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1 Teacher background information Forensic entomology combines the study of insects and other arthropods with the science of criminal investigations. When a crime is committed insects can accumulate on and around the victim s body. When forensic entomology is involved, the insects become part of the evidence. Forensic entomologists can estimate time of death, whether the body has been moved and whether drugs or toxins were involved in the crime. In most cases forensic entomology is used to aid murder investigations. However, it is also used in cases of patient or child neglect where wounds and bedsores have become infested with insects. Forensic entomology also has applications in cases where insects have damaged food (stored product entomology) and buildings (structural entomology). Identifying the species The most crucial element in forensic entomology is species identification. Species that appear the same to the naked eye may have vastly different growth rates, behaviours and habitat preferences. Most species cannot be identified easily just by viewing a photograph of them. They are usually identified by using a classification key. The following URL has a usual classification key that students should be able to follow: insects/insect_identification.htm Accessed January 2007 Estimating time of death The major use of forensic entomology is estimating the time of death or the post mortem interval (PMI) of a corpse. The post mortem interval is the amount of time that has elapsed since the person died. Two main factors need to be considered when estimating a PMI; firstly the time it has taken each species of fly to reach the body and secondly the rate of development for each species. A forensic entomologist collects and analyses the age, number and species of insects that are living on a body. Since insects arrive at the body soon after death and in a particular order, if forensic entomologists can calculate the age of the insects, then they can also estimate the PMI. In order to calculate the PMI accurately, the investigator must firstly identify the species of insect correctly.
2 A classification key has been also been included in FSE11. Flies (Order Diptera) and Beetles (Order Coleoptera) are very important in forensic entomology. The major fly families include: Family Calliphoridae: Blow Flies Family Sarcophagidae: Flesh Flies Family Muscidae: Muscid Flies Family Piophilidae: Skipper Flies Family Scathophagidae: Dung Flies Family Sepsidae: Black Scavenger Flies Family Sphaeroceridae: Small Dung Flies and Minute Dung Flies Family Stratiomyidae: Soldier Flies Family Phoridae: Humpbacked Flies or Scuttle Flies Family Psychodidae: Moth Flies, Sand Flies and Owl Midges The major beetle families include: Family Silphidae: Carrion Beetles Family Dermestidae: Skin Beetles, Leather Beetles, Hide Beetles, Carpet Beetles and Larder Beetles Family Staphylinidae: Rove Beetles Family Histeridae: Clown Beetles Family Cleridae: Checkered Beetles Family Trogidae: Hide Beetles Family Scarabaeidae: Scarab Beetles Family Nitidulidae: Sap Beetles
3 Faunal Succession what is it? Insects arrive on a corpse in a predictable sequence depending on the stages of decomposition. This is called insect succession or faunal succession. Forensic entomologists study this process to aid legal investigations. Primarily, forensic entomologists are employed by crime investigators to determine the time of death of a person. Time of death is estimated as the post mortem interval (PMI). Insect succession of cadavers is fairly predictable and results from controlled experiments can be used to estimate PMI of a corpse in a crime investigation. Environmental factors that affect succession include: season (daily temperatures), sun exposure, whether the body was found inside a building, immersed in water or in urban vs. rural area. Bodies that are buried, left in vehicles, found in enclosed spaces, hanged or burnt are also subject to varying insect succession patterns. Effects of geography on succession The most important determinant of insect succession is the geographical region where the body is found. The geographical zone affects the vegetation, soil type, climate and food source which in turn affects the species of insects in the area. Blow flies and flesh flies are still likely to colonise first but the species will be different. For example: the Western Goldenhaired Blow fly is only found in Western Australia. Although this fly would be likely colonise a corpse in the outskirts of Perth, it would not be present on a corpse in Sydney. Instead, another species of blow fly would arrive at the body. Geography also influences the time of insect arrival. In parts of North America, dermestid beetles are considered to be late colonisers, usually arriving at a body months after death to feed on bone and skin tissue. In Hawaii, however, dermestid beetle are collected as early as three to ten days after death. It is important that insect succession data collected in one geographical area is not used for determining time of death in another geographical area. Separate databases should be used when considering corpses in varying geographical locations. Effects of urban and rural scenes Some insects are found in urban and rural areas while others only occur in one of these regions. This information can be used to determine if a body has been moved. For example, Lucilia sericata is generally found in urban areas. Rural flies tend to survive on animal corpses, for example: kangaroos, while urban flies survive on discarded human food. Complications occur when urban flies are attracted to country towns where there is human habitation and hence lots of human waste. Effects of season and sun exposure Seasons have a large impact on the weather and the fauna in an area and as such faunal succession is affected greatly by season. Studies in Australia have shown that season and sun exposure has a large effect on pig carcass decomposition. Many blow flies have different sized populations depending on whether it is summer or winter. Other insects are also affected and have specific activity peaks. In order to estimate correct post mortem intervals, scientists should perform controlled experiments throughout the year. This will avoid generating data for only one season. In one case, a body was discovered ten years after the victim s disappearance and there was no insect evidence on the body. This indicated to investigators that the person had died in winter. In winter, a high level of moisture will often destroy insect evidence. When a body is placed in sunlight, it will heat up faster and decompose faster which will affect the rate of development of colonising insects Certain species of blow flies prefer shaded conditions while other species are found more commonly in open areas. This distribution affects the faunal succession of a corpse. There have been many studies into the effects of shade vs. sun on pig carcasses and large differences have been found in the faunal succession. Season and sun exposure are both important factors to consider when determining a PMI.
