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Using a stretch fabric on the back and a supple synthetic leather palm with strategically placed Progel padding gives you gloves that feel great and provide excellent bar feel as well as vibration and shock damping from rougher roads. Using Altura Ergofit™ 3D patterning delivers a palm with less fabric and therefore fewer creases for a more comfortable fit.
Altura Dry™ technology leads to enhanced breathability and wicking through perforated palm panels and flexmesh upper panels again increasing comfort levels. The strapless stretch wrist cuff and finger pulls makes getting the gloves on and off super easy with a silicone cuff pull for extra grip when pulling them on. The gloves are finished with reflective details so adds to your visibility as light fades.
ProGel is Altura's award winning insert technology that utilises strategically placed gel protection combined with antibacterial properties to offer the very best rider protection and comfort.
|Altura Gloves
|Hand Circumference
|17 - 20cm
|18 - 21cm
|19 - 22cm
|61⁄2″ - 8″
|7″ - 81⁄2″
|71⁄2″ - 81⁄2″
The delivery options available for shipping this product along with the contents of your basket to USA are:
We will happily refund any item purchased on Wiggle if returned to us within 365 days; excluding Wiggle gift vouchers, nutrition and customised products, except when faulty.
Please note: Bikes and other bulky items cannot be returned using our local returns service (where applicable). Please contact us and we can arrange to collect these from you using our discounted courier rates. There is a fee for all collections, except for faulty products.Returned goods must be unused and supplied with their original packaging, unless the goods are faulty. Wiggle will pay the return postage costs for any faulty items.


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Protecting seniors from scammers focus of new Washington state law
There's a careful dance that every adult eventually has to do with their aging parents. The grown offspring have to balance respect for their parent's independence while ensuring they are still capable of managing their own affairs.
Too much interference and the parents can feel insulted at what they perceive as meddling. Too little, and the parents may make some decisions that can harm their financial security.
It's the space in between that has become the prime hunting ground for scammers looking to part trusting seniors from their life savings.
It's a sector of crime that is grossly underreported by financial advisors as it generally happens right under their noses. And if word gets out, their reputations can take a damaging hit.
But Washington State has taken steps to both bring attention to and tackle the issue. To that end, Attorney General Bob Ferguson created a law addressing a new crime: stealing from vulnerable adults. The law includes a lengthened statute of limitations of three to six years after the crime to ensure prosecutors have ample time to build a case.
What makes this troubling is that sometimes those taking advantage of the elderly are also those responsible for caring for them – with trusted family and friends included in that cohort.
It can and does happen.
That's why we check in with our clients from time to time, after they've put an estate plan in place, to make sure family dynamics or other factors haven't changed the assumptions that provided the basis for the original plan. Something as simple as a new power of attorney can have a significant impact on a plan that will require modifications.
I hope Washington State's progress on this issue makes its way across the rest of the country. As the boomers make their way into the senior ranks, there is likely be be a corresponding surge in crimes against the vulnerable. It's the job of financial planners and attorneys to protect the rights of our clients. There is no such thing as a "one and done" plan.
If you want to talk about updating your will, estate plan or powers of attorney, please contact us.

subset: commoncrawl


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Watch High School Musical 3: Senior Year (2008)
Welcome to our Website with Me Adrienne, and i'm reviewers for this film, now i am going to talk about High School Musical 3: Senior Year Produced by Walt Disney Pictures in the United States of America with the duration
Streaming High School Musical 3: Senior Year (2008) : Full Movie Online Free It's almost graduation day for high school seniors Troy, Gabriella, Sharpay, Chad, Ryan and Taylor ― and the thought of heading off in separate directions after leaving East High has these Wildcats thinking they need to do something they'll remember forever. Together with the rest of the Wildcats, they stage a spring musical reflecting their hopes and fears about the future and their unforgettable experiences growing up together. But with graduation approaching and college plans in question, what will become of the dreams, romances, and friendships of East High's senior Wildcats?
Who's The Cast on Film High School Musical 3: Senior Year 2008??
What Genre This Film ? A film that was produced with the intent of fitting into a specific genre (such as Comedy, Drama, Family, Music, Romance)
When High School Musical 3: Senior Year to release? ? RELEASE on Oct 22, 2008 at United States of America
Country: United States of America
Production Co:Walt Disney Pictures
Genre: Comedy, Drama, Family, Music, Romance
Quality: HD
Release: Oct 22, 2008
View: 1897
FAST Download PREMIUM HERE :


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Check out these fun football themed party printables that would be perfect for your Super Bowl Party. If you agree then scroll down to get the link for the download.
All these free party printables can be found on the Hostess with the Mostess blog You'll also find a recipe for Yummy Soft Pretzels and Team Spirit Popcorn and more fun ideas for your party
Be sure to check out these treats too


text: Capture memories with this easy to use Vivitar ViviCam X025 digital camera!This ViviCam X025 digital camera features 10.1 MP resolution with smile and face detection features that can help you capture smiling faces at their best! Preview your images on the bright 2.4-inch screen. Zoom up close to your subject with 4x digital zoom.The VX025-Straw-BOX-FR operates on three AAA batteries (not included) and accepts an SD Card with up to 32 GB of memory (card not included). The self-timer features 2, 5 or 10 second delay so you too can be in the family picture!With the included Vivitar Experience Image Manager software you can upload pictures at the press of a button to twitter, YouTube and Facebook! The VX025-Straw-BOX-FR also makes it a breeze to shoot video clips!If you're looking for an affordable digital camera that takes high quality pictures then this Vivitar ViviCam X025 is just what you need. Order today!


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Delhi: Man arrested for sending obscene pictures, abusive messages to minors
Delhi Police on Saturday arrested a 29-year-old man for harassing and blackmailing more than 50 minor girls in the age group of 9-16 by allegedly sending them their morphed vulgar photos and abusive messages through WhatsApp and Facebook.
The accused Rajesh Gambhir was caught by police after one of the girl's mother lodged a complaint at Ashok Vihar police station on September 22. Gambhir had sent morphed pictures of the class IX student to her phone via WhatsApp.
During investigation, police found that, the number used to send the photos to the victim was obtained on fake identity proof. Later, through technical surveillance they traced accused Rajesh and arrested him from his house in Basant Nagar.
Rajesh was found to be running a mobile phone shop. Three mobile phones and the SIM card, which were used by him for sending objectionable photos to the victim were recovered.
His mobile phones contained52 morphed pictures of various girls, including of the complainant's daughter.
During interrogation, Rajesh disclosed that he used to surf profile pictures on Facebook by adding any female name randomly and saved those pictures. Later, he used to add faces of such girls with objectionable obscene female images from his mobile phone.
"I did that only for sexual pleasure by having dirty chats with girls. I never met the girl or disclosed my original identity to them. It was harmless flirting and I never spent more than a week with one girl," police quoted Gambhir as saying.
He had downloaded a "cut and paste" application in his mobile phone and used it for morphing photographs of girls.


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1.5.0 / December 11, 2017
App Information HUNTER×HUNTER バトルオールスターズ
- App NameHUNTER×HUNTER バトルオールスターズ
- Package Namecom.namcobandaigames.hunter
- UpdatedDecember 11, 2017
- File SizeUndefined
- Requires AndroidAndroid 4.0 and up
- Version1.5.0
- DeveloperBANDAI NAMCO Entertainment Inc.
- Installs1,000,000 - 5,000,000
- PriceFree
- CategoryAction
- DeveloperVisit website Email [email protected] Privacy Policy東京都港区芝5-37-8 バンダイナムコ未来研究所
- Google Play Link
HUNTER×HUNTER バトルオールスターズ Version HistorySelect HUNTER×HUNTER バトルオールスターズ Version :
HUNTER×HUNTER バトルオールスターズ 1.3.17 APK FilePublish Date: 2017 /4/14Requires Android: Android 4.0+ (Ice Cream Sandwich, API: 14)File Size: 38.4 MBTested on: Android 6.0 (Marshmallow, API: 23)File Sha1: cfbc7c8675bbb08df6535b71ce1de034b739e988
HUNTER×HUNTER バトルオールスターズ 1.3.16 APK FilePublish Date: 2017 /3/31Requires Android: Android 4.0+ (Ice Cream Sandwich, API: 14)File Size: 38.4 MBTested on: Android 6.0 (Marshmallow, API: 23)File Sha1: 45273ca1f35e0072ed985c275b6771e749326d92
HUNTER×HUNTER バトルオールスターズ 1.3.15 APK FilePublish Date: 2017 /3/11Requires Android: Android 4.0+ (Ice Cream Sandwich, API: 14)File Size: 38.0 MBTested on: Android 6.0 (Marshmallow, API: 23)File Sha1: 94bbf085e82419b575c8e19f3949e147ce595087
HUNTER×HUNTER バトルオールスターズ 1.3.14 APK FilePublish Date: 2017 /1/19Requires Android: Android 4.0+ (Ice Cream Sandwich, API: 14)File Size: 38.0 MBTested on: Android 6.0 (Marshmallow, API: 23)File Sha1: 66628483c666df2198169bf7e06ab577bd73fe34
BANDAI NAMCO Entertainment Inc. Show More...
