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Jones Beaupierre Primary School most improved student receives scholarshipDominica News Online - Wednesday, July 9th, 2014 at 9:56 AM
Makana Antoine, the most improved student at the Jones Beaupierre Primary School in Laplaine, is the second recipient of an $2,500 scholarship courtesy of QB Vehicle Rentals.
The scholarship was given at that institution's graduation ceremony last week and is part of the company's mission to "help improve academic performance" at the school.
"At QB Vehicle Rentals we strongly believe an educated society is a constructive and productive society," the company said.
QB Vehicle Rental is owned by former student of the Jones Beaupierre Primary British Virgin Islands (BVI) based Dominican, Eustace Joseph of Laplaine.
On the 21st of June this year the company also hosted a water sports fun day at Wave Dancer Watersports in Portsmouth for about 25 top performers and best behaviour Students.
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4 Comments
Well I can safely say the money I spent renting from QB rentals last year is making a contribution towards something good. Well Done! QB vehicle rentals, keep up the good work and may God bless your business so our community can all benefit from it, in one way or the other.
Congrats to U young man. keep up the good works. Thanks to Mr. Joseph God is going to bless U tremendously for what U do. I don't know u but you make me proud. As for the young man keep working hard in your school work you will go far in life. Remember that. This is just the start in your prosperous journeys. God bless the giver and the receiver.


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Human CUL-1 associates with the SKP1/SKP2 complex and regulates p21CIP1/WAF1 and cyclin D proteins
Edited by Arthur B. Pardee, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, and approved July 13, 1998 (received for review October 13, 1997)
Deregulation of cell proliferation is a hallmark of cancer. In many transformed cells, the cyclin A/CDK2 complex that contains S-phase kinase associated proteins 1 and 2 (SKP1 and SKP2) is highly induced. To determine the roles of this complex in the cell cycle regulation and transformation, we have examined the composition of this complex. We report here that this complex contained an additional protein, human CUL-1, a member of the cullin/CDC53 family. The identification of CUL-1 as a member of the complex raises the possibility that the p19SKP1/p45SKP2/CUL-1 complex may function as the yeast SKP1-CDC53-F-box (SCF) protein complex that acts as a ubiquitin E3 ligase to regulate the G1/S transition. In mammalian cells, cyclin D, p21CIP1/WAF1, and p27KIP1 are short-lived proteins that are controlled by ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis. To determine the potential in vivo targets of the p19SKP1/p45SKP2/CUL-1 complex, we have used the specific antisense oligodeoxynucleotides against either SKP1, SKP2, or CUL-1 RNA to inhibit their expression. Treatment of cells with these oligonucleotides caused the selective accumulation of p21 and cyclin D proteins. The protein level of p27 was not affected. These data suggest that the human p19SKP1/p45SKP2/CUL-1 complex is likely to function as an E3 ligase to selectively target cyclin D and p21 for the ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation. Aberrant expression of human p19SKP1/p45SKP2/CUL-1 complex thus may contribute to tumorigenesis by regulating the protein levels of G1 cell cycle regulators.
To ensure the faithful duplication and passage of genetic information during cell division, the transitions between different phases of the cell cycle are precisely coordinated and controlled by the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) (1, 2). The sequential activation of each CDK in the cell cycle primarily is achieved by its association with a specific regulatory subunit, a cyclin. In mammals, the G1 cell cycle progression is controlled by the activity of cyclin D/CDK4 or CDK6, which specifically phosphorylates and thus inactivates the growth suppression activity of retinoblastoma susceptibility gene product, pRb (2). In late G1, both cyclin E/CDK2 and cyclin A/CDK2 play a role during the G1/S transition, although their critical targets are mostly undefined.
The cyclin/CDK activities are further regulated by both positive and negative phosphorylation and the association of CDK inhibitors such as p21CIP1/WAF1, p27KIP1, and p16INK4A (1, 2). The CDK inhibitors usually act as checkpoint control proteins to prevent the unscheduled entry of the S phase. p21 has been shown to be regulated by p53 tumor suppressor during the DNA damage response (2). p16, a specific CDK4 or CDK6 inhibitor, is itself encoded by a tumor susceptibility gene located on the chromosome 9p21 locus, the loss of which is associated with a wide variety of human cancer, including familial melanomas (2).
Previously we found that in normal human fibroblasts, a substantial fraction of cyclin A/CDK2 was associated with p21 and the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) (3). However, in many DNA viral oncoprotein transformed or other established tumor cells that are deficient in p53 expression, p21 and PCNA disappeared and cyclin A/CDK2 was prominently complexed with two novel proteins, S-phase kinase associated proteins 1 and 2 (SKP1 and SKP2) (4). To investigate the significance of this change, we have isolated the p19SKP1/p45SKP2/cyclin A/CDK2 complex and cloned the genes encoding p19SKP1 and p45SKP2 (4). Our studies indicate that p45SKP2 expression is highly induced in many transformed cells (4). In addition, ablation of p45SKP2 by antibody microinjection into G1 cells prevented these cells from entry into the S phase, suggesting that p45SKP2 and probably p19SKP1, is required for the G1/S transition (4). p45SKP2 contains a leucine-rich-repeated domain at its carboxyl terminus and a small, but relatively conserved, motif, an F-box, at its amino terminal region, which was later found to mediate the interaction with p19SKP1 (5).
Recently, a yeast SKP1 homologue was isolated as a high copy suppressor of certain cdc4 mutants (5). It is now clear that in yeast SKP1, CDC53, and CDC4 form a protein complex (5–7) that functions as a ubiquitin E3 ligase to target the yeast CDK inhibitor, p40SIC1, for the ubiquitin-dependent degradation during the G1/S transition (8, 9). Another yeast SKP1/CDC53 binding protein, GRR1, is implicated in the yeast G1 cyclin stability, which may coordinate the availability of carbon source with the timing of S-phase entry (9). Both CDC4 and GRR1 have been shown to be F-box-containing proteins (5).
