text:
The key to mission success is being effective.
Although efficiency is logistically important, without effectiveness,
efficiency is irrelevant.
In recent years, Army National Guard aviation classification
repair activity depots (AVCRADs) have transformed faster than
changes could be made to their tables of distribution and allowances
or modification tables of organization and equipment. Deploying
to Southwest Asia while they are transforming has increased
the challenges AVCRADs face.
An AVCRAD performs two combat service support (CSS) functions
executed at the depot level: maintenance and supply. It is
responsible for limited depot aircraft maintenance, component
repair, pass-back aviation intermediate maintenance (AVIM),
and operation of a supply support activity (SSA). [Pass-back
AVIM is repair that cannot be performed by the units designated
to provide it because they have an excessive amount of work
requests, lack personnel with the required training and expertise,
or lack the proper tools and equipment.]
The Army National Guard has four AVCRADs. They are located
in Connecticut, Mississippi, Missouri, and California. These
units were originally designed either to operate from a fixed
base at their home stations or to fall in on Corpus Christi
Army Depot, Texas, to augment that depot's workforce.
AVCRADs deployed to the Southwest Asia area of operations support
aviation reception, staging, onward movement, and integration
(RSO&I) and the National Maintenance Program (NMP) for
Army Materiel Command (AMC) Southwest Asia. The AVCRADs also
are the Coalition Forces Land Component Command's (CFLCC's)
reserve aviation maintenance resource.
AVCRADs have been instrumental in providing aviation maintenance
support for Operations Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and Enduring Freedom
(OEF). The 1109th AVCRAD in Groton, Connecticut, deployed to
OIF 1 in 2003 and established depot operations in a warehouse
in Kuwait. The 1107th AVCRAD in Springfield, Missouri, took
over operation of the warehouse from the 1109th in 2004 and
converted the warehouse into a series of shops that produced
depot-repaired components in support of the NMP. The 1106th
AVCRAD in Fresno, California, deployed to Kuwait in 2005 to
support OIF 04–06
and expanded the operation to provide support to OEF. This
article describes the experiences of the 1106th AVCRAD.
Mission Analysis Team
Within a month of its arrival in Kuwait, the 1106th AVCRAD
sent a mission analysis team to Iraq to determine the warfighters' forward
depot operations needs. The key problems identified by the
team were difficulty in moving maintenance contact teams
and components within the theater and in communicating requirements
from units in Iraq to the AVCRAD in Kuwait.
From the initial identification
of a maintenance requirement, it often took as long as 10 days
to move a depot contact
team into Iraq. Once the team was on site, it might not
have all
of the materials and tools required for the job (due, in
part, to the difficulty in communicating
depot requirements to Kuwait). Another problem
was that aircraft on ground (AOG) components and other high-priority
components that were picked up by liaison officers at the
SSA in Kuwait often were lost in the transportation system.
is a supply status used for aviation parts that can only
be used when three or fewer parts are needed to make
an aircraft flyable. It is the highest priority aviation
logistics request. Using the AOG designator causes supply
and transportation
personnel to expedite delivery of the parts so that the aircraft
can be back in operation in the shortest time possible.]
Field Manual 4–0, Combat Service Support, defines the
eight characteristics of CSS as responsiveness, simplicity,
flexibility, attainability, sustainability, survivability,
economy, and integration. The mission analysis team identified
three primary areas of concern for application of the CSS
characteristics: operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, the
SSA, and maintenance support.
Operations in Iraq and Afghanistan
When an aircraft suffers battle damage or is damaged in a hard landing, for example,
it must be repaired and returned to the fight as quickly as possible. Repairing
a damaged aircraft requires parts, special tools, and skilled, technically adept
personnel. To meet these needs, the 1106th AVCRAD developed the forward operations
cell (FOC) concept of support.
The FOC provided depot expertise forward to communicate requirements, positioned
a movement control team (MCT) in Iraq to manage parts flow, stationed depot teams
and tools forward to reduce response time, and served as a forward command and
control node for the AVCRAD commanders. The FOC was able to respond to customer
requirements within minutes or hours instead of days, as had been the case when
the AVCRAD had to respond from Kuwait.
Supply Support Activity
After an AOG component was picked up from the SSA, visibility
of that component was lost for the 4 to 7 days that it took
to get it to the unit. Sometimes
the components got lost in the transportation system. The 1106th developed
a tracking
mechanism and established MCTs at Ali Al Salem Air Base, Kuwait, and at Camp
Anaconda, Iraq, to expedite the movement of AOG components. As a result,
delivery time was reduced to 1 1/2 to 2 1⁄2 days.
When the 1106th took over operations in December 2004, the SSA contained
approximately 7,000 lines of authorized stockage list and nonstockage list
items. The SSA routing
identifier code was not on the Standard Army Retail Supply System (SARSS)
search matrix, so the only way units in Iraq could get components was by
using a walk-through
process established by CFLCC. To automate the process, the 1106th coordinated
with CFLCC to establish a new SSA routing identifier code in the search matrix
in order to deplete the nonstockage list items andplace NMP-repaired components
into the search matrix. To make more parts readily available to the warfighter,
the 1106th established a remote SSA in Iraq that was filled with approximately
30 lines of critical, high-use components. This reduced the fill time of
requests for those AOG components from 2 to 4 days to 1 hour.
The AVCRAD component repair mission required that unserviceable, reparable
components be transported to Kuwait. Often, after receiving a component,
the AVCRAD found that it would have to be evacuated to the continental United
States (CONUS) for repair. Part of the FOC mission was to reduce the number
of components being transported unnecessarily on the hazardous roads of Iraq
by placing AVCRAD supply and technical inspectors forward in Iraq to classify
unserviceable equipment. Only components that could be repaired by the AVCRAD's
shops were shipped to Kuwait. Components that could not be repaired in Kuwait
were consolidated and shipped by strategic airlift back to the appropriate
CONUS depot.
Maintenance Support
The 1106th refined the maintenance process and made it more effective by
selecting as critical components only those that are used extensively by
Southwest Asia units in order to focus repair capability on fewer components.
This reduced NMP repair lines by one-third. The portion of the AVCRAD's
workload devoted to repair and return was reduced from 50 percent to 10 percent,
and the portion devoted to the NMP was increased to 90 percent. This reduced
the number of lost repaired components and the time customers had to wait
for serviceable parts. A repair
transaction effectively became a supply transaction ordering parts for the
customers instead of a work order transaction sending parts for repair, with
its accompanying difficulties of transportation, repair, and coordination.
Application of CSS Characteristics
The AVCRAD had to take the CSS characteristics into account when deciding
how to address the problems identified by the mission analysis team. They
addressed each of the characteristics as follows.
Responsiveness. Responsiveness is providing the right support in the right
place at the right time. This was accomplished by establishing FOCs in Iraq
and Afghanistan. The FOCs provided depot supply, maintenance, aircraft battle-damage
repair, assessment, and technical assistance support forward, eliminating
the customer wait time previously required for coordination and transportation
from Kuwait.
Simplicity. This characteristic was exemplified through the establishment
of a system for tracking AOG components being transported from Kuwait to
customers in Iraq. Establishing MCTs to account for AOG components leaving
Kuwait and arriving in Iraq was a simple concept. It involved placing Soldiers
at chokepoints to track specific components and intercede at the first sign
of trouble. This did more to improve delivery times and reduce the loss of
parts in the system than any other procedure put into place. The MCTs also
established an Army Knowledge Online collaboration site using Excel spreadsheets
so that supported customers could track their AOG components in the system.
Flexibility. The 1106th Soldiers demonstrated their adaptability many
times during this deployment. Flexibility was crucial to having an effective
operation. The lines of communication and transportation between the customers
and the AVCRAD presented the greatest obstacle for the Southwest Asia operation.
In the past, the AVCRADs had not established or operated FOCs or run MCTs
and they were not part of the AVCRAD's established mission. To deliver
the right support to the warfighter in Iraq and Afghanistan, leaders had
to think "outside the box." This was demonstrated by the establishment
of a second SSA, use of MCTs, and placement of FOCs in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Attainability. Attainability is the ability to determine the minimum
essential support needed to begin operations. The 1106th displayed this
with the phased establishment and manning of the FOCs. While the AVCRAD
was heavily involved in RSO&I operations at the beginning of the deployment,
it continued to maintain a minimum support presence in the FOCs. During the
operational phase of the deployment, it manned the FOCs very robustly to
assist in meeting pass-back AVIM and depot maintenance requirements in Iraq
and Afghanistan. At the end of its rotation, the 1106th reduced the manning
of FOCs to support redeploying forces in Kuwait and the inbound deploying
forces through the RSO&I process.
Sustainability. Sustainability is the ability to maintain continuous
support during all phases of operations. Sustainability was demonstrated
by the manning level reductions and increases made at different phases
of the deployment. The AVCRAD commander ensured that the unit was never
in operations that would hinder its ability to lift and shift resources
to higher priority requirements. This strategy was established to maintain
ability to be the theater commander's reserve maintenance capability
for unforeseen mission requirements.
A good example of this was the AVCRAD's involvement in an air port
of debarkation to sea port of debarkation operation in Qatar. A strategic
air-to-sea-lift operation was used to move aviation units from Afghanistan
using intratheater airlift assets to Qatar for redeployment using sealift
Survivability. Survivability is the ability to protect support
functions from destruction or degradation. The supply personnel and technical
inspectors, working together to classify aircraft components as far forward
as possible,
supported the survivability of U.S. forces by reducing the amount of retrograde
components trucked to Kuwait on the treacherous highways of Iraq. One less
truck on the road was one less risk for the Soldiers and contractors supporting
the war effort.
Economy. Economy is providing the most
efficient support to accomplish the mission. A benefit of determining
repair requirements forward was that unserviceable
components were sent directly to the quickest source of repair, whether
that was in Kuwait or CONUS. This ensured that components were
not delayed in
transit and were quickly repaired and returned to the warfighter.
Integration. Integration consists of synchronizing CSS operations with all
aspects of operations. The 1106th AVCRAD depended on CFLCC, AMC Southwest
Asia, and the Multinational Corps-Iraq to establish priorities when resources
were short. It established liaisons with aviation brigades and battalions
in Iraq and Afghanistan to ensure that customer requirements were properly
identified and supported. Through its forward presence and use of liaison
officers, the 1106th became part of the brigade combat teams.
Through the effective and efficient application of the CSS characteristics,
the 1106th AVCRAD made itself a combat multiplier for OIF and OEF. Depot
support was placed forward in Iraq and Afghanistan, reducing response
time to hours versus weeks and days. AOG average wait time was reduced
an average of 5 to 7 days to 1 1⁄2 to 2 1⁄2 days.
Lieutenant Colonel Mark A. Van Dyke, California Army National Guard, is the
Commander of the 1st Battalion, 140th Aviation
Regiment, in Los Alamitos, California. He was the Operations Officer for
the 1106th Aviation Classification Repair Activity Depot in Fresno, California,
when it deployed to Kuwait in support of Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring
Freedom. He has a B.A. degree in organizational development and human resources
from Fresno Pacific University and is a graduate of the Army Command and
General Staff College.