Connect Ki Spheres and unleash your power! KAMEHAMEHA! The ultimateDragon Ball Z battle experience is here! ◎Simple and intuitiveDOKKAN action!◎ Just tap the "Ki Spheres" on the battle screen andsend your enemies flying with overwhelming Super Attacks! ◎Makeyour own Dragon Ball dream team!◎ Train your favorite charactersand Awaken them to new realms of power! Organize your team byCategories and Types and assemble the ultimate fighting force! ◎Theworld of Dragon Ball is your battlefield!◎ The timeline has beenthrown into chaos, bringing you face-to-face with characters fromacross the ages... But you're not in this alone! Trunks, hero fromthe future, will fight by your side! Explore the board game-stylemap and enjoy an all-new story with your favorite characters! ◎Theworld of Dragon Ball is yours to explore!◎ Relive the anime actionin Story Events! Face off against tough enemies in Dokkan Eventsand the World Tournament! And for true hardened fighters, thechallenges of Extreme Z-Battle and Super Battle Road await! Getpumped--there's no stop to the action in Dragon Ball Z DokkanBattle! SUPPORT: http://bnfaq.channel.or.jp/contact/faq_list/1624BANDAI NAMCO Entertainment Inc. Website:http://bandainamcoent.co.jp/english/ By downloading or installingthis app, you agree to the BANDAI NAMCO Entertainment Terms ofService. Terms of Service: http://legal.bandainamcoent.co.jp/termsPrivacy Policy: http://legal.bandainamcoent.co.jp/privacy Note:This game contains some items available for in-app purchase thatcan enhance gameplay and speed up your progress. In-app purchasescan be disabled in your device settings, seehttp://support.google.com/googleplay/answer/1626831?hl=en for moredetails. ©BIRD STUDIO / SHUEISHA, TOEI ANIMATION ©BANDAI NAMCOEntertainment Inc. This application is distributed under theofficial rights from the license holder. Powered by "CRIWARE".CRIWARE is a trademark of CRI Middleware Co., Ltd.
The popular television show "Satria GarudaBIMA-X" is now an action game!Play as both Satria and their enemies! Enjoy one-on-one fightingaction using your favorite characters!---Aim for the top in single-player mode!---In this mode, you can fight with your favorite character againstone computer opponent after another.Select from five levels of difficulty: KIDS, EASY, NORMAL, HARD,and VERY HARD, making it accessible to everyone from beginners toexperts!---Play against friends in Versus Mode!!---In this mode, you can play against nearby friends usingBluetooth.Use your favorite characters and try to reach 10,000 wins!---Try Challenge Mode! It's more than just winningbattles!!---In this mode, you move around a map completing challenges for eachstage.Earn new characters by reaching a certain number of combos ordefeating powerful opponents!---How to Play---Playing is simple! Perform moves by tapping the Punch, Kick and EXbuttons.Combine these with the directional buttons to pull off a variety ofspecial moves.Anyone can easily perform impressive moves from the show just bytapping the SP button. Try making your own original combos!Recommended OS version:Android 4.0.3 and upAbout data usage:Downloading or updating the game can use large amount ofdata.Make sure you are in a location with a good connection before youstart.Disclaimer:1. Use of this app on anything other than the recommended devicesor OS versions is not supported.2. Depending on the usage conditions, the app may not perform in astable manner even using the recommended devices.3. Even if the app's requirements read "Android x.x and up" it doesnot necessarily mean that the app is compatible with the latestversion of the OS.http://bnfaq.channel.or.jp/contact/faq_list/1707[Terms of Service]http://legal.bandainamcoent.co.jp/terms/©2014 RCTI/ISHIIMORI Production Inc.©2015 BANDAI NAMCO Entertainment Inc.
With over 100 Million+ downloads to date, ONE PIECE TREASURE CRUISEis an exhilarating adventure with your favorite Anime crew. Formyour own misfit pirate crew, pull off power combos, and relive yourfavorite moments from the One Piece storyline. The world of OnePiece awaits you! - Relive the ONE PIECE storyline - • Join Luffyand the Straw Hats on their quest to find the One Piece! • Exploreeach chapter of the epic story • Complete quests and watch as theadventure unfolds • The unpredictable and diverse World of ONEPIECE is now yours to explore! - Recruit and train your own PirateCrew! - • Featuring your favourite major and supporting ONE PIECEcharacters • Over 1,000 characters from the Anime to recruit • Eachcharacter has unique abilities • Re-enact and create new thrillingbattles! - Intuitive Battle System - • Featuring an all-new tapbattle system, specially designed for your smartphone. • Unleashexhilarating tandem attacks to deliver devastating damage and sendenemies flying! • Strategies and chain together attacks to fighteven the toughest of enemies • Become the strongest pirate crew onthe seas! SUPPORT:http://bnfaq.channel.or.jp/contact/faq_list/1531 BANDAI NAMCOEntertainment Inc. Website: http://bandainamcoent.co.jp/english/By downloading or installing this app, you agree to the BANDAINAMCO Entertainment Terms of Service. Terms of Service:http://legal.bandainamcoent.co.jp/terms Privacy Policy:http://legal.bandainamcoent.co.jp/privacy Note: This game containssome items available for in-app purchase that can enhance gameplayand speed up your progress. In-app purchases can be disabled inyour device settings, seehttp://support.google.com/googleplay/answer/1626831?hl=en for moredetails. ©EIICHIRO ODA/SHUEISHA, TOEI ANIMATION Game © 2014 BANDAINAMCO Entertainment Inc. This application is distributed under theofficial rights from the license holder. Powered by"CRIWARE".CRIWARE is a trademark of CRI Middleware Co., Ltd.
[Features]• Easily controlled with just one fingertip.Move, change units, perform special attacks and more with just onefinger!This setup can be enjoyed even by casual action game players.• You can even enjoy the game just by watching! [Semi-AutoMode]The basics of battle are semi-automatic. This takes the stress outof repetitive tasks like collecting materials.Also, players can step in and take over without switching gamemodes, so manual control can be used when in a pinch.• Create your own squadA squad is made up of 3 units. These units can be freely switchedduring battle.Units are split into three types: short, middle and long range. Usethem tactically in battle.Pilots can further enhance units!Certain combinations of pilots and units activate specialskills.Create your own great set-up!※Note that in-game text is Japanese only.[Recommended OS version]Android4.1 or later[Disclaimer](1) Operation is not supported for the models and OS versions otherthan those recommended.(2) Depending on your usage, there may be cases where operation isunstable even with the recommended models.(3) Regarding recommended OS versions, although it says [AndroidXXXor later] this does not guarantee that it will support the latestversion.[Terms of Service]http://legal.bandainamcoent.co.jp/terms/[Latest recommended models and other inquiries]http://bnfaq.channel.or.jp/contact/faq_list/1665*English support onlyBANDAI NAMCO Entertainment Website:http://bandainamcoent.co.jp/english/This application is distributed under the official rights fromthe license holder.©SOTSU・SUNRISE©SOTSU・SUNRISE・MBS©SOTSU・SUNRISE・TV TOKYOJASRAC配信許諾番号:9010553167Y43073
仲間を集めて大冒険!かんたんタップでド派手なコンボ! 自分だけの海賊団で、ワンピースの世界に飛び込もう!◆タップでコンボをつなげる新感覚アクション!◆ 『ONE PIECE トレジャークルーズ』は、かんたんなタップ操作で原作さながらの大迫力バトルが楽しめる新感覚タップアクション! 仲間のキャラクターたちをタイミングよくタップしてコンボを決めよう!さらに、全キャラクターが持つ個性豊かな「必殺技」も、ド派手な演出で再現。 魅力的なキャラクターたちが、トレクルの中で暴れまわる!◆原作のストーリーを追体験!あの名シーンがよみがえる!◆ 物語の始まりは少年ルフィと「赤髪のシャンクス」が出会う「フーシャ村」。原作のストーリーを追体験できる「クエスト」で、あの興奮と感動がよみがえる! ◆仲間をあつめて育てて、自分だけの海賊団を結成しよう!◆主要キャラクターだけでなく、個性豊かな名脇役も勢揃い! 酒場で手配書をゲットして、さまざまなキャラクターを仲間に加えよう!あつめた仲間を育てて、最強の海賊団を目指せ! ◆「連携技」で一撃大ダメージ! 特定のキャラクターの順番で攻撃が決まると、超強力な「連携技」が発生するぞ! 【動作環境、その他お問い合わせ】http://bnfaq.channel.or.jp/contact/faq_list/1531※このアプリは、必ず上記リンク先に記載の動作環境でご利用ください。なお、動作環境でご利用の場合でも、お客様のご利用状況や機種特有の要因により、アプリが正常に動作しないことがあります。©尾田栄一郎/集英社・フジテレビ・東映アニメーション ©2014 BANDAI NAMCO Entertainment Inc.本アプリケーションは、権利者の正式な許諾を得て配信しています。 本アプリケーションには、(株)CRI・ミドルウェアの 「CRIWARE(TM)」が使用されています。 Adventure attracted fellow! De with a simple tapflashy combo! In Pirates of your own, you dive into the world ofOne Piece! ◆ new sense action to connect the combo in the tap! ◆"ONE PIECE Treasure Cruise" is a simple tap operation New sense tapaction that great power battle of the original just like to enjoy!It will decide the combo by tapping timely fellow characters who!In addition, quirky "deathblow" that all the characters have alsoreproduced in de flashy production. Charming characters who are,rampaging in the Torekuru! ◆ relive the original story! That namescene revives! ◆ The beginning of the story meets a boy Luffy and"Shanks of red hair," "fuchsia village". The original story canrelive the "quest", excitement and that excitement revives! ◆ growand gathered the fellow, trying to formed the Pirates of your own!◆ Not only the main character, is also distinctive name supportingrole Gotham! And get the Bounties in the bar, try to make a varietyof characters to fellow! Grow a fellow gathered, Aim the strongestof the Pirates! ◆ blow large damage in the "cooperation skill"!When a determined attack on the particular character of the order,Super-strong "cooperation skill" occurs! [Operating environment,and other inquiries]http://bnfaq.channel.or.jp/contact/faq_list/1531 ※ This app,please use always in the operating environment described in theabove link. It should be noted that, even in the case of use in theoperating environment, due to factors of your usage and model ofthe specific customer, you may be the app is not working properly.© Oda Eiichiro / Shueisha Fuji TV Toei Animation © 2014 BANDAINAMCO Entertainment Inc. This application, has been delivered togive a formal permission of the copyright holder. In thisapplication, the (stock) CRI · Middleware "CRIWARE (TM)" has beenused.
