text:
The Quran
Commentaries for
Al Qadr (The power) - القدر
1 - Al Fatiha (The opening)
2 - Al Baqara (The cow)
3 - Al Imran (The family of Imran)
4 - An Nisa (The women)
5 - Al Maida (The food)
6 - Al Anam (Cattle)
7 - Al Araf (The heights)
8 - Al Anfal (Spoils of war)
9 - Al Tawba (Immunity)
10 - Yunus (Jonah)
11 - Hud
12 - Yusuf (Joseph)
13 - Ar Rad (The thunder)
14 - Ibrahim (Abraham)
15 - Al Hijr (The rock)
16 - An Nahl (The bee)
17 - Bani Israil (The Israelites)
18 - Al Kahf (The cave)
19 - Maryamn (Mary)
20 - Ta-Ha
21 - Al Anbiya (The prophets)
22 - Al Hajj (The pilgrimage)
23 - Al Muminun (The believers)
24 - An Nur (The light)
25 - Al Furqan (The discrimination)
26 - Ash Shuara (The poets)
27 - An Naml (The ant)
28 - Al Qasas (The narrative)
29 - Al Ankabut (The spider)
30 - Ar Rum (The Romans)
31 - Luqman
32 - As Sajda (The adoration)
33 - Al Ahzab (The allies)
34 - Al Saba (The Saba)
35 - Al Fatir (The angels)
36 - Ya Sin
37 - As Saffat (Those who set up ranks)
38 - Saad
39 - Az Zumar (The troops)
40 - Al Ghafir (The forgiver)
41 - Fussilat (Explained in detail)
42 - Ash Shura (The council)
43 - Az Zukhruf (Gold)
44 - Ad Dukhan (Drought)
45 - Al Jathiya (Kneeling)
46 - Al Ahqaf (The dunes)
47 - Muhammad
48 - Al Fath (Victory)
49 - Al Hujraat (The apartments)
50 - Qaf
51 - Adh Dhariyat (The scatterers)
52 - At Tur (The mount)
53 - An Najm (The star)
54 - Al Qamar (The Moon)
55 - Ar Rahman (The beneficent)
56 - Al Waqia (The event)
57 - Al Hadid (Iron)
58 - Al Mujadila (The pleading woman)
59 - Al Hashr (Exile)
60 - Al Mumtahana (The examined woman)
61 - As Saff (The ranks)
62 - Al Jumua (The congregation)
63 - Al Munafiqun (The hypocrites)
64 - At Taghabun (Manifestation of losses)
65 - At Talaq (Divorce)
66 - At Tahrim (Prohibition)
67 - Al Mulk (The kingdom)
68 - Al Qalam (The pen)
69 - Al Haqqa (The reality)
70 - Al Maarij (Ascending stairways)
71 - Nuh (Noah)
72 - Al Jinn (The Jinn)
73 - Al Muzzammil (The enshrouded one)
74 - Al Muddaththir (The cloaked one)
75 - Al Qiyama (Resurrection)
76 - Al Insan (Man)
77 - Al Mursalat (The emissaries)
78 - An Naba (The tidings)
79 - An Naziat (Those who yearn)
80 - Abasa (He frowned)
81 - At Takwir (The folding up)
82 - Al Infitar (The cleaving)
83 - Al Mutaffifin (The cheats)
84 - Al Isnhiqaq (Splitting open)
85 - Al Buruj (The stars)
86 - At Tariq (The morning star)
87 - Al Ala (The most high)
88 - Al Ghashiya (The overwhelming)
89 - Al Fajr (The dawn)
90 - Al Balad (The city)
91 - Ash Shams (The Sun)
92 - Al Lail (The night)
93 - Ad Duhaa (The brightness of day)
94 - Al Inshirah (The expansion)
95 - At tin (The fig)
96 - Al Alaq (The clot)
97 - Al Qadr (The power)
98 - Al Bayyina (Clear proof)
99 - Al Zalzala (The shaking)
100 - Al Adiyat (The assaulters)
101 - Al Qaria (The calamity)
102 - At Takathur (Abundance of wealth)
103 - Al Asr (The time)
104 - Al Humaza (The slanderer)
105 - Al Fil (The elephant)
106 - Quraish (The Quraish)
107 - Al Maun (Almsgiving)
108 - Al Kauthar (Abundance)
109 - Al Kafirun (The disbelievers)
110 - An Nasr (Divine support)
111 - Al Lahab (The flame)
112 - Al Ikhlas (The unity)
113 - Al Falaq (Dawn)
114 - An Nas (Mankind)
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Abbas - Tanwîr al-Miqbâs min Tafsîr Ibn 'Abbâs
And from his narration on the authority of Ibn 'Abbas that he said regarding the interpretation of Allah's saying (Lo! We revealed it): '(Lo! We revealed it) He says: We sent Gabriel with the entire Qur'an to the scribes of the nether heaven (on the Night of Power) on the night of judgement and decree; it is also said this means: on a night blessed with forgiveness and mercy, and then it was revealed to the Prophet (pbuh) in instalments.
Jalal - Al-Jalalayn
Lo! We revealed it, that is, the Qur'ān, in its entirety, [sending it down] from the Preserved Tablet to the heaven of this world, on the Night of Ordainment, that is, [the Night] of great eminence.
Kathir - Ibn Al Kathir
The Virtues of the Night of Al-Qadr (the Decree)
Allah informs that He sent the Qur'an down during the Night of Al-Qadr, and it is a blessed night about which Allah says,
إِنَّآ أَنزَلْنَـهُ فِى لَيْلَةٍ مُّبَـرَكَةٍ
(We sent it down on a blessed night.) (44:3) This is the Night of Al-Qadr and it occurs during the month of Ramadan. This is as Allah says,
شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ الَّذِى أُنزِلَ فِيهِ الْقُرْآنُ
(The month of Ramadan in which was revealed the Qur'an.) (2:185) Ibn `Abbas and others have said, "Allah sent the Qur'an down all at one time from the Preserved Tablet (Al-Lawh Al-Mahfuz) to the House of Might (Baytul-`Izzah), which is in the heaven of this world. Then it came down in parts to the Messenger of Allah based upon the incidents that occurred over a period of twenty-three years.'' Then Allah magnified the status of the Night of Al-Qadr, which He chose for the revelation of the Mighty Qur'an, by His saying,
وَمَآ أَدْرَاكَ مَا لَيْلَةُ الْقَدْرِ - لَيْلَةُ الْقَدْرِ خَيْرٌ مِّنْ أَلْفِ شَهْرٍ
(And what will make you know what the Night of Al-Qadr is The Night of Al-Qadr is better than a thousand months.) Imam Ahmad recorded that Abu Hurayrah "When Ramadan would come, the Messenger of Allah would say,
«قَدْ جَاءَكُمْ شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ، شَهْرٌ مُبَارَكٌ، افْتَرَضَ اللهُ عَلَيْكُمْ صِيَامَهُ، تُفْتَحُ فِيهِ أَبْوَابُ الْجَنَّةِ، وَتُغْلَقُ فِيهِ أَبْوَابُ الْجَحِيمِ، وَتُغَلُّ فِيهِ الشَّيَاطِينُ، فِيهِ لَيْلَةٌ خَيْرٌ مِنْ أَلْفِ شَهْرٍ، مَنْ حُرِمَ خَيْرَهَا فَقَدْ حُرِم»
(Verily, the month of Ramadan has come to you all. It is a blessed month, which Allah has obligated you all to fast. During it the gates of Paradise are opened, the gates of Hell are closed and the devils are shackled. In it there is a night that is better than one thousand months. Whoever is deprived of its good, then he has truly been deprived.)'' An-Nasa'i recorded this same Hadith. Aside from the fact that worship during the Night of Al-Qadr is equivalent to worship performed for a period of one thousand months, it is also confirmed in the Two Sahihs from Abu Hurayrah that the Messenger of Allah said,
«مَنْ قَامَ لَيْلَةَ الْقَدْرِ إِيمَانًا وَاحْتِسَابًا غُفِرَ لَهُ مَا تَقَدَّمَ مِنْ ذَنْبِه»
(Whoever stands (in prayer) during the Night of Al-Qadr with faith and expecting reward (from Allah), he will be forgiven for his previous sins.)
The Descent of the Angels and the Decree for Every Good during the Night of Al-Qadr
Allah says,
تَنَزَّلُ الْمَلَـئِكَةُ وَالرُّوحُ فِيهَا بِإِذْنِ رَبِّهِم مِّن كُلِّ أَمْرٍ
(Therein descend the angels and the Ruh by their Lord's permission with every matter.) meaning, the angels descend in abundance during the Night of Al-Qadr due to its abundant blessings. The angels descend with the descending of blessings and mercy, just as they descend when the Qur'an is recited, they surround the circles of Dhikr (remembrance of Allah) and they lower their wings with true respect for the student of knowledge. In reference to Ar-Ruh, it is said that here it means the angel Jibril. Therefore, the wording of the Ayah is a method of adding the name of the distinct object (in this case Jibril) separate from the general group (in this case the angels). Concerning Allah's statement,
مِّن كُلِّ أَمْرٍ
(with every matter.) Mujahid said, "Peace concerning every matter.'' Sa`id bin Mansur said, `Isa bin Yunus told us that Al-A`mash narrated to them that Mujahid said concerning Allah's statement,
سَلَـمٌ هِىَ
(There is peace) "It is security in which Shaytan cannot do any evil or any harm.'' Qatadah and others have said, "The matters are determined during it, and the times of death and provisions are measured out (i.e., decided) during it.'' Allah says,
فِيهَا يُفْرَقُ كُلُّ أَمْرٍ حَكِيمٍ
(Therein is decreed every matter of decree.) (44:4) Then Allah says,
سَلَـمٌ هِىَ حَتَّى مَطْلَعِ الْفَجْرِ
(There is peace until the appearance of dawn.) Sa`id bin Mansur said, "Hushaym narrated to us on the authority of Abu Ishaq, who narrated that Ash-Sha`bi said concerning Allah's statement,
تَنَزَّلُ الْمَلَـئِكَةُ وَالرُّوحُ فِيهَا بِإِذْنِ رَبِّهِم مِّن كُلِّ أَمْرٍ
- سَلَـمٌ هِىَ حَتَّى مَطْلَعِ الْفَجْرِ
(With every matter, there is a peace until the appearance of dawn.) `The angels giving the greetings of peace during the Night of Al-Qadr to the people in the Masjids until the coming of Fajr (dawn).''' Qatadah and Ibn Zayd both said concerning Allah's statement,
سَلَـمٌ هِىَ
(There is peace.) "This means all of it is good and there is no evil in it until the coming of Fajr (dawn).''
Specifying the Night of Decree and its Signs
This is supported by what Imam Ahmad recorded from `Ubadah bin As-Samit that the Messenger of Allah said,
«لَيْلَةُ الْقَدْرِ فِي الْعَشْرِ الْبَوَاقِي، مَنْ قَامَهُنَّ ابْتِغَاءَ حِسْبَتِهِنَّ فَإِنَّ اللهَ يَغْفِرُ لَهُ مَا تَقَدَّمَ مِنْ ذَنْبِهِ وَمَا تَأَخَّرَ، وَهِيَ لَيْلَةُ وِتْرٍ: تِسْعٍ أَوْ سَبْعٍ أَوْ خَامِسَةٍ أَوْ ثَالِثَةٍ أَوْ آخِرِ لَيْلَة»
(The Night of Al-Qadr occurs during the last ten (nights). Whoever stands for them (in prayer) seeking their reward, then indeed Allah will forgive his previous sins and his latter sins. It is an odd night: the ninth, or the seventh, or the fifth, or the third or the last night (of Ramadan).) The Messenger of Allah also said,
«إِنَّ أَمَارَةَ لَيْلَةِ الْقَدْرِ أَنَّهَا صَافِيَةٌ بَلْجَةٌ، كَأَنَّ فِيهَا قَمَرًا سَاطِعًا، سَاكِنَةٌ سَاجِيَةٌ، لَا بَرْدَ فِيهَا وَلَا حَرَّ، وَلَا يَحِلُّ لِكَوْكَبٍ يُرْمَى بِهِ فِيهَا حَتْى يُصْبِحَ، وَإِنَّ أَمَارَتَهَا أَنَّ الشَّمْسَ صَبِيحَتَهَا تَخْرُجُ مُسْتَوِيَةً لَيْسَ لَهَا شُعَاعٌ، مِثْلَ الْقَمَرِ لَيْلَةَ الْبَدْرِ، وَلَا يَحِلُّ لِلشَّيْطَانِ أَنْ يَخْرُجَ مَعَهَا يَوْمَئِذ»
(Verily, the sign of the Night of Al-Qadr is that it is pure and glowing as if there were a bright, tranquil, calm moon during it. It is not cold, nor is it hot, and no shooting star is permitted until morning. Its sign is that the sun appears on the morning following it smooth having no rays on it, just like the moon on a full moon night. Shaytan is not allowed to come out with it (the sun) on that day.) This chain of narration is good. In its text there is some oddities and in some of its wordings there are things that are objectionable. Abu Dawud mentioned a section in his Sunan that he titled, "Chapter: Clarification that the Night of Al-Qadr occurs during every Ramadan.'' Then he recorded that `Abdullah bin `Umar said, "The Messenger of Allah was asked about the Night of Al-Qadr while I was listening and he said,
«هِيَ فِي كُلِّ رَمَضَان»
(It occurs during every Ramadan.)'' The men of this chain of narration are all reliable, but Abu Dawud said that Shu`bah and Sufyan both narrated it from Ishaq and they both considered it to be a statement of the Companion (Ibn `Umar, and thus not the statement of the Prophet ). It has been reported that Abu Sa`id Al-Khudri said, "The Messenger of Allah performed I`tikaf during the first ten nights of Ramadan and we performed I`tikaf with him. Then Jibril came to him and said, `That which you are seeking is in front of you.' So the Prophet performed I`tikaf during the middle ten days of Ramadan and we also performed I`tikaf with him. Then Jibril came to him and said; `That which you are seeking is ahead of you.' So the Prophet stood up and gave a sermon on the morning of the twentieth of Ramadan and he said,
«مَنْ كَانَ اعْتَكَفَ مَعِيَ فَلْيَرْجِعْ فَإِنِّي رَأَيْتُ لَيْلَةَ الْقَدْرِ، وَإِنِّي أُنْسِيتُهَا، وَإِنَّهَا فِي الْعَشْرِ الْأَوَاخِرِ فِي وِتْرٍ، وَإِنِّي رَأَيْتُ كَأَنِّي أَسْجُدُ فِي طِينٍ وَمَاء»
(Whoever performed I`tikaf with me, let him come back (for I`tikaf again), for verily I saw the Night of Al-Qadr, and I was caused to forget it, and indeed it is during the last ten (nights). It is during an odd night and I saw myself as if I were prostrating in mud and water.) The roof of the Masjid was made of dried palm-tree leaves and we did not see anything (i.e., clouds) in the sky. But then a patch of wind-driven clouds came and it rained. So the Prophet lead us in prayer until we saw the traces of mud and water on the forehead of the Messenger of Allah, which confirmed his dream.'' In one narration it adds that this occurred on the morning of the twenty-first night (meaning the next morning). They both (Al-Bukhari and Muslim) recorded it in the Two Sahihs. Ash-Shafi`i said, "This Hadith is the most authentic of what has been reported.'' It has also been said that it is on the twenty-third night due to a Hadith narrated from `Abdullah bin Unays in Sahih Muslim. It has also been said that it is on the twenty-fifth night due to what Al-Bukhari recorded from Ibn `Abbas that the Messenger of Allah said,
«الْتَمِسُوهَا فِي الْعَشْرِ الْأَوَاخِرِ مِنْ رَمَضَانَ فِي تَاسِعَةٍ تَبْقَى، فِي سَابِعَةٍ تَبْقَى، فِي خَامِسَةٍ تَبْقَى»
