text:
"Due to lack of space," writes Hertz, "we cannot render the detailed and interesting judgements of the Inquiry into 37 communities in Baden. In the majority of cases they are analogous to those presented above: side by side with favourable, we find unfavourable and indifferent judgements; but nowhere in these entire three volumes of the Inquiry do the detailed budgets of expenditure give any grounds for the conclusion that 'under-consumption' (Unterkonsumption), 'sordid and degrading poverty', etc., are prevalent" (S. 79; Russian translation, p. 188). The words we have emphasised represent, as usual, a direct untruth. The very Baden Inquiry to which Hertz refers contains documentary evidence at testing to "under-consumption" precisely among the small peasantry. Hertz' distortion of the facts closely resembles the method that was especially cultivated by the Russian Narodniks and is now practised by all the "Critics" on the agrarian question, viz., sweeping statements about "the peasantry". Since the term "peasantry" is still more vague in the West than it is in Russia· (in the West this social-estate is not sharply defined), and since "average" facts and conclusions conceal the relative "prosperity" (or at all events, the absence of starvation) among the minority and the privation suffered by the majority, apologists of all sorts have an unlimited field of activity. In actual fact, the Baden Inquiry enables us to distinguish various groups of peasants, which Hertz, although an advocate of "details", preferred not to see. Out of 37 typical communities, a selection was made of typical farms of big peasants (Gross batter), middle peasants, and small peasants, as well as of day-labourers, making a total of 70 peasants' (31 big, 21 middle, and 18 small) and 17 day-labourers' households; and the budgets of these households were subjected to a very detailed examination. We have not been able to analyse all the data; but the principal results cited below will suffice to enable us to draw very definite conclusions.
Let us first present the data on the general economic type of (a) large, (b). middle, and (c) small peasant farms (Anlage VI: "Uebersichtliche Darstellung der Ergebnisse der in den Erhebungsgemeinden angestellten Ertragsberechnungen." [Appendix VI: "Brief Review of the Results of the Assessment of Incomes in Communities Investigated."—Ed. ] We have divided this table into groups for the Grossbauer, Mittelbauer, and Kleinbauer respectively). Size of holdings—average in each group: (a) 33.34 hectares, (b) 13.5 hectares, and (c) 6.96 hectares—which is relatively high for a country of small land-holdings like Baden. But if we exclude the ten farms in communities Nos. 20, 22, and 30, where exceptionally large holdings are the rule (up to 43 hectares among the Kleinbauer and up to 170 hectares among the Grossbauer!), we shall obtain the following figures, more normal for Baden: (a) 17.8 hectares, (b) 10.0 hectares, and (c) 4.25 hectares. Size of families: (a) 6.4 persons, (b) 5.8, and (c) 5.9. (Unless otherwise stated,. these and subsequent figures apply to all the 70 farms.) Consequently, the families of the big peasants are consider ably larger; nevertheless, they employ hired labour to a far greater extent than the others. Of the 70 peasants, 54, i.e., more than three-fourths of the total, employ hired labour, namely: 29 big peasants (out of 31), 15 middle (out of 21), and 10 small (out of 18). Thus, of the big peasants, 93 per cent cannot manage without hired labour, while the figure for the small peasants is 55 per cent. These figures are very useful as a test of the current opinion (accepted uncritically by the "Critics") that the employment of hired labour is negligible in present-day peasant farming. Among the big peasants (whose farms of 18 hectares are included in the category of 5-20 hectares, in wholesale descriptions reckoned as real peasant farms), we see pure capitalist farming: 24 farms employ 71 labourers—almost 3 labourers per farm, and 27 farmers employ day-labourers for a total of 4,347 days (161 man-days per farmer). Compare this with the size of the holdings of the big peasants in the environs of Munich, whose "progress" served our bold Mr. Bulgakov as a refutation of the "Marxist prejudice" regarding the degradation of the peasants by capitalism!
For the middle peasants we have the following figures: 8 employ 12 labourers, and 14 employ day-labourers for a total of 956 man-days. For the small peasants: 2 employ 2 labourers, and 9 employ day-labourers for a total of 543 man-days. One-half the number of small peasants employ hired labour for 2 months (543:9=60 days), i.e., in the most important season for the farmers (notwithstanding the fact that their farms are larger, the production of these small peasants is very much lower than that of the Friedrichsthal peasants, of whom Messrs. Chernov, David, and Hertz are so enamoured).
The results of this farming are as follows: 31 big peasants made a net profit of 21,329 marks and suffered a loss of 2,113 marks, i.e., a total profit for this category of 19,216 marks, or 619.9 marks per farm (523.5 marks if 5 farms in communities Nos. 20, 22, and 30 are excluded). For the medium farms the corresponding amount will be 243.3 marks (272.2 marks, if the 3 communities are excluded), and for the small farms, 35.3 marks (37.1 marks, if the 3 communities are excluded). Consequently, the small peasant, literally speaking, can barely make ends meet and only just manages to do so by cutting down consumption. The Inquiry (Ergebnisse, etc., in Vol. IV of Erhebungen,[7] S. 138) contains figures showing the consumption of the most important food items on each farm. Below we quote these data as averages for each category of peasants:
|Category of Peasants
|Consumption Per Person Per Day
|Expenditure Per Person
|Bread and fruit
etc., per day
|Clothing Per Year
|Big peasants
These are the data in which our bold Hertz "failed to perceive" either under-consumption or poverty! We see that the small peasant, as compared with those of the higher groups, reduces his consumption very considerably, and that his food and clothing are little better than those of the day-labourer. For example, he consumes about two-thirds of the amount of meat consumed by the middle peasant, and about half the amount consumed by the big peasant. These figures prove once again the uselessness of sweeping conclusions and the erroneousness of all assessments of income that ignore differences in living standards. If, for instance, we take only the two last columns of our table (to avoid complicated calculations in translating food products into money terms), we shall see that the "net profit", not only of the small peasant, but also of the middle peasant, is a pure fiction, which only pure bourgeois like Hecht and Klawki, or pure Voroshilovs like our Critics, can take seriously. Indeed, if we assume that the small peasant spends as much money on food as the middle peasant does, his expenditure would be increased by one hundred marks, and we would get an enormous deficit. If the middle peasant spent as much as the big peasant, his expenditure would be increased by 220 marks, and unless he "stinted himself" in food be, too, would sustain a deficit.[1] Does not the reduced consumption of the small peasant, following self- evidently from the inferior feeding of his cattle and the inadequate restoration (often the complete exhaustion) of the productivity of the soil, entirely confirm the truth of Marx's words, at which the modern Critics merely shrug their shoulders in lofty contempt: "An infinite fragmentation of means of production, and isolation of the producers themselves. Monstrous waste of human energy. Progressive deterioration of conditions of production and increased prices of means of production—an inevitable law of proprietorship of parcels" (Das Kapital, III, 2, S. 342).[8]
In regard to the Baden Inquiry we must note still another distortion by Mr. Bulgakov (the Critics mutually supplement each other; while one distorts one aspect of the information adduced from a given source, a second distorts the other). Mr. Bulgakov frequently quotes from the Baden inquiry. It would appear, therefore, that he is acquainted with it. Yet we find him writing the following: "The exceptional and apparently fatal indebtedness of the peasant"—. so states the Overture, II, 271—"represents one of the most immutable dogmas in the mythology created in literature in relation to peasant farming.... Surveys at our disposal reveal considerable indebtedness only among the smallest, not yet firmly established holdings [Tagelöhnerstellen]. Thus, Sprenger expresses the general impression obtained from the results of the extensive investigation conducted in Baden [to which reference is made in a footnote] in the following manner: '... Only the plots of the day-labourers and small peasant farmers are relatively speaking heavily mortgaged in a large number of the districts investigated; but even among these, in the majority of cases, the indebtedness is not so great as to cause alarm... "' (272). A strange thing. On the one hand, there is reference to the Inquiry itself, and on the other, there is merely the quoted "general impression" of a certain Sprenger who has written about this Inquiry. But as ill-luck would have it, Sprenger's writing falls short of the truth (at least in the passage quoted by Mr. Bulgakov; we have not read Sprenger's book). First, the authors of the Inquiry assert that, in the majority of cases, it is precisely the indebtedness of the small peasant holdings which reaches alarming dimensions. Secondly, they assert that the position of the small peasants in this respect is not only worse than that of the middle and big peasants (which Sprenger noted) but also worse than that of the day-labourers.
It must be observed in general that the authors of the Baden Inquiry established the extremely important fact that on the large farms the limits of permissible indebtedness (i.e., the limits to which the farmer may go without risking bankruptcy) are higher than on the small farms. After the data we have presented above on the farming results obtained by the big, middle, and small peasants respectively, this fact requires no further explanation. The authors of the Inquiry estimate the indebtedness permissible and safe (unbedenklich) for the large and medium farms at 40-70 per cent of the land value, or an average of 55 per cent. In regard to the small farms (which they set as between our and seven hectares for crop cultivation, and between two and four hectares for viticulture and commercial crops), they consider that "the limits of indebtedness ... must not exceed 30 per cent of the value of the holding, if the regular payment of interest and of instalments on the principal is to be fully secured" (S. 66, B. IV). In the surveyed communities (with the exception of those where Anerbenrecht[2] prevails, e'.g., Unadingen and Neukirch), the percentage of indebtedness (in proportion to the value of the estate) steadily diminishes as we pass from the small to the large farms. In the community of Dittwar, for instance, the indebtedness of farms up to one-fourth of a hectare equals 180.65 per cent; from one to two hectares, 73.07 per cent; from two to five hectares, 45.73 per cent; from five to ten hectares, 25.34 per cent; and from ten to twenty hectares, 3.02 per cent (ibid., S. 89-90). But the percentage of indebtedness does not tell us everything, and the authors of the Inquiry draw the following conclusion:
"The above-given statistics, consequently, confirm the widespread opinion that those owners of peasant holdings who are on the border-line [in the middle] between the day- labourers and the middle peasants [in the rural districts the farmers of this category are usually called the "middle estate"—Mittelstand] are frequently in a worse position than those in the groups above or below [sic!] in the size of their holdings; for, although they are able to cope with moderate indebtedness, if it is kept at a certain and not very high level, they find it difficult to meet their obligations, being unable to obtain regular collateral employment (as day- labourers, etc.), by which means to increase their income...." Day-labourers, "insofar as they have some regular collateral employment, are frequently in a much better position materially than those belonging to the 'middle estate', for, as computations in numerous cases have shown, collateral employment produces at times such a high net (i.e., money) income as to enable them to repay even large debts" (op. cit., 67).[3] Finally, the authors reiterate that the indebtedness of the small peasant farms in relation to the permissible level is "sometimes unsafe"; hence, "in purchasing land, particular business-like caution must be exercised ... primarily by the small peasant population and by the day- labourers, closely related to it" (98).
This, then, is the bourgeois counsellor to the small peasant! On the one hand, he fosters in the proletarians and semi-proletarians the hope that they will be able to purchase land, "if not in the first, then in the second generation", and by diligence and abstemiousness obtain from it an enormous percentage of "net income"; on the other hand, he advises especially the poor peasants to exercise "particular caution" in purchasing land if they have no "regular employment", that is to say, when the capitalists have no need for settled workers. And yet there are "critical" simpletons who accept these selfish lies and threadbare banalities as the findings of the most up-to-date science!