At least three enzymatic activities are required for protein ubiquitination (9). The ubiquitin is activated by forming a thioester bond with the ubiquitin activation enzyme, E1, at the expense of ATP. The activated ubiquitin then is transferred from E1 to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, E2. The E2 enzyme mediates the transfer of ubiquitin to protein substrates either directly or with the help of the E3 ligase. In many cases, the E3 enzyme functions to confer the substrate specificity. The polyubiquitinated protein substrates are eventually degraded by the 26S proteosome.
In this report, we found that the human p19SKP1/p45SKP2/cyclin A/CDK2 complex also contained CUL-1, a member of the cullin/CDC53 family. Our studies suggest that the p19SKP1/p45SKP2/CUL-1 complex is likely to function as a conserved ubiquitin E3 enzyme that regulates the mammalian G1/S transition by specifically targeting mammalian G1 cell cycle regulators, such as p21 and cyclin D proteins, for the ubiquitin-dependent degradation.
Cell Culture.
The HaCat (human keratinocyte), RKO (human colorectal carcinoma cells), and 293 (adenovirus-transformed human embryonic kidney) cells were gifts from David Beach (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Plainview, NY). HCT116 (human colon carcinoma), DLD1 (human colon adenocarcinoma) cells, and the early passages of IMR90 human fibroblasts were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection. The mouse ts20 cells were kindly provided by Harvey Ozer (University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School). All cells were grown in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum at 37°C as previously described (4). For metabolic labeling, cells were cultured in methionine-deficient medium supplemented with 10% dialyzed fetal bovine serum (GIBCO/BRL) in the presence of 250 μCi/ml of [35S]methionine for 6 hr. The protein complexes were isolated by immunoprecipitation as described previously (4).
Plasmids, Chemicals, and Antibodies.
The cDNA encoding full-length human CUL-1 was kindly provided by Edward Kipreos (University Of Georgia). For transfection assays using the calcium phosphate method (10), human CUL-1 cDNA was fused in-frame with a T7 epitope tag in pCGTVP16 vector (a gift from Hong Sun, Yale University) under the cytomegalovirus promoter control. The cDNAs encoding p19SKP1 and p45SKP2 were cloned into pcDNA3 expression vector, respectively (Invitrogen). The anti-T7 epitope tag was purchase from Novagen. For human CUL-1 antibodies, the DNA fragment containing nucleotides 1–1408 was amplified by the PCR method and cloned in-frame between the BamHI–HindIII sites in the bacterial expression vector pGEX-KG to create a fusion protein (GST-CUL-N1) between the glutathione S-transferase (GST) and the amino-terminal region of human CUL-1. The recombinant protein was produced in bacteria and affinity-purified on the glutathione Sepharose beads as described (11). This protein was used to raise rabbit polyclonal antibodies against the human CUL-1 protein, and the specificity of the antisera was tested by using the purified recombinant GST-CUL-1 protein by immunoblotting assay. The rabbit anti-cyclin A, p21, p27, and cyclin D antibodies were gifts from David Beach and were described in detail before (11). The polyclonal rabbit anti-ubiquitin antibody was purchased from Sigma. N-acetyl-l-leucinyl-l-leucinal-l-norleucinal (LLNL), a specific inhibitor of 26S proteosome, and N-acetyl-l-leucinyl-l-leucinyl-methional (LLM), a structurally similar but not an inhibitor of 26S proteosome, were purchased from Sigma and dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide. Aprotinin, leupeptin, trypsin inhibitor, and benzamidine also were purchased from Sigma. The protein A Sepharose CL-4B beads were purchased from Pharmacia. Enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) reagents were obtained from Amersham and used according to the attached instructions.
Antisense Experiments.
Four oligodeoxynucleotides that contain phosphorothioate backbone and C-5 propyne pyrimidines were synthesized by using an automated synthesizer by the Keck Biotechnology Resource Laboratory located in the Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine at Yale University: (i) 5′-CCGCGTTGTTGTTTATG-3′ (the antisense direction of human CUL-1 cDNA nucleotides 1134–1150); (ii) 5′-TTCCCAAATCTTCCAACA-3′ (the antisense direction of human p19SKP1 cDNA nucleotides 88–106); (iii) 5′-CCTGGGGGATGTTCTCA-3′ (the antisense direction of human p45SKP2 cDNA nucleotides 180–196); and (iv) 5′-CTACCTCCCCTCCATTA-3′, the control oligonucleotide that contains similar pyrimidines as the CUL-1 and p19SKP1 oligonucleotides. For ablation experiments, cells were seeded to 15% confluence the night before lipofection. The antisense oligonucleotides were delivered into cells by using 2.5 μg/ml of GS 2888 cytofectin (kindly provided by Michael Flanagan, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA) and 30–75 nM of the oligonucleotides according to the described protocols (12). The cells were harvested between 16 and 18 hr posttransfection. Antibodies against p19SKP1, p45SKP2, and other cell cycle regulatory proteins and the procedures for immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting were the same as described previously (4).
Immunological Procedures.
Cells were harvested and immunoprecipitated in a buffer containing 0.5% Nonidet P-40, 150 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris (pH 7.4), 100 mM NaF, and 10 μg/ml each of the following protease inhibitors: trypsin inhibitor, aprotinin, and leupeptin as well as 1 mM benzamidine for 3 hr at 4°C (4). To minimize the protein degradation by cysteine proteases and the 26S proteosome, in some experiments (see Fig. 5), LLNL and N-ethylmaleimide were added to the lysates during immunoprecipitation. Western blot analysis of various proteins was conducted by using the ECL method (Amersham) as described previously (4).
Human CUL-1 Interacts with p19SKP1 and p45SKP2.
