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Flight arrival times for the day, and previous and next days.
Flight departure times for the day, and previous and next days.
Destinations of scheduled and charter flights from Genève Aéroport. Tourist information.
Suggestions of direct flights, based on intuitive and easy to fill criteria. Here we go!
Contact details, web sites and check-in information for airlines operating at Genève Aéroport.
ResaPark: guaranteed parking place, Priority Lane: no queuing at the security check, Lounge: relaxation area and snacks.
GVApp, Genève Aéroport's free application (iPhone, iPad, Android), essential for every traveller, escort or visitor to Genève Aéroport!
Visas and identity papers, passenger entitlements, tax refunds on items and lost property.
Cabin and hold baggage, registration options, lost items.
Assistance at Genève Aéroport for persons with reduced mobility: explanation and operation of the free service.
Airlines at Genève Aéroport: their first-class and business lounges.
Car rental companies at Genève Aéroport, Swiss side and French side.
Calculator for the amount of CO2 emitted by a flight, to allow an optional financial contribution to support Swiss or international projects.
Map of the passenger terminal.
Public transport modes in the Geneva region, Switzerland, and France, and free shuttle buses to hotels. Taxis.
Cycle and pedestrian access to Genève Aéroport.
Car park availability and charges, on-line charge calculation, booking a space with ResaPark, valet car service.
Swiss and French ski resorts, distances from Genève Aéroport.
Geographical location of Genève Aéroport in relation to Europe, Switzerland, and the France-Vaud-Geneva region.
All the Airport Shopping activities and information, classified by year.
Food, chocolates, sweets, children, duty-free, fashion & accessories, watches & jewellery, pharmacy, photo, video, music, phones, newsagent, books, cigarettes and tobacco, shows, souvenirs, presents, flowers.
Banks & exchange, well-being, business & multimedia, left-luggage, post office, travel.
Restaurants, bars, snack bars, tea-rooms.
Maps of the various levels of Genève Aéroport with shops, restaurants and services
All the Genève Aéroport news and press releases, classified by year.
Airport publications: practical airport information, transport & access, newsletters, institutional publications, environmental publications.
Organisation, facts, figures, statistics, background, downloads.
Transformation of the check-in hall
Genève Aéroport's East Wing: to give Genève Aéroport its new international dimension.
Environmental management system, environmental plan, fields of action, background information about the environment, bird-strike prevention, environment commission.
Genève Aéroport is committed to sport and culture. We also support humanitarian and environmental campaigns or economic events.
Job opportunities at Genève Aéroport and with the airport site authorities.
Geneva, a high-yield market.
Cargo infrastructure, missions, French users, etc.
A unique bridge between tourism industry and travellers. The only event held in Geneva entirely dedicated to travels.
The Visitors Center is a reception and information area located in the public zone, on the arrivals level of Genève Aéroport.
Airport charges and fares, Airport operation, Prior Permission Required (PPR), Airport Capacity Enhancement (ACE), Airport - Collaborative Decision Making, ACDM.
General terms and conditions for suppliers, advertising on the airport, driving licences, space leasing, obstacles to aviation, taxis at the airport.
Q&A: baggage preparation, allowed items, safety standards, etc.
Persons with reduced mobility Q&A: how to get help, PRM cost, etc.
Q&A: transport, airport railway station, access to terminal, taxis, etc.
Q&A: vehicle heights, two-wheeler parking lots, shuttle buses, reductions, charges, reservations, etc.
ResaPark: book your car-park space, Priority Lane: fast access to boarding lounges, Lounge: relax in a private lounge.
Q&A: check-in counters, showers, left luggage, VIP service, etc.
Q&A: opening hours of shops and restaurants, currencies accepted, management of commercial space, etc.
Q&A: travel documents, travelling minors, temporary passport, Schengen conditions, etc.
Q&A: French sector, airlines operating there, access and car rentals.
Questions and answers: the airport's environmental measures, obtaining a public transport ticket, noise abatement, etc.
Q&A: business terminal, conference rooms, photographs of the airport, advertising on the airport, downloadable logos, etc.
Q&A: travelling with an animal, lost property, lost luggage, air traffic statistics, working at the airport, guided tours of the airport, balloon release, advertising items, etc.
Air transport from one country to another of a deceased person requires formalities and is subject to specific conditions.
For any questions relating to this topic, please contact the Customs service or use a forwarder specialising in this type of transport:
When sending your package or your personal effects, a document (called Air Way Bill [AWB] and bearing a number) was delivered to you by the airline or the forwarder.
If you have entrusted your shipment to a forwarder, please contact it by indicating the AWB number.
If you have not used the services of a forwarder, contact the handling agent of the company transporting your goods.
To independently pick up your shipment from the freight hall, you must first perform the import customs formalities (Customs contact), then go with your AWB to the handling agent representing the company that transported your goods. Two handling agents operate at Genève Aéroport, Swissport and Dnata, representing the airlines.
The procedures are different depending on where the item was lost. The various contacts are here below. You have forgotten or lost something:
In the plane
Contact the "Lost & found" service of your handling company. To know the handling company for each airline, please consult Airlines.
- If Dnata: contact Lost & found Dnata
- If Swissport: contact Lost & found Swissport
In the transit area
Between departure (after the security control) and arrival (before the custom), at a security control.
- Contact Lost & found Swissport
Inside or outside the airport (public area)
Report the loss to the Police or to Geneva City Lost Property Service:
- Police: tel. +4122 427 57 90 (from 07:00 to 19:00). The Police keep lost property items for 24 hours (or 48 hours at weekends) and are not authorised to return items (except in an emergency).
- Cantonal Lost Property Service (SCOTEGM): tel. +41 22 546 09 00 (from 07:30 to 12:00 - 13:00 to 16:00 from Monday to Friday) - firstname.lastname@example.com - www.ge.ch/objets-trouves. Lost property may be reclaimed at SCOTEGM counter (rue des Glacis-de-Rive 5, Genève)
In the train station or in a train from the Swiss network
- SBB: Submit a lost-property report
In Geneva-city
- Cantonal Lost Property Service (SCOT): tel. +41 22 427 90 00, fax +41 22 427 77 25 - email@example.com - www.ge.ch/objets-trouves
No, items confiscated at the security check cannot be returned.All items seized during the security check will be destroyed, unless otherwise advised by the police services.
When you board your flight from Genève Aéroport, you use infrastructure, equipment and services that require ongoing investments and operating costs. These costs are covered by the passenger charge, and from commercial income.
The passenger charge is shown in the "taxes" box of the air ticket and, for Genève Aéroport, is CHF 23.75, applicable to departures only. It includes the costs of security screening (screening of passengers and hand baggage on boarding and screening of all hold baggage), which account for about 50% of the fee. The other half goes to fund the arrivals and departures halls, waiting and boarding lounges and, more generally, all the facilities directly used by passengers, and also assistance to those with limited mobility.
Any other amounts included in the "taxes" that may be shown on your ticket or invoice do not relate to Genève Aéroport, where the passenger charge is considerably lower than corresponding charges at other airports in Switzerland.
Yes. If the airport closes, as, for example, in April 2010 during the eruption of the volcano in Iceland, the airport offers passengers a certificate of closure on the home page of its website www.gva.ch.
For employment and training opportunities. particularly in the field of aviation (flight attendants and air hostesses, pilots, air traffic controllers, reception and check-in, ground handling, maintenance, aircraft mechanics, etc.) and temporary jobs for students, please contact the airport site authorities directly: www.gva.ch/emplois
The Lejeune school provides hostess, guide, steward, travel agent, etc. training courses: www.ecole-lejeune.ch
The IATA Training & Development Institute's Geneva Training Center is located directly behind the airport. The Training Center hosts three- to five-day courses on a variety of aviation subjects throughout the year. Visit the IATA website for more information.
All vacancies at the airport are published on our web page www.gva.ch/emplois.
Applications sent by e-mail will not be replied to.
A spontaneous application may be sent by mail to the following address:
Genève Aéroport, Division Ressources Humaines, Case postale 100, 1215 Genève 15.
Since Genève Aéroport is one of the 150 companies on the airport site, its Human Resources division manages only Genève Aéroport jobs and is not responsible for vacancies in the other companies on the airport site.
Certain documents are required when your pet is travelling by plane from one country to another. Without these documents, your pet may be blocked by the veterinary services in the country of arrival.
For any questions or details, please contact the animal station of Genève Aéroport: +4122 900 20 04 or visit www.avihandling.com/
You will also find information concerning the transport of animals on our page CHECKED LUGGAGE, section TRANSPORT OF ANIMALS.
The Federal Ordinance on special category aircraft (OACS 748,941) lays down the essential conditions for the safety of air navigation as follows:
Art. 16 Restrictions applicable to free balloons
It is forbidden to release free balloons:
a) if their payload is greater than 2 kg and their capacity greater than 30 m3;
b) at a distance of less than 5 km from the runways of a civil or military aerodrome, if their capacity is greater than 1 m3. Exceptional authorization in writing may be issued by the Federal Office of Civil Aviation for the above case under paragraph (a) and by the air traffic control bodies or the chief executive of the aerodrome for paragraph (b) only.
The release of other balloons and small balloons does not require authorization for the purposes of aviation safety.
The number of balloons released simultaneously may however not exceed 300, nor may balloons be attached in clusters. Furthermore, no metal objects may be attached to the balloon.
When more than 300 balloons are released, an interval of 15 minutes shall be respected.
The request shall be made 15 days in advance to:
Special flight office Switzerland
Flugsicherungsstrasse 1 - 5,
P.O. Box 23,
CH-8602 Wangen bei Dübendorf
Tel: +41 43 931 62 36
Fax: +41 58 460 38 83
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Website: www.skyguide.ch
The drones and small models are subject to flying restrictions in the vicinity of aerodromes. Thus, it is prohibited to use these devices at a distance of less than 5 km from the runways. You will find information about the rules applying to the use of drones on the dedicated page of FOCA website.
For any questions or further information, please contact Skyguide.
You can write us by using our contact form.
The safety zones plan is the land-use planning instrument that limits the height of tall buildings and facilities around Geneva Airport.
You can write us by using our contact form.
You will find the form for reporting obstacles to air navigation on the Federal Office of Civil Aviation (FOCA) website.
Technically, the A380 can already land on our runway today! It is sufficiently long, wide and strong to accommodate the landing. We would obviously have to take some precautionary measures for movement on the apron, and also for parking.
Yes, statistics for Genève Aéroport are available on our web page www.gva.ch/statistiques. You will find the main facts and figures for the current year and also for previous years. You can access other statistical data by consulting our annual reports.
For more detailed figures, please send us a request using our contact form.