One would think that the detailed data we have presented on the big, middle, and small peasants would suffice to make even Mr. V. Chernov understand the meaning of the term "petty bourgeois" as applied to the peasant, a term that seems to inspire him with such horror. Capitalist evolution has not only introduced similarity in the general economic system of West-European countries, but it has brought Russia also closer to the West, so that the main features of peasant farming in Germany are similar to those in Russia. However, in Russia the process of differentiation among the peasantry, abundantly confirmed in Russian Marxist literature, is in an initial stage; it has not yet assumed anything like a finished form, it has not yet given rise, for example, to the immediately noticeable, distinctive type of big peasant (Grossbauer). In Russia the mass expropriation and extinction of an enormous section of the peasantry still greatly overshadow the "first steps" of our peasant bourgeoisie. In the West, however, this process, which started even before the abolition of serfdom (cf. Kautsky, Agrarfrage, S. 27), long ago caused the obliteration of the social-estate distinction between peasant and "privately owned" (as we call it) farming, on the one hand, and the formation of a class of agricultural wage-workers, which has already acquired fairly definite features, on the other.[4] It would be a grave error to assume, however, that this process came to a stop after more or less definite new types of rural population had emerged. On the contrary, it goes on continuously, now rapidly, now slowly, of course, depending on the numerous and varying circumstances, and assumes most diverse forms according to the varying agronomic conditions, etc. The proletarisation of the peasantry continues, as we shall prove below by the mass of German statistics; besides which, it is evident from the cited data on the small peasantry. The increasing flight, not only of agricultural labourers, but of peasants, from the country to the towns is in itself striking evidence of this growing proletarisation. But the peasant's flight to the town is necessarily preceded by his ruin; and the ruin is preceded by a desperate struggle for economic independence. The data on the extent of the employment of hired labour, the amount of "net income", and the level of consumption of the various types of peasantry, bring out this struggle in striking relief. The principal weapon in this fight is "iron diligence" and frugality—frugality according to the motto "We work, not so much for our mouths as for our pockets". The inevitable result of the struggle is the rise of a minority of wealthy, prosperous farmers (an insignificant minority in most cases—and in every case when particularly favourable conditions are absent, such as proximity to the capital, the construction of a railway, or the opening up of some new, remunerative branch of commercial agriculture, etc.) and the continuously increasing impoverishment of the majority, which steadily saps the strength of the peasants by chronic starvation and exhausting toil, and causes the quality of the land and cattle to deteriorate. The inevitable result of the struggle is the rise of a minority of capitalist farms based on wage-labour, and the increasing necessity for the majority to work at "side lines", i.e., their conversion into industrial and agricultural wage-workers. The data on wage-labour very clearly reveal the immanent tendency, inevitable under the present system of society, for all small producers to become small capitalists.
We quite understand why bourgeois economists, on the one hand, and opportunists of various shades, on the other, shun this aspect of the matter and why they cannot help doing so. The differentiation of the peasantry reveals to us the profoundest contradictions of capitalism in the very process of their inception and their further development. A complete evaluation of these contradictions inevitably leads to the recognition of the small peasantry's blind-alley and hopeless position (hopeless, outside the revolutionary struggle of the proletariat against the entire capitalist system). It is not surprising that these most profound and most undeveloped contradictions are not mentioned; there is an attempt to evade the fact of the overwork and under-consumption of the small peasants, which can be denied only by unconscionable or ignorant people. The question of the hired labour employed by the peasant bourgeoisie and of wage-work of the rural poor is left in the shade. Thus, Mr. Bulgakov submitted an "essay on the theory of agrarian development", passing over both these questions in eloquent silence![5] "Peasant farming," he says, "may be defined as that form of farming in which the labour of the peasant's own family is exclusively, or almost exclusively employed. Very rarely do even peasant farms dispense altogether with outside labour,— the help of neighbours or casual hired labour—but this does not change [naturally!] the economic features of peasant farming" (I, 141). Hertz is somewhat more naive, and at the very beginning of his book he makes the following reservation: "Hereinafter, by small or peasant farms I shall always assume a form of farming in which the farmer, the members of his family, and not more than one or.two workers are employed" (S. 6, Russian translation, p. 29). When they discuss the hiring of a "hand" our Kleinbürger soon forget the very "peculiarities" of agriculture which they constantly make so much of with no regard for relevance. In agriculture, one or two labourers is by no means a small number, even if they work only in the summer. But the main thing is not whether this is a small or a large number; the main thing is that hired labourers are employed by the wealthier, more prosperous peasants, whose "progress" and prosperity" our knights of philistinism are so fond of presenting as the prosperity of the mass of the population. And in order to put a better complexion on this distortion, these knights majestically declare: "The peasant is a working man no less than the proletarian" (Bulgakov, II, 288). And the author expresses satisfaction at the fact that "workers' parties are more and more losing the anti-peasant tinge characteristic of them hitherto" (characteristic of them hitherto!) (289). "Hitherto", you see, they "left out of account the fact that peasant property is not an instrument of exploitation, but a condition for the application of labour". That is how history is written! Frankly, we cannot refrain from saying: Distort, gentlemen, but have a sense of measure! And the same Mr. Bulgakov has written a two-volume "study" of 800 pages chock-full of "quotations" (how correct they are we have repeatedly shown) from all sorts of inquiries, descriptions, monographs, etc. But not once, literally not once, has he attempted even to examine the relations between the peasants whose property is an instrument of exploitation and those peasants whose property is "simply" a condition for the application of labour. Not once has he presented systematic statistics (which, as we have shown, were contained in the sources he cited) concerning the types of farms, the standard of living, etc., of the peasants who hire labour, of the peas ants who neither hire labour nor hire themselves out as labourers, and of the peasants who hire themselves out as labourers. More than that. We have seen that to prove the "progress of peasant farming" (peasant farming in general!) he has given data on the Grossbauer and opinions that confirm the progress of some and the impoverishment and proletarisation of others. He even sees a general "social regeneration" (sic!) in the rise of "well-to-do peasant farms" (II, 138; for general conclusion, cf. p. 456), as if well-to-do peasant farm were not synonymous with bourgeois, entrepreneur-peasant farm. His one attempt to extricate himself from this tangle of contradictions is the following still more entangled argument: "The peasantry, of course, does not constitute a homogeneous mass; this has been shown above [probably in his argument about such a petty detail as the industrial wage-labour performed by farmers?]; a constant struggle is here in process between a differentiating trend and a levelling trend. But are these differences and even the antagonism of individual interests greater than those between the various strata of the working class, between urban and rural workers, between skilled and unskilled labour, between trade unionists and non-trade unionists? It is only by completely ignoring these differences within the worker estate (which cause certain investigators to see the existence of a fifth estate in addition to the fourth) that a distinction can be drawn between the allegedly homogeneous working class and the heterogeneous peasantry" (288). What a remarkably profound analysis! Confounding trade differences with class differences; confounding differences in the way of life with the different positions of the various classes in the system of social production—what better illustration is needed of the complete absence of scientific principles in the fashionable "criticism"[6] and of its practical tendency to obliterate the very concept "class" and to eliminate the very idea of the class struggle. The agricultural labourer earns fifty kopeks a day; the enterprising peasant who employs day-labourers earns a ruble a day; the factory worker in the capital earns two rubles a day; the small provincial master earns one and a half rubles a day. Any more or less politically conscious worker would be able to say without difficulty to which class the representatives of these various "strata" belong, and in what direction the social activities of these various "strata" will tend. But f or the representative of university science, or for the modern "Critic", this is such a profound wisdom that it is totally beyond assimilation.
[1] Mr. Chernov "objects": Does not the big farmer stint his day-labourer still more in food and other expenses? (Russkoye Bogatstvo, 1900, No. 8, p. 212). This objection repeats the old Krivenko-Vorontsov trick, if one may use such an expression, of foisting liberal-bourgeois arguments upon Marxists. The objection would be valid against those who say that large-scale production is superior, not only technically, but because it improves (or at least makes tolerable) the condition of the labourers. Marxists do not say that. They merely expose the false trick of painting the condition of the small farmer in roseate hues, either by sweeping statements about prosperity (Mr. Chernov on Hecht), or by estimates of "income" that leave out of account reduced consumption. The bourgeoisie must needs paint things in roseate hues, must needs foster the illusion among the labourers that they can become "masters" and that small "masters" can obtain high incomes. It is the business of socialists to expose these falsehoods and to explain to the small peasants that for them too there is no salvation outside of the revolutionary movement of the proletariat. —Lenin
[2] Right of inheritance, by which the property of a peasant household passes undivided to a single heir.—Ed.
[3] The authors of the Inquiry rightly say: The small peasant sells relatively little for cash, but he stands particularly in need of money, and because of his lack of capital, every cattle disease, every hailstorm, etc., hits him particularly hard. —Lenin
[4] "The peasantry," writes Mr. Bulgakov, with reference to France in the nineteenth century, "split up into two sections, each sharply distinguished from the other, namely, the proletariat and the small proprietors" (II, 176). The author is mistaken, however, in believing that the "splitting up" ended with this—it is a ceaseless process. —Lenin
[5] Or contains no less eloquent evasions, such as: "... the numerous cases of combining industry with agriculture, when industrial wage-workers own small plots of land..." are "no more than a detail [?!] in the economic system. There are as yet [?] no grounds for regarding this as a new manifestation of the industrialisation of agriculture, or its loss of independent development; this phenomenon is much too insignificant in extent (in Germany, for instance, only 4.09 per cent of agricultural land is held by industrial wage-workers)" (sic!—II, pp. 254-55). In the first place, the fact that an insignificant share of the land is held by hundreds of thousands of workers does not prove that this "phenomenon is insignificant in extent"; it proves rather that capitalism degrades and proletarises the small farmer. Thus, the total number of farmers holding less than two hectares (although their number is enormous: 3,200,000 out of 5,500,000, or 58.2 per cent, almost three-fifths) own "only" 5.6 per cent of the total area of agricultural land. Will our clever Mr. Bulgakov draw the inference from this that the entire "phenomenon"of small landownership and small farming is a mere "detail" and "is much too insignificant in extent"?? Of the 5,500,000 farmers in Germany, 791,000, or 14.4 per cent, are industrial wage-workers; and the overwhelming majority of these own less than two hectares of land each, namely, 743,000, which represents 22.9 per cent of the total number of farmers owning less than two hectares. Secondly, true to his usual practice, Mr. Bulgakov distorted the statistics he adduced. By an oversight he took from the page of the German Inquiry he quoted (Statistik des Deutschen Reichs, B. 112, S. 49 *) the figure of the area of land owned by independent trading farmers. The non-independent trading farmers (i.e., industrial wage-workers) hold only 1.84 per cent of the total area of agricultural land. 791,000 wage-workers own 1.84 per cent of the total area of land, while 25,000 landlords own 24 per cent. Truly a most insignificant "detail"! —Lenin
[6] Let us recall the fact that reference to the alleged homogeneity of the working class was a favourite argument of Ed. Bernstein and of all his adherents. And as regards "differentiation", it was Mr. Struve who, in his Critical Remarks, profoundly observed: There is differentiation, but there is also levelling; for the objective student both these processes are of equal importance (in the same way as it made no difference to Shchedrin's objective historian whether Izyaslav defeated Yaroslav or vice versa).[9] There is a development of the money economy, hut there are also reversions to natural economy. There is a development of large-scale factory production, but there is also a development of capitalist domestic industry (Bulgakov, II, 88: "Hausindustrie is nowhere near extinction in Germany"). An "objective" scientist must carefully gather facts and note things, "on the one hand" and "on the other", and (like Goethe's Wagner) "pass from book to book, from folio to folio", without making the least attempt to obtain a consistent view and build up a general idea of the process as a whole. —Lenin
[7] Erhebungen über die Lage der Landwirtschaft in Grossherzogthum Baden, 1883. Veranstaltet durch das grossherzogliche Ministerium des Innern. Rd. IV. (An Inquiry into the State of Agriculture in the Grand Duchy of Baden, 1883. Undertaken by the Ministry of the Interior of the Grand Duchy. Vol. IV.).
[8] See Karl Marx, Capital, Vol. III, Moscow, 1959, p. 787.
[9] From M. Y. Saltykov-Shchedrin's Modern Idyll.


