALTP commercial pilots licensed by the DGCA to meet requirements of over 200 aircraft operated by scheduled airlines and 2300 CPL holders meeting the airlines and general aviation aircraft. There are about 500 expatriate pilots assisting airlines in keeping airlines aircraft flying. The total requirement of pilots that would have to be trained from initial stage should take into account natural wastage on account of superannuation. FAST estimates consolidated additional requirement of pilots for the Scheduled/ non-scheduled airlines and the corporate sector at around 3000 pilots during the five years (2007-2012). Broad estimation of the requirement is shown below in Table
In the present civil aviation scenario, the fleet plans of various airlines can undergo changes keeping in view growth rates on micro basis and intensity of future competition. The projection of requirements of pilots on year-to-year basis is therefore fraught with uncertainties, but a projection of pilot requirement on a longer time horizon is likely to be more realistic.Demand for Pilot Training Apart from air transportation of passengers on scheduled services and corporate travel, another potential area that has not seen much development is the need of air transportation for disaster management and medical relief /evacuation. In the coming years the use of small aircraft /helicopters is likely to become prevalent and air linking of district centers with State capitals/ major towns will be necessary. Operation of aircraft for this sector of aviation will also add to requirements of pilots.
It may be noted that there is great demand for Pilot Training in India that has arisen due to phenomenal growth in air travel spurred by economic growth during the past. The present policies of the Government of India pertaining to emphasis on infrastructure and services sector leads to a very positive economic outlook that will have impact on the air transportation sector. The growth of traffic recorded in recent years is likely to be sustained in the immediate future and is expected to stabilize at a reasonable level. The sustenance of this growth is dependent on the growth and development of Aviation infrastructure of which training of critical manpower is a very important feature.
Type of TrainingFlying Training Institutes offer various levels of trainings for commercial flying. These include Private Pilot License (PPL), Commercial Pilot License (CPL), Multi-engine Rating, and Instrument rating; apart from Commercial Helicopter Pilot License, Flight Instructor License/Rating, and Airline Transport Pilot License. In the first phase it is proposed to impart training for PPL and CPL as these trainings involve flying training on single engine aircraft. For multi engine rating and IR rating, induction of twin-engine aircraft is required along with requisite training aids such as specific aircraft simulator.
Eligibility Qualifications for Entry to PPL/ CPL course
Candidates for PPL training should have completed Senior Secondary Examination (10+2). Minimum age of 17 years is prescribed for induction into the course. PPL holders would be eligible to be inducted for CPL training and should have PPL issued with 50 hours of flying and not less than 10 hours of solo flying within a period of preceding 12 months. The flying club issues student Pilot license after checking the general capability of the student to continue flying training such as enough leg space in the cockpit.
Selection Procedure
The selection of candidates may be done on the basis of a written examination followed by Pilot Aptitude Test and Interview. The written examination for entry into PPL course will be on general subjects such as English, Physics, Mathematics and Reasoning, where as for CPL written exam will be for subjects of Air Navigation, Aviation Met, Technical general and Air Regulations.
Ground Courses and Flying Training
Ground Courses: Topics for the ground courses that are laid down by DGCA for PPL and CPL along with duration are shown in Table 2.1.
Trainee Intake & Course Duration
PPL Course: The Institute in the First Phase will cater to induction of a batch of 20 trainees for PPL course. Initially induction will be carried out twice a year. During the second year of operation of institute four batches of 20 trainees each are proposed to be inducted at three monthly intervals. Trainees are expected to complete PPL Course, Simulator and Flying Training in six months. The course work and part simulator training will be completed in three months followed by intensive flying training of 50 flying hours per trainee.
CPL Course: The CPL course will commence during the second year of institutes' functioning
Training Infrastructure
Flying and Gliding Clubs: It is observed that Flying and Gliding Clubs have been receiving financial assistance from the Central Government ever since their inception in 1928. This assistance gradually increased on the recommendation from various Committees set up for the purpose from time to time. It is also to be noted that in addition to receiving subvention from the Central Government most of the clubs were receiving grants and donations from the State Governments and other private organizations besides the revenue earned through:
- Flying fees paid by the trainees
- Membership fees/subscriptions etc.
The subvention budget was raised to 3.5 crores by the Ministry of Civil Aviation. Later on this subvention was withdrawn except for SC/ST candidates. All the flying clubs except private one's became sick due to non-subsidy to students as it was a great burden for pilot student to pay for full flying cost. Flying clubs are generally private bodies headed by Deputy Commissioner of the district, with Sr. public person and DGCA member on its board. Equipment i.e. aircraft are purchased by the Central Government (DGCA or Aero Club of India) and given to flying clubs but remain property of DGCA.
Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Udan Academy (IGRUA) was set up in Fursatganj in U.P. to provide quality training to the pilots. The Academy envisaged a quantum improvement in the standards of flying and ground training of Commercial Pilots in the country. For this, the Academy is equipped with most modern and sophisticated trainer aircraft, up-to-date audiovisual training aids and other facilities for effective ground training. Highly qualified flying and ground instructors, with long experience in the field of aviation and flying training were recruited.
Academy is funded by Ministry of Civil Aviation (Air India & Indian) and is equipped with latest aircraft /simulator. It has produced a large number of pilots who are serving airlines. IGRUA charges Rs.16.5 lakhs for CPL training. IGRUA uses mainly TB-20 trainer aircraft and it charges per flying hour is Rs.12, 000/-. IGRUA have been permitted to admit 100 flying students per year. IGRUA is supported to the tune of Rs.10 crores (approximately) on its recurring annual account.
Proposed Training Establishment At Gondia in Mahrashtra: - Ministry of Civil Aviation (MCA) is in the process of setting up National Flying Training Institute (NFTI) at Gondia in Maharastra. MCA is concerned regarding shortage of world-class facilities for training the pilots in India to meet the large-scale demand of well-trained pilots. Ministry also envisages that specific infrastructure meeting the needs of International Standardized Flying Training including the research and development in the fields of pilot training, aviation related innovated and practical courses comparable to the requirements of standards of CAR, issued by DGCA (India). ICAO, FAA (of USA) and other international training centers of repute should be established.
NFTI is a green field training center and aims to develop NFTI investment as viable economic units. NFTI may have institutional structure which meet the DGCA requirements for flying training. These are
Society registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860
Statutory body under an Act of Parliament
Company incorporated under the Companies Act, 1956
Foreign Training Institutes/ Schools: Indian flying students also go abroad for flying training and obtaining PPL and CPL in foreign Academies predominantly in USA, Canada and Australia. The pilots having successfully completed the training program receive license issued by Civil Aviation Authorities of respective countries. DGCA accepts the license of foreign aviation authority and endorses the license after passing of the students of three papers and flight check by the DGCA pilot. The duration of obtaining CPL license is comparatively much less and may cost about $US 20,000/- as fees. The student pilot also pays additional expenditure for boarding and lodging and traveling
Process For Grant Of Approval For Flying Training Institute
Approval for setting up Flying Training Institute is issued by the DGCA in accordance with CAR Section 7, Series "D" Part 1 issued in July 1999 and subsequently amended from time to time. This document details eligibility requirements, and describes the process in details along with minimum requirements relating to infrastructure, procedures and manpower for grant of approval This document is applicable for flying training activities with aircraft having maximum certified take off mass not exceeding 5700 kgs. The document also encloses formats for applicants to be utilized at various stages in the process.
Eligibility requirements for issue of approval:
Approval of organizations undertaking flying training activities can be granted to Central Government or state owned or controlled ones. Indian citizens, Nonresident Indian, or overseas corporate bodies can also apply for setting up flying training institutes. A company registered in India having its principal place of business within India with or without foreign equity participation (excluding NRI equity as approved by Government of India from time to time is covered in eligibility criteria.
Stages of ApprovalUnder the prescribed process, approvals are granted stage-wise. The stages are as under:
Grant of Initial 'No Objection Certificate'
Permission for import/ acquisition of Aircraft
Grant of Approval
Grant of Initial No Objection Certificate (NOC) - Stage 1
Application is to be made to the Director General of Civil Aviation in prescribed format. For issue of initial NOC, Security clearance and FIPB approval (in case of foreign equity participation) is necessary. Application should contain following information with supporting documents. Following details are required to be furnished in the application:
Memorandum of Articles of Association duly registered with the competent authority
No Objection Certificate from Airports Authority of India from air traffic point of view
No Objection Certificate from Owner of the airport for use of airport for setting up of training institute and for providing parking and Hangar space.
Financial soundness of applicant
Project report giving details of organization, manpower, training plans, infrastructure and equipment for the institute, source of funding, viability of project etc.
Details of Directors of the Board and Chairman/ CEO for necessary security clearance
Type and number of aircraft and simulator and source of procurement
Submission of requisite fee
Initial NOC will be granted after the application is found satisfactory from the point of view of need of training institute, airport capacity and constraints at the proposed airport, suitability of proposed aircraft type, aircraft maintenance arrangements etc. This NOC is valid for one and half years during which applicant will take necessary steps to comply with requirements and acquire final approval for starting the training institute.