To determine the roles of p45SKP2/p19SKP1 complex in the cell cycle, we have analyzed the composition of this complex isolated from 35S-methionine-labeled 293 cells, an adenovirus-transformed human embryo kidney cell line. Immunoprecipitation of p45SKP2 complex using an affinity-purified p45SKP2 antibody indicated that p19SKP1, CDK2, and cyclin A were the major proteins that associated with p45SKP2 (Fig. 1A), as characterized previously (4). A careful examination of the p45SKP2-associated proteins also revealed the specific presence of a novel protein, p86, in the p45SKP2 complex (Fig. 1A, indicated as CUL-1, see below). Recently, it has been shown that the yeast SKP1 homologue can bind to CDC53, a cullin family member, and CDC4, an F-box containing protein (5, 9). In mammals and Caenorhabditis elegans, there are at least six cullin family members, with CUL-1 and CUL-2 being more closely related to CDC53 (13). Because p86 had an electrophoretic mobility similar to the calculated molecular weight of human CUL-1 protein (13), we tested whether the p45SKP2-associated p86 is human CUL-1.
Two alternative approaches were taken to determine whether p86 is human CUL-1. To directly examine whether human CUL-1 is p86, a rabbit polyclonal antibody was raised against human CUL-1. This antibody could specifically recognize either the bacterially produced or the in vitro-translated full-length human CUL-1 protein in the immunoprecipitation and Western blot analyses (data not shown). This antibody was used to immunoprecipitate the CUL-1 protein complex from cell lysates prepared from 35S-methionine-labeled 293 cells. As shown in Fig. 1A, the immunoprecipitated CUL-1 migrated exactly as the p45SKP2-associated p86 during the protein gel electrophoresis (Fig. 1A). In addition, the CUL-1 immunocomplex contained a 19-kDa protein that had the same mobility as the p45SKP2-associated p19SKP1, suggesting that CUL-1 is likely to complex with p45SKP2 and p19SKP1 in vivo.
In addition, we have examined whether CUL-1 could complex directly with p19SKP1 and p45SKP2 in vivo by using transfection assays. The cDNA encoding human CUL-1 was epitope-tagged with T7-tag and cloned into a mammalian expression vector. When this CUL-1 protein was coexpressed with either p19SKP1, p45SKP2, or both in 293 cells, an association between these proteins was detected (Fig. 1B). Such an interaction appears to be specific because human CUL-2 did not complex with p45SKP2 and p19SKP1 in such an assay (data not shown). Furthermore, although CUL-1 could complex with p45SKP2 or p19SKP1, the presence of all three proteins enhanced the association between them, suggesting that these proteins form a ternary complex in these assays.
To confirm that the endogenous CUL-1 is indeed associated with p19SKP1 and p45SKP2, Western blot analyses were performed. Immunoprecipitated p19SKP1 and p45SKP2 complexes from 293 and other human cell lines were immunoblotted with the human CUL-1 antibody (Fig. 2A). Reciprocal examination by blotting the CUL-1 immunoprecipitates with p19SKP1 or p45SKP2 antibodies was also performed (Fig. 2B). These experiments revealed that the endogenous CUL-1 was indeed associated with p19SKP1 and p45SKP2. In addition, because p19SKP1 and p45SKP2 were isolated as proteins that are associated with cyclin A/CDK2 (4) and it apeared that p86 was also associated with cyclin A immunoprecipitation (Fig. 1A), we tested whether the CUL-1 complex contained cyclin A and CDK2. Western blotting studies indicated that CUL-1 was also present in the cyclin A and CDK2 immunocomplexes (Fig. 2A).
Thus, by analogy to the yeast SCFCDC4 complex, our studies indicated that human CUL-1, p19SKP1, and p45SKP2 form a conserved protein complex that is likely to function as an E3 enzyme in the cell cycle control. In addition, our data suggest that the CUL-1/p19SKP1/p45SKP2 complex also contains cyclin A/CDK2, a cell cycle kinase that is required for both the entry and progression of the S phase. This finding raises the possibility that cyclin A/CDK2 may regulate the activity of CUL-1/p19SKP1/p45SKP2 complex, which is consistent with our previous observation that p45SKP2 could be phosphorylated by cyclin A/CDK2 in vitro (4).
Regulation of G1 Cell Cycle Regulators by the Ubiquitin-Dependent Pathway.
We previously have observed that in vivo ablation of p45SKP2 by p45SKP2 antibody microinjection prevented the G1 cells from entry into S phase (4). Based on our present data and the possibility that the p19SKP1/p45SKP2/CUL-1 complex may act as a conserved ubiquitin E3 enzyme, it is likely that one function of this complex is to target a negative G1 cell cycle regulator(s), such as a CDK inhibitor, which normally functions to prevent the unscheduled entry of the S phase for the ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis. In mammalian cells, a number of CDK inhibitors, such as p21CIP1/WAF1, p27KIP1, and p16INK4a, have been identified (2). To determine whether these proteins are ubiquitinated under our experimental conditions and thus are the potential substrates of the CUL-1/p19SKP1/p45SKP2 complex, we treated log-phase growing human cells with LLNL, a specific inhibitor of the 26S proteosome that degrades polyubiquitinated proteins (14). Consistent with previous findings (10, 15, 16), cells treated with LLNL resulted in the accumulation of p21 and p27, as well as cyclin D1 proteins (Fig. 3). In addition, accumulation of these proteins was also observed in a mouse cell line, ts20, that contained a temperature-sensitive ubiquitin E1 enzyme (17), when the E1 activity was inactivated by shifting cells from permissive temperature (34°C) to the nonpermissive temperature (39°C) (data not shown). Western blotting of p21, p27, and cyclin D1 immunoprecipitates with an ubiquitin antibody also revealed the presence of high molecular weight protein conjugates only in cells treated with LLNL but not in the control (dimethyl sulfoxide-treated) cells, suggesting that these protein conjugates are likely the polyubiquitinated forms of p21, p27, and cyclin D1 (data not shown).
Ablation of p19SKP1, p45SKP2, or Human CUL-1 Selectively Stabilizes p21 and Cyclin D Proteins.