Gobble up all the cookies and ghosts!PAC-MAN keeps busy running and eating in this action-filledgame!◆Available free of charge!◆--[Version Update Information]◆Ver. 1.2.0 has been released!-New item added!◆ Ver. 1.1.0 has been released!- How far can you run!? Record challenge mode has been added!- Burn stuff! Turn invisible! New items added!---[Game Description]◆Anyone can play! Just touch and jump!-Touch the screen to jump and eat cookies and ghosts in this simplegame!◆Comical PAC-MAN and ghost characters keep active!-PAC-MAN and his friends, as well as ghosts and monsters alldisplay a wide range of actions!◆Run through many different stages!-Run through a variety of stages, from PAC-MAN's home in the bigcity, to the ghosts' world underground.-As you progress through the stages, you will be able to jumpreally high off of jump platforms and feel the satisfaction oftaking down monsters!◆Tackle over 70 missions!-Challenge yourself with many different missions, such as eating300 cookies, or jumping 40 times!-Clear them to get exciting presents!◆Try to see how long you can keep running!-If you jump well and eat the ghosts, you can keep runninglonger!-Keep eating and eating and eating... How long can you keep itup?◆Use lots of power-up items and aim for a new record!-Exchange your accumulated cookies for power-up items!-The various power-ups are fun to watch! You can see PAC-MANtransform, or his friends come to help him!-There are so many useful items to let you jump further, or eatmore cookies and ghosts!◆You can save up to 4 different game files, so the whole familycan play!-Save games for friends and family members in differentfiles!-Everyone can share their cookies and items, so work together tocollect them!-Compete to see who can keep running the longest!◆Connect with PAC-MAN toys!-Users in the USA can enjoy another feature connected with thePAC-MAN toy campaign!-Read the barcode on your PAC-MAN toy with your camera, and you canrent the item that matches the toys for seven days!-During the rental period, you can obtain the item for half as manycookies!---PAC-MAN DASH! ™ &©2013 BANDAI NAMCO Entertainment Inc.[Disclaimer](1) Operation is not supported for the models and OS versions otherthan those recommended.(2) Depending on your usage, there may be cases where operation isunstable even with the recommended models.(3) Regarding recommended OS versions, although it says [AndroidXXXor later] this does not guarantee that it will support the latestversion.[Latest recommended models and other inquiries]http://bnfaq.channel.or.jp/contact/faq_list/1346*English support onlyFor any inquiries:http://bnfaq.channel.or.jp/contact/faq_list/1346BANDAI NAMCO Entertainment Inc. Website:http://bandainamcoent.co.jp/english/
[Important] Drift Spirits is Shutting Down We regret to announce the closure of Drift Spirits. Thank youall for your support and we hope you enjoyed playing. We will bekeeping the servers open until 05:00 UTC March 17, 2016, so pleasecontinue to enjoy Drift Spirits until the very end.All items can be used until the last day, so if you have anyitems or Gold in your account, please use them before 05:00 UTCMarch 17, 2016. Also, from today, we are disabling the purchase ofGold.For more information, please check in-game announcements.*The exact time service will no longer be available may varydepending on your region.----------Welcome to the world of Drift Spirits! Do you have what it takesto become the fastest drift racer?Compete in 1-on-1 drift races and claim the title of fastestracer!The drift racing game with over 5 million players in Japan is nowavailable in English!!・Free to play drift racing game!・Simple touchscreen controls allow anyone to enjoy the thrill ofdrifting!・Turn your smartphone into a street course and take part in heatedraces, anytime, anywhere!・Screech through corners and blast down straightaways with thepower of nitrous!・Select from wide variety of popular car models from big namemanufacturers!・Enhance and upgrade parts, and install them to max out your car'spower!・Get additional paints and wings for your ride by combining andupgrading it! Create the coolest car on the road!・Features BGM created by the famous Yuzo Koshiro, composer fornumerous games! Pump up the volume and intensify your racingexperience!■Main game modes・StoryTake out numerous skilled racers in each area to reachand challenge the legendary racer called "The Emperor"!・VersusGo head-to-head with other players!Take down your rivals and earn your place as the fastest!・Daily races ( 24Hour Special & 48 Hour Special)Be victorious in Daily racesto get coins and parts to power up your ride!・RankingClimb to the top with ranking points from races!Plus, there are plenty more game modes and cars to come infuture updates,so get revved up for "DRSP"!!DRIFT SPIRITS TM & ©2013 BANDAI NAMCO EntertainmentInc.Produced by BANDAI NAMCO Entertainment Inc.[DRIFT SPIRITS Official Site]http://drispi.bngames.net/en/[Recommended OS version]Android 4.1 and up-----------------------------------Please be informed that following devices are not compatible withour game;Micromax Bolt A069BLU Dash JR TVWe regret to inform customers who have those devices with you thatyou will not be able to play the game anymore after our futureupdate.We sincerely apologize to the players whom it may concern.-----------------------------------[Disclaimer](1) Support is not responsible for gameplay on models or OSversions other than those recommended.(2) Gameplay may be unstable even on recommended models dependingon the user's conditions.(3) Regarding recommended OS versions, the latest version may notalways be supported even if "Android XXX and up" is written.[For the latest recommend models and other inquiries]http://bnfaq.channel.or.jp/contact/faq_list/1541-----------------------------------[For inquiries regarding this product]http://bnfaq.channel.or.jp/contact[Bandai Namco Entertainment Official Site]http://bandainamcoent.co.jp/By downloading or installing this app, you agree to the BANDAINAMCO Entertainment Terms of Service and Privacy PolicyTerms of Service:http://legal.bandainamcoent.co.jp/terms/Privacy Policy:http://legal.bandainamcoent.co.jp/privacy/Note:This game contains some items available for in-app purchase thatcan enhance gameplay and speed up your progress. In-app purchasescan be disabled in your Google Play Store Settings, see http://support.google.com/googleplay/answer/1626831?hl=en formore details.On April 1st, 2015, our company changed its name from "BANDAI NAMCOGames Inc." to "BANDAI NAMCO Entertainment Inc."