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recovery dinner: kale + avocados (chock full of vitamins and EFAs), hummus, chia+flax seeds, and peanut-soy-ginger-marinated tofu in a sprouted wrap)
I've been noticeably absent from the web lately—with some kind of nasty sinusy sickness overtaking my body, I felt a bit hypocritical to blog about good food and nutrition while laying in bed miserable and hardly functioning (that said, I did make some mean mock-mom's minestrone soup and got my vitamin c!).
But I'm getting back to normal.. and in between a plethora of HotDocs,(PomWonderful! Wiebo's War! Kumare! and many, many more that weren't quite as good!) I've been trying to cook and keep on the health wagon (or should that be a hybrid?), too. I realized I've yet to do my reflection/look-ahead post on the cleanse that I'd been promising, and I feel now I've pretty much got figured out what I've learned, where I'm at now, and what I want to do next. So here goes…
Reflections on the cleanse: (For another perspective, read Luke's blog)
- Eating healthy is, in general, expensive. Whole foods=whole paycheck, yadda yadda. But hey, if you get your ass to a market and cook from scratch, avoiding the ready-made stuff, it ain't so bad.
- To eat best, unless you've got big bucks and access to health-food stores and markets, plan plan ahead. Make big batches of food: quinoa bowls, chili, soup, rice dishes—and freeze individual portions. Always come prepared, 'cause you never know when hunger may strike!
- Pooping is good.
- ALWAYS BE PREPARED. (see #2)
- Alcohol makes bad things happen to your body, including the day after (this I especially learnt the week after the cleanse). It makes you crave weird things, it makes your blood sugar all wobbly, sleepy at night and a grouch the next day. A few glasses of wine followed by many more glasses of water is fine, hard liquor is, in general, just a bad idea, at least once you're out of school.
- Eat well=feel well. It's true. It may take some time for your body to adjust, but in the end it's easily worth the effort.
- My body doesn't love dairy. In fact, I think we're all a bit lactose-intolerant (I mean, is it really natural to drink another species' milk?), but I know it feels best for me to lay low on the dairy. Unsweetened almond milk is my new go-to, with ice cream and cheese in moderation.
- Sleep > caffeine.
So where am I at now?
Most importantly, I've finally embraced the interest I've always had in health and food and have decided to integrate it further into my life. Through my research and readings, I came across a school called the Institute of Holistic Nutrition, sat in on their classes for one day, and was instantly HOOKED. I'm attending next year, full-time, and can't wait to get started!!!
As for food, I'm in a bit of limbo. I'm eating better—most of the time (and that's okay, I'm not expecting to be perfect!)… except when I'm bartending till three a.m. and nachos somehow end up getting thrusted down my gullet.
I'm a lot more aware of how my body reacts to different foods and the way they make me feel. But I haven't got the perfect balance yet. Maybe it's the athlete in me, always wanting to one-up myself…. so what's next?
In June, I'll be in Phoenix, AZ, soaking up loads of yoga knowledge and doing all the good I can possibly cram in for my body in one month. In addition to my yoga teacher training, I'll be joining my mom in an all vegan-diet for the month of June. I'm not saying I'll be a lifelong vegan (I heavily doubt it), but I want to play and see the effects it has on my body. And knowing that it's better for the planet doesn't hurt, either. So I'll be blogging the highlights of that too!
So that's where I'm at for now. I'm always open for feedback on what's working and what's not in terms of the blog, and I'm trying to dedicate a bit more time into it now that it serves more of a purpose for me. Looking forward to things to come!