The ubiquitination of G1 regulators raised the possibility that CUL-1/p19SKP1/p45SKP2 may target these cell cycle regulators for the ubiquitin-dependent degradation. However, it is quite difficult to use a genetic approach to mutate the genes encoding these ubiquitination proteins and test such a possibility by using cultured mammalian cells. To overcome these difficulties, we have attempted to inhibit the expression of either p19SKP1, p45SKP2, or CUL-1 by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to examine their effects on the cell cycle. To enhance the stability of the oligonucleotides, antisense oligonucleotides that contain the phosphorothioate backbone and C-5 propyne pyrimidine substitutions were synthesized. The pyrimidine modification has been shown to facilitate the base-stacking effect of RNA/antisense oligonucleotide hybrids (18). In these experiments we also used the recently developed transfection agent, cytofectin (GS2888), which delivers the antisense oligonucleotides into the cells at nanomolar concentration and thus help to increase the specificity of the antisense effects (12).
Cytofectin-mediated delivery of each antisense oligonucleotide against either SKP1, SKP2, or human CUL-1 RNA resulted in the substantial decreases in the corresponding levels of p19SKP1, p45SKP2, or human CUL-1 protein in many cell lines, including HCT116, HaCat, and RKO (Fig. 4), as assayed by Western blot analysis. We next tested whether ablation of p19SKP1, p45SKP2, or human CUL-1 might affect the protein levels of the known G1 cell cycle regulators. The protein levels of cyclin D, p21, p27, as well as CDK2 and cyclin A were examined by immunoprecipitation and Western blotting with their respective antibodies from lysates prepared from the cells treated with either a control or an antisense oligonucleotide against either SKP1, SKP2, or CUL-1 RNA. Although p21, p27, and cyclin D all are stabilized by the LLNL treatment (Fig. 3), specific ablation of either p19SKP1, p45SKP2, or CUL-1 caused the selective stabilization of p21 and cyclin D proteins. The protein levels of p27 appeared not to be affected by such a treatment (Fig. 4A). In these experiments, we did not observe alterations in the protein levels of other cell cycle regulators such as CDK2 or cyclin A (Fig. 4A, and data not shown). These results suggest that the effects of ablation of p19SKP1, p45SKP2, and human CUL-1 are quite specific. Because the p19SKP1/p45SKP2/CUL-1 complex is likely to function as an E3 enzyme, these data suggest that this complex may target p21 and cyclin D for ubiquitin-dependent degradation, although a rigorously conducted biochemical analysis is required to further address this issue.
p21 is transcriptionally controlled by p53. In p53-positive cells, such as RKO, HCT116, and HaCat, both cyclin D and p21 accumulate in response to the ablation of CUL-1/p19SKP1/p45SKP2 complex. Because the elevated level of p21 could lead to its binding to cyclin/CDK complexes and inhibit their kinase activity, it is possible that the increased level of cyclin D in these cells could be an indirect effect of p21 accumulation. To determine whether the accumulation of cyclin D depends on p21, we performed the antisense ablation experiments in cells that are defective in p53 function. The DLD1 human colon adenocarcinoma cells were chosen because they are well characterized as the p53 negative human cancer cells, which express very low levels of p21 (19). As shown in Fig. 4B, although we could not detect p21 in either control or treated cells, the accumulation of cyclin D was observed in DLD1 cells treated with antisense oligonucleotide against SKP1, SKP2, or CUL-1, suggesting that the increase in the cyclin D protein level is independent of p21 accumulation.
Human CUL-1 Is Associated with Cyclin D and p21.
To further analyze how the p19SKP1/p45SKP2/human CUL-1 complex may selectively target cyclin D and p21 for degradation, we tested the possibility that the components of this complex might interact with their substrates directly. Immunoprecipitated cyclin D, p21, or p27 complexes from HaCat cells were blotted with p19SKP1, p45SKP2, or human CUL-1 specific antibodies. In these experiments, although the presence of p19SKP1 and p45SKP2 was not detected, human CUL-1 was found to specifically associate with both cyclin D and p21, but not with p27 (Fig. 5). One possible explanation for the failure to detect p19SKP1 and p45SKP2 in these complexes is that they might associate with the CUL-1/cyclin D or p21 complex transiently during the ubiquitin conjugation reaction, which may result in the rapid degradation of p21 and cyclin D. To rule out the possibility that p27 expression might be low in HaCat cells, several control experiments were conducted. Our data indicated that the relative protein levels of p21 and p27 did not differ substantially in the log-phase growing HaCat cells. In addition, both p21 and p27 antibodies were capable of immunoprecipitating similar amounts of p21- or p27-associated CDK2 (Fig. 5). These data indicate that the association between CUL-1 and cyclin D or p21 is likely to correlate with the observed CUL-1 targeting specificity.
p45SKP2, But Not CUL-1 or p19SKP1, Is Overexpressed in Transformed Cells.
Previously we have isolated the p19SKP1/p45SKP2/cyclin A/CDK2 complex based on its prominent presence in many transformed cells (4). To determine the cause for such an induction, we have examined and compared the levels of each component of this complex between transformed and nontransformed human cells. Comparison between 293 cells, the adenovirus transformed cells, and IMR90, a nontransformed fibroblast, revealed that p45SKP2, but not p19SKP1 or CUL-1 protein, is highly induced in 293 cells (Fig. 6). This finding suggests that the elevated level of p45SKP2 is likely to be responsible for the high-level presence of this cyclin A/CDK2 complex in many transformed cells. This observation is also consistent with our previous observation that SKP2 RNA is induced in many transformed cells (4).
Our data indicate that the human CUL-1 is associated with p19SKP1 and p45SKP2 (Fig. 1). This complex also contains cyclin A and CDK2. Although the exact role of cyclin A/CDK2 in this complex remains unclear, our previous study suggests that cyclin A/CDK2 could phosphorylate p45SKP2 in vitro (4). It has been shown that the activity of cyclin A/CDK2 is required for the G1 cells to enter the S phase (20). The association between p19SKP1/p45SKP2/CUL-1 complex and cyclin A/CDK2 raises the possibility that cyclin A/CDK2 may regulate the activity of p19SKP1/p45SKP2/CUL-1 complex during the G1/S transition.
