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Pelvic Lymphadenectomy
January 25, 2009 Leave a comment
The pelvic lymph nodes are the initial site of spread of prostatic, bladder, and proximal urethral malignancies. Tumors of the penis, scrotum, and distal urethra spread primarily to the inguinal lymph nodes but can involve the pelvic lymph nodes. Testicular tumors rarely involve the pelvic lymph nodes unless there is massive retroperitoneal disease or a history of orchidopexy or prior pelvic procedures. Most urologists perform pelvic lymph node dissections in patients with prostate or bladder cancer.
Pelvic lymphadenectomy is performed as a staging procedure in patients with prostate or bladder cancer.
Presence of lymph node metastases from prostate cancer has prognostic significance and is a harbinger of disease progression.1 In a series from Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 86% of patients with pelvic lymph node metastases measuring over 3 cc had disease progression within 5 years. Pelvic lymph node dissection has not been shown to be of therapeutic benefit in the treatment of prostate cancer.4 However, there are patients who have small-volume nodal disease and prolonged survival after lymphadenectomy and radical prostatectomy. It is unclear whether this prolonged survival is a consequence of tumor biology, the treatment, or a combination of the two.
P>Pelvic lymph node dissection may be performed as a staging procedure before definitive radiation therapy, as a separate procedure for prostate cancer, i.e., before a radical perineal prostatectomy, or concomitant with a radical retropubic prostatectomy.
Serum PSA screening has led to a stage migration in newly diagnosed cases of prostate cancer and to a lower incidence of pelvic lymph node positivity. The incidence of unsuspected pelvic lymph node disease found at exploration has decreased. In the past, nearly 25% of patients with clinically localized prostate cancer were found to have lymph node metastases at the time of surgery.10 A review of the last 140 pelvic lymph node dissections performed at the University of California–Davis, for clinically localized prostate cancer revealed four cases of lymph node involvement.
We perform pelvic lymph node dissections concomitantly with a retropubic prostatectomy but feel that, with the lower incidence of nodal disease, performing them as a separate procedure, i.e., laparoscopically, is not cost-effective. For patients undergoing a perineal prostatectomy, there are a small number who would benefit from a lymphadenectomy. For patients being treated with radiation therapy, we no longer perform a lymph node dissection.
For bladder cancer, there is more agreement in favor of the benefits of pelvic lymphadenectomy. A series from Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center demonstrated that the 5-year survival rate for patients with pelvic lymph node metastases was 9%.3 This would suggest that the pelvic lymph node dissection is mainly of prognostic rather than therapeutic value. However, Skinner reported a 35% 3-year survival rate for patients who were found to have a limited number of positive lymph nodes at the time of surgery, suggesting that the node dissection may have therapeutic benefits. The presence of positive lymph nodes in bladder cancer patients has implications for treatment options. Some urologists would treat with chemotherapy and reevaluate the bladder rather than proceeding with the radical cystectomy, but others favor debulking the tumor with cystectomy followed by postoperative chemotherapy. If we find grossly enlarged lymph nodes with histologic evidence for metastatic disease, we follow the former course of therapy. However, if the lymph nodes are grossly normal, we proceed with the radical cystectomy without sending the lymph nodes for frozen section evaluation. A national study is under way assessing the value of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. If it reveals an advantage for preoperative chemotherapy, the finding of nodal disease at the time of surgery becomes more challenging. Some urologists might argue that, in this situation, surgery would be the only chance for the patient, but others would argue that, neoadjuvant chemotherapy having failed, surgery would have little role in the management of these patients.
Noninvasive methods of detecting pelvic lymph node spread have not been reliable. Various radiologic tests, i.e., ultrasound, computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and pedal lymphangiography, have been used to detect pelvic lymph node disease, but these have had low sensitivity. As a marker for prostate cancer, the use of serum prostate acid phosphatase (PAP) has low sensitivity and specificity. In addition, the use of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) alone is not a good predictor of pathologic stage, as there can be significant overlap between the PSA and the pathologic stage. Pelvic lymph node dissection is the definitive means of evaluating lymph node status in patients undergoing extirpative procedures for urologic malignancy.
With the arrival of minimally invasive techniques, laparoscopic lymphadenectomy has been performed. Another modification is to perform the dissection through a minilaparotomy incision when it is done as a separate procedure. In comparing the efficacy, morbidity, and cost effectiveness of a minilaparotomy pelvic lymph node dissection to those of a laparoscopic or standard open pelvic lymphadenectomy, the minilaparotomy approach had a similar lymph node yield to the standard open procedure and a similar shortened hospital course to the laparoscopic dissection, but at a lower cost compared to the other two.8
Much has recently been written questioning the need for pelvic lymph node dissection before definitive treatment for prostate cancer. On preoperative evaluation, there may be patients with a low likelihood of lymph node disease who do not need a lymphadenectomy. This may not eliminate lymphadenectomies completely, but it could decrease the number performed. A similar change occurred with PSA values and bone scans for prostate cancer staging. Narayan et al. found an 11% overall incidence of positive pelvic lymph nodes.6 In patients with PSA values less than or equal to 10 and Gleason grades less than or equal to 6, fewer than 3% had lymph node metastases. They felt that, in this group of patients, a staging pelvic lymphadenectomy would not be necessary. Campbell et al. reported a lymph node positive rate of 6.5% in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer, whereas if at least one favorable characteristic (Gleason grade less than 6, PSA less than 10, or nonpalpable tumor) was present, only 2.2% had lymph node involvement. Patients with a low probability of lymph node involvement, i.e., low Gleason grade and low PSA, might not require a pelvic lymph node dissection, which adds both cost and time to the definitive treatment. However, this is still somewhat controversial.
Prostate Cancer
The boundaries of the traditional pelvic lymph node dissection were those used in combination with radical cystectomies for bladder malignancies. They included the pelvic sidewall laterally, the paravesical fascia and peritoneum medially, the genitofemoral nerve superiorly, the obturator nerve inferiorly, and the femoral canal distally. Proximally, the dissection was carried varying distances up the common iliac artery. Most urologists now feel that only the obturator nodal packet need be removed for three reasons:
First, the obturator nodes are involved in 87% of cases when lymphatic metastases are found.
Second, the procedure is for staging and not therapy, so a more extensive dissection is of little benefit.
Third, if radiation therapy is used for local control following surgery, patients who had an extensive lymphadenectomy have a higher incidence of scrotal or lower limb edema.
Preoperatively, pneumatic compression devices (PCDs) are placed, and patients are given subcutaneous heparin as prophylaxis against deep venous thrombosis. Supine or lithotomy position may be used, although we use the low lithotomy position. The sacrum is positioned over the table break or a roll to allow for hyperextension of and better vision into the pelvis. The bladder is emptied using a Foley catheter. A midline incision is made from below the umbilicus to the symphysis pubis down through the anterior rectus sheath. The posterior rectus sheath is incised for 2 to 3 cm above the linea semilunaris to aid in lateral retraction of the wound. An extraperitoneal lymph node dissection is usually performed. If the peritoneum is entered during this incision, the defect is closed with absorbable suture.
The transversalis fascia is sharply divided in the midline to allow lateral dissection superficial to the peritoneum. This helps to avoid injuring the inferior epigastric vessels. The iliac vessels are exposed by bluntly sweeping the peritoneum superomedially. The vas deferens are encountered during this maneuver and may be divided. The table is tilted toward the first side for evaluation. If the prostate cancer is confined to one lobe, the dissection is begun on that side. A self-retaining retractor is applied, with care taken not to injure the inferior epigastric vessels. We use the Buchwalter retractor without the post, as it can be more quickly applied and the post can interfere with the surgeon. Other self-retaining refractors may be used.
We place the Buchwalter retractor on top of sterile towels, one on each thigh and one on the abdomen. A bladder blade and moist lap sponge are used to retract the wound laterally on the side of the dissection. A malleable retractor and moist lap are placed on the bladder and used to retract the bladder toward the contralateral side. A third retractor is placed at the apex of the wound. With these three retractors, excellent visibility can be obtained.
