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Sharing cyberthreat information-sharing is far from easy, but banks are adopting new tools to use strength in numbers to defend against attacks.
Greater involvement by banks in the nonprofit Financial Services-Information Sharing and Analysis Center — founded in 1999 — to communicate threats is a given in the current security environment. But effective sharing among such a large slice of companies (7,000 members are in the group), technological complexities and regulatory hurdles pose challenges.
Banks increasingly now are forming their own subgroups within the FS-ISAC — including one reportedly formed by the eight largest banks and several others — to focus sharing among cliques of peer institutions with common security concerns. Meanwhile, new technology offers hope of banks being able to communicate threats more efficiently to each other, and there is hope for better information-sharing between banks and the government.
"Generally speaking, there's a willingness to share [cyberthreat information among financial institutions]," said Jason Witty, chief information security officer at U.S. Bank. "There was a realization a long time ago that we don't compete on safety and soundness. Sharing threat data with each other so that it doesn't affect the other guy is really quite common.
Source: A Glimmer of Hope for Cyberthreat Data Sharing | American Banker


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- realfoodkitchenmealsAsked on August 25, 2015 at 01:01 PM
Hi. I am setting up an order form for our healthy meal delivery program at Real Food Kitchens.
We offer a menu and people choose their delivery option, meals and sizes. We need each menu item and size to calculate and then provide a total at the end of the form.
I need some help setting this up if possible? I would also like to set up our paypal account.
thank you, Shana
- JotForm SupportdavidAnswered on August 25, 2015 at 03:00 PM
I believe this may be a double post of this thread here:
If you have further questions, let us know in that thread and we will be happy to help.


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The opening credits start rolling. The familiar tone starts jingling along as I take another sip of my Miller Lite. I cuddle back down into my favorite place in the world: my love's side with his arm firmly wrapped around me. I'm enveloped up in a cozy blanket on the couch with my head resting on his shoulder. It's just before Christmas time and we have snuck away on a little family weekend with his parents and brother to Tavernier Key. Everyone is gathered in the living room, drinks in hand, relaxing after a nice day on the water. It had been a little chilly without wind in the Florida sun, absolutely perfect.
Before the first scene is even over, my boyfriend and his father have tears in their eyes. These tears are from extreme laughter with their feet kicking in the air and everything. It is an unofficial family tradition that we watch this movie as many times during the holiday season as possible and every time it gets better, not because the movie changes, but their reaction is infectious. Even before a funny part starts rolling, everyone is giggling away with each other in anticipation.
This is simple happiness that comes with watching National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation that lights so much Christmas spirit in all of us and is why I have compiled a bunch of the best quote from this hilarious family experience to share with everyone. I know that the holiday season is long gone, but I feel that a little bit of cheer and laughter is good any time of the year and who can say no to such a fantastically funny movie?
Just in case you have not had the pleasure of seeing this hilarious classic, here is a quick summary (without a spoiler): Clark (Sparky) Griswold has this grand idea of a big old fashioned family Christmas, where the entire family comes together to celebrate the Holidays. Little does he know what he has gotten himself into once the house is full of the entire extended family. Through all of the dysfunctional dynamics that come into play, a hilarious account of family bonding appears.
Some of the most incredibly hilarious parts of National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (In my opinion):
Surprised Clark?
Kith and Kin
Shitter Was Full!
Last Minute Christmas Gift Rant
Just for fun...
Are you more likely to:
Then We'll Have a Cat Running Around the House
Oh my God to me this is the funniest Christmas movie ever made I could hardly stop laughing I thought it was so funny the first time I saw it. Oh by the way thank you for commenting on my Spore article when you said you love Spore does that mean you have played it before or is that the first you have heard of it just curious.
Every family has their holiday favorite. "A Christmas Story" is one of our favorites. Nice to hear what other families enjoy. Thanks for sharing!


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Dear Friends,
In light of the tumultuous celebrations (demonstrations) of the last few days, I thought I would reproduce the Homily of Cardinal Joseph Tobin at the Mass of his Installation as the 6th Archbishop of Newark. It shows us a path in these conflicted times. I present it in two parts, beginning this week and concluding next week.
"At a dinner party, recently, I was asked what is the greatest challenge the Church faces today. I thought a moment and replied: the chasm between faith and life. My questioner looked at me quizzically and remarked that she didn't expect that answer. I imagine that she was ready for any one of the so-called "hot-button" issues that dominate the discourse, both inside and outside the Church. As noisy and divisive as those questions might be, they don't worry me as a growing trend that seems to isolate us, convincing us to neatly compartmentalize our life, subtly seducing us to go to Mass on Sunday, and for the rest of the week, do whatever we think we need to do to get by.
"During this Christmas season, God makes every effort to convince us that faith has everything to do with life – all of life. The proclamation of the birth of Emmanuel announces God-with-us. We do well to listen to that proclamation again and again; to hear over and over again that God is present in the midst of God's people. This certainty, which we renew each year, is the source of our joy and hope. We just heard in the reading from the First Letter of John:
And this is the testimony: God gave us eternal life, and this life is in his Son. Whoever possesses the Son has life; whoever does not possess the Son of God does not have life.
"The gist of the proclamation of Emmanuel is that eternal life is given in Christ and nowhere else. More important, to possess the Son is not acceptance of a doctrine, a moral code, but of a person who lives now and is the source of life – and not just on Sunday morning!
"Jesus lives in the Church.
The words of John the Baptist in today's Gospel remind us that through the life-giving baptism with the Holy Spirit (Mk 1:8), Jesus will create a new people of God. But first he identifies himself with the people of Israel in submitting to John's baptism of repentance and in bearing on their behalf the burden of God's decisive judgment. The decisive judgment is this: in Jesus we all become the beloved daughters and sons of God.
"Jesus Christ lives today in His Body, the Church, which is neither an elite club nor static container of truth. The Church is a set of interlocking and dynamic relationships among people and with the Triune God.
"The Church is the place where believers speak and listen to each other, and it is the community of faith that speaks with and listens to the world. The Church senses a responsibility for the world, not simply as yet another institutional presence or a benevolent NGO, but as a movement of salt, light and leaven for the world's transformation. For this reason, our kindness must be known to all."
The conclusion next week.
God Bless,
Fr. Ron


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In the Works: Kill Bill 3?
Tarantino went on an Italian talk show and proclaimed his intent for "The bride to fight again!"
Of course, nothing is written in stone just yet, but Tarantino (seen here using a samurai sword to cut a pig's leg in a Kill Bill costume...WTF?) likes to make statements like this all the time. He's talked in the past about wanting to give the Bride character a ten year break, and its only been six since the last film. It's possible that this is simmering on the back burner of Quentin's mind for the right time to start the process rolling, but saying you want to make a sequel and actually putting pen to paper are two different things.