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Thick hair can be very difficult for men who want simple-to-care-for locks. While thick hair can be tamed with length, this isn't a viable option for men that prefer shorter hair. The following are a few techniques or recommendations that you can make to your male clients to help them achieve no-fuss shorter hair. Many of these tips can also apply to women who prefer a shorter, lower-maintenance cut. Tip #1: Remove Some Weight
23 December 2015
Going to beauty school is an excellent idea, especially if you have a desire to work with hair, makeup, and everything beauty related. It can open the door to the field of cosmetology, and you can specialize once you are done with beauty school, if you would like. However, one downside to attending beauty school is the cost. Trying to pay for your tuition can often times be difficult to do all on your own, but thankfully there are different things that you can do to help you afford beauty school.
4 June 2015
While you are in a cosmetology program, you will need several willing models to practice your new skills on. This usually means that you will enlist the time and trust of your friends and family members until you finish your course and receive your licence to practice professionally. While you are a student, both you and your friends and family benefit from this relationship. You have models to practice on and they get discount or free cosmetology services.
14 May 2015


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text: I had this symptom about 2 years ago and it went away with no problems. At times while im sitting i felt like i had to pee and as if my penis was leaking but when stud up the pee urge went away. When i went to go check if i was leaking there was no urine or **m in my underwear.....honestly i think it's caused by stress drinks pleanty of fluids and try to flush it out of your system. maybe its a uti and u might need anti-biotics but as im typing this message it feels im leaking.Reply Follow This Thread Stop Following This Thread Flag this Discussion