The nodal packet is palpated to detect grossly enlarged lymph nodes. If such nodes are found, they are sent for frozen section evaluation following removal. If no enlarged nodes are palpated, we continue with the lymphadenectomy and prostatectomy and do not send the lymph nodes for frozen section.
The external iliac artery is identified, and dissection of the lymph node packet is begun over its anteromedial aspect. The correct plane of dissection is easily found here, and there are no other structures in this area to be damaged. The dissection is brought proximally to the bifurcation of the common iliac vessels and distally to the femoral canal. The lymph node of Cloquet is the most distal aspect of the dissection. Lymphatic channels into this node and surrounding the external iliac vein are carefully clipped and divided. We place a right-angle clamp around the lymph node packet and ligate it with a 2-0 silk tie. A large right-angle clip is placed below the tie. As the nodal packet is divided and swept superiorly, an accessory obturator vein may be found and should be ligated and divided to avoid avulsion. Identification of this vein is necessary, as damage can cause extensive bleeding.
With gentle lateral retraction of the external iliac vein, the lymph node packet is dissected off the pelvic sidewall laterally. Although a vein retractor is usually used for this maneuver, we use a peanut/Kittner dissector. Identification of the obturator nerve is essential as the dissection is carried into the pelvic fossa to avoid injuring it. The packet is freed from the obturator nerve and vessels. The obturator vessels are spared if they are in their usual location below the nerve. If they are above the nerve or involved with the lymph node packet, it is best to ligate and divide them before bleeding can occur. This is especially true near the femoral canal. The superior attachment of the packet is now near the internal iliac artery. We previously identified and dissected out the ureter, but, in most cases, we no longer do this. To ensure the ureter is not damaged by a clip, the specimen is split over the obturator nerve, and a right-angle clip is placed over either limb of the split packet on each side of the nerve so that the ureter cannot accidentally be included in the clip. Additional loose attachments to the proximal hypogastric vessels are clipped and divided. The entire packet is sent to pathology as the two portions divided over the obturator nerve. The obturator fossa is irrigated. It had been our routine to leave a gauze sponge in the fossa for hemostasis; however, we now do this only for minimal oozing. The same dissection is then performed on the contralateral side to complete the lymph node dissection. We place one or two Jackson–Pratt drains in the pelvis postoperatively.
Bladder Cancer
The dissection is similar to the one described above for prostate cancer with some differences. The incision is carried to just above the umbilicus and down to the pubic bone. We palpate the pelvic lymph nodes while remaining extraperitoneal. If no grossly enlarged nodes are felt, the dissection becomes intraperitoneal. The peritoneum is entered in midline, and inspection is performed of the intra-abdominal organs for signs of metastatic disease. If none are found, dissection is continued by mobilizing the cecum and ascending colon. The peritoneum is incised along the white line of Toldt, and the right hemicolon is rolled medially. The right ureter is identified and freed superiorly and inferiorly. Inferiorly, this leads to the bifurcation of the iliac vessels. In freeing the peritoneum, we routinely divide the vas deferens. On the left, the peritoneum is incised lateral to the sigmoid colon, and it is reflected medially. The left ureter is identified and freed as on the right. Mobilization is aided by dividing the vas deferens.
The self-retaining retractor may be placed as described above. The bowel can easily be retracted into the upper abdomen, as it has been mobilized. The node dissection begins over either common iliac artery just proximal to the bifurcation. It is carried down the hypogastric artery to the superior vesicle artery, which is identified and divided. The remainder of the lymph node dissection is similar to that for prostate cancer.
Although pelvic lymph node dissection is usually a relatively short procedure with little morbidity, it has a potential for significant complications. These can be divided into intra- and postoperative complications. Paul et al. reported an 8.6% incidence of intraoperative complications, an 8.7% immediate postoperative wound complication incidence, and an additional 31.4% immediate non-wound-related complication rate. They also reviewed the complication rates reported in multiple studies. These ranged from 4% to 53% with a mean rate of 26.6%. Intraoperative complications can be minimized by familiarity with the pelvic anatomy and careful dissection to identify vulnerable structures. The most common vascular injury is to the accessory obturator vein. Care should be taken not to avulse the obturator vessels as they enter the pelvic foramina, as they will retract caudally, and ligation will be difficult. If this occurs, bone wax can be used. Significant injuries to the external iliac vessels require repair, sometimes with the aid of a vascular surgeon. Transection or avulsion of the obturator nerve leads to difficulties with adduction of the ipsilateral leg and is usually irreparable. Splitting the nodal packet as described reduces the chance of inadvertent nerve injury.
Ureteral injuries are uncommon and require repair when encountered. A problem with ureteral injuries is that they are not always identified at the time of surgery. These are often the result of a clip inadvertently being placed across the ureter. Therefore, as we now dissect out the lymph node packet, we no longer specifically look for the ureter. However, we always place a clip on the upper end of the nodal packet after splitting it over the obturator nerve in a cranial-to-caudal direction to avoid injury to the ureter, identified or not. If there is any concern for ureteral injury, the ureter must be dissected out and fully visualized.
Postoperative complications include those related and unrelated to the wound. Wound infections are uncommon, especially when prophylactic antibiotics are given. Dehiscence is similarly uncommon. Seroma and hematoma formation are more common and may require drainage and local wound care.
Prolonged lymph drainage and lymphocele formation may occur in 3% to 12% of patients. Prolonged drainage is treated by instilling autologous blood or Betadine solution through the preexisting drains as sclerosing agents. If Jackson–Pratt or similar drains are used, tissue will eventually grow into the drains. This has occurred twice in our experience, and in both cases a general anesthetic was required for drain removal. We now remove all drains or treat them as described above for prolonged drainage at the end of 2 weeks. Although it has been reported that the use of subcutaneous heparin increases the incidence of prolonged lymph drainage, this has not been our experience. Our rate of prolonged lymph drainage and/or symptomatic lymphocele formation is under 3%. Symptomatic lymphoceles can often be successfully treated with percutaneous drainage under radiologic guidance. Although some lymphatic drainage is expected, careful dissection and meticulous ligation of lymphatic channels help minimize the risk of prolonged drainage.
Any patient with prolonged or excessive lymph drainage must be evaluated for a urinary leak. This may be done by sending a sample of the fluid for creatinine. If a urine leak is found, this may be from either the anastomosis or an unrecognized ureteral injury. If the latter is suspected, it should be immediately investigated.
Thrombophlebitis and deep venous thrombosis are recognized complications of pelvic lymph node dissection. Although the studies are conflicting, most have shown that some method of anticoagulation, low-dose heparin or pneumatic compression stockings, are beneficial in reducing the risk of these complications. We routinely administer subcutaneous heparin preoperatively and every 8 to 12 hours postoperatively as well as use pneumatic compression stockings until the patient is discharged.
Chronic lymphedema of the lower extremities and external genitalia may occur, and these may be worsened by radiotherapy or an extensive dissection. The modified pelvic lymph node dissection has been a reliable way of preventing chronic lymphedema.
Staging pelvic lymphadenectomy is an essential part in the clinical evaluation of patients with prostate and bladder cancer. Within the obturator fossa, 87% of positive nodes will be detected. In patients with low-grade prostate cancer and with a PSA < 10, the incidence of positive nodes is so low that it may become prudent not to perform a pelvic node dissection as a separate procedure. In bladder cancer, the value of a node dissection may be to identify those patients in whom preoperative chemotherapy may be of benefit, though this remains to be shown in a clinical trial.