text:
Here is the Frisco Rod and Gun Outer Banks Fishing Report for Hatteras Island.
Today was mostly sunny. The winds were from the north-east switching to the south-east at 5-15 mph and the temperatures were in the upper 70's.
Another good day of drum fishing from all beaches. Avon beach had puppy drum, big red drum and bluefish reported. The Buxton beaches reported bluefish, sea mullet and puppy drum. Over on the Frisco beach some bluefish, puppy drum and a few pompano were caught.
The Inshore boats had good puppy drum catches today in the Pamlico Sound.
Offshore charters had citation wahoo and good Blackfin Tuna and released 3 Sailfish. From the bottom Triggerfish and Vermillion Snapper were caught.
October is Breast Cancer Awareness Month, Check Out Today's Pink Product:
Coleman YOUTH RECTANGULAR SLEEPING BAG
Help your child sleep comfortably when it's warm outside in the Coleman® Youth Kid Camo? Sleeping Bag. The bag is perfect for temperatures 45 F to 65 F (7.2 C to 18.3 C) and fits young campers up to 5 ft. (1.52 m). The specially-designed, patented ZipPlow? zipper system plows the fabric away to avoid snags and zips up all the way every time. It has a built-in pocket to stash small items. The 26 in. x 66 in. (66 cm x 167.6 cm) bag comes with a five year limited warranty and is machine washable.
2017-2018 NC Hunting Season Click on the highlighted link to see the seasons and limits for Big Game, Small Game, Dove, Waterfowl and Webless Migratory Game Birds
*New in stock SMITH and Suncloud sunglasses.*yeti
**Muck Boots Instock now**
Yeti Coolers, Ramblers, Clothes and Accessories, Salt Life clothing, Woolrich, Browning, Hatley, New Sperry Shoes Instock, Costa T-Shirts and more coming in all the time. **Select Sperry shoes 30-50% off, Select Clothing 30-50% off**
Come by and see us at Frisco Rod and Gun, located at 53610 Hwy 12, across from Billy Mitchell Airstrip and Ramp 49. Open year round, 364 days a year. Visit us in the store or shop online anytime at friscorodandgun.com

subset: commoncrawl


text:
wired has yet another insightful story into the state of today's video and computer game market. this piece is a look at the incredible control wal-mart has on the market because of it's huge share of the game market, selling about 25 percent of the computer and video games purchased annually in the u.s. (that added up to us$1.58 billion in 2001.) apparently wal-mart's heavy-handed approach has forced publishers to change titles, box art and even the content of games. for instance, a character in giants: citizen kabuto went from topless to wearing a bikini and the game's blood went from red to green thanks to the mega-mart. the company also has spurred special release versions of games like quake ii and gt interactive's nam. most recently wal-mart was likely responsible for getting acclaim to remove the nudity from its offensive bmx xxx for the ps2 which was seemingly all about nudity � allowing players to bike topless and check out video clips of strippers. on the other hand wal-mart doesn't seem to care about vulgarity when it can make a bundle on a game like, say, grand theft auto iii. of course wal-mart declined to talk to wired for their article.
user comments 40 comment(s)
|watch out for those bible bangers (12:35pm est tue dec 03 2002)
ok, maybe this isn't exactly that but it is close. wal-mart has censored or banned games & cds. likely more. my favorite example was when they banned a cd because there was a line about selling guns in wal-mart. – by no censorship please
|screw 'em (12:57pm est tue dec 03 2002)
well thanksgiving was the last time i spent 99 cents at that white-trash supermarket. if i ever go again i'll steal just to piss them off. do you want your life controlled by a corporation? in don't. so no mo' money from me. – by blofeld
|let the book burnings commence! (1:27pm est tue dec 03 2002)
i have no prob with ratings and age limits on games. but to out n out force a change of the product? thats just f'd up! – by platinum
|i applaud them… (1:58pm est tue dec 03 2002)
but i don't understand why they would do such a thing, as those games seem to be right up the alley of those that shop there. you all can voice your oppinion by not shopping there, but i may actually start given this information. i personally despise the lude, dirty and violent direction that games are going. i won't buy anything that has an "m" rating, and generally am very selective of the "t" rating as well. the book burning arguement is absured — corps. can burn books all they want — it is the government that is not allowed to. – by todd
|wal-mart has huge control… (2:07pm est tue dec 03 2002)
with those munbers. they are doing the online sales thing right & profiting for it. i think there should be a xxx bmx, but it should be sold at adult video stores not wal-mart. – by video gamer
|hmmm (2:24pm est tue dec 03 2002)
dont really care who sales it that sounds like a kick @ss game – by woo hoo
|pro-consumer (2:26pm est tue dec 03 2002)
wal-mart, in general, is pro-consumner. they are constantly pushing for lower prices from manufactures and do have a lot of power when it comes to selling items. as they are one of the few stores that can actually coerce big manufactures to "shape up," i have no complaints. you can like their policies or not but that is everyone's right in our market economy.
any complaints about censorship, however, are completely mis-guided. wal-mart is a non-governmental entity that has every right to sell what it want to sell. corporations that sell to wal-mart are free to produce two types of goods. and consumers are free to purchase from any store they like. where is the problem?
as a side note, how does a topless figure versus a figure with a bikini make the game more fun? if all you are doing is trading on the shock value, the game is probably not worth playing to begin with. – by – – 3l
|pro consumer!?! (2:33pm est tue dec 03 2002)
yeah, wal-mart is pro-consumer, as long as that consumer only wants to shop at huge, corporate stores.
wal-mart's strategy has always been to move into a town and undercut all the local retailers until they drive them out of business.
unless you think a total lack of choice is pro-consumer… – by screw wal-mart
|3l (2:39pm est tue dec 03 2002)
coprporations that sell to wal-mart don't have the freedom you think.
if a company sells 25% of their product alone through wal-mart, then of course they are going to bend to wal-marts will if they don't like the product. wal-mart has, in the past, single handlely made or broken companies, simply by deciding to sell their products or not. their a companies that soley exist because wal-mart sells their products.
power corrupts, and wal-mart has a lot of power. – by topher
|who's corrupt? (2:54pm est tue dec 03 2002)
a store that has a thread of decency or companies that make games regardless of content and think only about money?
somebody has to censor some things. there is censorship everywhere and there always will be. guaranteed. do you think anyone would censor a terrorist game where the goal is to fly your fully loaded airliners into large american buildings?
censorship is common sense. – by think
|don't be dumb (3:06pm est tue dec 03 2002)
those companies are the one's who you should be thumpin, if they wanted to keep there works the way they wanted them they could have, and sold them somewhere else. duh. if you want to play your nc-17 movie in "family theatre" you're going to have to cut some of it out.
duh otay…
i strongly agree that bmx xxx and gta3 shouldn't be sold at wallyworld. kids can get their hands on them too easy.
i strongly agree that there should be more head popping, and gore in games, but do it right, don't do it for shock and then back off when you get scared. – by doc_stihl
|it's the trickle-down effect (3:11pm est tue dec 03 2002)
i get carded to buy cigarettes. i'm 26 years old. what's wrong with carding people to buy explicit video games? i have no problem with wal-mart not wanting to carry certain products however, when they can influence how those products are made, it's just another of our freedoms gone down the toilet. what will corporate america decide is best for us next? – by concerned
|re: concerned (3:31pm est tue dec 03 2002)
what you and everyone should be concerned about is the gaming companies that produce manure like this in the first place. they alone know how powerful their media is, especially to young minds.
true, parents should be the ultimate in shielding their children from this but for the growing numbers of kids who apparently have little or no parental control what kind of media a kid watches can make all the difference in the world.
what is the attraction to violence? nudity i can understand. – by open mind
|bmx xxx (4:10pm est tue dec 03 2002)
ok, so no more xxx stuff. so does that make it bmx? then whats the point?
also, halo is a kick ass game. rated m. has red, blue, and green blood. its a hellovalotta fun. lets censor that… have em shoot bubbles instead of aliens. which would be more fun? – by warplex
|wal-mart sucks (4:14pm est tue dec 03 2002)
i was xmas shopping at wal-mart and had a cart full of gifts. i stopped by the electronics department and thought i would buy the new splinter cell for xbox. well, problem #1 was that all the games are behind a glass screen. so you can't actually pick up the game and check out the back of the carton to see if you might want to buy it. problem #2, next i had to run down a wal-mart employee to have them get a key to unlock the case to get my game. problem #3 was that the employee told me that i could either pay for just the game in that department or up front. since i had a cart full of stuff and only wanted to write 1 check for it all i said i would pay for it upfront. i was thinking that he would just hand me the game and i would be on my way to checkout. much to my surprise, he informed me that another employee would have to escort the game up to the service desk and then someone from the service desk would escort the game to the checkout person. i thought he was crazy! you mean they have to guard these games like guarding fort knox and make a customer go through all this bullshit security just to buy a video game?! i told him to just forget it. why does wal-mart have such program in place just to purchase a video game. i'm not underage and there are alot of other items setting out in the open that are more expensive that you could steal. why the hell do they have such a crazy security process to buy a simple video game? after this incident, i decided to never buy any video games or video game related items at wal-mart! – by screw wal-mart
|wake up! (4:26pm est tue dec 03 2002)
the united states of america is (i repeat) is thee corporation. voting is all about who has the dollars. so, he/she who has the dollars–decides what we get to play with. if they lose those dollars, then they relent to what the people want. – by robocasper
|let's review… (5:10pm est tue dec 03 2002)
given wal-mart's position, i would say they can sway producers to throw them a bone now and then when it comes to cover art or unnecessary content. and i am not sure where the corruption is coming in here. if the game designers are so altruistic (look it up) then why did they end up changing the game?
if wal-mart wants some control over the products they sell, i say they have as much right as anyone in this case. if i am a company that produces games and i've got one store that pushes 25% of the video game sales out there, i would definitely want to keep them in my corner. for those of you still in dreamland, the idea of a business is to make money. the game industry is no different.
if you want to lower that control, then do so. there are other outlets where games can be bought in a much friendlier environment. if you don't want to buy at wal-mart, and you don't reside is guam, chances are you can drive an extra 10 miles to some other store that has the same game for a comparable price – where the product's not behind glass – where there's no double secret checkout procedure – where the employees don't have a 2 pack a day habit and can actually tell their xbox from their ps2. quit your conspiracy theory whining and shop somewhere else! – by deacon
|re: screw wal-mart (5:27pm est tue dec 03 2002)
i agree, walmart sucks.
they have to guard those games like fort knox because of the jack-asses who like to steal them, i don't blame them for that. – by jj
|loser (5:42pm est tue dec 03 2002)
if you are buying a video game for the nudity and xxx… then you are a real loser. spend the money and get a good hooker… – by fred
|wall mart is evil (7:24pm est tue dec 03 2002)
i live in wyoming in a small town and wall mart came in with a supercenter and it is destroying this town. many many businesses have closed down because of it. they are destroying america (and the world). – by it
|a quicky (8:18pm est tue dec 03 2002)
thats pretty funny all of you, its sounds like some of you are losing sleep over this i don't care, i can buy anywhere i want!
like best buy – by piroteck
|evil (8:26pm est tue dec 03 2002)
retail and service industries are what drive the us job market. any economic expert can tell you (worth their salt) that without manufacturing in our pocket–we are screwed for the long haul. what feels better to you: having a job that invents/makes the media the computer game goes on or working at wal-mart selling the game with a fake smile? – by robocasper
|wal mart idiot employee (9:17pm est tue dec 03 2002)
few weeks ago i went in to get a game for xbox and 2 cube games for xmas presents and the dumb clerk ran the game under the demagnifier and not the price scanner and i got super monkey ball 2 for free! :) – by i win walmart loses
|world domination (12:12am est wed dec 04 2002)
walmart taking over the world…eh?…we dont have walmart down here stoooopid! don't assume the whole world is in the us buddy. grab a friggin atlas and try and figure out what those funny lookin shapes are outside the us borderlines.
my dick is bigger – by tool
|your all full of it!!! (12:21am est wed dec 04 2002)
wal-mart has every right in the world to sensor what they do and what they don't want to sell. they aren't owned by the government and have the power to act under their own free will. i think if they can get companies to change what they produce then more power to wal-mart. if you guys have that big of a problem then boo hoo, get over it and go shop somewhere else. i think it's rediculous how gaming companies think that in order to sell a game they have to put in a lot of nudity and violence and other such crap. the people that buy games like that solely for the nudity and violence are all just a bunch of losers anyway, go download your porn off the internet and let them leave it out of the games, that way everybody's happy. – by blah
|anti wal-marters (9:33am est wed dec 04 2002)
anti-corporate tool jobs are funny to listen to. does someone pay you to vote? no? hmmm…. does anyone make you shop at wal-mart? no? hmmmmm…. do you shop there anyway? yes? hmmm…….. well, it beats getting a job, i guess. – by ceo_mr_man
|to all censors out there (1:03pm est wed dec 04 2002)
i heard too many time that censorship is common sense or that censorship is everywhere. however, a deliberate attemtp to censor items by a large corporation or a government is likley to infringe upon the right of individuals to use personal censorship. in the end , such attempt to impose one's views (religious and others) upon the masses goes against personal freedom and is very similar to dictatorial disinformation. this nation.
another gripe i have with walmart is that they do not censor violent games, which sends the common message that, while nudity is not ok, violence is perfectly acceptable. let us buy little tommy a bbgun for xmas but please keep him away from these dirty magazines!
accepting the human body or what it is and rejecting real world violence seem to me a better approach to values than the current frustrated and armed lesson taught to a certain category of the population
peace! – by taochi
|an answer to blah (1:07pm est wed dec 04 2002)
while walmart will not sell products displaying nudity, they commonly sell product allowing violent behaviors, toward humans or animals. game players who like violent games are not necessarily sex starved psychos (quite the contrary if one believes many studies) while i consider 'big game hunters' (an activity protrayed in many games sold by wm) an activity for weakminded and bodied wanabies who find power and completion in killing large animals with high power rifles.
– by taochi
|re: taochi (3:02pm est wed dec 04 2002)
good points. i think it's the influence of conservative "christian" groups who have a problem with nudity but no problem with guns. their hang-up with sex is probably from some deeply rooted problems. also, i wouldn't be surprised if some of the most vocal about sex and nudity are some of the most perverted behind closed doors.
the christian right is neither. – by one
|sex is natural, sex is good, (2:33am est mon dec 09 2002)
not everybody does it, but everybody should! – by sting
|and (10:51am est tue dec 10 2002)
it's best when it's one-on-one. – by mike
|censoring?! (8:39am est thu dec 19 2002)
anybody who says that censorin is a common thing that just simply is needed .. is somebody who needs a good checkup to me!! all that you people do is make new problems bij trying to find the right solution for others .. right.. just go ahead and censor that game .. it has naughty language :o and you see some titties in it.. big deal!! .. that's no reason to just go take our right to see something the way it was supposed too by the creators away..
who iz 2 decide what is bad and good?!.. let people decide for themselfs.. can't stand something from the game!? throw it away.. nobody's forcing you to play it – by u ppl kiddin right?!
|world domination (9:48am est mon jan 13 2003)
wal-mart has bought asda the number one supermarket chain here in the uk. they are about to buy the number four chain in the uk making them the biggest supermarket operator in the us, the uk and the rest of europe. yes there's plenty of world left to dominate but when you are the biggest operator within the biggest economies of the world it won't take much to cripple a tiddler like the 50 or so nations of africa or the nations of the south american continent. "wal mart is america and the american empire will last a thousand years…" i think i've heard something like that before. was it a chap called adolf? – by bulldog
|bbguns (1:40pm est mon aug 25 2003)
you shoul get better bbguns – by chane
|bbguns (1:40pm est mon aug 25 2003)
you should get better bbguns – by chane
|former wall mart unloader (8:41pm est sat dec 06 2003)
wall mart treats their help like shit and some like it the management they are out to ruin what is left of the workforce .so friend dont let friends work at wall mart .nazi germany would be proud of wall mart . they need to be try ed for human rights violations . i am not bs ing america. go else where to shop . – by ray /oc fla
|sex (8:10pm est sun dec 12 2004)
u do be able to have sex in wal mart i was having sex when a sales person came up to us and said you should not be having sex here wat is the little kids saw? well we there in a shed so i think it was fine to do that and if u want to go and do it it feels great atfer award too!! so just have sex wit who ever you want you just use procetion!! – by the girl who had sex
|are you serious (10:20am est mon jan 24 2005)
who the fuck cares if they got acclaim to stop production on or change a video game about big titted women riding bmx bikes, jesus fucking christ if you people cant see the difference between censorship of art and stupid titty games then you're pretty fucked. oh and to the girl who had sex i hope you get syphilis you illiterate fuck! – by angry musician
|imature people (9:16pm est wed nov 23 2005)
all of you need to grow up and get a life. – by boricua
|walmart sucks (4:12pm est thu feb 23 2006)
walmart has the write to exist and we all have the right not to shop there…
i choose to exerceise the later.
the low prices you pay come at a price.. american jobs and increase to the trade deficit.
– by dan