Here's the video, but unless you can understand Italian, its pretty dull watching:
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Custom R2-D2 Dagobah Scene Figure From Empire Strikes Backon December 17, 2016 at 2:00 pm
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Brett Bartniks shares his latest custom collectible. Thanks for sharing this with us!
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What Exactly is a Phlebotomist?
Upon hearing the word phlebotomist for the first time you probably thought to yourself "What is a Phlebotomist?" The job is one that is not nearly as well advertised as that of a doctor, nurse or medical assistant. A phlebotomist is an integral piece of the health care system in hospitals, clinics and laboratories. It is a specialized technician whose primary job is to draw blood (venipuncture). That is not all that phlebotomists do though. Other tasks include the analysis of blood using medical equipment to produce results for physicians and patients.
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Lab Testing
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There are a variety of different ways phlebotomists can draw blood. The most common is the needlestick of a vein known as venipuncture. A skin puncture is also known as a dermal puncture and usually involves extracting a smaller specimen sample. The last is what is known as a capillary puncture. Capillary punctures typical occur on the finger or heel. Not all phlebotomists will be licensed for all of these types of draws. In California there are various levels of licensing that allow phlebotomists to perform certain kind of blood draws listed above.
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The Superhero Nation
Dr Strange
Dr. Strange 2016: MCU's Gateway to the Multiverse
During the most recent San Diego Comic-Con, everyone was left dumbfounded when the main casts of Marvel's Agents of Shield literally unveiled the iconic ride of Earth-616's version of the Ghost Rider- Robbie Reyes. Without a doubt, it was a highly welcomed surprise for the fans all over the world, and it was worth every cheer that it could get from the giddy crowd at SDCC. However, with that revelation comes the biggest question from the show's wary fans – how will Ghost Rider fit into the narrative of Marvel's Agent of Shield?
This question may seem very simple for casual fans of the show, however, if we dig deeper into Ghost Rider's comic book lore, we'll see that his ability's origin is farfetched from what the entire MCU has shown us thus far – Alien (Kree), Tech, and Science. Ghost Rider's powers are supernatural in nature, a territory where demons and ghosts are footloose and fancy-free – a concept that Marvel has been shying away from, not even in their upcoming Movie Dr. Strange. And, with the announcement that Ghost Rider will be making his debut on Agents of Shield, the more it doesn't make sense for fans who savor the logical connection between characters and shows. Why? Because Ghost Rider's lore doesn't seem to align with the show's status quo.
For casual fans, it may not seem like a question worth raising, because it will fall in place eventually in the show. However, for fans who want who are critical with the logical reasoning of the show in connecting the dots, this might answer that question – Dr. Strange and the Multiverse.
Dr. Strange and the Multiverse
Seems like Dr. Strange will be playing a bigger role in the Marvel Cinematic Universe than any of us expected. As its debut gets closer, Marvel executives are slowly hinting us with the pieces that they will soon put together. However, much like Ghost Rider, Dr. Strange's abilities are rooted from an uncharted territory in MCU at the moment, which is Magic and Sorcery. So, how will it fit into the status quo of MCU either?
Little have been said whether Dr. Strange's Universe is set in the same universe as the Avengers' and the entire MCU is neither giving us any hint about that matter. One thing is for sure, though, magic and sorcery are also inexistent in the MCU as of the moment. Not a single reference was made that correlates to the presence of magic in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, it didn't even resonate in any of Marvel's Agents of Shield episodes. AOS tends to dig deeper into the entire MCU lore, but it didn't get that far. So, how do you think will the world of the Sorcerer Supreme tie up with the universe that the Avengers has built all these years?
Hogwarts and the World of Muggles
There is a fan theory that's up on the web that greatly justifies the inexistence of Sorcery and magic in the MCU. According to this fan theory, the whole concept of Magic has been locked away from the whole world and is under a very tight watch by some powerful sorcerers that might be introduced in the Dr. Strange movie. It's pretty much similar to how the J.K Rowling hid the universe of Hogwarts to the rest of the Muggle world in Harry Potter. This fan theory may seem outrageous, but it does make a lot of sense if you think about it, and more importantly it's logical.
The World of Dr. Strange Is Set in A Different Universe
Since it's already out in the open that the debut of the Multiverse in the MCU is set in stone (during Dr. Strange's appearance on the big screen), it wouldn't be far from possible that Dr. Strange's world of sorcery and magic might be set in an entirely different universe, where the Avengers might be petty criminals who are robbing banks instead of saving the world. Then, later on, he might just cross the borders of reality that separates his world from the current MCU (which is canon), and bump into the Avengers during the "Infinity Wars." Who knows? After all, Marvel could now play with an infinite number of possibilities with the Multiverse's introduction to the big screen.
No matter how the Sorcerer Supreme will fit into the MCU, one thing is for sure – the Multiverse.
Ghost Rider, the MCU, and the Agents of Shield
Though he won't be appearing in the upcoming Dr. Strange movie, Ghost Rider will be the product of the movie's feat to literally break open the entire MCU to an infinite number of Universes, tagging along with them their TV counterpart, Agents of Shield. Yes, a character from another earth, another timeline, or another plane of existence, will be crossing the borders of time, space, and reality to join Daisy Johnson, Agent Coulson, Agent May, and the rest of Inhuman inhabited world of the Agents of Shield; this is all because someone (Dr. Strange) left the door (Multiverse) open. Apparently, it's been established that whatever events occur in Marvel's big screen franchises, their TV shows will be greatly affected by it, and it's been like that ever since.
Now, with the Multiverse set to break the borders between different realities in the MCU, it opens up the opportunity for them to explore the uncharted territory of Ghost Rider's origin which stretches beyond the borders of science and alien (and Kree) technology.
Opening New Doors to *Insert Movie Studio Here* Crossovers
With the concept of the multiverse landing on MCU, the existence of the X-men, Fantastic 4, and the rest that Marvel Studios doesn't have any rights to anymore is but a stone's throw away from the rest of the MCU. They now have a good excuse to freely pass through the barriers that have long been setting them on a great divide all these years. The possibilities are now limitless, as they could easily prime the up out of the concept of Multiverse.
One of the underrated reveals from Marvel studios during SDCC is their stealthy set up of the "Legion" in the line-up of their upcoming TV shows. No one really anticipated its production, no one even bothered making a fan theory out of it. Basically, it was kept in the shadows all this time.
For those who are not familiar with the Legion, here's what that means in a Nutshell – the son of Professor Charles Xavier, a mutant. In other words, it's an X-men Spin-off co-produced by Fox and Marvel. All this time, the idea of Fox and Marvel working together has been a subject of debate by fans all over the internet, and now that has finally been given an indefinite but a playful conclusion: Foxvel is Coming.
Who knows, even Marvel Versus DC is possible with the Multiverse left open, provided that the competing studios (DC and Marvel) work past their rivalry. If that day will come, it will be a groundbreaking feat that will break every box office record in history. It would be priceless to have every comic book geek's dream come alive in a live-action movie that would resemble this:


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PLEASE COMMENT: What will life be like after the war? Troops? The economy? Government? How will your life be affected? Will there truly be an end? Please feel free to answer all or just one of the questions, please share the link if you care to hear what real people have to say.