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I'm using the Evaluation version of USB Safely Remove 4.3 in Windows 7 Ultimate 64-bit. It worked fine for a little while, but now the Stopping Menu is unresponsive. Whenever I click on it, I hear the same windows sound I hear when a modal window is displayed and I click somewhere else. Also, there is a "USB Safely Remove" button in the taskbar, but clicking on it does nothing, and neither does right-clicking on it and selecting "Close window". Right-clicking the icon in the icon tray and selecting "Show USB Safely Remove Main Window" also does nothing. I can, however, right click and select "Options", which does display the Options window. If I end the USBSafelyRemove.exe process and restart the application, the Stopping Menu is displayed when the application starts, and the issue is still present.
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Image of Fortnum and Mason courtesy of Roxy London from the Londonist Flickr pool
They want a marketing campaign to attract more overseas visitors (along the lines of: "look! Our currency's knackered! Come and spend!" but probably classier) and also - and slightly more worryingly - a campaign aimed at those of us who already live here. If London First gets its way, we're mere months away from being reminded of how London has the 'wow' factor (it's a city, not a house on a TV property show) and "leveraging the Mayor's own brand". We think this means lots of PR opportunities with Boris posing next to the Gherkin. (You can read their full letter if you can be bothered to open this here PDF.)
While this should be good news for Visit London and finally give the Mayor's overseas offices something to do, Boris is keeping his powder dry. He doesn't want to "spend taxpayers' money prematurely", preferring to wait for the "moment of optimum impact". Um, when would that be, exactly? Does Boris know something we don't about how much deeper London has to fall into the crapper?
It looks like a major campaign is due to launch in April anyway, but whether that's for the benefit of us or non-Londoners remains to be seen. And who needs another bunch of adverts reminding us of the existence of über-expensive shopping 'destinations' and mega tourist spots when we could be exploring more interesting shopping streets and there's urban glamour to be had? But then that wouldn't put any more cash into the coffers of Westfield, would it?


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Sunday, October 27, 2013
Ocean breeze
holding its breath
as it reaches
the man-made walk
assaulted by the civilized world.
Bright lights-
shock to the senses
blinding one to the beauty,
invasion of sea and sky.
One must look to the depths
to find God in such a place,
so obscured by neon and noise
most often, he goes unnoticed.
9 comments:
Lovely, Lisa ... I do like natural habitats, but when they become commercialized and modernized, they do lose something. This is so well expressed :)ReplyDelete
nice - & i think perhaps those who notice god at all will notice him anywhere, everywhereReplyDelete
So true! Lisa this is so visual--really a lovely writeReplyDelete
Yes, Lisa, sometimes God is hard to find unless a person REALLY looks!! Your poem has an important message.ReplyDelete
That's when we have to work hard to lift our eyes above the noise and contemplate the sky!ReplyDelete
there are plenty of places it is harder to see god for all the glitz and glam...and def god is one you find in the most unusual places...though still there for sure...smiles...ReplyDelete
Beautiful message ~ Its sometimes hard to see beyond if we're blinded by those neon lights ~ReplyDelete
- AnonymousOctober 30, 2013 at 12:39 AM
This makes me think of my trips to the beach as a child, I always found the boardwalks rather imposing and loud.ReplyDelete


text: Wayne J. Martin, age 61, entered into eternal life suddenly on June 29, 2017. Wayne was born and raised in South Boston and had lived in Braintree for many years. Mr. Martin was a manager for Lowe's Department stores. Prior to that, he was a welder at the General Dynamics Shipyard in Quincy. Beloved husband to Karen L. (Doherty) Martin. Devoted father of Bryan T. Martin and his partner Clayton Bond of Destin, Florida and Stephanie O'Neill and husband Mark of Braintree. Loving "Grumpy" of Cameron and Carter O'Neill. Beloved brother of Edward and his wife Kathy of Orlando, Florida, Mary Devin of South Boston, Diane Asci and her husband Richard of Norfolk, Michelle Cajar and her husband Gabriel of Clearwater, Florida, and the late Eileen Callahan, Ann Marie Gavell, and Thomas Martin. Beloved uncle of many nieces and nephews. Funeral Mass in the Sacred Heart Church, Weymouth Landing on Wednesday July 5 at 10:00 AM. Relatives and friends are respectfully invited. Visiting hours are omitted. Burial at sea at a later date. Arrangements by the Clancy-Lucid Funeral Home


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Interstates Are Freeways That Connect Each Major City In The USA To Each Other. They Go Through Giant, Big, Medium, Small, Tiny, And Minuscule Towns Across…
Alabama Quizzes
- Are you ALABAMA?[by: Brittany, rated: rated: 3.16/5, published: Jul 23, 2007]
Alabama is not known for many things, but what things it is known for probaly wont be in this quiz. This quiz is more for people who have lived in Alabama,…
- How Alabama Are You?[by: Akara, rated: rated: 2.52/5, published: Oct 29, 2006]
Welcome to the Heart of Dixie! It's a wonderful state, with many beautiful sights. But how well do you know it? Are you a true Alabamian, or have you just…
- How Bayou La Batre are you?[by: Melissa, rated: rated: 2.52/5, published: Dec 6, 2007]
Bayou La Batre is a small town south of Mobile, Al. Few can claim it as home. It's the heart and soul of home cooking and where everyone wishes they could go…
- So You Think You Know Alabama?[by: Stony, rated: rated: 2.38/5, published: Mar 21, 2008]
Alabama is a special sort of place, full of fun and unusual practices, rituals and habits. It takes an Alabamian to know an Alabamian. You can't fake your way…
- How Alabama Are You?[by: Stony, rated: rated: 2.33/5, published: Mar 20, 2008]
There are many people in this world, but only a few are lucky enough to be from Alabama. It's that fortunate few who know the true joy of yelling "War Eagle",…
Alaska Quizzes
- How much do you know about Alaska[by: amazon, rated: rated: 2.8/5, published: Apr 4, 2008]
Most people think Alaska is a huge frozen waste land, and that all the people there live in igloos. A select few know that Alaska is the biggest state in the…
Arizona Quizzes
- How Arizona Are You?[by: Beck, rated: rated: 2.88/5, published: Jan 1, 2007]
Arizonans are one of a kind, we're some of the few who can live in an area that reaches above 100 degrees. But it takes someone who has lived in the state…
Arkansas Quizzes
- How Ar-kansan are you?[by: amazon, rated: rated: 3.07/5, published: Jul 21, 2006]
There are many people in the world who think they know or think they are an "True Ar-kansan!" What is an "True Ar-kansan?" I'm glad you asked, that's an good…
- How Arkansan are you?[by: Mike Rose, rated: rated: 2.39/5, published: Oct 4, 2007]
Arkansans are truly one of a kind. Three quarters Southern, one part Midwestern, a native can identify what area another native is from by simply listening…
California Quizzes
Find them on our California page.
Colorado Quizzes
- How Colorado are you?[by: Cinderella, rated: rated: 3.03/5, published: Jun 28, 2006]
Colorado is a state of its own! The people here have been exposed to more things than the average American will probably ever see! And, a lot of the time…
Connecticut Quizzes
- How Well Do You Know Connecticut?[by: Marc, rated: rated: 2.25/5, published: Jan 18, 2007]
With just 3 million people living there, Connecticut is a small state. How well do you know it? It has been a state since the late 1700s. If you scored well…
- How Connecticut Are You?[by: Tom, rated: rated: 2.2/5, published: Aug 13, 2006]
How Connecticut are you? Ummm.... It's part of the Tri-State area. No, Colorado, Utah and Arizona are the Four Corners, not the Tri-State area! It's one of…
- How CT are you?[by: Chelsey, rated: rated: 1.93/5, published: May 17, 2008]
There are many people who are wannabes and this quiz will tell you the truth if you are a wanna be Connecticuter. If you are truley from Connecticut this…
Delaware Quizzes
- How Delawarian are you?[by: JCrook, rated: rated: 3.26/5, published: Sep 3, 2006]
The First State is full of crazy fun facts and isms that make Delaware unique. We pride ourselves on our deep history, great people, and places to visit. In…
- How Sussex County, DE are you?[by: Taylor, rated: rated: 3.14/5, published: Nov 28, 2006]
Many people have heard of Sussex County, but few people know how much it sucks! Let's see if you are a true Sussex Countian! Do you know the difference…
- How Delawarean are you?[by: BikerGeek, rated: rated: 2.58/5, published: Aug 20, 2006]
Delaware is variously known as the Small Wonder, the Diamond State, and the Home of Tax Free Shopping. It's frequently overshadowed by its larger neighbors,…
- How Delaware are you?[by: Katlin Bogan, rated: rated: 2.04/5, published: May 17, 2006]
There are 50 states but only 1 Delaware. You are very unique if you live in Delaware. Because you are probably always bored, preppy as s---, or gothic.