(Seek it in the last ten (nights) of Ramadan. In the ninth it still remains, in the seventh it still remains, in the fifth it still remains.) Many have explained this Hadith to refer to the odd nights, and this is the most apparent and most popular explanation. It has also been said that it occurs on the twenty-seventh night because of what Muslim recorded in his Sahih from Ubay bin Ka`b that the Messenger of Allah mentioned that it was on the twenty-seventh night. Imam Ahmad recorded from Zirr that he asked Ubayy bin Ka`b, "O Abu Al-Mundhir! Verily, your brother Ibn Mas`ud says whoever stands for prayer (at night) the entire year, will catch the Night of Al-Qadr.'' He (Ubayy) said, "May Allah have mercy upon him. Indeed he knows that it is during the month of Ramadan and that it is the twenty-seventh night.'' Then he swore by Allah. Zirr then said, "How do you know that'' Ubayy replied, "By a sign or an indication that he (the Prophet ) informed us of. It rises that next day having no rays on it -- meaning the sun.'' Muslim has also recorded it. It has been said that it is the night of the twenty-ninth. Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal recorded from `Ubadah bin As-Samit that he asked the Messenger of Allah about the Night of Decree and he replied,
«فِي رَمَضَانَ فَالْتَمِسُوهَا فِي الْعَشْرِ الْأَوَاخِرِ، فَإِنَّهَا فِي وِتْرٍ إِحْدَى وَعِشْرِينَ، أَوْ ثَلَاثٍ وَعِشْرِينَ، أَوْ خَمْسٍ وَعِشْرِينَ، أَوْ سَبْعٍ وَعِشْرِينَ، أَوْ تِسْعٍ وَعِشْرِينَ، أَوْ فِي آخِرِ لَيْلَة»
(Seek it in Ramadan in the last ten nights. For verily, it is during the odd nights, the twenty-first, or the twenty-third, or the twenty-fifth, or the twenty-seventh, or the twenty-ninth, or during the last night.) Imam Ahmad also recorded from Abu Hurayrah that the Messenger of Allah said about the Night of Al-Qadr,
«إِنَّهَا لَيْلَةُ سَابِعَةٍ أَوْ تَاسِعَةٍ وَعِشْرِينَ، وَإِنَّ الْمَلَائِكَةَ تِلْكَ اللَّيْلَةَ فِي الْأَرْضِ أَكْثَرُ مِنْ عَدَدِ الْحَصَى»
(Verily, it is during the twenty-seventh or the twenty-ninth night. And verily, the angels who are on the earth during that night are more numerous than the number of pebbles.) Ahmad was alone in recording this Hadith and there is nothing wrong with its chain of narration. At-Tirmidhi recorded from Abu Qilabah that he said, "The Night of Al-Qadr moves around (i.e., from year to year) throughout the last ten nights.'' This view that At-Tirmidhi mentions from Abu Qilabah has also been recorded by Malik, Ath-Thawri, Ahmad bin Hanbal, Ishaq bin Rahuyah, Abu Thawr, Al-Muzani, Abu Bakr bin Khuzaymah and others. It has also been related from Ash-Shafi`i, and Al-Qadi reported it from him, and this is most likely. And Allah knows best.
Supplication during the Night of Decree
It is recommended to supplicate often during all times, especially during the month of Ramadan, in the last ten nights, and during the odd nights of it even more so. It is recommended that one say the following supplication a lot: "O Allah! Verily, You are the Of the Pardoning, You love to pardon, so pardon me.'' This is due to what Imam Ahmad recorded from `A'ishah, that she said, "O Messenger of Allah! If I find the Night of Al-Qadr what should I say'' He replied,
«قُولِي: اللْهُمَّ إِنَّكَ عَفُوٌّ تُحِبُّ الْعَفْوَ فَاعْفُ عَنِّي»
(Say: "O Allah! Verily, You are the Of the Pardoning, You love to pardon, so pardon me.'') At-Tirmidhi, An-Nasa'i and Ibn Majah have all recorded this Hadith. At-Tirmidhi said, "This Hadith is Hasan Sahih.'' Al-Hakim recorded it in his Mustadrak (with a different chain of narration) and he said that it is authentic according to the criteria of the two Shaykhs (Al-Bukhari and Muslim). An-Nasa'i also recorded it. This is the end of the Tafsir of Surah Laylat Al-Qadr, and all praise and blessings are due to Allah.
Maududi - Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi - Tafhim al-Qur'an
The words in the original are anzalana hu: "We Ourself have sent it down". But although there is no mention of the Qur'an before it, the Qur'an is implied, for "sending down" by itself points out that the Qur'an is meant. And there are numerous instances of this in the Qur'an that if from the context, or the style, the antecedent of a pronoun is apparent, the pronoun is used even if the antecedent has not been mentioned anywhere before or after it. (For explanation, see E.N. 9 of An-Najm).
Here, it has been said: "We have sent down the Qur'an in the Night of Destiny", and in AI-Baqarah: 185, "Ramadan is the month in which the Qur'an was sent down. " This shows that the night in which the Angel of God had brought down revelation for the first time to the Holy Prophet (upon whom be.Allah's Peace) in the Cave of Hira, was a night of the month of Ramadan. This night has been described as Lailat-ul-qadr here and as Lailat-im-mubarakah in Surah Ad-Dukhan: 3 above.
There can be two meanings of sending down the Qur'an in this night: first,, that in this night the entire Qur'an was entrusted to the bearers.(angels) of Revelation, and then Gabriel (peace be on him) continued to reveal its verses and Surahs, from time to time, to the Holy Prophet (upon whom be peace) during 23 years as the occasion and conditions demanded. This meaning has been given by Ibn `Abbas. (Ibn Jarir, Ibn al-Mundhir, Ibn Abi Hatim, Hakim, lbn Marduyah, Baihaqi). Second, that the revelation of the Qur'an began in this night. This is Imam Sha`bi's view, although from him too the other view also is related, which is the view of Ibn `Abbas as cited above (Ibn Jarir). Anyhow, in both cases, the meaning is the same that the revelation of the Qur'an to the Holy Prophet (upon whom be pence) began in this very night, and this was the night in which the five opening verses of Surah Al-`Alaq were revealed. The fact, however, is that Allah did not compose the verses and the Surahs of the Qur'an right at the time guidance was needed by the Holy Prophet for his message of Islam in respect of an occasion or affair, but even before the creation of the universe, in the very beginning, Allah had a full plan of the creation of mankind on the earth, of raising the Prophets in it, of sending down the Books to the Prophets, of raising the Holy Prophet Muhammad (upon whom be Allah's peace and blessings) at the end of the line of the Prophets and of sending down the Qur'an to him. In the Night of Destiny only the execution of the final phase of the plan began. No wonder if at that very time the entire Qur'an was entrusted to the bearers of Revelation.
Some commentators have interpreted qadr to mean destiny ( taqdir),. i. e it is the night in which Allah entrusts the decrees of destiny to the angels to be enforced. This is supported by verse 3 of Surah Ad-Dukhan: "This is a night in which every matter is decided wisely by Our command." On the contrary, Imam Zuhri says that qadr means glory and honor, there by implying that it is a Night of Destiny. This meaning is supported by the words "Lallat-ul-qadr is better than a thousand months" of this Surah itself.
As for the question as to which night it was, it is disputed and there are as many as 40 different views on this subject. however, a great majority of scholars hold the opinion that one of the odd nights of the last ten nights of the month of Ramadan is Lailat-ul-qadr, and among these also most scholars think that it is the 27th night. Below we give the authentic Ahadith which have been reported in this connection:
According to Hadrat Abu Hurairah, the Holy Prophet (upon whom be peace) said, in connection with Lailat-ul qadr, that it is the 27th night. (Abu Da'ud Tayalisi). According to another tradition from Hadrat Abu Hurairah, it is the last night of Ramadan. (Musnad Ahmad).
When Zirr bin Hubaish asked Hadrat Ubayy bin Ka`b about Lailat-ulqadr, he stated on oath, and did not make any exception, that it is the 27th night. (Ahmad, Muslim, Abu Da'ud, Tirmidhi, Nasa'i, Ibn Hibban).
When Hadrat Abu Zarr was asked about it, he said: "Hadrat `Umar, Hadrat Hudhaifah and many other Companions of the Holy Prophet (upon whom be peace) had no doubt that it is the 271h night." (Ibn Abi Shaibah).
Hadrat `Ubadah bin as-Samit says that the Holy Prophet (upon whom be peace) said: `Lailat-al-qadr is one of the odd nights of the last ten nights of Ramadan: 21st, 23rd, 25th, 27th, 29th, or the last night." (Musnad Ahmad).
Hadrat `Abdullah bin 'Abbas says that the Holy Prophet (upon whom be peace) said: "Search for it among the last ten nights of Ramadan when there are still nine days in the month, or seven days, or five days." (bukhari). Most of the scholars have understood it to mean that by this the Holy Prophet meant the odd nights.
Hadrat Abu Bakr said: "When nine days remain in the month, or seven days, or five days, or three days, or the last night." What he meant was that Lailat-ul-qadr should be sought among these dates. (Tirmidhi, Nasa'i).
According to Hadrat 'A'ishah, the Holy Prophet (upon whom be peace) said: "Search for lailat-ul- qadr among the odd nights of the last ten nights of Ramadan. (Bukhari, Muslim, Ahmad, Tirmidhi). Hadrat 'A'ishah and Hadrat 'Abdullah bin `Umar have also reported that the Holy Prophet (upon whom be peace) observed i`tikaf (seclusion in the Mosque) during the last ten nights of Ramadan every year during his lifetime.
On the basis of the traditions related in this regard on the authority of a great Companions like Hadrat Mu`awiyah, Hadrat lbn 'Umar, Hadrat Ibn 'Abbas and others, a large number of the earliest scholars regard the 27th of Ramadan as Lailat-ul-qadr. Probably Allah and His Messenger have not specified any one night for the reason so that the people, in their zeal to benefit from the virtues of Lailat-ul-qadr, should spend more and more nights in worship and devotion and should not remain content with only one night. Here the question arises that when it is night at Makkah, it is daytime in a large part of the world; therefore, the people of those parts can never take advantage of Lailat-ul-qadr. The answer is that the word night in Arabic is mostly used for the combination of the day and night. Therefore, the night preceding the day on any one of these dates of Ramadan can be Lailat ul-qadr for that part of the world.
The commentators in general have understood this to mean that the good acts performed in this Night are superior in value to the good acts of a thousand months in which Lailat-ul-qadr is not included. There is no doubt that this is in itself correct and the Holy Prophet (upon whom be peace) has described great excellencies and virtues of the good acts and devotions of this Night. According to a tradition related in Bukhari and Muslim, on the authority of Hadrat Abu Hurairah, the Holy Prophet said: The one who remained standing in worship in the state of belief and for the sake of rewards from Allah during Lailat-ul-qadr, would have all his previous sins forgiven." And in Musnad Ahmad, there is a tradition from Hadrat `Ubadah bin as-Samit, saying that the Holy Prophet said: Lailat-ut-qadr is. Among the last ten nights of Ramadan. The one who stood up in worship in order to take advantage of their rewards, Allah wilt forgive all his former and latter sins." But, the verse does not say: "To act righteously in Lailat-ul-qadr is better than acting righteously in a thousand months, " but it says: lailat-ul-qadr is better than a thousand months. " And "a thousand months" also does not imply 83 years and 4 months exactly, but a very long period of time as "a thousand" denoted among the Arabs. Therefore, the verse means that in this one night a task was accomplished for the welfare of mankind the like of which had not been accomplished even during an indefinitely long period of history.
"The Spirit": Gabriel (peace be on him), who has been mentioned separately from the angels in view of his unique eminence, honor and merit.
That is, they do not descend of their own accord but by leave of their Lord, and "every decree" implies amr hakim (a wise decree) as described in Ad-Dukhan: 5.
That is, the entire Night, from evening till morning, is peace, free from every evil and mischief.
Tustari - Al-Tustari
Lo! We revealed it on the Night of Great Merit.He said:On the Night of Great Merit [the descent of] mercy upon His servants was decreed.His words, Exalted is He:
Wahidi - Asbab Al-Nuzul by Al-Wahidi
(Lo! We revealed it on the Night of Predestination. Ah, what will convey unto thee what the Night of Power is! The Night of Power is better than a thousand months) [97:1-3]. Abu Bakr al-Tamimi informed us> 'Abd Allah ibn Hibban> Abu Yahya al-Razi> Sahl al-'Askari> Yahya ibn Abi Za'idah> Muslim> Ibn Abi Najih> Mujahid who said: "The Prophet, Allah bless him and give him peace, mentioned an Israelite who carried weapons and fought for the sake of Allah for a thousand months. The Muslims were astonished to hear this, and so Allah, exalted is He, revealed (Lo! We revealed it on the Night of Predestination. Ah, what will convey unto thee what the Night of Power is! The Night of Power is better than a thousand months). He said: 'This is better than the months in which that man carried his weapons and fought' ".