4 Effects of bodies found inside buildings, vehicles and enclosed spaces Insects will colonise remains both inside and outside of doors. Faunal succession will be affected by species that are able and willing to enter a building, vehicle or enclosed space and how well the area is sealed. A study in Hawaii found a greater variety of fly larvae on inside remains than in outside remains. Some species have only been found inside and some only found outside. Such studies can help crime investigators determine if a body has been moved from inside a building to outside a building and vice versa. Once again, forensic entomologists must take care with assuming one species that occurs indoors in one geographical area also occurs only indoors in another geographical area. Among flies, there are three waves of colonisation of a body. The primary wave includes the arrival of blow flies, the secondary wave includes the arrival of the flesh flies and in Western Australia the tertiary wave includes the Black Carrion Fly (Hydrotaea rostrata), among others. Once the species of fly has been collected and identified, the forensic entomologist will develop a lifecycle model of the fly. Models can be developed from previous crime investigations or controlled laboratory experiments. Lifecycles of flies are variable between species and depending on environmental conditions. There are many variables that affect faunal succession and a forensic entomologist must consider all factors to provide an accurate estimate of PMI. Sequence of insect arrival Different stages of the decomposition process are attractive to different species of insects. The corpse changes rapidly and supports a large amount of insect life as it is a large food source. If the forensic entomologist can determine the sequence of colonising insects, the insects can be analysed to estimate the time of death. Blow flies (Calliphoridae) and flesh flies (Sarcophagidae) are usually the first two types of insects to arrive at a corpse. Blow flies are attracted first to the corpse from a great distance by odour, generally within several hours but sometimes within minutes after death. Blow flies are no longer attracted when the remains have decomposed, are mummified or dry. Flesh flies arrive on human remains at the same time or just after the blow flies. In some circumstances, the flesh flies may arrive first. They have been known to fly under weather conditions that would prevent most other types of flies from reaching the carrion.
5 Table 1: Typical faunal succession pattern Succession wave Principle insect fauna State of corpse Age of corpse 1 Flies (blow flies) Fresh First 3 months 2 Flies (blow flies and flesh flies) Odour 3 Dermestid beetles Fats are rancid 3-6 months 4 Various flies 5 Various flies and beetles Ammonia fermentation 4-8 months 6 Mites 6-12 months 7 Dermestid beetles Completely dry 1-3 years 8 Beetles 3+ years Taken from Smith, K. G. V. 1986, A manual of forensic entomology. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, NY. Lifecyle of flies: An example: Black Carrion Fly There are four main stages in the lifecycle of a Black Carrion Fly, which is considered by Western Australian researchers to be the most important fly in determining a PMI. A study was undertaken to determine the developmental rates of the Black Carrion Fly under different temperatures. The following lifecycle of the Black Carrion Fly is based on development at a constant temperature of 25 degrees Celsius. Table 2: The lifecycle of the Black Carrion Fly, expressed in hours required at 25 o C, to develop from an egg mass to an adult. From To Cumulative Time (h) Egg mass Larvae (maggots) 26 1 st instar 2 nd instar (69.5) 95.5 A fly will typically lay its eggs at openings of the body, including the nose, eyes and anus. At the first instar, the larvae are an average of 2.37mm growing to 5.47mm by the 2 nd instar. 2 nd instar 3 rd instar (32.5) 128 By the third instar, the larvae are 14.8mm long 3 rd instar Pupae (244) 372 Pupa Adult (146.7) The development from egg to adult took a total of 21.6 days.
6 ... The Black Carrion Fly takes an average time of 26hrs to hatch after oviposition. Upon completion of the egg stage, the organism enters the first of three instars of the larval stage. It takes a certain number of hours (69.5 hours) at a temperature of 25 o C to develop from the first instar to the second and further time (32.5 hours) to develop from the second instar to the third. Larvae are also called maggots. Pupal stage: It took a further 244 hours for the Black Carrion Fly at the third larval instar to develop to the pupal stage. The pupae becomes darker as it is developing. The pupal stage is also known as the cocoon stage in some species of fly. The ambient temperature (weather and season) and the temperature inside the carcass both have a bearing on the rate of insect development. If a maggot mass is present, a large amount of metabolic heat will be generated and this will increase the amount of heat that the insects are subject to. The effects of food type on rate of development Maggots can develop on a range of different foods. If a scientist is investigating a food contamination case, it might not be appropriate to use data on insect development obtained from a cadaver study. It is important to determine what the maggot has been eating.. Adult fly: Once the blow fly has developed and reached adulthood, the fly can lay its own eggs. This leads to a second generation of fly larvae (maggots). The development from egg to adult took 21.6 days (518.4 hours) under the constant temperature of 25 o C. Lifecyle: Rate of development The rate of insect development is reliant on many variable factors. When determining the age of an insect, forensic entomologists must consider the current weather and seasonality, the presence of a maggot mass, the food type, drugs and toxins, geographic region, preservation method and potential insect colonisation before death. Temperature is the most important factor affecting the rate of insect development. The effects of temperature on rate of development Insects require a certain amount of heat to develop from one point in their lifecycle to another point. For a fly to develop, the temperature must remain between a minimum value, called the lower developmental threshold and a maximum value, called the upper developmental