Dependent Areas Quizzes
- How Puerto Rico are you?[by: Jose, rated: rated: 2.89/5, published: Feb 12, 2007]
There are many people who have heard of Puerto Rico. Many claim to be from there. Being A Puerto Rican Is not just about where you where born it is a way of…
- Virgin Islands History[by: Ms.Oliver, rated: rated: 2.76/5, published: Apr 1, 2007]
Are you a Virgin Islander? This is a Test about the History of the U.S.V.I. It is multiple choice and should be read carefully. Make sure you READ the…
Florida Quizzes
Find them on our Florida page.
Georgia Quizzes
- How much of a Georgian are you?[by: Brian, rated: rated: 2.11/5, published: Jan 8, 2007]
Many people "claim" they are from Georgia... let's see if you're a Georgia Peach or a New York Yankee. After taking this quiz you'll be able to know if "you…
- How Atlanta are you?[by: Dave Jensen, rated: rated: 2.93/5, published: Jan 13, 2007]
There are nearly 5 million people living in and around the great American city of Atlanta, Georgia. Some of you might already live here, but find out if you…
- Are you really Georgian?[by: bill, rated: rated: 2.67/5, published: Mar 6, 2007]
Georgia. The Empire State of the South. The Peach State. Are you one of us? Or are you just a Yankee interloper, sippin' on some pop and eatin' a hoagie?
Government Quizzes
- How well do you know the US Constitution?[by: Ryo Ohki, rated: rated: 3.49/5, published: Jul 14, 2007]
Welcome to the Constitution Quiz! This quiz, unlike others, is not focused on dates or meaningless facts that were often forced on everyone to remember while…
Hawaii Quizzes
- How well do you know Hawaii?[by: Bella, rated: rated: 3.07/5, published: Jun 12, 2009]
There are many people who know a lot about Hawaii. There are also people who like quizzes such as this. If you know you are one of these, please take this…
- How Hawaiian Are You?[by: dog, rated: rated: 2.71/5, published: Nov 2, 2006]
Are You a Hawaiian? Do you have the knowledge of Hawaii to qualify for that prestigious title? This quiz will allow you to finally find out!
Idaho Quizzes
- How Idaho Are You?[by: Jarrod, rated: rated: 3.08/5, published: Jun 2, 2008]
Many people claim to be from one state or another, but can you claim to be from Idaho? Not to many people know that Idaho exists, let alone locate it on a…
- State of Idaho Quiz[by: Susan, rated: rated: 3.15/5, published: Jan 27, 2007]
This quiz is for anyone who knows Idaho, or thinks they know Idaho, and for transplant Idahoans who want to know more about Idaho. Test your skills in the…
Illinois Quizzes
Find them on our Illinois page.
Indiana Quizzes
- How Hoosier are you?[by: amazon, rated: rated: 3.13/5, published: Dec 28, 2006]
Being a Hoosier is one part good fortune, one part state of mind and one part heritage. Do you live in Indiana, or have you lived in Indiana? If so you share…
Kansas Quizzes
- How Topeka Are You?[by: Debra Jean, rated: rated: 3.63/5, published: Dec 14, 2006]
Here is your opportunity to waste more of your time on another silly quiz that offers little reward other than the immediate feedback of a score. Don't…
- Are you from Kansas[by: John, rated: rated: 2.94/5, published: Jan 1, 2008]
Kansas has an important place in the history of the United States. It is also a place of inovation, ground breaking politics, agriculture and aviation.
- How Kansan Are You?[by: amazon, rated: rated: 2.68/5, published: Nov 7, 2013]
Kansas. The State, the powerhouse, the place that outsiders don't understand. Yes, there are ways to know belongs and who doesn't. And the Kansans aren't…
Kentucky Quizzes
- How Kentucky Are Yall![by: Sean, rated: rated: 3.17/5, published: Sep 5, 2006]
Lots of Kentuckians like to think that they know everything there is to know about being from Kentucky..... Well here's your chance to prove it!!! Let's see…
- How well do you know Kentucky Basketball[by: Bobby Hisle, rated: rated: 3.05/5, published: Jan 13, 2008]
There are many people out there who claim to be the most true blue fan in the True Blue Nation. I developed this quiz to see how much you really know about…
- How Well Do You Know Kentucky?[by: Katelyn From Kentucky, rated: rated: 2.98/5, published: Jul 21, 2009]
There are many people who think they know everything about Kentucky. Are you one of those people? I hope so. But the only way to find out is to take this quiz.
Louisiana Quizzes
- How Louisiana Are You[by: Hadley, rated: rated: 3.15/5, published: Nov 28, 2006]
Are YOU a Louisianian? Take the quiz and find out! This quiz will seperate the winners from the wannbes, the cajuns from the coonies. Do you have what it…
- How Louisianian Are You?[by: Gabby, rated: rated: 3.14/5, published: Apr 5, 2007]
Ah, Louisiana. Home of the mighty Mississippi River, The Battle of New Orleans, Mardi Gras, Bayous, and much, much more. This great state is a beautiful swamp…
- How Louisiana are you?[by: Shannon, rated: rated: 2.62/5, published: Nov 17, 2013]
Many people have been to Louisiana, but not everyone is a true Louisianian. There are so many unique things about our wonderful state. A true Louisianian…
Maine Quizzes
- How Mainer are you?[by: Jen, rated: rated: 3.96/5, published: Dec 14, 2006]
There are many people out there, but how many of us are truly mainers? Have you ever climbed to the peeks of Katahdin? Or tasted the salt of OB? take this…
- Are you wicked awesome (from Maine)?[by: bjs, rated: rated: 3.24/5, published: Nov 29, 2006]
There are many people in Maine, but some of them are from away, or just passing through. If you have been here enough times you might be able to answer some…
- Are you a native Mainer?[by: Wesley, rated: rated: 2.84/5, published: Mar 13, 2007]
Are you a true Mainer? I don't mean someone who visited Bar Harbor once, or gets an LL Bean catalog in the mail, I mean a real, native born, third…
- So you think you know Maine, huh?[by: Krist, rated: rated: 2.75/5, published: May 18, 2007]
So you think you know about Maine. What do you know? Take this test and find out if you know as much as you thought you did. It's full of regional questions,…
Maryland Quizzes
- How Baltimore Are You?[by: Chris, rated: rated: 3.29/5, published: Dec 1, 2006]
This quiz is to determine how much you fit in in Charm City AKA The City That Reads. OK, so you really don't have to know how to read. Grunting is acceptable.
- How Maryland Are You?[by: Bethany, rated: rated: 3.23/5, published: Jun 27, 2006]
Marylanders are a rare breed. You'd never guess such a distinct identity would crop up in this tiny state, but believe me, hon, Maryland is home to some of…
- How Maryland are you?[by: Matthew, rated: rated: 2.86/5, published: Mar 17, 2007]
Can you find Maryland on a map????? If so, we're off to a good start. Find out how much of Maryland you carry in your blood. It's a good thing to have!!!
Massachusetts Quizzes
Find them on our Massachusetts page.
Michigan Quizzes
Find them on our Michigan page.