Aikatsu! Music Video Maker 1.0.0 APK
Aikatsu! Music Video Maker◇Ayo kita mulai kegiatan Idol di smartphone!◇"Aikatsu!" PopularIdol Experience, akhirnya dimulai!Yuk kita beraktivitas dengan banyak kegiatan!Aikatsu dengan Daftar Kartu! Bisa juga koleksi kartu!【Pelajaran Menari】◇Menari dengan lagu yang suda akrab dan populer, lalu buatlah videomusik aslimu sendiri!■Cara Main■1. Ambil video dengan memadukan lagu dengan tarian yang sudahdiperlihatkan oleh contoh.2. Video tarian yang sudah diambil akan dipadukan secaraotomatis3. Video musik aslimu sendiri selesai!【Pelajaran Model】Jadi model sesungguhnya dengan menggunakan kamera! Pilih posenyalalu ambil foto yang bagus!■Cara Main■1. Pilih 3 frame yang disukai2. Ambil foto setelah menyesuaikan dengan garis pose3. Foto yang sudah diambil otomatis dipadukan dengan frame denganrasa model selesai!【Pelajaran Mencocokkan Nada】Dengarkan nada yang dimainkan, tebak tingginya nada!■Cara Main■1. Dengar nada yang ditanyakan lalu hafalkan2. Tekan tuts nada yang sama dengan nada yang sudah dihafalkan danmenangkan3. Jawab semua 10 pertanyaan dengan benar berturut-turut danraihlah skor tertinggi!【Daftar Kartu】◇Data Cardass "Kartu Aikatsu!", pindai dan koleksi semuanya!◇Macam-macam "Kartu Aikatsu!", detailnya bisa dicek!■Cara Main■1. Dari "Kartu Aikatsu!", pindai "Kartu Dua Dimensi Aikatsu!"2. Kartu yang sudah dipindai terdaftar di dalam Daftar Kartu3. "Kartu Aikatsu!", yuk terus-menerus dipindai dan selesaikanDaftar Kartunya!※Walaupun tanpa registrasi, bisa lihat informasi selengkapnya.-----------------------------------//Aikatsu! itu//Untuk gadis yang ingin menjadi top model, Supone Success Story!Dengan Kartu Aikatsu! dibuat sendiri,sambil mencoba sejumlah audisi,melakukan kegiatan-kegiatan Idol.-----------------------------------【Versi OS yang Direkomendasikan】Android 4.1 ke atas※Kecuali beberapa model【Disclaimer】(1) Mengenai penggunaan selain di model gadget yangdirekomendasikan dan selain versi OS yang direkomendasikan adalahdi luar tanggung jawab dukungan kami.(2) Tergantung kepada situasi penggunaan, walaupun digunakan dimodel gadget yang direkomendasikan terdapat kemungkinan beroperasisecara tidak stabil.(3) Untuk versi OS yang direkomendasikan, walaupun dituliskan"AndroidXXX ke atas", belum tentu mendukung versi terbaru.【Model gadget terbaru yang direkomendasikan dan Pertanyaanlain】http://bnfaq.channel.or.jp/contact/faq_list/1587Dengan mengunduh atau memasang aplikasi ini, anda menyetujuiatas Ketentuan Layanan dan Kebijakan Privasi BANDAI NAMCOEntertainment.Ketentuan Layanan:http://legal.bandainamcoent.co.jp/termsKebijakan Privasi:http://legal.bandainamcoent.co.jp/privacyCatatan: Permainan ini berisikan hal-hal yang tersedia untuk in-apppurchase yang dapat meningkatkan kualitas permainan dan mempercepatkemajuan anda. In-app purchases dapat di non-aktifkan dariPengaturan Google Play Store, lihat http://support.google.com/googleplay/answer/1626831?hl=iduntuk informasi lebih lanjut.【Harga】■Aplikasi Gratis※Terdapat beberapa lagu dan frame dengan harga tertentu.【Tentang Koneksi Jaringan】・Untuk memperoleh sejumlah besar data saat mengunduh musik,pembaruan Daftar Kartu dan lain-lain, jalankan aplikasi di tempatdengan sinyal yang baik.-----------------------------------©BNP/BAndaI,DENTSU,TV TOKYO©2015 BNEIAplikasi ini telah memegang izin resmi dari pemilik hakcipta.Aikatsu! Music VideoMaker◇ Let's start activities in the smartphone Idol!◇ "Aikatsu!" PopularIdol Experience, finally started!Let us move with a lot of activities!Aikatsu with card list! It could also be a collection of cards!【】 Dancing Lessons◇ Dancing with the song suda familiar and popular, then make youroriginal music video for yourself!■ How to Play ■1. Take a video by combining with a dance song that has been shownby example.2. Video dances that have been taken will be combinedautomatically3. your original music video itself is finished!Lessons 【Model】So the real models using the camera! Select the pose and take anice photo!■ How to Play ■1. Select the preferred 3 frames2. Take a picture after adjusting the lines pose3. The photos have been taken automatically integrated with theframe with a taste of the finished model!Matching the tone】 【LessonsListen to the tone played, guess the high tones!■ How to Play ■1. Listen to the tone in question then memorize2. Tap the keys of the same tone with the tone that has beenmemorized and win3. Answer all 10 questions correctly in a row and go for thehighest score!【】 Card List◇ Data Cardass "Card Aikatsu!", Scan and collection ofeverything!◇ Various "Card Aikatsu!", The details can be checked!■ How to Play ■1. From the "Card Aikatsu!" Scan "Card Two DimensionalAikatsu!"2. The card has been scanned listed in the Card List3. "Card Aikatsu!", Yuk constantly scanned and finish The cardlist!※ Even without registration, can see more information.-----------------------------------// Aikatsu! it//For the girl who wants to become a top model, Supone SuccessStory!Card Aikatsu! make your own,while trying a number of auditions,perform activities Idol.-----------------------------------Recommended OS Version 【】Android 4.1 to the top※ Except for some models【Disclaimer】(1) Regarding the use of gadgets in addition to the modelsrecommended and in addition to the recommended version of the OSthat is beyond the responsibility of our support.(2) Depending on the circumstances of use, although used in themodel gadget which recommended there may operate unstable.(3) For the version of the OS that is recommended, although written"AndroidXXX up", do not necessarily support the latest version.【Model recommended the latest gadgets and other questions】http://bnfaq.channel.or.jp/contact/faq_list/1587By downloading or installing this application, you agree to theTerms of Service and Privacy Policy BANDAI NAMCOEntertainment. Terms of Service:http://legal.bandainamcoent.co.jp/terms Privacy Policy:http://legal.bandainamcoent.co.jp/privacy Note: This game contains things that are available for in-apppurchase that can improve the quality of the game and speed up yourprogress. In-app purchases can be disabled from the Google PlayStore settings, see http://support.google.com/googleplay/answer/1626831?hl=idfor more information.【Price】■ Application Guide※ There are some songs and frames at a specific price.】 【About the Network Connection· In order to obtain large amounts of data when downloading music,updates List Card and others, run the application in a place with agood signal.-----------------------------------© BNP / Bandai, DENTSU, TV TOKYO© 2015 BneiThis app has been holding official permission from the copyrightowner.
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Click on "Home" to scroll through images. Click on any image for purchase information.
As a young boy I was fascinated with photographs – Look, Life magazine. National Geographic. The well-captured interplay of light and shadow…the notion of nature, people, places and moments – all suspended in time.
My first "real" camera was a Minolta Srt101. I was seduced.
I learned how to develop film, and I still recall the smell of the developer, my vision adjusting to the red filter light…and the delight of watching images begin to emerge.
Life, family and a career in educational psychology intervened, and then…there was digital.
For me, photography provides the enjoyment of the creative process. The fact I might share images with you a bonus!
Thank you for taking a few moments to consider some of these photographs.
If you see an image that resonates with you, I greatly appreciate your comments!
PLEASE VISIT: http://joe-schofield.artistwebsites.com/


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There were no surprises at Vipers Rugby Club in Leicester this afternoon (February 18) as high-flying Borough smashed their hosts 64-17.
The runaway Midlands Division Two East (South) leaders ran in a terrific 10 tries, and with Old Laurentians failing to pick up a bonus point in their win at Belgrave, the Fengate lads have opened up a 14-point lead at the summit.
Despite fielding a below-strength side, Borough were still far too strong for the struggling Vipers, who haven't won a league game all season.
They didn't play particularly well in the first half, though, and it was only 19-17 at the turnaround.
But after the break they moved the ball out wide far more often and the tries came thick and fast.
Tom Stuffins, who came on as a second-half replacement on the wing, darted in for a hat-trick of tries and so did fly-half Joe Andresen.
Stefan Gallucci and Tom Williams both bagged a pair and Williams addded seven conversions for a personal tally of 24 points.
Vice-chairman Archie Bennett said: "To be fair to Vipers they put up a brave fight in the first half. They kept it tight and it was very close.
"But in the second half we changed our gameplan and cut loose. They couldn't live with us on the outside."
Borough's front row trio of George Stuffins, Aaron Throne and Stuart Day were excellent and there was an impressive debut at scrum-half by Tom Downer.
Borough's next opponents in a fortnight's time at Fengate are bottom team Rushden, who were roasted 52-5 by fourth-placed Oundle today.
Stamford lost 38-10 at home to Olney.


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The thing that's been following me, the thing that killed Melanie, is in the crater. I'm hiding in a cave I found. The thing is moving slowly, uneasily, as if it has something wrong with it. I saw it coming down the crater wall, stumbling and struggling. I think it might be badly hurt, or maybe it's been exposed to the mal for too long. I still think it will kill me if it gets close. I'm unarmed, after all; I can't fight it. I watched it with horrid fascination until it was about halfway down; it was too far away to get a good look in the twilight, but I could tell what it was by the way it moved.
I carried on around the crater wall. I thought that if I kept moving, I could stay ahead of it, as long as it stops when the sun comes up so I can sleep. I lost sight of it once it was fully dark, and walked by starlight, my right hand on the wall. If I hadn't had my hand there, I might not have noticed the cave. It's only slightly taller than me, and fairly narrow. The horizon was brightening, and I thought the cave would be a better place to sleep than in the open. I hope I'm not mistaken.


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TAITUNG, Taiwan (Reuters Life!) - Being burned by fireworks is considered a stroke of bad luck, but for Taiwanese who willingly subject themselves to an explosive barrage, it's all about good fortune.