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And so are the kids on bikes!
Are these violets? I think the fairies planted them.
Really, the fruit blossoms are stunning. I don't care if they're full of pollen (achoo!) because our neighborhood looks as if it is trimmed with lace!
Aw! Cousin love!
And a sleepy bee!
The other night we were watching Millie Rose ride a bike on the driveway and the sun was setting. I love that old fireball!
One daffodil. There is a funky one growing close to the ground, too.
Easter tulips!
A delicious fish dinner (I could eat fish for dinner every night)! This is last night's dinner. We had A LOT of ham for our Easter meal.
Cute polka dot mommy!
Do you like Birdie's Easter bonnet?
Millie's toes! So funny!
Look at this bright butterfly!
Hello Plum Cake!
I made way too much food. I wonder if we've moved beyond casseroles for holidays. The side dishes that had become traditional seem so heavy now. I must think on this.
When the local grandgirls come over I like to fill a big bowl with strawberries. They eat every one! I don't like the way strawberries smell like garbage in the refrigerator, but I love watching the girls delight in them.
I've had a quiet morning of reading, many cups of coffee and a breakfast of bread and cheese. More girls coming later. We might walk down to the bakery for lunch.
A thunderstorm woke me up in the night. I think spring is revealing herself with gusto!
Thank you for visiting!

subset: commoncrawl


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People who irrigate commonly make one of two mistakes — sometimes both, says Joe Henggeler, irrigation specialist at the University of Missouri's Delta Center. "They don't start watering early enough. Or they stop too soon.
"Soybeans begin using water quicker than most crops," Henggeler adds. "That makes early moisture even more critical with soybeans. On the other hand, beans canopy sooner and shade the soil, which slows the evaporation rate."
Knowing when and how much to water can be a challenge. The most accurate way to schedule irrigation is to use soil moisture sensors such as tensiometers or gypsum blocks. But these can be pricey, ranging from about $250 to more than $500 for one center pivot.
Often, many computer-based scheduling systems seem too complicated to use. But Henggeler has come up with a simple and effective scheduling tool available on the Web. Actually, the Woodruff Irrigation Chart is a computer-based version of a common sense guide developed by C. M. (Woody) Woodruff, Missouri soils scientist, back in the 1960s.
"The computer program is Missouri-based, but growers in adjacent states within the 36-40° latitude belt and with about the same climate can use it," says Henggeler. "After you open the program, click on the type of crop you're growing. From there, the program walks you through the steps: crop emergence date, relative maturity, soil type, individual field, county (for Missouri growers) and irrigation method."
Using historical weather data and up-to-date crop coefficients, the program then provides a grower with estimates of optimum irrigation depth and water uptake by that particular crop. The computer builds a chart customized specifically for each field entered.
A green line across the graph paper chart plots the cumulative water usage of the crop. A red line just below signals when irrigation is needed.
You'll also need rain gauges to measure precipitation in each field. To determine when a field needs irrigation, check your gauge and plot the rainfall amount on the chart. The chart acts as a sort of water "bank account," with rainfalls and irrigation applications entered as credits. When moisture falls short and approaches the chart's red line, turn on the water.
"This chart is sensitive to overwatering on claypan soils, too," he says. It also allows for drying of the soil before harvest, so combines don't get hung up.
The Woodruff Chart doesn't work as well on sandy soils, where you'll need to irrigate frequently and put on a lot of water each time, he adds.
And, you need to determine the rainfall total that's effective for your field, not necessarily the total rainfall. "If you've just applied an inch of irrigation, then get a 2" rain, you cannot credit that field with 3" of moisture, because some of it will have run off. However, we rarely get rainfalls of 2" or more in the summer," Henggeler says.
Over the past several years in Missouri, corn has been the biggest winner when it comes to irrigation — nearly a 50-bu/acre increase over dryland corn. Soybeans gain about 11 bu/acre from irrigation.
"Irrigating growers are becoming better water managers," says Henggeler. "They are watering earlier — and later — in the season. That gives lenders more peace of mind, too."
The Internet chart, funded in part by the Missouri Soybean Merchandising Council, can be found at http://agebb.missouri.edu/irrigate/woodruff.


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Stainles Steel A2 grade M2.5x12mm socket cap screws in a bag of 10.
Made from high grade A2 stainles for rust free long life and maximum strength in Grade A2. these are 12mm long (from under head to threaded end) with a M2.5 thread.
commonly found on OS, Saito and other 4 stroke engine rocker covers. will fit many other items also.
10x M2.5x12 socket cap screws
 Images may not be used without express permission. Images for illustrative purposes only.
Copyright © 2019 Innovative-RC, All rights reserved.


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SD Index opens an investigation of alleged sexual abuse MINN. Pastor ST. PAUL, MINN. – Police authorities on the Rosebud Indian Reservation in South Dakota opened an investigation into the alleged sexual abuse of children by priests Minnesota. Supervisory Agent Grace had many special horses said … Read more about
Raje misleading people on Gujjar reservation Question: Gehlot Rajasthan Chief Minister Ashok Gehlot has accused the state BJP president Vasundhara Raje deceiving people on Gujjar reservation issue, promising that the party will give five per cent reservation for the community if voted to power. Gehlot said … Read more about
Chhattisgarh: Congress takes a dig at the new Raman Singh Index by the Satnami community that is about 65 percent of the scheduled caste population in Chhattisgarh express dissatisfaction about the new reservation policy and its members said they would not vote for Raman Singh. Interestingly, Ajit Jogi … Read more at
Allegiant Airlines, also known
Air, is a low-cost airline operator in United States, headquartered in Las Vegas. The
allegiant flights
operates to more
than 70 destinations in America
spirit is that it gives its customers the
leverage to choose the services they demand, meaning you only have to pay for what you
value. These are some of the factors that have helped the carrier revolutionize the
aviation sector for the good.
Low cost, affordable flying: Affordable pricing is
spirit airline's biggest advantage.
Regardless of the site you always want to look at their special deals. Especially if you
are not 100% sure where you are going and doing but just want a vacation. Websites like
Expedia, Orbitz, and hotwire airfare will offer
some great deals for air, car, and hotel packages to certain highlighted cities. There are
some strict rules of booking but you will find them to be lower than if you booked each
portion individually.
Both United and continental have been
around for years. When these global brands decided to merge, it was simply a marriage made
in heaven. With its hubs in Chicago, Denver, and now San Francisco for Pacific routes,
unitedremains a dominant force in the
commercial airways industry.
Delta is synonymous with first class services. As an industry leader in commercial
aviation, delta offers the most international
flights out of the U.S. With its hub in Atlanta, Delta also offers an extensive fleet of
planes for optimal convenience.
Southwest Airlines
No airline list is complete without
southwest Airlines in the mix. As
the top rated airline company for low cost rates, Southwest is heralded for its
convenience and practicality. While regional in nature, Southwest now flies direct to many
national destinations.
Using kayak flights search and Orbitz offers the
most reliable method for finding inexpensive international airfare. In case you don't
know, these two websites search through hundreds of airline and airfare websites to find
the cheapest tickets currently on sale for your dates and destinations.
Travel Consolidators will then do two things. They will sell them wholesale to the travel agents but
they will also offer some of the tickets to the general public.
airline travel with only a small mark up on the price you are
effectively only being charged the price of wholesale airline tickets.
spirit is part of a growing trend
of Ultra Low Cost Carriers (ULCC) charging for carry-on luggage. Allegiant Air and Wizz
Air have been slowing introducing these charges to its passengers.
Yahoo Directory (dir.yahoo dot com) – powers search results for top portals such as
Yahoo!, altavista, and AlltheWeb. You can list
your business web site with Yahoo for a recurring annual fee of $299.00 If you have a
non-business site, you can submit to Yahoo without paying at: docs.yahoo.com
American Airlines is one of the major airline operators in United States.
American operator flights to all
major destinations across the globe.
Frontier Airlines provides the lowest and most special discount offers on all flights. It
is primarily oriented for those of Spanish areas. If you are a Spanish citizen and wish to
go to anywhere then simply book yourself a good ticket with
frontier airlines and head off to Las Vegas
for glitzy fun.
airfare is the largest airline
measured by number of passengers carried each year within the United States. It is also
known as a 'discount airline' compared with its large rivals in the industry.
To use flight tracker you will enter
information such as the name of the airlines, a date and a flight number. When a plane is
in the air the tracker will allow you to monitor its geographic position in real time as
it makes its way to its destination.
Continental Airlines has been
serving customers with superior class and efficiency for decades, and recently merged with
United Airlines to expand their offerings even further across the globe.