Issue of permission to import of Aircraft - Stage 2
Initial NOC holder will take necessary steps to the satisfaction of DGCA for establishing required infrastructure, recruitment and training of manpower, preparation and approval of training manual, maintenance system manual, MEL, Maintenance schedules, security program etc. Initial NOC holder will furnish necessary information to show that the specific aircraft proposed to be imported meets the requirements for import of aircraft and that all mandatory modifications and airworthiness directives are complied.
On demonstration of necessary preparedness the initial NOC holder will apply to the Ministry of Civil Aviation for grant of permission to import/ acquire aircraft in the prescribed format.
The permission to import aircraft shall be valid for one year extendable by three months on one time basis. For new aircraft extension may be permitted for actual lead-time of the delivery.
Grant of Approval - Stage 3
For the final grant of approval institute shall have necessary training aids, Hangars, suitable space for aircraft maintenance, well lighted workshops and fire fighting / safety equipments. Well-marked and adequate parking bays and taxi tracks along with facilities for mooring should be available. Adequate space for engineering, maintenance, operations and classrooms should be in place. The institute should have a well equipped library with aviation books, literature, up to date flying training circulars/ compendium, CARs, AICs, AIP, Jeppson Charts route maps etc.
Chief flight instructor/ Flight Instructor, in-charge and Quality control Manager should be recruited for whom DGCA approval is obtained. Adequate number of flight instructors, ground instructors and engineering personnel should be employed. Specific approval is necessary for employment of foreign licensed pilots/ engineers.
On completion of necessary preparedness, applicant will apply to DGCA for grant of approval to the flying institute. The application should cover the following aspects:
Particulars of specific aircraft with installation of mandatory instruments and equipment
Certification of Registration and Certificate of airworthiness of the aircraft
Approval of the maintenance organization
Name, license/ approvals and endorsements of flight instructors/ engineers
Comprehensive insurance policy covering aircraft, occupants and third party risks in accordance with requirement
Compliance of relevant CAR and conditions for initial NOC if any
Details of facilities, equipment, procedures and necessary manpower.
On satisfactory review by the DGCA, a team constituted in DGCA will carry out inspection of the institute. If the institute meets all requirements DGCA will grant approval to the institute that shall be valid for one year and shall be renewed each year.Sources For Instructors
The sources from where instructors could be recruited are as follows:
From general aviation
Indian Air Force
International Market
There is a shortage of instructors at present in the Indian aviation market. However, NEC can approach Indian Air force for instructors on deputation. The instructors can also be sourced from the International market.
Company Profile
(Foundation for Aviation and Sustainable Tourism)
Vision of FAST
"Foundation for Aviation and Sustainable Tourism (FAST) to be a Think Tank evaluating policies and a Research Organization of Repute."
About FAST(Foundation for Aviation and Sustainable Tourism)
Foundation for Aviation and Sustainable Tourism(FAST) is an international. non-government, non-political, autonomous research organization was founded in the year 1992 .It is not working for the profit but its objective is to promote the Civil Aviation and Tourism in harmony with the environment and provides common platform for the industry and the government to find a workable solutions. Its main aim is to function as an institutional base for the study of all aspects with regard to civil aviation and tourism including their management
Former Secretary General, International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), Dr. S.S.Siddhu is the founder Chairman of this organization. Lt. Gen (Retd.) K M Seth, PVSM, AVSM, former Governor of Tripura and Chattisgarh is the president. Former Executive Director, Airport Authority of India (AAI) Mr. Gurcharan Bhatura is the director general of FAST. Mr. B.K Joshi, former Joint Director General of Civil Aviation is the secretary general.
Board of trustees
FAST is managed by the board with following trustees:
- Lt. Gen. (Retd.) K.M. Seth PVSM, AVSM Former Governor of Tripura & Chattisgarh
- Mr. N.N. Jha IAS (Retd.)
- Mr. B.N. Jha,IAS (Retd.)
- Mr. Uma S Bhartia, Manager Director India Glycols Ltd
- Mr. P.R.S. Oberoi CMD, East India Hotels (Oberoi group of hotels)
- Mr. Siddhanta Sharma, Chairman Spice Jet
- Mr. VP Agrawal, Member (Planning) AAI
- Mr. Gurcharan Bhatura, Director General, FAST.
Executive Council
- Lt. Gen. (Retd.) K.M. Seth AVSM, PVSM & former Governor of Tripura & Chhattisgarh, President FAST
- Mr. M. P. Bezbaruah, IAS (Retd.)
- Mr. Raghu Menon, CMD, National Aviation Company of India Limited
- Mr. Anil Bhandari, MD International Travel House Ltd
- Mr. Kanu Gohain, Director General Civil Aviation
- Mr. Parvez Dewan, CMD India Tourism Development Corporation
- Mr. R. Krishnan, Consulting Editor Cruising Heights
- Mr. Raman Sidhu India Head, Corp Affairs Fidelity international
- Mr. MM Bhagat, Chairman Bhagat Group
- Mr. Gurcharan Bhatura, Director and Secretary General
- Mr. B. K. Joshi, Treasurer
Corporate Members and Members from industry
There are many members of this organization which is from the aviation industry. Some are as follows :
- Mr.Naresh Goyal – (Chairman) Jet Airways (I) Pvt Ltd
- Mr. Parvez Dewan,- (Chairman & Managing Director) India Tourism Development Corporation,
- Mr. Uma S. Bhartia - (Managing Director )India Glycols Ltd.
- Mr. Raghu Menon,- (Chairman & Managing Director) National Aviation Company of India Limited
- Shri Siddhanta Sharma – (Chairman) SpiceJet Limited
- Mr. R. Gupta – (Former Secretary)
- Mr. K. Gohain Director General Civil Aviation
- Mr. V. P. Agrawal Member Planning
- Dr. G. K. Agarwal former Dy. M. D.
- Capt. D. V. Sharma former Director Operations
- Mr. H. S. Bhatia former Member Engg.
- Mr. Ashok Bhushan former Director Planning
- Mr. V. K. Chandana former Joint DGCA
- Mr. Nalin Sharma former Chief Architect
- Mr. Daya Kishan former Director Meteorology
- Mr. B. S. Mathur & Mr. R. C. Gupta both former Chief Engineers of
- Airport Authority of India(AAI).
- Mr. Ravinder Sethi a renowned Aviation and Tourism Consultant.
- And there are other well known members from the industry.
Achievements and major projects handled
Fast is the only research organization in India which has combined both the aviation and tourism under a single umbrella. It is registered with Bureau of Administration and Services(ADB) of International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) which in itself implies recognition of its standing.
FAST has successfully completed 17 years in the aviation industry and has conducted several important studies and national and international level seminars and conferences. FAST has played its significant role towards the promotion of Indian Civil Aviation and playing its role in developing cordial relations with International Civil Aviation Organization(ICAO).
So far FAST has successfully conducted seven International conferences and is well known worldwide for its successful world class conferences and seminars. Its seventh International conference "INDIA – ASEAN Needs for Civil Aviation cooperation" was a great success held in February. Its next International conference is going to be held in September 2009.
Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA) associated FAST as a member of KAW committee constituted to review the working conditions of the DGCA. FAST was also invited by the Chattisgarh Tourism Board, Raipur, for advice on introduction of 'Heli' – Tourism. Also North East Council Sectretary of Shillong had sought its advice to improve 'Air Connectivity in the NE Region'.
FAST was contacted for advice on setting up of a flying academy in Lilabari airport, Assam. They were seeking suggestion on regulatory mechanism for Civil Aviation for Planning Commission. They were also approached for getting an action plan for development of sustainable tourism in Andaman Nicobar Island.
The major project/studies and research handled by FAST is as follows :
- Techno- economic feasibility for aircraft maintenance and repair facility
- Corporate plan for airports authority of India
- Privatization of airports in India- recent developments and contemporary issues
- Space tourism- industry of the 21st century
- Action plan for development of sustainable tourism in Andaman & Nicobar islands
- Regulatory mechanism for civil aviation
- Enhancing air connectivity in North east Region
- Heli- Tourism in Chhattisgarh
- Setting up of Pilot Training Centre at Lilabari, Assam
List Of publication
- Aviation and sustainable tourism – emerging trends
- New horizon on travel and tourism
- Flight into millennium – aviation and tourism symbiosis
- Airborne for progress : tourism and aviation
- Aviation and tourism : synergy for success
Address and contact details
Foundation for Aviation and Sustainable Tourism (FAST)
IInd floor, Old Vayudoot Building
Indian Airlines Complex, Safdarjung Airport
New Delhi-110 003 ( INDIA)
Tel : +91-11-24627100
Telefax : +91-11-24610377
E-Mail: [email protected] www.fastindia.org
Chapter 4 Training Academy Civil Infrastructure
4.1 Concept
The campus facilities for Pilots Training Institute are proposed at two locations. The one is within airport boundary. As the facilities like Workshop, rooms of instructors, engineering staff should be within the boundary.