The complex formation between human CUL-1, p19SKP1, and p45SKP2 suggests that this complex is likely to function as a conserved ubiquitin E3 ligase complex, similar to the activity of the SKP1-CDC53-F-box protein complex in yeast, to regulate mammalian cell cycle progression. Our in vivo studies suggest that the potential targets of this complex may be G1 cell cycle regulators such as p21 and cyclin D1. This result is consistent with our previous observation that ablation of cellular p45SKP2 by p45SKP2 antibody injection caused the G1 cells to arrest at the G1/S border (4). In the present study, we also found that treatment of cells with either p19SKP1, p45SKP2, or CUL-1 antisense oligonucleotides reproducibly resulted in a moderate G1 cell cycle arrest (data not shown), suggesting that this complex plays a role during the G1/S transition.
Our results are also consistent with the observation that both cyclin D and p21 were absent from replicating nuclei (21, 22). Such an observation indicates that the S-phase nucleus contains an activity that removes p21 and cyclin D. p21 can bind to various CDKs, including cyclin D/CDK4, cyclin E, and cyclin A/CDK2, and inhibits their kinase activity. p21 also is associated with the PCNA, a replication and repair factor. The binding of p21 to PCNA leads to the inhibition of PCNA replication activity. Thus the removal of p21 from the replicating nuclei may be necessary for both the CDK and PCNA replication activities. Overexpression of cyclin D also has been shown to inhibit DNA replication in many cells (22). One possibility is that the ability of cyclin D to bind to CDK2 may prevent CDK2 from associating with other essential S-phase cyclins (3). Because the levels of p45SKP2 increase at late G1 (4), the disappearance of both cyclin D1 and p21 from the replicating nuclei is consistent with the notion that p19SKP1/p45SKP2/human CUL-1 complex may regulate the removal of cyclin D and p21 from the nucleus during G1/S transition and possibly in S phase as well. However, because p45SKP2 expression is relatively late in the G1 cell cycle, we could not rule out the possibility that there are additional pathways that regulate p21 and cyclin D proteins in the early G1 phase of the cell cycle.
Although p27 is also shown to be controlled by the ubiquitin-dependent degradation (Fig. 3) (15), we found that the level of p27 is not affected by the treatment of antisense oligonucleotides against SKP1, SKP2, or CUL-1 (Fig. 4). It has been shown that p27 accumulates in G0 cells but becomes degraded once cells re-enter the cell cycle (23). Because the p19SKP1/p45SKP2/CUL-1 complex is likely to function in the late G1 (4), p27 may not be the main target of this complex during the G1/S transition. However, several reports indicate that p27 degradation can occur in extracts from S-phase cells and such an activity depends on cyclin E/CDK2 in transfection assays (24, 25). At present we cannot rule out the possibility that p27 can be ubiquitinated by the p19SKP1/p45SKP2/CUL-1 complex. It is possible that in our experiments only a small fraction of p27 is affected by the down-regulation of the p19SKP1/p45SKP2/CUL-1 complex, which might have escaped our detection. If this is true, there should be additional major ubiquitination or proteolysis pathways that control p27 stability.
The induction of the p19SKP1/p45SKP2/cyclin A/CDK2 complex in many transformed cells raises the possibility that overexpression of this complex may provide a growth advantage for these cells. From our study, it appears that this induction is caused by the high-level expression of p45SKP2. These observations also suggest that p45SKP2 is likely to be the rate-limiting step for the assembly and the activity of this complex. The altered activity of this complex may affect the levels of G1 cell cycle regulator to deregulate the entry of S phase, thus contributing to the tumorigenic process.
We thank Laura Manjarrez for help during the preparation of the paper. We also thank Dr. Michael Flanagan (Gilead Sciences) for cytofectin GS 2888 and Dr. Edward Kipreos (University Of Georgia) for the human CUL-1 cDNA. This work is supported by a grant from the Patrick and Catherine Weldon Donaghue Medical Research Foundation (DF96-130) and American Cancer Society Institutional Research Grant IN31-37.
↵* To whom reprint requests should be addressed. e-mail: hui.zhang{at}yale.edu.
This paper was submitted directly (Track II) to the Proceedings Office.
- cyclin-dependent kinase;
- S-phase kinase associated protein 1, p19;
- S-phase kinase associated protein 2, p45;
- proliferating cell nuclear antigen;
- N-acetyl-l-leucinyl-l-leucinal-l-norleucinal
- Received October 13, 1997.
- Copyright © 1998, The National Academy of Sciences
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text:
According to IQNA dispatches, the names of the winners were announced at the closing ceremony held at the Putra World Trade Center in Kuala Lumpur, attended by Malaysia's king.
The panel of judges of the competition selected Abdullah bin Fahmi from the host country as the top winner in the recitation category of the men section.
The runner-up was Iran's Mokhtar Dehqan and Salaheddin Haysam from Algeria came third.
In the category of memorization in this section, Kalim Sediqi from Bangladesh, Walid Hamad Muhammad Marzuqi from the United Arab Emirates and the representative of Sudan won the three top titles.
In the women section, too, the winner of the top prize in the recitation category was from Malaysia.
The second and third ranks in this category went to the representatives of Indonesia and Singapore respectively.
In memorization, meanwhile, female memorizers from Mauritania, Malaysia and Tanzania came first to third.
Officially named the "International Al Quran Recital and Memorisation Assembly", the competition started on Monday with the participation of Quran reciters and memorizers from 56 countries.
There were a total of 53 Qaris and 25 Quran memorizers competing in the two sections (for men and women).


text:
Condo for rent 4 bedrooms Chidlom
This is a very spacious luxury condo for rent with a huge amount of space but with four bedrooms and bathrooms and the room a larger family needs to spread out, or for a smaller family to take advantage of the available space for study or office. In a very desirable residential neigbourhood, you have a very safe and secure, peaceful environment, and you are just a walk away from Central Department Store, Tops supermarket and a huge array of lifestyle amenities on Chidlom and nearby Soi Langsuan.