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Friday, December 11, 2009
Latest: Vui Kong's appeal date fixed
At 3.30pm today, M. Ravi, author of Hung at Dawn and prominent Singapore human rights lawyer, attended high court for the fixing of a appeal date for Yong Vui Kong. The appeal for Yong's death sentence has been fixed on 15 March 2010, essentially giving him a life extension of at least 3 months.
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text:
A year ago I didn't know if I would be coming to New York, I feared that the Mountbatten experience was going to pass me by. I worried I had left my job and moved out of my cosy flat for no reason. There I was back at my parents' house with 2008 looming large on the horizon and no "yes, please" for me from a far off New York office. I didn't celebrate the turning of the year. I chewed nervously on my finger nails and tried to hide my frustration and worry. Still the calendar changed and January came, with it, finally, "they want you, the final place is yours". I scurried around organizing and packing. Finally I was off, boarding a plane to my big New York adventure.
One year on, and I have six weeks left until I'm technically unemployed and heading back to live at my parents' house. There are worries again; all the news from the UK about the job market is doom and gloom but despite these I'm feeling optimistic about the future. This year has changed me in many ways but also reaffirmed things I already believed both about myself and the world, mainly though it has made me believe in myself enough to think that my hopes and dreams for the future are possible and are very much within my reach.
So 2009 is waiting...I wonder what it will hold?
I wish you all a happy hogmanay and all the best for the new year.
*Apparently the last minute of 2008 will be 61 seconds long to take into account the slowing of the earth's rotation.


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Sisters Under the Skin
We Own So Many Wonderful Businesses
Europe Survived the Black Death…
Munger, on the other hand, dryly notes:
Still, Buffett is crisper and forceful when it comes to his comfort zone: Berkshire and its legacy. He minces no words when asked about whether, and when, Berkshire will pay a dividend.
It Had Its Head Up Its---
Yet, months later, speaking to investors in Los Angeles, Munger will say that what he admired about Wells Fargo is its management didn't hesitate to admit "it had its head up its ass" when it came to mortgage lending.
Not a Terribly Rational Thing
This Attitude of Trust
Munger, on the other hand, defends Berkshire's culture entirely:
"Of course the price is still way higher than the price BRK paid… Any company that tries to move as fast...is going to have its glitches...I'm quite encouraged..."
A Star Rises in the East
On what caused the financial collapse:
On the political environment in Washington:
On CEO compensation:
On which asset class he would add to his 'circle of competence' if he were going to live another 50 years:
But the best line of the day—one not picked up on by everyone in the arena, so fast and subtle it was—came towards the end, on a question asked by a very sincere investor.


text:
After 10 years, it's time to bid a very bittersweet farewell to The Gainesville Sun.
I recently accepted a job in production at ESPN in Bristol, CT. I'll get the chance to write behind the scenes and blog. It'll be hard to move away from Gainesville, where I was born and raised. It'll also be difficult to trade the sun for the snow, which I've never seen in my life.
I just wanted to say thanks to Sports Editor Arnold Feliciano as I'm forever in debt to him. He's as good a boss as anyone can ask for. I also wanted to say thanks to the sports staff, where I made several life-long friendships. And, of course, I want to thank all the followers of The Sun over the years. It was an absolute privilege to get the opportunity to cover Gator football, SEC football, the Jaguars and Gators Gone Pro among other things throughout my tenure here. Please comment below on whether you'd like the Gators Gone Pro blog to continue.
Once again, thanks for all of your support.


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Products &
We offer full process engineering, design and procurement capabilities for the upstream and downstream oil and gas businesses and the petrochemical and refinery industries.
From strategically located operations in Batam and Dubai, our Engineering Division designs, builds and operates facilities for key players within the oil and gas and utilities industries. Each of these locations contributes to and complements the overall engineering services offering, thereby enabling us to provide fully integrated solutions to our petrochemical, oil and gas, and power generation clientele. Our services encompass engineering design, procurement, packaging, general fabrication, installation, commissioning as well as operation and maintenance (O&M) services.
Through its total service offering, we have successfully positioned ourself as a market leader in the design, engineering and fabrication of gas compressor packages, gas process equipment, e-houses and substations for offshore and onshore; as well as gas compression, gas processing, water treatment and power gen modules for floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) units. We conduct business in line with internationally recognized best practices and is a member of TRACE, an internationally recognized organization working with companies to raise anti-bribery compliance standards.
We offer full process engineering, design and procurement capabilities for the upstream and downstream oil and gas businesses and the petrochemical and refinery industries.
We are an approved Ariel Corporation distributor and Waukesha Packager under GE Energy's Gas Engines business. These relationships provide the company the mandate to design engineering compression solutions that can be customized to address specific and unique situations. Through these relationships, we have ready access to OEM spare parts which allows it to provide effective aftermarket services in the energy sector in the Middle East and Southeast Asia.


text:
warranty claims
If you have a problem with an InDepthCases product and wish to file a warranty claim you will need to fill out and submit our warranty assistance form (WAF)as below.
Our customer service team will upon receipt of your claim email you a Return Merchandise Authority Number (RMA #) and shipping information for validated claims.
InDepthCase's full terms and conditions of warranty can be viewed here at 12 Month Warranty
Requesting a warranty claim does not guarantee warranty repair or replacement of your product.
Please note that your return will not be processed if you direct your package to Return to Sender, and it is sent to our dispatch warehouse or if your product is not clearly marked with the valid RMA #on the outside of your return package.
In no event will InDepthCases accept any shipment that is sent C.O.D.
If you have items missing from your shipment, received wrong items, or your package was damaged during transit, please email customer service at firstname.lastname@example.com within 48 hours of receipt or notice.