threshold for a certain amount of time. On either side of this temperature range, the insect will not develop or the rate of development will decrease. The total amount of heat required for an organism to develop from one point in its lifecycle to another point is measured in units called degree-days. See the section on Accumulated Heat below. The effects of drugs and toxins on rate of development Chemicals have a variety of effects on the rate of insect development. The growth can be accelerated or stunted depending on what chemicals are present. Drugs and toxins are likely to be present in a corpse that was killed by a drug overdose or drug-induced suicide. Scientists can deduce what drug a victim has died from by analysing maggots feeding on the corpse. Accumulated heat The rate of development for many plants and invertebrate animals (including insects or coldblooded - poikilothermic - animals) is dependent on temperature. Insects require a certain amount of heat to develop from one stage in their lifecycle to another. This is due to the heat requirements of enzymecontrolled biochemical reactions. The amount of heat that is accumulated controls the rate of development. Accumulated heat can be measured as physiological time, in units called degree-days - o D (or degreehours). For an insect to develop, the temperature must remain between a minimum value, called the lower developmental threshold and a maximum value, called the upper developmental threshold for a certain amount of time. On either side of this temperature range, the insect will not develop or the rate of development will decrease. 6
7 Table 3: The number of accumulated degree days (ADD) required for the development of some forensically important insects in Western Australia. Species Minimum Temp o C ADD Chrysomya rufifacies Hairy maggot blowfly Calliphora vicina European bluebottle fly ± ± 29 Donovan, S.E., Hal, M.J.R., Turner, B.D. & Moncrieff, C.B. 2006, Laval growth rates of the blowfly Calliphora vicina, over a range of temperatures. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 20: Figure 1: The relationship between development rate and temperature. One degree-day is the amount of development that occurs in one day (24 hours) when the temperature is one degree above the lower development threshold. Degree-days accumulate over time. Each day the temperature is above the lower developmental threshold, more degree-days are accumulated. ADD accumulated degree days. For example, if the temperature is 5 o C above the lower development threshold for 2 days the number of degree days is 10: 5 o C x 2 days. One degree above the lower development threshold for 10 days equals 10 Degree Days (or 240 degree hours). Each insect species requires a certain total number of degree-days to complete its development. The amount of heat required does not change and so ADD provides a common reference between species. Degree days are calculated from actual temperature data. For example, if the minimum threshold temperature for a weevil is 9 o C on a day when the average temperature is 10 o C, one degree day has accumulated. If the next day has a temperature of 11 o C, a further two degree days accumulate. The daily accumulations are added together over time and used to predict insect development. When a certain number of degree days have accumulated the adult insect will emerge. Constant temperatures are uncommon in the natural environment where most insects live and grow. Insect development is affected differently by cyclic and constant temperature conditions, even when the mean of the cyclic temperatures is equal to the constant temperature. Changes in environmental temperature cause changes in development rate from day to day and even from hour to hour. A forensic entomologist must consider both the internal and ambient temperatures when calculating the age of the fly larvae. Both temperatures influence the amount of degree-days and the rate of larval development. To calculate ADD - the number of degree days:. Calculate the mean (average) temperature for that day.. Compare the mean to the organism s lower developmental threshold.. If the mean is three degrees higher than the lower developmental threshold, then there have been three degree-days. NB: A Celsius degree-day is not the same as a Fahrenheit degree-day. It takes nine Fahrenheit degree-days to make five Celsius degree-days. 7
8 Table 4: Developmental data for Phaenicia sericata (Greenbottle blowfly) over three constant temperatures o C 20.7 o C 23.3 o C Time to reach stage (hours) Time to reach stage (hours) Time to reach stage (hours) Stage Min Max Min Max Min Max 1 st instar nd instar rd instar Prepupal Pupal Adult Data has been adapted from: Anderson, G.S Minimum and maximum development rates of some forensically important Calliphoridae (Diptera), Journal of Forensic Science, Vol. 45(4), pp Some of the data has been simplified. At 15.8 o C, the larvae take a longer time (more hours) to develop to an adult fly than at 20.7 and 23.3 o C. This is because the larvae need exposure to a certain amount of heat to develop from one stage in their lifecycle to another Key words Degree-day o D: Entomologist: Forensic entomology: Instar: Larvae: Moult: Physiological time: a unit of measure for recording how hot or cold it has been over a 24-hour period. Each species requires a defined number of degree-days to complete its development. a scientist who studies insects the application of insect biology as reliable evidence in criminal or civil cases. Stages of an insect or arthropod between moults. a developmental stage of the fly lifecycle. Commonly referred to as maggots. Larvae do not have legs and do not have well-developed heads. shedding the outer covering of the body the exoskeleton. measure of how much heat is required to complete a particular organisms development. 8
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text: Civ rev, takes you from the dawn of man up to the present day in simple yet deep turn based game play. It is essentially the same game as the console incarnations just without the 3D graphics. Yet the graphics are decent enough for a DS game and clearly display the units and cities in some style. Civ rev streamlines the previous PC civ experiences to its core elements. This makes the game clean and fast, usually complete within four hours but could run for as little as 2. There are 4 saves and the game can be saved at any time. The game features a game of the week downloadable map as well as the standard scenarios and random map. A large enough variety of civiliations are available (each with more distinct strengths than before) with 4 unique ways to win. All in all the game proves to be a fun and thoughtful game for strategy fans.