Minnesota Quizzes
- Another How Minnesotan Are You quiz[by: Cassie, rated: rated: 2.68/5, published: Sep 20, 2007]
How Minnesotan are you? Did you grow up in Minnesota, currently live there now, or just enjoy taunting people who elongate their O's? Take this quiz to see…
- How Minnesotan are you?[by: Jenny, rated: rated: 3.24/5, published: Aug 1, 2006]
Minnesota can be a very interesting place! Do you live here? If so, are you a native of Minnesota? Did you grow up in the urbanization of the Twin Cities or…
Mississippi Quizzes
- Are you Mississippi?[by: Joe Dudley, rated: rated: 3.34/5, published: Aug 30, 2006]
Many Americans cannot find Mississippi on the map. Believe it or not, there are actually people who call Mississippi home. There are also many attractions…
- How Mississipian Are You?[by: DeAndra, rated: rated: 2.83/5, published: Feb 26, 2007]
There are a lot of fake people in the world who say they rep tha Dirtty and who say they know about Mississippi and all that loud talk. There are a lot of…
Missouri Quizzes
Find them on our Missouri page.
Montana Quizzes
- How native Montanan are you?[by: amazon, rated: rated: 2.9/5, published: Sep 14, 2007]
Many people have moved to Montana. Many people are moving to Montana. Let's see if we can separate the men from the boys, the women from the girls, the…
- How Montanan are You?[by: bbf, rated: rated: 2.89/5, published: Oct 24, 2008]
Just under a million people live in Montana... and many of these are transplants from Poland to Pasadena, Dallas to Duluth. How much do YOU know about…
Nebraska Quizzes
- How well do you know Nebraska?[by: El Guero, rated: rated: 3.18/5, published: Jan 22, 2007]
How well do you know Nebraska? This is a great quiz for people who claim to know the ins and outs of the Cornhusker state. There truly is no place like…
- How Husker Are You?[by: Chris W, rated: rated: 2.95/5, published: Feb 24, 2007]
There are many ways to describe a true Nebraska Cornhusker fan. Hard working, dedicated, physical, and sometimes a little crazy are a few ways. Some people…
Nevada Quizzes
- How Nevadan are you?[by: Lauren, rated: rated: 2.76/5, published: Jul 21, 2007]
They say you can tell alot about a person based on where they grew up. Do you consider yourself adventurous, outdoorsey and free? If you grew up in Nevada you…
- You know you're from Vegas when...[by: horsie890, rated: rated: 2.36/5, published: Aug 7, 2007]
Welcome to fabulous Las Vegas (the quiz, anyway)! Over two million people live in Las Vegas, Nevada. Maybe you've been there, maybe you haven't. But you might…
New Hampshire Quizzes
- What Do You Know About New Hampshire?[by: Mary Kuntz, rated: rated: 3.3/5, published: Dec 26, 2006]
We enjoyed the other state quizzes but were disappointed that New Hampshire was missing one! We just couldn't allow that omission to stand! So, we put our…
- How New Hampshire Are You?[by: NHgirllala, rated: rated: 2.73/5, published: Dec 18, 2008]
All right. New HAmpshire is cool and amazing. We are a good state with goodnes at the creamy center. Like a delicious homemade icecream bar. We are a…
New Jersey Quizzes
Find them on our New Jersey page.
New Mexico Quizzes
- How New Mexican Are You?[by: David Wilson, rated: rated: 2.62/5, published: Jun 4, 2007]
From food to language... from geography to history... how much do you know about New Mexico? This test, while not exactly comprehensive, ought to show a bit…
New York Quizzes
Find them on our New York page.
North Carolina Quizzes
- Carolina On Your Mind?[by: Kathy, rated: rated: 4.09/5, published: Dec 7, 2006]
Attention! All North Carolinians and all those who have an interest in North Carolina! This quiz is for y'all! How much do you really know about this…
- How Well Do You Know North Carolina?[by: Ashley, rated: rated: 3.03/5, published: May 17, 2007]
There are some people that have visited North Carolina or who know their basketball teams....But when it comes down to it, they are cluelass. Take this quiz…
North Dakota Quizzes
- How North Dakotan are You?[by: AJ, rated: rated: 3.14/5, published: Aug 23, 2007]
North Dakota is often the forgotten state. It really is unfair. Just because it snows most of the year and travel is practically impossible doesn't mean it…
Ohio Quizzes
- How Ohio Are You?[by: Katharine, rated: rated: 2.61/5, published: Jan 11, 2007]
Some states are mediocre, and some are just plain boring. But Not OHIO!!! Some of the funnest events happen here in this great state and it's up to you to…
- How Youngstown are you?[by: Renee, rated: rated: 4/5, published: Feb 18, 2007]
You know you've heard of it, you may have family there, and you may not want to admit your love for it but NOW see for real: How Youngstown are you? In a few…
- Are You a True OHIOan?[by: Amanda, rated: rated: 3.35/5, published: Sep 1, 2006]
Ohio is the heart of it all, Please show your love for the buckeye state and try this wonderful quiz made just for you! Ohio is beautiful and normal just like…
Oklahoma Quizzes
- How Oklahoman are You[by: John Gregor, rated: rated: 2.92/5, published: Aug 14, 2006]
Oklahoma is the greatest state in existence. This is true no question. Land of Cowboys and Indians, Astronauts, Musicians, actors, rose rocks, and best of all…
- Oklahoma History[by: Mary, rated: rated: 2.85/5, published: Apr 10, 2007]
Few people really know Oklahoma...this quiz was designed to see if you know Oklahoma History! Just a few questions to find out how much you know about such a…
- Are you Oklahoman?[by: morse, rated: rated: 2.14/5, published: Mar 3, 2007]
This is an Okie-knowledge test, since GoToQuiz needed at least one more. There are no questions about Texas- what does it have to do with Oklahoma, after all?
Oregon Quizzes
- How Oregon are you?[by: Colin, rated: rated: 2.91/5, published: Dec 1, 2006]
Oregon is a wonderful, mysterious land far to the west. Coastal tavellers will find it between Washington and California. Oregonians are above average in…
- How Eastern Oregon Are You?[by: Debbie, rated: rated: 2.89/5, published: May 2, 2007]
Do you feel forgotten because you take the Oregon tests and you grew up here or spent time here, but in Eastern Oregon? Well, this test is for a country…
- Are you from Oregon[by: jcollins, rated: rated: 2.18/5, published: Aug 9, 2006]
Ah, Oregon, that wonderful, green, forested, depressingly rainy state. It is NOT Washington's Mexico or California's Canada. It is a world of its own. (Ok,…
Pennsylvania Quizzes
Find them on our Pennsylvania page.
Rhode Island Quizzes
- How much do youse know about Rho Dyelun?[by: Rick, rated: rated: 3.58/5, published: Jan 25, 2007]
Ok, If you think that you are a Rhode Islander, or maybe you moved away and want to brush up on your skills, then this is the quiz for you. I generated this…
- Rhode Island Quiz[by: Beth Aronson, rated: rated: 3.45/5, published: Dec 27, 2006]
Ok, so you think you know Lil' Rhody, do you? Here's a chance to find out. This quiz is crafted with love by an RI exile living in Philly. Some of the…
South Carolina Quizzes
- South Carolina Quiz[by: Kathy, rated: rated: 3.14/5, published: Feb 13, 2007]
Do you live in South Carolina? Have you visited there? How much do you know about the culture, the history, or the tourism industry of the eighth state? …
- Are you from the Palmetto State[by: Thai, rated: rated: 2.99/5, published: Jan 16, 2008]
There are lots of people who are trully passionate about where they come from. Are you a born native, is your favorite college there, or do you simply just…
- South Carolina History[by: Bev Hildreth, rated: rated: 2.88/5, published: Mar 20, 2007]
South Carolina has a lot of fascinating history and geography. I am a transplant, but have raised my children here for 24 years and have learned much, which…
- How South Carolina are you?[by: Liz, rated: rated: 2.27/5, published: Nov 6, 2006]
South Carolina is a friendly place, rich in history, both good and bad.Many people who live in South Carolina are transplants, those who live here now, but…
South Dakota Quizzes
- How South Dakotan Are You?[by: Laura, rated: rated: 3.13/5, published: Dec 8, 2007]
Being a South Dakota native, I get upset when I travel and people ask me if I still travel by wagon and get attacked by indian war parties. I can attest that…
- How West River Are You?[by: blkphysh, rated: rated: 2.93/5, published: May 3, 2007]
There has always been a rivalry between West River and East River in South Dakota. For the creator of the quiz, I'm all West River. Born and Raised. There are…
Tennessee Quizzes
- How Tennessee are you?[by: Andrea, rated: rated: 3.13/5, published: Oct 25, 2006]
So alot of people claim ties to the south, but there are not so many that are able to back up their claims. Admittedly, the south is not what it used to be,…
Texas Quizzes
Find them on our Texas page.