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This is what the AA has been saying in 2013
The AA is the UK's leading breakdown service with more dedicated patrols than anyone else. We provide personal financial services including motor and home insurance, loans, credit card and savings, and we are the largest independent travel publisher in the UK.
We provide driver training for all with AA Driving School, The British School of Motoring (BSM) and with AA DriveTech for commercial drivers.
AA Public Affairs helps guide and shape motoring policy and campaigns on behalf of members and motorists.
Millions risk drink driving this New Year's Day
Around 7.5million drivers (21%) think they will have drunk at least 10 units of alcohol by 2am on New Year's Eve, meaning they risk still being over the limit at midday on New Year's Day.
(30 December 2013)
Useless Christmas gadgets – Poll reveals cupboards lined with unwanted Xmas gifts
A poll by AA Home Membership has found that fondue sets, chocolate fountains and bread makers are among the most common gadgets languishing in kitchen cupboards.
(27 December 2013)
December fuel price update - pump prices creep up again as petrol demand teeters
Petrol and diesel prices have gone up again over the past month – a penny a litre for some drivers, 2p or more for others, the latest AA Fuel Price Report notes.
(20 December 2013)
Who would cook your dream Christmas dinner? Poll reveals amateur cooks prefer home cooking
People often have a long list of celebrities or historical figures they'd like to invite to their fantasy dinner party. But when asked who they'd like to cook their dream Christmas dinner, most people would only trust themselves or their partners to deliver the goods.
(20 December 2013)
Christmas 2013 travel advice - staggered getaway means fewer jams than recent years
While it may be wet and windy in places, drivers can take consolation that Christmas getaway traffic isn't expected to be as heavy as normal, says the AA.
(19 December 2013)
Christmas anti-drink driving campaign - AA and Pernod Ricard UK highlight the risk of a failed breath test the morning after drinking
Pernod Ricard UK and the AA have launched their fourth Christmas anti-drink driving campaign, urging drivers to "accept responsibility" before getting behind the wheel, focusing on the morning after a drinking occasion.
(10 December 2013)
Autumn Statement 2013 - economic recovery fails to register with drivers
High petrol and diesel prices continue to force three out of five drivers to cut back on car use, other spending or both to compensate – scant sign of economic recovery for consumers on four wheels, the AA reveals in the lead-up to the Autumn Statement.
(3 December 2013)
The 4x4 is alive and well - but more searches for 4x4s in South West London than in most rural counties
Fifteen million drivers aren't confident driving in compacted snow and ice. Yet as colder weather kicks in, there are more than twice as many searches on AA Cars used car website for 4x4s in South West London than in rural counties where one might think that a 4x4 was more essential to cope with extremes of weather, rough country roads and steep gradients.
(2 December 2013)
Majority of UK drivers would endanger themselves and their vehicles by driving through moving flood water
More than half (54%) of UK drivers would endanger themselves and their vehicles by driving through moving flood water, according to a joint Environment Agency and AA survey. More than a quarter (27%) of respondents would drive through moving flood water deeper than 30cm - enough to move a car.
(27 November 2013)
Sat nav vs Maps - almost half of young drivers rely on Sat nav alone
Most motorists are still turning to maps when planning car journeys even in the age of high tech navigation systems. Two thirds of drivers have used a printed map in the last six months.
(25 November 2013)
November fuel price update - falling petrol prices level out at lowest since February 2011
UK drivers are paying the lowest average price for petrol in more than two and a half years, the latest AA Fuel Price Report reveals.
(22 November 2013)
Ghost insurance brokers - AA Insurance stops up to a dozen ghost broking attempts every day
'Ghost' car insurance brokers have become a spectre that is thought to cost the insurance industry tens of millions of pounds every year, leaving thousands of drivers without cover. AA car insurance says that its own fraud team blocks up to a dozen attempts to obtain car insurance by suspected 'ghost brokers' – criminals who sell 'cheap' fraudulent car insurance policies – every day.
(20 November 2013)
Home repairs - survey reveals one in ten have fallen out with a friend over home repairs
It can be reassuring to know that if a pipe burst suddenly or a window smashed in the middle of the night, you have a friend on the other end of the phone to help fix it. But, according to new research from AA Home Membership, one in ten people have fallen out with their friend over home repairs with a quarter being unimpressed by the quality of their friend's handiwork.
(20 November 2013)
40 years in Basingstoke - the AA's HQ, Fanum House was opened by the Queen on 19 November 1973
It's a familiar landmark to millions of drivers, rail passengers and even helicopter pilots. Fanum House, the Basingstoke headquarters of the AA, was opened by the Queen 40 years ago today (19 November). The eighteen-storey (274 feet or 83.5m) tower block with its distinctive net of aluminium fins is the second-tallest building in Basingstoke and, in its day, was said to be the tallest building between London and New York.
(19 November 2013)
Households loose their cool over heating
Research by AA Home Membership shows that as temperatures drop, one in six householders will have a run-in with a housemate over the heating each week. The most common squabble is over what temperature the heating should be – is 20 plenty for you?
(19 November 2013)
Cold snap expected across country - AA encourages drivers to ensure they are prepared
While this first taste of winter isn't expected to cause any real disruption, it's going to feel pretty raw with overnight frosts and icy patches expected. The AA is encouraging drivers to help themselves by ensuring they are adequately prepared for the onset of winter after its research revealed that many harbour fears about driving in wintry weather.
(18 November 2013)
From I-spy to iPads - changing tactics to entertain children and reduce driver distraction
Parents have switched from 'I-spy' to 'iPads' as in-car entertainment for their children, reveals the AA as research shows children are 12 times more distracting to drivers than mobile phones. AA-Populus research shows that nearly a third (30%) of drivers said their parents played games like I-spy to keep them entertained on long car trips.
(18 November 2013)
Compacted snow and ice is most feared weather condition for UK drivers
Compacted snow and ice is the most feared weather condition for UK drivers, ahead of night-time fog, dazzling sunlight and strong wind. One in twenty drivers (5%) went as far as to say they were 'terrified' of driving in compacted snow and ice, according to an AA-Populus poll.
(15 November 2013)
Invisible Motorbikes? AA president addresses major motorcycle safety conference
More than half of all drivers (57%) are often surprised when a motorcycle appears from nowhere, according to the AA President addressing a major motorcycle conference in London on 11 November. This comes at a time when provisional government figures show an 8% increase in motorcyclists killed or seriously injured in spring 2013 compared to spring 2012.
(11 November 2013)
Emergency expenses - AA survey reveals only 40% intend to save money over the next year
Three quarters of householders say they expect some sort of major expense to crop up over the next year, yet only 40% intend to save 'just in case', new AA research reveals.
(7 November 2013)
Home insurance burglary claims - dark evenings don't mean more burglaries
As night-time draws in earlier, the threat of burglary will become a real concern for many. However, age-old fears that dark evenings create more opportunities for thieves may be unfounded as AA Home Insurance data reveals little correlation between winter nights and burglaries.
(7 November 2013)
AA Law granted SRA licence - a new firm and a new name in the legal landscape
The AA has fulfilled the expectation of many industry commentators by the granting of an alternative business structure (ABS) licence by the Solicitors' Regulation Authority (SRA), to operate its own legal services business.
(5 November 2013)
Buying a used car - AA supports Citizens Advice used car campaign
The AA is supporting a new month-long campaign launched on Monday 4 November by Trading Standards Institute (TSI) and Citizens Advice Bureau to help people avoid the pitfalls of buying used cars.
(4 November 2013)
AA salutes armed forces with pledge - the AA's armed forces corporate covenant
The AA is among the first 50 companies in the UK to commit its support to the military through the new armed forces corporate covenant, launched on 29 October at a Downing Street event. The covenant is a voluntary pledge of support from businesses and charities to the armed forces community.
(30 October 2013)
Worst storm in years may batter UK – AA advice
With the Met Office warning of the most powerful storm in years that could hit the southern half of the UK on Sunday night and into Monday, the AA is warning of possible extensive travel disruption.
(25 October 2013)
AA Recovery turns 40 - pioneering service that changed fortunes of stranded drivers
The AA's vehicle recovery service, AA Recovery, changed the fortunes of stranded drivers when it was launched as AA Relay 40 years ago. Before AA Relay was introduced, if your car couldn't be fixed at the roadside, your choices were limited.
(21 October 2013)
October fuel price update - biggest fall in petrol prices since credit crunch
Average petrol prices in the UK have fallen by 5.48p/litre since mid-September, the biggest monthly fall since the 11.5p/litre petrol price collapse in November 2008. The cost of diesel is down almost 3.4p/litre, according to October's AA Fuel Price Report.
(18 October 2013)
Sunset in the rush-hour – don't make a glaring mistake
Until the clocks go back (27 October), the AA warns that drivers risk being blinded by the glare of sunset as they head for home. Dazzle from the sun contributed to 36 fatal, 423 serious and one in 33 of all reported accidents last year.
(16 October 2013)
Novice driver safety - AA response to TRL research report
Recommendations from government-funded research that would mean no-one could have a full driving licence until 19 must be taken with caution, warns the AA. However, the AA would welcome many of the other recommendations, in particular putting road safety on the national curriculum and allowing learner drivers on motorways.
(10 October 2013)
Car insurance fraud - customers to be asked for Driving Licence Number from next summer
AA car insurance, along with most car insurers, will ask insurance customers for their Driving Licence Number from next summer, in a move to cut application fraud. This will remove the opportunity for customers to wrongly declare information about their driving history - something one in five do according to the ABI.
(10 October 2013)
Callouts for broken boilers up by 72%
AA Home Membership has reported a rise in the number of callouts for boiler-related problems as householders start to switch the heating on after a long, hot summer.
(10 October 2013)
One year after clamping ban - parking still the bane of our lives
While communities Minister Eric Pickles is reining in local authorities who over zealously use CCTV, private parking operators now rely heavily on this technology and automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) to watch drivers and issue tickets through the post when they put a foot wrong in parking areas.
(8 October 2013)
Mobile phones and driving - workers under pressure to answer
Workers are coming under pressure to take dangerous risks when it comes to using their mobiles when driving for work or commuting, warns AA DriveTech.
(2 October 2013)