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This article originally appeared on HRMA (http://www.hfma.org/Leadership/Archives/2016/Summer/Taking_Action_Against_Drug_Shortages/) on July 28, 2016.
Although the severity of drug shortages has eased somewhat in recent years, providers still are frequently unable to offer patients the medications they need. Many organizations have developed innovative strategies and action plans to help them manage the clinical, financial, and ethical implications of drug shortages.
"We are now in a sustained era of drug shortages, although we are not at the critical level today that we were back in 2012 and 2013," says Deborah A. Pasko, PharmD, MHA, director of medication safety and quality, American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP), Bethesda, Md. "The country is still facing ongoing issues, sometimes with lifesaving medications."
Recently, shortages of antibiotics and antimicrobials have been in the spotlight, as have the limited supplies of drugs used in oncology, anesthesiology, and emergent settings. IV fluids also have floated on and off the drug shortage list in recent months, Pasko says.
In 2011, President Barack Obama issued an executive order requiring manufacturers to give a heads-up to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) about impending drug shortages. The following year, the Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act (FDASIA) became law, requiring manufacturers to notify the FDA at least six months before an interruption or as soon as possible.
Erin R. Fox, PharmD, director, Drug Information Service, University of Utah Health Care, says a law requiring manufacturers to notify the FDA when they suspect a drug shortage has helped mitigate the problem, but it is not enough. (Photo: Kristan Jacobsen)
"FDASIA has helped decrease the number of drug shortages because the FDA can now do more on the prevention end," says Erin R. Fox, PharmD, director, Drug Information Service, University of Utah Health Care, Salt Lake City. Such preventive measures may include helping manufacturers remedy production problems and expediting inspections of alternative manufacturing sites, among other strategies.
But as Fox and her co-authors noted in a recentHealth Affairs article, FDASIA has not been enough.a
"Hospitals are still having trouble sourcing medications," Fox says. "Sometimes, the right drug is available but the right form isn't. For example, premixed heparin drips are used in almost every hospital across the country, but when there are shortages, hospitals have to compound their own. At the end of the day, patients are still getting treated, but hospitals and providers have to do a lot of work to manage through that shortage. It's frustrating for providers to have to spend so much time on a supply chain failure."
Business decisions by drug manufacturers are one reason for persistent drug shortages, Fox says. "If there is a problem at the factory, some companies may choose to not fix that problem and to manufacture products that return a larger profit," she says. Another issue is that many drugs in short supply are single-sourced, meaning they are made by only one or two manufacturers.
Drug shortages are not a problem in the United States alone, Fox says. "Because we have a global pharmaceutical market, there is not a country that is immune to drug shortages."
Acknowledging the Impact
Drug shortages often have significant clinical, safety, operational, and research implications. "From a clinical and ethical standpoint, if there is a drug in shortage that is used for multiple indications, health systems have to decide which populations they will use their small supply of drug for," ASHP's Pasko says.
One example is alprostadil, a medication used in neonates with congenital heart defects and in liver transplant patients. Institutions that treat both types of patients may have to decide which patients are going to receive the drug and for which indication. Substituting drugs also raises the risk of medication errors if providers are not familiar with the dosing and administration required for alternative products.
Safety issues are a key concern. In fact, the Institute for Safe Medication Practices has published medication safety information regarding shortages that have resulted in patient harm.
From an operational standpoint, drug shortages often require workarounds that reduce efficiency, Pasko says. For example, a shortage of the premixed maintenance IV fluid known as D5/0.45NS requires staff to create their own by adding sodium chloride to liter bags of Dextrose 5%.
Research initiatives also can suffer. "In drug shortages, the FDA has said that the priority should be patient care areas, so providers may need to delay or cancel research because of the unavailability of products," Pasko says.
Yoram Unguru, MD, MS, MA, a pediatric hematologist/oncologist at the Herman and Walter Samuelson Children's Hospital at Sinai and the Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, has co-authored guidelines on managing drug shortages in pediatric oncology.
Drug shortages contribute to rising healthcare costs. A 2014 analysis by Premier found that purchasing costlier generic substitutes for drugs in short supply drove up costs an average of $229.7 million annually. In fact, the figure is likely much higher because it does not include the drugs purchased from off-contract distributors nor the cost of using therapeutic alternatives. It also omits indirect costs such as the labor required to research alternatives, change processes, and educate staff, says Michael J. Alkire, COO, Premier, Inc., Charlotte, N.C.
Drug Shortages Lead to Higher Costs
Finding Creative Solutions
When providers at University of Utah Health Care faced a shortage of piperacillin and tazobactam injection, they switched to a type that is premixed and frozen. "It's actually a huge hassle for our pharmacy operations because they have to make sure they have enough thawed so they have some ready to go, but they don't want to thaw too many doses because then the product might get wasted," Fox says. "We also had to change the settings in our smart pumps because the frozen concentration is different than if we use a vial and a bag."
Reserving medication. Like many other organizations, University of Utah Health Care also faced a shortage of nitroglycerin in its emergency department (ED) and critical care units. "We were able to reserve the nitroglycerin for patients' initial doses and then transfer patients to other therapies after 24 hours without affecting the quality of care," Fox says. "This allowed us to make sure we always had enough for patients in critical situations, such as those having a heart attack."
Preventing OR cancellations. When a company that produces irrigation solutions used during surgery had a manufacturing problem, University of Utah Health Care learned the following day that it would have only half of its usual amount of the solution. The pharmacy had to work with surgeons, operating room (OR) technicians, and nursing staff to determine how to move forward without canceling surgeries.
Fortunately, staff were able to use IV saline imported from Spain as an irrigation solution. "We had daily meetings with our supply chain folks to make sure we had the best plan in place and that everyone knew what to expect," Fox says. Although it took more work to implement the solution, no surgeries were canceled.
Making tough decisions. During chemotherapy shortages, the pharmacy staff would tally up the doses that each patient needed to complete his or her regimen and set that amount aside so they knew how much was left to start new patients on the drugs. By using this process, and by communicating frequently with the oncology team, they avoided a situation in which an allocation decision had to be made. Such a situation would entail consulting with the organization's pharmacy and therapeutics (P&T) committee and ethics committee to help make allocation decisions. "The decision on who gets the last vial of a lifesaving treatment should not be made by pharmacy alone," Fox says.
Developing an Allocation Framework
Although recommendations for allocating scarce, lifesaving medications exist, these models lack the sort of concrete guidance clinicians require when confronted with having to actually choose between equally deserving patients, says Yoram Unguru, MD, MS, MA, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology at the Herman and Walter Samuelson Children's Hospital at Sinai and the Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. In fact, the majority of medical (adult) oncologists reported that they lacked allocation guidance altogether. Pediatric oncologists, on the other hand, were more likely to have center-level guidance but still lacked uniform and consistent ethical guidance.
"Too many hospitals have had to scramble when they have been in a bad situation without adequate drugs," Unguru says.
Mike Alkire, COO, Premier, Inc., says drug shortages continue to drive up pharmaceutical costs each year.
In response to this need, Unguru led a Children's Oncology Group task force and co-authored guidelines, published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, for organizations managing shortages of chemotherapy drugs for pediatric patients.b Although the guidance is specific to pediatric oncology, the principles and recommendations apply broadly across medical specialties. Faced with a drug shortage, the task force recommends a two-step process: first, implementing strategies to mitigate an existing shortage based on maximizing efficiency and minimizing waste, and second, elucidating actual prioritization that maximizes benefit according to total lives saved/life-years saved.
Allocating drugs to appropriate patients is a necessary strategy when conservation efforts are not enough. "These shortages are so prevalent that they require a thoughtful and nuanced approach," Unguru says. To help providers select which patients receive scarce drugs, he recommends that organizations establish multidisciplinary drug shortage committees that include physicians, nurses, pharmacists, psychologists, social workers, ethicists, and patients or patient advocates. Some hospitals also might find it appropriate to add a representative from risk management, to help minimize liability, as well as an executive from the C-suite.
When mitigation efforts fail, one of the factors that Unguru says should be considered during allocation is the threshold of curability. For example, a patient with an 80 percent chance of survival should receive priority over a patient with a 40 percent chance. Although physicians may opt to prioritize use of a scarce drug to treat more curable forms of cancers, they should remain mindful of the critical role that certain drugs have in the management of cancers with poorer outcomes. "Such a patient's only chance for a cure may be that one scarce drug, whereas the patient with the higher cure rate may have other options," Unguru says.
Unguru stresses that some factors should not enter the drug allocation decision-making process. Among these are a patient's age, race, developmental level, immigration status, and ability to pay.
Sidebar: Frequent Drug Shortages in 2016
Forecasting Future Problems
Leaders at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, established a medication supply task force in July 2011, when shortages of chemotherapy agents had the potential to impact patient care. One example was the shortage of liposomal doxorubicin injection.
"The goal of our task force is to monitor the commercial supply and work with physician leaders by disease specialty to come up with other treatment options in case we have a supply interruption, especially for those medications used for curative intent that do not have many alternatives," says Sylvia Bartel, RPh, MPH, vice president of pharmacy.
Asking tough questions. During the liposomal doxorubicin shortage, the task force convened a group of oncologists who treat different types of cancer and asked them to consider three key questions to determine which patient population should continue to be treated with this medication:
- Is there ongoing evidence of clinical benefit?
- Is an alternative treatment available that is equally effective?
- What would be the impact on the patient's outcome if the patient did not receive that drug or the alternative?
Ultimately, hematology/oncology disease leader representatives worked together and determined how to prioritize which patients required continued treatment with liposomal doxorubicin and which patients could receive other chemotherapy agents. For example, breast cancer patients could receive other chemotherapy agents, while most ovarian cancer patients would continue to receive liposomal doxorubicin. The task force also weighed the option of moving some patients into clinical trials if appropriate.
Bringing in experts. Membership of the multidisciplinary task force has evolved, and today the group includes Bartel, the physician who co-chairs the P&T committee, the adult inpatient medical director, the chief medical officer, the chief quality officer, the chief nursing officer, the risk manager, the physician director for satellite locations, a pediatric oncologist, an ethicist, the pharmacy business manager, a representative from finance, a representative from communications, and a member of the patient and family advisory council.
When a drug is in short supply, the task force also invites experts from the affected specialties to help them understand the impact and develop detailed strategies.
Anticipating payment issues. The representative from finance can help keep the task force aware of any payment-related issues. For example, when leucovorin, which helps prevent liver toxicity following methotrexate administration, is in short supply, providers often must use a much more expensive alternative. In normal circumstances, health plans would reject the use of the more costly drug. "Finance can help us know when we need to talk to payers regarding certain substitutions," Bartel says.
Involving the patient community. Dana-Farber established a hotline for patients to call if they have questions about drug shortages. "When patients hear about drug shortages, they want to know how it is affecting their care," Bartel says.
Managing the latest shortages. A recent example is all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), which is used to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia. "It is very critical to start the drug early on, but it has been difficult to obtain in recent months," Bartel says. The task force researched the literature and found a formula for compounding the drug, then asked physicians for their views on compounding ATRA and what sort of patient monitoring would be required. Before compounding had to happen, the situation was resolved when the hospital's distributor was able to ship supplies from Hawaii. However, had the shortage become a reality, an additional consideration would have been how to ensure patient safety when compounding a product that is commercially available. Such considerations include patient education on measuring a liquid instead of taking capsules, Bartel says.
Another drug that has been challenging to obtain is bleomycin, which is used for curative purposes in Hodgkin's and testicular cancer. Bartel's team recently called the FDA to discuss possible importation of the drug. Bartel also talked internally with physicians about the possibility of dose conservation and of scheduling patients in cohorts so they could receive treatment at the same time to avoid any waste.
Compounding Needed Drugs
In the cases of some drug shortages, pharmacists at University of Michigan Health System (UMHS), Ann Arbor, Mich., can compound their own injectable drugs in their IV clean room if they can source the raw materials and verify stability and compounding formulations, says Deborah Wagner, PharmD, FASHP, pediatric safety coordinator and associate clinical professor of pharmacy and anesthesiology. For example, pharmacists followed strict protocols to compound their own IV solutions of calcium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium phosphate during a period from fall of 2012 into 2013 and longer due to national shortages and wholesaler lack of inventory.
"When we consider making our own drugs, we have our drug information service conduct a literature review to determine the formulations and protocols," Wagner says. "Some products, such as dexamethasone, we just can't make in the same formulation that is commercially available, or they might only be stable for such a short period of time, perhaps several days, so it is not really worth it. But if we can get a product that has stability data for 20 or 30 days, then it is probably worth compounding it here if we can do so safely and consistent with USP [U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention] guidelines."
More recently, Wagner and her team have been weighing the possibility of compounding tromethamine IV injection, which is no longer commercially available from the manufacturer at least for the foreseeable future. Thus far, the organization has restricted its use to the neonatal intensive care unit and created an electronic prescribing alert to inform providers of the ordering restrictions on the drug as well as a recommendation to consult with a pharmacist for alternatives or guidance.
Switching pumps. In early 2016, UMHS, along with other healthcare organizations, faced a critical shortage of the empty glass cartridges that are used to compound different concentrations of the opiate drugs that run on a patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pump.
"We were at the point of not having enough compounded cartridges to get through the weekend with the number of patients we had currently using the product," Wagner says. "During emergency meetings with care providers, pharmacy, and nursing, we had to consider if we could switch patients from the PCA pumps to IV bolus injections, alternative concentrations, or other medications. The downside with IV bolus injections is that they require nurses to provide the injections every three to four hours and may create analgesic gaps in pain management as well as increases in nursing workload."
Ultimately, leaders at UMHS decided to accelerate their scheduled implementation of a new PCA pump, which did not require the cartridge that was in short supply, by one month. "It involved intensive education because we had to move up a major implementation that meant switching hundreds of pumps and educating hundreds of nurses in a shorter time than we had anticipated, and doing so safely," Wagner says.
Maintain detailed records. UMHS has a dedicated drug shortage committee that meets every Wednesday and Friday to discuss upcoming shortages and potential mitigation strategies.
The committee maintains a spreadsheet of each drug in short supply so next steps can be prioritized. "If there is critical shortage, we have someone from our computerized physician order entry support system run a report to determine patient utilization per day," Wagner says. "The supervisor of our automated dispensing machines is also able to tell us how much supply we have on the patient units versus in the central pharmacy inventory. Then we can decide what inventory we might be able to pull back into the central inventory to conserve our supply."
Sidebar: A Closer Look at Direct Contracting
Lessons Learned
Hospitals and health systems likely will face continued drug shortages in the near future. Healthcare leaders with experience managing drug shortages suggest the following strategies be used as part of an organization's action plan.
Tap a leader in your organization to forecast potential drug shortages. "You never want to learn at 3 p.m. on a Friday that a drug is in shortage, but it happens way too often," ASHP's Pasko says. She recommends the pharmacy director take the lead with a champion from the C-suite.
Create policies and procedures. ASHP has developed guidelines on managing drug shortages. Organizations can use this guidance to create their own playbook to implement during a shortage. University of Utah Health Care and Dana-Farber are among the organizations that have put an action plan on paper.
Use credible, real-time data to forecast problems. An organization's IT system should be able to build patient lists that include data on each drug, patient, date of first treatment, date of next anticipated treatment, and treatment intent (curative or palliative), Dana-Farber's Bartel says. This approach can help organizations anticipate usage and predict potential supply problems.
"Some organizations may need to add an expert from IT to their medication supply task force if they are not able to get real-time data from their system," Bartel says.
Have an appeals process for allocation decisions. "Part of doing this the right way is to ensure that allocation decisions are reasoned, explicit, public, and transparent," says Unguru, the framework advocate with Johns Hopkins. "Such a process will gain the public's trust that prioritization decisions are not made haphazardly or arbitrarily." Allowing patients and clinicians to challenge a decision not in their favor is part of a transparent and public process. The appeals committee could include members of the drug shortage committee along with a few additional members who can offer different perspectives.
Do not stockpile drugs. "Because most hospitals don't keep more than a three-day supply on hand, shortages can be critical because they don't have any supply to fall back on," UMHS's Wagner says. "However, stockpiling of drugs when there is a shortage just creates more problems downstream, creating artificial shortages or restricting product available to those in need."
Share expertise. "Before a recent saline shortage, our supply chain team had not experienced many shortages, although the pharmacy team had," says Fox of University of Utah Health Care. "We wanted to make sure all the ideas we had about managing a shortage could help our supply chain department."
Take on an emergency management mind-set. "Everyone has a disaster preparedness plan for an earthquake or flood, and a drug shortage can be like a mini disaster," Fox says. "You can leverage some of the communication tools that you might use in a disaster to keep everyone informed," Fox says.
Work with your group purchasing organization (GPO). Through a GPO, providers can take advantage of failure-to-supply clauses in contracts, which allow hospitals to receive monetary compensation when a drug is in short supply and more costly alternatives are purchased, says Premier's Alkire.
Keep standardizing. Alkire believes that providers should maintain their momentum toward formulary standardization. "As more healthcare systems standardize, we can create private-label programs and bring new products into the market that create a healthier supply and more competitive friction, which in the long run is healthier and better for pricing."
Finding a Better Way
Unguru stresses that drug conservation strategies and allocation frameworks are merely short-term solutions that will not correct the ongoing drug shortage problem. "There has to be a larger policy change that is grounded in coordination and cooperation, and that includes all the stakeholders, including patients, providers, government, and industry," he says. "A durable solution must also account for the underlying reasons for the shortage, which most experts agree are economic, manufacturing, and quality-related issues, as well as regulatory."
The bottom line, Unguru says, drawing on his experience with drug shortages: "As a society, we can no longer tolerate children with otherwise curable diseases lacking access to lifesaving medications."