The second Location is outside but near to the airport area. Second location is chosen because it is not possible to locate the facilities within airport boundary. These facilities are Administrative Area, Teaching area, Hostel for trainees, residential area, guest house and club and sports complex.
4.2 Site Study and Interaction
A site has been selected. This land will have to be acquired from Government. The proposed campus site is accessible from main approach road to Airport.
4.3 Planning Criteria and Master Planning
General A detailed study has been done for setting up a Training institute in a healthy and convenient environment with investment as low as possible. Proposal is of providing all essential infrastructure and facilities for training purpose.
Development of buildings, hangar, Apron etc is important but to make provision for support service/Bulk services is also necessary. They are
A) Power Supply
B) Water Supply
c) Sewage System
D) Drainage System
A detailed study survey is considered for power supply of desired load and coordination with local electricity authorities and state electricity board will have to be done to get the required load for power supply available and its confirmation.
- Water Supply
The source of water supply for the New Campus should be located on the vacant land. The required numbers of deep tube wells are to be bored after carrying out the tests for the expected yields and quality of water. At the campus the necessary pump houses, underground tank and RCC overhead tank should be built. For distribution of water supply, cast Iron pipe water lines of required diameter should be laid from tube wells to underground tanks and from these to overhead tank. Water treatment plants should also be developed to remove impurity if possible.
- Sewerage System
We have constructed a sewerage treatment plant of required capacity and some independent septic tanks for each block of buildings. It's necessary to construct sewerage treatment plant for sewerage load of all the building located at new campus site i.e. administrative block, teaching areas and residential complex including guest house, and other individual building in this campus.
- Drainage System
The entire open land is made to provide natural slope for carrying the rainwater flow to fall in to main storm water drains. Similarly other water drains ( administrative , teaching and residential block ) will join the main storm water drains .
- Power supply
The power is made available at the flying training school by local Govt. electricity department.
The cost of providing power supply from primary source up to proposed substation at Institutional new campus by state Electricity board/authority has not been included in the estimated cost for power supply system.
It is recommended that one primary source feeder at 11 kv from state Electricity Department should dedicated feeder for the Institute.
The cost of providing power intake at substation of new campus has not been included in this report.
Standby Power - A reliable and uninterrupted power supply is the basic requirement for as aviation training academy. Therefore proposed power supply system shall be so designed that in the event of failure of normal power distribution equipment or a feeder, an alternative source of power can be switched on therefore; the generations of the required capacity for standby power supply will have to be installed. It is assumed that 40% of lighting load and 60% of essential power load will be supplied power, through standby source.
Proposed New Institutional Campus for Pilots Training Institute (Phase – I)
The new campus has been planned to comprise of following five areas: -
Residential Complex.
Administrative Building.
Teaching Campus.
Hostel Block.
Guest House & Club.
The brief scope and concept for design and planning for each of the above complex has been given as below.
a) Residential Complex
The Residential campus including is proposed to located on the vacant land of adjoining to Airport. Existing Road will connect the residential campus to Airport complex.
The residential campus is proposed to have single room hostels for boys and girls,
separate residential Units for executives and other staff, guest house including one for VIP and a recreation club along open space for sports complex.
The layout of residential complex has been planned in a manner with scope for future expansion in a phased manner.
b) Administrative Building An RCC framed structure building (with provision for the floor on top)has been proposed for phase-1. This building has been designed to built and another storey on ground floor for subsequent phase expansion.
The administrative building will consists of following.
Director's Office
Dy Director (Admin,Finance,Persional etc)
The offices for Senior Faculty/Flying instructor and senior manager.
Main Office
Reception and waiting lounge
Toilet Blocks
Miscellaneous like stairs,kitchen etc
Seminar Room
c) Teaching Complex
The facilities which are primarily meant for class room teaching, seminar/conference rooms, Library, simulator rooms, auditorium etc. are proposed to be provided at the new campus, As already stated the site for the complex is adjacent to Airport and will be accessible from the main approach road to the airport..
D) Hostel Block (Trainees)
In first phase will be about providing hostel facilities (single room) for 25 trainees. This will be a double storied RCC Building with provision for future expansion.
The other facilities to be provided in hostel block will include Common dining hall and kitchen , common room/lounge, separate for boys and girls, warden room/office, toilet block etc.
E) Flying Teaching Complex at Airport
The teaching complex will be near to apron. This teaching complex will consists of following facilities.
A Flying operational offices.
(i) Chief Instructor's Room
(ii) Instructors Room
(iii) Briefing/debriefing Room
Flight dispatch Room
B Engineering workshop & offices
(i) Chief Engineer Room
(ii) Store Rooms
(iii) Workshop Rooms
C Aircraft Parking Area
Apron & Taxi Link
i) Hangar
It will consist of a structural steel hangar of size 25 meter wide and 30 meter long. The height of the hangar will be 8 meter. These will be 2 R.C.C. structure Building to house the facilities for Flying and Engineering workshop & offices
ii) Apron & Taxi-Link
The Apron Area for parking of Aircraft provided is 66m 40m. The provision has also been made for Taxi-link connecting the Apron with Runway for Taxing of Aircraft to Apron & Hanger..
4.6 Hanger Design Concept
The primary function of a hangar is to provide an enclosure for servicing, overhauling and doing repairs on the aircrafts. The hangar will be constructed as structural steel frame and covered with proper type of metallic sheets as roofing.
The hanger will also be provided with facilities like shops and stores for spare parts. The size of hangar has been decided on the basis of the size of trainer aircraft, and numbers to be 1 parked at a time inside the hangar and turning radius of aircraft.
4.7 Furniture & Office Equipment
The detailed break up for working out the requirements of furniture, computers, telephones etc have been taken into consideration separately for Administrative Block, Technical Block, Operational and engineering office and Teaching area.
4.8 Technical Specifications
Teaching/Institutional complex.
Teaching complex, Administrative offices, Trainee Hostels, guesthouses, Auditorium, Residential Quarters for faculty members and staff, club etc. will be R.C.C. framed structure with brick walls.
The External finish of institutional building, administrative Building, club and auditorium will be provided with some permanent superior finish, with weather coating.
Internal finishes of the building will be cement plaster on walls with top finish of oil based distemper/ or other superior finish.
Aluminum doors and windows and first class seasoned wood for doors and windows.
The floor of buildings will be of vitrified tiles or marble with granite combination in the public areas, classrooms & computer hall. All class room and laboratory / workshop will be provided with wall tiles up to a height of 1.50 meter. From floor to provide a permanent finish for walls to avoid periodical maintenance.
Toilets will also be provided with the similar superior finishes. The ceilings of all buildings will be plastered and painted white.
Air conditioners will be provided in all Important Buildings
4.9 Environmental Assessment of Site
The factors like Noise and pollution will be low on the institute as it is in the outskirts.
Surrounding Environment
It is proposed to have plantation of trees and landscaping and greenery will be developed to make Institute more beautiful and attractive.
4.10 Cost Estimate
General: The cost estimates are based on the following technical specifications, scope of work and the assumption.
Prevailing unit are a Market rates for similar Constructions
Market Rate Prevailing rates from Manufacturers/Suppliers.
Market rates based on quotations, wherever possible
Charges @.7% of the cost will have to be added for consultancy, detailed engineering/architectural drawings, structural designs etc. at the time of accord of sanction of project and budget/funds allotment.
In the absence of detailed engineering several details based on the sound engineering practices and experience in the airport works, have been adopted to work out a reasonable and realistic cost estimate.
Summary of Cost - Civil Infrastructure
All the costs are approximations and based on some previous report.
Aircraft & Training AIDS
5.1 It has been observed that the aircraft which are mainly used in India for the training purpose are5.3 The brief details on some of the training aircraft are as follows: -
5.3.1 Pushpak
Pushpak was designed and developed by Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. & had been the main stay of training from 1960 onwards. It is seen that 106 Pushpak aircraft are on Indian register. Pushpak is of tail wheel type and side-by-side sitting. These aircraft have lived their utility and are of earlier design concept. Therefore Pushpak aircraft is not in consideration.
5.3.2 Diamond DA 20 Katana
Katana is two-seater light plane manufactured by Diamond Aircraft Corporation, Canada. Diamond had built 331 Katana Also in Canada up to October 1998, when manufacture of the variant was suspended. At least 20 were supplied to Diamond in Austria in 1998. European production of DV 20s terminated with the production of 160 aircraft.
Australian and Canadian production establishments delivered more than 650 DV/DA 20s of all versions by end 2001. DA 20 was produced in various versions with different power plants. DA 20-C1 is powered by Teledyne Continental IO-240-B (125 hp) flat –four driving a Sensenich two-blade wood and composite propeller. Structure of the Aircraft is made mostly of GFRP construction with local CFRP reinforcement in high-stress areas.