Needless to say the facilities in-house are fantastic with pool, fitness centre and sauna, plus you have 24-hour security and you are no more than a stroll away from the Chidlom BTS station.
Condo For Rent 4 Bedrooms 4 Bathrooms Ploenchit Park Chidlom
Ploenchit, Bangkok, Thailand
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text:
International Jewellery London is a huge trade show which comes to Earl's Court each year – and since this is my first year of jewellery-making, this was also the first time I'd heard of it. Intrigued by the publicity around it, I asked some fellow forum members on the Cookson Gold forum whether it would be worth my while trying to attend, given that I'm only a small designer-maker and not strictly 'trade' (yet). Their advice was to go for the gems and the inspiration.
So, I applied as a designer-maker, got my ticket, took half a day off work and went. Was it worth it?
Go for the gems
When I got to the exhibition centre, I was pretty much stumped with where to start. Earl's Court is HUGE. I glanced at the map, strode off in one direction, then made a silly little twirl and went back to the map to understand it properly. My first stop was the gem stalls – I finally deciphered the huge map and made my way to that area.
|Amazing chandelier and bar; browsing jewellery; A.E.Ward's extensive gemstone stall
The huge displays at Marcus McCallum were really inviting, but the crowds meant I couldn't get too close. Then I spied some opals at Laroche Opals, and spent some time perusing their displays of loose opal stones. I couldn't resist getting a couple of particularly pretty ones to add to my growing opal stash!
I had thought that would satisfy my need to buy something pretty – but then I stumbled across A.E.Ward. The rows and rows of stones were amazing – they had such a huge range of nearly every gemstone I could think of, and the clearly marked prices made it easy for me to get tempted. I ended up buying a few stones – three sapphires, a ruby and a beautiful teal tourmaline – and had to hold my breath when paying the bill. In total, I spent about £200 on those and the opals - quite a lot for me as a hobbyist!
IJL was mostly made up of stalls showcasing and selling jewellery. I wasn't interested in buying any jewellery, but there was plenty to look at for inspiration.
It wasn't just the jewellery designs which were inspiring – I actually found the displays and branding of each stall to be the biggest source of inspiration. It was interesting to note which stalls were bland, which ones appealed to my sense of style, which ones really stood out from the crowd – and what they used to display their jewellery.
A few things that made a stall interesting for me were:
- A really clear brand and interesting name
- Displays which looked professional but different – using objects which you would find in quirky shops, for example, or building a boutique-esque stall or making the stall look like a Victorian dressing table
- Where the jewellery was striking and centre-piece, with a clear and coherent style
- Good lighting
Don't forget about the tools and packaging
After a bit of browsing, I was thinking about leaving – then remembered that I wanted to check out the different jewellery packaging suppliers. There were about half a dozen different box suppliers there and it was really useful seeing the boxes in person to easily judge quality.
I headed for Talbot's group, who I have talking to a lot recently around a potential order for new boxes, and I met the lady I'd been speaking to. I found Potter's stall quite interesting – they had some new box ranges which seemed pretty nice and better quality than the other ranges I had received samples of. I took their catalogue as a back-up, so if it doesn't work out with Talbots, I have another option.
There were some tool suppliers present also – I had a little look around but unless you are looking for anything specific or you wanted to get advice from the suppliers, browsing on the internet is probably much easier!
Overall thoughts
IJL offered a number of industry-related seminars and talks, some of which sounded interesting and I would have visited if the timings had been right. I think, though, primarily, it's worth a visit for the independent designer-maker if you are interested in browsing gems and other suppliers, and if you would like to do a bit of market research on how other jewellery designers market and present themselves. It's also free, which is a bit plus!
I would say that for me, it wouldn't have been worth a really long trip, or taking a full day off work – but I'm glad I went. I got a pretty good haul, and if I'm free on the weekend next year, I'll try and stop by again knowing better what to expect. I will probably try to take a friend too – it gets a bit lonely in such a huge venue by yourself.
Did you attend IJL this year? What were your highlights?


text:
In echoing LetUsFaceTheFuture's earlier post; I find it very interesting that despite the serious nature of Clare Short's accusations:
Mr Blair "and his mates" decided war was necessary, and "everything was done on a wing and a prayer", Ms Short said.Despite Shorty claiming that Tony 'Bliar' Blair went to war on a lie, plain and simple (which no other witness, as far as I can recall, have) and "leaned" on his legal advisor, very little have been made of them.
In fact, the BBC ranks her evidence below Sion Simon quitting to run for a position that doesn't exist yet.*
Do you think, perhaps, because out of the whole list of witnesses, her evidence, in that deep voice of hers, was the most predictable; consisting of her repeating "Tony killed innocent kiddies for oil and lied to cabinet, you, and most importantly, me" over and over again?
*Sion Simon. OK the WebCameron video is funny for, well, all the wrong reasons (as a Labour supporter) to be honest. Can't say I'm sorry to see him go though. And to be honest, whilst giving his sis £40k is probably potentially maybe illegal (see, Keir is hedging) this, both the haircut and his foul attitude, is what he should get his collar felt for.