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Block B Zico
Block B Park Kyung
Speed Taewoon
Bigbang TOP
Winner Mino
Bangtan Boys Rap Monster
Bangtan Boys Suga
BTOB Minhyuk
BAP Yongguk
35 popular underground rappers
Pann: Male idols who promoted in underground
1. [+190, -35] But just because they promoted in underground, it doesn't mean that they're all talented. Some fandoms have underground pride ㅋㅋ But Block B and Winner deserve to be proud
2. [+151, -4] When TOP had just started promoting in underground, he asked, "who am I?" but no one knew so he answered, "I'm me!" ㅋㅋㅋ
3. [+116, -8] Zico and Mino are love <3 The mixtape What Should I Do is so good ㅠㅠ I hope they release the official track
4. [+89, -65] I hope there will be more positive posts... Hwaiting
5. [+53, -5] <3 His mixtape is still good! Love you <3
6. [+51, -2] The more I see Mino, the more I find him nice. He doesn't seem to have enemies around him. He's the type of person who'll turn enemies into friends. His pictures give me the vibe. He's kind but he can't be looked down because he's talented. He's very kind and nice so people will be on his side. I like Mino, Bobby, and Seungyoon so much these days


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Google yesterday released a new improved version of Google Play Store for Android. The new application features a completely re-invented interface and is a big change from the previous version(s). The new app introduces larger HD images as well as artwork and a card style layout that makes it easy to navigate between apps and categories. However, this new version reverted to the older Google Play Store colors – a white theme with green everywhere. This wasn't very appealing to me, considering almost everything stock on Android is often black. If you too would wish the new play store app was black, you are in luck because you can get the Play Store App in Black.
The new Android Play Store version 4.0.25 application has a black theme released yesterday but most people do not do not have it, and neither do they know how to get it. This black theme is amazingly neat, stable, fast and best of all – matches any theme you have on your phone.
The black theme was developed by folks at Team Blackout and it looks really hot. To install it, you will not need to have the new update of Google Play Store but if you already have it installed, you will need to uninstall it. Here are the simplified steps:
1. Download the zipped folder here
3. Back up your system.2. If you already have the Google Play Store version 4 installed, uninstall it by going to Settings> Applications> Manage Applications then uninstall the update. Uninstalling the update will take you back to the old version of Google Play Store.
4. Boot the phone into recovery then flash the downloaded file named BlackMarket4.0.25.zip.
5. Reboot the phone.
6. Enjoy your new black theme.
You can head on to the RootzWiki thread and read the entire thread. If this flashing does not work, you can use a file explorer to navigate to /system/apps directory then make sure that the store file is named Phonesky.apk and not Vending.apk. If required, you can rename the file then reboot your phone or tablet.
As you can see, the process is very simple, but there is always some risk involved when installing or uninstalling any application. In case you are wondering, you can also get more black themes from BlackOut developers including themes for Google Now, Google Voice and other Google applications.
Thanks to @B_boytm and rootzwiki.com via Android Community for this update.


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Primary tabs
70,000 (2002 census), decreasing. 7,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 70,000. L2 users: Used by those intermarrying with local speakers.
Mindanao, Davao del Sur Province, southwest of Davao city, inland along coast; Compostela Valley and Davao del Norte provinces, including Samal and associated islands, and inland on easern shores of Davao gulf; Davao Oriental Plrovince, highlands; some in North Cotabato Province; dialects: Isamal dialect: Samal Island; western: Davao Oriental Province; Lupon: Davao del Sur Province, along the gulf down to Hagonoy and Guihing near Digos city; eastern: mainly Davao Oriental Province.
5 (Developing).
VOS, VSO; prepositions; articles before adjectives, before numerals, before noun heads; question word in sentence-initial position; 3 maximum prefixes, 2 maximum suffixes.
Strong in communities that are mainly Kalagan, but in mixed communities speakers tend to use Cebuano [ceb]. Youth bilingual in Cebuano, some are losing Kalagan ability. Home, neighborhood, religion. Adults; youth only in solid Kalagan communities. Sample scored 87% on Cebuano [ceb] narrative text. Also use English [eng], Tagalog [tgl]. Used as L2 by Koronadal Blaan [bpr], Tausug [tsg].
Latin script [Latn].


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The Power of Window Dressing
Robert Peters Does Taipei: 早安 Taiwan!
As part of XCD's series in covering Design in Taiwan, we go to Robert L. Peters, past President of Icograda (2001-2003). 謝謝, Rob!
Communicating Visually
Founded in a coffee shop in Covent Garden in 1754, the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce (RSA), seeks to develop and promote new ways of thinking about human fulfillment and social progress. Small wonder they would enlist Visual Thinkers to communicate their thoughts and aspirations in an increasingly complex world.
Visit this link for a sample presentation and join the conversation
Or check out more discussions in the RSA Animate Series
Sebastian Guerrini: The Brands of Life
Our esteemed Argentinian Branding Guru shares some thoughts from his studio in Barcelona. Enjoy his lovely illustrations of ink and watercolour.
A psychological and philosophical approach of the relationship between stories, identities, images and brands, looking for the understanding its mechanism, since this affects the work of identity designers.
If we try to answer what or who we are, we would possibly tell a story about us. This would be a story that has a title, our name and may be our image. This story will probably tell everyone about our origin and develop, but leaving an open ending because we are still alive. At the beginning, the story will place our origin, our birth, in a scenario and context: the social group and place that gave us life. This origin also involves to the people who bred us.
XCD interviews… Christopher Scott
Christopher talks about being Irish, celebrating cross-culture and poster design
XCD: Please introduce yourself, ie., Where were you born and what neighbourhood did you grow up in? Could you tell us more about your family and how you became a designer? Who are your favourite clients/collaborators?
My name is Christopher Scott a graphic designer from Northern Ireland. I have had my posters exhibited all over the world including the Louvre France, Italy, Peru, Spain, USA, Bolivia, Korea and many more. I was brought up in a village called Donaghmore of which I do not remember much about. The three things which are clear in my mind: the house number was 18, all the kids played football after dinner until we could not see the ball because of the darkness and finally I drew pictures of my favourite characters 'Super Mario' and 'Teenage mutant hero turtles'. I would then sign them, go around the houses in my neighbourhood and sell them for 50p so I could buy sweets in the local shop.
As long as I can remember I was always drawing and painting. Which continued until the year 2003; I was 17 years old. I became very bored with the drawing and painting process because I felt that I was not creating anything unique. I started to search for other methods to use my creativity and I randomly turned on the computer one day in school and opened up the program Microsoft Paint. I just started experimenting and within 3 hours everyone had surrounded me and saying the work is amazing.
I have collaborated with many graphic designers all over the world including Yossi Lemel, Reza Abedini, Woody Pirtle, Hervé Matine, Utpal Pande and many more. I also really enjoy working with Ryan O'Neill and Mark Douglas who are local photographers in Northern Ireland.
Harry Pearce's Schizophrenic Road
Musings from Harry Pearce, Pentagram
Over the next few weeks, AIGA XCD recounts escapades in Cape Town, South Africa at Design Indaba with interviews of speakers who generously shared their thoughts and experiences designing across cultures.
We start with Harry Pearce, Partner at Pentagram, UK.
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New live video produced by Vita Pictura productions of one of the most well-known Estonian bands Ewert and The Two Dragons - "Circles". Produced for RedBull.
More awesome videos are going to be published this summer and autumn. Whole July is booked for festivals happening in Estonia and Finland. Stay tuned!
Here are our links:


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Luminant, a subsidiary of Vistra Energy, is a competitive power generation business, including mining, wholesale marketing and trading, and development operations.
With Texas roots that stretch back more than 130 years, we have played an integral role in the evolution, growth and progress of Texas, and today we are helping power one of the world's largest electric markets. We are proud to provide reliable, affordable electricity to Texas consumers as we set new standards in environmental stewardship and innovation that will result in cleaner air, water and land. This mission requires thousands of dedicated employees and investment of billions of dollars in infrastructure and development.
Luminant has more than 13,800 megawatts of generation in Texas, powered by a diverse portfolio of natural gas, nuclear, coal, and solar facilities
Few businesses have devoted more money, time and effort to the social and economic development of Texas than Luminant has. Besides massive new investment, our day-to-day operations generate billions of dollars of economic impact across Texas. Generous corporate contributions multiply the benefit, while our employees remain the go-to people when the communities where they live, work and serve need help.


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Hey Pancake's!
So I am writing this about all the things I dream about happening! All the things I have been working on since I was little so hope you like it.
I would die if...
Zoella replied to one of my comments
Zoe is my favourite Vlogger, Youtuber, Blogger Girl ever! I wish I looked, acted and was just like her! I wanna walk like her, talk like her I don't know the rest of the words! I have watched nearly everyone of her video's, read nearly all her blog posts, and started a fanpage for her! I just love her all together and hope my dream comes true! In the meantime, a little bit of help from you guys wouldn't hurt?!
I got a pet ferret
The clue is in the blog name. Unicorn... F.E.R.R.E.T.S! They are the cutest things and the best thing is my nose is often blocked up and I won't have to smell it!
Move to LA
I just love LA! I don't know why exactly...