Fuselage comprises of two large cells, which are bonded together and incorporate transverse bulkheads in the cabin/center section area and three ring bulkheads in the tail cone. Wings are made out of GFRP and Spar caps are made out of CFRP. Diamond 40 is a four seat light plane powered by Textron Lycoming IO-360 engine of 180 hp. Another new version is DA-40-TDI (133hp) with turbo engine is also available.
5.3.3 Cessna 152
Cessna 152 has been the most successful trainer aircraft produced by Cessna Aircraft Company of USA. Total all types 183, 666 aircraft were produced by this company by 2001. The production of Cessna 152 was stopped in 1980s but resumed production of 172 in 1994. Cessna 152 is side-by-side two seat trainer aircraft of semi-monocoque metal construction. Some of the important particulars of the aircraft are as follows: -
Horsepower: 115 Gross Weights: 1600 lbs
Top Speed: 108 knots Empty Weight: 1040 lbs
Cruise Speed: 103 knots Fuel Capacity: 26.00 gal
Stall Speed (dirty): 42 knots Range: 303 nm
Takeoff Landing
Ground Roll: 735 ft Ground Roll: 445 ft
Over 50 ft obstacle: 1385 ft Over 50 ft obstacle: 1075 ft
Rate of Climb: 670 fpm
Ceiling: 14000 ft
5.3.4 Cessna 172
Cessna 172 has various variants. Cessna 172 Sky hawk is very popular model. It is a four seat light plane. Standard Cessna 172 compared with pre-1986 (172Q) versions, features fuel injected engine; specially developed McCauley propeller optimized for reduced rpm operation; new Honeywell avionics; metal instrument panel with backlit, non-glare instruments; all electric engine gauges, dual vacuum system, digital clock, EGT gauge, hour meter and centrally mounted enunciator panel; stainless steel control cables; epoxy corrosion-proofing; cabin improvements; steps for visual checking of fuel tanks, which have quick-reference quantity tabs, and consolidation of all primary electrical components into a single junction box on the firewall for simplified servicing.
Cessna 172 is all metal semi-monologue construction. It is widely used and is a successful trainer aircraft. It is powered by 160 hp Textron Lycoming IO-360-L2A flat-four piston engine driving a two-blade, fixed pitch McCauley metal propeller. The model 172R is certified to the requirements of U.S. FAA (Federal Aviation Regulation) Part 23 through amendment 23-6, including day, night, VFR and IFR. Some performance details are as follows: -
Horsepower: 160 Gross Weights: 2450 lbs
Top Speed: 123 knots Empty Weight: 1642 lbs
Cruise Speed: 122 knots Fuel Capacity: 42.00 gal
Stall Speed (dirty): 47 knots Range: 580 nm
Takeoff Landing
Ground Roll: 945 ft Ground Roll: 550 ft
Over 50 ft obstacle: 1685 ft Over 50 ft obstacle: 1295 ft
Rate of Climb: 720 fpm
Ceiling: 13500 ft
TB-20 is manufactured by M/s. Socata of France. The TB-20 GT version has been certified in January 2001 by DGCA, France. A large number of TB-20 GT Trinidad has been sold to various customers in France and USA. It is of a semi- monocoque construction and is powered by 250 Textron Lycoming IO-540 flat six, driving a two-blade Hartzell constant speed propeller. This aircraft is being used by IGURA for PPL and CPL training. Its leading particulars are as follows: -
Horsepower: 250 Gross Weights: 1600 lbs
Top Speed: 108 knots Empty Weight: 1040 lbs
Cruise Speed: 163 knots Fuel Capacity: 26.00 gal
Stall Speed (dirty): 42 knots Range: 303 nm
Takeoff Landing
Ground Roll: 735 ft Ground Roll: 445 ft
Over 50 ft obstacle: 1955 ft Over 50 ft obstacle: 1075 ft
Rate of Climb: 1130 fpm
Ceiling: 20000 ft5.3.6 Zlin
ZLIN 242L has been manufactured by MORAVAN AEROPLANES INC of Czech Republic. It is a primary prop trainer sport playing. Total of the 120 aircraft have been delivered by 2002.
Aircraft is a conventional aeroplane and is powered by Textron Lycoming AEIO-360 flat-four engine of 200hp driving three blades constant speed would composite propeller. Some performance details are as follows: -
Horsepower: 200 Gross Weights: 2248 lbs
Top Speed: 124 knots Empty Weight: 1609 lbs
Cruise Speed: 123 knots Fuel Capacity: 31.71gal
Stall Speed (dirty): 64 knots Range: 504 nm
Takeoff Landing
Ground Roll: 1005 ft Ground Roll: 935 ft
Over 50 ft obstacle: 1625 ft Over 50 ft obstacle: 1725 ft
Rate of Climb: 886 fpm
Ceiling: 14760 ft
5.4 Aircraft Operating Flying Cost Per Hour
The total operating cost per hour of flying for typical trainer aircraft and Cessna 172 aircraft has been assumed in the study. Total operating cost consists of fuel, oil, spares and material for maintenance, accident reserve fund, overhauls fund, maintenance and certification of avionics etc. indirect fixed cost will consist of all administrative overheads, depreciation and insurance. Operating Cost of aircraft has been worked out on following assumptions in respect of various components of the total cost.
5.4.2 Basic Price of the Aircraft:
The purchase price of Cessna aircraft could be seen for various make model serial no. from the web site. It is observed that the purchase price of Cessna 172 S.P. of 2000 make and Low on total time is about US $2,40,000/-. From Jane's All the world's aircraft book of 2003-2004 it is observed that the cost of Cessna 172 is about US $1,82,000/-. The price of the aircraft is negotiable with the company evaluation. For the present study landed aircraft price is estimated as 1.2 crores including freight and insurance.
5.4.3 Spare engine and aircraft spares:
Experts are of the view that the spare engine for five aircraft is minimum requirement for efficient running of the academy. Also spares at least about 10% of the purchased cost of the aircraft are needed for maintenance purpose. It is considered view of the experts that at least cost of one aircraft towards these elements is needed. Therefore, appropriation of 1.2 crores would be reasonable for the present costing purpose.
5.4.4 Investment estimates for aircraft and related items:
Investments towards purchase of five aircraft, spare engines and aircraft and engine spares are given in the Table – 5.1. Aircraft and engine spares are assumed at 10% of airframe price and 60% of engine price respectively.
Table 5.1
5.5 Assumptions for Operating Cost
5.5.1 Life of the aircraft:
The experts says that the life of an trainer aircraft is usually more than 20 years. The utilization low but due to bad handling by students it may cause the aircraft for repair . Therefore aircraft life of 15 years is assumed.
5.5.2 Residual value:
The residual value of the aircraft is taken 10%.
5.5.3 Annual utilization:
According to DGCA the annual use of an trainer aircraft is 450 hrs. But taking 800 hrs in a flying academy may be appropriate. This will be providing a training of 4 hours a day for 200 clear days in a year.
5.5.4 Depreciation:
To show the real value of cost of operation depreciation value has been considered.
5.5.5 Insurance:
The insurance rates vary from company to company from 3-5% but in this case we have taken it as 3.5% per annum.This includes hull, instructor and third party.
5.5.6 Interest on Investment:
It is not taken in account to calculate operating cost.
5.5.7 Fuel And Oil Cost:
The trainer aircraft uses AvGAS .The cost of the AvGAS varies and is taken about Rs. 75/- per lt. The Transportation cost is to be calculated. Cessna 172 aircraft consumes around 30-35 liters of Av Gas in an hour. Oil consumption is around 4% of the fuel cost.
5.5.8 Maintenance Cost:
It is estimated that materials and spares for maintenance of aircraft and engines/ propellers would amount to approximately Rs 1325 per hour of flying.
5.5.9 Accident Reserve/Overhaul cost:
The cost will be due to overhauling of the engine and is taken Rs.500/-per hour of flying.
Direct Operating Cost Of The Aircraft
Direct Operating cost consisting of various cost elements discussed above are presented in Table 5.2 below.
Direct Operating Cost Of The Aircraft
(For 4000 Hours of Flying)
(Utilization 800 hours p.a.)
5.7 Manpower requirement for the Academy:
Academy will have three wings viz. flying operation wing, engineering wing and administrative wing.
- In Flying wing there will be a Chief Flying Instructor assisted by two seniors Assistant Flying Instructors (SAFI), 5 assistant Flying Instructors and one Ground Instructor.
- The Engineering wing which is for maintaining five aircraft will be headed by Chief Engineer assisted by Deputy Chief Engineer, One Quality Control Manager,One assistant Engineer and one Chief Mechanic ,Six workers level junior mechanics and six aircraft hands. One Store Keeper and one Store Clerk cum Typist are also required.