****Thanks for using your VOICE!!****


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But it's my fault for not having the courage to speak to her...oh, well. Maybe I just won't renew her contract when it's up.
The next annoying thing was getting my allergy injections. They aren't really that bad, but I do hate getting them. I'm currently only getting them every three weeks, which is pretty good. Slowly working my way to just once a month.
After my injection, I cleaned the bathroom, which wasn't hard because it wasn't that dirty EXCEPT, oddly enough, for my tenant's side of the shower (i.e. I keep my shampoo and whatnot on one side, she keeps hers on the other). I don't know it happened, but her side had significantly more soap scum which took forever to get off. o.O I just...I don't get it. What are we doing differently...?
I then took a nap, but I am still feeling REALLY sleepy, which is the story of my life, I guess.
In other words, today wasn't that exciting, but if anyone learns anything from this post, please learn how to be considerate of your roommates, especially if you share a bathroom. x( I really should just talk to her, but I hate confrontation...


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3 cups golden sella basmati rice (best type )
550ml crushed tomatoes
100g Tomato puree
1 large tatashe
2 Scotch Bonnet
chopped onions and 1/2 medium onion
120ml vegetable oil
stock/ water
- soak rice in hot water for about 10-12 mins, and wash out to get rid of the extra starch
- blend ginger, garlic, scotch bonnet, tatashe and half onions. set aside
- set a medium pot on fire, add your vegetable oil, when its hot add your chopped onions and fry, the next would be your tomatoes and the puree cover the pot and allow to fry so the sour taste would be gotten rid off.
- add your blended spices, maggi, thyme, curry and salt ,add to the tomatoes sauce and stir. Taste to ensure you have enough maggi , chili and salt. (add your maggi in bits and taste so you do not get your rice too salty. close pot and cook for 5-10 mins
- add your washed rice and pour in about 400ml-500ml of water or if you have stock it would be useful, or just enough to cover the rice. cover to cook on low- medium heat. monitor your rice and check to see if the water is dry and if the rice is soft. using your spatula to dip into the rice from one corner to another, to enable the water floating at the top go down to prevent the rice from burning and sticking to the pot.
- ensure you use a pot that is roomy and sizable for the amount of rice you have to enable the rice cook evenly, unless you will have half of the rice cooked and half uncooked.
- keep checking your rice to check for softness, using your spatula. when it is soft enough and the water is dried up, remove from fire and serve .


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Cavendish economics ethics and the environment jun 2002
Economics, Ethics and
the Environment
London • Sydney
Economics, Ethics and the
Papers from the UKELA Cardiff Conference, June 2001
Edited by
Julian Boswall
Planning and Environment Group, Morgan Cole
Robert Lee
Professor of Law, Cardiff Law School
London • Sydney
First published in Great Britain 2002 by Cavendish Publishing Limited,
The Glass House, Wharton Street, London WC1X 9PX, United Kingdom
Telephone: +44 (0)20 7278 8000
Facsimile: +44 (0)20 7278 8080
Boswall, Julian
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the
terms of the Copyrights Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a
licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road,
London W1P 9HE, UK, without the prior permission in writing of the publisher.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Boswall, Julian
Economics, ethics and the environment
1 Environmental law—England 2 Environmental law—Wales
3 Environmental ethics 4 Environmental law, International
I Title II Lee, Robert G
Printed and bound in Great Britatin
Hilary Neal is currently acting head of the European Wildlife Division of the
Department of Environment, Transport and the Regions (DETR). The Division's
work spans policy on all aspects of wildlife conservation in England, including
species and habitat protection and biodiversity. In consultation with the devolved
administrations, it also formulates and presents the UK position and response to
European nature conservation policies within the relevant multilateral conventions,
agreements and treaties. Hilary was formerly head of the Division's Biodiversity
Policy Unit. The Unit provides the secretariat for the UK Biodiversity Group which
oversees the implementation of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan as part of national
implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity. It also provides
secretariat services for the England Biodiversity Group and promotes and coordinates the implementation of government policy on the conservation of
biodiversity. The Biodiversity Policy Unit also oversees the UK response to the
Bern Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats
and the Pan-European Biological and Landscape Diversity Strategy.
Hilary Neal took up this post in early September 1999. For eight years
previously she had responsibility within the European Wildlife Division for the
implementation of the Natura 2000 aspects of the EC Habitats and Birds
Directives. She was part of the UK Government team which participated in
negotiations leading to adoption of the European Union Habitats Directive and
the preparation of the Conservation (Natural Habitats etc) Regulations 1994.
Julian Boswall is the head of the Planning and Environment Group at Morgan
Cole. He is based in Cardiff, but works across the firm's five offices from London
to Swansea. He has specialised in environmental and planning law throughout
his legal career, beginning at Cameron Markby Hewitt, via Clifford Chance and
joining Morgan Cole in 1998. Specialist areas in which he works include waste
management, contaminated land, power projects and defending environmental
prosecutions. In terms of the session which he chaired at the Conference, he has
advised his fair share of US companies operating in or investing in the UK, and
is increasingly involved with environmental insurance on corporate and property
transactions. He is a council member of UKELA.
Michael Quint has recently joined PB Environment in London as a technical
director. He has more than 12 years' experience of assessing environmental
risks and liabilities and has helped to develop government guidance in these
areas. Mike was educated at Oxford University and has spent five years working
as an environmental consultant in the USA. Before joining PB Environment he
worked for Dames and Moore, during which time he set up and managed a
European risk assessment group. In this capacity, he directed numerous projects
around Europe and had overall responsibility for environmental and reputational
risk assessment. Mike's skills range from strategy formulation to technical
analysis, and from issues, identification to reputation management. He has
provided expert evidence on environmental matters to several public inquiries,
a civil court, the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution and a
Parliamentary select committee. He recently edited Environmental Impact of
Chemicals: Assessment and Control (1996, Cambridge: The Royal Society of
Chemistry) and was a contributing author to Blackwells' Handbook of
Environmental Risk Assessment and Management (1997, Oxford: Blackwell
Science). He is currently on the editorial board of Land Contamination and
Reclamation (1998, Oxford: Blackwell Science).
Allan Rickmann has more than 25 years' experience in the fields of environmental
protection and occupational health and safety and five years' experience in
environmental insurance broking. He is currently director of Safety for Sypol
Ltd. He is a physicist with postgraduate qualifications in occupational hygiene.
His background includes being a research scientist, developing commercial
laboratory services from start-up, and being managing director of a leading
health, safety and environmental consultancy. He has sat on the Council of the
Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment and on the
Confederation of British Industry Environmental Affairs Committee.
Anthony Hobley is a senior solicitor with Baker and McKenzie, London. He
holds a first class honours degree in chemistry with physics and is a graduate of
the Royal Society of Chemistry. He has been a member of UKELA since 1989.