text:
IntroductionInstalling the Linux operating system is only the first step toward creating a fully functional departmental server or Web site. Almost all computers are now networked in some way to other devices therefore a basic understanding of networking and issues related to the topic will be essential to feeling comfortable with Linux servers.
This introductory chapter forms the foundation on which the following network configuration and troubleshooting chapters will be built. These chapters will then introduce the remaining chapters that cover Linux troubleshooting, general software installation and the configuration of many of the most popular Linux applications used in corporate departments and Small Office/Home Office (SOHO) environments.
Familiarity with the concepts explained in the following sections will help answer many of the daily questions often posed by coworkers, friends, and even yourself. It will help make the road to Linux mastery less perilous, a road that begins with an understanding of the OSI networking model and TCP/IP.
The OSI Networking ModelThe Open System Interconnection (OSI) model, developed by the International Organization for Standardization, defines how the various hardware and software components involved in data communication should interact with each other.
A good analogy would be a traveler who prepares herself to return home through many dangerous kingdoms by obtaining permits to enter each country at the very beginning of the trip. At each frontier our friend has to hand over a permit to enter the country. Once inside, she asks the border guards for directions to reach the next frontier and displays the permit for that new kingdom as proof that she has a legitimate reason for wanting to go there.
In the OSI model each component along the data communications path is assigned a layer of responsibility, in other words, a kingdom over which it rules. Each layer extracts the permit, or header information, it needs from the data and uses this information to correctly forward what's left to the next layer. This layer also strips away its permit and forwards the data to the next layer, and so the cycle continues for seven layers.
The very first layer of the OSI model describes the transmission attributes of the cabling or wireless frequencies used at each "link" or step along the way. Layer 2 describes the error correction methodologies to be used on the link; layer 3 ensures that the data can hop from link to link on the way to the final destination described in its header. When the data finally arrives, the layer 4 header is used to determine which locally installed software application should receive it. The application uses the guidelines of layer 5 to keep track of the various communications sessions it has with remote computers and uses layer 6 to verify that the communication or file format is correct. Finally, layer 7 defines what the end user will see in the form of an interface, be it graphical on a screen or otherwise. A description of the functions of each layer in the model can be seen in Table 2-1.
Table 2-1: The Seven OSI Layers
An Introduction to TCP/IPTCP/IP is a universal standard suite of protocols used to provide connectivity between networked devices. It is part of the larger OSI model upon which most data communications is based.
One component of TCP/IP is the Internet Protocol (IP) which is responsible for ensuring that data is transferred between two addresses without being corrupted.
For manageability, the data is usually split into multiple pieces or packets each with its own error detection bytes in the control section or header of the packet. The remote computer then receives the packets and reassembles the data and checks for errors. It then passes the data to the program that expects to receive it.
How does the computer know what program needs the data? Each IP packet also contains a piece of information in its header called the type field. This informs the computer receiving the data about the type of layer 4 transportation mechanism being used.
The two most popular transportation mechanisms used on the Internet are Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP).
When the type of transport protocol has been determined, the TCP/UDP header is then inspected for the "port" value, which is used to determine which network application on the computer should process the data. This is explained in more detail later.
TCP Is a Connection-Oriented ProtocolTCP opens up a virtual connection between the client and server programs running on separate computers so that multiple and/or sporadic streams of data can be sent over an indefinite period of time between them. TCP keeps track of the packets sent by giving each one a sequence number with the remote server sending back acknowledgment packets confirming correct delivery. Programs that use TCP therefore have a means of detecting connection failures and requesting the retransmission of missing packets. TCP is a good example of a connection-oriented protocol.
How TCP Establishes A ConnectionAny form of communication requires some form of acknowledgement for it to become meaningful. Someone knocks on the door to a house, the person inside asks "Who is it?", to which the visitor replies, "It's me!" Then the door opens. Both persons knew who was on the other side of the door before it opened and now a conversation can now begin.
TCP acts in a similar way. The server initiating the connection sends a segment with the SYN bit set in TCP header. The target replies with a segment with the SYN and ACK bits set, to which the originating server replies with a segment with the ACK bit set. This SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK mechanism is often called the "three-way handshake".
The communication then continues with a series of segment exchanges, each with the ACK bit set. When one of the servers needs to end the communication, it sends a segment to the other with the FIN and ACK bits set, to which the other server also replies with a FIN-ACK segment also. The communication terminates with a final ACK from the server that wanted to end the session.
This is the equivalent of ending a conversation by saying "I really have to go now, I have to go for lunch", to which the reply is "I think I'm finished here too, see you tomorrow..." The conversation ends with a final "bye" from the hungry person.
Here is a modified packet trace obtained from the tethereal program You can clearly see the three way handshake to connect and disconnect the session.
hostA -> hostB TCP 1443 > http [SYN] Seq=9766 Ack=0 Win=5840 Len=0In this trace, the sequence number represents the serial number of the first byte of data in the segment. So in the first line, a random value of 9766 was assigned to the first byte and all subsequent bytes for the connection from this host will be sequentially tracked. This makes the second byte in the segment number 9767, the third number 9768 etc. The acknowledgment number or Ack, not to be confused with the ACK bit, is the byte serial number of the next segment it expects to receive from the other end, and the total number of bytes cannot exceed the Win or window value that follows it. If data isn't received correctly, the receiver will re-send the requesting segment asking for the information to be sent again. The TCP code keeps track of all this along with the source and destination ports and IP addresses to ensure that each unique connection is serviced correctly.
UDP, TCP's "Connectionless" CousinUDP is a connectionless protocol. Data is sent on a "best effort" basis with the machine that sends the data having no means of verifying whether the data was correctly received by the remote machine. UDP is usually used for applications in which the data sent is not mission-critical. It is also used when data needs to be broadcast to all available servers on a locally attached network where the creation of dozens of TCP connections for a short burst of data is considered resource-hungry.
TCP and UDP PortsThe data portion of the IP packet contains a TCP or UDP segment sandwiched inside. Only the TCP segment header contains sequence information, but both the UDP and the TCP segment headers track the port being used. The source/destination port and the source/destination IP addresses of the client & server computers are then combined to uniquely identify each data flow.
Certain programs are assigned specific ports that are internationally recognized. For example, port 80 is reserved for HTTP Web traffic, and port 25 is reserved for SMTP e-mail. Ports below 1024 are reserved for privileged system functions, and those above 1024 are generally reserved for non-system third-party applications.
Usually when a connection is made from a client computer requesting data to the server that contains the data:
The TCP/IP "Time To Live" FeatureEach IP packet has a Time to Live (TTL) section that keeps track of the number of network devices the packet has passed through to reach its destination. The server sending the packet sets the initial TTL value, and each network device that the packet passes through then reduces this value by 1. If the TTL value reaches 0, the network device will discard the packet.
This mechanism helps to ensure that bad routing on the Internet won't cause packets to aimlessly loop around the network without being removed. TTLs therefore help to reduce the clogging of data circuits with unnecessary traffic.
The ICMP Protocol and Its Relationship to TCP/IPThere is another commonly used protocol called the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP). It is not strictly a TCP/IP protocol, but TCP/IP-based applications use it frequently.
ICMP provides a suite of error, control, and informational messages for use by the operating system. For example, IP packets will occasionally arrive at a server with corrupted data due to any number of reasons including a bad connection; electrical interference, or even misconfiguration. The server will usually detect this by examining the packet and correlating the contents to what it finds in the IP header's error control section. It will then issue an ICMP reject message to the original sending machine saying that the data should be re-sent because the original transmission was corrupted.
ICMP also includes echo and echo reply messages used by the Linux ping command to confirm network connectivity. ICMP TTL expired messages are also sent by network devices back to the originating server whenever the TTL in a packet is decremented to zero.
How IP Addresses Are Used To Access Network DevicesAll TCP/IP enabled devices connected to the Internet have an Internet Protocol (IP) address. Just like a telephone number, it helps to uniquely identify a user of the system. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is the organization responsible for assigning IP addresses to Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and deciding which ones should be used for the public Internet and which ones should be used on private networks.
IP addresses are in reality a string of 32 binary digits or bits. For ease of use, network engineers often divide these 32 bits into four sets of 8 bits (or octets), each representing a number from 0 to 255. Each number is then separated by a period (.) to create the familiar dotted decimal notation. An example of an IP address that follows these rules is 22.214.171.124.
Private IP AddressesSome groups of IP addresses are reserved for use only in private networks and are not routed over the Internet. These are called private IP addresses and have the following ranges:
10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255Home networking equipment/devices usually are configured in the factory with an IP address in the range 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.255.
You may be wondering how devices using private addresses could ever access the Internet if the use of private addresses on the Internet is illegal. The situation gets even more confusing if you consider the fact that hundreds of thousands of office and home networks use these same addresses. This must cause networking confusion. Don't worry, this problem is overcome by NAT.
The localhost IP AddressWhether or not your computer has a network interface card it will have a built-in IP address with which network-aware applications can communicate with one another. This IP address is defined as 127.0.0.1 and is frequently referred to as localhost. This concept is important to understand, and will be revisited in many later chapters.
Network Address Translation (NAT) Makes Private IPs PublicYour router/firewall will frequently be configured to give the impression to other devices on the Internet that all the servers on your home/office network have a valid public IP address, and not a "private" IP address. This is called network address translation (NAT) and is often also called IP masquerading in the Linux world. There are many good reasons for this, the two most commonly stated are:
As a general rule, you won't be able to access the public NAT IP addresses from servers on your home network. Basic NAT testing requires you to ask a friend to try to connect to your home network from the Internet.
Port Forwarding with NAT Facilitates Home-Based Web sitesIn a simple home network, all servers accessing the Internet will appear to have the single public IP address of the router/firewall because of many to one NAT. Because the router/firewall is located at the border crossing to the Internet, it can easily keep track of all the various outbound connections to the Internet by monitoring:
New connections initiated from the Internet to the public IP address of the router/firewall face a problem. The router/firewall has no way of telling which of the many home PCs behind it should receive the relayed data because the mapping mentioned earlier doesn't exist beforehand. In this case the data is usually discarded.
Port forwarding is a method of counteracting this. For example, you can configure your router/firewall to forward TCP port 80 (Web/HTTP) traffic destined to the outside NAT IP to be automatically relayed to a specific server on the inside home network
As you may have guessed, port forwarding is one of the most common methods used to host Web sites at home with DHCP DSL.
DHCPThe Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a protocol that automates the assignment of IP addresses, subnet masks default routers, and other IP parameters.
The assignment usually occurs when the DHCP configured machine boots up, or regains connectivity to the network. The DHCP client sends out a query requesting a response from a DHCP server on the locally attached network. The DHCP server then replies to the client PC with its assigned IP address, subnet mask, DNS server and default gateway information.
The assignment of the IP address usually expires after a predetermined period of time, at which point the DHCP client and server renegotiate a new IP address from the server's predefined pool of addresses. Configuring firewall rules to accommodate access from machines who receive their IP addresses via DHCP is therefore more difficult because the remote IP address will vary from time to time. You'll probably have to allow access for the entire remote DHCP subnet for a particular TCP/UDP port.
Most home router/firewalls are configured in the factory to be DHCP servers for your home network. You can also make your Linux box into a DHCP server, once it has a fixed IP address.
The most commonly used form of DSL will also assign the outside interface of your router/firewall with a single DHCP provided IP address.
How DNS Links Your IP Address To Your Web DomainThe domain name system (DNS) is a worldwide server network used to help translate easy to remember domain names like www.linuxhomenetworking.com into an IP address that can be used behind the scenes by your computer. Here step by step description of what happens with a DNS lookup.
IP Version 6 (IPv6)Most Internet-capable networking devices use version 4 of the Internet Protocol (IPv4) which I have described here. You should also be aware that there is now a version 6 (IPv6) that has recently been developed as a replacement.
With only 32 bits, the allocation of version 4 addresses will soon be exhausted between all the world's ISPs. Version 6, which uses a much larger 128-bit address offers eighty billion, billion, billion times more IP addresses which it is hoped should last for most of the 21st century.
IPv6 packets are also labeled to provide quality-of-service information that can be used in prioritizing real-time applications, such as video and voice, over less time-sensitive ones such as regular Web surfing and chat. IPv6 also inherently supports the IPSec protocol suite used in many forms of secured networks, such as virtual private networks (VPNs).
Most current operating systems support IPv6 even though it isn't currently being used extensively within corporate or home environments. Expect it to become an increasingly bigger part of your network planning in years to come.
How Subnet Masks Group IP Addresses into NetworksSubnet masks are used to tell which part of the IP address represents the network on which the computer is connected (network portion) and the computer's unique identifier on that network (host portion). The term netmasks is often used interchangeably with the term subnet masks, this book will use the latter term for the sake of consistency.
A simple analogy would be a phone number, such as (808) 225-2468. The (808) represents the area code, and the 225-2468 represents the telephone within that area code. Subnet masks allow you to specify how long you want the area code to be (network portion) at the expense of the number of telephones in that are in the area code (host portion)
Most home networks use a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0. Each 255 means this octet is for the area code (network portion). So if your server has an IP address of 192.168.1.25 and a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0, the network portion would be 192.168.1 and the server or host would be device #25 on that network.
In all cases, the first IP address in a network is reserved as the network's base address and the last one is reserved for broadcast traffic that is intended to be received by all devices on the network. In our example, 192.168.1.0 would be the network address and 192.168.1.255 would be used for broadcasts. This means you can then use IP addresses from #1 to #254 on your private network.
Calculating The Number of Addresses Assigned to a SubnetMost office and home networks use networks with 255 IP addresses or less in which the subnet mask starts with the numbers 255.255.255. This is not a pure networking text, so I'll not discuss larger networks because that can become complicated, but in cases where less than 255 IP addresses are required a few apply. There are only seven possible values for the last octet of a subnet mask. These are 0, 192, 128, 224, 240, 248 and 252. You can calculate the number of IP addresses for each of these by subtracting the value from 256.
In many cases the subnet mask isn't referred to by the dotted decimal notation, but rather by the actual number of bits in the mask. So for example a mask of 255.255.255.0 may be called a /24 (slash 24) mask instead. A list of the most commonly used masks in the office or home environment is presented in Table 2-2.
Table 2-2: The "Dotted Decimal" And "Slash" Subnet Mask Notations
Calculating the Range of Addresses on Your NetworkIf someone gives you an IP address of 18.104.22.168 and a subnet mask of 255.255.255.248, how do you determine the network address and the broadcast address, in other words the boundaries, of your network? The following section outlines the steps to do this using both a manual and programmed methodology.
Manual CalculationTake out your pencil and paper, manual calculation can be tricky. Here we go!
Let's do this for 192.168.3.56 with a mask of 255.255.255.224:
Let's do this for 10.0.0.75 with a mask of 255.255.255.240