- Administrative Staff will be Asst. Secretary cum Accountant, Assistant Account, Typist cum Clerk, Attendant cum Clerk, Driver.
The salary structure of personnel has been assumed based on prevailing market conditions and is indicated in the Tables 5.3-5.5 below. The Personnel salaries have been worked out in these tables.Table –5.3
Indirect Operating Cost
Flying ClubOperation wing
Total salary amount of Operation, Engineering and Administrative wing Fixed cost Rs.1,73,14,000 Rs.4,328.00/-
Annual Operational hrs. 4000/-
Fixed cost per hour 1,73,14,000 = Rs.4,328.00
4,000Note (a) Inclusive of all perks DA, HRA and CCA etc.
(b) The salary projected above is subjected to change.
5.8 Hourly Operating Total Cost:
The operating cost consists of variable cost of maintenance and insurance etc of aircraft. The fixed cost is of flying, engineering and maintenance staff. The total operating cost is equal to the sum of the operating cost and fixed cost as shown in the table 5.6Table 5.6
It is observed that the total operating cost per hour of flying of Cessna Aircraft will be about Rs.10,500.
5.9 Teaching/Training AIDS
5.9.1 Library
Library is essentially required for an Academy as thus needs to be established. The latest technical books on the subjects relevant for CPL training are to be purchased. The books are available with publishers locally and some of these could be procured from abroad. Manufacturer of the aircraft may suggest some of the books of use to the flying students.
5.9.2 Publications:
Publications of the Civil Aviation Authority is required AIP, AIC, CAR and ICAO publications are required for the library.
5.9.3 Audio Visual:
Training films are available on CD/DVD for PPL, CPL, multi Engine, Instrument Training etc. These have to be procured for quality training for the flying students.
5.9.4 Equipment:
Computer video projectors are needed for classroom training. Computers and projectors with facility of power point projections are available in the market.
5.9.5 Flight Simulators:
Simulator are designed to be used in flight schools to teach/learn students to recognize the function of all instruments present in a fully IFR equipped Cessna 172 Skyhawk aircraft. Model TRC472B, which is approved by JAR. Its cost is about EUR 39,450.
Cost of simulator TRC 472 B 33.53 lacs * 1 Euro = Rs.85.00
Cost of three simulators 100.59 lacs
Cost of advanced simulator 130.00 lacs
Cost of all simulators 230.59 lacs
Spares and other incidentals (@17% 29.07 lacs
Total 255.95 lacs
Rs 2.56 crores approx.
5.9.6 Investments for Training Aids: Investment for training simulators and other training aids is summarized below
Table 5.7
5.10 Maintenance shop: DGCA approved maintenance shops are required to carrying out the maintenance schedules. It is estimated that tools and other equipment and facilities would require investment of Rs.50 lacs.
Chapter 6
Investment Summary
Total investments on civil works for the Training Academy is discussed in Civil Infrastructure. The total estimated investments for construction of Training School, hangars, workshops, hostels etc. is Rs 10.31 crores. This investment is for Phase I during which two batches of 20 pilot trainees each will be inducted.
Investments for induction of five trainer aircraft, with necessary spare engine support and spare parts have been estimated. This fleet of 5 aircraft will provide for 4000 hours of flying training in a year and would cater to training of 20 trainee pilots (first batch) to CPL level, and 20 trainee pilots (second batch) will be trained up to PPL level. The investments on this account are expected to be Rs 7.30 crores.
Training curriculum of pilots requires them to undergo training on simulator. Keeping in view the workload provision has been made to induct three simulators at a cost of Rs 2.56 crores. That a part provision for other training equipment such as overhead projectors, VCD/DVD players, projection systems, computers etc. have been made at Rs 0.20 crores. Provision has also been made for workshop for maintenance of trainer aircraft and Rs 0.5 crores has been provided for the same.
The total investments for civil works, training aircraft, spares support, simulators and training aids, and maintenance workshop are summarized below:
Summary of Capital Investment
6.5 Recurring Annual Expenditure
6.5.1 Civil infrastructure Maintenance Expenditure:
The fixed assets of Civil works proposed for the Training School in Chapter 6 have to be maintained by way of periodic upkeep. The annual maintenance costs is normally assumed between 3 to 5% of the investments costs. At 4% the annual maintenance cost will amount to Rs 40 lakhs.
6.5.2 Flying Training Expenditure:
Operation of aircraft entails expenditure under two heads namely variable cost (Aircraft Fuel, Oil, Maintenance materials etc.) and fixed costs ( Depreciation, Insurance). While the former is related to extent of operations, latter is incurred on annual fixed basis. Aircraft operating Costs are summarized. Based on these estimates expenditure for aircraft operations are worked out below
184.108.40.206 Variable Cost Elements
Cost Rs per hour
Fuel/ Oil 2730
Spare/ Maintenance materials 1325
Accident/ Overhaul reserve fund 500
Subtotal 4555
For Annual fleet utilization of 4000 hours expenditure = 4000*4555
= 182.20 Lakhs
6.5.3 Depreciation
Training Aircraft = 900*4000 = Rs. 36.00 Lakhs
Simulators (10 years St Line) = Rs 25.00 Lakhs
Sub Total = Rs 61.00 Lakhs
Aircraft Insurance = 525*4000 = Rs. 21.0 Lakhs
6.5.5 Personnel Salary Expenditure:
The Training Academy will employ personnel in Flying, Engineering and Administrative wings. The details of staff in each wing and annual expenditure have been estimated and are summarized below:
Flying Wing : Rs. 95.00 Lakhs
Engineering Wing: Rs 71.22 Lakhs
Administrative Wing: Rs 6.92 Lakhs
Total Rs 173.14 LakhsTotal Annual Expenditure: Annual Expenditure (Recurring) for the Training Academy is summarized below in Table 6.2:
Annual Expenditure (Recurring)


text:
Wednesday, July 18, 2012
Well it is July all ready and so much has been going on, We just got back from Hawaii and had a great time. I also have been trying so hard to lose weight. I have lost 21 lbs so far. It has been a battle. But I am trying so hard. I know I didn't put it on over night and I am not going to lose it over night. So I am the slow and steady as the turtle goes (Grin) . We had a wonderful time in Hawaii. That was my anniversary present from hubby, it was our 30th on June 12th.. We took the kids with us they had a blast.. Figured they wouldn't get to go any other way. It was relaxing and peaceful. The kids first time in the airplane and they loved it.. I will try to down load pictures.. But like anybody cares.. I guess my subbies I have here don't give a flippin fig about my blog here.. Anyway we went to Kauai Hawaii the island of foliage. It was beautiful.. and the weather was very good yes it did rain everyday but it was showers u could be in and not get horrible wet. The Trade-winds keep the island cool. The high was 85 and low was 65.. I say that the weather was awesome. When everyone back home was 100 to 103.. And we were so cool, there is no humidity there. And the plant life there was beautiful and so was the waters. There was not bugs of any kind there.. but there were a lot of chickens and roosters.. even when going to the gas station. They were every where on the island.. Hubby and Kyle went deep sea fishing and caught tuna.. poor Kyle got sea sick once.. threw up over board and that was it.. He was a trooper.. He had a great time fishing. Kelly and I just lazy around the resort and I did laundry too as we had a washer n dryer so I didn't have to wash when we got home. We had a whole week there from Thursday to the following Wednesday. So we were there a total of 7 days. We also had a fun kitchen and i cooked our meals as it was terrible expensive.. I mean it was 40.00 for adults and 35 for kids even if you just got a burger and fries.. So they had grills and we grilled out every night and went to a little market they had near the resort.. not to bad., but of course if u wanted eggs they were like 5.99 a dozen and milk was 7.99 a gallon and the bread was like 2 something a loaf.. so we went and got a local card for the stores and it help us save quite a bit. If u had a Little Debbie addiction then go there and u will be broke from it... a dozen donuts were 6.99 a box and the cakes were like 6.99 a box of 6 and the pies were like 2.99 a pie.. so needless to say we didn't buy them.. What was kool was the local Walmart had surf boards but they were like 699.00 so that was pricey.. They had one Walmart and One Kmart and a few stores at the mall but all in all it was mostly tourist shops. We had a rental car and we put over 600 miles on it.. good thing they didn't charge by the mileage.. LOL But everything you wanted to do was clear across the island. so the only way to get any where was by car. But I must say it was a a great trip. This summer has been so busy. We got new pedi chairs for the salon and we have had a increase in business. And of course with Kyle in football and wrestling he has been busy with practices and also we had a Special thing with Kelly going to the "Major League All Stars Game" in Kansas City. It was total awesome. And we have a family Reunion on the 28th of this month. And also the first weekend in August we are going to Pennsylvania for a Little League game the Special Pony kids are going to help with the World Series that the Pony League has... So all in all it has been a busy summer so far.. Kyle will start His Jr. Year this year they start school on the 17th or 20th of August.. will know more when we register for school. He is excited for his Jr yr. But it also will be a stressful year as he will be preparing for the ACT's & SAT's.. He is starting to stress out a bit.. He also is Dating a girl from town here and they have been going out for over a yr.. minus 2 weeks that they broke up but all is well. She is home schooled. And works at the local grocery store as a checker. Kyle wants a job but with his school work and his sports he wouldn't be able to keep up.. So we have chose not to let him work. But it may change.. not to sure.. I can't wait to get back at crafting and scrap booking.. Took the summer off and well ever since April trying to save money for the trip.. And as soon as Kyle is registered for school and school clothes bought I am going on a major Scrap Booking shopping spree!! LOL LOL I so have been waiting for this.. I have to get pictures developed and do my Hawaii vac. scrap book.. Well I need to go I have a client that just came in and I have to get busy working.. Have a great day! Melody
1 comment:
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Welcome To Orrell Rugby Union
This season's polo shirts and fleece are available for purchase on the Merchandise page. Click here to see more details. orrellrufc.co.uk/merchandise.php
If you wish to advertise on the site on in the match day program or can help with sponsorship of games please contact Peter Bayman on 01744 892321 or email firstname.lastname@example.com you have any comments or suggestions please use the 'Contact Us' link.