US History Quizzes
Find them on our US History page.
Utah Quizzes
- Are you from Utah?[by: jeffrbenn, rated: rated: 3/5, published: Jun 15, 2008]
There are many great states in the nation, but none as great as Utah. After all, what other state has funeral potatoes? Are you lucky enough to call yourself…
- how much utah are you?[by: millville, rated: rated: 2.82/5, published: Aug 16, 2006]
There are few true utahns in this world. and well it is quite compliment to be a true utahn. If you live in the right places its just like heaven, except a…
- How Much Utah is in You?[by: Emily, rated: rated: 2.63/5, published: Feb 27, 2007]
Do you live in Utah? Would you like to know how much of the 'Utah Culture' is in you? Well, you've come to the right place! I created this quiz because I was…
Vermont Quizzes
Find them on our Vermont page.
Virginia Quizzes
- How Richmond Are You?[by: Sara, rated: rated: 2.86/5, published: Jun 19, 2006]
There are many people who are Richmonders. There are also many people who are Richmonders by association. And there are also Richmond, wannabes. Which are…
- How Northern Virginian are you?[by: Lindsey, rated: rated: 2.72/5, published: Feb 14, 2007]
Think you can call yourself Northern Virginian? If you think Northern Virginians are much different from other "Virginians" then this quiz is for you. So go…
- How Virginia are you?[by: ShoK, rated: rated: 2.45/5, published: Nov 28, 2006]
There are a lot of people out here who want to claim Virginia as home. Well, what does it take to be a true Virginian? Gotta throw 2 up, 2 down? How do you…
Washington Quizzes
- How Washington State Are You?[by: Kellsbells, rated: rated: 3.11/5, published: Nov 26, 2006]
Washington state. Yeah, you know, that upper-left coner on any U.S. map. You've heard of it, probably. It is, after all, the only state named after a…
- How Washingtonian are you?[by: Crystal, rated: rated: 2.91/5, published: Aug 18, 2006]
Washington is a great state, and it is not a difficult state to know things about, Let's see how much you know about the state of Washington. The quiz is…
- Are you a Seattle native?[by: Bill Boeing, rated: rated: 2.37/5, published: Jan 6, 2007]
Seattle is a great city but few people were born here. Most likely if you do well on this quiz you are no longer living in Seattle but wish you were. You…
Washington, DC Quizzes
- How DC are you?[by: Poppa, rated: rated: 2.98/5, published: May 27, 2007]
Test your DC knowledge. There will be a few questions dealing with DC history, current events, politics, sports, and other stuff. What does it take to be a…
West Virginia Quizzes
- How West Virginian are you?[by: lisa, rated: rated: 3.46/5, published: Sep 26, 2006]
Welcome to the West Virgina quiz. This is an excellent way to test yourself and see how much you really know about this state. Are you as clever as you really…
Wisconsin Quizzes
- How Wisconsonite are you?[by: Joe, rated: rated: 3.35/5, published: Sep 9, 2006]
Sure, you might know someone who has been to Wisconsin, but how much Wisconsin do you have in you? Do you bleed green and gold? Do you think orange is an…
Wyoming Quizzes
- How much do you know about Wyoming?[by: A person, rated: rated: 2.95/5, published: Oct 31, 2007]
Wyoming is an underappreciated state in our nation. Not many people know what the state truly is about. This quiz is to enlighten people on the many natural…
- Do you know Wyoming?[by: Guess, rated: rated: 2.72/5, published: Feb 26, 2008]
Do you know all about the fifty states? Do you know the tiny little details about seperate states? Well, this quiz will test your knowledge on one of the…
- How Well Do You Know Wyoming?[by: Scott, rated: rated: 2.68/5, published: Jun 9, 2007]
With only 500,000 people living in Wyoming, it can't be that hard of a state to figure out right? Well, you could be surprised and the things you didn't know…
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text:
U. MELBOURNE (AUS) — People living in poor neighborhoods are 42 percent more at risk of getting arthritis than those that live in affluent areas, new research shows.
Published in the journal Arthritis Care & Research, a study reveals that more than 30 percent of people living in socially disadvantaged areas reported having arthritis—as opposed to 18.5 percent in wealthier areas.
Of all the findings, location of residence influenced arthritis prevalence the most, says lead author Sharon Brennan of the University of Melbourne and Deakin University.
"People with the condition suffer a lower quality of life. The symptoms of arthritis such as pain and immobility are debilitating," she says. "Our results indicate that intervention efforts to reduce arthritis may need to focus on both people and places."
The study is the first to examine the relationship between individual and neighborhood-level disadvantage on arthritis.
"It is widely known that obesity, age and social disadvantage are linked and are also risk factors for arthritis. This is the first time a study has shown specific associations with people's neighborhoods which may explain that link."
Using data from the HABITAT (How Areas in Brisbane Influence Health and Activity) cohort led by Gavin Turrell, professor at the Queensland University of Technology, researchers surveyed 10,757 males and females aged 40-65 years, selected from 200 neighborhoods of varying socioeconomic status in Brisbane.
Neighborhoods, areas within suburbs, are based on Australian Bureau of Statistics Census data, which groups 200 private dwellings by proximity.
The study has important implications for policy, health promotion, and other intervention strategies designed to reduce the rates of arthritis, Brennan says. "Our next steps will be to find out why there is a link to arthritis and place. One of the factors may be that if the environment is not conducive to physical activity, then people are less likely to be active."
In Australia, arthritis and other musculoskeletal disorders accounted for the largest proportion of direct health expenditure (31 percent), amounting to $1.2 billion. Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are the most common forms of arthritis.
More news from the University of Melbourne: http://newsroom.melbourne.edu/


text:
Hey Y'all,
I just wanted to say hey to everyone that comes to our blog. We got a comment recently from someone that I didn't recognize. That's also ways delightful.We really appreciate everyone that come to our website to check us out. We love getting comments on our blog and would love to know get to know those out there that are visiting our site. So, if you have time, please leave us a comment and tell us a little about yourself. Maybe you're a fellow photographer, friend, bride or groom or and innocent bystander, we would love to hear from you. Thanks y'all. oh, and don't you LOVE my drawing. I'm terrible at drawing with a mouse. haha


text:
"There's a lot of meaning and power in mundane things," Jamie Bulled tells me over Skype. "Things you don't notice on a daily basis sometimes have the most impact on you."
Bulled, 23, is one-third of the English pop band Kero Kero Bonito, whose first full-length album, Bonito Generation, is out today. Kero Kero Bonito make chipper, left-of-center music that preaches the beauty of life's smallest pleasures. Their squelchy synthpop sound, which calls to mind 8-bit video-game soundtracks and the 2000s-nostalgia hits of London label PC Music, works well for their playful subject matter. Bonito Generation includes songs about jumping on trampolines, ditching a school graduation, and even checking in on your parents to see if they miss you. "There's so much stuff to do / But now I just want to snooze," sings lead singer Sarah Midori Perry, 24, who switches liberally between Japanese and English for her vocals. "Waking up is the hardest part, but then it's essential!" Hypercheerful to such a degree it's often hilarious, Kero Kero Bonito's music can play like the soundtrack to some long-forgotten animated TV show. The result is effortlessly catchy.