text:
Hello! My name is Harvey Irby. I am a software engineer by profession and a cyclist by heart. I specialize in web-based solutions for all types of software. Basically, I take existing software and create web based applications for them. This means that I need to be heavily involved in perfecting the user interface of my projects as I am often taking existing software and making it more user-friendly and often for a larger group of users.
Of course, I also have to solve a variety of complex software problems. I love to find ways to provide user-centric and secure solutions. With many hats to wear, I am always learning something new with each and every client. As a software engineer, I have experienced a variety of industries that range from aerospace to high tech.
I also love to bike. I'm a bit of cycling nerd. Just like I love finding ways to create the most effective and simple software solution I also love thinking about ways to make the mechanics of my bike as simple and streamlined as possible. I also love collecting cycling data and seeing what can be interpreted from it.
Here at Ragtag, I've combined my interests for cycling, data, problem-solving and education in software engineering to transform this blog into the best source of practice in the area. It is through these interests that I've found extraordinarily talented developers who also share the same interests around the world.
Ragtag is built to solve problems and add to the dialogue of issues in the software industry while also having fun. At the end of the day, this blog is about the contemplation and cataloging of my interests and passions and there is really nothing off limits.
Also, please be aware that English is not my first language so I apologize for any confusing wording!
Recent Posts
A History Of The World in 100 SecondsCheck it out:
Implementing Live Chat For A Local Veterinary ClinicI do a little work on the side helping local …
5 Common Database Pitfalls Software Engineers MakeWith the amount of time being spent on databases, you …
Simplify the Complex Procedure of Analysis of Competing HypthosesAnalysis of Competing Hypotheses (ACH) is a procedure that is …
What Really Happens at a Code Retreat for Software GeeksIf you have ever attended a code retreat, it is …
Subscribe here!
Subscribe Here to Get Latest News and Updates !


text:
Russian president Dmitri A. Medvedev has ordered his country's military operations to cease in Georgia. However he did not say his troops were pulling out of Georgia. He said the Russian troops will continue to fire upon any enemies in Southern Ossetia.
Reports on the ground say that Russian troops are digging in around Georgian cities. There has been no cease fire yet. A Russian withdrawal will only come when a formal cease-fire has been reached added Medvedev. Only an hour after Medvedev spoke on television bombs were heard falling over the Georgian city of Gori, near Tbilisi.
It seems that there will be no bull out of Russian troops from Georgia yet. We will have to wait and see what the Russian's next move will be. We do however have new information on movements by the Russian forces, including paratroopers landing in a port city. (more…)


text:
|WPF chart control
SCIchart is a London based provider of WPF chart for Windows, Android and iOS chart for several companies in no less than 40 countries. No matter the operation system you prefer these charts are created to fit your needs and assist you int the work you are doing. What is also great about the SCIChart is that they also offer a free trial so that you can joggle with the data you have and see the results.
Read more about WPF chart control website.
|0 Reviews. Rating: Total Votes: 0


text:
A beach for every day, to feed your wanderlust in 2018.
Antigua has a saying, that it has 365 beaches — one for every day of the year. But while you could certainly spend a leisurely year enjoying the sun and sand on Antigua (if there are in fact 365 on the island), it would be a shame to neglect so many other beaches around the world.
There's no better time to plan your next adventure than the beginning of a brand new year, arbitrary though the 1st of January may be for a "fresh start." Maybe you have a destination in mind already, or maybe — if you're in a northerly locale — you're just starting to think about escaping somewhere warmer.
Related: The 50 Best Places to Travel This Year
But whether it's comfortable weather you're seeking or pristine naturaly beauty, there's a beach somewhere in the world for that. It seems there might be a beach for everything, and everyone.
Here, we've compiled 365 beaches for 2018. That's 365 places to plan a vacation, 365 stretches of sand — from pink to white to black to golden to green — to bury your toes in, and 365 photos to pass the time before you get on that flight to Antigua. Or Aruba. Or Seychelles. Or Tobago. Or ... you get the picture.
Photos curated by Skye Senterfeit.