The Mini and Junior section have started training at St John Rigby on Wednesday nights from 6:00pm. Everybody welcome from 6 to 16 more info contact Keith Roberts
Make your bet on rugby, at one of the many online betting sites. You can find more here about how you can place your bet on rugby.
07732 482834
Sat 1 Oct, 2017
14.30 pm Kick Off
Sat 1 Oct, 2017
14.30 pm Kick Off


text:
Premanufactured Building
The EFV is the federation of national premanufactured building associations in Europe. Today the federation consists of the eight national members Austria, Bulgaria, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Sweden and Switzerland. Together these eight associations stand for a total number of more than 3 million buildings or approx. 20.000 premanufactured buildings per year – mainly one and two family homes.
The organisations driving principle is the promotion of the competitiveness of premanufactured construction in timber. In addition EFV looks after innovative research projects and further developments of the premanufactured building industry on the European level. The organisation also aims to establish rules for fair competition considering the interests of the consumers.
Towards the public, the press, and the political decision makers EFV wants to underline the advantages of premanufactured construction and the building material wood/timber:
1. High quality standards and high energy efficiency
Building a premanufactured timber frame house is an important contribution to energy saving and building quality. The high quality level of timber frame buildings is ensured by manufacturing them in factories independently from weather conditions on site. Leading quality control systems are installed in every member country of EFV. There are minimum-performance requirements established independently of the national laws as well as internal and external monitoring systems.
Timber has an excellent energy balance. Premanufactured timber frame houses are well-known for their excellent insulating properties. The future-orientated passive house completely operates without a conventional heating system.
2. Natural carbon sink and building material with low CO2 emissions
End of the year 2008 the EU adopted an energy and climate change policy, including ambitious targets for 2020 with the aims to cut greenhouse gases, increase energy efficiency and increase energy need from renewable sources. This '20 per cent strategy' is closely linked to parallel programs on national level in the member states.
The EFV supports these strategies and can give a positive contribution to it. As most of the energy today is used inside buildings it is the energy efficiency of these buildings that counts in the end. Timber construction has a higher heat insulation value than conventional constructions methods. To reach the same heat insulation a conventional construction has to be much thicker than a timber construction. Building a premanufactured timber frame house is an important contribution to environment protection. To build a premanufactured home, an average of 25 cubic metres of European wood is used – mainly domestic spruce.
Besides the high energy efficiency of timber constructions the second advantage of these houses is the usage of the natural building material wood. Building with wood causes much lower CO2 emissions than building with conventional construction material. A new survey carried out in Germany by the University of Hamburg and the University of Stuttgart makes clear, that the greenhouse potential of a wooden construction makes only 7 % of a conventional solid construction. A private timber home over a total lifetime period saves the equivalent of nearly 4000 litres oil or 6.7 years of driving a car.
Political aims: Increase percentage of wooden construction
Although the advantages of timber constructions with regard to climate and energy efficiency are obvious the majority of all new buildings in Europe is still conventional. We therefore want to exchange our views with the Commission on possible ways to increase the percentage of wooden constructions in Europe. Possible topics are the usage of renewable material for public buildings, Eco labelling for buildings or VAT reduction for 'green material'. In the end building with wood must cause a financial benefit for everyone building a 'green' house.


text:
San Jose Divorce Attorney Discusses the Change of Circumstances Requirement Necessary to Obtain a Modification of a Spousal Support Order
The change of circumstances necessary to obtain a modification of a spousal support order are the same as those the Court considers in making the initial long-term spousal support order at the time of the judgment under California Family Code Section 4320. They include, but are not limited to, the extent to which each party's earning capacity will maintain the standard of living established during the marriage, the extent to which the supported party contributed to the supporting party's attainment of an education, training, a career position, or a license, the supporting party's ability to pay, and each party's needs based on the standard of living established during the marriage. It is important to note that even when a showing of changed circumstances is made, it does not necessarily mean a modification of spousal support will be ordered by the Court. A careful consideration of the factors set forth in California Family Code Section 4320 is necessary, especially the reasonable needs and financial abilities of the parties.
Like other aspects of spousal support, the change of circumstances requirement is subject to agreement of the parties. Thus, if the parties agree to modify spousal support, no showing of changed circumstances is necessary. The parties may also agree, as part of the spousal support provision, that specified occurrences will or will not constitute the required change of circumstances to allow for subsequent modifications of that provision. However, the required change of circumstances cannot be an event that was specified by a previous court order. The supported party's cohabitation with a person of the opposite sex is a changed circumstance in which a rebuttable presumption arises. As such, the supported party has the burden to show that despite the relationship, his or her need for support has not diminished. The requisite cohabitation must be a sexual relationship, a romantic involvement, or at least a homemaker-companion relationship.
If you or someone you know has questions about spousal support or other aspects of family law such as the divorce process, child support, or child custody and visitation, please contact Sagaria Law. Our team of family law attorneys can answer any such questions you may have and assist you through the process. We represent clients from Santa Clara County, Alameda County, Monterey County, San Mateo County, and surrounding areas. Contact our office today to schedule your free consultation to speak with one of our attorneys.


text:
Some people have pointed out the Internet BGP table is now at 500,000 IP Routes. If you people don't hurry up and blow this to a million entries, we will never get decent routers and greater bandwidth in the carrier backbones.
CIDR Report – AS2.0 BGP Table Statistics
At 500K entries, many of the decade old routers (like the Cisco 7200) must now be replaced. That's a good start.
This is a good thing for customers since newer routers go faster, have more features and more reliability. It will drive those lazy service providers to invest in processes to rotate their assets more often and reduce the price of updates and bandwidth.
So get out there and advertise all of your /20 as /24's and burn up the global routing table. Once we blow that sucker up, people will also starting taking IPv6 more seriously and quickly add hundreds of thousands more entries.
More is just more when it comes to bandwidth and the Internet.
Bandwidth solves all networking problems – EtherealMind.


text:
Friday, July 17
Kick (Action/Comedy), Star Gold, 8 pm
Cast: Salman Khan, Jacqueline Fernandez, Nawazuddin Siddiqui
Devi Lal Singh (Salman Khan) or the a�?Devila�� is a thrill seeker. He is also a thief with a good heart, who steals money to help the poor and needy. Singha��s ex-lover Shaina Mehra (Jacqueline Fernandez), a doctor, happens to get a marriage proposal from Himanshu Tyagi (Randeep Hooda), a police inspector. Tyagi shares the story of an elusive thief called the Devil, and they soon figure out that Singh is the thief. Will this be the end of his adventures? Director Sajid Nadiawala paid almost `1.5 crore to purchase the rights of the song Saat samundar par, originally from the film Vishwatma. He wanted it as a tribute to his late wife, Divya Bharti, who had danced to it in the original film.
Hannah and Her Sisters
(Comedy/Drama), MGM, 9.40 pm
Cast:A� Mia Farrow, Barbara Hershey, Dianne Wiest, Michael Caine, Woody Allen
The story revolves around three Thanksgiving parties hosted by Hannah (Mia Farrow) and her husband Elliot (Michael Caine). Hannaha��s ex-husband Mickey (Woody Allen), a television writer who once had a disastrous date with her sister Holly (Dianne Wiest), is looking to give it another shot. Meanwhile, Elliot is having an extra-marital relationship with Hannaha��s other sister, Lee (Barbara Hershey). As the film progresses, Holly, a former drug addict, turns writer and is working on a story inspired by Elliot and Hannaha��s life. However, it threatens to expose Leea��s affair. This was Llyod Nolana��s (who plays Hannaha��s father) final movie before his death in September 1985.
