text:
Stunningly beautiful...
Brilliant shot, Andrew. You have to smile at it- a scene so achingly beautiful that even a dog has to turn to look. Thanks for sharing this.
I really like the composition of this shot. It makes you gaze intently at the distance to see if you can spot what Tillie has seen. My only comment would be to suggest a slight crop at the bottom, putting Tillie a little closer to the edge.
Thanks Christina, Kevin and Susan for the kind comments. There was a bit more to this story as i had hiked about 3 miles up across the moor to take some photographs. I set up the tripod,fixed the camera and lens only to find the battery was completely flat. Not wanting to miss the scenery i took a series of shots on my i phone and then did a little post processing in camera raw. I hope i wont make that mistake again!
Proving once again that the best camera is the one you have in hand! Very nice photo!
Great photograph. I love Kevin's comment that the scene is so beautiful even Tillie has to look. I would come up with a title that reflects Kevin's comment.


text:
Reinforced Concrete Design pp 15-23 | Cite as
Limit State Design
The design of an engineering structure must ensure that (1) under the worst loadings the structure is safe, and (2) during normal working conditions the deformation of the members does not detract from the appearance, durability or performance of the structure. Despite the difficulty in assessing the precise loading and variations in the strength of the concrete and steel, these requirements have to be met. Three basic methods using factors of safety to achieve safe, workable structures have been developed; they are
- (1)
The permissible stress method in which ultimate strengths of the materials are divided by a factor of safety to provide design stresses which are usually within the elastic range.
- (2)
The load factor method in which the working loads are multiplied by a factor of safety.
- (3)
The limit state method which multiplies the working loads by partial factors of safety and also divides the materials' ultimate strengths by further partial factors of safety.
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Copyright information
© W. H. Mosley and J. H. Bungey 1990

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Toronto Man Proposed To Girlfriend With Massive Balcony Proposal
Everybody loves a good marriage proposal, and this one is pretty awesome. Yesterday I was walking around my local neighbourhood (I live at Yonge and EG) and I noticed a huge window display marriage proposal. Interested, I wanted to find out more about who did the proposal, and if she said yes! Lucky for me, the CBC did the reporting for us and discovered the story behind the massive proposal.
Check out the CBC video below for the full story.
1 comment
How is this a "massive" proposal?
Leave a reply
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text:
When your automobile leans too much when cornering, you may suspect a damaged sway bar link as it is the one linking the sway bar's end to the suspension. Even if it's just the bushing, washer, or nut in the link that's missing, it greatly affects the ability of the Audi S8 sway bar link to hold the sway bar in its correct place, thus causing unstable handling.
To experience more enjoyable drives, it is vital that leans or body rolls if you are cornering are lessened, and that job is completed via the sway bar, that is also known as anti-roll bar. When the said bar isn't attached to the suspension well, it won't be able to prevent your ride from leaning when cornering so poor handling may be observed. When the sway bar link for your Audi S8 gets broken, the bar will continue to move independently and it's going to make different sounds, informing you that your link has now gone bad. You won't just discover clicking ad rattling noises when you drive in a corner; Audi S8 sway bar links can also make clunking sound once you passed through bumps.
The best offers on your desired Audi S8 sway bar link can be found right here at Parts Train. This online shop has been providing the market with high-quality auto and truck parts and add-ons since 1995 and it carries a plethora of sway bar links coming from well known manufacturers like Moog, TRW, and CTR.
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Use our Part Fit Checker to view parts compatible with your vehicle.


text:
Just recently purchased our first home; a 1940s bungalow which we are about to start updating. First order of business will be painting the bedroom we are currently using. Below are some of the basics:
- Walls are plaster
- Currently has numerous layers of paint
- Some cracks and small holes are noticeable
- Looks like there are some nails that have been painted over
- Will be focusing only on the walls (ceiling and baseboards will come later)
We are hoping to smooth out the walls and apply a fresh layer of paint within the weekend. What do people recommend?
Should we just sand the walls? Would there be any advantage to removing the layers of paint?
Any suggestions for repairing the cracks and small holes?
Any other basic tips anyone would like to share? I know it's pretty open ended, but just wanted to hear some basic painting suggestions from others. Thanks for all the tips.


text:
A list of job opportunities @ ETRO
PhD position on Holographic Video Coding
Since the invention of holography in 1948, researchers are attempting to realize realistic 3D projections. Recent developments in photonics, microelectronics and computer engineering offer the prospect that this will soon be feasible. Holographic television with acceptable visual quality will be ...
read more
VACANCY for a research scientist for biomedical applications
The department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO) of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel is looking for an experienced C++ software developer for working on state of the art biomechanical modelling methods in close collaboration with researchers within the department and beyond. We are looking for a ...
PostDoc Position in the Area of Deep Learning for Video Mining and Analytics
In recent years, safety and security has become a major issue in Europe and the United States. In this context, developing a computer vision system that can automatically detect abnormal behaviour in crowds from video recorded by security cameras is of great interest.In response to this need, ...
PhD Researcher Position in Machine Learning for Visual Data Reconstruction and Analysis
Recent advances in 3D visualization technology including auto stereoscopic displays, free navigation applications, and virtual reality head mounted devices provide consumers with a highly realistic visual experience. Producing high-quality video content for such systems requires ...
PhD Researcher Position in Deep Learning for Big Heterogeneous Data
We nowadays experience the era of data deluge: massive amounts of information are constantly produced and can be harvested from various online sources, ranging from wireless sensor devices in smart cities to public open datasets and social media. It has therefore become a scientific ...
PhD \ Postdoc position in 3D Graphics
The research focuses on the generation of highly accurate static and dynamic 3D models based on multicamera systems. Research topics include the design of new methods for point cloud processing in multicamera systems, such as point cloud denoising, point cloud registration, 3D surface generation ...
Anteryon, VUB B-PHOT and ETRO are hiring 4 ESRs to start an Industrial PhD within the Marie Sklodowska-Curie ITN.
The EC-funded Marie Sklodowska-Curie ITN project "xCLASS" (Next generation Compact Lightsource And Spectrometer Systems) starts a training through research programme to address the severe shortage of expertise among European industrial graduates and PhDs aiming to fulfil the complete technology supply chain for the development of optical spectrometer systems. An expanding demand for sensorial information in application domains such as healthcare, agriculture, waste management and food sorting urges for novel and cost-effective methods to sense the desired analytes with high sensitivity, high reliability and a small mobile device.
Four ESRs (Early Stage Researchers) have the chance to become leading experts in photonics in academy and industry and to contribute to Europe's key societal challenges such as health, food safety and a sustainable environment.
ESR 1: This PhD student will particularly investigate and develop a miniaturized tuneable light source. The student will be located at Anteryon, with secondments to the Vrije Universiteit Brussels. xCLASS Job Post_ESR1
ESR 2: This PhD student will particularly investigate a modified Fastie-Ebert configuration to develop a compact optical spectrometer combining both refractive and diffractive optical components. The student will be located at Vrije Universiteit Brussels-B-PHOT and have 3 secondments at Anteryon. xCLASS Job Post_ESR2
ESR 3: Research will be particularly focused on the integration of the optical, electronical and mechanical components of the miniaturized spectrometer and its interfacing with a tunable light source. Furthermore, data processing algorithms will be investigated. The student will be located at Anteryon and have two secondments to the Vrije Universiteit Brussels-ETRO. xCLASS Job Post_ESR3
ESR 4: The overall objective of this research is to reconstruct a wide-band signature using an automated calibration procedure and inverse problem methods to compute higher-quality spectra from imperfect optics. The student will be located at Vrije Universiteit Brussels-ETRO and have three secondments at Anteryon. xCLASS Job Post_ESR4
Enquiries and applications may be addressed to Mrs. Majorie Jammaers.
Open Positions at the Royal Meteorological Institute.
Thanks in part to its location in the heart of Europe in Brussels a city of rich heritage with cultural diversity, and in part to its interdisciplinary research projects. ETRO offers an international and multicultural environment that leads to a positive and creative work place. With its three research groups all specialising in different areas, cooperation and open communication are at the forefront of ETRO daily life. All in all ETRO is an enthusiastic, hard working, professional and welcoming environment in which to work where your aspiration can be fulfilled and new friendships made.
Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO)
Pleinlaan 2 - B-1050 Brussel - Belgium
Room Ke.3.01 (secretariat)
Tel: +32 (0)2 629 2930 (secretariat)
Fax: +32 (0)2 629 2883
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
- Contact person
- Thesis proposals
- ETRO Courses
- Spin-offs
- Know How
- Journals
- Conferences
- Books
- Vacancies
- News
- Events
- Press
ETRO Department
Tel: +32 2 629 29 30


text:
Overcoming Mold Illness
Tammy Stewart of Health for a Purpose featured on Cellular Healing TV with Dr. Daniel Pompa. Learn how Mold illness may seriously affect your health.
Dr. Daniel Pompa and Tammy Stewart discuss her history with mold on this 37 minute episode of Cellular Healing TV.
Listen To The Podcast