Note: As a rule of thumb, the last octet of your network base address must be divisible by the "256 minus the last octet of your subnet mask" and leave no remainder. If you are sub-netting a large chunk of IP addresses it's always a good idea to lay it out on a spreadsheet to make sure there are no overlapping subnets. Once again, this calculation exercise only works with subnet masks that start with "255.255.255".
Calculation Using a ScriptHere is an example of how to use it, just provide the IP address followed by the subnet mask as arguments. It will accept subnet masks in dotted decimal format or /value format
[root@bigboy tmp]# ./subnet-calc.sh 18.104.22.168 /28
Subnet Masks for the Typical Business DSL LineIf you purchased a DSL service from your ISP that gives you fixed IP addresses, they will most likely provide you with a subnet mask of 255.255.255.248 that defines 8 IP addresses. For example, if the ISP provides you with a public network address of 126.96.36.199, a subnet mask of 255.255.255.248, and a gateway of 18.104.22.168, then your IP addresses will be:
184.108.40.206 - Network base address
The Physical and Link LayersTCP/IP can be quite interesting, but a knowledge of the first two layers of the OSI model are important too, because without them, even the most basic communication would be impossible.
There are very many standards that define the physical, electrical, and error-control methodologies of data communication. One of the most popular ones in departmental networks is Ethernet, which is available in a variety of cable types and speed capabilities, but the data transmission and error correction strategy is the same in all.
Ethernet used to operate primarily in a mode where every computer on a network section shared the same Ethernet cable. Computers would wait until the line was clear before transmitting. They would then send their data while comparing what they wanted to send with what they actually sent on the cable as a means of error detection. If a mathematical comparison, or cyclic redundancy check (CRC), detected any differences between the two, the server would assume that it transmitted data simultaneously with another server on the cable. It would then wait some random time and retransmit at some later stage when the line was clear again.
Transmitting data only after first sensing whether the cable, which was strung between multiple devices, had the correct signaling levels is a methodology called carrier sense, multiple access or CSMA. The ability to detect garbling due to simultaneous data transmissions, also known as collisions, is called collision detect or CD. You will frequently see references to Ethernet being a CSMA/CD technology for this reason and similar schemes are now being used in wireless networks.
Ethernet devices are now usually connected via a dedicated cable, using more powerful hardware capable of simultaneously transmitting and receiving without interference, thereby making it more reliable and inherently faster than its predecessor versions. The original Ethernet standard has a speed of 10 Mbps; the most recent versions can handle up to 40Gbps!
The 802.11 specifications that define many wireless networking technologies are another example of commonly used layer 1 and 2 components of the OSI model. DSL, cable modem standards and, T1 circuits are all parts of these layers.
The next few sections describe many physical and link layer concepts and the operation of the devices that use them to connect the computers in our offices and homes.
Networking Equipment TerminologyUp to this point you have had only an introduction to the theory of the first two OSI layers. Now we'll cover the hardware used to implement them.
Network Interface CardsYour network interface card is also frequently called a NIC. Currently, the most common types of NIC used in the home and office are Ethernet and wireless Ethernet cards.
The Meaning of the NIC Link LightThe link light signifies that the NIC card has successfully detected a device on the other end of the cable. This indicates that you are using the correct type of cable and that the duplex has been negotiated correctly between the devices at both ends.
Duplex ExplainedFull duplex data paths have the capability of allowing the simultaneous sending and receiving of data. Half duplex data paths can transmit in both directions too, but in only one direction at a time.
Full duplex uses separate pairs of wires for transmitting and receiving data so that incoming data flows don't interfere with outgoing data flows.
Half duplex uses the same pairs of wires for transmitting and receiving data. Devices that want to transmit information have to wait their turn until the "coast is clear" at which point they send the data. Error-detection and data-retransmission mechanisms ensure that the data reaches the destination correctly and are specifically designed to remedy data corruption caused when multiple devices start transmitting at the same time.
A good analogy for full duplex communications is the telephone, in which both parties can speak at the same time. Half duplex on the other hand is more like a walkie-talkie in which both parties have to wait until the other is finished before they can speak.
Data transfer speeds will be low and error levels will be high if you have a device at one end of a cable set to full duplex and a device at the other end of the cable set to half duplex.
Most modern network cards can autonegotiate duplex with the device on the other end of the wire. It is for this reason that duplex settings aren't usually a problem for Linux servers.
The MAC AddressThe media access control (MAC) address can be equated to the serial number of the NIC. Every IP packet is sent out of your NIC wrapped inside an Ethernet frame that uses MAC addresses to direct traffic on your locally attached network.
MAC addresses therefore have significance only on the locally attached network. As the packet hops across the Internet, its source/destination IP address stays the same, but the MAC addresses are reassigned by each router on the way using a process called ARP.
How ARP Maps the MAC Address to Your IP AddressThe Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is used to map MAC addresses to network IP addresses. When a server needs to communicate with another server it does the following steps:
Common ARP Problems When Changing A NICYou may experience connectivity problems if you change the MAC address assigned to an IP address. This can happen if you swap a bad NIC card in a server, or replace a bad server but have the new one retain the IP address of the old.
Routers typically save learned MAC to IP address map entries in a cache and won't refresh them unless a predefined period of time has elapsed. Changing the NIC, while retaining the IP address can cause problems as the router will continue to send frames onto the network with the correct target IP address but the old target MAC address. The server with the new NIC won't respond as the frame's target MAC doesn't match it's own.
This problem can be fixed in one of two ways. You can delete all the ARP entries in the router's cache. The second solution is to log into the server's console and ping it's gateway. The router will detect the MAC to IP address change and it will readjust its ARP table.
The Two Broad Types Of Networking EquipmentThere are two main types of networking equipment; Data Communications Equipment (DCE) which is intended to act as the primary communications path, and Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) which acts as the source or destination of the transmitted data.
Data Terminal EquipmentDTE devices were originally computer terminals located at remote offices or departments that were directly connected modems. The terminals would have no computing power and only functioned as a screen/keyboard combination for data processing.
Nowadays most PCs have their COM and Ethernet ports configured as if they were going to be connected to a modem or other type of purely networking-oriented equipment.
Data Communications EquipmentA DCE is also known as Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment and refers to such equipment as modems and other devices designed primarily to provide network access.
Using Straight-Through/Crossover Cables to Connect DTEs And DCEsWhen a DCE is connected to a DTE, you will need a straight-through cable. DCEs connected to DCEs or DTEs connected to DTEs require crossover cables. This terminology is generally used with Ethernet cables.
The terminology can be different for cables used to connect serial ports together. When connecting a PC's COM port (DTE) to a modem (DCE) the straight-through cable is frequently called a modem cable. When connecting two PCs (DTE) together via their COM ports, the crossover cable is often referred to as a null modem cable.
Some manufacturers configure the Ethernet ports of their networking equipment to be either of the DTE or the DCE type, and other manufacturers have designed their equipment to flip automatically between the two types until it gets a good link. As you can see, confusion can arise when selecting a cable. If you fail to get a link light when connecting your Ethernet devices together, try using the other type of cable.
A straight-through Ethernet cable is easy to identify. Hold the connectors side by side, pointing in the same direction with the clips facing away from you. The color of the wire in position #1 on connector #1 should be the same as that of position #1 on connector #2. The same would go for positions #2 through #8, that is, the same color for corresponding wires on each end. A crossover cable has them mixed up. Table 2-3 provides some good rules of thumb.
Table 2-3: Cabling Rules of Thumb
Connectivity Using HubsA hub is a device into which you can connect all devices on a network so that they can talk together. Hubs physically cross-connect all their ports with one another which causes all traffic sent from a server to the hub to be blurted out to all other servers connected to that hub whether they are the intended recipient or not.
Hubs have no, or very little, electronics inside and therefore do not regulate traffic. It is possible for multiple servers to speak at once with all of them receiving garbled messages. When this happens the servers try again, after a random time interval, until the message gets through correctly.
It is for these reasons that Ethernet devices that plug into hubs should be set to half duplex.
Note: Hubs can add a lot of delays to your network because of the message garbling collisions and retransmissions. A switch is a much more reliable and predictable alternative, and ones made for the home often cost only a few dollars more.
Using Switches as a Faster Alternative to HubsA switch is also a device into which you can connect all devices on a home network so that they can talk together. Unlike a hub, traffic sent from Server A to Server B will be received only by Server B. The only exception is broadcast traffic which is blurted out to all the servers simultaneously.
Switches regulate traffic, thereby eliminating the possibility of message garbling and providing a more efficient traffic flow.
Devices that plug into switches should be set to full duplex to take full advantage of the dedicated bandwidth coming from each switch port.
Local Area NetworksA local area network (LAN) is a grouping of ports on a hub, switch or tied to a wireless access point (WAP) that can communicate only with each other.
It is possible to connect multiple switches and/or hubs in a chain formation to create a LAN with more ports. This is often called daisy chaining.
Switches and hubs provide no access control between servers connected to the same LAN. This is why network administrators group trusted servers having similar roles on the same LAN.
Servers use their IP address and subnet mask and the IP address of the remote server to determine whether they are both on the same network. If not, they attempt to communicate with each other via routers that interconnect their LANs. Routers are also capable of filtering traffic passing between the two LANs therefore providing additional security.
Larger, more expensive switches can be configured to assign only certain ports to prespecified virtual LANs or (VLANs) chosen by the network administrator. In this case, the switch houses ports on multiple LANs. A router still needs to be connected to each VLAN for internetwork communication.
How Routers Interconnect LANsAs stated before, switches and hubs usually have only servers connected to them that have been configured as being part of the same network. By connecting its NIC cards to multiple LANs, a correctly configured router is capable of relaying traffic between networks.
Routers can also be configured to deny communication between specific servers on different networks. They can also filter traffic based on the TCP port section of each packet. For example, it is possible to deny communication between two servers on different networks that intend to communicate on TCP port 80, and allow all other traffic between them. Routers therefore direct and regulate traffic between separate networks, much like a traffic policeman.
If you intend to route between networks, you must reserve an IP address for a router for each network and make sure that the router is directly connected to the LAN associated with that network. The network engineer responsible for the router will also have to specify which locally connected networks can be advertised to the router's neighbors and whether this information can be relayed to all the routers in an administrative zone, or routing domain.
In this example, we can see that the router is aware of many different networks (represented by the slash notation for subnet masks). The routing table also shows the best serial and VLAN type interfaces to use to get to these destinations and the IP address of the neighboring router through which traffic needs to be relayed to get there.
router>show ip routeIn home networks, routers usually have only two interfaces that provide connectivity to the Internet via network address translation or NAT. In other words routers act as gateways to the wider world and it won't be surprising to learn that routers are frequently referred to as "gateways".
Note: The term gateway specifically refers to a device that routes traffic between dissimilar network protocols (IP to Appletalk) or access methods (Ethernet to DSL). Routers transfer traffic where both the protocols and communications medium are the same. The terms are frequently used interchangeably, especially if only one network protocol is being used. Therefore a home DSL router that provides IP Internet access to an Ethernet network is technically both a gateway and a router. The distinction can be important in complicated networking environments where newer technologies need to talk with older ones using incompatible communications protocols.
How Simple Routing WorksIn the broader networking sense, a "route" refers to the path data takes to traverse from its source to its destination. Each router along the way may also be referred to as a hop.
Usually when we speak about a route on a Linux box, we are referring to the IP address of the first hop needed to reach the desired destination network. It is assumed that this first hop will know how to automatically relay the packet.
As explained previously, routers are designed to exchange routing information dynamically, and can therefore intelligently redirect traffic to bypass failed network links. Home Linux boxes frequently don't run a dynamic routing protocol and therefore rely on "static" routes issued by the system administrator at the command line or in configuration files to determine the next hop to all desired networks.
In linux Networking", which covers Linux network topics, shows how to add static routes to your Linux box and also how you can convert it into a simple router.
Default Gateways, The Routers Of Last ResortA default gateway is the router that is used when no alternative devices can be found to relay the traffic. They are often called "routers of last resort".
Say for example you have two routers R1 and R2. R1 is connected to both your SOHO home network and the Internet. R2 is connected to SOHO home network and is capable of relaying data to other corporate networks with addresses starting with 10.X.X.X via another NIC card.
You could put a route on your SOHO servers that states:
For most home networks, your default gateway would be the router/firewall connected to the Internet.
Firewalls Help Provide a Secure Routing EnvironmentFirewalls can be viewed as routers with more enhanced abilities to restrict traffic, not just by port and IP address as routers do. Specifically, firewalls can detect malicious attempts to subvert the TCP/IP protocol. A short list of capabilities includes:
Firewalls can often create an encrypted data path between two Private networks across the Internet providing secure communication with a greatly reduced chance of eavesdropping. These communication channels are called Virtual Private Networks or VPNs and are frequently used to connect branch offices to the corporate headquarters and also to allow sales representatives to get access to sensitive pricing information when traveling from town to town.
Additional Introductory TopicsThe last few topics of this chapter may not appear to be directly related to networking, but they cover Linux help methods that you'll use extensively and the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) package, which enables you to download all the software you need to get your Linux server operational as quickly as possible.
The File Transfer ProtocolFTP is one of the most popular applications used to copy files between computers via a network connection. Knowledge of FTP is especially important and is a primary method of downloading software for Linux systems.
There are a number of commercially available GUI based clients you can load on your PC to do this, such as WSFTP and CuteFTP.
From the remote user's perspective, there are two types of FTP. The first is regular FTP which is used primarily to allow specific users to download files to their systems. The remote FTP server prompts you for a specific username and password to gain access to the data.
The second method, anonymous FTP is used primarily to allow any remote user to download files to their systems. The remote FTP server prompts you for a username, at which point the user types anonymous or ftp with the password being any valid e-mail address.
From the systems administrator's perspective, there are another two categories. These are "active" and "passive"
It is good to remember that FTP isn't very secure as usernames, passwords and data are sent across the network unencrypted. More secure forms such as SFTP (Secure FTP) and SCP (Secure Copy) are available as a part of the Secure Shell package
Linux HelpLinux help files are accessed using the man or manual pages. From the command line you issue the man command followed by the Linux command or file about which you want to get information. If you want to get information on the ssh command, then you'd use the command man ssh.
[root@bigboy tmp]# man sshIf you want to search all the man pages for a keyword, then use the man command with the -k switch, for example, man -k ssh which will give a list of all the man pages that contain the word ssh.
[root@bigboy tmp]# man -k sshThis book is targeted at proficient Linux beginners and above so I'll be using a wide variety of commands in this book without detailed explanations to help keep the flow brisk. If you need more help on a command, use its man page to get more details on what it does and the syntax it needs. Linux help can sometimes be cryptic, but with a little practice the man pages can become your friend.
ConclusionCongratulations! Now that you have an understanding of basic networking, to learn how to configure Linux networking.
Feel free to return to this chapter whenever you need to refresh your memory on these foundation concepts.
Monday, May 28, 2012
Introduction to Networking
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subset: commoncrawl