Chup Chup Ke (Romance/Comedy), Movies OK, 8 pm
Cast: Shahid Kapoor, Kareena Kapoor, Om Puri
After ruining his fathera��s business, Jeetu (Shahid Kapoor) breaks off his engagement with Pooja (Sushma Reddy) and attempts suicide. But he is recued by two fishermen (Paresh Rawal and Rajpal Yadav) who take him hostage, hoping for a hefty ransom. A series of comical sequences follow, with Jeetu pretending to be deaf and mute to save himself. Things change when he meets Shruti (Kareena Kapoor) a mute girl who is trying to get out of an arranged marriage. The film was adapted from the 1998 hit Malayalam film, Punjabi House. Though Kareena does not have a single line of dialogue in the film, she considers it one of her most challenging roles.


text:
It's like going to the beach — without the sweltering Florida sun and rough waves.
The Salt Room serves as a natural therapy for Central Floridians who suffer from allergies, sinus infections, respiratory conditions and other breathing problems.
Step into a salt-covered room on Mills Avenue for a 45-minute session where pharmaceutical-grade salt works to break up mucus and make breathing easier.
The two adult rooms are lined with natural salt on the walls, floors and ceilings as the lights dim for a relaxing experience. Clients can recline in zero-gravity chairs while listening to calming music, napping or just lying in serenity.
Georgia Anne Larson suffers from a rheumatoid lung condition, but has been breathing easier with salt room therapy. A regular at the space, Larson visits 5 hours a week since October 2016.
"On the weeks that I'm able to come [here], I'm not using my rescue inhalers at all," said Larson, a 67-year-old Altamonte Springs resident.
Kids can benefit from this therapy too. A children's room gives youth under age 12 a space to play with toys or color while salt particles are blown through the air for a carefree therapy session.
Kelsey Blahnik, a Maitland resident, suffers from severe allergies, and after doctors told her that her daughter would likely go through the same problems, she decided to bring Ellie to The Salt Room twice a week as a preventative measure.
"I haven't had a sinus infection, whenever I come here, in two years," said Blahnik, who used to get infections every other month.
As 2-year-old Ellie and six-month-old Emma play around in the salt, they might not be aware they're in therapy, but Blahnik believes their family's health has benefited.
The Salt Room owner and founder, Ashley Steiner, created this location seven years ago, and it's been a growing business since, as Steiner helps others start up their own practices.
The healing process is personal for Steiner. She grew up with asthma, and her son had chronic ear infections.
"As soon as I get a cold, it moves right into my chest and I end up with Bronchitis," said Steiner. "So typically now, as soon as I'm feeling sick, I'll come in and I'll do a session, and I'll do one session for three days in a row. And usually it just knocks it out."
The Salt Room also offers massages and acupuncture to further the healing experience.
For more information, visit saltroomorlando.com.
There are several salt rooms in Central Florida, including Salt Room Millenia Wellness Clinic and The Salt Scene Halotherapy.


text:
HD 6:25 1 Slutty teen licks her nerd stepsis and her two bffs pussies Video Added You have to Log In
HD 6:25 24 Ebony tattooed throats n fucked by friend until she squirts Video Added You have to Log In
HD 14:30 36 Sexy Sluts Love Huge Cumshots Compilation 94 Video Added You have to Log In
HD 6:10 117 Swinger sexy ladies have a baseball bat between their legs in a foleplay game. Video Added You have to Log In
var ad_idzone = "437726", ad_width = "300", ad_height = "250"; -->
Add to favorites Report Share Download Theater Bookmark Video Thank you for your vote! You have already voted! The video has been added to your member zone favourites.
Thank You! This video has been reported. You have already reported this video! The field is required
X sleazyneasy
Generating download link
Tattooed guy banging busty chick
katestube is waiting for you - register for free instant download!
Tattooed guy banging busty chickhd
added 5 months ago+ Suggest a Pornstar
Model Name submitted, thank you!
You have already submitted Model Name!


text:
Following the divisive 2016 elections, the success of Ranked Choice Voting in the Twin Cities and in cities across the country, and with Maine adopting RCV statewide, the demand for RCV was stronger than ever in 2017. To prepare for expanding RCV locally and statewide, we invested in redesigning our website, database, and engagement tools. No doubt, our new information infrastructure was a crucial linchpin in the success of RCV in the 2017 elections in the Twin Cities!
We successfully introduced a bi-partisan local options bill (S.F. 2017; H.F. 2322), sponsored by Senators Bill Ingebrigtsen (R-Alexandria) and Ann Rest (DFL-New Hope), and Representatives Tony Albright (R-Prior Lake) and Laurie Halverson (DFL-Eagan). The bill frees local statutory jurisdictions (including cities, townships, counties, and school districts) to use Ranked Choice Voting if they choose, and we hope – with your help – to push its passage in 2018.
Between our staff and volunteers, FairVote Minnesota had a robust presence at the 2017 caucuses and conventions, educating political activists in Minneapolis and Saint Paul about RCV. We attended several precinct caucuses and were at each ward convention. In Minneapolis Ward 4, convention goers were able to use an RCV ballot to vote for their endorsement. In Saint Paul, RCV delegates passed resolutions of support in 38 precincts, defending against the effort to repeal RCV this year.
We collaborated with Wellstone Action to host the first-ever RCV candidate training program for those running in the Twin Cities races, focusing on how to change the campaign culture and build winning coalitions under RCV — the campaigns went on to showcase their new skills in the elections.
June | July
The #RankYourVote team could be found at more than 300 picnics, parades, farmer's markets and numerous other community gatherings in July and all summer-fall long. During the course of 2017, we presented to more than 16,000 Minneapolis and Saint Paul voters, held nearly 26,000 one-on-one conversations, and reached more than 42,000 people with information about how RCV works and why it results in more representative elections.
Our community outreach continued with a strong presence during National Night Out across the metro area and at the Minnesota State Fair, where we talked to more than 2,500 fairgoers about electoral reform. We also supported Saint Louis Park residents interested in bringing RCV to their city, including co-hosting a Rank Your Brew event. Secretary of State Steve Simon spoke at the Steel Toe brewery event, along with leaders from with the League of Women Voters, to educate Saint Louis Parkers about RCV.
Our second annual "Best of the Wurst" event brought together some of our very favorite things: RCV fans, savory sausages from top Twin Cities restaurants, crisp cider and craft beer, Tane Danger and Theater for Public Policy, and discussions of election reform with Ranked Choice Voting. Thanks again to our co-host Sociable CiderWerks and FVMN board member Jim Watkins – and everyone else who made BoW 2017 an event to remember!
We attended 100 education events in October alone. From candidate forums to community events, wherever there was elections talk, FairVote Minnesota was there to help prepare voters to rank their vote.
Celebrating 2017 with our RCV volunteers and champions, we finished the year with grateful hearts and renewed fire in our bellies! Let's continue our collective push to make democracy work better for everyone in 2018 and beyond!


text:
London approves new 73-storey skyscraper after five metres were lopped off the top over fears planes might fly into it
1 Undershaft - nicknamed the Trellis - will be the second-tallest building in western Europe
A TOWERING skyscraper almost as tall as the Shard is to be added to London's skyline after the 73-storey building was given the green light by planners.
Known as 1 Undershaft, the site's address, and nicknamed the Trellis, it will be the second-tallest building in western Europe at more than 300 metres.
Aroland Holdings was forced to revise its plans for the tower last month, slicing 5 metres off the top in response to concerns from aviation authorities about it impinging on space allocated to approach routes for planes travelling to London City Airport.
Once complete, it will stand at 304.94 metres tall - making it the second tallest skyscraper in the city after The Shard.
Designed by the architect Eric Parry for the Singapore-based developers, the building will have a free public viewing gallery and what is claimed to be London's highest restaurant.
The skyscraper is to be built on the site of the Aviva Tower and is due to be completed at some point in the 2020s.
The existing Aviva tower will be demolished to make way for the new tower, which will have a free public viewing gallery at the top - the UK's highest - and a public square at the bottom.
Aroland Holdings is working with the Museum of London for an exhibition space at the top of the tower.
Related Stories
WIKI-PEAKSWindowless New York skyscraper that can survive NUCLEAR blast is secretly America's biggest spy hub, shocking revelations claim
TRUMP TOWER PROTECTIONSkyscraper home to Donald Trump guarded from the ground and the air following win
ROOM WITH A VIEWFrom snow-capped mountains to the skyscrapers of Hong Kong, these incredible hotel rooms boast the best scenery in the world
Once final negotiations have happened with the council and existing tenants, the team behind the building said it expected demolition of the current building to take about 18 months and construction of the new building to take between three and four years.
An estimated 10,000 people will be housed in the building on completion.
It said it was too early to speculate on the final construction costs of the building, which will run into hundreds of millions of pounds.
Chris Hayward, chairman of the City of London's committee, said the development showed that there was still a high level of investor confidence in the Square Mile after Brexit.