In one of Taiwan's wildest but least-known rituals to mark the Lunar New Year, five men in the southern city of Taitung asked to be showered with fireworks, and were burned by them.
Traditionally, the targets endure the pain to get rid of evil spirits and change their luck for the year ahead. Today, the men let themselves get burned to show strength and bring prosperity to the local merchant who hired them.
"I'm a thug, and I want to become an official," joked Chen Chin-yi about why he volunteered for a 25th year to get burned in the smoky annual Han Dan ritual. "I won't go to the hospital. I treat my wounds at friends' homes."
The ritual's namesake, Han Dan, is said to be a god of wealth who likes fire but fears the cold, so believers throw firecrackers to please him.
Chen emerged from the ritual with small burns all over his tattooed, largely unclothed body after letting about 30 men throw wads of firecrackers at him while he rode on a sedan carriage. About 1,000 people watched from the street.
This year, a local jeweler hired Chen and the other four men to improve its own fortunes.
"For us, this is to welcome more business," said Hu Dai-fen, 48, whose family runs the shop that requested the show, paying about T$70,000 ($2,100) for the fireworks and the gold medals given out to the wounded volunteers.
All the men were "bombed" for about two minutes each as onlookers applauded, while ducking the flaming debris of firecrackers that missed their marks.
"There is a danger. Sometimes these guys can't walk for a week," said Wang Cheng-fu, an event coordinator. "But one who's experienced can last for more than 10 minutes."
Despite the risks, Taitung, population 240,000, has allowed the ritual to be held for most of the past 50 years and has even started to promote it as a tourist attraction.
Some spectators go just for a blast. Others see the event as maintaining tradition.
"In the past few years the Lunar New Year atmosphere has become diluted, but this won't be forgotten by our children," said Taitung resident Chuang Shu-fen.
Han Dan rituals began this year in Taitung from Friday with local government-sponsored shows that try not to burn anyone.
Taiwan is a hotbed of traditional Chinese culture, honoring the two-week festivities that mark the beginning of the Lunar New Year with mass displays of lanterns, a cow-themed light show for Year of the Ox and other fireworks displays.
Editing by Miral Fahmy


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For the harmony of sustainable wine-making, farm fresh ingredients + protecting the honey bees...
Meadow Vista Honey Wines is located in Kelowna, BC on a five and a half acre farm, nestled amongst the orchards of East Kelowna. In partnership with our beekeeper, the farm is home to 110 hives of hardworking honeybees. The hives spend time on our Farm as well as other local farms, providing important local pollination while gathering sweet nectar to make honey.
At Meadow Vista Honey Wines we produce seven different meads (honey wines) using BC ingredients including local honey, apples, cherries and blackberries. Our portfolio includes Bliss Sparkling Cherry, Bliss Sparkling Apple Cyser, Cloud Horse, Mabon, Rubus and Ostara with plans to add new and exciting products in the future.
We've been told that Meadow Vista Honey Wines taste "like nature in a glass", and we couldn't agree more. We are proud to offer a fresh spin on food & wine pairings for Master Chefs, Sommeliers, Foodies and Home Cooks with our award-winning honey wines.
"Meadow Vista Honey Wines has already grabbed the attention of wine and mead judges in Canada and the US."
The Vancouver Sun
Mead 101
Honey Wine, also known as mead is richly steeped in history. It is reported to be the oldest fermented beverage on the planet, predating beer and wine by thousands of years. Recently, mead has experienced a resurgence in popularity as consumers look for more local, eco-conscious beverages.
Mead is made from honey and water that is fermented together, creating an alcoholic beverage with endless possibilities and without the need for many additives. Meadow Vista ferments all of our meads in stainless steel, giving them a clean crisp flavour. After 6-8 weeks in tank, we are ready to bottle and sell our product-at this time we do not barrel age anything.
As mead has no varietals like you find in grape wines, mead is categorized in styles, which refers to the ingredients used. These style names are historical. At Meadow Vista we create six different style: Traditional: Just Honey and Water (Cloud Horse), Cyser: Mead with Apples (Bliss Sparkling Apple Cyser), Melomel Style: Mead with Other Fruits (Bliss Sparkling Cherry and Rubus), Pyment Style: Mead with Grapes (Ostara), Metheglin Style: Mead with Spices (Mabon) and our newest release Braggot: Mead with Hops and Malt (Pictish Beast).
There are numerous other styles of mead out there and we look forward to the possibility of trying them out in the future!
By using honey instead of grapes, we are able to produce year-round and thus we produce seasonal, smaller batches throughout the year. As a result at Meadow Vista we do not vintage date our products, instead we use seasonal batch dates to denote when each wine was started.
One of the most common misconceptions about mead is that is all going to be very sweet. While there are some meads out there that border on syrupy, we aim to produce a lighter product that can be enjoyed more like a grape wine. At Meadow Vista, we produce mostly off-dry wines that make great afternoon sippers and are perfect for pairing with meals.


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MMM-15 Week Two Round Up
Dress - Pattern mash-up, Anna from By Hand London/Skirt Emery from Christine Hayes
Shoes - Rockefeller from Miss L Fire
Brooch - Vintage costume jewelry bee.
Day 12
Top - Comino Cap from Kitschy Coo
Skirt - Betsy from Bluegingerdoll
Shoes - Blue Birds from Miss L Fire
Brooch - Erstwilder bird
Top - RTW sweater from Tatyana
Skirt - Betsy from Bluegingerdoll
Shoes - Harlow from Miss L Fire
Brooch - Luxulite
Day 14
Top - Edith from Maria Denmark
Skirt - New Look 6056 - Pattern is OOP but is only a simple circle skirt with a side zipper.
Necklace- Luxulite
12 comments:
- HélèneMay 15, 2015 at 11:07 AM
Great colourful outfits! Also love your hairstyle longer like this. It really suits you.ReplyDelete
As always, love day 11! I really like day 13 too and you can't get me anywhere near yellow usually. You're awesome looking all around!ReplyDelete
I love your outfits as always, and I am still drooling over your yellow polka dot skirt!ReplyDelete
- Heather BeeMay 15, 2015 at 5:24 PM
Thank you Helene. I'm enjoying having it a little longer now too even though I thought it would be a pain. :)ReplyDelete
- Heather BeeMay 15, 2015 at 5:25 PM
I felt that way about yellow too a long time. It's so weird that it's grown on me now. :)ReplyDelete
- Heather BeeMay 15, 2015 at 5:26 PM
Aww thanks Heather. That skirt can't help but brig ten up your day.ReplyDelete
Babe alert!!!!!ReplyDelete
Your lovely dresses have reminded me why I need to get cracking on making my own. Thank you!ReplyDelete
- Margo BergmanMay 17, 2015 at 4:14 PM
You always look so great Heather!!!ReplyDelete
- Heather BeeMay 19, 2015 at 3:57 PM
What does it say about me that I read "Babe alert" and immediately thought of the red alert sound on the Enterprise. LOL :)ReplyDelete
- Heather BeeMay 19, 2015 at 3:58 PM
Aww thanks. :) I'm sure you have some great dresses in the mental sewing queue just waiting to be sewn up.ReplyDelete
- Heather BeeMay 19, 2015 at 4:02 PM
Thank you Margo. That's a high complement coming from you.ReplyDelete


text:
|Scientific classification
| Amia
Linnaeus, 1766
|A. calva
|Binomial name
| Amia calva
Linnaeus, 1766
Bowfin (Amia calva) are basal bony fishes related to gars in the infraclass Holostei. Common names include mudfish, mud pike, dogfish, griddle, grinnel, cypress trout and choupique. They are regarded as taxonomic relicts, being the sole surviving species of the order Amiiformes which dates from the Jurassic to the Eocene, persisting to the present. Although bowfin are highly evolved, they are often referred to as "primitive fishes" because they have retained some morphological characteristics of their early ancestors.
Bowfin are demersal freshwater piscivores native to North America, and commonly found throughout much of the eastern United States, and in southern Ontario and Quebec. Fossil deposits indicate Amiiformes were once widespread in both freshwater and marine environments with a range that spanned across North and South America, Europe, Asia and Africa. Now their range is limited to much of the eastern United States and adjacent southern Canada, including the drainage basins of the Mississippi River, Great Lakes and various rivers exiting in the Eastern Seaboard or Gulf of Mexico. Their preferred habitat includes vegetated sloughs, lowland rivers and lakes, swamps and backwater areas; they are also occasionally found in brackish water. They are stalking, ambush predators known to move into the shallows at night to prey on fish and aquatic invertebrates such as crawfish, mollusks, and aquatic insects.
Like gars, bowfin are bimodal breathers which means they have the capacity to breathe both water and air. Their gills exchange gases in the water allowing them to exploit oxygen for breathing, but they also have a gas bladder that serves to maintain buoyancy, and also allows them to breathe air by means of a small pneumatic duct connected from the foregut to the gas bladder. They can break the surface to gulp air, which allows them to survive conditions of aquatic hypoxia that would be lethal to most other species.