subset: commoncrawl


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Benjamin Adams 1710-1756
While researching Ben I found several excerpts of his will in books and on the net. And several versions. So I got the microfilm of the original documents and wrote down the whole thing. Am also working on the estate inventory. This is page one, I have all on PDF.
if anybody wants.


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Here's another item the girls made at our Anything BUT a Card club the other night. It's made using 4 of the Petal Card dies for the Big Shot. I found the box on Dawn's blog in purples, but I thought our September club meeting would be a good time to make a few Halloween items, so I decided to switch it up.
I used Basic Black, Pumpkin Pie, and Old Olive CS, along with the Cast-a-Spell dsp. I also used the Batty for You stamp set, with 1-1/4", 1-3/8" and Scallop Circle punches.
Thanks for stopping by!


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Return to Home page
North Haven is fortunate in that many homes and other buildings from the 18th and 19th centuries still stand. If you think that your home or workplace might have historic or architectural significance, please consult the lists below (ordered by district) or stop by the Society. We do not include the names of present owners or property addresses to protect homeowners' privacy. We have a more complete database at the Society's HQ, 27 Broadway.
See the links below for more information about identified historic structures and how to keep them as valuable assets to our community.


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An Ocean view condo awaits you within the exceptional Marriott's OceanWatch at Grande Dunes® community in North Myrtle Beach, SC. Condo has ocean views from the master bedroom, the living room and the balcony. It has a master suite and a guest bedroom – sleeps up to 8 – Master has a king size bed and a private bath; guest room has 2 queen size beds and a bath- shared with the living area– unit also has a pullout sleeper sofa.
Resort is perfect for couples and families with children of all ages. There are a lot of planned activities from which to choose. There are four outdoor pools and one indoor pool, 2 children's pools, secluded whirlpool spas and a serenity pool. Easy access to the best beach in North Myrtle. In the Woodsy area there are lots of activities for kids. Being in North Myrtle Beach provides our guests with a great choice of restaurants, shows, shopping and golf.
Marriott's OceanWatch is a very luxurious and picturesque resort. OceanWatch resort makes your vacation even more enjoyable. Sparkling pools, a state-of-the-art fitness center and charming walkways to the beach enhance your already memorable Myrtle Beach experience. Marriott's OceanWatch is the ultimate beach getaway.
Villa features:
* Spacious 2-bedroom/2-bath villas provide approximately 1,156 square feet of living space
* Open living and dining areas with elegant, comfortable furnishings
* Fully equipped kitchen with dishwasher, oven/stove, microwave, refrigerator and dinnerware
* 3 cable television's throughout the villa, including a DVD player in the living area
* Master suite with king-size bed, a luxurious soaking tub and separate shower
* Guest room with 2 queen-size beds
* Queen-size sofa bed in living area
* Spacious, fully furnished private balcony with a table and chairs for meals or drinks overlooking the ocean and property
* In-villa washer and dryer
* Complimentary Internet access.
* Includes one mid-week tidy service. Other cleaning services are available at renters expense.


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Matrix 3 Piece Table Set
Glass Tops and Black Coffee Table, and End Tables3702M
Today's price:
Coffee & 2 End Tables Only $119
The sharp corners and soft curves of the three piece Matrix design make a stylish statement in any room. This sleek 3 piece coffee and end table set comes in a black metal frame with inset glass tops.
Coffee Table: L 48" x W 24" x H 17"
End Table: L 21 1/2" x W 21 1/2" x H 21"
Ratings & Reviews
*Prices may vary by location, see store for details.