text:
An independent family-run chain of cycle shops established by 1981, Rutland Cycling now has 12 stores across the Midlands
Offering cycling and triathlon coaching to include women's coached holidays in the French alps
featured articles
Love Velo CC : Women's Racing in 2018
I'm a keen follower of cycling and racing, both locally, nationally and on a professional level to follow the best riders in the world. I wanted to speak about just some of the issues that are apparent in the world of women's racing in 2018. It's something that I have wanted to write about for … Continued
The Vätternrundan 2018
Lake Vättern, Sweden – 300km- 6th biggest lake in Europe- 27,000 cyclists I recently was given the opportunity to travel to Sweden and take part in an event called the Vätternrundan, the world's biggest recreational cycling event. The opportunity presented itself through Rutland Cycling and was to be organised by Oakley. The event is … Continued


text:
DS15240 -pkg of 21 sings- Free Shipping-Handling DISPLAY SIGN
By buying this product you can collect up to 2 loyalty points. Your cart will total 2 loyalty points that can be converted into a voucher of $0.06.
New product
Package of 21 SIGNS for only $1.13- about 5¢ each. Only 1 left
Warning: Last items in stock!
Availability date:
Put this sign up in your display to remind you to be asking that all important question to every guest. Guests will ...
- Remove this product from my favorite's list.
- Add this product to my list of favorites.
Put this sign up in your display to remind you to be asking that all important question to every guest. Guests will be waiting for you to ask and some will say 'yes' because this sign has got them thinking about the benefits of having a party.
SIGN READS: Free Shipping/Handling.. If I don't ask you to book a show or try our opportunity!
Click the PICTURES in RELATED ITEMS BELOW
any links to training ideas and/or similar products.
Click the little arrows at the top of the section to see more than the 4 items shown.
You may also SEARCH for the actual NUMBERS in the item number to see similar slogans on different products.
|DS-Display Signs--
|Each card is 4 1/4" x 5 1/2". Printed in Full Color on Bright Shiny HEAVY Cardstock. Priced individually. Put them in your display. These make great gifts for your team.
|A Regular Price for
|DS-Display Signs 49¢ each
Graphics and Intellectual property Copyright JB © 2016 -This includes ALL GRAPHICS and training (Both written, PDF and Audio). 800-553-6692. Products available at www.TheBooster.com If wanting to republish any of our training, please contact us directly.


text:
However, some days go even beyond exciting, and fall into "Special Occasions". Whether this be a birthday, the birth of a sibling, or some other significant event, these days are worth marking. As a teacher, it is worth it to come up with some special routine or habit to mark these special days.
One of the easiest days to make special are birthdays. Not only because everyone has one, but also because parents are often eager to help make these days special.
In our room, we mark birthdays special in several ways. One way we do this is through our birthday wreath. This is a balloon wreath that I made following directions I found on Pinterest.
To personalize the wreath, I used my Publisher software to print out cute labels with everyone's name on it (as seen above). Then on the day of the birthday, we put the balloon wreath outside our class door to greet the children as they arrived so they could see whose birthday it is. Later in the day we take a picture of the birthday girl or boy beside the wreath. Later, this picture (and the actual label) became part of that child's memory book from the school year. (More about our memory books later).
This year I have the goal for us to have our birthday wreath travel a little bit around the school, as we carry it to different parts of the school to honor the birthdays of some of our favorite school people: the cafeteria lady, the custodian, the principal, etc.
This year I am considering an additional birthday tradition. One involves displaying a Birthday Ribbon Banner.
Teachers Pay Teachers of my Teachers Notebook store. It would be easily displayed in our classroom on the day of someone's birthday.
If you want to show your children the sequence of their birthdays in a year, you can attach one Birthday Photo Holder for each child in the order that their birthdays will come in the year. While the card holders are "waiting" for the birthdays (and pictures) to arrive, the holders could just have each child's name and birthday date placed where the picture goes. Then, once their birthday has arrived, you can slip in a picture of the birthday boy and girl. That way the students will have a visual tracker of whose birthday has passed, and whose is coming up next.
Tomorrow I will post more about the different "Keychain Album" pages that are available in my Teacher Stores.


text:
Sunday, June 21, 2009
My Next Hat
Last Friday Dusty had his first class field trip. I took the day off of hatting and went for the ride. We went to the farm of Dusty's best friend, Beaux. Well, really it's his mom Faye that does all the work. The farm is called Silver Lane Farm . Faye, pretty much single handedly, raises heritage birds. She also has a five year old human, a baby human, a few pigs, sheep and goats. When we arrived we were greeted by Wyatt the Turkey. Although he did his best to impress us by circling us, spreading and rattling his feathers at us and displaying that oddness hanging from his beak and neck (which apparently drives the lady turkeys wild) I remained most unimpressed. The only thought that kept circulating in my head was, nice hat. Wyatt's life will be spared for some time because, lucky guy, he has been designated as The Breeder. But, Faye has promised me that when his time comes to be Thanksgiving dinner I will get some of his spectacular feathers. Wyatt was quite the host always managing to be extremely present at all the fun activities that Faye organized. The egg races were quite a hit. Dusty is third from the left in the line up. Note the hand on the egg. Such a cheater. Don't know where he gets it from. Must be from Tony's side. We also got to pet a one week old goat. So adorable. It was really a fun day.
Tuesday, June 9, 2009
By Myself In the Big City
Last Friday marked a momentous occasion in my life. For the first time in five years I spent a weekend alone without husband or child. I LOVED IT!!! I adore my child, he is my sun and moon, but I had three precious mornings where I was not woken by way of being pounced on. I went to Toronto for a family function, which was lovely. On Saturday afternoon I met my friend, Andrea who did all the graphic design on my web site and all those great logos. She treated me to a pedicure. I had never had one before and I have to admit I didn't really understand what the big deal was until I actually sat down in one of those incredible automatic massage chairs and gave myself over to the joy of being pampered. Andrea describes it as pressing your reset button. I'm so hooked. I wonder if there's any place in Lunenburg that does pedicures. (I need the massage chair or it won't work) I popped into one of my favourite stores of all times. Lilliput. This is one of the most beautiful hat stores I've ever seen. Karyn Gingras is the milliner/mastermind behind this unbelievable establishment. It is mostly all of Karyn's work, but she does carry a few other designers. My hats are available there in the fall and winter. Lilliput is located on College st. at Bathurst. If you are in the neighbourhood be sure to pop in. It's so worth it. My homecoming was great. Tony came to get me at the airport in Halifax and then we went to pick up Dusty from school. My little Taurus came charging at me and smothered me with hugs and kisses and then ofcourse all the other four and five year olds in his class followed suit. For the rest of the day he told me how he just loved me too much, and today is the day you came home, Mommy! It's really not so bad.
Posted by hatjunkie at Tuesday, June 09, 2009 10 comments
Labels: anna shoub, hand made, hand made hats, hat junkie, lilliput, Lunenburg, nova scotia, toronto
Subscribe to: Posts (Atom)


text:
There's been a lot of different things going on with Channing Tatum's movies lately, so I thought that I would give fans a quick update.
Battle in Seattle
Channing's upcoming drama 'Battle In Seattle', where he plays a riot cop by the name of Johnson, was the talk of the Democratic National Convention yesterday when it was shown at the Impact Film Festival. The screening was held at at the Starz Film Room and was only open to the delegates at the Denver, Colorado-based political convention. Attendees were also able to take part in a Q&A with director Stuart Townsend and actress Charlize Theron after the movie.
Star-studded premieres are planned for BIS in mid- to late September in L.A., New York., and Sacramento. The movie will then premiere in the following growing list of cites on the dates listed below.
- September 19, 2008 – New York, San Rafael, San Fransisco, Minneapolis, and Seattle
- September 24, 2008 – Sacramento
- September 26, 2008 - Pittsburgh, Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Los Angeles, and Washington D.C.
- October 3, 2008- Plano, Philidephia, and Santa Barbara
Fans can CLICK HERE to buy tickets. If the movie is not currently scheduled to show in your city, make sure to keep demanding it. Rumor has it that if a city gets 200 demands, then the producers at Redwood Palms Pictures will try to bring the film to your city too.
The 'Battle In Seattle' marketing team has been in high gear for a while and is currently adding fans to their update list. Its easy to join. All you have to do is e-mail their private account at [email protected] and put "Battle In Seattle" in the subject line. You don't need to put any message in the body of the e-mail. Once they get your e-mail they will keep you up to date on all of 'Battle In Seattle's progress.
Based on one of the most incendiary political uprisings in a generation, 'Battle In Seattle' takes an in-depth look at the five days that rocked the world in 1999 as tens of thousands of demonstrators took to the streets in protest on the World Trade Organization. What began as a peaceful protest intended to stop the WTO talks quickly escalated into a full-scale riot and eventual State of Emergency that squared off the protesters against the Seattle Police Department and the National Guard.
Fans can CLICK HERE to download the free trailer from ITunes.
Public Enemies
A journalist who played as as extra in Channing Tatum's 2009 drama 'Public Enemies', where Chan plays the doomed 1930′s bank robber Pretty Boy Floyd, recently gave us some new info on the release of the film.
It appears that there has been an official informational release sent to theaters from the studio to remind theater owners to reserve space next summer for the film. It confirms that the film will be released July 1, 2009. The reporter was told by inside sources that even though the film is still in the midst of editing, there will be enough cleaned up and pieced together footage for theater preview trailers to be ready for the Christmas holiday movie releases.
An adaptation of Brian Burrough's book "Public Enemies: America's Greatest Crime Wave and the Birth of the FBI, 1933-43," Channing's film centers on the government's attempt to stop John Dillinger and his gang. The star-studded cast also includes Johnny Depp who plays Dillinger and Christian Bale portrays the famed FBI agent Melvin Purvis.
G. I. Joe: Rise of Cobra
Channing Tatum will play the lead role of Duke Hauser in what MTV has declared to be one of the most anticipated movies for summer of 2009, and I know that fans are definitely looking forward to seeing Chan flex his super hero chops in the big-budget, action film 'G.I. Joe: Rise of Cobra'.
They wrapped filming in on the movie in the Czech Republic in June and not too long after one of the crew members posted his impressions of Channing one of the IMDB messages boards. If you want to get an idea of what it's like to work with Channing on set, read below…
"So I did a little work on GI Joe, and I have to say it was really refreshing just how cool and unassuming Channing was. When you work with actors often, you come to expect a certain degree of self-absorption. They're just a different breed in general–partially because they live in very different realities than the rest of the world. Channing was ALWAYS cool. He seemed like someone who knew he was in a fortunate position. He never dragged his feet coming to set, he insisted on taking care of himself, and usually had a smile on his face. Ray Park was the same way … absolutely gifted martial artist, and completely humble. For the sake of these two guys, I hope the movie does really well, as we need more personalities like theirs in the A-list."
'G.I. Joe: Rise of Cobra' revolves around a European-based military unit known as Global Integrated Joint Operating Entity (G.I.J.O.E.), which is a hi-tech, international force of special operatives that takes on an evil organization led by a notorious arms dealer.'G.I. Joe: Rise of Cobra' is currently scheduled to hit US theaters on August 7th, 2009.
Channing was scheduled to start filming Oscar-winning director Oliver Stone's 'Pinkville' last November until the production was derailed by the writer's strike. I'm now hearing from multiple sources that the film may be back on sooner rather than later. Right now, this is just rumor, but if it turns out to be true, they will most likely have to recast some roles depending on which actors are available.
'Pinkville' is a drama about the investigation of the tragic 1968 My Lai massacre that occurred during the Vietnam war. Channing was supposed to play real-life hero Hugh Thompson, a helicopter pilot who, upon realizing what was happening below, put a stop to the killing by placing his craft between gunmen and the few villagers who were left, and telling his two shipmates to fire on the soldiers if they shot any more people. They airlifted the survivors and reported the carnage to superiors.
What's Next for Channing Tatum
Channing is scheduled to start filming his romantic drama 'Dear John' next month in South Carolina, his movie 'Fighting' will be released in January 2009, and his movie 'Parkour' will start filming early next year. Fans can CLICK HERE to get a complete list of Channing's past, current, and future films and watch their trailers.