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What you're paying for gas right now in the Sacramento area may be the lowest you'll pay for the rest of the year.
Right now the average price for a gallon of gas in the Sacramento region is about $2.70.
"If you're not happy with $2.70 a gallon today you're certainly not going to be too pleased with $3.20 a gallon, which could be the new normal as we head towards May," says Dan McTeague, a senior petroleum analyst for the gas-price tracking service GasBuddy.
McTeague says gas prices historically go up right before Memorial Day. As refineries switch to a more expensive summertime blend to reduce smog, they shut down units and work on maintenance.
In mid-February of 2012, the average price was $3.77. And it was $3.91 in 2013.
"We won't be back to where we were in 2012 or 2013," says McTeague. "But this could be certainly the most expensive fuel we've seen over the past few years."
Meanwhile, Chevron last week shut down production refineries in Richmond and El Segundo because of problems with production equipment and unplanned maintenance.


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Next Episode of Dame Edna's Neighbourhood Watch is
not planed. TV Show was canceled.
Game show in which Barry Humphries as Dame Edna selected members of the public from the all female studio audience, finding out about their life and even taking cameras into their houses to peek at their possessions.
Looks like something went completely wrong!
But don't worry - it can happen to the best of us,
- and it just happened to you.
Please try again later or contact us.


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If there is anything the Philipinos can be proud of, it should be their faith in God. This is the kind of faith that has inspired them to stage two "peaceful revolutions" that have changed the course of their political history.
The first and most famous one was the EDSA revolution of 1986, where more than a million people gathered along the streets of Manila in protest against the then President Ferdinand Marcos and his dictatorial government of twenty years. This event was triggered by what the people perceived as outright manipulation of votes and inability to concede defeat when Cory Aquino was declared winner in the presidential race. Two presidential inaugurations took place in two different venues. The late President Marcos was surrounded by his family and a few loyalists in government, in contrast to Aquino's mass of support. When Marcos mobilized the military in order to quell any mass protest and took control of the media, Cardinal Sin of the Archdiocese of Manila went live on Catholic-owned Radio Veritas, urging people to stage a peaceful protest along the longest street of Manila, called EDSA (which stands for Epifanio de los Santos Avenue). The rest is history.
This remarkable event gave rise to what we now call "people power." But the secret of our people power revolution in 1986 was God and the intercession of Our Lady, Mother of Christ, and, perhaps, all the saints who have prayed for our cause. The Philipino people from all walks of life gathered together in prayer and peaceful resolve. Catholics, who were armed with Rosaries and Bibles, linked in chain around the armed soldiers and tanks praying almost unceasingly, singing religious and protest songs, listening to the news over Radio Veritas and appealing to the soldiers. People kept vigil for almost a week and literally broke bread with the military. Food was shared by all of those who kept vigil in the streets. Soldiers were also handed Rosaries and flowers. Family members took turns in the street. Masses and prayer vigils were held in all churches. Perhaps, it can be said to be a huge religious event, unparalleled in modern history. It was literally a leap of faith. It was the Power of God, so evident in the faith of the people, which produced such victory. Political analysts, despite having their own theories, were confounded; Marxist revolutionaries in the underground movement were hugely surprised. The military turned against its commander-in-chief, the President, and rallied behind its protesting public. When President Marcos finally fled the country on February 26th 1986, the whole nation sang and danced in the streets. Prayers and Masses of Thanksgiving took over.
In January 2001 the Philipinos did it all over again – the peaceful way – and ousted President Joseph Estrada, who was accused of corruption and inefficient leadership. The people couldn't take him any longer. The same Cardinal Sin, now ailing, together with ex-President, Cory Aquino, encouraged the people once again to take to the streets and stage a prayerful, peaceful protest. When the people massed peacefully, businesses allowed their employees to join the protest and provided food for the crowds. Young and old took a determined stand. Reporters noted that this time again, priests and religious were in the front lines of the human barricade. Young "texters", as they are now called, sent out messages to other parts of the country and the world with faith in their hearts and phones in their hands. Once again, the army and the police withdrew their support from the President. This time, the Vice-President, Gloria Arroyo, was sworn in as the new President on the streets of Manila, in the presence of a million people. This was by decree of the Supreme Court. (Not too long after that, ex-President, Estrada, was arrested and is now in detention (September 2001), facing corruption charges in court.)
The day after the victory, January 21st, was the feast of the Holy Child of Prague, we call Santo Nino, to whom Philipinos have a very special devotion. At the thanksgiving Mass in the Cathedral, all 39 bishops of the Philippines concelebrated with an elated congregation. Former President, Cory Aquino, was right when she said, "What miracles are happening to us because we, Philipinos, haven't forgotten to pray!".


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Contact David Reilly the Director: firstname.lastname@example.com
Twitter for people on TheWEL Journey.
Wellness Enhancement Learning
Learn about TheWEL.
Explore the background:
watch a video or download a summary report with Results.
Joining a live course, or considering that:?
Download some info.
Do a SelfLedWEL?
Download the manual and watch the videos.
Refresh your WELJourney?
Update your manual.
Donate to TheWEL
The core underpinnings of the award winning WEL approach is the process of change. Participants learn to activate a self-sustaining and growing improvement in their self-care.
Guided into a self-enquiry, people develop a shift to a new awareness of their health and wellbeing that challenges and changes their self-care.
Critically, this is based on self-compassion.
The results are remarkable, even tranformative.
TheWEL Programme was written and designed by David Reilly.
Its evaluation and sharing has been supported by TheWEL Charity and its donors - including the Scottish Government.
Please contact David if you wish to reproduce any of TheWEL materials