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A landmark $12 million, 33,000 square foot Community Recreation Center facility with appeal for older, active adults. Features include indoor & outdoor pools, bocce courts, great room, fitness center, walk/jog track and multi-purpose exercise rooms.
"OLC's knowledge of pool design from a users' point of view, mechanical / constructability requirement or code issue, is integral to DTJ's success as designers." - Todd Richards, DTJ Design
Lead Office: Denver, Colorado


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Tuesday, February 9, 2010
Feeling Better!
9 comments:
Your menu looks great Cinner.ReplyDelete
I love the little birds.
Hope your day is awesome!
Awesome photo. :)ReplyDelete
The little creatures look pretty. :)
Very well written. :)
- AnonymousFebruary 9, 2010 at 4:27 AM
Simple beauty that's all around us - so important :o)ReplyDelete
HEY GIRL!!ReplyDelete
So glad to feel your 'better'. Enjoy your day and live fully.
Love you
Super strong attitude girl. Great menu for the day. Hang on.ReplyDelete
Hi Linda, thanks, I had a much better day and the sun came out which really makes a world of difference to me. Hope you had a great day.ReplyDelete
Gail, hope you had a great day too. how is Gracey Blue
Cambridge Lady, there simply is, I just need to remind myself of that a little more.
Chandrika, Thank you, I hope you had a good day. I have not been around to all the blogs for a while, but will come visit soon. Take care.
Anne, thanks I am doing much better. Thanks, and the sun came out today. yeah. take care, hope you are well.
- AnonymousFebruary 10, 2010 at 9:36 AM
I love your enthusiasm!! Your focused and that's always a good thing!ReplyDelete
I hope it turned out to be a wonderful day in which you embraced yourself.ReplyDelete
Great planning your day!!ReplyDelete


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Pos Merchant Card ServicesTom Nguyen
Your job is to run your business, not to worry about payment processing! POS Merchant Card Services and Electronic Payments has eliminated all the apprehensions and concerns associated with accepting and processing credit cards. Since 2000, we've been providing merchants nationwide with state-of-the-art solutions that are user-friendly, reliable and secure. Like so many of our merchant partners, you too can maximize your business's operations with the most innovative and trusted payment processing services and solutions.
Retailers and restaurants need POS solutions designed to meet their specific needs. Which is why we offer a variety of PC-based terminals that go beyond the cash register. From an elegant counter-based solution to specialized terminals and a sleek handheld device, you'll enjoy the power of a personal computer, inventory management software and payment processing system. Accomplish more in less time, so you can focus on the parts of your business you enjoy.
- Touch-Screen Technology
- Custom features
- Easy To Learn And Use
- Live Training
- On Site Installation
- PCI Compliant
- 24/7 Customer Support
- Buy Or Lease
- Zero Setup Costs
- Lowest Price Feature-For-Feature
- Gift And Loyalty Integration
- Chain Store Management
By establishing the highest standards for service, integrity and price, we enjoy one of greatest reputations in the payment processing industry. Our in-house merchant support and 24/7 technical support teams have years of industry experience and can assist you with any need. Plus, with so many changes in payment technologies, we're always on the forefront, offering the latest in mobile, NFC and EMV-ready solutions
You've got a plan. We want to make sure it pays off. So no matter what you sell or how you're selling it, Clover lets you accept credit cards, EMV chip and contactless payments from customers, safely and securely. And the Clover Suite has just the right mix of POS components and software for your specific needs.