"Those things are a lot more funny and interesting than a pompous, pretentious proclamation of something like love and war," says Gus Lobban, 23, a producer for the band who also performs as the PC Music–signed artist Kane West. Lobban says the band is inspired to make feel-good music inspired by super-simple pop, offering up Snoop Dogg's "Drop It Like It's Hot" as an example. Their sound, which rests on nostalgia and doesn't fuss with complicated lyrics, is supposed to be as easily relatable as possible.
Kero Kero Bonito, whose name is inspired by the Japanese word for a frog's croak, started in 2013 when friends Lobban and Bulled were looking for a singer for their band. Interested in J-pop, the two posted on MixB, a message board for Japanese expatriates in London. After fielding applications from Adele-sounding singer-songwriters, they found a perfect match in Sarah Midori Perry. She hadn't had any experience as a singer or musician before deciding to give the frontwoman thing a go, but her robotic voice matches the silly, sometimes sarcastic lyricism of KKB's songwriting. "Hold the camera high and click / Exercise your right to picture this / Don't forget to show everybody you've ever known," she sings on "Picture This," a song about the joy of snapping photos with a cynical undercurrent poking fun at the act of spending every waking moment Instagramming. Perry is primarily a visual artist, and she solidifies the band's kawaii-adjacent aesthetic onstage, incorporating props and costumes. "We see live performances as immersive experiences, so we try to always think about that more than just performing the music," Perry says.
Listening to Kero Kero Bonito's lyricism feels very instructional. It's music to dance to, for one, but songs like "Break," which instructs listeners to take a short breather during a hard day, or "Heard a Song," about finding a great new tune on the radio, sound like lines ripped from a children's book. It's a vibe that might lead some to hear KKB's music as not possessing a ton of substance (to which the band says: Look at the playful genius of The B-52's.) But shadowing every joyful little KKB song is the presence of relatable stress. "Some days are tough when you gotta keep up," Perry sings on "Big City," a song about feeling yourself in a big metropolis. "There's just no time for taboo," she offers on their single "Lipslap," a trippy, wordy dis about miscommunication.
"People are really quite into music where not a lot happens, I think," Lobban says, a subject matter that feels refreshing in KKB. Their core philosophy is about giving listeners permission to take it easy on themselves and to unabashedly tune out of crushing reality (which America has plenty of these days). Take the day off of work! Sure, ditch your graduation ceremony! Even "Trampoline," a song about, yeah, jumping on a trampoline, carries a universal message of taking a little time out of your day to do something nice for yourself. "Full twist, backflip, just set your body free," Perry sings. "Life looks better when you're on your trampoline."


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The first link on the page should help you - At home with Oxford Reading Tree - A guide for Parents
Rep left to you both.:thumbsup:
have a look at both these links might be … have a look at both these links might be helpful.http://fds.oup.com/www0.oup.com/ort/2/tree.htmlhttp://www.netmums.com/coffeehouse/children-parenting-521/children-parenting-190/primary-school-age-4-11-years-60/186047-oxford-reading-tree.htmlBe very proud of your little one, give them plenty of encouragement and get them to read anything you have at home, my son is 7 and has the reading capability of a 10 year old. He stopped reading at 5 because he didnt want to do it in school, so i sat him down explained that if he didnt he would be moved back a class and i taught him at home, this term he jumped so now in yr 3/4 and doing really well.hope this helps
Does that mean he is in Year3/4 when he should be in year 2:thinking: Wow!!
he should be in yr 1/2 ( they combine the classes) no idea why.Your … he should be in yr 1/2 ( they combine the classes) no idea why.Your little one sound like she is doing really well. give her a huge hug and kiss.:thumbsup:but like i said her her to read anything and everything suitable for her age or there abouts, comics are great fun. We joined our local library this summer which was fantastic, also see if they have one in your school as they will still have the books to follow the stages she is on.the one thing we found was because we focused so much on my sons reading we forgot about his writting skills, so sometimes he has a pet spider run across the page..lolWe also found the more we praised him in his school work the better he does
Thanks. Your son is doing excellent isnt he?:thumbsup:
We hardly read at home, apart from her reading books.:oops: I think she is kinda ok in writing, she is into joined writing now. I made her write Thank You letter for the 20 children who came to her party.:w00t: They look alright for her age I think.:) She also loved it cos I had printed pink Disney Princess template with her picture in costume as a fourth Princess and space to write the letter.
Don't forget to join your local library, they have book groups too for … Don't forget to join your local library, they have book groups too for children at mine :thumbsup:
Thanks choc:thumbsup: Our local one which is few doors away doesn't have book group I think. Maybe the town library might have. I'll enquire:)
WOW joined up writing at 5? flaming heck they get younger, this year my … WOW joined up writing at 5? flaming heck they get younger, this year my son started joined up writing and he hates it..lolMy son is really good at most things even maths ( surprised me with the math homework last week) some of the stuff they send home nowadays i didnt do till i was in last year of juniors.My son started school at 3 yrs and we found it easier to make everything he was learning or bringing home fun.We did buy him the books they sell in asda and tesco with the age groups for reading,writing,math & spelling, the ones for his age he flew through but as they got harder you could see him trying more to understand it and to complete the books.Has she started bringing home spelling? this is another good way of getting her reading, she does sound a very clever little girl:thumbsup: Not sure what your little ones teachers are like but ours were amazing and gave us tons of advice on how to keep my son interested in different subjects and loads of resources on where to buy stuff, as long as we made it all into a game Josh didnt think of it as school work he just thought its a new game.
Don't know about spellings, but she brings writing book where her teacher writes a few words in a sound e.g. 'oa' like boat etc and DD has to write more words using the same sound. She manages about 7-15 words in the sound and then writes sentences using those words. I don't give clues or put words in her mouth, she thinks and shouts them loud and writes. :-D Is that what you meant by spellings? Her teacher said she will send home spellings and this is what she sends.
I am crazy about workbook style books. Can't buy enough of them. She can add/subrtract single digit number to any number less than 100.:-D Matching, sequencing, finding missing letters/numbers etc. She loves them:thumbsup:
She started pre school full time (private school) when she was 3 as well.
P.S. I totally ignore DD2 in terms of educational stuff :oops: but she is only 2 1/2. So its ok.
you sound very proud of her and so you should be:thumbsup: she does sound … you sound very proud of her and so you should be:thumbsup: she does sound like she is thriving at school, you'll proberly find your youngest may start to copy her soon, so encourage that too.:thumbsup:The other thing we thought was brillaint was the leapster and vtech smlie, so many great learning games:-D( and 5 minutes peice for mums and dads)..lol
When she was little I bought Leap Pad, vtech, oregon laptops etc. Thanks to my husband who doesn't replace the batteries:whistling:, the toys were dead all the time. So I don't look at VSmile, Leapstar deals at all. Maybe I should. Thanks for your suggestion.:thumbsup:
Im sure i saw a vtech noddy game deal £4.99 on the vtech website, and … Im sure i saw a vtech noddy game deal £4.99 on the vtech website, and woolies have a few left.


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I'm working at and bringing three girls to a Girl's Empowerment Camp - Camp GLOW, in August! Want to help out? Donate! The girls I'm bringing have never been out of the village, and the camp is in a city, with electricity and showers!! We have several impressive Beninese women speaking and working at the camp (businesswomen, doctors, nurses, teachers, etc.) and awesome activities and fun programs for the girls!
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The post The Therapeutic Benefits Of Dabbing Delta-8 THC appeared first on High Times.