text:
We encourage everyone to have a well planned and executed exercise regimen. Sometimes people start a sport such as dance, softball, lacrosse, or ballet when they are a kid and continue into adult hood! While that's excellent (many people fall out of their sport after highschool) we want everyone to realize as you grow older, so do your bones, joints and muscles. This is just a precautionary to say be mindful of your body and pay attention to what it needs including rest!
Many injuries from sports can happen due to overuse. Here are some injuries that many pointe dancers and ballet dancers suffer from (good news though, there are treatments!):
Calcaneal Apophysitis (Sever's Disease):
What: Inflammation (swelling) of your heel's growth plate
Who: Affects children between 8-14 because heel bone not fully developing before age 14
Why: Caused by overuse and stress on heel bone through sports or if you have flat feet or a high-arched foot
What: When your toes curl under- similar to a claw
Who: Those who wear poorly fitting shoes or shoes that are too narrow for long periods of time
Why: A hammertoe may result if a toe is too long and is forced into a cramped position when a tight shoe is worn
Sesamoiditis/Sesamoid Fractures:
What: A bone embedded in a tendon
Who: Typically athletes requiring increased pressure on the ball of the foot (ballet)
Why: A direct blow or impact (acute fracture); overuse and stress (stress fracture); overuse, and increased pressure to the sesamoid bone (sesamoiditis)
Midfoot Arthritis:
What: Arthritis causing pain, swelling and nerve pain on top of foot
Who & Why: Prone to people with extremely high arches and bunion formalities
What: A bump on the side of the big toe or pinky toe
Who and Why: Mostly caused by genetics- if your parents or grandparents have them, you might get them; wearing poorly fitting shoes generally makes the problem worse
Os Trigonum:
What: a small, round bone that sits just behind the ankle joint
Who: ballet dancers who assume pointe and demi pointe positions. These positions maximally plantarflex the ankle (point the toes down), and can cause the os trigonum to become pinched in the space behind the ankle
Why: the small bone can get caught in the ankle, and even prevent normal motion
Plantar Fasciitis:
What: is an inflammation of the band of tissue (the plantar fascia) that extends from the heel to the ball of the foot.
Who: Those wearing non-supportive footwear for long periods of time puts strain on the plantar fascia
Why: Overuse injury (same as tendonitis)- a sudden increase in exercise
If any of these conditions sound familiar, don't hesitate to have them treated- the sooner the better!


text:
Retail giant Walmart Inc. (WMT) on Thursday reported a 30 percent decrease in profit for the first quarter from last year, as higher revenues were more than offset by a loss on equity investment in JD.com.
However, both revenue and adjusted earnings per share beat analysts' estimates. The company's shares are gaining 1.7 percent in pre-market activity.
For the first quarter, consolidated net income attributable to Walmart declined to $2.13 billion or $0.72 per share from $3.04 billion or $1.00 per share in the same period last year.
The latest quarter's results include an unrealized loss of $0.47 per share on the company's equity investment in JD.com due to a change in accounting principles. It also includes a benefit of $0.05 per share due to an adjustment in the provisional amount recorded in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2018 related to the U.S tax reform.
Excluding items, adjusted earnings for the quarter were $1.14 per share. On average, analysts polled by Thomson Reuters expected the company to report earnings of $1.12 per share. Analysts' estimates typically exclude special items.
Total revenue for the quarter, comprising net sales and Membership and other income, grew 4.4 percent to $122.69 billion from $117.54 billion in the year-ago period. Excluding currency, total revenue increased 2.7 percent. Analysts were looking for revenues of $120.47 billion for the quarter.
Net sales grew 4.4 percent to $121.63 billion, while Membership and other income climbed 4.3 percent to $1.06 billion.
Walmart U.S. comp sales increased 2.1 percent, and comp traffic increased 0.8 percent. Net sales rose 3.1 percent to $77.7 billion. Walmart U.S. eCommerce sales grew 33 percent.
Sam's Club comp sales increased 3.8 percent, led by comp traffic growth of 5.6 percent. Tobacco sales negatively impacted comp sales by about 140 basis points. Net sales at Walmart International grew 11.7 percent to $30.3 billion.
Walmart said that its recent investment in Indian e-commerce company Flipkart is expected to negatively impact fiscal year 2019 earnings per share by about $0.25 to $0.30 if the transaction closes at the end of the second quarter. The company added that as in past years, it will update certain full year guidance with the second quarter release.
For comments and feedback contact: firstname.lastname@example.com
Business News
12 Phase III Cancer Clinical Trials Worth Monitoring
New Drugs Approved In December
10 Gene Therapy Companies Unignorable in 2019


text:
Sir John Harvey – Jones
Born Again
Sir John Harvey-Jones, Sir John Harvey-Jones,
Natty, cravaty in multiple tones;
Twin trouble-shooters appended to thigh,
Ancient submariner, ex I.C.I.
Sir John Harvey-Jones, Sir John Harvey-Jones,
Prophet of profit as writ in the stones;
Magnanimous animus of corps d'esprit,
Making It Happen in books, on TV.
What wisdom you toss us for cutting our losses,
You fabulous, famed flagellator of bosses;
How wise to chastise all us corporate sinners
For our wailings and failings as world-beating winners.
Keep on bruising our egos for driving Montegos
And lacking ambition as tall as a tree grows;
Make us higher aspirers, inflame and re-wire us,
Believers, achievers of all you desire us.
Sir John Harvey-Jones, Sir John Harvey-Jones,
Of the swash-buckle chuckle and gravelly moans.
We're thinking you're winking behind the mystique,
Where you're Jack Commonsensical, tres sympathique.
Sir John Harvey-Jones, Sir John Harvey-Jones,
Burnished and furnished with zeal in your bones;
Avuncular guru to corporate men,
Your melody lingers – but sing it again.


text:
Ready, set, go.
"For the past 12 years, I've spent my career on runways and fashion sets across the globe. In that time I worked with the best beauty artists and experts. I loved sitting in the make-up chair and absorbed so many valuable tips and tricks, it was the best beauty school I could ever imagine," says former Victoria's Secret model and now co-founder of Wander Beauty, Lindsay Ellingson.
After meeting her co-founder, Divya Gugnani, who Ellingson describes as a "serial entrepreneur", the pair decided to launch Wander Beauty, the travel-friendly, cruelty-free, multitasking line that suited their lifestyles and a range of skincare and make-up they hoped would suit other women too.
Now stocked online at Sephora Australia, Wander Beauty is designed to make your life on the go simple and mess free says Ellingson.
"My oversized luggage was filled with messy powders, liquids and glass bottles. I remember arriving in Milan for fashion week and finding my favorite pair of heels ruined by a spilled jar of face oil," says the model of her travelling mistakes. "All of our products are 'colour to be carried,' no loose caps, broken glass, messy powders, or spilled liquid. All of our products are travel friendly and go double duty," the model shares.
Spilled oils aside, it is common knowledge models are the best suitcase packers on earth, their busy schedules demand they be ready to jet off at all times and ready for anything, so how and what does Ellingson pack?
"No matter what my destination, I've learned how to expertly carry on my luggage without sacrificing my skincare or beauty routine," the model tells us, adding, "All of Wander Beauty's products are TSA friendly and most are in stick form so they don't need to be included in quart size bags which saves room for skincare products. With our Wanderout Dual Sides Lipstick, you can bring a neutral shade for day and a bold shade for a night out. Also, packing multitaskers such as our hero On-the-Glow Blush and Illuminator, is a great way to streamline your make-up routine, you can use the blush on cheeks, lips and eyes and our illuminator to highlight your face and body."
The term multitasking gets thrown around a lot in the beauty world but for Wander, it's a must with the brand infusing their products with an added kick and taking out all bad stuff (think, parabens, mineral oil, phthalates, and synthetic fragrance).
"One of my favorite products is our Glow Getter Mist, enriched with glacier water from Iceland, the purest form of water on earth so it's rich in minerals which helps to calm and soothe skin." Likewise, the brand's Beach Balm counts prickly pear, known for its innate ability to retain moisture, as one of its ingredients while the Exquisite Eye Liquid Eyeshadows "are like a cooling eye serum" says Ellingson thanks in most part to the green tea and aloe extracts which provide powerful antioxidant protection for the delicate skin.
Suffered a travelling malfunction? Had a foundation explode on you? Now is the time to get a make-up bag that's equal parts grown up as it is useful.


text:
Sunday, August 5
Barely Clothed and Writhing
My, my, my. Curtis Jackson and Justin Timberlakey in a viddy together? Fiddy is totally capitalizing on Justin's current market value. I don't get why JT always has to go show he's all RnB and all that... sometimes he tries way too hard to be all tough and street credibled. I do like the song and I suppose it's sexy.
Will they ever have a decent video with no strippers? Seriously. How about midgets bumping uglies? Butterflies and cotton candy? It's strippers and strippers and oh yes, even more strippers. And throwing the dollaz around town, and etc. It's tired.
This just got released yesterday, so here goes. Ayo Technology (She Wants It) by 50 Cent, feat. Justin Timberlake. With the requisite Timbaland cameo. That man is in everything. Enjoy.
exposed by Nikka at 8:20 AM
2 comments:
- illicracker said...
Yeah seriously. Where are our favorite videographers. Knock knock. Mark Romanek? And the other guy named Lawrence. I don't think I like this song. Maybe because I'm obsessed with something way better than this.
- August 5, 2007 at 10:24 AM
- illicracker said...
- This comment has been removed by the author.
- August 5, 2007 at 10:24 AM
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


text:
Trial Profile
GRACE: An open-label, multicenter trial to compare the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of PREZISTA (darunavir)/ritonavir by gender and race, when administered in combination with an individually optimized background regimen over a 48-week treatment period
Phase of Trial: Phase III
Latest Information Update: 11 Jun 2014
At a glance
- Drugs Darunavir (Primary) ; Antiretrovirals; Ritonavir
- Indications HIV-1 infections
- Focus Adverse reactions; Therapeutic Use
- Acronyms GRACE
- Sponsors Tibotec Inc
- 31 Aug 2018 Biomarkers information updated
- 21 Sep 2010 Data from GRACE will be published in the September 21st issue of the Annals of Internal Medicine, according to a Tibotec Therapeutics media release.
- 21 Sep 2010 Results published in Annals of Internal Medicine.
Most Recent Events
Table of Contents
- At a glance
- Trial Overview
- Trial Details
- Interventions
- Results
- Authors
- Trial Centres
- Trial History
- References


text:
FAQs - ALL PAYMENTS WILL BE TAKEN IN £ STERLING
How do I cancel a automated scheduled payment?
To cancel any credit card payments please email to [email protected] with a note advising us not to collect any future payments. Please contact us at least 3 working days before the payment is due
What happens if a payment is taken in error?
If you believe a payment has been taken in error or the amount is wrong, please email us at [email protected] with an explanation of why you think the payment is incorrect
We will immediately investigate why the payment has been taken and respond to you within 1 working day
Frequency and Terms of paymentsWe take payments based on agreed instructions, a copy of which will be sent immediately upon agreement
We accept payment from the providers below
We take payments based on agreed instructions, a copy of which will be sent immediately upon agreement
Click here to see our standing order template.
Once completed, please send to our office address which can be found by clicking here
Click here to see our Terms and Conditions


text:
The Sheffield Primary Computing Scheme of Work 2017 is available for schools with an eLearning Team subscription or that have purchased it as a standalone product. If you have a username please login at the foot of the page.
To request a username or to sign up for a package, please call Marie Hill on 0114 2587728 or email email@example.com. For more information about our packages, see the About Us menu.