He qualified as a solicitor in 1994, since when he has specialised in environment
law. He is secretary to the UK Environmental Law Group, Working Group on
Climate Change, chairs the Emissions Trading Group Legal Liaison Sub-group
on Compliance and Governance and has advised both a major trade association
and industry clients on Climate Change Levy Agreements. He advises UK,
overseas and multinational clients, including government departments, on all
aspects of environment law, both contentious and non-contentious. He has been
recommended in the environment law section of the Chambers Guide to the
Legal Profession (2001, London: Chambers & Partners) for the last two years.
Mike Radford is based in the School of Law at the University of Aberdeen.
Primarily a public lawyer, he developed an interest in animal welfare law some
10 years ago, and he now regards this as his principal area of research. Among
his current responsibilities he is a member of the Council of the Universities
Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW), a committee member of the Animal
Welfare Science, Ethics and Law Veterinary Association (AWSELVA) and a
member of the Companion Animal Welfare Council (CAWC). He is also an
academic adviser to, and external examiner for, the Royal College of Veterinary
Surgeons. Mike is the author of Animal Welfare Law in Britain (2001, Oxford:
OUP). He is currently updating the 'animals' volume of Halsbury's Laws of
England (London: Butterworths) and undertaking research, funded by the Royal
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, into the licensing of animal
establishments by local authorities.
Robert Lee is a Professor of Law at, and the former head of, Cardiff Law School
where he now acts as Chair of the Cardiff Foundation of Environmental Research.
Along with colleagues from the Business and Planning Schools at Cardiff, he
has recently been awarded a research grant to found the first Economic and
Social Research Council Centre in Wales which will address the theme of business
relationships accountability, sustainability and society. Bob has wide practice
experience in environmental law and his academic interests tend to concern
issues at the interface of health and environment, including regulation of
biomedicine and problems of toxic torts. He is author of a book on the regulation
of Human Fertilisation and Embryology (2001, Oxford: OUP) was published
by OUP in 2001. Bob is editor of Environmental Law Monthly and environmental
editor of the Journal of Business Law. He is a member of the Training Committee
of the Law Society of England and Wales and of the Lord Chancellor's Standing
Committee on Legal Education.
Peter Kellett is a solicitor. He has worked for the Environment Agency for almost
four years. He spent his first two years with the Agency working in the its
Thames Region office, advising upon operational decisions. Since then, Peter
has worked upon national issues for the Agency's head office legal services
directorate team, based in Bristol. Prior to joining the Agency, Peter worked in
a commercial law firm in a specialist environmental services unit. Peter's current
responsibilities include advising upon day to day issues of consistency for
Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) nationally, training Agency
staff upon the IPPC regime, advising upon radioactive substances legislation
and assisting with national litigation. Peter has a masters degree in environmental
law and is the advisory editor of the recent Encyclopaedia of Forms and
Precedents (London: Butterworths) volume on environment.
Stephen Tromans is a barrister. He has been interested in environmental law
since the early 1980s, when he was lecturing at Cambridge. He was one of the
original founders of UKELA. He practised environmental law as a solicitor for
12 years, most of them running the environmental department at Simmons and
Simmons. He then got fed up with being an administrator rather than a lawyer
and, in 1999, switched over to the Bar, where he is now a member of 39 Essex
Street (Chambers of Nigel Pleming QC). He has written the odd environmental
tome, and has acted from time to time as a specialist legal adviser to Committees
in both Houses of Parliament. He is a council member of English Nature (since
1996) and is a trustee of Forum for the Future.
The UK Environmental Law Association (UKELA)1 Annual Conference can claim
to be the leading law conference in the UK for academics, practitioners and
students both of law and of a much wider range of disciplines relating to the
environment. Indeed, the breadth of interest is reflected in the conference theme
of economics, ethics and the environment, and an attendance of some 200
delegates at the Cardiff Conference in June 2001 demonstrated the interest in a
programme that looked at both wider ranging environmental questions alongside
matters of day to day environmental regulation. The variety of the subject matter
is represented in the papers published here.
The conference moved from a traditional slot around Easter to a date at the
end of June. The delightful June weather allowed delegates to take full advantage
of choice tours around Cardiff Bay, the Museum of Welsh Life, the Millennium
Stadium (which was hosting the Wales Motor Show) and, for the truly dedicated,
Europe's largest sewage works. Barbara Young opened the conference on the
Friday evening by setting out the agenda of the Environment Agency as it related
to the conference themes. Saturday evening was spent at the gala dinner in the
impressive setting of the National Museum of Wales, to which we were welcomed
by the Counsel General of the Welsh Assembly, Winston Roddick QC.
There are many acknowledgments due in this Foreword to those who made
the conference a success, beginning with everyone who spoke or chaired the
lively conference sessions on the following topics:
International Law and Enforcement.
Risk and Insurance.
Carbon Law.
Boundaries of Environmental Law and Ethical Issues.
Waste Management and Regulation.
This year saw larger conference sponsorship than ever before, thanks mainly to
the unstinting efforts of Julian Boswall. Agreement to sponsor the conference as
a whole by Homecheck and by ERM made an enormous difference to the
conference organisers in planning and budgeting for the event. Other sponsors
of key parts of the conference included Certa, the IT Group, Environ,
Butterworths, Gibb and HSBC. In addition, a number of organisations chose to
exhibit either at the conference itself or through the delegate pack. This included
the present publishers of this text, Cavendish Publishing—for whose further
assistance in bringing the papers to print we are enormously grateful—along
with Blackstone, Churngold, Landmark, Mowlem, SRK and the Welsh
Development Agency.
For details of UKELA members, contact: firstname.lastname@example.com.
On behalf of the membership of UKELA, I should like to thank also Cardiff
Law School and Morgan Cole. A host of people worked on their behalf or were
dragooned by them to help with the conference. In addition to the splendid
keynote contributions mentioned above by Barbara Young and Winston Roddick,
the conference organisers have asked me to thank, especially, the Cardiff
University Conference Unit and in particular Su Hayward-Lewis and Samantha
Hicks; also Hyder, Cardiff Harbour Authority, David Crompton OBE, Cliff
Penny, Linda Brooks, Rhiannon Evans, Russell Price, Ashima Arora, Clare Pike,
Tony Caffel, Anthony Hobley, William Upton, Valerie Fogleman and the UKELA
Finally, the UKELA Council would like to thank the conference organisers,
Julian Boswall and Robert Lee. The publication of these papers completes their
work on the Cardiff Conference and I look forward to seeing many friends and
colleagues in UKELA at the conference in Sheffield on 28–30 June 2002.