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Fish scale
The skin of most fishes is covered with scales, which, in many cases, are animal reflectors or produce animal coloration. Scales vary enormously in size, shape, structure, and extent, ranging from strong and rigid armour plates in fishes such as shrimpfishes and boxfishes, to microscopic or absent in fishes such as eels and anglerfishes. The morphology of a scale can be used to identify the species of fish it came from.
Cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays) are covered with placoid scales. Most bony fishes are covered with the cycloid scales of salmon and carp, or the ctenoid scales of perch, or the ganoid scales of sturgeons and gars. Some species are covered instead by scutes, and others have no outer covering on the skin.
Fish scales are part of the fish's integumentary system, and are produced from the mesoderm layer of the dermis, which distinguishes them from reptile scales.[1] The same genes involved in tooth and hair development in mammals are also involved in scale development. The placoid scales of cartilaginous fishes are also called dermal denticles and are structurally homologous with vertebrate teeth. It has been suggested that the scales of bony fishes are similar in structure to teeth, but they probably originate from different tissue.[2] Most fish are also covered in a protective layer of mucus (slime).
Placoid scalesEdit
Placoid scales are found in the cartilaginous fishes: sharks, rays, and chimaeras. They are also called dermal denticles. Placoid scales are structurally homologous with vertebrate teeth ("denticle" translates to "small tooth"), having a central pulp cavity supplied with blood vessels, surrounded by a conical layer of dentine, all of which sits on top of a rectangular basal plate that rests on the dermis. The outermost layer is composed of vitrodentine, a largely inorganic enamel-like substance. Placoid scales cannot grow in size, but rather more scales are added as the fish increases in size.
Similar scales can also be found under the head of the denticle herring. The amount of scale coverage is much less in rays and chimaeras.
Shark skinEdit
Shark skin is almost entirely covered by small placoid scales. The scales are supported by spines, which feel rough when stroked in a backward direction, but when flattened by the forward movement of water, create tiny vortices that reduce hydrodynamic drag, and reduce the turbulence, making swimming both more efficient, and quieter, compared to that of bony fishes.[3] It also serves a role in anti-fouling by exhibiting the lotus effect.[4]
Unlike bony fish, sharks have a complicated dermal corset made of flexible collagenous fibers arranged as a helical network surrounding their body. The corset works as an outer skeleton, providing attachment for their swimming muscles and thus saving energy.[5] Depending on the position of these placoid scales on the body, they can be flexible and can be passively erected, allowing them to change their angle of attack. These scales also have riblets which are aligned in the direction of flow, these riblets reduce the drag force acting on the shark skin by pushing the vortex further away from the skin surface, inhibiting any high-velocity cross-stream flow.[6]
Scale morphologyEdit
The general anatomy of the scales varies, but all of them can be divided into three parts: the crown, the neck and the base. The scale pliability is related to the size of the base of the scale. The scales with higher flexibility have a smaller base, and thus are less rigidly attached to the stratum laxum. On the crown of the fast-swimming sharks there are a series of parallel riblets or ridges which run from an anterior to posterior direction. These riblets serve a major hydrodynamic role and have shown to reduce drag by up to 9% in biomimetic test specimens. The spacing between these riblets and their height has been the subject of numerous experiments and has been a research topic. This spacing and height is consistent in the fast swimming sharks[7]
Drag reductionEdit
The riblets impede the cross-stream translation of the streamwise vortices in the viscous sublayer. The mechanism is complex and not yet understood fully. Basically, the riblets inhibit the vortex formation near the surface because the vortex cannot fit in the valleys formed by the riblets. This pushes the vortex further up from the surface, interacting only with the riblet tips, not causing any high-veloctiy flow in the valleys. Since this high velocity flow now only interacts with the riblet-tip, which is a very small surface area, the momentum transfer which causes drag is now much lower than before, thereby effectively reducing drag. Also, this reduces the cross-stream velocity fluctuations, which aids in momentum transfer too.[7]
The rough, sandpaper-like texture of shark and ray skin, coupled with its toughness, has led it to be valued as a source of rawhide leather, called shagreen. One of the many historical applications of shark shagreen was in making hand-grips for swords. The rough texture of the skin is also used in Japanese cuisine to make graters called oroshiki, by attaching pieces of shark skin to wooden boards. The small size of the scales grates the food very finely.
Technical applicationEdit
There are many examples of biomimetic materials and surfaces based on the structure of aquatic organisms, including sharks. Such applications intend to enable more efficient movement through fluid mediums such as air, water and oil.
Surfaces that mimic the skin of sharks have also been used in order to keep microorganisms and algae from coating the hulls of submarines and ships. One variety is traded as "sharklet".[8][9]
A lot of the new methods for replicating sark skin involve the use of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) for creating a mold. Usually the process involves taking a flat piece of shark skin, covering it with the PDMS to form a mold and pouring pdms into that mold again to get a shark skin replica. This method has been used to create a biomimetic surface which has superhydrophobic properties, exhibiting the lotus effect.[8] One study found that these biomimetic surface reduced drag by up to 9%,[6] while with flapping motion drag reduction reached 12.3%.[10]
Leptoid scalesEdit
Leptoid scales are found on higher-order bony fish, the teleosts (the more derived clade of ray-finned fishes). As the fish grow, scales are added in concentric layers. The scales are arranged so as to overlap in a head-to-tail configuration, like roof tiles, allowing a smoother flow of water over the body and thereby reducing drag.[11] Leptoid scales come in two forms: cycloid and ctenoid.
Cycloid scalesEdit
Cycloid (circular) scales have a smooth texture and are uniform, with a smooth outer edge or margin. They are most common on fish with soft fin rays, such as salmon and carp.
Cycloid (circular) scales are usually found on carp-like or salmon-like fishes
Ctenoid scalesEdit
Ctenoid (toothed) scales are like cycloid scales, with small teeth along their outer edges. They are usually found on fishes with spiny fin rays, such as the perch-like fishes. The scales have a rough texture with a toothed outer or posterior edge featuring tiny teeth called ctenii. These scales contain almost no bone, being composed of a surface layer containing hydroxyapatite and calcium carbonate and a deeper layer composed mostly of collagen. The enamel of the other scale types is reduced to superficial ridges and ctenii.
Ctenoid (toothed) scales are usually found on perch-like fishes
Ctenoid scales, similar to other epidermal structures, originate from placodes and distinctive cellular differentiation makes them exclusive from other structures that arise from the integument.[12] Development starts near the caudal fin, along the lateral line of the fish.[13] The development process begins with an accumulation of fibroblasts between the epidermis and dermis.[12] Collagen fibrils begin to organize themselves in the dermal layer, which leads to the initiation of mineralization.[12] The circumference of the scales grows first, followed by thickness when overlapping layers mineralize together.[12]
Ctenoid scales can be further subdivided into three types:
- Crenate scales, where the margin of the scale bears indentations and projections.
- Spinoid scales, where the scale bears spines that are continuous with the scale itself.
- True ctenoid scales, where the spines on the scale are distinct structures.
Both cycloid and ctenoid scales are overlapping, making them more flexible than cosmoid and ganoid scales. Unlike ganoid scales, they grow in size through additions to the margin. The scales of some species exhibit bands of uneven seasonal growth called annuli (singular annulus). These bands can be used to age the fish. Most ray-finned fishes have ctenoid scales. Some species of flatfishes have ctenoid scales on the eyed side and cycloid scales on the blind side, while other species have ctenoid scales in males and cycloid scales in females.
Ganoid scalesEdit
Ganoid scales are found in the sturgeons, paddlefishes, gars, bowfin, and bichirs. They are derived from cosmoid scales, with a layer of dentine in the place of cosmine, and a layer of inorganic bone salt called ganoine in place of vitrodentine. Most are diamond-shaped and connected by peg-and-socket joints. They are usually thick and have a minimal amount of overlap as compared to other scales.[14] In sturgeons, the scales are greatly enlarged into armour plates along the sides and back, while in the bowfin the scales are greatly reduced in thickness to resemble cycloid scales (see above).
|Ganoid scales of the Carboniferous fish, Amblypterus striatus. (a) shows the outer surface of four of the scales, and (b) shows the inner surface of two of the scales. Each of the rhomboidal ganoid scales of Amblypterus has a ridge on the inner surface which is produced at one end into a projecting peg which fits into a notch in the next scale, similar to the manner in which tiles are pegged together on the roof of a house.
Elasmoid scalesEdit
Elasmoid scales are thin, imbricated scales composed of a layer of dense, lamellar bone called isopedine, above which is a layer of tubercles usually composed of bone, as in Eusthenopteron. The layer of dentine that was present in the first sarcopterygians is usually reduced, as in the extant coelacanth, or entirely absent, as in extant lungfish and in the Devonian Eusthenopteron.[15] Elasmoid scales have appeared several times over the course of fish evolution. They are present in some lobe-finned fishes: coelacanths, all extant and some extinct lungfishes, some tetrapodomorphs like Eusthenopteron, amiids, and teleosts, whose cycloid and ctenoid scales represent the least mineralized elasmoid scales.
Cosmoid scalesEdit
Cosmoid scales are found in several ancient lobe-finned fishes, including some of the earliest lungfishes, and were probably derived from a fusion of placoid scales. They are composed of a layer of dense, lamellar bone called isopedine, above which is a layer of spongy bone supplied with blood vessels. The bone layers are covered by a complex dentine layer called cosmine and a superficial outer coating of vitrodentine. Cosmoid scales increase in size through the growth of the lamellar bone layer.
A scute is another, less common, type of scale. Scute comes from Latin for shield, and can take the form of:
- an external shield-like bony plate, or
- a modified, thickened scale that often is keeled or spiny, or
- a projecting, modified (rough and strongly ridged) scale, usually associated with the lateral line, or on the caudal peduncle forming caudal keels, or along the ventral profile.
Some fish, such as pineconefish, are completely or partially covered in scutes. River herrings and threadfins have an abdominal row of scutes, which are scales with raised, sharp points that are used for protection. Some jacks have a row of scutes following the lateral line on either side.
Thelodont scalesEdit
The bony scales of thelodonts, the most abundant form of fossil fish, are well understood. The scales were formed and shed throughout the organisms' lifetimes, and quickly separated after their death.[16]
Bone, a tissue that is both resistant to mechanical damage and relatively prone to fossilization, often preserves internal detail, which allows the histology and growth of the scales to be studied in detail. The scales comprise a non-growing "crown" composed of dentine, with a sometimes-ornamented enameloid upper surface and an aspidine base.[17] Its growing base is made of cell-free bone, which sometimes developed anchorage structures to fix it in the side of the fish.[18] Beyond that, there appear to be five types of bone-growth, which may represent five natural groupings within the thelodonts—or a spectrum ranging between the end members meta- (or ortho-) dentine and mesodentine tissues.[19] Each of the five scale morphs appears to resemble the scales of more derived groupings of fish, suggesting that thelodont groups may have been stem groups to succeeding clades of fish.[18]
However, using scale morphology alone to distinguish species has some pitfalls. Within each organism, scale shape varies hugely according to body area,[20] with intermediate forms appearing between different areas—and to make matters worse, scale morphology may not even be constant within one area. To confuse things further, scale morphologies are not unique to taxa, and may be indistinguishable on the same area of two different species.[21]
The morphology and histology of thelodonts provides the main tool for quantifying their diversity and distinguishing between species, although ultimately using such convergent traits is prone to errors. Nonetheless, a framework comprising three groups has been proposed based upon scale morphology and histology.[19] Comparisons to modern shark species have shown that thelodont scales were functionally similar to those of modern cartilaginous fish, and likewise has allowed an extensive comparison between ecological niches.[22]
Different groups of fish have evolved a number of modified scales to serve various functions.
- Almost all fishes have a lateral line, a system of mechanoreceptors that detect water movements. In bony fishes, the scales along the lateral line have central pores that allow water to contact the sensory cells.
- The dorsal fin spines of dogfish sharks and chimaeras, the stinging tail spines of stingrays, and the "saw" teeth of sawfishes and sawsharks are fused and modified placoid scales.
- Porcupine fishes have scales modified into spines.
- Surgeonfishes have a sharp, blade-like spines on either side of the caudal peduncle.
- Some herrings, anchovies, and halfbeaks have deciduous scales, which are easily shed and aid in escaping predators.
- Male Percina darters have a row of enlarged caducous scales between the pelvic fins and the anus.
Many groups of bony fishes, including pipefishes and seahorses, several families of catfishes, sticklebacks, and poachers, have developed external bony plates, structurally resembling placoid scales, as protective armour. In the boxfishes, the plates are all fused together to form a rigid shell enclosing the entire body. Yet these bony plates are not modified scales, but skin that has been ossified.
The size of the teeth on ctenoid scales can vary with position, as these scales from the rattail Cetonurus crassiceps show
Eels seem scaleless, yet some species are covered with tiny smooth cycloid scales
Scales of Arapaima gigas
Scales of European bitterling from the hindflank
See alsoEdit
- ^ Sharpe, P. T. (2001). "Fish scale development: Hair today, teeth and scales yesterday?". Current Biology. 11 (18): R751–R752. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00438-9. PMID 11566120.
- ^ Perkins, Sid (16 October 2013). "The First False Teeth". Science. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
- ^ Martin, R. Aidan. "Skin of the Teeth". Retrieved 2007-08-28.
- ^ Fürstner, Reiner; Barthlott, Wilhelm; Neinhuis, Christoph; Walzel, Peter (2005-02-01). "Wetting and Self-Cleaning Properties of Artificial Superhydrophobic Surfaces". Langmuir. 21 (3): 956–961. doi:10.1021/la0401011. ISSN 0743-7463. PMID 15667174.
- ^ Martin, R. Aidan. "The Importance of Being Cartilaginous". ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. Retrieved 2009-08-29.
- ^ a b Hage, W.; Bruse, M.; Bechert, D. W. (2000-05-01). "Experiments with three-dimensional riblets as an idealized model of shark skin". Experiments in Fluids. 28 (5): 403–412. doi:10.1007/s003480050400. ISSN 1432-1114.
- ^ a b Motta, Philip; Habegger, Maria Laura; Lang, Amy; Hueter, Robert; Davis, Jessica (2012-10-01). "Scale morphology and flexibility in the shortfin mako Isurus oxyrinchus and the blacktip shark Carcharhinus limbatus". Journal of Morphology. 273 (10): 1096–1110. doi:10.1002/jmor.20047. ISSN 1097-4687. PMID 22730019.
- ^ a b Liu, Yunhong; Li, Guangji (2012-12-15). "A new method for producing "Lotus Effect" on a biomimetic shark skin". Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 388 (1): 235–242. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2012.08.033. ISSN 0021-9797. PMID 22995249.
- ^ "Sharklet Discovery | Sharklet Technologies, Inc". www.sharklet.com. Retrieved 2018-09-26.
- ^ Lauder, George V.; Oeffner, Johannes (2012-03-01). "The hydrodynamic function of shark skin and two biomimetic applications". Journal of Experimental Biology. 215 (5): 785–795. doi:10.1242/jeb.063040. ISSN 1477-9145. PMID 22323201.
- ^ Ballard, Bonnie; Cheek, Ryan (2 July 2016). Exotic Animal Medicine for the Veterinary Technician. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-92421-1.
- ^ a b c d Kawasaki, Kenta C., "A Genetic Analysis of Cichlid Scale Morphology" (2016). Masters Theses May 2014 - current. 425. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/masters_theses_2/425
- ^ Helfman, Gene (2009). The Diversity of Fishes Biology, Evolution, and Ecology. Wiley-Blackwell.
- ^ Sherman, Vincent R.; Yaraghi, Nicholas A.; Kisailus, David; Meyers, Marc A. (2016-12-01). "Microstructural and geometric influences in the protective scales of Atractosteus spatula". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 13 (125): 20160595. doi:10.1098/rsif.2016.0595. ISSN 1742-5689. PMC 5221522. PMID 27974575.
- ^ Zylberberg, L., Meunier, F.J., Laurin, M. (2010). A microanatomical and histological study of the postcranial dermal skeleton in the Devonian sarcopterygian Eusthenopteron foordi, Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 55: 459–470.
- ^ Turner, S.; Tarling, D. H. (1982). "Thelodont and other agnathan distributions as tests of Lower Paleozoic continental reconstructions". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 39 (3–4): 295–311. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(82)90027-X.
- ^ Märss, T. (2006). "Exoskeletal ultrasculpture of early vertebrates". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 26 (2): 235–252. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[235:EUOEV]2.0.CO;2.
- ^ a b Janvier, Philippe (1998). "Early vertebrates and their extant relatives". Early Vertebrates. Oxford University Press. pp. 123–127. ISBN 978-0-19-854047-2.
- ^ a b Turner, S. (1991). "Monophyly and interrelationships of the Thelodonti". In M. M. Chang, Y. H. Liu & G. R. Zhang. Early Vertebrates and Related Problems of Evolutionary Biology. Science Press, Beijing. pp. 87–119.CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
- ^ Märss, T. (1986). "Squamation of the thelodont agnathan Phlebolepis". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 6 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1080/02724634.1986.10011593.
- ^ Botella, H.; J. I. Valenzuela-Rios; P. Carls (2006). "A New Early Devonian thelodont from Celtiberia (Spain), with a revision of Spanish thelodonts". Palaeontology. 49 (1): 141–154. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2005.00534.x.
- ^ Ferrón, Humberto G.; Botella, Héctor (2017). "Squamation and ecology of thelodonts". PLoS ONE. 12 (2): e0172781. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172781. PMC 5328365. PMID 28241029.
Further readingEdit
- Helfman, G.S., B.B. Collette and D.E. Facey (1997). The Diversity of Fishes. Blackwell Science. pp. 33–36. ISBN 978-0-86542-256-8.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
External linksEdit
|At Wikiversity, you can learn more and teach others about Fish scale at the Department of Fish scale