text:
5 Simple Techniques For swimming pool construction companyBlocks are stacked without any overlap so cores match up. Any rebar is overlapped a foot and tied with wire. Blocks are stacked towards the waterline. The inside and out on the block is plastered with 1/sixteen" least thickness floor bonding cement to carry the block while concrete is poured.
Right before we are able to start with the swimming pool construction, we must design your pool. At the time your pool is made, we must receive a village allow to construct it. There are various reasons why You will need a making permit to begin work, for instance fuel and drinking water strains under the ground.
Looking For more info? Please find your enquiry type underneath, Stick to the prompts and we'll get in contact right away.
He's an extremely professional pool builder and outside of Experienced and responsive. He helps make you feel… read more 10. Aquamarine Pools
Source and build a different 28 l/m metal reinforced concrete pool prepared to swim with all inclusions as mentioned in the Vacation resort Pool Package deal.
Steve was the final word Experienced. Well timed and courteous and is aware his stuff. A standout from the business.
We now have a welcoming, various and professional staff that address all components of swimming pool set up like steelers, coping, tilling and plumbing, supplying you with the total pool design and style and construction package find out deal on every single task.
Go away the area rough, as in broom or wood float finish. The plaster bonds significantly better to rough concrete.
No cost Robotic pool cleaner when you purchase from our Display screen , so arrive & layout your desire pool today brisbanehomeshow.com.au ... See MoreSee Much less
Down below is a listing of latest and earlier pools we are happy to possess made a truth for our customers, remember to feel free to look through the gathering and make contact with us regarding your future investment.
For high-quality design and set up of a concrete swimming pool to your Melbourne dwelling, get in touch with our skilled crew of pool builders right now.
A good contractor is sort of a excellent mechanic: locate the proper a single and you will have a partner in property advancement for years to come back. Find out more Crisis Repairs
Structure Adaptability – The #one function of concrete pools would be that look at this now the style and design is simply quite possibly the most flexible of them all. A concrete pool is often built to match any pool dimension and condition you can visualize.
Most household swimming pools are built at the side of custom houses and commonly when the house owners decide to Develop with ICFs for longevity and diminished Vitality fees, they'll pick an ICF pool for a similar explanation. This excellent simplifies construction and takes advantage of the identical products as their dwelling. Subject Cut Radius


text:
OnAppMouseUp event
|acAppEvents component.
| TacAppMouseEvent = procedure(Sender: TObject; Button: TMouseButton; Shift: TShiftState; ScreenPoint: TPoint; WindowHandle: hWnd; HitTestCode: Integer) of object;
|property OnAppMouseUp: TacAppMouseEvent;
|The OnAppMouseUp event occurs when the user releases a mouse button in ANY window on ANY control within entire application. Use the OnAppMouseUp to handle all mouse clicks within any control of your program.
|The coordinate where user presses a mouse button returned by ScreenPoint parameter (this point in screen coordinates. Check out an example to see how to convert the screen coordinates to coordinates of local control). Window handle of control returned by WindowHandle parameter.
|Determines the mouse button. Possible return values is mbLeft for left mouse button, mbRight for right and mbMiddle if middle mouse button released;
|Determines the current state of the control keys Ctrl, Shift and Alt.
|The X and Y position where user released a mouse button in screen coordinates;
|The window handle of control where user released a mouse button.
|The code which identifies the hot sport of control if user released a mouse button outside of control's client area. Check out WM_NCHITTEST message in the Win32 API reference for more details.
|OnAppMouseDown and OnAppMouseMove events.


text:
Girls on the game
Gaming now offers amazing technologies and women are its fastest-growing users.
Everyone is a gamer, yes, you too! If you've ever whiled away the hours playing a casual online game, you're a gamer. If you haven't, it's probably because you haven't yet found a game that really appeals to you.
Gaming has changed drastically in the last few years, with the stereotype of the 15-year-old boy playing PC games well into the night fast dissipating. It's now about having fun with family and friends, being social, and not taking yourself too seriously. Manufacturers are bringing out titles to appeal to these shifting demographics while, at the same time, developing breakthrough gaming technologies that really are bringing the future right into the present.
Many women still attach a stigma to gaming, but this too is changing and one reason is that they are seeing the benefits. The results of some recent research may surprise you: regular gaming can help with developmental problems, hone specific skills, and be both educational and teach valuable life lessons. The key, of course, is moderation.
Gaming can be good for you
Researchers all over the world are studying the unexpected benefits of gaming.
Here are some recent findings:
Researchers have been studying how active participation in casual games (which are easier to learn how to play) improves short-term cognisance in older people.
Visual capacity:
Tests have been made with non-gamers to test their visual capacity. Half played casual games and the other half played an action game involving a target. After a month the action gamers' vision had improved by about 20%.
Researchers tested subjects with and without gaming experience. Those with experience could ignore unimportant stimuli faster and had better overall focused attention and faster reaction times and decision-making abilities than those without.
A group of young adults were assigned a "frustration task" before being divided into groups (not playing a game, playing a non-violent game, playing a violent game as the good guy, playing a violent game as the bad guy). Those who played the violent games were less hostile and depressed, indicating that the games had helped them vent their frustration and regulate their moods.
Why are more women now gaming?
Research has found that women are drawn to social aspects rather than challenging mechanics and goals. As more and more people have access to the Internet, more women are finding online casual games, which are quick to master, often don't take up too much time, and can be social in nature.
Are games made to be addictive?
A well-made game is delicately balanced so as to be challenging enough that people will attempt to master it and will return to do so ('fun'), but not so challenging that they find it too difficult ('frustrating') or so lacking in a challenge ('boring') that they stop playing. Certain people are predisposed to addictive behaviour, such as perfectionists. Depending on the game, the player may obsessively replay levels in order to achieve perfect scores, collect all the pickups for bragging rights or a special bonus, or find all the secret areas or objects in order to experience the entire game, whereas other players are happy just to advance through a level as fast as possible.
© Gallo Images


text: Thank You, Lord! Posted on September 18, 2015 by Sean Mungin in Christian, Christianity, community, family, ministry, Uncategorized Today is an unusual day. But it is all good…so I've decided to keep things simple by just saying, "Thank You, Lord for all You've done in, through, with, and for me!!!…" Have a blessed day…in Jesus' name!!! Advertisements Share this:TweetEmailShare on TumblrPrintTelegramPocketWhatsAppGodinterestLike this:Like Loading... Related ChristianityGodgratitudeJesuspraisereflectionthinkonthesethingsworship


text:
Cough cough. Insert inadequate excuse for blogging failure here.
Then insert apology for the lack of posts here.
Now read on for today's post…
The boy has a collection of funnels and old shampoo bottles he plays with in the bath. I buy him cheap bath products from pound shops and he spends his time splashing about being a crazy scientist, magical potion creator extraordinaire.
Today he called me in to announce he had:
Really made a potion mummy! Come and see!
Lo and behold, he had mixed up colours and liquids, and filled a small clear bottle with a new colour. A very pleased small person announced that this potion was magical and "brings you love".
So I've smothered myself with it. Bring on the love.
Got to be as (un)likely as pressing 'like and share' on some random Facebook post anyhow….