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|Quasiplane of Radiance (any)
|Very rare
|Activity Cycle:
|Life energy
|Very (11-12)
|Any evil
|No. Appearing:
|Armor Class:
|Fl 12 (C)
|Hit Dice:
|6+6 (but see below)
|13 (but see below)
|No. of Attacks:
|Special Attacks:
|Level drain, eye blast
|Special Defenses:
|Struck only by +1 weapons, invisibility, immunities
|Magic Resistance:
|M (6' tall)
|Champion (15-16)
|XP Value:
When a mortal spirit leaves its body upon death, it usually becomes a petitioner on the Outer Plane that most closely matches its alignment or devotion. But sometimes – particularly when the spirit's torn away in sudden and horrible violence – it loses its way en route to its final rest. Drawn inexorably toward the insatiable maw of the Negative Energy Plane, the spirit instead becomes an undead entity like a spectre, a wraith, or other horror. And even if it later returns to the Prime Material Plane, it retains its connection to the Negative Energy Plane, forever tethered like a slave on a chain or a hound on a leash.
However, the Inner Planes hold certains spots known as "leaks" – places where the energy or matter of one plane seeps onto another. When such a rift occurs on the Negative Energy Plane, spirits frequently try to flee through it in the hopes of giving the laugh to their all-consuming prison. 'Course, they almost always fail. Most or the time, these would-be escapees're drawn back by the negative energy. It's what powers them, after all.
If the leak leads to the Quasielemental Plane of Radiance, though, any spirits that manage to slip through are able to stay. Apparently, their link to the Negative Energy Plane is somehow negated or thwarted by the nature of Radiance. The brilliantly illuminated quasiplane doesn't cause the negative energy itself to dissipate – the spirits're still infused with its dark force, still able to move about freely despite being dead (or, really, undead) – but it does alter them. Radiance adopts these wayward phantoms, making them its own. Yet still they retain the darkness in their hearts – and their thirst for life.
A darklight is an animate, undead apparition on the Quasielemental Plane of Radiance with a link to the place just as strong as the connection a standard wraith might have to the Negative Energy Plane. That is, in many ways of looking at it, the darklight can exist on Radiance and one other plane (the Ethereal, the Prime, or any of the Inner Planed at the same time.
Canny planewalkers can recognize a darklight without too much trouble. It looks like a man-shaped specter of blackness with bright, shining eyes of everchanging colors, and its whole form is surrounded by a nimbus of multicolored light.
As an intelligent creature, a darklight can speak planar common and any other languages it knew from its mortal life.
Combat: Most berks're surprised to discover the many, many ways that a darklight can rob them of their lives. Before now, little'd been recorded about these creatures, meaning that scholars and explorers had to learn the dark the hard way. Few survived the initial lesson.
First and foremost, a darklight retains the ability to steal the life force of others, just like all undead with ties to the Negative Energy Plane. The creature's cold, soul-numbing touch drains two levels from its victims. But since its link with the Negative Plane has been altered, the darklight absorbs the energy directly into itself, thus gaining Hit Dice in direct proportion to the levels ingested. Statistics associated with Hit Dice, including hit points and THAC0, also improve. These enhancements fade after 1d4 hours, or sooner if the victim somehow regains his lost levels (through a restoration spell or similar magic).
A darklight can also become invisible once per day. Though it might fade from sight in order to avoid trouble or escape from an enemy, the creature enjoys using invisibility to gain surprise on an unsuspecting foe. That makes it easier to rend the poor sod to bits with its claws, which are made of both darkness and light and cause 1d4 points of damage each. As a creature of Radiance, a darklight can also direct blasts of light and color from its eyes. Depending on its need, the undead monster can use the blasts in several different ways:
Any time that the darklight's not shooting out these blasts, its everchanging eyes scintillate with a hypnotic pattern.
With all these formidable powers, a body wouldn't think that a darklight'd need much in the way of defensive abilities. Maybe not, but it's got 'em just the same. The creature can be struck only by weapons of +1 or greater enchantment. It's immune to the effects of paralysis, petrification, poison, charm, hold, sleep, and magic that's based on cold, light, or darkness (the thing can always see, regardless of light conditions). Finally. a darklight has the uncanny ability to move right through walls of force as if they didn't exist.
Habitat/Society: Darklights rarely interact with other creatures or even others or their own kind, insisting upon a solitary existence. However, they make an exception for the Radiance-dwelling creatures known as incandescents or scile – tiny beings of light that literally eat the colors of the plane. Some scile hunger for the colors of things not native to Radiance, however, and a darklight may form a symbiotic relationship with them.
In these cases, the scile center their cloud around their new ally, using their power in conjunction with that of the undead creature to attack outsiders found on the plane (and never each other). Darklights who form these relationships learn to detect sods who've already been rendered transparent by the scile; thus, they'd not hindered by their victims' odd condition.
Ecology: Other than its occasional strange alliance with the scile, the darklight serves no real function in the ecology of the Quasiplane of Radiance. It preys only upon non-natives.
Off the plane, though, darklights are vicious predators that attack any living beings, feeding of their victims' life forces. They prefer to sap the vitality of thinking creatures, but this simply may be a facet of their evil nature (as opposed to true biological need).
Chant is that certain spells have been developed that can summon a darklight from Radiance to any "connected" plane (the Ethereal, the Prime, or any of the other Inner Planes). While this is probably true, one thing is certain – a summoned darklight remains on the new plane. There seems to be no way to force the monster to go back.
Last Modified: March 03, 2014, 01:21:29 GMT
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3 Key Points:
- Understand your profit line and be intentional when you set one.
- Seek advice from those who know better than you do—it can save you from a lot of unnecessary stress and heartache.
- Asking yourselves questions will help you find the deeper meaning of the things you want to achieve.
Fire Nation, Christopher shares his incredible journey on EOFire today!


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Can you pick me up at one location and drop me off somewhere else?
Unfortunately, we are NOT a Part 135 Air Carrier. This means that we must pick you up and drop you off at the same location, with no stopping. We have to stay within 25 Nautical Miles for All Tours. Stay tuned for the future of Key West Helicopters because this service IS coming Soon!
What if I have to reschedule?
No problem! You can change your reservation at least 48 hours in advance. Changes within 48 hours will incur a cancellation fee.
Do I have to bring or wear anything special?
Yes You Do! You will wear a FAA Approved Life Jacket Provided by the Key West Helicopter Crew. Other than that, just wear something comfortable and dry. Must Be clothed and if wearing a bathing suit it must be dry. If you Need a T-shirt We will kindly Sell you a Custom Key West Helicopters Shirt! Thanks!
- Can I take Pictures? Yes
- Can I bring a camera? Yes
- Can I take Video? Yes
- Can I bring a drink? Yes but if you spill it, A fee will be incurred.
- Can I show up late? No - 15 Minutes Max or Fee
- Can I jump out? NO Way!
- Can I talk on my phone? You can but they wont hear you.
- Can I purchase or request extra flight time? Yes
- Do you take credit cards? Yes Credit card Fee of 2.75%
- Will I have to sign a waiver? Yes
- Do you offer refunds? No! All sales are final. We offer to reschedule only.
- Is Flying safe? Very Safe
- Will I get sick or motion sickness? Very Rare. Almost Never


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Virgin Mobile's Facebook page. The outage is being confirmed Virgin's Facebook representatives who are replying to the complaints with:
"There is a National Text Messaging outage. Text Messaging Unable to send/receive SMS, duplicate messages, delayed messages (Intermittent service). Estimated time of repair is 2/12/13 at 11:02:20 CST."
As if that wasn't enough a number of users are reporting that they can't get into their online accounts to add funds.
Plus, there's a third issue where Virgin mobile users who have registered their phone numbers with Facebook to be able to receive Facebook text message alerts or to post statuses to Facebook by SMS are getting an email from Facebook reading:
"The phone number NNN-NNN-NNNN has been deactivated for Facebook text messages due to the following reason: the mobile service provider this number was registered with no longer recognizes this number as valid. If you changed your mobile number or switched mobile service providers, please visit Facebook to add your number again.
The Facebook Team"
Needless to say, with all these issues Virgin Mobile customer support lines are swamped. Users are reporting very long hold times. Based on the responses from Virgin Mobile on the Facebook page it doesn't seem like support is able to do much about any of these problems. If your plan period is about to end and you need to top up and can't get online, try sending an email to one of the Virgin Mobile Facebook representatives, [email protected] or [email protected] For any other issues I suggest sitting tight if possible, these appear to be major system problems effecting many thousands of users. They will be fixed, Virgin Mobile's business depends on it. Actually, a nationwide text messaging outage lasting four days seems unacceptable and I expect it to be fixed much sooner.
Update 9-Feb-2013, 12 Noon PST: Some good news. Virgin Mobile Facebook reps are now saying that:
"...the text messaging outage has been deemed resolved by the engineers. We are internally updating our systems. Most customers are able to access his or her online account now."
Hopefully this means the text messaging and online account management problems are fixed. As far as I know the issue with Facebook text alerts has not been fixed.