The average length of a bowfin is 50 cm (20 in);[2] females typically grow to 65–70 cm (26–28 in), males to 50–65 cm (20–26 in).[3] Records indicate bowfin can reach 109 cm (43 in) in length, and weigh 9.75 kg (21.5 lb).[4] Young of the year typically grow to 13–23 cm (5.1–9.1 in) by October.[5] Females tend to grow larger than males.[6][7]
The body of the bowfin is elongated and cylindrical, with the sides and back olive to brown in color, often with vertical bars, and dark reticulations, or camouflaged pattern. The dorsal fin has horizontal bars, and the caudal fin has irregular vertical bars. The underside is white or cream, and the paired fins and anal fin are bright green. During larval stage, hatchlings from about 7–10 mm (0.28–0.39 in) total length are black and tadpole-like in appearance.[8] At approximately 25 mm (0.98 in) total length they have been described as looking like miniature placoderms.[9] They grow quickly, and typically leave the nest within 4 to 6 weeks after hatching.[10] Young males have a black eyespot on the base of the tail (caudal peduncle) that is commonly encircled by an orange-yellowish border while the female's is black, if present at all. It is thought the purpose of the eyespot is to confuse predators, deflecting attacks away from the head of the fish to its tail, which affords the bowfin an opportunity to escape predation.[5][11][12] The bowfin is so named for its long, undulating dorsal fin consisting of 145 to 250 rays, and running from the middle of the back to the base of the tail.
Bowfin are often referred to as "living fossils", or "primitive fishes" because they retained some of the primitive characters common to their ancestral predecessors,[13] including a modified (rounded externally) heterocercal caudal fin, a highly vascularized gas bladder lung, vestiges of a spiral valve, and a bony gular plate.[13][14] The bony gular plate is located underneath the head on the exterior of the lower jaw between the two sides of the lower jaw bone. Other distinguishing characteristics include long, sharp teeth, and two protruding tube-like nostrils.[11] Unlike all of the most primitive actinopterygians, the scales of bowfin differ in that they are not ganoid scales, rather they are large, single-layered cycloid scales closer in similarity to more derived teleosts.[15][16]
Fishes similar in appearance
Northern snakeheads (Channa argus) are commonly mistaken for bowfin because of similarities in appearance, most noticeably their elongated, cylindrical shape, and long dorsal fin that runs along their backs. Northern snakeheads are piscivorous fishes native to the rivers and estuaries of China, Russia, and Korea.[17][18] However, unlike bowfin which are native to North America, the northern snakehead is considered an invasive species and environmentally harmful.[19][20] Some contrasting differences in bowfin include a black eyespot on their caudal peduncle, a tan and olive coloration, a shorter anal fin, a more rounded head, and an upper jaw that is longer than its lower jaw.[21][22]
The burbot, a predatory fish native to streams and lakes of North America and Eurasia, is also commonly mistaken for bowfin. Burbots can be distinguished by their flat head and chin barbel, long anal fin, and pelvic fins situated beneath the pectoral fins.[23]
Bowfin, like other physostomes such as bichirs (Polypteridae), gars (Lepisosteidae), and the lungfishes (Dipnoi), are capable of bimodal respiration. They can extract oxygen from the water when breathing through their gills, and can also break the water's surface to breathe or gulp air through a small pneumatic duct connected from their foregut to the gas bladder.[24][25] When performing low-level physical activity, bowfin obtain more than half of their oxygen from breathing air.[26] Bowfin have two distinct air-breathing mechanisms used to ventilate the gas bladder. Type I air breaths are consistent with the action of exhale-inhale stimulated by aerial or aquatic hypoxia to regulate O2 gas exchange; type II air breaths are by inhalation alone which is believed to regulate gas bladder volume for buoyancy control.[25] Bimodal respiration helps bowfin survive and maintain their metabolic rate in hypoxic conditions.[27][28][29] The rate of air breathing is higher in darkness, when the fish is more active.[2]
Bowfin blood can adapt to warm, acidic waters.[5] The fish becomes inactive in waters below 10 °C (50 °F);[5] at this temperature they breathe almost no air; however, with increasing temperature their air breathing increases.[2] Their preferred temperature range is between 12–26 °C (54–79 °F), with 18 °C (64 °F) the temperature of maximum activity.[30] Air breathing is at a maximum in the range 18.4–29.6 °C (65.1–85.3 °F).
Herpetologist Wilfred T. Neill, reported in 1950 that he unearthed a bowfin aestivating in a chamber 4 inches (10 cm) below the ground surface, 8 inches (20 cm) in diameter, .25 miles (0.4 km) from a river. It was further noted that flood levels had previously reached the area, and receded. It is not unusual for riverine species like bowfin to move into backwaters with flood currents, and become trapped when water levels recede.[2][31][32][33] While aestivation is anecdotally documented by multiple researchers, laboratory experiments have suggested instead that bowfin are physiologically incapable of surviving more than three to five days of air exposure. However, no field manipulation has been performed.[34][35] Regardless of the lack of evidence confirming the bowfin's ability to aestivate, it has been noted that bowfin can survive prolonged conditions of exposure to air because they have the ability to breathe air. Their gill filaments and lamellae are rigid in structure which helps prevent the lamellae from collapsing and aids gas exchange even during air exposure.[36]
Evolution and phylogeny
Competing hypotheses and debates continue over the evolution of Amia and relatives, including their relationship among basal extant teleosts, and organization of clades.[37] Bowfin are the last remaining member of Halecomorphi, a group that includes many extinct species in several families.[38] Halecomorphs were generally accepted as the sister group to Teleostei but not without question. While a halecostome pattern of neopterygian clades was produced in morphology-based analyses of extant actinopterygians, a different result was produced with fossil taxa which showed a monophyletic Holostei. Monophyletic Holostei were also recovered by at least two nuclear gene analyses, in an independent study of fossil and extant fishes,[39][40] and in an analysis of ultraconserved genomic elements.[41]
The extant ray-finned fishes of the subclass Actinopterygii include 42 orders, 431 families and over 23,000 species.[42] They are currently classified into two infraclasses, Chondrostei (holosteans) and Neopterygii (teleost fishes).[43] Sturgeons, paddlefish, bichirs and reed fish comprise the thirty-eight species of chondrosteans, and are considered relict species. Included in the over 23,000 species of neopterygians are eight relict species comprising gars and the bowfin.[42]
Infraclass Neopterygii
Neopterygians are the second major occurrence in the evolution of ray-finned fishes and today include the majority of modern bony fish.[42] They are distinguished from their earlier ancestors by major changes to the jaws, shape of the skull, and tail. They are divided into three divisions:
- Division 1. Order Lepisosteiformes – the relict gars which include extant species of gars that first appeared in the Cretaceous.
- Division 2. Order Amiiformes – the relict bowfin, (halecomorphids), the only extant species in the order Amiiformes which date back to the Triassic period.