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We investigated the fate of aberrant mRNAs lacking in‐frame termination codons (called nonSTOP mRNA) in mammalian cells. We found that translation of nonSTOP mRNA was considerably repressed although a corresponding reduction of mRNA was not observed. The repression appears to be post‐initiation since (i) repressed nonSTOP mRNAs were associated with polysomes, (ii) translation of IRES‐initiated and uncapped nonSTOP mRNA were repressed, and (iii) protein production from nonSTOP mRNA associating with polysomes was significantly reduced when used to program an in vitro run‐off translation assay. NonSTOP mRNAs distributed into lighter polysome fractions compared to control mRNAs encoding a stop codon, and a significant amount of heterogeneous polypeptides were produced during in vitro translation of nonSTOP RNAs, suggesting premature termination of ribosomes translating nonSTOP mRNA. Moreover, a run‐off translation assay using hippuristanol and RNAse protection assays suggested the presence of a ribosome stalled at the 3′ end of nonSTOP mRNAs. Taken together, these data indicate that ribosome stalling at the 3′ end of nonSTOP mRNAs can block translation by preventing upstream translation events.
Gene expression is an inherently complex process and errors often happen in the course of transcription and RNA processing. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have evolved remarkable surveillance mechanisms to verify mRNA quality, thus ensuring their suitability for translation and avoiding the synthesis of potentially deleterious proteins from aberrant mRNAs (Wagner and Lykke‐Andersen, 2002; Fasken and Corbett, 2005). The mRNA surveillance system not only contributes to the maintenance of cellular homeostasis but is also implicated in certain diseases (Holbrook et al, 2004; Kuzmiak and Maquat, 2006).
One of the best‐studied mRNA surveillance pathways is nonsense‐mediated mRNA decay (NMD), which recognizes aberrant transcripts having premature termination codons and targets these for degradation (Gonzalez et al, 2001; Baker and Parker, 2004; Weischenfeldt et al, 2005; Amrani et al, 2006; Behm‐Ansmant and Izaurralde, 2006). Although the NMD pathway is conserved in eukaryotes, recent studies in several organisms have revealed that different mechanisms have evolved to discriminate premature stop codons from natural stop codons and to degrade the targeted mRNAs (Conti and Izaurralde, 2005). Another example of aberrant mRNAs is that lacking in‐frame termination codons (referred herein as nonSTOP mRNA). NonSTOP mRNAs can be generated when 3′ end formation occurs within the coding region of cistrons as a consequence of genetic mutations (Temperley et al, 2003; Chatr‐Aryamontri et al, 2004), transcriptional pausing (Cui and Denis, 2003), or usage of cryptic polyadenylation sites (Edwalds‐Gilbert et al, 1997; Sparks and Dieckmann, 1998). It has been estimated that 40 of 3622 yeast ESTs have 3′ ends located upstream of the bona fide termination codon, suggesting that nonSTOP mRNAs are truly produced in vivo (Graber et al, 1999). These nonSTOP mRNAs have the potential to produce C‐terminally truncated proteins, which in some cases could act as dominant‐negative or gain‐of‐function mutants. To circumvent this danger, it is reasonable to hypothesize that organisms have evolved specialized surveillance pathways that detect nonSTOP mRNAs and prevent them from producing potentially harmful products.
In eubacteria, translation of nonSTOP mRNAs results in stalled ribosomes present at the 3′ end of the mRNA. These are subsequently released for recycling by tmRNA (SsrA), a unique molecule having properties of both tRNA and mRNA (Muto et al, 1998; Abo et al, 2000; Karzai et al, 2000). The tRNA‐like region of tmRNA donates alanine to the stalled peptide chain using the empty A‐site of ribosomes, whereas the mRNA‐like region of tmRNA displaces the nonSTOP mRNA and directs the addition of a short peptide tail to the C‐terminus of the polypeptide. The resulting carboxyl‐terminal tag targets the chimeric protein for proteolysis. It has also been recently reported that the tmRNA system facilitates degradation of nonSTOP mRNAs (Yamamoto et al, 2003).
On the other hand, yeast has evolved a mechanism distinct from the tmRNA system to ensure that aberrant proteins from nonSTOP mRNAs are not produced. NonSTOP mRNAs in which ribosomes are stalling at the 3′ end are recognized by Ski7 and directed for degradation mediated by the exosome (Frischmeyer et al, 2002; van Hoof et al, 2002; Wagner and Lykke‐Andersen, 2002). Although it was shown that translation of nonSTOP mRNAs is substantially repressed in yeast (Inada and Aiba, 2005), Meaux and van Hoof (2006) were able to detect significant protein production from nonSTOP mRNAs.
A loss of two nucleotides removes the termination codon from the mitochondrial RNA14 transcript in a mitochondrial cytopathy, and results in the production of a nonSTOP mRNA in mitochondria (Temperley et al, 2003). Jesina et al (2004) reported that protein production from nonSTOP RNA14 is reduced, suggesting that translation of nonSTOP mRNA is repressed in human mitochondria. Chrzanowska‐Lightowlers et al (2004), however, reported that functional polypeptides are produced from nonstop RNA14 mRNA. Thus, the functional properties of nonSTOP mitochondrial mRNAs remain ill‐defined and the fate of nonSTOP mRNA produced in the nucleus has not been examined in mammalian cells.
In this report, we investigated the fate of nonSTOP mRNAs in mammalian cells. Although the expression level of nonSTOP mRNA was not altered, translation of nonSTOP mRNA was significantly repressed at a post‐initiation step. In vivo run‐off assays and RNAse protection assays suggest that a ribosome is present at the 3′ end of the nonSTOP mRNA. In addition, several lines of experiments indicate that translation of nonSTOP mRNA is halted before completion of full‐length polypeptides. These results support a model whereby a stalled ribosome at the 3′ end of a nonSTOP mRNA causes translational arrest by blocking upstream ribosome flow.
Translational repression of nonSTOP mRNA in vivo
A GFP‐based reporter gene lacking a termination codon (nonSTOP GFP) was constructed using a PCR‐based amplification strategy (Figure 1A). The wild‐type GFP gene encodes an open reading frame (ORF) of 720 bp with a 24 bp 3′ untranslated region, whereas the nonSTOP GFP gene encodes a 744 bp ORF. Monitoring fluorescence by microscopy revealed a large reduction in the production of GFP in cells transfected with the nonSTOP GFP construct, relative to cells that had received the wild‐type GFP reporter (STOP GFP) (upper panels in Figure 1B). To ensure similar transfection efficiencies and eliminate the possibility of a trans‐acting inhibitor being produced from nonSTOP GFP, pDsRed2 was cotransfected and expression from this construct was similar in the two transfections (lower panels in Figure 1B). Northern blot analysis revealed that the steady‐state amount of nonSTOP GFP mRNA was not significantly reduced relative to wild‐type STOP GFP mRNA (Figure 1C). There was no significant difference between the half‐life of STOP mRNA and that of nonSTOP mRNA, as judged by Northern blot analysis performed with the transcription inhibitor, actinomycin D (data not shown). Western blot analysis showed a significant reduction in GFP production from the nonSTOP GFP mRNA (upper panel in Figure 1D, compare lane 2 to 1). In contrast, production of neomycin phosphotransferase from the same expression vector was unaltered (lower panel in Figure 1D). Taken together, these results suggest that the absence of a termination codon dose not significantly affect mRNA steady‐state levels, but rather inhibits protein expression levels in vivo.
Because translation products from nonSTOP mRNAs (nonSTOP protein) should contain an extended peptide sequence at the C‐terminus caused by translation of sequences downstream of the deleted termination codon, there is the possibility that such a nonSTOP protein is produced, but then rapidly degraded. To test for the possible existence of such a mechanism, protein stability was examined using the translation inhibitor cycloheximide (Figure 1E). The amount of nonSTOP GFP and wild‐type GFP proteins were not significantly changed during 2 days after addition of cycloheximide (Figure 1E), suggesting that degradation of nonSTOP GFP protein was not accelerated in vivo.
Messenger RNA export from the nucleus is monitored and regulated by a cell. Inhibition of nonSTOP mRNA transport from nucleus to cytoplasm could explain the decreased production of nonSTOP proteins. To test this possibility, steady‐state abundance of STOP and nonSTOP GFP mRNAs were determined in the cytoplasmic fraction (Figure 1F). Subcellular fractionation studies showed a similar distribution of the two mRNAs in the cytoplasm, suggesting that export of nonSTOP transcript into the cytoplasm is not impaired. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that translation of nonSTOP GFP mRNA is repressed in the cytoplasm.
In order to test whether translational repression of nonSTOP mRNA could be observed with other cistrons, we examined the consequences of termination codon absence on expression of the Firefly luciferase reporter gene. As shown in Figure 2, luciferase activity expressed from nonSTOP Firefly luciferase (nonSTOP Luc) gene was reduced substantially (Figure 2A), while the steady‐state level of nonSTOP Firefly luciferase transcripts was similar to that of wild‐type Firefly luciferase mRNA having a bona fide termination codon (STOP Luc) (Figure 2B and D). Western blot analysis (Figure 2C) ruled out the formal possibility that addition of an extended C‐terminal sequence inhibited luciferase activity of nonSTOP Firefly protein that was responsible for the observed decrease in luciferase activity.
Inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide indicated that protein stability of nonSTOP luciferase was similar to that of wild‐type luciferase protein in vivo (Figure 2E). Furthermore, to examine the potential involvement of proteasome‐mediated protein degradation in eliminating nonSTOP products, two different proteasome inhibitors, ALLN (Griscavage et al, 1995; Debiasi et al, 1999) and MG132 (Meriin et al, 1998; Steinhilb et al, 2001), were used during expression of nonSTOP luciferase. The addition of proteasome inhibitors failed to increase the expression of the nonSTOP Firefly luciferase product (Figure 2F). Apoptosis was induced upon prolonged exposure (3 days) of cells to proteasome inhibition and was noted with ALLN and MG132 when the experiment was extended to this period, indicating that the inhibitors were acting as expected (data not shown). These results confirm the former conclusions obtained with GFP, that low level expression of nonSTOP protein is not a consequence of altered protein degradation. Translational repression of nonSTOP GFP reporter mRNAs was observed in other mammalian cells, including 293, A549, and MDA231 cells (data not shown). These results lead us to conclude that translational repression is a general property of nonSTOP transcripts in mammalian cells.
Translational repression of nonSTOP mRNA in an in vitro translation system
In vitro translation systems, such as rabbit reticulocyte lysates, are very useful for mechanistic studies. At first, we confirmed that the cap structure and poly(A)‐tail stimulated the translation efficiency of in vitro synthesized mRNA having stop codons in rabbit reticulocyte lysates (data not shown). Next, we compared protein production from nonSTOP Luc mRNA versus STOP Luc mRNA. Luciferase activity produced from nonSTOP Firefly luciferase mRNA was ∼5% of luciferase activity produced from STOP Firefly luciferase mRNA (Supplementary Figure 1A), whereas Renilla luciferase mRNA translation, added as an internal control, was expressed at similar levels in both reactions (data not shown). Consistent with this observation, production of 14C‐labeled full‐length polypeptide from nonSTOP mRNA was not detectable by SDS–PAGE analysis (Supplementary Figure 1B). Thus, translation of nonSTOP RNA is repressed in the in vitro rabbit reticulocyte translation system.
NonSTOP transcripts associate with polysomes
To investigate whether nonSTOP mRNAs associate with ribosomes in vivo, mRNA distribution in polysomes was analyzed by sucrose density gradient separation. Cytoplasmic extracts of cells expressing either wild‐type STOP Luc or nonSTOP Luc mRNAs were separated by ultracentrifugation on 10–50% linear sucrose gradients. Both STOP Luc mRNAs and nonSTOP Luc mRNAs were clearly distributed in polysome fractions (third panels from the top in Figure 3A and B). In addition, the bulk of nonSTOP Luc mRNA was distributed in slightly lighter fractions, compared to STOP Luc mRNAs (Figure 3C). As a control, sedimentation of an internal GAPDH control mRNA did not significantly change (bottom panels in Figure 3A and B). On the other hand, both STOP Luc mRNAs and nonSTOP Luc mRNAs were redistributed in the ribosome‐free fractions by EDTA treatment, indicating that nonSTOP Luc mRNAs were associated with ribosomes (data not shown). Moreover, distribution of nonSTOP GFP mRNAs was also lighter than that of STOP GFP mRNA in polysome fractions consistent with the results shown here for the luciferase reporters (data not shown). This different distribution in polysome fractions between STOP mRNAs and nonSTOP mRNAs could indicate that (i) the translation initiation efficiency of nonSTOP mRNAs is decreased relative to that of STOP mRNAs, (ii) movement of ribosomes on nonSTOP mRNA is slower than on STOP mRNAs, or (iii) dissociation of ribosomes from nonSTOP mRNA occurs faster than from STOP mRNA.
Cap‐independent translation of nonSTOP mRNA is repressed
If the translational repression of nonSTOP mRNA occurs at a step post‐initiation, then functionally bypassing important processes for normal cap‐dependent initiation should not affect the repression. To test this prediction, bicistronic luciferase vectors containing the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) of the encephalomyocarditis virus (ECMV) were utilized (Figure 4A). Initiation from the ECMV‐derived IRES does not involve scanning and does not require eIF1, eIF1A, or the eIF4E subunit of eIF4F, permitting ECMV IRES‐driven translational initiation to bypass cap‐dependent translational initiation (Pestova et al, 2001; Sonenberg and Dever, 2003). These reporters were transfected into HeLa cells and luciferase assays performed the following day to determine whether translational repression of nonSTOP mRNA also extended to IRES‐mediated initiation. As shown in Figure 4, luciferase activity from IRES‐initiated translation of nonSTOP Firefly luciferase was significantly reduced without a concomitant reduction in mRNA expression (Figure 4B and C). These experiments were extended by transfecting uncapped mRNAs into HeLa cells and examining luciferase activity. In the absence of a cap structure, translation of nonSTOP mRNA was also reduced in vivo (Figure 4D) and in vitro (data not shown). These results suggest that translation repression of nonSTOP mRNA occurs, irrespective of whether initiation is cap dependent or cap independent.
Run‐off translation of fractionated polysomes in vitro
There are several reported examples where translation is regulated at the level of elongation (Theodorakis et al, 1988; Chiba et al, 1999; Browne and Proud, 2002). We therefore questioned if elongation rates were reduced on nonSTOP mRNA. Run‐off translation of mRNA associating with ribosomes is one method by which to assess translational competence post‐initiation (Vayda, 1995). Polysomes were isolated from cells in the absence of cycloheximide and resuspended in rabbit reticulocyte lysates containing the initiation inhibitor aurintricarboxylic acid (Theodorakis et al, 1988; Vayda, 1995). In this way, synthesis of polypeptides that were initiated in vivo is completed in vitro, in the absence of de novo initiation event. Messenger RNA containing polysomes (Figure 3, fraction #13) was used to program an in vitro translation extract followed by monitoring of luciferase activity. Quantitative PCR analysis showed that these fractions contained similar amounts of STOP and nonSTOP Firefly luciferase mRNAs (data not shown). As shown in Figure 5, STOP Luc mRNA associating with polysomes expressed luciferase activity for 120 min when used to program rabbit reticulocyte lysate. On the other hand, nonSTOP Luc mRNA expressed very little luciferase activity and did not produce luciferase over 120 min. These results are consistent with a model in which the step of translational repression is post‐initiation. Moreover, this result suggests that repression of nonSTOP mRNA cannot be accounted for by reduced elongation rates on nonSTOP mRNA since no significant expression of nonSTOP luciferase was observed over the time period.
Translation of nonSTOP RNA produced significant amount of short polypeptide in vitro
Results from polysome profiling and in vitro run‐off translations could be accounted for by invoking premature dissociation of ribosomes from the mRNA during translation, but prior to completion of translation elongation. If ribosomes are actively released from nonSTOP mRNA during the elongation process, then a significant amount of truncated polypeptides should be produced. Translation of STOP Luc mRNA produced significant amounts of luciferase activity (Figures 6A). Interestingly, 14C‐leucine incorporation into trichloroacetic acid‐insoluble material from nonSTOP Luc mRNA was similar to that from STOP Luc mRNA (Figure 6B). Moreover, immunoprecipitates of translational products obtained from mRNA encoding N‐terminal FLAG‐tagged nonSTOP luciferase yielded a smeared signal as assessed by SDS–PAGE analysis (Figure 6C). These results indicate that nonSTOP mRNA is competent for translation but produce full‐length polypeptides.
Run‐off translation assay in vivo using hippuristanol, a specific eIF4A inhibitor
Former studies in yeast proposed that ribosomes are stalled at the 3′ end of nonSTOP mRNA. To test whether this was also the case for mammalian systems, we determined the distribution of nonSTOP mRNAs in polysome fractions following inhibition of translation initiation by hippuristanol, a compound that prevents eIF4A‐mediated translation initiation (Bordeleau et al, 2006). Cells expressing either STOP Luc mRNA or nonSTOP Luc mRNA were treated with 5 μM hippuristanol for 0 or 10 min and polysomes were monitored by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. A 10 min exposure of cells to hippuristanol is sufficient to completely dissociate polyribosomes from mRNAs (Petersen et al, 2006) (Figure 7A). Northern analysis showed that inhibition of translation initiation by hippuristanol resulted in STOP Luc mRNAs being distributed predominantly in ribosome‐free fractions (fractions #2 to #5 in Figure 7B and C) at 10 min after addition of hippuristanol. In contrast, distribution of nonSTOP Luc mRNA following treatment of hippuristanol was shifted towards fractions #3 to #6. GAPDH mRNA was distributed in ribosome‐free fractions in extracts expressing either STOP Luc or nonSTOP Luc mRNA after hippuristanol treatment and found to have a similar distribution (Figure 7B). Hence, complexes harboring nonSTOP mRNA are of a different nature than those harboring a STOP mRNA.
Ribosomes are stalled at the poly(A) region of nonSTOP mRNA
If ribosomes are stalled at the poly(A) region of nonSTOP mRNA, then the poly(A) region should be protected from nuclease digestion and nuclease‐resistant poly(A) fragments should be detectable by gel electrophoresis. In vitro synthesized mRNAs harboring a 32P‐labeled poly(A) tail were used to program an in vitro translation reaction, followed by micrococcal nuclease digestion (Figure 8). Although no RNA fragments of defined size were obtained from extracts containing STOP Luc mRNA, nonSTOP mRNA produced a nuclease‐resistant 32P‐labeled poly(A) fragment of ∼40 nt length (Figure 8A and B, compare lanes 4 to 3), which corresponds in size to ribosome‐protected fragments determined in previous studies (Kozak and Shatkin, 1977; Wolin and Walter, 1988). Nuclease‐resistant poly(A) fragments from nonSTOP mRNA disappeared upon incubation with puromycin (Figure 8A, compare lane 8 to lane 4), indicating that appearance of nuclease‐resistant poly(A) was mediated by ribosomes. Nuclease‐resistant poly(A) fragments produced from nonSTOP mRNA was not diminished after 60 min incubation in the presence of aurintricarboxylic acid, an initiation inhibitor (Figure 8A and B, compare lane 6 to lane 4). Incubation in the presence of hippuristanol also did not affect the production of ∼40 nt poly(A) fragment from nonSTOP mRNA (Figure 8B, compare lane 8 to lane 6). These results indicate that a ribosome(s) is stalled on the poly(A) tail of nonSTOP mRNA.
To our knowledge, this is the first systematic and comprehensive study to examine the fate of nonSTOP mRNAs in mammalian cells. We found that translation of nonSTOP mRNA is significantly reduced and not a consequence of decreased mRNA levels (Figures 1 and 2). Cytoplasmic accumulation of nonSTOP mRNA does not appear to be impaired (Figure 1F) and degradation rates of nonSTOP proteins did not appear to be elevated (Figures 1E and 2E, and 2F). A substantial amount of nonSTOP mRNA was associated with polysomes (Figure 3) and cap‐independent translation of nonSTOP mRNA was also repressed (Figure 4). Protein production from polysome‐associated nonSTOP mRNA was repressed in vitro (Figure 5). Taken together, these results strongly suggest that nonSTOP mRNAs have incurred a block in translation at a step that is post‐initiation.
Our finding that nonSTOP mRNA distributed to lighter polysome fractions at steady state, in comparison to wild‐type STOP mRNA (Figure 3), suggested that elongation rates were decreased or translating ribosomes were prematurely dissociating from nonstop mRNA. An in vitro run‐off assay, performed over the course of 120 min, indicated that the former possibility was unlikely (Figure 5). Rather, the production of short polypeptides from nonSTOP mRNA, as judged by incorporation of 14C‐amino acid into TCA‐insoluble material at a rate that was similar to that of control STOP mRNA (Figure 6B), suggests that ribosomes are actively translating the mRNA but being prematurely released before completing translation. The appearance of low molecular weight polypeptides produced from nonSTOP mRNA is consistent with this idea (Figure 6C). Moreover, nonSTOP mRNA shifted into lighter fractions within 10 min of exposure of cells to the initiation inhibitor hippuristanol, suggesting that ribosomes are easily and rapidly dissociating from nonSTOP mRNA (Figure 7). The fact that the nonSTOP mRNA appears in a set of fractions that are slightly heavier than STOP mRNA, from hippuristanol‐treated cells, is consistent with studies from yeast indicating the presence of a stalled ribosome(s) on nonSTOP mRNA (Figure 7). Additionally, production of ribosome‐protected nuclease‐resistant poly(A) fragments provided a direct evidence of stalled ribosomes at the poly(A) tail of nonSTOP mRNA (Figure 8). We therefore propose a model whereby a stalled ribosome at the 3′ end of mRNA leads to translational repression by inhibiting completion of subsequent upstream translation events leading to enhanced ribosome release. It has been reported that growing polypeptide chains interact with several ribosome‐bound factors during the elongation process, such as chaperons and the conserved heterodimeric nascent polypeptide‐associated complex (NAC) that are thought to be monitoring the status of translation (Craig et al, 2003; Hundley et al, 2005). In addition, certain components of NAC are involved in the translational repression of several mRNAs at a step post‐initiation in Dorosophila (Markesich et al, 2000; Braat et al, 2004). We therefore speculate that NAC or NAC‐like associating factors interacting with nascent polypeptides may be involved in translational repression of nonSTOP mRNA by monitoring whether the termination process is finished properly or not.
It has been reported that translation of nonSTOP mRNA is repressed in yeast (Inada and Aiba, 2005). However, former studies showed that nonSTOP mRNAs are distributed in heavier fractions compared to STOP mRNAs when fractionated on polysomes. Moreover, the distribution of nonSTOP mRNA in polysomes was not significantly altered 30 min post‐initiation inhibition, although wild‐type STOP mRNAs redistributed into ribosome‐free fractions after inhibition of initiation. These results are consistent with ribosomes accumulating and stalling on nonSTOP mRNAs. In contrast, our study indicates a different mechanism at work in mammalian cells since nonSTOP mRNAs are redistributed into light polysomes after inhibition of initiation. The reason(s) for this mechanistic difference is (are) not clear.
For nonSTOP mRNA, where translation would proceed into the 3′ untranslated region of an mRNA, one might expect to observe an increase in the size of the encoded protein. This was not the case in our experiments (Figure 2D), and is likely because the length of the extended sequence downstream of the nonSTOP GFP‐coding region leading up to the poly(A) addition signal is only 24 nucleotides, a difference that would add on an additional eight amino acids and that would not be observed by SDS–PAGE (Figure 1A). Since our data indicate that the poly(A) tail is protected from RNAse digestion on the nonSTOP mRNA (Figure 8), ribosomes are clearly paused in this region. Since AAA (from the poly(A) tract) encodes for lysine, it maybe that Lys‐tRNA becomes limiting during translation of the poly(A) region and this leads to the observed translational arrest.
Stability of nonSTOP mRNA in mammalian cells
Previous reports have shown that nonSTOP transcripts are degraded in yeast (Frischmeyer et al, 2002; van Hoof et al, 2002; Inada and Aiba, 2005) contrary to what our results indicate for the fate of similar transcripts in mammalian cells. It has been reported that the amount of plasmid used in transfection studies can impact on the stability of mRNA expressed from them (Nanbu and Nagamine, 1997). We therefore examined the expression level of nonSTOP mRNA using a low amount of plasmid for transfection (100 ng reporter plasmid per 35 mm dish) and found that there were no significant differences between the amount of STOP or nonSTOP mRNA even when low amounts of plasmid were transfected (Figures 1C and 2D). Next, we employed a second independent reporter gene, Firefly luciferase and found no differences in steady‐state levels of nonSTOP and STOP Firefly luciferase mRNA (Figure 2B), indicating that our results are not cistron dependent. Frischmeyer et al (2002) reported that steady‐state levels of nonSTOP transcripts expressed from a nonSTOP‐Ter‐poly(A)‐β‐gluc minigene was reduced by 50% compared to the level of wild‐type transcript produced from a Ter‐poly(A)‐β‐gluc minigene. The expression level of mutant ribosomal protein (rp) S19 mRNA lacking a stop codon was also reported to be lower than that of wild‐type rpS19 mRNA in Diamond–Blackfan anemia (Chatr‐Aryamontri et al, 2004). One of the significant differences between the reporter genes utilized in our studies, and those in previous reports, is the presence of introns in the latter. It is well known that splicing affects the fate of mRNAs transcribed in nuclei, including stability through nonsense‐mediated decay. Therefore, we examined the effect of splicing on RNA stability for the reporter gene used in this study. However, steady‐state amounts of nonSTOP mRNA were not decreased even though our reporter gene has splice sites (Figure 2A and B and Supplementary Figure 2). The location of the splice sites or specific cis‐acting elements in the β‐gluc minigene or rp S19 gene may have impacted on the results obtained.
Ribosome stalling at the 3′ end of nonSTOP mRNA is a conserved mechanism to mark nonSTOP transcript in eukaryotes
As shown in Figure 7, we found that nonSTOP mRNAs were distributed in very light polysomal fractions even after sufficient time was allowed for ribosomes translating wild‐type STOP mRNA to complete one round of translation. Moreover, ribosome‐protected nuclease‐resistant poly(A) fragments were produced from nonSTOP mRNA in an in vitro translation reaction (Figure 8). These results strongly suggest the presence of ribosomes stalled at the 3′ end of the nonSTOP mRNA, consistent with data from yeast studies (Frischmeyer et al, 2002; van Hoof et al, 2002; Inada and Aiba, 2005). This aberrant presence of a ribosome stalled at the 3′ end of the mRNA likely prevents completion of translation on nonSTOP mRNA. In this way, the translation machinery can recognize aberrant mRNAs lacking in‐frame termination codons and cellular pathways recognizing this kind of abnormality is conserved in eukaryotes. However, it seems like that the subsequent inhibitory mechanism by which upstream ongoing translation is affected differs between yeast and mammalian cells, as mentioned above. Premature termination of translation through enhanced ribosome dissociation from mRNA (Ribosome drop‐off model) has been proposed in microRNA‐mediated translational repression (Petersen et al, 2006) and peptidyl‐tRNA dissociation from ribosomes during translation is known to occur in prokaryotes (Manley, 1978). Thus, there are several reports suggesting 'ribosome drop‐off‐like mechanism' for translational repression, and this kind of regulation appears more common than previously suspected.
Regulation of endogenous gene expression by nonSTOP translational repression
RNA quality control systems not only mute aberrant mRNAs that harbor mutations or errors in transcription or processing but also regulate the expression of normal endogenous genes. For example, NMD regulates the expression of naturally occurring transcripts that represent ∼10% of the transcriptome in yeast (Lelivelt and Culbertson, 1999; He et al, 2003), worm (Mitrovich and Anderson, 2000; Mitrovich and Anderson, 2005), fly (Rehwinkel et al, 2005), and mammalian cells (Mendell et al, 2004). Thus, it is reasonable to assume that the cellular mechanism recognizing nonSTOP mRNAs regulates the expression of naturally occurring transcripts. In fact, it was reported that certain genes produce natural nonSTOP transcripts, such as CBP1, AEP/ATP13, RNA14, and SIR1 in yeast (Mayer and Dieckmann, 1989; Finnegan et al, 1991; Minvielle‐Sebastia et al, 1991; Stone et al, 1991), nad6 and ccmC in plants (Raczynska et al, 2006), and GHR in chicken (Oldham et al, 1993). The expression of these genes might be regulated by a mechanism such as described herein for recognizing nonSTOP mRNAs. Moreover, it was shown that there is genetic interaction between the [Psi+] phenotype and the mechanism recognizing nonSTOP mRNAs in yeast (Wilson et al, 2005). Recently, it was proposed that degradation of pseudogenes by the NMD pathway is implicated in protein/gene evolution (Mitrovich and Anderson, 2005). Future studies will determine the importance of the nonSTOP‐mediated RNA surveillance pathway not only for muting aberrant transcripts but also in the regulation and potential evolution of natural occurring transcripts.
Materials and methods
Cell culture, transfection and measuring luciferase activity
HeLa cells were grown in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS. Cells were transfected with Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) or Transfectam (Promega) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The day after transfection, cells were lysed by Passive Lysis Buffer (Promega), and Firefly and Renilla luciferase activity were measured using the Dual‐Luciferase Assay kit (Promega). The activity of in vitro synthesized mRNAs was determined by translation in rabbit reticulocyte lysate (Promega) according to the manufacturer's instructions. All transfection experiments, with both DNA and RNA, were performed at least three independent times, each time in tetraplicate.
Polysome profile analysis
Cells (∼5 × 106 per 10 cm dish) were washed twice with ice‐cold phosphate‐buffered saline containing 100 μg/ml cycloheximide and lysed directly on the plate by the addition of hypotonic lysis buffer (100 μg/ml cycloheximide, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 200 U/ml RNase inhibitor (Promega), 1.5 mM KCl, 2.5 mM MgCl2, 5 mM Tris–HCl pH 7.4, 1% Triton X‐100, and 1% deoxycholate). The lysate was collected and treated as described (Jefferies et al, 1994). Briefly, 500‐μl aliquots of extracts were layered onto linear sucrose gradients (10–50% in 80 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl2, 20 mM Tris–HCl pH 7.4, and 1 mM dithiothreitol), which were prepared in 14 × 89 mm polyallomer tubes and centrifuged in a SW40Ti Beckmann rotor at 36 000 r.p.m. for 2 h at 4°C. The gradient was then fractionated using a Piston Gradient Fractionator (BioComp). Polysome profiles were generated by continuous measurement of the absorbance at 254 nm. RNA from each fraction was isolated and analyzed by Northern blot hybridization as described. The addition or omission of cycloheximide did not change the polysome profile (data not shown).
Supplementary data
Supplementary data are available at The EMBO Journal Online (http://www.embojournal.org).
Supplementary Information
Supplementary Figure 1 [emboj7601679-sup-0001.pdf]
Supplementary Figure 2 [emboj7601679-sup-0002.pdf]
Supplementary Information [emboj7601679-sup-0003.doc]
We thank Dr Kozo Tomita (AIST) for helpful suggestions and discussions. We also thank Drs Hiroaki Imataka (Riken, GSC), Toshiyuki Hamada (AIST), Mahito Nakanishi (AIST), Masanao Oda (AIST), Tomoko Okada (AIST), Kaoru Suzuki (AIST), Toshifumi Inada (Nagoya University), Hiroji Aiba (Nagoya University), and Kazuhisa Sekimizu (University of Tokyo) for fruitful suggestions and encouragements. We are grateful to Dr Yoshikuni Nagamine (Friedrich Miescher Institute; FMI), Ms Fumiko Iwamato (FMI), and Mr Teppei Yamaguchi (FMI) for helpful supports. This work was supported by Grants‐in‐Aid from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports and Technology of Japan.
- Copyright © 2007 European Molecular Biology Organization