Pamela Castle
Chair of UKELA
March 2002
Julian Boswall and Robert Lee
Allan Rickmann
Peter Kellett
Stephen Tromans
Mike Radford
Hilary Neal
Anthony Hobley
Michael Quint
Robert Lee
Julian Boswall1 and Robert Lee2
Welfare economics has at its heart a concept that an individual actor will
behave rationally so as to maximise utility. Indeed, utility might be seen as the
product of the expression of those individual preferences. In this framework,
the consumer is sovereign and best placed to determine what is in his or her
own welfare. We might expect, logically, that people are behaving so as to
make themselves better off. Economists then argue that a working and efficient
market should emerge out of this individualism, constructed from the sum of
its parts. However, this hypothesis rests on a number of assumptions, including
that these actors respond competitively to maximise their utility on the basis
of full information. Even if they do so, there may be other external costs or
benefits (externalities) that may disrupt the allocative efficiency hoped for by
the economists. These externalities are of great interest to those concerned
with environmental regulation because the environment itself may provide
benefits or create costs not fully accounted for by those making use of it. But,
before exploring externalities, a word about ethics…
The idea of individuals competing to advance their own wealth is not
necessarily attractive on the face of it. However, the economist might reply that
consumer sovereignty allows a range of choices to the individual and it is open
to that person to express a true preference rather than one that seems to be the
manifestly advantageous choice. Another way of putting this is that utility might
be derived from the freedom to act in a manner which would not seem, on the
face of it, to be to the selfish advantage of the individual. Thus, the utility derived
by the individual consists not only of the outcome of market choice, but also of
the process by which that outcome was achieved. This is important to remember
when dealing with environmental regulation, especially where we may hope
that consumers may act in a manner which might incur costs (such as the
opportunity cost attaching to a slower and less flexible journey by public
transport). We can influence choice by so called market instruments (changing
the relative costs of pursuing certain options) but, ultimately, it assists greatly to
have people buy into the notion of protecting the environment.
Partner, Morgan Cole, Cardiff.
Professor of Law and co-director of the Economic and Social Research Council Research
Centre on Business Relationships, Accountability, Sustainability and Society, Cardiff University.
Economics, Ethics and the Environment
The problem which may arise, however, is whether the results of such
individually rational behaviour will prove collectively desirable. In broad terms,
is economic welfare advanced and allocative efficiency reached? Judging
allocative efficiency is by no means easy, but economists frequently invoke notions
of Pareto optimality.3 The allocation is deemed to be efficient where the welfare
of at least one individual is advanced without retarding the welfare of any other
person. However, this is not the only possible measure. Concern about the
practicality of achieving a position in which the allocation of resources is altered
to the detriment of no one has helped promote the Kalder-Hicks4 criterion. This
examines the advancement of welfare by asking the question whether the winners
are in a position to compensate those losing and still make an overall gain.
As with all issues in welfare economics, this can be a useful measure at the
policy level when seeking to assess the impact of altering resource allocations,
but one should be wary of employing the equation normatively. The mere fact
that the winners are in a position to compensate effectively the losers, does not
mean that they are ever likely to do so. Indeed, the formula may offend notions
of distributive justice by, in effect, permitting one set of persons to impose losses
on others. Even in the Pareto formulation, the measure of social desirability of
change is unashamedly utilitarian. However, many economists would assert the
inherent justice of the market in seeking always to extend choice and support
the autonomous decisions of individuals. On the other hand, the Pareto optimal
position may be said to legitimate the entire enterprise of utility maximisation.
Other ethical viewpoints are inevitably subjugated. While economists claim that
issues of value can be incorporated into economic models, so that much work
has sought to place a value upon the environment itself, the type of ethical
position propounded by Mike Radford in his essay on animal protection is not
easy to accommodate within an economic framework. This is because utilitarian
arguments are implicitly anthropocentric.
Regulation is generally called for in situations of market failure and in order
to intervene to influence the context in which individual choices are exercised in
order to correct the failure. Thus, there are inextricable links between these
issues of economics ethics and (environmental) regulation. One depiction of
neo-classical economics might be that individual rationality, pursued all around
us, produces an institutional framework from bottom up. However, where this
fails, then the government intervenes out of necessity, from top down, in order
Pareto, V, Manual of Political Economy, Schwier, AS (trans), in Schwier, AS and Page, AN
(eds), 1971, New York: AM Kelley.
See Kaldor, N, 'Welfare propositions in economics and inter-personal comparisions of utility'
(1939) 49 Economic Journal 549; Hicks, J, 'The foundations of welfare economics' (1939) 49
Economic journal 696; and Hicks, J, 'The valuation of social income' (1940) 7 Econiomca 105.
Chapter 1: Economics, Ethics and the Environment
to assert corrective control in the wider public interest. In one respect, this places
the government as an ethical actor, but actually only in the narrow utilitarian
terms of the welfare economic framework. Many would hope for a more pluralist
approach in which other ethical viewpoints are considered and not rendered
redundant, or suppressed by the narrow workings of rationality. Holding middle
ground between competing ethical viewpoints is a considerable task, but it depicts
government not as a top down enterprise, but as a democratic endeavour to
promote social agreement through ethical debate.
Quite where one sits in relation to these issues will determine absolutely one's
view of environmental regulation, and there are enormous tensions between the
two positions. On the one hand, adherence to the market philosophy with its
more disciplined approach to the correction of market failure to restore the
power of the invisible hand offers a structured and coherent approach to problems
of environmental regulation. A more pluralist approach has the tendency for a
free for all in which sight of the goal of environmental regulation may be lost
and regulatory mechanisms may be ill-defined. Indeed, this division is likely to
influence the legal instruments employed in the regulatory task. Proponents of a
market based approach will look naturally towards private law models which
offer implicit support for the individual autonomy necessary to drive rational
choice. Those disposed to wider State intervention will generally propose public
law models and have generally pursued the use of administrative law models to
determine the relative allocation of rights to access resources, backed by criminal
sanctions to remedy breaches of the conditions upon which that allocation has
been made. Proponents of this public law framework would argue that it
promotes a more inclusive approach to achieving the common good.
It is idle to pretend that private law rights will solve all problems relating to
the use of environmental resources. This is because the problems of externalities
in relation to the environment will prove so pervasive that private law mechanisms
are unlikely to internalise these, at least without overbearing transaction costs
attaching. The externalities may take the form of pollution. Producers commonly
utilise the environment to the point at which the costs of environmental
degradation may exceed the benefit to consumers of the product, unless there is
intervention to redress the market failure. Similarly, natural resources may be
depleted at too great a rate if the cost of utilisation reflects only the direct cost
to the user and not problems of future scarcity. Economists recognise such
externalities and understand the need to intervene to effect a remedy, but it is
undoubtedly true that, in practice, problems such as intergenerational equity
have been inadequately addressed at a political level.