text:
Variations in lethal and sublethal effects of cypermethrin among aquatic stages and species of anuran amphibians
Unpredicted variation in levels of risk to organisms to xenobiotics can be observed, despite the use model species to predict the effects of chemicals in the environment. Physiological and morphological differences between species and life stages may lead to differences in sensitivity, while seasonal and spatial variation in pesticide concentrations may affect the level of risk faced by organisms in the environment. Because anurans breed in aquatic habitats subject to contamination by run‐off and spraying they are particularly vulnerable to pesticides. We exposed embryos, newly hatched larvae, and larvae with limb buds of 3 anuran amphibian species, Pseudacris regilla, Rana cascadae and R. aurora, for 48h to either 0.5 or 5.0 µg/L cypermethrin under laboratory conditions. We monitored hatching success, larval survival, and measured growth. Additionally, we assayed avoidance behavior 2wk after exposure, or 2wk after hatching for individuals exposed as embryos. Hatching and survival were not affected in animals of any species exposed as embryos. However, after exposure as embryos and as newly hatched larvae, P. regilla displayed behavioral abnormalities in response to prodding. Cypermethrin increased mortality in P. regilla exposed in both larval stages. Cypermethrin also increased mortality in larval R. cascadae when exposed at the early stage larvae. These results indicate variation in sensitivity to environmentally relevant concentration of cypermethrin among anuran species and life stages. Environ Toxicol Chem © 2013 SETAC
Most popular related searches
Customer comments
No comments were found for Variations in lethal and sublethal effects of cypermethrin among aquatic stages and species of anuran amphibians. Be the first to comment!