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This nice oil painting portrait was done by American artist Bernard Chaet (1924-2012). Chaet was born in Boston, MA and lived in the Connecticut area, where he became known not only as a professor of drawing at Yale, but as an accomplished modernist painter. Oil on canvas, signed lower right, linen-matted and framed in a gold painted frame. On the verso top stretcher reads "14 x 10, Chaet 67, and titled "self portrait with green hat". The right side stretcher reads "varnished with elvacite 44 (Dupont) in turp. solution, July 1973". Dimensions: 14" h x 10" w, actual; 21 ½" h x 17 ½" w, framed.
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- USCIS to Honor Employment-Based Final Action Dates Only Next Month
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- USCIS has announced that, next month, it will only accept employment-based adjustment of status applications from foreign nationals with a priority date that is current for final action according to the State Department's February Visa Bulletin. Employer-sponsored foreign nationals with a priority date that makes them eligible for filing, but not final action, will not be able to submit an adjustment application to USCIS in February.
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I know this little wrap-up is very late! But I thought I should say a little thank you to everyone who came and visited, chatted to me and took home my pieces to treasure or to give. Finders Keepers market was a huge success. I always enjoy talking directly to people about my work and an awesome market like this one is the perfect opportunity to do that with people who are as passionate about handmade design as I am.
To all of you lovely people who bought pieces from me at the market (or were given one for Christmas!) please feel free to contact me with feedback and if you have any questions about my practice or taking care of your organic jewellery.
I should note that the photos below were taken by Gary Compton http://www.garycompton.com/ and copied from the Finders Keepers facebook page. I was so crazy busy that I didn't even remember to take any photos of my stall!