text: Kai why did run away like that" a taller man approached with a black umbrella. His deep voice did not match his baby face and big ears Baekhyun thought he was very handsome and cute. She blushed how could she think that of a stranger. The man named Kai was still looking at her now he was soaked to the bone. "I'm sorry what did you just call me?" She finally realized what he said to her "Fény" he said and a smile broke out on his face "I'm sorry that is not my name" she said standing up "Chan it's Fény we found her after two weeks" Kai exclaimed to the other tall male who was just staring at her. She flushed feeling his eyes going up and down her body. "I'm not the person you are looking for. Now if you excuse me I have to get home" she said looking down trying to hide from both men staring at her. It was making her uncomfortable. "Right you have a human name now. Okay well I'm Kai and this big goof is Chanyeol. Your brother sent us to bring you home." Kai said pointing at himself and Chanyeol. "My brother?" She questioned "I don't have a brother. I was adop.." "Adopted." Kai said "yes I know he is your real brother and has been looking all over the galaxy for you." "Galaxy??" She asked "Look lets get out of the weather and talk about this" Chanyeol finally spoke. She was surprised but the deep voice that came out of him. She felt goosebumps go all over her body but she didn't know if it was from his voice or the rain that was now freezing her. "Look I don't want to talk to either of you" she said "I'm going home now and I don't have a brother I was left in the trash thanks for reminding nobody wanted me" she said turning to go home. Walking away as fast as possible she heard Kai trying to stop her but Chanyeol stopping him. She continued on her way home the rain falling even harder than before she was so confused first the whole brother thing and then she felt something from Chanyeol like she never felt before it was a weird pull telling her that she should trust a stranger for once in her life. She also felt a pull to Kai too but it was different more like a family kind of feeling. It scared her that strangers had this hold over her maybe she just needed to rest and then hopefully all would be normal tomorrow, but she knew she would never be normal she knew she was different she had this power no one she knew had this kind of power she had practice it in secret. She could take light away and make it in her hand she could blind someone if she wanted to but she never used it on anyone before. She also knew she was not full human cause every full moon she was change for the whole night also her "periods" only happened twice a year and lasted three weeks it was horrible she was needy and hot. When she first change she freaked out she was a beautiful white wolf bugger than normal wolfs but not by much. Reaching her apartment she sighed the full moon would be in a few days and it lasted three days on those days she would go camping to be out in the wild and away from people. She punched in key code for her door opening it up she walked into her studio apartment only to see two shoes that where way to big to be hers. Seeing the couch from the door she saw Kai and Chanyeol sitting there. "How the hell did you get in here?" She squealed. "Come sit Fény and I will explain to you about everything and your powers." Kai said patting the space between the two giants. "H. How do you know about that?" She questioned "Cause we are the same." He stayed "well not exactly the same I have the power of teleportation. And Chanyeol here is the phoenix or the power of fire." She nodded just looking shocked she didn't really believe but at the same time she was hoping it was true. "Look I know you don't believe what Kai just told you and we can show you if you like" Chanyeol spoke She just started at them with her month gaped like a fish out of water. "Okay I will go first" Kai said with a huge smile on his face. He reminded her of a cute puppy when he did that. He stood and the snapped his fingers the next second all she saw was grey smoke where Kai was standing she blinked for a second and then looked around her apartment for him "I'm over here"she heard his voice from behind her jumping from shocked she turned to see him behind her with a pairs shirt. Pairs has nice weather today" he stated like it was normal thing. "Okay Kai I think you showed off enough now my turn" Chanyeol said taking her attention immediately. Now looking at him properly she could see he was very sexy person his black hair styled back out of his face he was wearing a white v-neck shirt with a black blazer over and black skinny jeans his eyes felt like fire staring at her what she was not expecting was an actual fire in his palm glowing bright blue color the color like cold but she could feel the heat coming off of it it was warm just like his eyes that was when she noticed his eyes were now a red color when they where just a beautiful chocolate brown color. The fire in his hand down out she was in shock she just sat down on her grey couch not believing what she just saw. "You can do something like that too can't you Fény" Kai said kneeling down to face her "Please stop calling me that my name is Baekhyun. And yes I can." She whispered. "Come with us. Come back home Baekhyun you will be safe there." Chanyeol said sitting down next to her. Chanyeol gave off a protected feel at that moment trying to calm her down. "Your pack miss their princess" Kai said putting his hand on her cheek. At that moment she felt as she was home like she belonged the word pack made her heart race. Was she afraid of course she was but for once in life she felt wanted and loved she started to cry and nodded her head "yes please take me home"