text:
Frequent Links
|Ball-and-stick model of aspartame
| colspan=2 style="background:#f8eaba; border-top:2px solid transparent; border-bottom:2px solid transparent; text-align:center;" #REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other
This page is a soft redirect. Names
#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other
| IUPAC name
Methyl L-α-aspartyl-L-phenylalaninate
| Other names
1-methyl ester
| colspan=2 style="background:#f8eaba; border-top:2px solid transparent; border-bottom:2px solid transparent; text-align:center;" #REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other
This page is a soft redirect. Identifiers
#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other
|22839-47-0 7px
|CHEBI:2877 7px
|ChEMBL171679 7px
|118630 7px
|DB00168 7px
|Jmol-3D images
|C11045 7px
| colspan=2 style="background:#f8eaba; border-top:2px solid transparent; border-bottom:2px solid transparent; text-align:center;" #REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other
This page is a soft redirect. Properties
#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other
|Molar mass
|Lua error in Module:Math at line 495: attempt to index field 'ParserFunctions' (a nil value). g·mol−1
|1.347 g/cm3
|Melting point
|Script error: No such module "convert".
|Boiling point
|Sparingly soluble
|Slightly soluble in ethanol
|Acidity (pKa)
| colspan=2 style="background:#f8eaba; border-top:2px solid transparent; border-bottom:2px solid transparent; text-align:center;" #REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other
This page is a soft redirect. Hazards
#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
|14px verify (what is: 10px/10px?)
|Infobox references
Aspartame (APM; /ˈæspərteɪm/ or /əˈspɑrteɪm/) is an artificial, non-saccharide sweetener used as a sugar substitute in some foods and beverages. In the European Union, it is codified as E951. Aspartame is a methyl ester of the aspartic acid/phenylalanine dipeptide. It was first sold under the brand name NutraSweet. It was first synthesized in 1965, and the patent expired in 1992.
The safety of aspartame has been the subject of several political and medical controversies, United States congressional hearings and Internet hoaxes[3][4][5] since its initial approval for use in food products by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1981.[6]:2 The European Food Safety Authority concluded in its 2013 re-evaluation that aspartame and its breakdown products are safe for human consumption at current levels of exposure,[7] corroborating other medical reviews.[8] However, because its breakdown products include phenylalanine, aspartame must be avoided by people with the genetic condition phenylketonuria (PKU).
- 1 Chemistry
- 2 Properties and use
- 3 Discovery and approval
- 4 Compendial status
- 5 Safety and approval controversies
- 6 Safety and health effects
- 7 Commercial uses
- 8 References
Aspartame is a methyl ester of the dipeptide of the natural amino acids L-aspartic acid and L-phenylalanine. Under strongly acidic or alkaline conditions, aspartame may generate methanol by hydrolysis. Under more severe conditions, the peptide bonds are also hydrolyzed, resulting in free amino acids.[9]
While known aspects of synthesis are covered by patents, many details are proprietary.[10] Two approaches to synthesis are used commercially. In the chemical synthesis, the two carboxyl groups of aspartic acid are joined into an anhydride, and the amino group is protected by a compound that will prevent further reactions of that group. Phenylalanine is methylated and combined with the N-protected aspartic anhydride; then the blocking group is removed from aspartic acid by acid hydrolysis. The drawback of this technique is that a byproduct, the bitter-tasting β-form, is produced when the wrong carboxyl group from aspartic acid links to phenylalanine. A process using an enzyme from Bacillus thermoproteolyticus to catalyze the condensation of the chemically altered amino acids will produce high yields without the β-form byproduct. A variant of this method, which has not been used commercially, uses unmodified aspartic acid, but produces low yields. Methods for directly producing aspartyl-phenylalanine by enzymatic means, followed by chemical methylation, have also been tried, but not scaled for industrial production.[11]
Properties and use
Aspartame is approximately 200 times sweeter than sucrose (table sugar). Due to this property, even though aspartame produces four kilocalories of energy per gram when metabolized, the quantity of aspartame needed to produce a sweet taste is so small that its caloric contribution is negligible.[8] The taste of aspartame and other artificial sweeteners differs from that of table sugar in the times of onset and how long the sweetness lasts, though aspartame comes closest to sugar's taste profile among approved artificial sweeteners.[10] The sweetness of aspartame lasts longer than that of sucrose, so it is often blended with other artificial sweeteners such as acesulfame potassium to produce an overall taste more like sugar.[12] Aspartame can be synthesized from its constituent amino acids, L-phenylalanine and L-aspartate.
Like many other peptides, aspartame may hydrolyze (break down) into its constituent amino acids under conditions of elevated temperature or high pH. This makes aspartame undesirable as a baking sweetener, and prone to degradation in products hosting a high pH, as required for a long shelf life. The stability of aspartame under heating can be improved to some extent by encasing it in fats or in maltodextrin. The stability when dissolved in water depends markedly on pH. At room temperature, it is most stable at pH 4.3, where its half-life is nearly 300 days. At pH 7, however, its half-life is only a few days. Most soft-drinks have a pH between 3 and 5, where aspartame is reasonably stable. In products that may require a longer shelf life, such as syrups for fountain beverages, aspartame is sometimes blended with a more stable sweetener, such as saccharin.[13]
Aspartame's major decomposition products are its cyclic dipeptide (in a 2,5-diketopiperazine, or DKP, form), the de-esterified dipeptide (aspartyl-phenylalanine), and its constituent components, phenylalanine,[14] aspartic acid,[15] and methanol.[16] At 180 °C, aspartame undergoes decomposition to form a diketopiperazine derivative.[17]
In products such as powdered beverages, the amine in aspartame can undergo a Maillard reaction with the aldehyde groups present in certain aroma compounds. The ensuing loss of both flavor and sweetness can be prevented by protecting the aldehyde as an acetal.
Descriptive analyses of solutions containing aspartame report a sweet aftertaste as well as bitter and off-flavor aftertastes.[18]
Discovery and approval
Aspartame was discovered in 1965 by James M. Schlatter, a chemist working for G.D. Searle & Company. Schlatter had synthesized aspartame as an intermediate step in generating a tetrapeptide of the hormone gastrin, for use in assessing an anti-ulcer drug candidate.[19] He accidentally discovered its sweet taste when he licked his finger, which had become contaminated with aspartame, to lift up a piece of paper.[8][20][21]
In 1975, prompted by issues regarding Flagyl and Aldactone, a U.S. FDA task force team reviewed 25 studies submitted by the manufacturer, including 11 on aspartame. The team reported "serious deficiencies in Searle's operations and practices".[6] The FDA sought to authenticate 15 of the submitted studies against the supporting data. In 1979, the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) concluded, since many problems with the aspartame studies were minor and did not affect the conclusions, the studies could be used to assess aspartame's safety.[6]
In 1980, the FDA convened a Public Board of Inquiry (PBOI) consisting of independent advisors charged with examining the purported relationship between aspartame and brain cancer. The PBOI concluded aspartame does not cause brain damage, but it recommended against approving aspartame at that time, citing unanswered questions about cancer in laboratory rats.[6]:94–96[22]
Citing data from a Japanese study that had not been available to the members of the PBOI,[23] and after seeking advice from an expert panel that found fault with statistical analyses underlying the PBOI's hesitation, yet argued against approval,[6]:53 FDA commissioner Hayes approved aspartame for use in dry goods.[6] In 1983, the FDA further approved aspartame for use in carbonated beverages, and for use in other beverages, baked goods, and confections in 1993. In 1996, the FDA removed all restrictions from aspartame, allowing it to be used in all foods.
Several European Union countries approved aspartame in the 1980s, with EU-wide approval in 1994. The European Commission Scientific Committee on Food reviewed subsequent safety studies and reaffirmed the approval in 2002. The European Food Safety Authority reported in 2006 that the previously established Acceptable daily intake was appropriate, after reviewing yet another set of studies.[24]
Compendial status
Safety and approval controversies
Aspartame has been found to be safe for human consumption by more than ninety countries worldwide,[27][28] with FDA officials describing aspartame as "one of the most thoroughly tested and studied food additives the agency has ever approved" and its safety as "clear cut",[29] but has been the subject of several controversies, hoaxes[3] and health scares.[30]
Initially aspartame was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1974; however, problems with Searle's safety testing program, including testing of aspartame, were discovered subsequently. The approval was rescinded the following year, but after outside reviews of the problematic tests and additional testing, final approval was granted in 1981. Because allegations of conflicts of interest marred the FDA's approval of aspartame,[6][31][32] the U.S. Government Accountability Office reviewed the actions of involved officials in 1986 and the approval process in 1987; neither the allegations of conflict of interest nor problems in the final approval process were substantiated.[6][33]
In addition, the Centers for Disease Control investigated in 1984 and was unable to find any significant epidemiological associations to serious risk or harm.[34]
Since December 1998, a widely circulated email hoax cited aspartame as the cause of numerous diseases.[35]
The weight of existing scientific evidence indicates that aspartame is safe at current levels of consumption as a non-nutritive sweetener.[8] Reviews conducted by regulatory agencies decades after aspartame was first approved have supported its continued availability.[36] The consumer advocacy group the Center for Science in the Public Interest continues to promote the position that aspartame is not safe.[37]
Safety and health effects
The safety of aspartame has been studied extensively since its discovery with research that includes animal studies, clinical and epidemiological research, and postmarketing surveillance.[38] Aspartame is one of the most rigorously tested food ingredients.[39] Peer-reviewed comprehensive review articles and independent reviews by governmental regulatory bodies have analyzed the published research on the safety of aspartame and have found aspartame is safe for consumption at current levels.[8][38][40][41] Aspartame has been deemed safe for human consumption by over 100 regulatory agencies in their respective countries,[41] including the UK Food Standards Agency,[42] the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)[43] and Health Canada.[44]
The acceptable daily intake (ADI) value for aspartame, as well as other food additives studied, is defined as the "amount of a food additive, expressed on a body weight basis, that can be ingested daily over a lifetime without appreciable health risk."[45] The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and the European Commission's Scientific Committee on Food has determined this value is 40 mg/kg of body weight for aspartame,[46] while FDA has set its ADI for aspartame at 50 mg/kg.[47]
The primary source for exposure to aspartame in the United States is diet soft drinks, though it can be consumed in other products, such as pharmaceutical preparations, fruit drinks, and chewing gum among others in smaller quantities.[8] A 12 US fluid ounce (355 ml) can of diet soda contains Script error: No such module "convert". of aspartame, and for a Script error: No such module "convert". adult, it takes approximately 21 cans of diet soda daily to consume the Script error: No such module "convert". of aspartame that would surpass the FDA's 50 milligrams per kilogram of body weight ADI of aspartame from diet soda alone.[47]
Reviews have analyzed studies which have looked at the consumption of aspartame in countries worldwide, including the United States, countries in Europe and Australia, among others. These reviews have found that the even high levels of intake of aspartame, studied across multiple countries and different methods of measuring aspartame consumption, is well below the ADI for safe consumption of aspartame.[8][38][41][46] Reviews have also found that populations that are believed to be especially high consumers of aspartame such as children and diabetics are below the ADI for safe consumption, even considering extreme worst-case scenario calculations of consumption.[8][38]
In a report released on 10 December 2013, the EFSA said that, after an extensive examination of evidence, it ruled out the "potential risk of aspartame causing damage to genes and inducing cancer," and deemed the amount found in diet sodas an amount safe to consume.[48]
Aspartame is rapidly hydrolyzed in the small intestines. Even with ingestion of very high doses of aspartame (over 200 mg/kg), no aspartame is found in the blood due to the rapid breakdown.[8] These metabolites have been studied in a wide range of populations including infants, children, adolescents, and healthy adults. In healthy adults and children, even enormous doses of aspartame do not lead to plasma levels of metabolites that are a concern for safety.
Upon ingestion, aspartame breaks down into residual components, including aspartic acid, phenylalanine, methanol,[49] in ratio of 4:5:1 by mass[50] and further breakdown products including formaldehyde[51] and formic acid, accumulation of the latter being suspected as the major cause of injury in methanol poisoning. Human studies show that formic acid is excreted faster than it is formed after ingestion of aspartame. In some fruit juices, higher concentrations of methanol can be found than the amount produced from aspartame in beverages.[15]
Aspartic acid (aspartate) is one of the most common amino acids in the typical diet. As with methanol and phenylalanine, intake of aspartic acid from aspartame is less than would be expected from other dietary sources. At the 90th percentile of intake, aspartame provides only between 1% and 2% of the daily intake of aspartic acid. There has been some speculation[52][53] that aspartame, in conjunction with other amino acids like glutamate, may lead to excitotoxicity, inflicting damage on brain and nerve cells. However, clinical studies have shown no signs of neurotoxic effects,[8] and studies of metabolism suggest it is not possible to ingest enough aspartic acid and glutamate through food and drink to levels that would be expected to be toxic.[41]
The methanol produced by the metabolism of aspartame is absorbed and quickly converted into formaldehyde and then completely oxidized to formic acid, which, due to its long half life, is considered the primary mechanism of toxicity in methanol poisoning. The methanol from aspartame is unlikely to be a safety concern for several reasons. The amount of methanol in aspartame is less than that found in fruit juices and citrus fruits, and there are other dietary sources for methanol such as fermented beverages. Therefore, the amount of methanol produced from aspartame is likely to be less than that from natural sources. With regard to formaldehyde, it is rapidly converted in the body, and the amounts of formaldehyde from the metabolism of aspartame are trivial when compared to the amounts produced routinely by the human body and from other foods and drugs. At the highest expected human doses of consumption of aspartame, there are no increased blood levels of methanol or formic acid,[8] and ingesting aspartame at the 90th percentile of intake would produce 25 times less methanol than what would be considered toxic.[41]
Phenylalanine and phenylketonuria
High levels of the naturally-occurring essential amino acid phenylalanine are a health hazard to those born with phenylketonuria (PKU), a rare inherited disease that prevents phenylalanine from being properly metabolized. Since individuals with PKU must consider aspartame as an additional source of phenylalanine, foods containing aspartame sold in the United States must state "Phenylketonurics: Contains Phenylalanine" on their product labels.[54]
In the UK, foods that contain aspartame are legally required by the country's Food Standards Agency to list the substance among the product's ingredients and carry the warning "Contains a source of phenylalanine" – this is usually at the foot of the list of ingredients. Manufacturers are also required to print '"with sweetener(s)" on the label close to the main product name on foods that contain "sweeteners such as aspartame" or "with sugar and sweetener(s)" on "foods that contain both sugar and sweetener".[55]
In Canada, foods that contain aspartame are legally required by the country to list the substance among the product's ingredients and include a measure of the amount of aspartame per serving. As well, labels must state that the product contains phenylalanine – this is usually in the order of ingredients, contained in brackets.[56]
Phenylalanine is one of the essential amino acids and is required for normal growth and maintenance of life. Concerns about the safety of phenylalanine from aspartame center largely on hypothetical changes in neurotransmitter levels as well as ratios of neurotransmitters to each other in the blood and brain that could lead to neurological symptoms. Reviews of the literature have found no consistent findings to support such concerns,[41] and while high doses of aspartame consumption may have some biochemical effects, these effects are not seen in toxicity studies to suggest aspartame can adversely affect neuronal function.[8] Like methanol, the typical diet will lead to ingestion of significantly higher amounts of phenylalanine than would be expected from aspartame consumption.[41] People with the genetic disorder phenylketonuria are advised to avoid aspartame as they have a decreased ability to metabolize phenylalanine. Common foods such as milk, meat, and fruits provide far greater amounts of these metabolites in a diet than does aspartame.[41]
In a study done in 1979, the effect of aspartame ingestion on blood and milk amino acid levels in lactating women was tested.[57] In this study, six women from the ages of 20 to 29 with established lactation were studied after oral administration of aspartame or lactose (50 mg/kg body weight) in a random order, with the intent to study the differences in breast milk between the two. The study resulted with the conclusion that aspartame administration at 50 mg/kg body weight has a small effect upon the milk aspartate levels and although a small increase in aspartate time-effect scores was noted over the four-hour postabsorptive period, no significant difference was noted over the entire 24-hour watching period.[57]
Reviews have found no association between aspartame and cancer. These reviews have looked at numerous carcinogenicity studies in animals, epidemiologic studies in humans, as well as in vitro genotoxicity studies. These studies have found no significant evidence that aspartame causes cancer in animals, damages the genome, or causes cancer in humans at doses currently used.[8][38][41] This position is supported by multiple regulatory agencies like the FDA[58] and EFSA as well as scientific bodies such as the National Cancer Institute.[47]
Concern about possible carcinogenic properties of aspartame was originally raised and popularized in the mainstream media by John Olney in the 1970s and again in 1996 by suggesting that aspartame may be related to brain tumors. Reviews have found that these concerns were flawed, due to reliance on the ecological fallacy[59] and the purported mechanism of causing tumors being unlikely to actually cause cancer. Independent agencies such as the FDA and National Cancer Institute have reanalyzed multiple studies based on these worries and found no association between aspartame and brain cancer.[41]