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Celtic entertained Glebe Rangers on Saturday in the third round of the Intermediate Cup and progressed with a 3-1 victory despite manager Colin Malone making no less then seven changes.
With so many changes the Hoops weren't up to speed at the beginning and the visitors took the lead when a ball played through the middle was fastened unto by David McVicker and he shot past McCorry who had no chance after only two minutes.
Celtic looked all at sea in the opening period but soon settled and Haire equalised on 10 minutes with a scrappy shot and as a result the goal settling the home side down.
Celtic pressed on and took the lead five minutes later when Malone's effort took a deflection and beat the Glebe goalkeeper.
The Hoops kept the pressure up with Haire looking dangerous up front and Malone was wasteful with a few chances and by now the Hoops midfield had a firm grip on the game with the defence dealing competently with any attacks from the visitors.
Just on the stroke of half time the home side extended the lead after good build-up play from Haire and Ryan saw Malone end the move with a well placed shot beyond the keeper's reach leaving the score 3-1 at half time.
On resumption of the second half Raymond Fitzpatrick replaced Haire. who worked tirelessly in the opening half, and is being phased back into match fitness after such a long lay off.
The second half saw Celtic contain their opponents with Hagan and Seeley dominating the midfield with to their credit Glebe worked hard to pull a goal back they were unable to make the breakthrough they needed although the centre forward shot wide just after the hour.
Towards the end of the game Ryan and Lavery were replaced by Caolan Campbell and after a very lengthy lay -it was good to see Michael Downey take the pitch again
Referee Ally Burns blew for time in what could be described as a routine win for the Hoops.
It was pleasing to see that despite the much changed line up Celtic were able to keep up their winning streak against teams from Championship 2 which has lasted since 16th August.
The draw was made on Monday and Celtic are away to the winners of Knockbreda/Crusaders Res in the next round.
This Saturday Lurgan Celtic entertain Ballymoney United at home with a 2.00pm kick-off in the final league match of the year as the Christmas derby against Annagh United, due on the 27th, is postponed due Annagh's participation in the Radcliffe Cup final the day before.