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Ikan Bakar
Yup I'm back already. Got to keep things short cos work + be getting food poisoning + Depavali Holidays = can't get work done. Got to rush a few implementations before the financial closing starts!
Quick update on the Drive4Food contest... the videos that we took using the Video recorder that was given to us were wasted as we didn't have the conversion tools to convert the files. Boohoooo =( But thank god for Jackson's cam that we saved a little bits and pieces from here and there and manage to put together 2 quite decent videos for submission. The videos will be published on the web...somewhere...sometime this week or next I think?... the 10 videos will be open to public voting. I don't really know what's happening next but I'll keep you all posted cos I will be counting on your votes! ;D
Oh before I forget, Happy Depavali! (Did I spell that correctly?)
From the KLCC mosque, walk towards Nikko hotel.
You will reach Wisma Zon on your left before you reach the end of the junction to turn left heading to Nikko Hotel.
Walk into Wisma Zon's car park, you will see a green wall on the right side.
Walk straight ahead, look up and you will be able to see Menara Naluri.
The eating area where you can find delicious ikan bakar. If you are familiar with Po Ling Temple, this area is just on the opposite left of the Temple side entrance.
There you can find two stalls selling ikan bakar!
I tried the first ikan bakar stall as I was told that this is the stall which used to operate along Jalan Stoner which serves better ikan bakar, although they charge more.
The fish re-bakar-ed when you order and will be served with they are ready to your table.
I took quite a lot of chili dishes but some how most of them taste sweet rather that spicy. Either my taste buds are more immune to chili, or the type of curries and chili sauce as sweet.
I tried both the sting ray and the ikan kembung. (RM3.50+- per fish) I like both, but prefer the sting ray.
Both the fish comes with sweet sauce and chili sauce. You can choose to dunk your fish in the sauce and have it with your rice. Probably it's a better idea to use your finger while you eat (instead of the fork and spoon) as the whole hand finger action thing will surely make you love eating ikan bakar more. Don't worry about getting your hand dirty as they have sinks and clean water from the pipe at the eating area.
Overall a very satisfying and full meal =)
RSS me at : http://feeds.feedburner.com/eatfirstthinklater
Email me at email@example.com or
Drop me a message here =)


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10 Strong Thoughts Everybody Had While Watching 'Baar Baar Dekho'
Published: Sep 19, 2016
Everyone fell in love with Katrina and Sidhart after the release of Kala chasma! If you are not such a kala chasma person then their was khair mangdi and other amazing songs to make you look forward to the movie! Everyone was really excited for this film!
And then it released!
But the movie was nothing you expected. And here are 10 strong thoughts everyone had while watching this movie:
1. After the first ten minutes of the movie you realize this is a time-travel romance!
2. But the scenes keep going back and forth without any context


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Download pdf
- Simplicity of use and adaptability to the most disparate operational requirements; from old hills to fresh roots, VITIS can work the sub-chamber area with extreme precision and respect for every plant, even in the harshest conditions (sloping terrain, close logs, tight soil or uncultivated, etc.).
- High hourly productivity due to simultaneous operation on two rows and the high speeds that can be reached.
- Intervention safety and reduced operator fatigue thanks to the high degree of machine automation.
- Wide availability of easily interchangeable tools: scraper blade, circular mill, weed cutting disks and head. A single machine that allows all the sub-chamber crop operations.


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Kum Ba Yah
A very well known campfire song, with an African connection.
Swing Low, Sweet Chariot
One of the best-known African-American spiritual songs, also sung by England rugby fans!
Lyrics for Swing Low, Sweet Chariot
Michael Row that Boat Ashore
A popular spiritual song dating back to the American Civil War, with many variations.
Lyrics for Michael Row that Boat Ashore
He's Got the Whole World in His Hands
Another popular spiritual song. The leader can sing the first line of each verse, and everyone can follow easily.
Lyrics to He's Got the Whole World in His Hands
When the Saints go Marching in
A well-known song with lyrics that can be sung as a call and response.
Lyrics for When the Saints go Marching In
Morning has Broken
OK, maybe morning is not the perfect theme for a campfire, but otherwise this well-known hymn with an outdoor theme is a perfect fit.


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Wrong, Mr. Snowden, Just Wrong.
I've tried to stay out of this, but now Snowden has blundered into areas of my expertise and about which he either knows nothing or chooses to lie. This is not a matter of policy or morality or political persuasion. This is just something he asserts as a fact that simply is not true.
As reported by Time and many others, yesterday he stated:
I believe in the principle declared at Nuremberg in 1945: "Individuals have international duties which transcend the national obligations of obedience. Therefore individual citizens have the duty to violate domestic laws to prevent crimes against peace and humanity from occurring."
Espionage is not a crime against peace and humanity. Espionage is not a crime under International Law. This is not my opinion or my position. This is not something about which reasonable people disagree. It is just a fact. There is no authority whatsoever for the proposition that espionage is a violation of International Law. Espionage is not a crime under International Law.
Moreover, as Time continues:
Nuremberg did establish that a person is legally responsible for committing war crimes even if ordered to do so by higher authorities in what is known as the superior orders defense (although the tribunal's principles do not appear to include the second sentence Snowden attributes to it in several online versions of his statement). (emphasis added)
So, he claims he did what he did, because of a non-existent duty to violate domestic laws that conflict with non-existent international law.
Just wrong.


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Fall at our house almost always means forts of some size. This one the boys slept in a few weeks ago.
And it means more bread baking, which means that the KitchenAid sits on the floor. It's missing a rubber knob on the bottom and if we left it on the counter for an eight-minute kneading cycle it would vibrate itself onto the floor.
Fall also means first-day-of-school shots. Ginny really wanted to go with the boys.
And of course a lot of Soccer. It's Ian's first year and he does a lot of running around. He''s just happy to be on the field, regardless of which direction his team is going.
And the post-game nap has become an essential ingredient in our soccer days.
Labor day weekend we booked a last-minute campsite up Diamond Fork campground in Spanish Fork. We had foil dinners and s'mores and stayed up late to watch the stars. We don't spend enough time (and I really mean "any time") looking up at the night sky, which is one of the reasons we like to go camping. And I know its a bit of a cliche that we should go to the woods
We took a hike in Red Ledges picnic area. Mom made it half way up the hill and she and the dog waited for the boys and me to go all the way to the top.
a fun little summit...I had to carry little Ian the last bit up and the first bit down--it was just too steep.
Here's our portion of the Franklin family at Uncle Richard's funeral. It was a beautiful service and a sad day to say goodbye to a good man.
Here's Melissa at about 2 a.m. on the weekend of Callan's Birthday. While he was at Nana and Papa's house we redid his room--painted, built a new bed, sewed new curtains and hung art on the wall.
Here's Callan earning his arrow of light. We had one month (October) where we didn't have to go to pack meeting. Callan is now doing 11-year-old scouts and Nolan starts cub scouts in November.
I grew up playing soccer in the rain, but here in Utah it almost never happens, so when it started to poor at one of Nolan's last games, I knew it was going to be a memorable event. The boys all loved it and everyone got soaked.
Here's a picture of the bed I built for Callan's birthday. I bought a scrap of plywood from the Habitat for Humanity store, as well as some trim, and the rest is from pine boards left by the previous owners of our house. Inspiration courtesy of Pinterest.
This is a fun photo. I took it at a retirement get together for Bruce Jorgensen. In this photo sit five generations of creative writing instructors at BYU. Doug Thayer is at the head of the table. he started teaching at BYU in 1954. To his left is Bruce Young, who took classes from Doug. In the left foreground of the photo is John Bennion who took classes from Bruce. To the left of John is Pat Madden who was a student of John Bennion. And the hand in the left foreground, that's my hand, and I took classes from Pat and Doug. That's sixty years of Creative Writing at BYU. So glad to be a part of it.
Ian and I watched a lot of soccer together.
And Callan and I watched a lot of soccer together too...including this very rainy day.


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Miami : Florida
|Crime in Miami is over double the national average.
Medical facilities
|There is a huge number of hospitals in Miami and many, many medical prationers in every medical speciality.
|Miami International is one of America's busiest airports, Fort Lauderdale Airport is also nearby. Mass transit in Miami is blessed with both commuter rail (Tri-Rail) and heavy rail (The Metro). Miami is a busy seaport and the popular base of many cruise ships.
Valuable Links
What people are saying about Miami
|Gentlemen, My wife & I are retired on a monthly income about $4,000. We are looking to move from New York to Miami, either purchasing or renting one bedroom apartment in a building with the pool & exercising utilities. Preferably in low cost area & transportation as we are no drivers. Sincerely, Stevan Duravcevic
|Posted by podgorica on January 02, 2017
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- State: FL
- Environment: Urban,Suburban,College Town,Coastal,Cultural Center,LGBT,Singles,Resort Community,
- City Population: 100,001+
- Median age of Population: 25-44
- Avg Jan Temperature: 61 +
- Avg July Temperature: 81+
- Median HH Income: 20,001-40,000
- Average Home Price (MLS): $300,001-$500,000
- Annual Property Tax on a $200,000 house: Less than 2000
- Total Crime Index: 121+ (very high)
- Cost of Living Index: 111-120 (high)
- Culture Index: 121+ (very high)
- State Sales Tax: Yes
- State Income Tax: No
- Name of the Guide: boomer1
Can you add to or correct these Facts? Or do you have a photo of this community we could use? If so, please click on Edit these facts


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I had planned to write a new post on the genetic origins of OCD today.
But whilst scanning new research, I learned that this effort will take a bit of time. The situation anno 2017 is markedly different from that in, say, 2007.
For instance, there's the vast field of epigenetics, it has been expanding at a rapid pace. I quote this brief explanation from Wikipedia:
Epigenetics are stable heritable traits (or "phenotypes") that cannot be explained by changes in DNA sequence.[1] The Greek prefix epi- (Greek: επί– over, outside of, around) in epigenetics implies features that are "on top of" or "in addition to" the traditional genetic basis for inheritance.[2] Epigenetics often refers to changes in a chromosome that affect gene activity and expression, but can also be used to describe any heritable phenotypic change that does not derive from a modification of the genome, such as prions. Such effects on cellular and physiological phenotypic traits may result from external or environmental factors, or be part of normal developmental program. The standard definition of epigenetics requires these alterations to be heritable,[3][4] either in the progeny of cells or of organisms.
Epigenetics is the key link between our DNA proper and our environment. The old expression to describe the interaction between genes and surroundings is: G x E.
I am almost inclined to say: the mysterious x-factor in this small formula is epigenetics.