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Financial advisers for years have warned about a looming shortfall between what people have saved and what they'll need to maintain their standard of living in retirement.
And, certainly, what Americans
have put away for retirement is paltry. Unless we all start saving like
crazy, the pundits say, we'll have nothing to live on during our
so-called golden years. Or we'll all have to work into our eighties — if
they let us.
Full story here.


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Towing rankings is a premier catalog of towing services in the United States of America. We provide complete database of all towing companies in US. R.E.M. Auto Inc. is located at Jacksonville, Florida-32207, US. Please call us (904) 737-2220 for all the details involved in towing services.
R.E.M. Auto Inc. Be the first to Review . In order to share your reviews/experience upon availing R.E.M. Auto Inc.. Towing Reviews and ratings play a decisive role when it comes to assessing the quality of services provided by this company. Total Number of visitors to have viewed R.E.M. Auto Inc. : .


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New Jersey Net Coach Byron Scott was 22 in 1983 when he was the first-round pick of the Clippers (then in San Diego) in the NBA draft.
When asked to whom he might compare his game, Scott replied, "Magic Johnson," then added, "Except I'm quicker and can shoot better from the outside."
Mike Vaccaro of the Newark Star-Ledger recalls the conversation, about four months later, when Scott was traded to the Lakers and showed up for his first day in training camp.
"You have a high opinion of yourself," Johnson told him. Scott replied, "I was asked a question and I answered it."