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Octomom Posts on RexMag.com
By: Rex - Tuesday, June 19, 2012
It'll all be over soon..
Well, it was inevitable. It was going to happen eventually. Someone was going to do it. And it happened to be Wicked Pictures. We can't blame them. The MILF-yist MILF that ever MILFed wanted to do porn, and she needed someone to hold the camera. ( The MILFiness of the subject in question is only measured in terms of how many fetuses can come out of any one vagina / clown car per hour. It's in no relation to how hot or not the subject in question is. )
More in: Ethnic


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The concepts of appealability and reviewability are constitutional limits over the Court docket's electricity to hear cases. Far more exactly, appealability rules act to Restrict the sorts of cases which can be heard via the Court docket of Appeals. Reviewability rules, Then again, limit the problems which the Court docket could decide as soon as the case is ahead of the Courtroom.
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If large norepinephrine could bring about these Frightening thoughts, or substantial testosterone, or… I've read in which 1 PhD claimed that small Serotonin can, but I'm having plenty of five-htp, Unless of course I'm having too many dopamine precursors and caused my serotonin levels to drop…. There was a little bit excess feelings of OCD also, which were virtually absent.
I did have some extra stressors that seemed to style of trigger many of this, but I really have to marvel exactly how much of this is because of getting over methlyated and staying suspectable to being simply pressured?
widespread legislation doctrines of payment for breach of contract. These cases require penal statutes, and we are compelled to implement their crystal clear and immediate commands if they seem to be overcompensating in a very contract or tort analysis. There is nothing inherently Erroneous, excessive, or immoral inside a borrower acquiring two bounties for catching a lending beast who has wronged him 2 times — to start with, by sneaking up on him from powering, after which by biting him too challenging.
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I've experienced 6 miscarriages (no professional medical cause could be given), by next your protocol and introducing progesterone (initially 12 months) and minimal dose aspirin I used to be capable to conceive my small wonder person. I'm older, I wld like to provide my bubba a discover this info here sibling (so he gained't feel on your own in the world when he's older). My bubba was born having a tongue tie and also a sacral dimple (benign but relevant to spina bifida) – fantastic indications Full Article of an absence of folate.
In Washington, RCW 61.24.060 specifies the purchaser in a trustee's sale is entitled to possession with the property around the 20th working day adhering to the sale. If the grantor or man or woman professing with the grantor refuses to vacate the house, the purchaser is entitled to carry an action to Recuperate possession in the home pursuant into the unlawful detainer statute, RCW fifty nine.twelve. Ordinarily, events in possession will not be allowed to raise some defenses in the illegal detainer action that could have been raised just before the trustee's sale#. For most states defenses in an eviction action are seriously minimal. Even with these early cases restricting defenses in illegal detainer, e.
Begin with Substantially smaller doses, as well as I might begin with the b12 initially, for each week or so, then begin with scaled-down doses in the folate, in order to notify which happens to be triggering the problem.
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Good morning!
(That almost came out "good monging"…not a propitious sign)
1. Diversity ethics: The concept that somehow there are sinister motives and undesirable results any time an occupation settles into a demographic mix that isn't four-square with that of the general population is one more bit of ideological cant. In London, U.K, the mayor has decreed it a crisis that the population using bicycles is disproportionately white, and has said he is considering setting diversity targets for London's cycling population to ensure that "progress was achieved." I liked Amy Alkon's disgusted reaction to this whole issue, as she asked how gender equality would be achieved in fields where women show little interest in participating for a variety of reasons, including a greater interest in a work-life balance. How is this artificial PC "diversity goal" going to be achieved, she asks…" Force women at gunpoint to become cardiologists, oil rig workers, and garbagepersons? Force men at gunpoint to become veterinarians and kindergarten teachers?"
Reader (and volunteer Ethics Alarms proof-reading czar) Pennagain just sent me an article about the relative lack of female movie critics (minority movie critics are also under-represented among Hispanics, blacks and Asians. (I would also bet that they are disproportionately gay, but the study discussed didn't check that, apparently.) Now unlike, say, female "garbagepersons," female movie critics predictably have a point of view that would make a substantive difference in film reviews, so I cannot brush aside this particular imbalance with "So what?" Instead I will ask, "What's stopping them?" Anyone can be a movie critic now: all you need is a website, some dedication, and, one hopes, some understanding of film and culture. Now, being paid as a film critic is a little trickier.
Here is the Wikipedia entry on the New Yorker's Pauline Kael, still perhaps the most famous U.S. film critic, whose long-lasting prominence, success and influence (I hated her reviews most of the time–overly political and biased, with whole genres she didn't understand—"guy movies" like Westerns and horror films, that she sniffed at as beneath her) should have inspired more women to enter the field, but didn't. I presume there is a reason for that, such as that spending your life watching multiple movies a day including many you wouldn't be caught dead at if it wasn't mandatory isn't an attractive career choice, especially if you want a family.
2. From my sexual harassment files...I just rediscovered this, a sexual harassment case I discussed in program for a construction company in the 90's. An attractive woman who worked in construction (Diversity!) was walking to work with a co-worker when some boor from an apartment window shouted at her, "Hey, show me your tits!" The women misheard the remark, and shouted back, "Sorry, I don't have any kids!" Her colleague thought th exchange was hilarious, and told her what the guy really said, He also told everyone on the construction site about the incident, and the woman was pestered from then on with men smirking as they made comments like, "Hey, can I see pictures of your kids?" I hear you have two beautiful kids!" "Why don't you let your kids out more?" "Boy, I bet you're proud of those kids of yours." The women tried to laugh it off, but the joke never died, even though she started telling everyone to knock it off. Finally, she complained to management, and was told that she was being silly and hyper-sensitive. She sued.
Was using the word "kids" in a coded joke creating a hostile work environment, or did the court find that since the language itself was inoffensive and not sex-related, it couldn't be sexual harassment? Continue reading