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Allambie Cottages : Villa 3
Villa, Bright
Rated 4 out of 5 stars 1 review
Confirmation within 24hr
Average $205 per night {{quote.pricing.message}} Total {{quote.pricing.price | format:'currency':'short'}} for
For an easy, comfortable and well-priced getaway for the whole family, Allambie Cottages is waiting to show you all Bright has to offer.
An easy walk to the heart of Bright - the brewery & splash park, amazing cafes & bars and gorgeous strolls on river trails, you will feel right at home and leave the car behind. Your light filled open plan villa offers all the comforts of home and the conveniences you need as a family.
Relax with a movie on your TV/DVD or good book from the collection or cruise the area on your bikes which you've stored in the lockable bike shed Your well behaved furry friend is also welcome and will love the locals walks and large yard area.
Prepare the perfect family meal in your fully equipped kitchen or BBQ in your private courtyard, fully secure to keep pooch comfortable while you wine & dine at Bright's great eateries.
Feel completely rejuvenated after a night in your huge super king bed. The spacious loft style bedroom overlooking the living area also features a smaller TV to enjoy a movie curled up in bed. The 2nd cosy bedroom with access to the rear yard offers 2 single beds and a smaller daybed, perfect for a little one.
Loft bedroom 1: Super king bed
Bedroom 2: Single bed x 2 + daybed
Why not invite grandparents or friends to stay in their own 1 bedroom villa next door?
With all the features of a home away from home, your sunny villa also includes a full laundry, free WIFI and your own coffee machine so you will need for nothing but a few more days getaway to enjoy it even more
+ This quality holiday home is hosted by ALPINE VALLEY GETAWAYS :
WINNER : Excellence in tourism - Alpine Shire business awards
Within 8 minutes WALK from : The Bright town centre
Within 8 minutes WALK from : The Murray to Mountains Rail Trail
Within 5 minutes WALK from : The Bright Brewery
Within 5 minutes WALK from : Riverside walks & trails
Within 5 minutes WALK from : The central river parklands
We can also help you with any little extras you would like to complete your Bright getaway.
Let us arrange an in-house massage, book you a tour, help with local activities, have a yummy local hamper waiting for your arrival, whatever your heart desires
Celebrating a special occasion? We can have flowers, balloons, decorations or even gifts waiting for that special someone. Won't you win brownie points
Lazy late check-out may be available on request.
Just let us know what we can do to complete your holiday.
Beautiful Bright. A new destination every season
There are so many reasons why you will keep coming back to beautiful Bright. Every season is a new experience and there is something on offer for every holiday maker.
Take a dip in the sparkling Ovens River, make the most of the swimming hole with water slide
Take in the fresh Alpine air with a leisurely walk along 1 of many tracks or take a more challenging mountain hike.
Catch your own dinner of fresh trout or cheat at the trout farm.
Hit the slopes in winter with easy access to Mt Hotham, Falls Creek AND Mt Buffalo.
Take a tour of the award winning local wineries & breweries or enjoy a leisurely lunch in the sunshine.
Take to the skies in a micro-light or try paragliding for the more adventurous
Get involved in the many festivals & special events held throughout the year.
Lose the kids in the 'Wandi Maze', living hedge maze & cafe.
Enjoy local produce & quality dining at chef's hat restaurants & award winning cafes.
Get on 2 wheels on the 'Rail Trail' or challenge yourself with mountainous road ascents & exhilarating downhill tracks.
Explore the region along the Great Alpine Road - Beechworth, Yackandandah, King Valley, Milawa and the rest
You get the idea, we could go on & on but best you come and find out for yourself
Quality dog friendly accommodation for couples
Your furry friend, who is also welcome under strict yet standard conditions, will love the walks along the river and around the gorgeous parks.
Dogs are welcome inside the house while you are with them but must stay outside or go with you if you are to leave.
The front courtyard is pebbled and fenced. Dog sitting can be arranged.
There is a large communal lawn area behind the villa.
Base rates provided are for 2 guests. Extra guests will incur extra charges.
Access to the 2nd bedroom will be determined by guest numbers.
Some restrictions will apply to bookings.....
2 nights standard off-peak bookings
3 nights Australia Day weekend
3 nights Labour Day weekend
3 nights Queens Birthday weekend
3 nights Melbourne Cup weekend
3 nights Anzac Day weekend
3 nights January school holidays
4 nights Easter
7 nights Christmas period
Please check with us though if a booking gap applies or if the dates are approaching
Rating snapshot
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Have a question?
Feel free to send a message to the owner/manager if you have any specific needs, or if you require additional information before you can commit to a booking request.
Select request booking to access the quote calculator and to check availability.
Enter your check in and check out dates to see availability and a total price.
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I'm back!
"Don't you miss it, don't you miss it.
Some 'a you people just about missed it!
Last time to make plans!
Well I'm a tumbler...
I'm a government man."
"Born Under Punches", Talking Heads
Well, I am not a Tumblr, I don't think. Too much teen angst and random porn for this old lady. Still some great people doing cool stuff over there, but I missed my comments section!


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Seeing this amazing clip made by Vodafone as a commercial completely made my day. I spoke with my grandfather today - 5 min tops - he never wants to talk that long because hie hearing isn't that good anymore and he is always worried it will get to expensive for me. But those 5 min still reminds me how much he matters to me. Old people are amazing - and I loved this clip.
Hope it makes your day as well - and remember call your grand parents and tell them you care about them !