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BRABAZON HOUSE, SWINFORD, Co MAYO – ANCESTRAL HOME OF THE BRABAZONS OF
Built by George Brabazon in the 1770s, this picture shows his son Sir Anthony with some members of the family. The house was vacated by Gen John Brabazon in the late 1800s and later used as an agricultural college for young ladies. It was demolished in the 1980s.
View of the House from Brabazon Park.
The vacant House in 1978.


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Did you read today's front page stories & breaking news?
From the Wires
Jamo Solutions Launches New Mobile App Testing Automation Solution at Mobile World Congress
Revolutionary cloud-based digital testing tool helps automate mobile functional and regression testing without the need for scripting
By: PR Newswire
Feb. 22, 2016 05:54 PM
TIENEN, Belgium, Feb. 22, 2016 /PRNewswire/ --Jamo Solutions, a world leader in mobile test automation, will launch its Jamo Automator application at the Mobile World Congress in 2016 (Barcelona) beginning on Feb. 22, 2016. The Jamo Automator is a revolutionary easy-to-use, cloud-based digital testing tool that allows users to automate mobile app test creation and management without scripting.
"There are literally millions of mobile apps available across multiple app stores, so it's critical for businesses to automate testing to ensure the best possible experience for their customers," said Jacques Wouters, CEO of Jamo Solutions. "Jamo Automator is easy to deploy, even for business users and manual testers without programming knowledge, for any type of mobile application."
Jamo Automator supports collaboration between team members, making it a tool of choice for Agile teams and giving all stakeholders in the organization visibility into the testing process and progress. With virtually no learning curve, testing can be managed by stakeholders ranging from end-users to testers and project managers.
"I can see how this technology would improve application quality in the healthcare setting, where accurate information is needed quickly," said Michael Cooper, Chief Quality Officer at Healthcare IT Leaders. "Test Automation Specialists are in high demand, and Jamo Automator is simple enough for non-technical testers to use."
The key features of the Jamo Automator include:
An admin manages access by adding users, assigning roles and defining access levels. Custom security access options and on-premise enterprise solutions are available.
"Our company builds a lot of mobile apps and we rely on both manual and automated testing," said Ted Chappell, Managing Partner of RunMobile, an enterprise mobile solutions company. "The Jamo Automator appears to be an easier way for us to automate mobile testing directly on the device, so we can record and run tests as quickly and efficiently as possible, which allows everyone on the team to view the results."
About Jamo Solutions
Logo - http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20160222/335717LOGO
To view the original version on PR Newswire, visit:http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/jamo-solutions-launches-new-mobile-app-testing-automation-solution-at-mobile-world-congress-300224141.html
SOURCE Jamo Solutions
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I took my kids down to Longworth Hall in hopes of getting some shots of them on that incredible blue caboose, but sadly it was gone. I couldn't leave without taking at least a few photos (even though my kids would have liked nothing more). After bribing them with Graeters ice cream they all agreed that they could handle ten minutes of photos (and they were timing me). I really love the mug shot "line up". Elle definitely looks like the guilty party ;). They always love seeing who can jump the highest (looks like Owen wins in this shot). Then somehow the stars aligned and I actually got a shot of EVERYONE smiling. Believe me, this is nothing short of a miracle . . . especailly if you could see what was going on in the other 37 photos :).
I do love these kids to pieces.


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Skip to Content
Rush Copley Medical Group
Home > About Rush Copley > Nursing at Rush Copley > Our Nursing Community
At Rush Copley, we are dedicated to our patients' effective and safe treatment and excellence in the care we provide. We are committed to having a positive impact on others. This is what drives us to listen to patients, stay abreast of current practices, and maintain healthy workingrelationships.
Having solid structures and processes in place that create an innovative environment where strong professional practice flourishes and the mission, vision and values of the organization come to life, allows Rush Copley to achieve exemplary outcomes reflective of our quality care. This also allows us to create and foster positive partnerships across the organization and in the community to promote a positive image of nursing.
Nurses are actively engaged in defining their practice and creating an environment that is dynamic, innovative and responsive to change. Rush Copley's administration recognizes nurses as the key to excellent patient care. They welcome nurses, throughout the hospital, to raise their voices to inspire change. Each voice is a voice of leadership. Each voice is valued. Nurses are empowered with the tools and opportunities to advance their education and career, which makes each voice even more credible. They appreciate the flexibility to maintain balance at home and in the workplace, which supports excellent performance. Nurses at all levels can act as leaders by using their voice to improve patient care—and this leads to successes that benefit every patient, each other, and the hospital.
Sincerely,Cheryl Hollmier R.N., ChairNursing Executive Council
What's it really like to be a nurse at Rush Copley? Take a look at some facts, figures and comprehensive reports to learn a bit about who you'll be working with, how our patients view us, our values and more.
Our ambitious, focused nursing community is devoted to providing care that's relevant and responsive to the needs of our patients, community, and organization. Read our 2017 Nursing Annual Report.
Gain insight into what matters most to the Rush Copley community by reviewing our professional practice and care delivery models for nurses at all levels of the organization.
Our nursing care delivery model places the patient at the center to emphasize that patients are our top priority and we focus on meeting individual patient needs and preferences. Overlapping circles around the patient represent interdependent key concepts of care.
Our professional practice model features a foundation of performance expectations around the nurse. The outer circle represents our practice environment.
© Copyright 2019 Rush Copley Medical Center • 2000 Ogden Avenue; Aurora, IL 60504
Main: 630-978-6200 • Physician Referral & Information: 630-978-6700 or 866-4COPLEY (866-426-7539)


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A delegation from the Korea-Asia Friendship Foundation (KAFF) is paying a working visit to HCM City (Photo VNA)
HCM City (VNA) – The Republic of Korea (RoK) is willing to cooperate with Vietnam and particularly Ho Chi Minh City to increase education quality and lecturers' capacity at all educational stages.
Chairman of the Korea-Asia Friendship Foundation (KAFF) Choi Jae-sung made the statement at a meeting with Vice Secretary of the municipal Party Committee Tat Thanh Cang in HCM City on December 2.
He thanked the southern economic hub for supporting the building of an institute to enhance Vietnamese teachers' capabilities, and hoped to build 2-3 models in Vietnam, including the first one in HCM City with the participation of Korean and international lecturers.
He suggested the two sides study cooperation programmes in education and enable the two countries' lecturers to exchange experience in modern teaching methods.
For his part, Cang welcomed the KAFF's initiative as a practical move to help the city improve quality of the teaching staff and develop high-quality human resources training.
He asked the KAFF to actively work with local agencies to study feasible and effective measures to carry out the project.-VNA


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Hope you have a great week and enjoy getting ready for Christmas and New Years, I will be back before that to wish everyone a Happy Holiday's. Please leave a comment and for I do read them and really do appreciate your time.
Hugs, Donalda
oooow fabulous hun glad it went well and so happy that your op went well too much love and hugs sis
Lovely card and gorgeous stash too.


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New Delhi: Bollywood superstar Salman Khan has stirred a controversy yet again with his tongue-in-cheek comment. During a recent interview, the 50-year-old actor reportedly said that he felt like a 'raped woman' after completing the wrestling sequences of his upcoming Bollywood release 'Sultan'.
"When I used to walk out of the ring, after the shoot, I used to feel like a raped woman. I couldn't walk straight," he was quoted as saying by Spotboye.com.
This has angered women all across the nation and the 'Bhaijaan' of B-Town is now facing severe criticism on the social media as well.
"Commission has sent him a letter asking him why he said this," National Commission for Women (NCW) chief Lalitha Kumaramangalam told ANI.
She added, "This is very sad. Just because he is Salman Khan doesnt mean he will make such a statement. Seven days have been given to him to apologise else we will call him to the Commission."
However, it has been reported that soon after Salman made this remark, he realised his mistake. As per Bollywood Life.com Salman reportedly said, "I don't think I should have said that…".