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The Sunday Update
Latvian Mitten Project stats:
Pattern: Chart No. 53 from Latvian Mittens
Yarn: Drops Alpaca in cream and pink (I used about 3/4 of each ball)
Needles: Size 1 dpn's
Mods: Omitted the fringe on the cuff because I hate fringe and substituted a full braid for the half braid on the cuff, to prevent rolling.
This mitten went pretty well, with a couple of exceptions. I would like to take this opportunity to add to my Latvian Mittens directions:
5. Center your chart pattern on the back of the hand.
if you're planning to do two full repeats of the chart then this may not be necessary, but still, it can't hurt to check. I did one thing with this pair of mittens that proved to be a very good idea. If you read the patterns in the book then you will learn that the author recommends that you work the top decreases on the mitten and the thumb with alternating colors. In other words when you work the decreases you: knit two togetherwith the contrasting color, knit one with the main color, then knit two together through the back loop with the contrasting color. There are many advantages to this technique. First, you are alternating colors at a point in the mitten where some wonky gaps can tend to develop. The alternation of the colors helps pull these three stitches together and correct that. Eventually you're going to end up working the decreases around a dpn join. Alternating the colors makes this easier and less likely to pull together unattractively. Third, it looks pretty, and like you planned it that way. I also succeeded in continuing the pattern around the top decreases, a definite aesthetic plus. And next time I plan to make one more improvement to my mitten-kung-fu. I will place the beginning of the round (the part that always looks like ass) at the side of the mitten instead of the middle of the palm. It occurred to me while I was knitting this pair that, really, no one looks at the side of a mitten, unless its to admire hte way you alternated the colors on the top decreases. All in all I'm ridiculously pleased with the mittens. And it's a good thing too since I was starting to think about poking my own eyes out with my dpn's. I was really, really ready to be finished with these mittens.
Which brings me to another observation. I'm working hard enough at my job that I have a lot less energy for knitting (and other things) when I get home. It's an interesting sensation. And a good one.
One of the reasons that I wanted to finish up the mittens so badly is that I have had two other projects on my mind. Really, I have had two other yarns on my mind. At my last expedition to Holy Threads I picked up two skeins of solid colored sock yarn, one for me and one for Stephen. This is my first solid sock yarn purchase. This is my first solid sock yarn purchase because this is the first time that solid sock yarn has been available to me locally. I know that I can buy it on the internet, but I would really need to plan ahead, find an online seller that I trusted and that had what I wanted and then purchase. And then wait for it to come in the mail. Anyway, I haven't done that yet. Instead, I bought two skeins of Opal sock yarn solids, one in navy blue (for Stephen) and one in dusty pink (for me.)
I didn't have any particular plan for the navy blue, other than to make socks for Stephen. I did, however, have a specific plan for the pink. Namely, Eunny Jang's Bayerische sock (which can be found here: http://www.eunnyjang.com/knit/2006/09/bayerische_sock_part_ii.html.) I love this sock! I generally salivate whenever Eunny puts something up on her blog, but this sock is really amazing, and even better, the pattern is free! I love this sock but it's obvious that knitting it in a multi-colored sock yarn would be worse than a waste of my time. It would be an insult to Eunny's brilliant pattern. So, I had decided to wait until I could find the right yarn to make it. The Opal seemed like the perfect fit. It's a fantastic sock yarn in a solid color. I swatched up the pattern last night and this morning and as soon as I finish Stephen's new socks, that's going to be my next project.
And Stephen's socks? Finding men's sock patterns are always a bit of a challenge because I don't have that many and I don't like making the same pattern over and over again (although this would make him perfectly happy.) I swatched Roza's socks from the new IK. I also have some other ideas. I like Roza's socks because they are a simple pattern, with a twist. These are the brain child of Grumperina (www.grumperina.com/knitblog,) and are basically a 3x3 rib with a brioche stitch thrown in. They're nice and not too feminine, I think. I haven't completely made up my mind yet but I will probably do so today.


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- championprecisionAsked on October 02, 2016 at 10:51 PM
hi..i received email from JotForm as below:
There was an error on your SMTP configuration. Due to that error, our system automatically changed your email sender's address for your form ID 62718110102440 to email@example.com to prevent issues arising from your account.
Please log in to your JotForm account (http://www.jotform.com) to correct your SMTP configuration.
If you have questions, please post your questions to http://www.jotform.com/answers/ or send an email to email@example.com.
All the best,
JotForm Support
P.S. This is an auto-generated email, please do not reply here.
FYI im using personal gmail account,turn on Less Secure Apps already and my setting for SMTP as below:
email address: firstname.lastname@example.com
port: 587
host name: smtp.gmail.com
user name: firstname.lastname@example.com
password: my gmail password
security protocol: TLS
Please teach my how to solve this issu
- JotForm SupportMike_GAnswered on October 02, 2016 at 11:19 PM
The email you received, as indicated, is an auto-generated email that will be sent if there are changes made in the email address used in the SMTP configuration.
I suggest that you remove your SMTP from your account and add it back again. Also, please re-add it as a sender email of your form.
If you have any further question, please feel free to get back to us.
Thank you.
- JotForm SupportMike_GAnswered on October 02, 2016 at 11:23 PM
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Contemplating divorce? Marriage is an expensive legal venture, with the Conde Nast Bridal Group estimating that the average wedding in America today is ringing in just under $30,000. Add real estate, joint assets, and personal belongings to the mix and the cost goes up.
If you're contemplating divorce, know that the cost of divorce is very high. The more invested you are financially in this marriage, the more it is going to cost you to divorce. Today's woman is much more financially self reliant than yesterday's, and stands to lose a lot more when it comes to the financial impact of divorce. And with the economy standing in the position that it is, the financial repercussions can mount up. Divorce law does not stipulate who gets what according to who hurt who most, so if you have a heavy financial position, you will want to know how to protect yourself financially in today's costly divorce process.
Lynn King has authored "What Every Woman Should Know About Marriage, Separation, and Divorce" from a financial and legal perspective. She says that she is often asked about the cost of divorce, as every woman today is looking for a way to save money here, no matter what their financial position may be. This question she likens to being asked how much a car costs, every divorce is different, just like every vehicle is. Depending on what bells and whistles or cutthroat options a lawyer will have in mind will determine all the difference in your legal fees and cost of divorce.
But financial columnist for Forbes, Leah Hoffman states that your cost of divorce will depend on how fiscally smart you are when it comes to the nitty gritty legal details. You may not know that your lawyer doesn't HAVE to do everything. With a little bit of education and preparedness, you can reduce your legal costs of divorce, and save yourself some money. The average divorce today costs $15,000 per person, and with half of American marriages ending this way, you can easily see why the divorce market is a $28 billion dollar game.
Here are six tips on how to cut some of those costs when you are contemplating divorce.
1. Do it Yourself. The easiest and cheapest divorce in America today is a Pro Se divorce. If you have few assets, no children, and your divorce will be uncontested, this is a do it yourself divorce that is perfectly legal and gaining popularity across America. A Pro Se divorce can save you thousands and cut quite the chunk out of that $15,000 divorce.
2. Do your emotional homework elsewhere. Almost all lawyers bill by the hour, which means that every minute will cost you a portion of your lawyer's hourly rate. Don't get caught up in the emotional drama of divorce when you are in your lawyer's office or have them on the phone. They are experienced in the emotions of divorce, but they can and they will charge you for their time. If your spouse has hurt your feelings, it won't matter when it comes down to the legal business, so save those vent sessions for your girls nights or your hairstylist. Or better yet, save your emotional issues for a therapy or coaching session.
3. Use Alternative Dispute processes. The alternative dispute resolution process will save you court time and court costs. A mediator or arbitrator can help you facilitate your divorce settlement without the costs of an expensive cut throat lawyer. Here you avoid court all together, and can save thousands in legal fees.
4. Have your spouse file the divorce, even if you are the one initiating. Filing fees can rack up, and you can circumvent these by having your spouse take these costs on. In most divorces, egos play a significant role in divorce costs, and if finances are a particular concern, you can have your spouse assume these costs for you. Emotionally it also makes you look like the "bigger person" so you win both ways here.
5. Use your lawyer's secretary or assistant as much as possible. These staff members in your lawyer's office bill their rates at a much lower rate than your lawyer's, and are educated on family law as well. They have some of the knowledge and experience you may need for answering peskier questions that will be time consuming for your lawyer. Handle as much as you can on the phone with them, and don't be afraid to ask some tough questions. They will help you out as much as they can, and if it gets too complicated will refer you to your lawyer. The more of the tough stuff you can weed out before your lawyer's clock starts ticking, the more you save.
6. Be as amicable as possible as early as possible. The more you can work out financially with your spouse before you see a lawyer is directly proportional to the amount of money you will save in legal fees. Work out whatever you can ahead of time and you will save money, plain and simple. The less time your lawyers have to work things out with each other, the fewer billable hours you will see on your invoice.
On top of all of the emotions you are experiencing, financial stress is a huge concern when you are contemplating divorce. In divorce law, some costs are as unavoidable as the marriage license fee that got you here to begin with. But that does not mean you can't be a little financially savvy and save some costs well before the legal hours begin. The better informed you are, the lower the cost of divorce.