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SANTA MONICA, Calif. (CBS.MW) -- Fundamental investing may take on a new meaning.
The veil of mystery behind the world's fastest growing religion has come off. A new documentary airing on PBS, "Islam," details much of the culture and society that seems so foreign to many Westerners. And investors who are Muslim can now turn to a Web site for guidance on accepted Islamic principles governing money and trade. Mutual funds have even been designed around the concept.
There are some 1.3 billion Muslims in the world. Their participation in the world's capital markets, however, has been hindered because of Islamic laws prohibiting the taking of interest and trading merely for the sake of making money; an investment must have an underlying asset.
Religious tolerance
To be sure, there are other religious-specific investment vehicles. There are the Catholic Aquinas Funds, the Capstone SERV funds, designed for Seventh Day Adventists, and the MMA Praxis Funds, which serve the Mennonite community, for instance.
But until recently, Muslim investors have had few places to go to invest and were fearful of violating Islamic laws. The Amana Income Fund AMANX, +1.09% invests according to Islamic laws. And IslamiQ, a Web site, was recently launched to inform the world's Muslim population how it can and should invest.
"In Islam, the use of money is different than in the traditional banking system where profit is encouraged and commercialism is encouraged," says Dr. Hasnita Dato' Hashim, founder of IslamiQ. "Someone making money at the expense of someone else losing money is not accepted. But if you invest in a good company with an underlying asset, that can be okay."
Hasnita emphasizes the "can be okay." It's the qualifier, and where the laws of Islam get complex. For example, the amount of trading volume on even a "good" company's stock cannot outweigh the asset if it were to be divided equitably.
Needless to say, hyped Internet stocks founded on ideas aren't generally acceptable investments in the eyes of Islam.
Companies are deemed acceptable through an interpretation of Islamic Shari'ah Law. Here, specific Islamic terms are set forth to allow or disallow banking and investment activities.
"Murabahah" refers to a particular kind of sale where a seller agrees with a buyer to provide a certain amount of profit relative to an initial cost. Everything is disclosed, including the original costs and the profit, which can be a lump sum or percentage.
"Musharakah" is an Arabic word meaning "to share." It's used in business and trade so partners share the profit or loss of a venture. Because interest is prohibited in Islamic law, if a debtor suffers a loss, the creditor can't claim a fixed rate of return or earn a high rate of profit.
Such laws make it cumbersome at best to invest in the capital markets today. So, Shari'ah experts have come up with a "five percent rule" that deems "tolerable" investments in companies that have a maximum level of five percent of non-Shari'ah compliant activities or "tainted income sources."
Tainted income sources include financial institutions that make or pay interest and companies that have any association with pork products.
Social responsibility
Many socially responsible investment funds have similar rules. Morningstar reports there are funds that ban companies with ties to gambling, firearms, alcohol, tobacco, nuclear power, human rights violations and even animal abuse.
And this group of socially responsible investors seems to get along just fine in the global capital markets. The Social Investment Forum, which tracks socially responsible investments worldwide from its Washington headquarters, says one out of every eight dollars invested in the United States goes into an investment with a social or environmental concern. The total amount of assets under management in this category amount to more than $2 trillion, the Social Investment Forum says.
Islamic investment vehicles too are seeing huge growth. Estimates show about $150 billion is already invested in these financial products, according to IslamiQ, and the amount is growing 20 percent to 30 percent per year.
"There is a huge need for these types of products throughout the world," Hasnita says. "And it's not just Muslims. People are looking for something responsible to invest in."
In fact, some 70 percent of IslamiQ's assets under management are from non-Muslims, IslamiQ reports.
Hasnita says, "We are looking to make a difference and change the world."
And the world may be changing. People are more open to global investments. Also, the numbers certainly show that people are welcoming more ethical and socially responsible investing.
Hasnita is a case in point. Hasnita is a woman. Dressed in traditional Muslim garb -- dark veil, long black skirt -- she speaks to me from an airport in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, late at night, like any international financier. She says the fact that she is a woman helps her cause. Islam is traditionally thought of as a male-dominated world.
"I am received well even in traditional Islamic countries," says Hasnita. "Because I'm a woman, they are proud. It shows we are modern."
Modernity may have taken hold of the ancient traditions practiced in the Muslim religion. Prayer times are posted on IslamiQ's Web site.
With a hold one one-quarter of the world's population, Muslim investing has a huge potential audience. The Internet now provides the access.
Investment jargon may have to change too. A "fundamentalist" may have a new meaning -- in both the world of Islam and the investing world.


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What is the Malifaux I speak of? I have to take a moment and wonder if you have spent time in a very dark cave lately. Regardless, lets jump into the explanation and we can all get caught up.
First let me start with the introductions. This is Bill, host of the Gamers Lounge Podcast, Author of the Dead Tau Project Blog, Staff at the NOVA Open 2010 & 2011, Wyrd Miniatures Henchman, and most importantly your host and TO for the NOVA Open Malifaux tournament this year!
So what is this Malifaux I speak of? Who is Wyrd Miniatures? These are simple questions to answer initially, which becomes deliciously complex as you dig deeper. Simply put, Malifaux one of the hottest new Skirmish Scale games to hit the market recently, and it is produced by Wyrd Miniatures. Malifaux as a game had its initial market release at Gencon 2009, and has been growing like crazy since then. This year at Gencon they had a "Privateer Press" like line waiting at their booth on opening day for all the new goodies.
Quoted from Wyrd Miniatures directly:
So, simple entry point with a normal "Tournament level" crew sitting between 5 and 8 models. Each model has a set of special rules that they work with, and each crew is led by a master. The largest departure from "typical" mini-wargames is the use of cards opposed to dice!Based in an alternate Earth, Malifaux uses Gothic, Steampunk, Victorian horror with a dose of the wild west to inject fun and depth into the magical lawlessness of a world rife with monsters, necropunks, manmachine hybrids, gunslingers, and power-hungry politicos. Actively using character-driven stories to define the world of Malifaux, seek your fortune in this fast paced and brutal 32mm tabletop miniature skirmish game. Assemble your crew and stake your claim!
So, now you know a little bit about Malifaux, and you should be aware that one of the Premier US Malifaux tournaments will be held on Friday at the NOVA Open 2011! So what can I tell you? First off, at this point (Mid February) we are still nailing down all the particulars on the event, but I will share what I can.
We will have 16 3x3 Malifaux tables with full terrain, which will look absolutely fantastic. (as a note, Malifaux tables use ~60%+ terrain coverage) This will allow 32 players to compete for the top spots of best Overall Malifaux player and Best in Faction at the event. I can also confirm we will be running a 30 soulstone Scrap. This means that you pick your faction, which stays the same throughout the tournament, and then get to "buy" your 30ss crew each round. I am aiming for 90 minutes per round, so plenty of time to really rock your opponent and achieve your strategies and schemes.
That's something else that's important to point out. For those who are not as familiar, Malifaux is not just a game of killing your opponent! In fact, in some cases it is possible to table your opponent and STILL LOSE THE GAME! This is a game of objectives, which are split into known Strategies (the primary objective) and hidden Schemes (secondary objectives). Accomplishing your Strategies and Scheme's is more important that just punching your opponents crew in the face! It certainly makes for an exciting game.
So with that introduction, I look forward to seeing a packed house at the NOVA! Registration is currently open and I expect tickets to start moving quickly. I will continue to provide updates here on a fairly regular basis as the details clarify and the date creeps closer.