Quite how one might intervene to remedy externalities is a problem that
continues to trouble policy makers. Certainly, it is possible to consider market
Economics, Ethics and the Environment
solutions, in other words, to create a market that works efficiently to redress the
negative forces of the externality. Anthony Hobley offers the example of the
possibility of trading greenhouse gas emissions. To work, such a system, as with
any market, will require a good number of players willing to trade permits, to
avoid the danger of the effective monopoly of the system by a few powerful
operators. As Anthony's paper shows, the system is complex, but too great a level
of complexity might increase transaction costs and generate informational
problems, so that, even if environmental emissions reduce, the solution may prove
less than efficient. Moreover, although one can see that the idea of trading permits
might control diffuse impacts of greenhouse gases, it does depend on State
regulation in the form of imposed ceilings on emissions. These will need to be
backed by strict control of the limits, and penalties will need to be set that exceed
compliance costs, otherwise the system will fail. One is dependent, therefore, in
constructing the market solution, on the support of the courts and it is to be
hoped that their understanding of the regulatory process as a whole is sufficient to
grasp the need for appropriate levels of fines. Indeed, in his paper, Mike Quint
makes this point splendidly in considering the deterrent effect of penalties in
providing the climate for effective quantitative risk assessment.
Note also that there will not always be room for this type of solution. It works
much more easily where there are widespread and diffuse impacts rather than a
localised and identifiable pollution source. In such a situation, unless one is minded
simply to ban an activity, then the likely response of law will be to impose a
liability rule. Coase5 has argued that, in the shadow of a clear private law rule, the
parties will bargain to produce efficient solutions to regulate the potential harmful
activity. Allan Rickmann's paper offers some feel for this, demonstrating as it
does the development of transactional devices to allocate risk in the light of the
liability rule. In turn, this has led to an emerging market for specific insurance to
then cover the risk undertaken. In a different way, Stephen Tromans' paper makes
a similar point. If we have a planning system which allows landfill or other disposal
facilities to be sited in proximity to residential areas, the permission will often
express the hope that the environmental regulator will adequately control the
activity so as to prevent a nuisance. As Stephen points out, the courts have tended
to 'shy away' from the grant of an injunction. However, if the courts are unwilling
to exercise their discretion to restrain the conduct that amounts to a nuisance,
there is little room for the Coase bargain between the parties, leaving those affected
adversely by the nuisance uncompensated. That these regulatory philosophies
have a real world dimension is amply illustrated by the task presented by the need
to diversify patterns of waste disposal in the manner outlined in Peter Kellett's
paper, and demanded by the Landfill Directive (Council Directive 99/31/EC), in
Coase, R, 'The problem of social cost' (1960) 3 Journal of Law and Economics 1.
Chapter 1: Economics, Ethics and the Environment
a situation in which people's experience of landfill produces stout opposition to
the siting of waste facilities.
Peter Kellett's paper is an excellent review of a regulatory approach not
primarily based upon market instruments, but on more public law based models
of permitting potentially polluting activity subject to conditions. It is easy to see
the introduction of qualities that should underpin that regulatory process, such
as that the regime be flexible but holistic and that it work in an open and
transparent manner. Under the Landfill Directive there are clear targets to work
towards, but as Peter's paper demonstrates the regulation is detailed and complex.
The issue for the economist then becomes the efficiency with which the benefits
incorporated into the targets can be realised given the costs attaching to these
forms of control. However, efficiency is not the only issue, since there may be
distributional effects of different forms of regulation. Thus, instruments such as
environmental taxation have the capacity to distribute money, especially when
allowances such as landfill tax credits can be offset against the tax. We have
seen in the discussion above that, although they attempt to evaluate advances in
the common good, economists do not find it easy to provide practical analysis
of the interrelationship between efficiency and advances in social welfare.
One problem that obviously presents itself in assessing environmental costs
and benefits is that these are not easily quantifiable in terms of the types of market
pricing mechanisms traditionally used as a measure by economists. Economists
may attempt to gauge from behaviour quite how great a value one might wish to
place upon less tangible benefits of (say) a clear sky unaffected by light pollution,
but this is not an easy matter for empirical assessment. As Hilary Neal points out
in her essay on biodiversity, this is a natural resource which is capable of utilisation,
which ought to be valued and conserved for its benefits. However, the importance
attaching to biological diversity is of recent origin and, in its nature, it consists of
the interrelation of environmental resources. We know from the governmental
response as described by Hilary that value is placed on biodiversity, but the
quantification of that value is highly problematic. Moreover, of that value only a
fraction will attach to that attributable to the future use of ecosystems. Much of
the value has little to do with its use, but is intrinsic.
Here, in part, the problem is that it becomes difficult to fit public goods into
a pricing framework. If goods are non-rival, and we can enjoy a clear sky or a
scenic view without prejudicing the possibility of its enjoyment by others, then
pricing based on market competition is hardly possible. Yet, the economist can
hardly be blamed for trying to attribute value. At the heart of the endeavour is
an attempt to examine what benefits are available at what cost. If the cost is to
be measured in pounds, then the same unit of measurement is needed for the
benefits to allow effective comparison. This is all very well providing that we
Economics, Ethics and the Environment
remain conscious that we are engaged in a regulatory enterprise in which society
is examining the best way in which to conserve that which is valuable. This is
not an attempt to say that everything has its price in the sense of allowing the
wholescale sale of our environmental birthright with total disregard for others
elsewhere in time or space.
From an environmental ethics perspective, the extent to which one accepts at
all this attempt to place a value on the environment is governed by underpinning
notions of moral responsibilities in relation to the environment. This is because
the exercise by the economist is implicitly anthropocentric, looking at choice as
exercised by and value through the eyes of human actors. Human interest alone
may be seen as driving environmental responsibility. This may be justifiable if we
believe that only human beings have direct moral standing and that, as part of
responsibility for the well-being of others, we ought to serve human interests by
protecting the environment. One slight problem with this analysis is that if standing
is accorded only by virtue of humanity, then responsibilities and rights should be
accorded only to fellow human beings, by which we might mean only those with
a present right to have their interest served and protected. This arguably rules out
the rights of future generations, since why should people yet to exist be accorded
rights any more than, say, any other creature not fixed with moral standing.
It is this type of argument that promotes arguments that moral significance
should be extended beyond persons presently alive. For some, this would include
at least some animals. If we accord moral significance to at least some animals,
then, although we remain fixed with an indirect obligation to the environment—
to protect it in the interests of others—a wider view is taken of environmental
responsibility, since those others include (at least some) animals. None of this
suggests a responsibility to the environment in its own right. This is the position
advocated on an ecocentric view, although writers might disagree as to whether
this accords the environment moral standing, or whether it is enough that the
environment has some form of inherent value not fixed by human (or animal)
activity, but deserving of respect and creating a duty.
Most famously, the relationship between ecocentrism and economics is found
in Aldo Leopold's essay on the Land Ethic.6 Propounding an ecocentric model
of a widened community of interest—entitled the land and composed of soil,
water plant and animal life—Leopold is critical of economics based approaches,
even when some form of economic value is attributed to (say) plants or animals
so that potential impacts upon them might be considered, because, in his view,
they are entitled to consideration as a matter of biotic right. Thus, the economic
mindset is the enemy of ecocentrism in promoting the environment as a
commodity to be exploited by a human 'conqueror'. Leopold suggests a new
Leopold, A, A Sand County Almanac, and Sketches Here and There, 1987, New York: OUP,
p 204.