text:
Corporate Finance. Slide 1 咨询热线 : 学习平台 : lms.finance365.com
- Jared Carr
- 2 years ago
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1 Corporate Finance Capital Budgeting Cost of Capital Measures of Leverage Dividends and Share Repurchases Working capital management Corporate Governance of Listed Companies Slide 1
2 Capital Budgeting Slide 2
3 Capital Budgeting Capital budgeting is the process that companies use for decision making on capital projects with a life of a year or more. Capital budgeting process Idea generation Analyzing project proposals Planning the capital budget Monitor decisions & conduct post-audit Basic principles of Capital budgeting Use after tax cash flows for decision-making Based on incremental cash flows consider opportunity cost consider externality/cannibalization do not consider sunk cost Financing costs are ignore, due to reflected in the project s required rate of return Timing of the cash flows is important Slide 3
4 Capital Budgeting Capital projects Capital project types Replacement projects maintain the business Replacement projects cost reduction Expansion projects New products & markets Mandatory projects safety and environmental Others Project interaction Independent vs mutually exclusive projects Project sequencing Unlimited funds vs capital rationing Slide 4
5 Methods to evaluate project Net Present Value (NPV) Internal Rate of Return (IRR) Payback / Discounted payback period NPV = present value of expected cash inflows less the present value of cash outflows IRR = the discount rate which gives NPV = 0 Number of years to recover the investment cost Accept if NPV > 0 Reject if NPV < 0 Accept if IRR > required rate of return for a project Payback period has many flaws; should use NPV or IRR Average Accounting Rate of Return (AAR) Profitability Index (PI) AAR Average netincome Average bookvalue PV of future cash flows PI Initial investment NPV 1 Initial investment AAR based on accounting data, not cash flow; also ignore time value of money Accept if PI > 1 Reject if PI < 1 Slide 5
6 NPV Profile Definition: NPV profile show a project s NPV graphed as a function of various discount rates. NPV Undiscounted future cash flow- initial investment outlay Or the sum of all the undiscounted cash flow $120 P r oject A: -200,80,80,80,80 10% Discount rate(%) Convex from the origin NPV declines at a decreasing rate as the discount rate increases. IRR IRR is the discount rate that makes the PV of future cash flows equal to investment outlay. When can we accept this project? Slide 6
7 NPV Profile NPV $200 Project B: -200,0,0,0,400 Mutually exclusive projects IRR A=10%> IRR B=8% NPV A=NPV B when discount rate is 6% $120 Project A: -200,80,80,80,80 6% Crossover rate 8% 10% IRRs Discount rate(%) If required rate of return 5%< crossover rate 6%, then NPV and IRR criterion have conflicts. Project B realizes its cash payoffs later than project A. Project B s NPV profile is more steeper than project A. Slide 7
8 IRR problems Multiple IRR problem Example: Time CF -2,000 10,000-12,000 2 IRRs for this example: 100% and 200% NPV Positive NPV 0 Negative NPV Discount rate 100% 200% No IRR problem Example: Time CF NPV 0 Discount rate No IRR ie no discount rate that gives NPV= 0 Slide 8
9 NPV and IRR Conflict in ranking when using NPV and IRR Single project and independent projects: NPV and IRR will agree on whether to invest or to not invest. Mutually exclusive projects: NPV and IRR may result in conflicting rankings, due to: Projects have different timing of cash flows The projects (CF 0 ) are different sizes Different reinvestment rate assumptions: IRR uses project IRR vs NPV uses cost of capital NPV is the preferred choice for ranking mutually exclusive projects NPV: money amount NPV: different sizes NPV: even cash flow & noneven cash flow NPV: increase shareholders wealth Slide 9
10 Example Two mutually exclusive projects have the following cash flows ( ) and internal rates of return (IRR): Project IRR Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 A 27.97% -2, ,645 B 28.37% -2, ,051 3,175 Assuming a discount rate of 8% annually for both projects, the firm should most likely accept: (2013 mock morning) A. Both projects. B. Project A only. C. Project B only. Slide 10
11 Cost of Capital Slide 11
12 Cost of Capital Cost of capital for a company Return demanded by investors given the risk level of the company Cost of capital = Weighted average cost of capital (WACC) WACC = marginal cost of capital (MCC) as it reflects the cost on additional capital WACC w k d d (1 t) w k p p w e k e How to calculate weight? Interest cost on debt capital is tax deductible; the after tax cost of debt is k d (1 t) target capital structure company s current market weighted capital company s capital structure trends averages of comparable companies capital structures Slide 12
13 Components of cost of capital Common equity E(R ) R CAPM Dividend discount model k k e D P 1 0 g Bond yield plus risk premium e i k F d β [E(R i m ) R risk premium F ] Preferred stock k p D P p p Debt k d = pre-tax cost k d (1 t) = post tax cost k d = interest rate on new debt YTM method Debt rating method-matrix pricing Slide 13
14 Common equity CAPM Using pure play method to calculate a Beta 1. Select the comparable publicly company 2. Estimate comparable s beta 3. Unlever the comparable s beta get the asset beta 4. Lever the asset beta to reflect the debt/equity ratio of the subject company the Project beta 5. Use the project beta to calculate the cost of equity for the project 6. Use the cost of equity to calculate WACC *Pure play method: using a comparable publicly traded company s beta and adjusting it for financial leverage. Comparable company: similar business risk, same industry Slide 14 Asset (unlevered) beta: ASSET EQUITY 1 11t Use the comparable company s debt-to-equity ratio and t is its marginal tax rate. Company (Project) beta: P ROJECT ASSET 1 1 t ' use the subject firm s debt-toequity ratio and t is the subject firm s tax rate D E D' E'
15 Common equity CAPM Country risk premium To adjust for country risk, a country risk premium is added to the market risk premium in the CAPM k = R f + β[r m r f + CRP) annualized of equity index CRP = sovereign yield spread annualized of sovereign bond market in terms of developed market currency Selecting suitable cost of capital to value project Cost of capital for a project should reflect the riskiness of the future cash flows For an average risk project, the cost of capital of the project is the company s WACC If the project risk is lower (or higher) than average risk, use a lower (or higher) discount rate than the company s WACC Slide 15
16 The optimal capital budget Project return Cost of capital(%) MCC and IOS Investment opportunity schedule(ios) Marginal cost of capital (MCC) Optimal capital budget New capital raised The firm should undertake all the projects with IRRs greater than the cost of funds. This will maximize the value created. Slide 16