- Division 3. Division Teleostei – the stem group of Teleostei from which modern fish arose, including most of the bony fish we are familiar with today.[44]
Genome evolution
The bowfin genome contains an intact ParaHox gene cluster, similar to the bichir and to most other vertebrates. This is in contrast, however, with teleost fishes, which have a fragmented ParaHox cluster, probably because of a whole genome duplication event in their lineage. The presence of an intact ParaHox gene cluster suggests that bowfin ancestors separated from other fishes before the last common ancestor of all teleosts appeared. Bowfin are thus possibly a better model to study vertebrate genome organization than common teleost model organisms such as zebrafish.[45]
Feeding behavior
Bowfin are stalking, ambush predators that customarily move into the shallows at night to prey on fish, and aquatic invertebrates such as crawfish, mollusks, and aquatic insects.[46] Young bowfin feed mostly on small crustaceans, while adults are mostly piscivorous, but also known to be opportunistic.[47] Bowfin are remarkably agile, can move quickly through the water, and they have a voracious appetite.[3][11] Their undulating dorsal fin propels them silently through the water while stalking their prey. The attack is straight forward and swift with a movement that lasts approximately 0.075 seconds.[30]
Distribution and habitat
Fossil deposits indicate amiiforms included freshwater and marine species that were once widely distributed in North America, South America, Eurasia and Africa.[48] Today, bowfin (Amia calva) are the only remaining species in the order Amiiformes; they are demersal freshwater piscivores, and their range is restricted to freshwater environments in North America, including much of the eastern United States and adjacent southern Canada from the St. Lawrence River and Lake Champlain drainage of southern Ontario and Quebec westward around the Great Lakes in southern Ontario into Minnesota.[49][50] Historically, their distribution in North America included the drainage basins of the Mississippi River from Quebec to northern Minnesota, the St. Lawrence-Great Lakes, including Georgian Bay, Lake Nipissing and Simcoe, Ontario, south to the Gulf of Mexico; Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain from the Susquehanna River drainage in southeastern Pennsylvania to the Colorado River in Texas.[2][49][51]
Research from the late 1800s to the 1980s suggests a trend of intentional stockings of non-indigenous fishes into ponds, lakes and rivers in the United States. At that time, little was known about environmental impacts, or long-term effects of new species establishment and spread as a result of "fish rescue and transfer" efforts, or the importance of nongame fishes to the ecological balance of aquatic ecosystems.[52] Introductions of bowfin to areas they were considered a non-indigenous species included various lakes, rivers and drainages in Connecticut, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky Maryland, Massachusetts, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.[49] Many of the introductions were intentional stockings by various resource management; however, there is no way to positively determine distribution resulting from flood transfers, or other inadvertent migrations. Bowfin are typically piscivorous, but as an introduced species are capable of being voracious predators that pose a threat to native fishes and their prey.[49][53]
Preferred habitat
Bowfin prefer vegetated sloughs, lowland rivers and lakes, swamps, backwater areas, and are occasionally found in brackish water. They are well camouflaged, and not easy to spot in slow water with abundant vegetation. They often seek shelter under roots, and submerged logs.[47][54][55] Oxygen-poor environments can be tolerated because of their ability to breathe air.[47]
Life cycle
Bowfin spawn in the spring or early summer, typically between April and June, more commonly at night[30][47] in abundantly vegetated, clear shallow water in weed beds over sand bars, and also under stumps, logs, and bushes.[56] Optimum temperatures for nesting and spawning range between 16–19 °C (61–66 °F).[7] The males construct circular nests in fibrous root mats, clearing away leaves and stems. Depending on the density of surrounding vegetation there may be a tunnel-like entrance at one side.[56] The diameter of the nests commonly range between 39–91 cm (15–36 in),[7][57] at a water depth of 61–92 cm (24–36 in).[30]
During spawning season, the fins and underside of male bowfin often change in color to a bright lime green.[58] The courtship/spawning sequence lasts one to three hours, and can repeat up to five times.[30] Courtship begins when a female approaches the nest. The ritual consists of intermittent nose bites, nudges, and chasing behavior by the male until the female becomes receptive,[7] at which time the pair lie side by side in the nest. She deposits her eggs while he shakes his fins in a vibratory movement, and releases his milt for fertilization to occur.[7] A male often has eggs from more than one female in his nest, and a single female often spawns in several nests.[10][59]
Females vacate the nest after spawning,[30] leaving the male behind to protect the eggs during the eight to ten days of incubation.[11][56][60] A nest may contain 2,000 to 5,000 eggs, possibly more.[54] Fecundity is usually related to size of the fish, so it isn't unusual for the roe of a large gravid female to contain over 55,000 eggs.[30][47] Bowfin eggs are adhesive, and will attach to aquatic vegetation, roots, gravel, and sand.[30] After hatching, larval bowfin do not swim actively in search of food. During the seven to nine days required for yolk-sac absorption, they attach to vegetation by means of an adhesive organ on their snout, and remain protected by the parent male bowfin.[54] Bowfin aggressively protect their spawn from the first day of incubation to a month or so after the eggs have hatched.[54] When the fry are able to swim and forage on their own, they will form a school and leave the nest accompanied by the parent male bowfin who slowly circles them to prevent separation.[56]
Bowfin reach sexually maturity at two to three years of age.[47] They can live ten to twelve years in the wild,[47] and 30 years in captivity.[11][56] Females are longer-lived than males.[6]
A common parasite of bowfin is the anchor worm (Lernaea). These small crustaceans infest the skin and bases of fins, with consequences ranging from slowed growth to death.[7] The mollusk Megalonaias gigantea lays eggs in the bowfin gills, that are then externally fertilized by sperm passing in the water flow. The small glochidia larvae then hatch and develop in the gill tubes.[7]
Bowfin with liver cancer and with fatal leukemia have been reported.[5]
As a sport fish, bowfin are not considered desirable to many anglers. They were once considered a nuisance fish by anglers and early biologists who believed the bowfin's predatory nature was harmful to sport fish populations. As a result, efforts were taken to reduce their numbers.[61] Research has since proven otherwise, and that knowledge together with a better understanding of maintaining overall balance of ecosystems, regulations were introduced to help protect and maintain viable populations of bowfin.[61] Bowfin are strong fighters, a prized trait in game fish. However, they do have a jaw full of sharp teeth which requires careful handling. The current tackle record is 21.5 lb (9.8 kg)[3][51][62]
Bowfin were once considered to have little commercial value because of its poor tasting meat which has been referred to as "soft, bland-tasting and of poor texture".[3][11] However, it is considered quite palatable if cleaned properly and smoked, or prepared fried, blackened, used in courtbouillion, or in fishballs or fishcakes.[3][51][63] Over the years, global efforts have imposed strict regulations on the international trade of caviar, particularly on the harvest of sturgeons from the Caspian Sea where the highly prized caviar from the beluga sturgeon originates. The bans imposed on Caspian sturgeons have created lucrative markets for affordable substitutes in the United States including paddlefish, bowfin, and various species of sturgeon.[64][65] In Louisiana, bowfin are harvested in the wild, and cultured commercially in hatcheries for their meat and roe. The roe is processed into caviar, and sold as "Cajun caviar", or marketed under the trade name "Choupiquet Royale".[6][30][66]
Accumulation of toxic substances
In some areas of the United States where aquatic environments have tested positive for elevated levels of toxins, such as mercury, arsenic, chromium, and copper, there are posted signs with warnings about the consumption of fish caught in those areas.[67] Concentration of mercury biomagnifies as it passes up the food chain from organisms on lower trophic levels to apex predators. It bioaccumulates in the tissues of larger, long-lived predatory fishes. When compared to smaller, short-lived fishes, bowfin tend to concentrate mercury at higher levels thereby making them less safe for human consumption.[6][68][69]
- ↑ NatureServe (2015). "Amia calva". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 4.1 (4.1). International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Wisconsin DNR. "Bowfin Family-Amiidae" (PDF). University of Wisconsin. p. 254. Retrieved June 8, 2014.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Kenneth Stewart; Douglas Watkinson (3 May 2004). Freshwater Fishes of Manitoba. Univ. of Manitoba Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-88755-374-5.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2009). "Amiidae" in FishBase. January 2009 version.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Jay Stauffer (1 December 2007). Fishes of West Virginia. Academy of Natural Sciences. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-4223-1783-9.
- 1 2 3 4 Johnathan G. Davis. "Reproductive Biology, Life History and Population Structure of a Bowfin Amia calva Population in Southeastern Louisiana, Fall 2003" (PDF). Nicholls State University. Retrieved June 7, 2014.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 University of Florida. "Bowfin". Ichthyology at the Florida Museum of Natural History. Florida Museum of Natural History. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
- ↑ Jeff Hansbarger (2006). "Bowfin" (PDF). Wildlife Diversity Notebook. West Virginia DNR. Retrieved September 25, 2014.
- ↑ Berra, Tim (September 15, 2008). "Freshwater Fish Distribution". Families and Maps. University of Chicago Press. p. 52.
- 1 2 "Amia calva". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 25, 2014.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ken Schultz (15 December 2010). Ken Schultz's Field Guide to Freshwater Fish. John Wiley & Sons. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-118-03987-8.
- ↑ "Bowfin (Almia calva)" (PDF). Indiana Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved June 13, 2014.
- 1 2 Jared Handley & Jesse Fielder (2004). "The Skeletal System of the Bowfin (Amia calva)". Murray State University.
- ↑ Nelson, Joseph S. (2006). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-25031-7.
- ↑ "Actinopterygians: What Are They?" (PDF). Biology of Fishes-Fish/Biol 311. University of Washington. Retrieved August 8, 2014.
- ↑ Gene Helfman; Bruce B. Collette; Douglas E. Facey; Brian W. Bowen (3 April 2009). The Diversity of Fishes: Biology, Evolution, and Ecology. John Wiley & Sons. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-4443-1190-7.
- ↑ "Northern Snakehead". Pennsylvania Fish & Boat Commission. Retrieved July 22, 2014.
- ↑ "Northern Snakehead Fish". New York Department of Environmental Conservation. Retrieved July 22, 2014.
- ↑ "Bowfin and Snakeheads: Distinguishing Features". Brochure. Texas Parks & Wildlife Department. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
- ↑ Deborah Zabarenko (May 30, 2013). "Northern Snakehead Fish, Invasive Species, May Not Be As Bad As Originally Thought". Huffington Post Green. Reuters. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
- ↑ Michigan DNR. "Snakehead Fish". Fish Identification. Michigan Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
- ↑ DNR (June 27, 2012). "Bowfin mistaken as snakeheads". Alerts and Notifications, event calendar press release. Indiana Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
- ↑ Bureau of Fisheries Management. "Snakehead, Bowfin, or Burbot — Know the difference" (PDF). Wisconsin Anglers Want To Know brochures. Wisconsin Dept. of Nartural Resources. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
- ↑ "Swimbladder" (PDF). Biology of Fishes-Fish/Biol 311. University of Washington. Retrieved August 2, 2014.
- 1 2 Hedrick MS, Jones DR (January 1999). "Control of gill ventilation and air-breathing in the bowfin amia calva". J. Exp. Biol. 202: 87–94. PMID 9841898.