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Chidiac Realty is active as Canterbury real estate agents and property managers. You can view properties we have for sale and rent in that area. If you own property or are seeking investment property in Canterbury, contact us to talk about property management Sydney services and other ways we can assist you. Our team stays close to the ground with trends and opportunities so we're well informed about the area.
Canterbury is south-western suburb of Sydney. It is located 10.5 kilometres south-west of the Sydney CBD, in the local government area of the City of Canterbury. The suburb is located across Cooks River (with one road providing vehicle access and two footbridges providing pedestrian access across the river).
Getting there and getting around
Canterbury Railway Station is on the Bankstown Line of the Sydney Rail Network. The area is also serviced by numerous buses including the 428, L28, and 487 routes of the Sydney Buses Network. The suburb has popular walking and cycling tracks, in particular the Cooks River cycling track.
Lifestyle and population
The area has a mix of residential, retail, commercial and light industrial development areas. The main shopping precinct is located close to Canterbury Railway Station. As well as general parkland along the banks of Cooks River, the area has a number of dedicated parks and recreation facilities. These include Canterbury Park Racecourse, Mary McKillop Reserve and Tasker Park.
Canterbury has a population of just over 6,100 people. The area has a vibrant mix of diverse cultures. Less than 46% of Canterbury residents were born in Australia. Significant other countries of birth include China (7.1%), Greece (4.4%) and Vietnam (3.2%). About 42% of households are occupied by families with children. Couples without children represent just under 25%, sole occupancy households just under 11% and single parents about 8.4%.
Property trends and opportunities
There is a fairly even split of household types in Canterbury. Just over 30% of Canterbury residents own their homes outright, with about 31% in the process of purchasing and just over 34% renting.
Median House Price $965,000
Median House Rental Price $550 pw
Average House time on market 68 days
Median Unit Price $625,000
Median Unit Rental Price $470 pw
Average Unit time on market 38 days
*Note: Data accurate at time of update. Last update – June 2013


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If you're considering upgrading your kitchen, you most likely have questions concerning the average kitchen transform cost for properties in Maryland, together with Baltimore, Columbia, Bel Air, Lutherville, and Annapolis. Whichever type of equipment you decide to invest in will contribute to the overall value of your transform as well as decide how long you will have an appliance before it's a must to purchase a new one. Granite remains to be a well-liked choice and its durability make it a strong funding in your kitchen. Remember – your loved ones's goals will differ out of your neighbors', and so will how a lot you spend on a kitchen rework.
Custom built-in home equipment ($1,000 – $10,000) additionally come with the next upfront price, however they will profit your remodel in other methods. As you may see, there's numerous variation in the cost of a high-finish kitchen remodel. A common kitchen remodeling mistake is putting together a want list of what you want before you have worked out your end objectives. We put new eco-friendly all the pieces into our kitchen from the beautiful ice-stone counter tops to the no voc paints. By planning a remodel around these elements, it is doable to come back out with a kitchen that meets expectations, lasts for a very long time and can recoup the vast majority of its original price within the resale. This way, you don't have to put in extra cupboards into a small kitchen and lose space.
You can discover all varieties of kitchen appliances that have been certified by EnergyStar: refrigerators, dishwashers, light bulbs and freezers. Now that you've got a transparent aim, resolve on how massive your kitchen transform will likely be. There are two ranges of a kitchen reworking – a minor rework and a significant rework. You can add other projects into your low-value kitchen rework in the event you can deal with the work your self as an alternative of paying for knowledgeable.
By budgeting particular person materials and service, you're extra prone to get sticker shock as you add up the final value. We contacted him in late August and requested him if he thought he might have the complete transform accomplished by October 31, my due date w/ #2. He stated barring any unforeseen problems or excessive rain, he'd be completed on time. Similarly, only 33% of Seattle residents and 34% of those surveyed in the Portland metro space are selecting to hire a professional to do the entire work. I am sure he will do a superb job on your kitchen as a result of his work ethic will enable him to do nothing much less. Energy-efficient microwave – Average of $four hundred to $600 (with out delivery and disposal charges for old machine and without any rebates taken into consideration). Unglazed quarry tiles are also out there and can run, on common, about $2 per sq. foot.
In addition to a full mission description, the contract must also embrace the cost estimate and timeline. For instance, in Charlotte, North Carolina house homeowners in Remodel's survey recouped 68% of the cost of their major kitchen transform due to the bump it gave their house value. You also needs to set aside extra cash for any sudden issues in the course of the remodel.


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Welcome to the February 2018 Theme
Views: 5564
Replies are closed for this discussion.
Oh Sue...they are all DELIGHTFUL, but must admit to having a few faves......the colourful giraffe, that gorgeous, happy hippo and that huge, huggable gorilla. :))
Oh my goodness Susanne, these fellows look very soft and cuddly ... just waiting for a child to love them ... xo
Some new owners will love these two.
All toys are beautiful but your elephant is the best one!
Lesley, your Evan is simply adorable! So cute, in fact, that I didn't even notice he doesn't have tusks!! Or perhaps it was his beautiful color that took my attention from his "tusklessness" ... hahaha
Lesley, you may want to try crochet shapes used in amigurumi. This site describes how to make cones.
Wow! Nice work and the yarn looks fuzzy soft.
Evan is a baby elephant whose tusks haven't grown yet. He is very cute!! LOVE his colours. :))
© 2019 Created by Sandy McDonald. Powered by


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Category: Members
Update on New Drying Pontoon
Walcon are on schedule to deliver and install our new drying pontoon with the programme is as follows: Monday 12 March two lorries c/w 6 No walkways fully assembled will be delivered to Fox's Marina. Walcon have arranged with JJ for these to be launched on Monday by his boat hoist. Tuesday 13th March these …Read More Update on New Drying Pontoon
The crane will be coming to the club on Sat 24th March & Sat 7th April If you wish to make use of it please contact Tall Fred as soon as possible so he knows how many lifts are required. Requests on the day may not be accepted.Read More Masts
Password Changed
The members password on this website has changed in line with the new door codes. Membership cards and stickers are available for members to collect in the club house.Read More Password Changed
Big start to the Junior sailing 2018
Lots of fun. Lots of sailing. Starts April the 19th and then every Thursday from 6pm to 8pm. For ages 9 to 16. To join in the fun, please add your name to the Juniors list on the Club's notice board in the bar area from late March For more details contact John BurnellRead More Big start to the Junior sailing 2018
Lobster Pots and Small Craft Safety Petition
A petition, sponsored by the Cruising Association (CA), urging the Minister of State (DEFRA) to improve the way static fishing gear is marked for the safety of all small craft at sea. It hopes all stakeholders will work together, with DEFRA, to find a solution, particularly one that is cheap and practical for our fishermen. …Read More Lobster Pots and Small Craft Safety Petition
Dust on the causeway
At this time of year boat owners are fitting out, perhaps cleaning, painting and varnishing their boats. Unfortunately when the causeway is dry the surface becomes very dusty. Moving vehicles cause this dust to be thrown into the air to settle on wet varnish and paint. Drivers, please be considerate to fellow members and drive …Read More Dust on the causeway
Levington CinC Photos
Some photos form the Cruise in Company to Levington Supplied by Brenda ReadRead More Levington CinC Photos
New Locker Building Photos
See the new lockers being built last June/July (photos supplied by Phil Newman)Read More New Locker Building Photos
Laying Up Supper photos
Look in the Gallery for photos from the Laying Up Supper 2015 taken by Brenda ReadRead More Laying Up Supper photos


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I cannot remember where I took this (in United Kingdom, between Carlisle and Kendal), as it was on an unnamed road I had been driving down barely wide enough to fit 1 car. The day was cold but just to my left this scene popped up, with a gentle stream running down towards several old abandoned stone cottages. One can only wonder how long it took to construct those stone walls, so pervasive throughout the UK landscape as you escape the confines of the city.
The HillsideUnited Kingdom


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Within your busiest several hours conference deadlines or attending conventions and all that site, don't you just would like you could potentially go on an escapade far from the trouble of town existence? Not one person would ever refuse to get a vacation and become relaxed for any day or two. It will certainly be a gift not only for yourself but in addition in your household.
The majority of us would decide to visit an unique location exactly where we could be in yet another entire world and also the most effective way to do that is always to have an out-of- the-city or place getaway. But setting up to get a family vacation isn't easy. The spots to visit and your spending budget are a few in the factors that ought to be consider in thought right before packing your baggage. Most will elect to possess a travel agency that would help them in making wise options, primarily about the concern of where to visit contain the best holiday ever on the planet.
Travel agencies are only about everywhere amid us. Even online, there are loads of vacation businesses that could be very pleased to help anybody on the quest for the very fulfilling and memorable getaway. These online and in many cases offline agencies' expert services will likely fluctuate. On the other hand, it truly is important that a vacationer need to know the factors that make a superb vacation agency so he can decide on properly. First of all, a travel company really should be accredited. It should really pass legal criteria and become a member of the journey association for making absolutely sure it can be lawful and not a fraud.
The persons who are doing work while in the company needs to be welcoming and approachable and should always be prepared to enable you to together with your queries about your planned journey, lodging and, most of all, your basic safety during the area you are going to be traveling to. The company also needs to have got a excellent observe document or track record and it should be during the small business for the very good quantity of many years. The for a longer period an agency's working experience is, the more dependable it in all probability is. And, naturally, a fantastic vacation company is one which expenses acceptable fees. It must also supply you with choices on the subject of the details of your respective vacation such as the airline, some time and day you wish to fly, and many others. Almost all of all, it really should know more than enough concerning the overall health predicament on the town or nation you propose to go to. In some locations, components these types of as unsafe h2o or endemic health problems is usually extremely significant challenges when not effectively dealt with.


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"Your rental property has made our stay most comfortable and has helped us so much through being away from home."
Carol and Charlie Cook
"We stayed at the 1502 N. Laura address. The large, roomy two-story home with three bedrooms, 2.5 baths, double-decker porches in front and hardwood deck with fire pit in the rear, fenced-in yard, had all the amenities of home. We were able to take our office and pets to Jacksonville and continue on as if we were in our own familiar surroundings. Most important, however, was the kindness of the landlords. They helped us with everything from where to shop, how to have our vehicle repaired, find a veterinarian for our pets, and even feed our pets when we were unavoidably detained far from Jacksonville on one occasion. The landlords made our stay in Jacksonville a great experience."
Gene Krutzler
"These landlords are remarkably kind beyond measure. They were considerate and immediately responsive to our needs. Knowledgeable and involved in the local community, they are welcoming and their properties are scrupulously kept and nicely decorated. A delightful stay – our many thanks."
Linda Groves
"We found a home away from home with our rental home,two bedrooms, and office with 2 and 1/2 baths. We were close to the Proton Center and were able to entertain. We had a big yard and deck, and a large kitchen to die for. Cable TV with a huge screen, and internet to keep in touch back home.We stayed and did not go home every weekend (to save gas) it was so comfortable in Springfield. The Landlords were so helpful, and live across the street. The were ready with everything we needed. You will not find a better place to stay while getting your Proton treatment. We were there from December 11th to February 11th, and had Christmas tree and lights on the double decker porches."
Marilyn Burdine
"Thank you for renting to us here in Springfield. We throughly enjoyed this neighborhood!"
"We also rented the 1502 N. Laura house during our nearly 2 month stay in Jax. The house was clean and comfortable. The roomy, 2.5 bath home with big living room, eat-in kitchen and dining room, master BR, office and guest room made entertaining family very nice during our stay. A fenced in backyard make it possible to allow our dog to roam free. The deck in the back yard with fire pit and grill was wonderful on comfortable nights with the family. Our landlords live directly behind this residence and were very helpful to make sure our stay was like a vacation. The residence is located 3-5 mins from the Proton Center at the Univ. of Fla. hospital. It really seemed more like an extended vacation than cancer treatment."
Roger and Charlotte Trumble
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