17 Marginal cost of capital Marginal cost of capital The MCC schedule shows the WACC for the different amount of capital. The MCC is upward sloping due to Additional capital raised at higher cost due to debt covenants New capital raised differs from the target capital structure. Breakpoint the amount of capital at which the cost would change Flotation costs Wrong way adjust cost of capital Right way adjust flotation costs as an initial cash outflow, because flotation costs are a cash flow at the initiation of the project NPV = PV of cash inflows cost of project flotation cost Slide 17
18 Example The following information is available for a company: Bonds are priced at par and they have an annual coupon rate of 9.2% Preferred stock is priced at $8.18 and it pays an annual dividend of $1.35 Common equity has a beta of 1.3 The risk-free rate is 4% and the market premium is 11% Capital structure: Debt = 30%; Preferred stock = 15%; Common equity = 55% The tax rate is 35% The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for the company is closest to: (2012 mock morning) A.11.5%. B. 13.4%. C.14.3%. Slide 18
19 Leverage Slide 19
20 Leverage Leverage is the use of fixed costs in a firm s operations: operating vs. financial fixed costs Business risk Uncertainty of the company s operating income due to variability of sales and production costs Business risk combines both sales risk and operating risk. Sales risk is the uncertainty relating to sales price and sales quantity; Operating risk is the risk relating to the operating cost structure. Higher fixed operating cost relative to variable operating costs means higher operating risk. Degree of operating leverage (DOL) Slide 20 % EBIT Q P V DOL % S QP V F Financial risk Financial risk increases when the firm takes on more fixed obligations eg. debt and long-term lease. Degree of financial leverage (DFL) measures the effect of a change in operating income on net income. % NI QP V F DFL % EBIT QP V F C Degree of total leverage (DTL) Combines both the effect of operating leverage and financial leverage % NI QP V DTL = DOL DFL % S QP V F C
21 Leverage Firm characteristics and leverage Firms with high fixed costs of production have high operating leverage Firms with high proportion of debt financing have high financial leverage Firms with high fixed costs and high debt have high total leverage Breakeven points: Breakeven points Operating Breakeven points: PQ Q BE BE VQ BE F C P V F C Interest PQ Q OBE OBE VQ OBE F P V F V: variable cost per unit, F: fixed operating costs P-V: contribution margin Slide 21
22 Example A firm is uncertain about both the number of units the market will demand and the price it will receive for them. This type of risk is best described as: (2013 mock morning) A. sales risk. B. business risk. C. operating risk. Slide 22
23 THANK YOU Slide 23
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Food Clay Art Part 14: Satay Miniature
Happy Saturday! So I started doing my food miniature again! Last week, I blogged about my bread miniature and thank you all for your lovely comments. Today, I am showing you my SATAY MINIATURE!
Let me introduce you the "ingredients" for my satay. I think I am making chicken satay, or maybe mutton satay lah. Whatever you see above is made from clay, except for the small porcelain bowl. The purple and green strips at the corner is onion and cucumber, I haven't cut them into small pieces yet.
Ok lah my ketupat not very nice, no leaves. And the orange strips at the bottom is NOT carrot, in case you are wondering. Those are supposed to be cut to very very small minced pieces and it is peanuts! I got so tired that I ask Grandpa to cut for me. And he was complaining cut so small for what! LOL.
The most fun part is of course making the satay, which I mixed red and white clay and put them in a stick. If you see satay carefully, you should see the fats on some of the meat. So my white clay represents the fats. And I REALLY TORCH IT! Yes I torched all the clay miniature satay to give it abit of smoky charcoal grilled feel. LOOKS LIKE IT RIGHT! I really think my satay is very nice!
My end product! Although I think I need to improve on my satay sauce and ketupat, but I think MY SATAY IS VERY CUTE! Thanks for reading.
Alot of people ask me if I am learning food miniature making, yes I am learning miniature making. In fact, I have learnt it from two masters – one is a very knowledgable teacher called "Kin" and another is from a 60-year-old experienced ahma called "Mdm Ang". Both are very talented and passionate about this craft, and I am learning alot from them.
One of Mdm Ang's wishes is to publish a book on local food miniatures, so I am doing a shout out here. I don't know how will this turn out or will it even have response. But anyway, Mdm Ang is very good in making these miniatures especially our local food such as chicken rice, satay, chap chye peng etc and even traditional kuehs. Of course publishing a book is not cheap so I am using my small effort here to call for publishers who are interested to work together to publish a book together on local food miniature. If you are keen to work together to publish a food miniature book or have contacts, please drop me an email at [email protected]
6 Comments Hide Comments
Do you sell this? I wish I can buy it! So nice
I would like to pick up e skill. How much is e fee for e course? Thank you!
Hi Maureen, where can I learn this as a hobby?


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And…here we go!
1. The tale is told of how they faced their monsters and won.
2. Black and white family photos are something that always makes me think of my ancestors.
3. To ensure the right crystals for freezing, sugar needs to be used in my frozen yogurt.
4. Coffee with my hot chocolate is a fine thing.
5. It's never too late to do the right thing.
6. The address to a bar in Nijmegen where we celebrated Momma's 50th birthday is written on the back of an old receipt.
7. And as for the weekend, tonight I'm looking forward to a run after work, tomorrow my plans include Rice Krispie Treat Making and a Pizza Party and Sunday, I want to sew and take a nap!
Ok. Your turn!


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• Weekly Cappuccino Club on Sunday mornings at CB2 Café in Norfolk Street – child friendly!
• Monthly pub evening every 1st Thursday – various venues
• Discussion group – at the Hopbine Pub, usually on a Tuesday evening
• Talks and discussions at the Friends Meeting House, 12 Jesus Lane, Cambridge CB5 8BA
These are open to all interested parties and are publicised via our Event Diary and our Meetup Group page
• Culture Club
• Annual Summer BBQ
• Christmas Party.
As all of these are hosted on private premises, they are only open to current paid-up members of the CHG. Members are notified of these events by a monthly bulletin.
The CHG provides trained speakers to primary and secondary schools within Cambridgeshire and beyond. We help RE and philosophy tutors teach Humanism as part of the syllabus requirements regarding non-religious belief systems.
We are represented on our local Standing Advisory Council on Religious Education (SACRE), which is the body responsible for advising the Local Education Authority on Religious Education.
We regularly contribute events to the annual Festival of Ideas hosted by Cambridge University each October, among them theHermann Bondi Memorial Lecture.
We campaign for equal rights and educational inclusiveness; see our successful contribution to the Gunhild Way Primary School Debate .