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Cong-led UPA ahead in Maharashtra
Congress leading in three seats, NCP in two and Shiv Sena and BJP in one constituency each in Maharashtra.india Updated: May 16, 2009 09:35 IST
Congress-led UPA was ahead of the BJP-Shiv Sena alliance in Maharashtra as the early trends of the Lok Sabha started pouring in from the 48 constituencies in the state.
Congress and BJP candidates were leading in six seats each, NCP in four, Sena 1 and MNS in two in Maharashtra.
NCP's Sharad Pawar is leading in Maadha over BJP's Subhash Deshmukh, while Sushilkumar Shinde (Congress) leading in Solapur.
Congress nominee Nilesh Rane is ahead in Ratnagiri- Sindhudurg over Sena's Suresh Prabhu.
While NCP nominee Sanjeev Naik is leading in Thane, MNS candidate Hemant Godse was ahead of his rivals in Nashik.
First Published: May 16, 2009 09:09 IST


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As a family we love having time together and one of the things that brings us closer together is playing board games. Yes they can cause lots of arguments but they also can bring you closer.
We were recently sent Og on the Bog from Drummond Park. We love this game, it is super funny! The game is really simple, you have Og in his outhouse bog, a spinner and some loo rolls.
You each take a turn to spin and the aim of the game is to steal Og's loo rolls. So when you spin you have 3 possible things it can land on
- A red x and that means you have disturbed Og so you have to run away and it's the next person's turn
- A green tick which means you get to press his button on the bog and a number of things will happen. He will shout out which means the next person takes their turn, he will trump/groan which means you get to try and steal a loo roll
- A loo roll sign which means you can just try and take a loo roll
The winner is the first one to get 4 loo rolls. But there is something else that can happen, which made Harry almost wet himself with laughter. When you press the button on his bog several times, he groans and then his shed falls apart and pops open to expose him sitting on the bog.
When we first received the game Harry wasn't at home so the OH and I 'tested' it but actually ended up playing it 4 times 🙂
When the teens got home they also wanted a go and ended up playing several times too. Well it does say ages 5+ it doesn't specify an age to stop playing. As Harry is not quite 4 he didn't enjoy playing as much as us. He understood roughly and he found it funny but he didn't like landing on a red cross and not getting a turn. We recently went to a party and I took the game with me to occupy the kids while we got ready and it was a big hit with the kids.
I have been lucky enough to be given a game as a giveaway for one of my readers. Just enter the rafflecopter below, good luck!


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Juniperus horizontalis, creeping juniper, is a shrub that occurs in the northern United States and Canada. It is low growing and evergreen and is often used for groundcover. Though it is known as being quite hardy, the creeping juniper can begin to brown for a variety of reasons, including improper watering, poor soil conditions and pests. Blight can be a serious problem for creeping juniper and cannot only brown but can eventually kill the shrub.
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Various types of blight can affect creeping juniper, which is why the disease can be such a problem for the shrub. Symptoms of blight include yelling spots on the foliage. As the disease progresses, the foliage will begin to turn brown. Cankers will then form, usually killing the browning part of the shrub. To treat blights, prune away any damaged or browning foliage and treat the rest of the shrub with a fungicide according to the application instructions.
Though more rare, several pests can infect creeping juniper, which can cause the foliage to brown. These include mites and some worms. Pests of this nature can sometimes be treated by simply regularly watering the shrub, which flushes the pests off of the foliage. If flushing doesn't work, a chemical control method, such as an insecticide or miticide, should be applied to the shrub. Only use chemical controls as the last resort because in addition to killing the pests, they will also kill the pests' predators, which could leave the shrub susceptible to pests in the future.
Water and Light
Creeping junipers prefer full, bright sunlight throughout the year. If you live in an area where the sun is very strong in the summertime, make sure that you supplement the conditions by watering more frequently. Watering in the early morning can help keep the soil moist and also prevent the foliage from burning and browning. Move your creeping juniper into an area of full sunshine if you have it currently planted in partial to full shade, which could be another reason for it to brown or rot.
Soil Condition
Soil amendments, such as loam or sand, can help increase the soil's ability to drain, which is important for the creeping juniper to thrive. If the soil does not drain well, it could be a reason for it to turn brown, which could stem from unhealthy or rotted roots. If your soil does not drain well, incorporate sand or loam into the first few inches of the soil with a hand tiller.