"Over the next 30 years I expect that we will need to deliver office space for more than 50,000 extra workers within the Square Mile, and this development is important in reaching that end goal," he said.
"I believe this building will play an important part in increasing London's attraction as the world's leading financial centre."


text:
Six cookies a day, plus steamed vegetables for dinner? Sounds totally sensible to me.
For anyone looking for a local alternative to Dr. Siegal's Cookie Diet, it's your lucky day. Be sure to follow this highly addictive New York regimen—don't be afraid to walk, jog or bicycle from bakery to bakery—and watch the magical transformations occur.
1. For your first, most important meal of the day, Sweet Freak recommends you start with something substantial in your belly. Like a six-ounce dark chocolate peanut butter chip cookie from Levain.
2. Do good for the environment as your do good for your waistline. Birdbath's coconut cookies are refreshing, buttery, delightful reinforcements.
3. Bigger is better. Thus the cookie diet, friends. Sashay up to Petrossian for a chocolate chunk cookie as big as your head.
4. Momofuku's compost cookie. With "everything" inside, you'll ingest extra vitamins and other good stuff.
5. Craving chocolate? Go ahead, you've earned it! Go straight to Max Brenner for a rich, chunky double chocolate chip cookie.
6. The protein inside City Bakery's peanut butter cookie will give you that little stamina push you need to fight the mid-day slump.
7. Seeing as you have a sensible dinner ahead of you, keep things light: skip the dairy. This Chick Bake's vegan ginger molasses cookie is spicy, cakey and oh-so-delicious.
And now you have dinner to look forward to.


text:
Fellows' Library
CONFERENCE: Libraries in an Age of Revolution, 1640-1660
Winchester College, 25-26 April 2019
This conference will explore the impact of the Civil Wars and Interregnum on British libraries. Further information is available here: a booking form is available here.
The closing date for registrations is 12 April. Please contact firstname.lastname@example.com
for further information.
The earliest item in the Fellows' Library is a cuneiform tablet approximately 2500 years old. This is part of an eclectic collection of books and manuscripts which occupies eight rooms. Books have been central to the School since its foundation and we have volumes given by William of Wykeham in the 1380s, including a life of Thomas Becket by William of Canterbury, with one of the earliest representations of Becket, and a late fourteenth century copy of Ranulf Higden's Polychronicon. Over the centuries there have been many major gifts, and indeed only a relatively small percentage of the collection has been purchased. The books are used as aids to teaching: the Mathematics department brings in sets to look at the first edition of Newton's Principia, and the Biology department makes use of Hooke's Micrographia, the first text to use 'cell' with a scientific meaning and with its spectacular plates of insect life.
The Eccles Room is housed in what was the barrel store for the Brewery, construction of which started in 1395. It was opened in 1994 as a Fellows' Library teaching room, having been refurbished by the generosity of Viscount Eccles (G, 1919-23), who gave his collection of private press books. The room now houses English literature, Mathematics and Science texts, and, as a result of the generosity of Viscount Gough (G, 1955-59), the magnificent set of Sir Joseph Banks' Florilegium - 743 hand-coloured plates of the plants discovered on Captain Cook's first circumnavigation in the Endeavour.
Above the Porters' Lodge is Clerk's Room, also built in the final decade of the fourteenth century. Here is to be found a small collection of chained books given by Sir Robert Cecil, Elizabeth I's Chief Secretary: until the middle of the sixteenth century all the books were chained and many volumes in the library show signs on their upper boards of the removal of the rivets.
Clerk's Room contains a fine collection of English Civil War pamphlets and related texts, travel books, and the principal part of the Bible collection given by Cuthbert Hamilton Turner (Coll, 1872-79) - over 300 editions of the Bible, including such highlights as a Complutensian Polyglot with the signature of Thomas Cranmer, and the first seven editions of the New Testament of Erasmus.
Clerk's Room is also notable for its fireplace, with the initials P and R, believed to stand for 'Philippus Rex', and thought to have been installed on the occasion of the wedding of Philip and Mary in Winchester Cathedral in 1554.
Directly above Outer Gate is Junior Poser, the Librarian's office, another fourteenth century room, where are to be found classical texts and many of the books given by Alexander Thistlethwayte in 1768. The Thistlethwayte gift, one of the most remarkable in the history of the library, was of approximately 3500 volumes of literary texts in French, Dutch, German, Spanish, Italian, Latin, Greek and English, and changed the whole nature of the library which, up till that time, had been predominantly a collection of religious material in Latin and Greek.
Next to Junior Poser, and in the Warden's Lodgings is Senior Poser, a fine panelled room of 1697 with fire surround carvings by Edward Pierce, who was responsible for the woodwork for Chapel now to be found in New Hall. This is the Archivist's office and contains the collection of Long Rolls, the earliest of which records the school list in 1653.
Long Gallery was designed by George Stanley Repton, fifth son of Humphrey Repton, and built in 1832-33. This is the largest of the library rooms and contains most of the early religious texts, together with some interesting special collections, notably the collection of English travel books and maps given by Edward Gaspar Box (D, 1868-72). The room contains some of the fine and royal bindings: there are examples of books bound for Elizabeth I, James I, the first three Georges, and Louis XIII of France, as well as a number of identifiable European nobility.
To the south of the Long Gallery is an annexe (the D-Day Landing) which displays our collection of D-Day landing maps and associated documents and photographs. Perhaps the most remarkable of the Library's rooms is Warden Harmar, which is used as a reading room for outside researchers, both for the Library and for the Archives, and for small A level sets using the library. This room was built by John Harmar (Coll, 1569-72) on his election as Warden in 1597. It was constructed over the old bake-house which appears to have been a way of providing underfloor heating, and Harmar used it as his study. In this room, as a member of the Oxford Committee B, he translated the Gospels, the Acts of the Apostles, and the Book of Revelation, for the King James' Bible. The room houses his collection of bibles, which he bequeathed to the School. The room is dominated by the extravagant fireplace surround installed in 1615 by Harmar's successor as Warden, Nicholas Love. The piece, together with the wainscot, cost £20.11.10 and the whole floor had to be lowered by 18 inches in order to accommodate it. Our most notable recent gift is housed here: an almost complete set of first editions of the works of Anthony Trollope (Coll, 1827-30), all of which are signed with varying degrees of affection to his son Henry Merivale Trollope. This unique collection is housed in one of Trollope's own bookcases, kindly loaned by Mrs Celia Salwey, and was the gift in March 2007 of Albert H. Gordon, honorary fellow and honorary Old Wykehamist. Applications to use the library should be addressed to the Librarian by post or by email: firstname.lastname@example.com
The Friends of Winchester College have produced a colour feature on the Fellows' Library.


text:
I've been busy enough as of late that I haven't done a lot of book reviews, but I've known Rachel Ward for years through the blogging community, and when she asked if I'd review Dear Jane, of course I said yes. Always a pleasure to share a friend's good news with the world. Or with a portion of the world. Okay, I have readers in a couple of countries that aren't the US. That counts, right?
Dear Jane is an LDS romance that follows Quinn Matthews on her mission and then home again, and all that happens afterwards. She and her best friend's brother fell in love right before she left to serve in Florida, but rather than staying home, she decided to fulfill her lifelong dream of being a missionary and went anyway, trusting him when he said he'd wait for her. Well, we all know how dangerous that is ... and the book's title will give it away that he did not, in fact, wait for her. She's devastated when she receives his "Dear Jane" letter, but she finishes out her mission with renewed focus, determined that she won't let it ruin her service.
I think it was this initial decision that propelled her through the rest of the book. She has a lot of stuff hit her when she gets home, but she digs in and focuses on the most important things, and that's part of what makes her a likeable character. She goes through her valleys, just as we all do, but then she gets back up again and keeps trudging forward.
I'm not going to give away too much of the plot because obviously, the goal here is for you to read the book for yourself, but I'll give a few hints. Love sometimes comes from the most unexpected places. When those closest to us betray us, we have to look inside - and up - to keep moving forward. And what I appreciated best of all? Being righteous is not a "get out of trials free" card like some people say it is. Righteous people will have problems, but keeping the commandments helps us know where to look for comfort when those problems hit.
There are several editing issues throughout, but I'm nitpicky and those things stick out to me, so I won't do more than give a brief mention of that. I found this book really enjoyable, and I hope you get the chance to check it out for yourself.
Purchase link: Amazon
Author's blog: Trapped Between a Scream and a Hug
Author's Facebook: Rachel Ward
Rachel Turner Ward graduated from Hillcrest High School after spending two years writing for the yearbook and the creative writing magazine. She then studied English at Brigham Young University—Idaho, graduating with an emphasis in Literary Studies. She has contributed to several online publications, including Mormon Mommy Blogs and SheSteals. She has written a personal blog since 2009, Trapped Between a Scream and a Hug. Rachel lives in Salt Lake with her six children and husband of 15 years.