Chapter 1: Economics, Ethics and the Environment
moral principle of judging the rightness of action by whether it preserves the
biotic community.
Many philosophers would reject such a consequentialist approach whereby the
correctness of an action is to be judged by its effect, arguing in favour of a more
deontological approach, whereby conduct or behaviour may be considered wrong
from the outset as offensive to moral rules Indeed, in other circumstances, utilitarian
approaches when judged by the overall welfare of humans might have no great
appeal to those promoting environmental interests. Nonetheless, the importance of
ecocentric approaches may be that, in positing the inherent worth or standing of the
environment, they force a consideration of present modes of behaviour towards the
environment and, in so doing, help promote changes in attitudes.
On this analysis, ecocentric approaches to environmental ethics have limited
utility as a normative tool. The same comment was made earlier about
environmental economics. This does not mean that either endeavour is worthless.
Rather, the value of each lies in the positive analysis provided by each theoretical
position. Within the UK Environmental Law Association (UKELA), which hosted
the conference at which these papers were presented, members are interested in
environmental regulation. Indeed, active groups within the association comment
regularly upon policy proposals and environmental law reforms. A significant
proportion of the membership consists of practitioners, whether lawyers or
environmental consultants engaged in practical problems of pollution control.
This allows an insight into the impact of policy proposals as they find their way
into environmental regulation (although we can only rarely use the phrase 'onto
the statute book' these days). But, how truly do we evaluate legal provisions
and separate out effective reform as effective or ill-considered?
The simple truth is that we must look beyond law itself. If we do no more
than weigh the latest judgment of the courts in terms of how consistently it
matches earlier precedent, then we may develop a highly consistent common
law (no bad thing), but one which is inward looking and treats law as an entirely
autonomous entity existing in some juridical vacuum. The advantage of both
environmental economics and environmental ethics is not that either of them
should tell us what the law is, but that both of them offer a paradigm from
which the workings of legal rules can be viewed. It is the capacity of these
disciplines to ask some fundamental questions about the entire enterprise of
environmental regulation that makes the exploration of them so valuable.
It might seem odd, therefore, that a conference attended by a majority of
practitioners (the majority of these practitioners of law) should make the effort
to explore wider questions of economics and of ethics. It is true that, as conference
organisers, we did try to mix some of the more academic perspectives with
papers of a more immediate practical input—lest we tested too greatly the
Economics, Ethics and the Environment
patience of our audience on two fine June days in the year 2001 in Cardiff.
Nonetheless, we are grateful to the UKELA Council for allowing us the freedom
to bring together these papers and we hope that the debate that they created in
Cardiff and their interest to the reader now promotes the fine tradition of UKELA
as an organisation engaged in mixing a genuine interest in the environment with
active debate on environmental policy.
Allan Rickmann1
Environmental insurance in the United Kingdom has grown rapidly in maturity,
diversity and capacity in the past 10 years, mirroring the growth in environmental
legislation. In areas where the law is undeveloped, damages and liability are
difficult to establish. For example, with the introduction of the superfund
legislation in the United States, new liabilities emerged. At that time, general
liability policies in the US and UK did not recognise pollution as a potential
liability and insurers did not collect premiums to cover the claims which emerged.
This resulted in massive losses for the primary insurers and re-insurers and led
to a retrenchment within the industry. In the US, general liability policies excluded
all pollution based claims and, in the UK in 1991, the Association of British
Insurers introduced the pollution exclusion into public liability policies. This
excluded all claims for property damage and injury arising from pollution, except
for cases where the pollution was sudden, accidental and unintended. So, by
1991 there was no insurance cover available in the UK for historically
contaminated sites and for pollution which emerged gradually. The response
from the insurance industry, and especially brokers, was to seek specialist
environmental insurance to meet the needs of industry and commerce.
Every year since 1990, new specialist environmental policies have emerged from
insurers in the London market to introduce new products and add capacity.
Occasionally, however, some insurers, like Reliance, have disappeared. Table 1,
below, indicates how that growth has occurred.
Allan Rickmann has more than 20 years' experience in the fields of environmental protection
and occupational health and safety and five years' experience in environmental insurance
broking. He has sat on the Council of the Institute of Environmental Management and
Assessment and on the Confederation of British Industry Environmental Affairs Committee.
He can be contacted by email: email@example.com.
Economics, Ethics and the Environment
Table 1: Specialist Environmental Insurers
One of the limiting factors of the early environmental insurance policies was the
upper limit of cover which was available and the periods over which the policy
would operate. Table 2 illustrates how these parameters have changed over the
past 10 years.
Table 2: Environmental Insurance Limits and Periods2
These are typical figures to illustrate the general point. There has always been more flexibility
in the environmental insurance market than with other more mature types of insurance. So
there has always been scope to stretch these parameters, as there is today.
Chapter 2: Has Environmental Insurance Come of Age?
The discussion so far has been concerned with the insurance of the business risks
primarily associated with historical contamination because that was the dominant
environmental concern in the UK. However, over the past 10 years, a wide range
of specific environmental insurance solutions has been developed and these are
described below and illustrated with case studies. An important aspect of modern
environmental insurance policies is that they are sufficiently flexible to meet business
needs. The policy wording of almost every environmental insurance policy, of
whatever type, is modified to suit the needs of the deal, the business partners
involved and the circumstances. The specimen policies provided by all of the
insurance companies are written as general documents relating to all circumstances
and eventualities. Consequently, they contain many limitations, restrictions and
exclusions, many of which are not relevant to the situation for which environmental
insurance is required. The role of the broker is to represent the best interest of the
client and design, with the underwriter and the client's legal advisers, the most
appropriate policy wording and cover and negotiate a realistic premium.
The range of environmental insurance policies currently available address
the following risks:
(a) historical contamination;
(b) environmental warranties and indemnities;
(c) future pollution;
(d) remediation cost management;
(e) contractors' pollution liability;
(f) planned expenditure risks.
Historical contamination insurance
The type of environmental insurance most in demand in the UK over the past
few years was probably that needed to cover the financial risks associated with
historical contamination. To place this cover, the insurer will require sufficient
information in the form of environmental survey reports to define the business
risk. Where the site is a new development on agricultural land, a simple desktop
survey may suffice. However, where there is a history of industrial activity, an
intrusive survey is usually required. It is important to emphasise that the insurance
addresses the business risk rather than the environmental risk. Policies have
been placed where the site was legally contaminated, but where the circumstances
Economics, Ethics and the Environment
or situation were such that the risk of enforcement action or third party civil
action was unlikely.
Cover is available for periods of up to 25 years, although most insurance
companies are more comfortable with policy periods of 10 years. Indeed, where
longer periods are agreed, there are often clauses allowing the insurance company
to revise the policy after 10 years to take into account any changes in the law.