- ↑ D.C. Jackson, C.G. Farmer (March 5, 1998). "Air-Breathing During Activity in the Fishes Lepisosteus Oculatus and Amia Calva" (PDF). The Journal of Experimental Biology (201): 943–948. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
- ↑ R.G. Boutilier (1990). "Control and Co-Ordination of Gas Exchange in Bimodal Breathers". Vertebrate Gas Exchange Advances in Comparative and Environmental Physiology, Volume 6, Chapter 9. Springer. pp. 279–345. Retrieved June 13, 2014.
- ↑ David J. McKenzie; John F. Steffensen; Edwin W. Taylor & Augusto S. Abe (December 19, 2011). "The contribution of air breathing to aerobic scope and exercise performance in the banded knifefish Gymnotus carapo L." (PDF). Research Article. The Company of Biologists Ltd. pp. 1323–1330, Introduction. doi:10.1242/jeb.064543. Retrieved June 13, 2014.
- ↑ Water Quality Assessment Division (2005). "Canon Envirothon Water Quality Study" (PDF). Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality. p. 18. Retrieved June 13, 2014.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Stephen T. Ross (2001). The Inland Fishes of Mississippi. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-57806-246-1.
- ↑ Wilfred T. Neill (1950). "Copeia, 1950, An estivating bowfin". American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists: 240.
- ↑ William F. Loftus; James A. Kushlan (1987). "Freshwater fishes of southern Florida". Florida State Museum Biological Sciences. p. 183, Volume 31, No. 4.
- ↑ Wolfgang J. Plunk; Peter B. Bayley; Richard E. Sparks (1989). The Flood Pulse Concept in River-Floodplain Systems (PDF) (Report). University of Florida. pp. 117, 8–pdf.
- ↑ McKenzie, D. J.; Randall, D. J. (1990). "Does Amia calva aestivate?". Fish Physiology and Biochemistry. 8 (2): 147–58. doi:10.1007/BF00004442. PMID 24221948.
- ↑ Gene Helfman; Bruce B. Collette; Douglas E. Facey; Brian W. Bowen (2009). The Diversity of Fishes: Biology, Evolution, and Ecology. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 257, Chapter 13.
- ↑ Melvin L. Warren Jr.; Brooks M. Burr (July 2014). "Freshwater Fishes of North America". Volume 1: Petromyzontidae to Catostomidae. JHU Press. pp. 288–289.
- ↑ Arratia, Gloria (2001). "The Sister-Group of Teleostei: Consensus And Disagreements". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 21 (4): 767–773. doi:10.1671/0272-4634.
- ↑ Guang-Hui Xu; Li-Jun Zhao; Michael I. Coates (May 2014). "The oldest ionoscopiform from China sheds new light on the early evolution of halecomorph fishes". Biology Letters. 10 (5): 20140204. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2014.0204. PMC 4046378. PMID 24872460.
- ↑ Imogen A. Hurley; Rachel Lockridge Mueller; Katherine A. Dunn; Eric J. Schmidt; Matt Friedman; Robert K. Ho; Victoria E. Prince; Ziheng Yang; Mark G. Thomas & Michael I. Coates (February 2007). "A New Time-Scale for Ray-Finned Fish Evolution". The Royal Society Proceedings: Biological Sciences. 274 (1609): 489–498. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3749. JSTOR 25223804.
- ↑ Broughton, Richard E. (2013). "Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis reveals the pattern and tempo of bony fish evolution". PLoS Currents. doi:10.1371/currents.tol.2ca8041495ffafd0c92756e75247483e.
- ↑ Faircloth, Brant C. (2013). "A Phylogenomic Perspective on the Radiation of Ray-Finned Fishes Based upon Targeted Sequencing of Ultraconserved Elements (UCEs)". PLoS ONE. 8 (6): e65923. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065923.
- 1 2 3 "SUBCLASS ACTINOPTERYGII: RELICT SPECIES OF RAY-FINNED FISH & ORIGIN OF TELEOSTS". University of Edinburgh. January 2007. Retrieved September 29, 2014.
- ↑ Kanae Kikugawa; Kazutaka Katoh; Shigehiro Kuraku; Hiroshi Sakurai; Osamu Ishida; Naoyuki Iwabe; Takashi Miyata (March 11, 2004). "Basal jawed vertebrate phylogeny inferred from multiple nuclear DNA-coded genes". Research article — open access. BioMed Central. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-2-3. Retrieved August 9, 2014.
- ↑ Thom Holmes (June 28, 2008). The First Vertebrate. Chelsea House Publishers. p. 144.
- ↑ John F. Mulley; Chi-hua Chiu; Peter W. H. Holland (2006). "Breakup of a homeobox cluster after genome duplication in teleosts". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 103 (27): 10369–10372. doi:10.1073/pnas.0600341103. PMC 1502464. PMID 16801555.
- ↑ Indiana Department of Fish & Wildlfife. "Bowfin (Amia calva)" (PDF). Indiana Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved June 13, 2014.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Freshwater Fishes of South Carolina. Univ of South Carolina Press. 2009. p. 80. ISBN 978-1-57003-680-4.
- ↑ Paul J.B. Hart; John D. Reynolds (2002). Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries. Wiley. p. 27. ISBN 0-632-05412-3.
- 1 2 3 4 Fuller, Pam (April 11, 2006). "Amia calva". USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database. US Geological Survey. Retrieved August 9, 2014.
- ↑ "Amia calva (Bowfin)". IUCN Red List. Retrieved September 29, 2014.
- 1 2 3 John Acorn (7 February 2007). Deep Alberta: Fossil Facts and Dinosaur Digs. University of Alberta. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-88864-481-7.
- ↑ "Early Limnological and Fishery Research" (PDF). Wisconsin Fishes and Fishery Management. University of Wisconsin. p. 29. Retrieved August 9, 2014.
- ↑ J. Richard Arthur; Rohana P. Subasinghe. "Potential Adverse Socio-Economic And Biological Impacts Of Aquatic Animal Pathogens Due To Hatchery-Based Enhancement Of Inland Open-Water Systems, And Possibilities For Their Minimisation". Primary aquatic animal health care in rural, small-scale, aquaculture. Inland Water Resources and Aquaculture Service. Retrieved August 9, 2014.
- 1 2 3 4 Rudolph John Miller; Henry W. Robison (2004). Fishes of Oklahoma. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-8061-3610-3.
- ↑ Joshua Laerm; B. J. Freeman (January 2008). Fishes of the Okefenokee Swamp. University of Georgia Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-8203-3135-5.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Timothy Bonner. "Amia calva — bowfin". Published literature from Texas State University – San Marcos. Fishes of Texas. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
- ↑ Alan Richmond. "Bowfin or Dog Fish". Amia calva, Linnaeus, 1766. University of Massachusetts Biology. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
- ↑ Randy Jackson. "The Bowfin: New York's Disrespected Living Fossil". New York Department of Environmental Conservation. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
- ↑ Animals, jrank.org (1979). "Bowfins: Amiiformes – Physical Characteristics, Geographic Range, Habitat, Diet, Behavior and Reproduction, Bowfins and People, Conservation Status". Reference for the animal kingdom. Net Industries. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
- ↑ Berra, Tim M. (2001). Freshwater Fish Distribution. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-093156-7
- 1 2 Randy Jackson. "The Bowfin, New York's Disrespected Living Fossil". New York Department of Environmental Conservation. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
- ↑ IGFA. "Bowfin". International Game Fish Association. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
- ↑ David A. Bourgeois (April 5, 2009). "Choupique may be a trash fish for some, treasure to others". Daily Comet.
- ↑ Susan Saulny (June 9, 2012). "A Roe, By Any Other Name". New York Times.
- ↑ John DeSantis (December 19, 2012). "Caviar Caveats: Locals concerned about bowfin numbers". TriParish Times.
- ↑ Christopher Scharpf (December 30, 2013). "Bowfin: North America's Freshwater Thug". USF&WS.
- ↑ EPA. "Fish Consumption Advisories". Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved June 6, 2014.
- ↑ NCDPHS. "What fish are safe to eat?" (PDF). North Carolina Division of Public Health. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
- ↑ Sean Rafferty; PA Sea Grant (January 22, 2003). "Fish Tumors Related to Great Lakes Areas of Concern" (PDF). PA Dept. Environmental Protection, U.S. EPA Region III, PA Sea Grant.
Further reading
- McCormick, Catherine A. (1981). "Central Projects of the lateral line and eight nerves in the bowfin,Amia Calva". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 197: 1–15. doi:10.1002/cne.901970102.
- Conlon, J.M.; Youson, J.H.; Whittaker, J. (1991). "Structure and receptor-binding activity of insulin from a holostean fish, the bowfin:Amia Calva". Biochem J. 276: 261–264.
- Nguyen, T. M.; Mommsen, T. P.; Mims, S. M.; Conlon, J. M. (1994). "Characterization of insulins and proglucagon-derived peptides from a phylogenetically ancient fish, the paddlefish: Polyodon spathula". Biochem J. 300 (2): 339–345.
- Conlon, J. M.; Youson, J. H.; Mommsen, T. P. (1993). "Structure and biological activity of glucagon and glucagon-like peptide from a primitive bony fish, the bowfin: Amia calva.". Biochem J. 295 (3): 857–861.
- Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Archived from the original on 2009-02-20. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
External links
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