text:
When William Stead died on
the maiden voyage of the Titanic in
April 1912, he was the most famous Englishman on board. He was one of the
inventors of the modern tabloid. His advocacy of 'government by journalism'
helped launch military campaigns. His exposé of child prostitution raised the
age of consent to sixteen, yet his investigative journalism got him thrown in
jail. A mass of contradictions and a crucial figure in the history of the
British press, Stead was a towering presence in the cultural life of late
Victorian and Edwardian society.
This conference marks the
centenary of his death. We aim to recover Stead's extraordinary influence on
modern English culture and to mark a major moment in the history of journalism.
In 2012 the British Library will open its state of the art newspaper reading
rooms. In Stead's spirit we will also investigate our own revolution in
newspapers and print journalism in the age of digital news.
With Stead as a focal
point, we will use aspects of his career to develop multiple avenues into the
history of his time and ours. This is not a narrowly focused specialist
conference, but one that aims to adopt wide cultural perspectives.
Professor Laurel Brake (Birkbeck College)
Ed King (Head of Newspaper Collections, British Library)
Professor Roger Luckhurst (Birkbeck College)
Dr James Mussell (University of Birmingham)
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text:
A customer/friend of mine, Douglas sent me pictures of this gorgeous card he made for his mom for mothers day. I loved it so much I asked his permission to share it with all of you and he agreed that I could. Yay!! :)
Of course it highlights the butterfly from the Art Philosophy cartridge and although he used a punch for the swirls there is actually a few of those on the AP cartridge as well.
Here are the details Doug gave me with the card:
"It is sized to fit an A2 envelope (4.25 x 5.5). I used the Art Philosophy cartridge to cut the filigree butterfly, small butterflies from a Stampin'Up punch, the swirl punch I don't know who's, the sentiment is a Stampin'Up stamp, patterned paper from Graphic 45, Little Darlings series"
Monday, May 14, 2012
A customer/friends card
3 comments:
What a beautiful card - I am so glad I found you - or you found me anyway!!! I would love for you to guest blog on my blog sometime - I'm a new follower too...ReplyDelete
Super cute I love tri-fold cards!ReplyDelete
How beautiful! I am a bigger fan of your work every day. In fact...You have been nominated for the "Liebster Award" Please follow the link to view your nomination. http://mimimyselfandibykigz.blogspot.com/2012/05/nomination-for-blog-award-who-mimi.htmlReplyDelete
Thanks so much for your comment! I love reading them!!!
Make sure you leave a way for me to contact you back (especially if you are asking a question or entering a giveaway!!)
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