Only exceptionally are 25 year policies placed with no breaks. The limits of
cover available are routinely £65m, although higher limits have been provided.
An example of where historical contamination cover was effectively used to
reduce financial risk was the redevelopment of a former steel works site. The
steel works had been in production for more over 100 years, until the 1970s.
During that period, substantial quantities of liquid wastes had been pumped
into a deep coal measures aquifer. The environmental survey indicated that the
aquifer was contaminated and was in hydraulic continuity with a river. This
was clearly a contaminated site. However, there had been over 30 years of dilution
and dispersion and natural biodegradation was continuing. The enforcement
authorities took the view that the risk of harm was both low and reducing and
that the contamination could not be cost effectively remediated and so no
enforcement action was envisaged. Nevertheless, there remained a real and finite
latent business risk and the developers and their funders wanted the long term
financial situation secured. Historical contamination insurance was placed giving
£10m cover for 15 years for a one-off premium of £150,000.
Environmental warranties and indemnities
In 2000, most environmental insurance placed in the UK was related to historical
contamination cover. However, more recently, there has been strong demand
for insurance to cover environmental warranties and indemnities given during
mergers and acquisitions. Clearly/the straightforward triggers used for historical
contamination cover would not match the wording of most environmental
indemnity agreements. Consequently, the cover developed has been written to
respond directly to claims under the environmental indemnity agreement. Since
this results in a much wider range of situations to which the policy will respond,
the premiums are correspondingly greater. Nevertheless, since this type of policy
fits well into the wording of sale and purchase agreements, many of these policies
have already been placed.
This type of insurance has been used to good effect in several large scale
voluntary housing stock transfers and is becoming a standard method of financial
risk transfer in these transactions.
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text:
Middle School Math Teacher, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Closing date:
Contract type: Full Time
Contract term: Permanent
Suitable for NQTs: No
Math Teacher Teacher
Aldar Academies are seeking a high performing Math Teacher for West Yas Academy commencing January 2019.
West Yas Academy is a Massachusetts State Curriculum school in Abu Dhabi, which is the most highly regarded and successful public school curriculum in the United States.
The Massachusetts Curriculum draws on a rich history of academic excellence and rigor, and has historically benefited from proximity to and interaction with higher education institutions such as Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Graduates of West Yas Academy will receive the American High School Diploma, which is the standard qualification for entry into colleges and US universities.
We Offer:
- Competitive terms of employment and outstanding working conditions
- Tax Free salary
- Fully furnished accommodation
- Medical insurance
- Annual Flight
- Opportunity to work within a team of supportive and creative colleagues
- Excellent professional development and guidance
- BA Degree in Mathematics and PGCE in Education
- Minimum two years' postgraduate teaching experience
- Passion for teaching and commitment to educating the whole child
- A high level of professionalism and consideration of the well-being of children
- Recent and consistent involvement in extra-curricular activities
- Respect for all members of a school community, irrespective of position, gender, age and ethnic background
- Previous experience working with students for whom English is not their first language
- A positive and solution-focused attitude to working life
- A clean enhanced Disclosure and Barring Services check or police check
The successful candidate will be required to submit a letter of application and CV, together with copy of passport, education certificates and police clearance to complete the on-line application process. In the CV, please include the names and contact email addresses of three professional referees one of which must be a current Principal.
West Yas Academy is an American Curriculum school located on Yas Island, which its inaugural term was in August 2016. The school is a part of Aldar Academies, one of the UAE's largest providers of leading private education, with schools in Abu Dhabi ...
Contact West Yas Academy
Thanks for your interest in this role.
Simply fill in the form below to ask any questions, request a call, or schedule a school visit.
This field is required


text:
New Xbox One Backwards Compatible Game Available Now
The original Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare is now playable on Xbox One, and it's also discounted as part of the big Xbox spring sale.
The original Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare is now playable on Xbox One, and it's also discounted as part of the big Xbox spring sale.
You no longer have to buy a special edition of Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare in order to play the remastered version of Call of Duty 4.
Grab free maps, camos, and items during the Call of Duty Days of Summer event.
After being available only with Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare, the remaster is on its way to PS4 next week.
It looks like Activision might be preparing to launch Modern Warfare Remastered on its own.
The Variety Map Pack, featuring four classic maps, is out now on new platforms.
The old is new again, as the Variety Map pack is out now on PS4; it's coming to Xbox One and PC later.
Get a weapon camo featuring the stars and stripes and more.
The PS4 is falling to the lowest price ever very soon.
A new 500 GB slim PS4 bundle arrives in stores following Christmas.
The latest patch offers a new way to earn customization items, including an option to buy supply drops with real-world money.
An update coming soon adds maps, modes, and a holiday event.
Remember that glitch where you could slip out of the map and into another dimension?
Here's what kind of hardware your PC will need to run the remastered version of Call of Duty 4.
Watch a new video for Modern Warfare Remastered here ahead of launch next week.
The figure covers Infinite Warfare, Modern Warfare Remastered, day one updates, and multiplayer DLC.
See some screens for the game's One Shot One Kill and All Ghillied Up missions.
The acclaimed 2007 shooter's remastered campaign is now available; here's how to get it.
Modern Warfare Remastered's campaign arrives this week on PS4 for some.
Watch the newest trailer for Modern Warfare Remastered.
You can choose from options that include Low, Medium, High, Very High, or Insane.
Another detail confirmed for the upcoming remaster.
Here's what the 2007 shooter's multiplayer looks like with a fresh coat of paint.
Activision debuted the first multiplayer footage for the two games and shared more news; watch the briefing here.
The Call of Duty series is discounted on Steam this weekend, in addition to a bunch of other games.
Activision hires the "High Road Tour" performers for a show at Call of Duty XP next weekend.
Activision's CEO discusses the remaster and how it benefited from Call of Duty's new dev cycle.
Zombies overseer Jason Blundell discusses the inception, evolution, and impact of the unplanned Easter egg that came to define gaming's biggest franchise.
The remaster is looking great in this latest gameplay video.
"I rang them up and said, honestly, don't f**k it up."
New footage of the remastered Call of Duty: Modern Warfare shown off at Sony's E3 press conference.
The Call of Duty fan event returns after five years.
It appears Activision is re-releasing all three games in a $30 pack exclusive to last-gen systems.
See how Activision Publishing's CEO makes investors feel better about all those downvotes.
Plus, Activision says it's not worried people will play Modern Warfare Remastered more than Infinite Warfare.
How does the 2007 game look today? Watch this video to find out.
You'll have to buy premium versions of this year's Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare to get access.
Modern Warfare Remastered is coming to PS4, Xbox One, and PC; see the first footage and get all the details here.
"I want people to play our new game and say, 'Wow, I haven't seen CoD change that much since [Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare]."
Publisher responds to message from 2014 with a poop emoji that may be related to an upcoming announcement.
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