As discussed in the article on controversies around aspartame, the Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center of the European Ramazzini Foundation of Oncology and Environmental Sciences released several studies which claimed that aspartame can increase several malignancies in rodents, concluding that aspartame is a potential carcinogen at normal dietary doses.[60][61] The EFSA[62] and the FDA[58] discounted the study results due to lack of transparency and numerous flaws in the study, finding no reason to revise their previously established acceptable daily intake levels for aspartame.
Neurological and psychiatric symptoms
Numerous allegations have been made on the Internet and in consumer magazines purporting neurotoxic effects of aspartame leading to neurological or psychiatric symptoms such as seizures, headaches, and mood changes.[8] Review of the biochemistry of aspartame has found no evidence that the doses consumed would plausibly lead to neurotoxic effects.[63] Comprehensive reviews have not found any evidence for aspartame as a cause for these symptoms.[8][38][41] One review did provide a theoretical biochemical background of neurotoxicity and suggested further testing.[64] However, a panel of EFSA experts noted that this review's conclusions were partially based on Internet sources and therefore were not scientifically robust. These experts also concurred with a critique that significant scientific errors were made in the critical review that led to unsubstantiated and misleading interpretations.[38] A review of the pediatric literature did not show any significant findings for safety concerns with regard to neuropsychiatric conditions such as panic attacks, mood changes, hallucinations or with ADHD or seizures.[65]
Headaches are the most common symptom reported by consumers.[8] While one small review noted aspartame is likely one of many dietary triggers of migraines, in a list that includes "cheese, chocolate, citrus fruits, hot dogs, monosodium glutamate, aspartame, fatty foods, ice cream, caffeine withdrawal, and alcoholic drinks, especially red wine and beer,"[66] other reviews have noted conflicting studies about headaches[8][67] and still more reviews lack any evidence and references to support this claim.[38][41][65]
Weight change and hunger
Since the caloric contribution of aspartame is negligible, it has been used as a means for weight loss through its role as a sugar substitute, with reviews finding that aspartame may aid in weight loss as part of a multidisciplinary weight loss program. On its own, aspartame is not known by medical literature to cause weight gain or weight loss.[8][41] Although researchers have theorized that aspartame contributes to hunger or increases appetite psychologically,[8][68] broad reviews and regulators conclude that aspartame has no appreciable effect on appetite.[8][38]
Commercial uses
Under the trade names Equal, NutraSweet, and Canderel, aspartame is an ingredient in approximately 6,000 consumer foods and beverages sold worldwide, including (but not limited to) diet sodas and other soft drinks, instant breakfasts, breath mints, cereals, sugar-free chewing gum, cocoa mixes, frozen desserts, gelatin desserts, juices, laxatives, chewable vitamin supplements, milk drinks, pharmaceutical drugs and supplements, shake mixes, tabletop sweeteners, teas, instant coffees, topping mixes, wine coolers and yogurt. It is provided as a table condiment in some countries. Aspartame is less suitable for baking than other sweeteners, because it breaks down when heated and loses much of its sweetness.
NutraSweet Company
In 1985, Monsanto Company bought G.D. Searle, and the aspartame business became a separate Monsanto subsidiary, the NutraSweet Company. In March 2000, Monsanto sold it to J.W. Childs Equity Partners II L.P.[69] European use patents on aspartame expired starting in 1987,[70] and the U.S. patent expired in 1992. Since then, the company has competed for market share with other manufacturers, including Ajinomoto, Merisant and the Holland Sweetener Company.
Many aspects of industrial synthesis of aspartame were established by Ajinomoto.[10] In 2004, the market for aspartame, in which Ajinomoto, the world's largest aspartame manufacturer, had a 40 percent share, was 14,000 metric tons a year, and consumption of the product was rising by 2 percent a year.[71] Ajinomoto acquired its aspartame business in 2000 from Monsanto for $67M.[72]
In 2008, Ajinomoto sued British supermarket chain Asda, part of Wal-Mart, for a malicious falsehood action concerning its aspartame product when the substance was listed as excluded from the chain's product line, along with other "nasties".[73] In July 2009, a British court found in favour of Asda.[74] In June 2010, an appeals court reversed the decision, allowing Ajinomoto to pursue a case against Asda to protect aspartame's reputation.[75] Asda said that it would continue to use the term "no nasties" on its own-label products,[76] but the suit was settled in 2011 with ASDA choosing to remove references to aspartame from its packaging.[77]
In November 2009, Ajinomoto announced a new brand name for its aspartame sweetener – AminoSweet.[78]
Holland Sweetener Company
A joint venture of DSM and Tosoh, the Holland Sweetener Company manufactured aspartame using the enzymatic process developed by Toyo Soda (Tosoh) and sold as the brand Sanecta.[79] Additionally, they developed a combination aspartame-acesulfame salt under the brand name Twinsweet.[80] They left the sweetener industry in late 2006, because "global aspartame markets are facing structural oversupply, which has caused worldwide strong price erosion over the last five years", making the business "persistently unprofitable".[81]
Competing products
Because sucralose, unlike aspartame, retains its sweetness after being heated, and has at least twice the shelf life of aspartame, it has become more popular as an ingredient.[82] This, along with differences in marketing and changing consumer preferences, caused aspartame to lose market share to sucralose.[83][84] In 2004, aspartame traded at about $30/kg and sucralose, which is roughly three times sweeter by weight, at around $300/kg.[85]
- ^ Budavari, Susan, ed. (1989). "861. Aspartame". The Merck Index (11th ed.). Rahway, NJ: Merck & Co. p. 859. ISBN 978-0-911910-28-5.
- ^ Rowe, Raymond C. (2009). "Aspartame". Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients. pp. 11–12. ISBN 1-58212-058-7.
- ^ a b Aspartame on Snopes.com
- ^ ACSH Debunks Internet Health Hoax
- ^ A Web of Deceit
- ^ a b c d e f g h "U.S. GAO – HRD-87-46 Food and Drug Administration: Food Additive Approval Process Followed for Aspartame, 18 June 1987". Retrieved 5 September 2008.
- ^ "Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of aspartame (E 951) as a food additive". EFSA Journal 11 (12): 263. 10 December 2013. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3496.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Magnuson BA; Burdock GA; Doull J et al. (2007). "Aspartame: a safety evaluation based on current use levels, regulations, and toxicological and epidemiological studies". Critical Reviews in Toxicology 37 (8): 629–727. PMID 17828671. doi:10.1080/10408440701516184.
- ^ David J. Ager, David P. Pantaleone, Scott A. Henderson, Alan R. Katritzky, Indra Prakash, D. Eric Walters (1998). "Commercial, Synthetic Non-nutritive Sweeteners". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 37 (13–24): 1802–1817. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19980803)37:13/14<1802::AID-ANIE1802>3.0.CO;2-9.
- ^ a b c O'Donnell, Kay (2006). "6 Aspartame and Neotame". In Mitchell, Helen Lucy. Sweeteners and sugar alternatives in food technology. Blackwell. pp. 86–95. ISBN 1-4051-3434-8. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
- ^ Yagasaki, Makoto; Hashimoto, Shin-ichi (November 2008). "Synthesis and application of dipeptides; current status and perspectives". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 81 (1): 13–22. PMID 18795289. doi:10.1007/s00253-008-1590-3.
- ^ "New Products Weigh In". foodproductdesign.com. Retrieved 19 June 2010.
- ^ "Fountain Beverages in the US" (PDF). The Coca-Cola Company. May 2007.[dead link]
- ^ Prodolliet, J.; Bruelhart, M. (1993). "Determination of aspartame and its major decomposition products in foods". J AOAC Int 76 (2): 275–82. PMID 8471853.
- ^ a b Stegink, Lewis D. (July 1987). "The aspartame story: a model for the clinical testing of a food additive". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 46 (1): 204–15. PMID 3300262.
- ^ Lin, SY.; Cheng, YD. (October 2000). "Simultaneous formation and detection of the reaction product of solid-state aspartame sweetener by FT-IR/DSC microscopic system". Food Addit Contam 17 (10): 821–7. PMID 11103265. doi:10.1080/026520300420385.
- ^ Rastogi, S.; Zakrzewski, M.; Suryanarayanan, R. (March 2001). "Investigation of solid-state reactions using variable temperature X-ray powder diffractrometry. I. Aspartame hemihydrate". Pharm Res 18 (3): 267–73. PMID 11442263. doi:10.1023/A:1011086409967.
- ^ F. Nahon, Denise; JP Roozen; Cees de Graaf (February 1998). "Sensory Evaluation of Mixtures of Maltitol or Aspartame, Sucrose and an Orange Aroma". Chem. Senses 23 (1): 59–66. PMID 9530970. doi:10.1093/chemse/23.1.59. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
- ^ Mazur, Robert H. (1974). "Aspartic acid-based sweetners". In Inglett, George E. Symposium: sweeteners. Westport, CT: AVI Publishing. pp. 159–163. ISBN 0-87055-153-1. LCCN 73-94092.
- ^ Lewis, Ricki (2001). Discovery: windows on the life sciences. Oxford: Blackwell Science. p. 4. ISBN 0-632-04452-7.
- ^ Mazur, R.H. (1984). Discovery of aspartame. In Aspartame: Physiology and Biochemistry (L. D. Stegink and L. J. Filer Jr., Eds.). Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 3–9.
- ^ Testimony of Dr. Adrian Gross, Former FDA Investigator to the U.S. Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources, 3 November 1987. Hearing title: "NutraSweet Health and Safety Concerns." Document # Y 4.L 11/4:S.HR6.100, page 430–439.
- ^ FDA Statement on Aspartame, 18 November 1996
- ^ EFSA ::. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) related to a new long-term carcinogenicity study on aspartame
- ^ British Pharmacopoeia Commission Secretariat. "Index (BP)" (PDF). Retrieved 16 January 2010.
- ^ United States Pharmacopeia. "Food Ingredient Reference Standards" (PDF). Retrieved 16 January 2010.[dead link]
- ^ Health Canada: "Aspartame – Artificial Sweeteners".
- ^ Food Standards Australia New Zealand: "Food Standards Australia New Zealand: Aspartame (Updated January 2013)". Retrieved 26 November 2014.
- ^ Henkel, John (November–December 1999). "Sugar Substitutes: Americans Opt for Sweetness and Lite". FDA Consumer. Retrieved 29 January 2009.
- ^ Flaherty, Megan (12 April 1999). "Harvesting Kidneys and other Urban Legends". NurseWeek. Archived from the original on 22 August 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
- ^ Sugarman, Carole (3 July 1983). "Controversy Surrounds Sweetener". Washington Post. pp. D1–2. Retrieved 25 November 2008.
- ^ Henkel J (1999). "Sugar substitutes. Americans opt for sweetness and lite". FDA Consumer Magazine (DIANE Publishing) 33 (6): 12–6. ISBN 978-1-4223-2690-9. PMID 10628311.
- ^ GAO 1986. "Six Former HHS Employees' Involvement in Aspartame's Approval." United States General Accounting Office, GAO/HRD-86-109BR, July 1986.
- ^ Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (2 November 1984). "Evaluation of Consumer Complaints Related to Aspartame Use". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) 33 (43): 605–7. PMID 6436658. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
- ^ "Aspartame Warning". About.com. – the Nancy Markle chain email.
- ^ Reviews by:
USFDA 2007[dead link]
- ^ Coke Shouldn't Bother Rehabilitating Aspartame's Image, Says CSPI ~ Newsroom ~ News from CSPI ~ Center for Science in the Public Interest
- ^ a b c d e f g h i EFSA National Experts (May 2010). "Report of the meetings on aspartame with national experts". EFSA. Retrieved 9 January 2011.
- ^ Mitchell, Helen (2006). Sweeteners and sugar alternatives in food technology. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 94. ISBN 1-4051-3434-8
- ^ Food Standards Australia New Zealand: "Food Standards Australia New Zealand: Aspartame – what it is and why it's used in our food". Archived from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Butchko, H; Stargel, WW; Comer, CP; Mayhew, DA; Benninger, C; Blackburn, GL; De Sonneville, LM; Geha, RS; Hertelendy, Z (2002). "Aspartame: Review of Safety". Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 35 (2 Pt 2): S1–93. PMID 12180494. doi:10.1006/rtph.2002.1542.
- ^ "Aspartame". UK FSA. 17 June 2008. Archived from the original on 7 October 2010. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
- ^ "Aspartame". EFSA. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
- ^ "Aspartame". Health Canada. Archived from the original on 22 September 2010. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
- ^ WHO (1987). "Principles for the safety assessment of food additives and contaminants in food". Environmental health criteria 70
- ^ a b Renwick, Andrew (2006). "The intake of intense sweeteners – an update review". Food Additives & Contaminants 23: 327–38. doi:10.1080/02652030500442532.
- ^ a b c "Aspartame and Cancer: Questions and Answers". National Cancer Institute. 12 September 2006. Archived from the original on 12 February 2009. Retrieved 29 August 2011.
- ^ "Aspartame in Soda is Safe: European Review". Associated Press. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
- ^ Roberts HJ (2004). "Aspartame disease: a possible cause for concomitant Graves' disease and pulmonary hypertension". Texas Heart Institute Journal 31 (1): 105; author reply 105–6. PMC 387446. PMID 15061638.
- ^ Humphries, P; Pretorius, E; Naudé, H (2008). "Direct and indirect cellular effects of aspartame on the brain". Eur J Clin Nutrition 62 (4): 451–462. PMID 17684524. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602866.
- ^ Trocho C; Pardo R; Rafecas I et al. (1998). "Formaldehyde derived from dietary aspartame binds to tissue components in vivo". Life Sciences 63 (5): 337–49. PMID 9714421. doi:10.1016/S0024-3205(98)00282-3.
- ^ "Excitotoxic food additives – relevance of animal studies to human safety" 6 (6). 1984. pp. 455–62. PMID 6152304. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
- ^ "Effects of aspartame metabolites on astrocytes and neurons". doi:10.5114/fn.2013.34191. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
- ^ Code of Federal Regulations Title 21
- ^ Aspartame – Labelling, UK Food Standards Agency, 18 July 2006. Retrieved on 22 July 2007.
- ^ "NGREDIENT S PECIFICATIONS NutraSweet ® Custom Powder" (PDF). NutraSweet. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
- ^ a b Baker, G. L., L. J. Filer, JR., and L. D. Stegink. "Plasma, Erythrocyte and Human Milk Levels of Free Amino Acids in Lactating Women Administered Aspartame or Lactose." The American Society for Nutrition 109 (1979): 2173–2181. Print.
- ^ a b "US FDA/CFSAN – FDA Statement on European Aspartame Study". Archived from the original on 23 September 2010. Retrieved 23 September 2010.[dead link]
- ^ Weihrauch, M. R.; Diehl, V (2004). "Artificial sweeteners – do they bear a carcinogenic risk?". Annals of Oncology 15 (10): 1460–5. PMID 15367404. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdh256.
- ^ Soffritti, M.; Belpoggi, F.; Esposti, D.D.; Lambertini, L.; Tibaldi, E.; Rigano, A. (2006). "First Experimental Demonstration of the Multipotential Carcinogenic Effects of Aspartame Administered in the Feed to Sprague-Dawley Rats". Environ Health Perspect 114 (3): 379–385. PMC 1392232. PMID 16507461. doi:10.1289/ehp.8711.
- ^ Soffritti, M.; Belpoggi, F.; Tibaldi, E.; Esposti, D.D.; Lauriola, M. (2007). "Life-span exposure to low doses of aspartame beginning during prenatal life increases cancer effects in rats". Environ Health Perspect 115 (9): 1293–1297. PMID 17805418. doi:10.1289/ehp.10271.
- ^ Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (2006). "Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) related to a new long-term carcinogenicity study on aspartame". The EFSA Journal 356: 1–44. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2006.356.
- ^ Lajtha, A (1994). "Aspartame consumption: lack of effects on neural function". The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 5: 266–83. doi:10.1016/0955-2863(94)90032-9.
- ^ Humphries, P; Pretorius, E; Naudé, H (2007). "Direct and indirect cellular effects of aspartame on the brain". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62 (4): 451–62. PMID 17684524. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602866.
- ^ a b ""Inactive" Ingredients in Pharmaceutical Products: Update (Subject Review)". Pediatrics 99 (2): 268–78. 1997. PMID 9024461. doi:10.1542/peds.99.2.268.
- ^ Millichap, J; Yee, MM (2003). "The diet factor in pediatric and adolescent migraine". Pediatric Neurology 28 (1): 9–15. PMID 12657413. doi:10.1016/S0887-8994(02)00466-6.
- ^ Sun-Edelstein, Christina; Mauskop, Alexander (2009). "Foods and Supplements in the Management of Migraine Headaches". The Clinical Journal of Pain 25 (5): 446–52. PMID 19454881. doi:10.1097/AJP.0b013e31819a6f65.
- ^ Yang, Qing (2010). "Gain weight by "going diet?" Artificial sweeteners and the neurobiology of sugar cravings". Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 83 (2): 101–108. PMC 2892765. PMID 20589192.
- ^ J.W. Childs Equity Partners II, L.P, Food & Drink Weekly, 5 June 2000
- ^ Shapiro, Eben (19 November 1989). "Nutrasweet's Bitter Fight". The New York Times.
- ^ "Ajinomoto May Exceed Full-Year Forecasts on Amino Acid Products – Bloomberg". Bloomberg. 18 November 2004. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
- ^ "Sweetener sale-05/06/2000-ECN". icis.com. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
- ^ "Asda gears up for additives battle/ aspartame". Evening Standard. London. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
This is Money
- ^ "Asda claims victory in aspartame 'nasty' case". foodanddrinkeurope.com. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
- ^ "FoodBev.com". foodbev.com. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
Court of Appeal rules in Ajinomoto/Asda aspartame case
- ^ "Radical new twist in Ajinomoto vs Asda 'nasty' battle". foodnavigator.com. Archived from the original on 6 June 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
- ^ Bouckley, Ben (18 May 2011). "Asda settles 'nasty' aspartame legal battle with Ajinomoto". William Reed Business Media SAS. FoodNavigator.com. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
- ^ "Ajinomoto brands aspartame AminoSweet". Foodnavigator.com. 25 November 2009. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
- "Ajinomoto brands aspartame 'AminoSweet'". FoodBev.com. 17 November 2009. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
- ^ Lee, Thomas D. (2007). "Sweetners". Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 24 (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 224–252. ISBN 0-471-48496-2. doi:10.1002/0471238961.19230505120505.a01.pub2.
- ^ "Holland Sweetener rolls out Twinsweet". BakeryAndSnacks.com (William Reed Business Media). 19 November 2003. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
- ^ "Holland Sweetener Company to exit from aspartame business". DSM press release, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. 30 March 2006.
- ^ Warner, Melanie (22 December 2004). "A Something Among the Sweet Nothings; Splenda Is Leaving Other Sugar Substitutes With That Empty Feeling". The New York Times.
- ^ John Schmeltzer (2 December 2004). "Equal fights to get even as Splenda looks sweet]" (SUBSCRIPTION REQUIRED). Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 24 June 2007. Retrieved 4 July 2007.
- ^ Carney, By Beth (19 January 2005). "It's Not All Sweetness for Splenda". BusinessWeek: Daily Briefing. Archived from the original on 7 October 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2008.
- ^ "Aspartame defence courts reaction". beveragedaily.com. Retrieved 7 July 2010.