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Free shipping for both thrown in as a bonus
Just in case you were looking for yet another reason to pick up a Nexus 7 and Chromecast, Google Play is running another deal on the devices. If you buy both at the same time, you'll be offered $35 in Google Play credit to spend on apps, books, movies and whatever other digital content tickles your fancy. Further, you'll get free shipping on the order as well.
This follows a $25 Google Play credit previously offered for picking up just the Nexus 7, but is more beautifully timed with the recent announcement of 10 new apps coming to Chromecast. If you planned on picking up both devices this holiday season, now's probably a better time than any to do so from Google Play.


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Google Voice comes with a variety of interesting features that can benefit businesses that are looking for a convenient and affordable VoIP service to replace their plain old telephone systems. This...
Improcom Fax vs Callture
Compare Improcom Fax vs Callture. Find out whether Improcom Fax or Callture is better for your VoIP business or home needs. The experts at VoipReview have analyzed the strengths and weaknesses of Improcom Fax and Callture and detailed analysis of the comparison can be found below.
User Ratings & Reviews
- 6 Reviews
Improcom, a VoIP service provider, also offers VoIP faxing services, traditional faxing, and fax over email.
You can read reviews of Improcom's VoIP service here.
Improcom has been a communications...
Callture is a business and residential VoIP provider that delivers tools and communication services to clients of all sizes. Founded in 2004, they offer excellent prices on business phone services, virtual phone systems, and enhanced toll-free ...
Provider Info
Plans Available*
Users Average Rating
Recent User Reviews
I cancelled the service 5 months ago and they billed me 4 months later for 4 months of unpaid service and while trying to settle the fact that the service had been cancelled they billed me for another month. Make sure when you cancel that you get in writing that it is a final bill and the service has been cancelled because their staff are not reliable!!! Even change your credit card so they can't rebill you.
I've used 3 VoIP companies prior to Callture and I would say Callture is the best by far. Set up was quick and easy. Features included is exactly what I need for my business. The call recoding, hold music and conference bridge was perfect for my small business. I also saved a lot of money each month with them.


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I would absolutely love to visit all the megalithic sites that remain in Brittany, but it seems every time I'm in that part of the world I am either with people who do not enjoy seeing that sort of thing, or I have no car and not enough time to get around by bike. It's only by pure chance we came across this tumulus and (finally) managed to get everyone in the car to agree to pull over and have a look. I know it's more often than not the case, but I've never understood how people could be uninterested by megalithic sites -- most of them have not even been entered as world heritage sites by UNESCO, even the biggest and most important ones (and even though many of them are well older than the pyramids in Egypt, etc..).
I have a little history with megalithic sites and roads. A couple years back, I camped out, along with other protesters, for a few weeks on the Hill of Tara in Ireland, as part of my efforts to stop a motorway from being built. The Hill of Tara is just one part of a huge complex of megalithic sites, the most important sites in Ireland. If you study any historical writings and records from Ireland, you will find Tara at the centre of everything. But I guess the road there has just opened today, going right through this complex, (which, it also happens, is for the most part, un-excavated). There is more information here.
This is so upsetting to me.
So, I'm going to struggle on to the end of this post, and no more talk about Tara. I'll leave you instead with another photo of that tumulus in Pornic (a town which, apparently, used to have one of the biggest concentrations of neolithic sites in Brittany... many of which are behind the walls of holiday homes now).
Let's hope it outlasts these houses by another 5 500 years.


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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VSjrNbHS2wA Some amazing video showing the daring rescue of a teenager from a Norwegian tall ship in the North Sea. According to reports the rescue took place Tuesday, March 21 approximately 110 miles from shore in the Norwegian North Sea after the Captain of the training ship Christian Radich requested an medevac of a 16 year old boy who … [Read more...]
SSV Oliver Hazard Perry, Now Officially America's Newest Sail Training Ship
The 200-foot tall ship Oliver Hazard Perry is ready to take on its first class of trainees as America's newest Tall Ship and Rhode Island's official Sailing Education Vessel. The tall ship recently completed all the requirements in order to qualify as a Sailing School Vessel under U.S. Coast Guard regulations, leading to a USCG Certificate of Inspection issued in … [Read more...]
Viking Ship Organization was aware of US Pilotage Requirements on the Great Lakes
By Capt. George Haynes ,Pilot, Vice-President ,Lakes Pilots Association The Norwegian Viking Ship Drake Harald Harfagre is on its way to Chicago from Bay City, MI for the Tall Ships celebration on July 27-31 despite having to pay pilotage fees on the Great Lakes. They have decided to keep participating in the Tall Ships Challenge after a public campaign to … [Read more...]
After Sailing from Across North Atlantic, Real Viking Ship Forced to Leave Great Lakes Over Pilot Fees
A modern day Viking ship that sailed all the way from Norway to attend a Great Lakes tall ship festival may not even make be forced to turn back over an issue regarding pilotage fees. The Norwegian Viking Ship, Draken Harald Hårfagr, has already sailed across the North Atlantic with stops in Iceland, Greenland and Newfoundland, and is currently in Lake Erie after having … [Read more...]
Book Review: Alaric Bond's HMS Prometheus, The Fine Line Between Valor and Recklessness
In Alaric Bond's most recent novel, HMS Prometheus, the eighth of his Fighting Sail series, the Mediterranean is a dangerous place for the Royal Navy. In the autumn of 1803, the British fleet is overextended and vulnerable. Britain is still under the threat of invasion and Nelson needs every ship he can lay his hands on to reinforce his blockade of Toulon. French squadrons are … [Read more...]


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Who is Guylain?
Guylian around the world
Guylian chocolates are sold in over 100 countries across Europe, Asia, Australia and America. We're one of the top ten best selling boxed chocolate brands, and often seen on Valentine's day, Mother's day, Easter, Christmas and other popular holidays.
Available in most major high street retailers, including supermarkets, hypermarkets, department stores, speciality food stores, petrol stations, not to mention online and in the Guylian Belgian Chocolate Café's, it cannot be missed. An exclusive travellers range can be found in speciality travel retail stores and duty free shops.
Belgian chocolate ambassador
Over the past century, Belgian chocolates have become regarded as the world standard for the ultimate chocolate experience. Guylian is a perfect example of this being exclusively produced in Belgium. As a true ambassador we represented Belgian chocolate at the World Expo in Shanghai, China in 2010.
Facts and Figures
All Guylian chocolates are produced in Sint-Niklaas, Belgium. Up to 75 tonnes of Guylian chocolate can be produced daily, in a production area measuring 27.000 m². This allows the Guylian group a worldwide non-consolidated turnover of 100 million euros (2010). In turn, this ensures that Guylian is one of Belgium's leading chocolate manufactures, with a team of 250 employees.
Next to our headquarters in Belgium, we have sales offices in the UK, France, Germany/Austria, Spain/Portugal, the USA and Asia. These offices account for 94% of Guylian's global sales, making exports of vital importance to Guylian.
In June 2008 Guylian was acquired by Lotte Confectionary Co, Ltd, the Lotte Group's publicly listed subsidiary specialising in confectionery. Lotte Group is the fifth largest diversified business group in Korea.
How I Love To Eat Guylian Chocolate
I pared my luxury assortment Guylian Chocolate's with a cup of hot coffee, the best way to experience these chocolates was to take a bite and then sip your coffee. The chocolate melts in your mouth and your coffee washes it down. I love that combination!
My Thoughts
YUMM!!! I am a true chocoholic, and I LOVE chocolate. Honestly there is a big difference when it comes to chocolate, and that difference is it is either…Close your eyes and enjoy OR politely chew and swallow what you were given. This chocolate is close your eyes and chew slow cause you don't want to miss any of this flavor. This chocolate is so decadent and delicious I almost didn't want to share it with my family. I love how each chocolate has its own unique shapes and flavors that leave you wanting more and more. Lets just say its very easy to eat a whole box to yourself LOL.
I would highly HIGHLY recommend these to any family looking to enjoy delicious chocolate any time of the year.
For more information about Guylian Chocolates visite them on their Website / Facebook / Instagram
Would you like to win your very own Guyvlian Chocolate Prize Pack!?
One VERY lucky winner will receive :
One – 11 piece individually wrapped marbled seahorse Signature Hazelnut Truffle, the original recipe of founders Guy & Liliane, is made by slow roasting and caramelizing fresh Mediterranean hazelnuts in small-batch copper kettles and then finely crushing and blending them with luxuriously rich & creamy Belgian milk chocolate.
One — 8 piece marbled seahorse Signature Hazelnut Truffle
One — 8 piece seahorse Milk Chocolate Truffle, is Belgian chocolate expertise at its best with the finest Belgian milk chocolate creating a velvety smooth truffle center.
One – 8 piece milk chocolate seahorse Soft Caramel Truffle, made in-house according to old tradition using open kettles that slowly let the ingredients blend to perfection.
This giveaway is open to US Residents 18+
Ends on December 20, 2014 at 11:59 pm EST