text:
We Love to Create Memorable Events!
The Pavilion at BlackHorse Golf Club is the perfect setting to host your next big social event. Glass inlayed French doors lend a picturesque view of the 18th hole of the North Course while providing all of the comforts of the indoors.
The Pavilion seats 220 people and an additional covered patio provides seating for an even greater number of guests. Separate from the clubhouse, the Pavilion provides the privacy and exclusiveness you and your guests deserve.
BlackHorse Golf Club provides a wide variety catering choices to suit your needs. From simple to simply elegant, you will find our catering to be top notch.
Click Here for more information or contact Randy Roberts at firstname.lastname@example.com or 832.220.5222.


text:
Welcome! What do you need help with?
This wiki is one of several resources you have for hc1 help:
- Release notes: For screenshots, feature overviews, and explanations of the latest fixes, visit this page.
- Step-by-step documentation: To find a specific topic, type keywords in the search box in the upper right corner of your screen or
browse through the help contents below. Because the wiki is in its own window, you can keep it open to refer to as you complete the steps. Some topics also have tip sheet PDFs you can print out to refer to as you work.
- Video library: For a narrated, visual overview of common actions in hc1, watch the videos in the hc1 video library. Each video is about 2 minutes long. From hc1, click here. The opening page of the Video Tutorials list appears in a new window. Click the video title that interests you. The video will start playing in a new page. and choose Video Tutorials or click
- Training modules: To access instructional slideshows and videos and information that's specific to your company's hc1 environment, click hc1 Academy page for more information. and choose hc1 Academy. Refer to the
- Support contact at your company: Your primary contact is the person at your organization who answers hc1 questions or determines whether the questions warrant a call to hc1 Support. Click our primary contact's name, phone number, and email address. If hc1 has been set up to work with your company's phone system, you can click your primary contact's phone number to place a call to that person. If you click the email address, an email message addressed to that person opens in your default email program.
If you are a system administrator, refer to Set the Primary Support Contact for information on how to designate an in-house support person for your company.
- hc1 Support: In order that we can better help you, please complete a Support Request form, which is available on the Support Requests for further instructions. If you don't have access to this form, you can email firstname.lastname@example.com or call (317) 200-3720. hc1 Support is available Monday through Friday from 8:00 am to 5:00 pm Eastern Standard Time. Support requests received after hours will be addressed the next business day. Based on the assigned priority level, support requests are given a specific response time. menu as Submit a Help Request. Refer to


text:
I am trying to run FrontPanel on ubuntu 16.04. The install script runs fine, but when I run FrontPanel:
sudo ./FrontPanel
I get an error:
error while loading shared libraries: libcpprest.so.2.8: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
Has anyone else encountered this? Can you suggest a solution?
Have you installed libcpprest? This should be available from the official repositories, so the following command should install it:
sudo apt install libcpprest