Most people think of delta-9 when talking about THC. Delta-9 THC is responsible for the strong psychoactive high you get after consuming cannabis. However, delta-9 THC isn't the only cannabinoid with psychoactive effects. You may not have heard of it, but delta-8 THC is a double bond isomer of the more common delta-9 THC. While it may not be as strong as delta-9, delta-8 THC is still more than capable of getting an individual high with additional therapeutic benefits.
History Of Delta-8 THC Use
The primary focus of clinical studies has been delta-9 THC, and more recently, CBD. On the other hand, there has been little research into delta-8 THC.
In 1974, government researchers performed a study on mice to find out if delta-8 harmed the immune system. Instead, what they discovered were the cannabinoid's cancer-killing abilities. One would think the discovery would be breaking news and more research would get conducted. However, other than a few studies, delta-8 has been kept mostly out of the public eye. It took decades for the government to even admit that delta-8 could kill cancer cells.
A 1995 study conducted by Shaare Zedek Hospital, Bikur Holim Hospital and the Hebrew University located in Jerusalem gave children with cancer delta-8 THC. The lead author, Dr. Raphael Mechoulam, was the head of the team that first discovered delta-9 THC. The study authors noted that at the time of the article being published, there had been 480 successful treatments of cancer with delta-8 THC. Additionally, the cannabinoid made participants stop vomiting.
Another report by the National Cancer Institute found delta-8 THC, delta-9 THC and CBD all had the ability to stop tumor growth.
There have been a couple of U.S. patents filed—more than a decade ago—with instructions on how to get to delta-8 THC.
The first is a United States patent with instructions on the conversion of CBD to delta-8 THC from 2004. The second patent, on the anti-emetic uses of delta-8 THC, goes over the active ingredients in the pharmaceutical composition used in research.
Additional Therapeutic Benefits
Delta-8 is capable of connecting to the same CB1 receptor as delta-9 THC would, as well as the CB2 receptor.
The National Cancer Institute defines delta-8 THC as "an analogue of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) with antiemetic, anxiolytic, appetite-stimulating, analgesic and neuroprotective properties."
Antiemetic means it can treat nausea and vomiting, which explains why the children in the study based in Jeruselum stopped throwing up after taking delta-8 THC. The United States government has a patent on the antiemetic uses of delta-8.
A 2004 study found rodents treated with low doses of delta-8 THC had their appetites stimulated more than those treated with delta-9.
Anxiolytics are medications that inhibit anxiety. So, delta-8 is far less likely to induce anxiety in high doses than its more popular relative, delta-9 THC.
The 1995 study on children found that kids are less vulnerable to the anxiety that adults feel from high doses of THC. So, researchers were able to give them larger doses of delta-8 with no harmful consequences. In fact, the study participants, aged three to 13, did not show any signs of psychoactive effects after ingesting delta-8 THC.
According to research and data on one of the patents of the cannabinoid, delta-8 THC has been shown to be 200 percent more effective as an antiemetic when compared to delta-9. In some cases, it has been found to be three to 10 times less potent than delta-9.
Where Do You Get Delta-8?
The commercial extraction of delta-8 is still relatively new. Unless you're on the West Coast, you'll have a hard time finding it at a nearby dispensary.
We asked Guild Extracts, the first people to bring us THCa crystals a half-decade ago, about their latest innovation: delta-8 THC extract. They told us that they extract delta-8 in the form of a distillate. It's entirely clear in appearance with the consistency of a thick liquid.
Brad from Guild told us that delta-8 distillate is best consumed by inhalation. When you eat it, "it turns into 11-hydroxy-delta-8-thc," he said, adding that there was a lack of research on eating delta-8.
He also told us that delta-8 is able to treat a "wider range of cancer patients than delta-9 because of the milder psychoactive effects," adding that delta-8 was better at combatting a lack of appetite than delta-9.
Brad explained that some patients can't handle delta-9 because it causes them to panic, preventing them from reaping the benefits of the cannabinoid. Delta-8 is stimulating their appetites more than delta-9 would with fewer of the discomforting side effects.
Medical marijuana patients with cancer in California now have another safer alternative to traditional cancer treatments. You can find tons of dispensaries carrying Guild products all over the state.
Brad told us that "every batch is lab tested. First in-house, then at a third party laboratory" before reaching consumers. You can see the results right on the label. Nothing with solvents or pesticides from Guild ever makes it to dispensary shelves.
Final Hit: Delta-8 THC
According to research from Jeruselum, delta-8 has been used to treat hundreds of children with cancer. People that get anxiety every time they ingest high doses of delta-9 cannot enjoy the cannabinoid's medical benefits. Fortunately, delta-8 may finally be the way that they can have their cake and eat it too.
Since it is an analogue of delta-9 THC, the Federal Analogue Act makes delta-8 federally illegal. As a result, it has been harder for research on it to be conducted in the U.S. Moreover, extracted delta-8 THC is currently difficult to come by outside of California.
The post The Therapeutic Benefits Of Dabbing Delta-8 THC appeared first on High Times.
1. What is CBD? What is CBD Oil?
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a naturally occurring constituent of industrial hemp/cannabis. Its formula is C21H30O2 and it has a molecular mass of 314.4636. It is the most abundant non-psychoactive cannabinoid found in cannabis, and is being scientifically investigated for various reasons.
CBD oil is a cannabis oil (whether derived from marijuana or industrial hemp, as the word cannabis is the latin genus name for both) that has significant amounts of cannabidiol (CBD) contained within it. Our CBD products and extracts are derived from industrial hemp, so they could be considered CBD-rich hemp oil, hemp derived CBD oil, CBD-rich cannabis oil, or plainly "hemp extracts" since they typically contain much more than just CBD. Again, cannabis doesn't mean marijuana, but is the genus name, and general umbrella term which all forms of marijuana and hemp fall under. The form of cannabis we use for our CBD and hemp extracts is industrial hemp; we do not sell marijuana.
2. If a hemp extract is 40% cannabinoids, what's the other 60%? What's in your hemp extracts besides the naturally occurring cannabinoids?
Our Kentucky hemp extracts contain over 80 different phyto-cannabinoids such as cannabidiol (CBD), CBC, CBG, CBN, etc.. In addition to the cannabinoids naturally present in our agricultural hemp extracts, there are also many other types of natural molecules and phyto-chemical compounds such as amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins (including B1, B2, B6, D), fatty acids (including omega 3 & 6), trace minerals (including iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium, potassium), beta-carotene, chlorophyll, flavanoids, ketones, nitrogenous compounds, alkanes, glycosides, pigments, water, and terpenes. The most common terpenes in our hemp extracts are Myrcene, Beta-caryophyllene, Terpinolene, Linalool, alpha-Pinene, beta-Pinene, Nerolidol og Phytol, trans-alpha-Bergamotene, Limonene/ beta-Phellandrene (Co-elution), and alpha-Humulene.
3. What's the difference between Hemp and Marijuana?
Scientifically, industrial Hemp and Marijuana are the same plant, with a genus and species name of Cannabis Sativa. They have a drastically different genetic profile though. Industrial Hemp is always a strain of Cannabis sativa, while marijuana can be Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, or Cannabis ruderalis. The major difference is how industrial hemp has been bred compared to a marijuana form of Cannabis sativa. Typically speaking, industrial hemp is very fibrous, with long strong stalks, and barely has any flowering buds, while a marijuana strain of Cannabis sativa will be smaller, bushier, and full of flowering buds. However, newer industrial hemp varieties in the USA are being bred to have more flowers and higher yields of cannabinoids and terpenes, such as our Kentucky hemp we're now using!
99% of the time marijuana has a high amount of THC and only a very low amount of CBD. Hemp, on the other hand, naturally has a very high amount of CBD in most instances, and only a trace amount of THC. Fortunately, the cannabinoid profile of hemp is ideal for people looking for benefits from cannabis without the 'high.' Hemp is used for making herbal supplements, food, fiber, rope, paper, bricks, oil, natural plastic, and so much more, whereas marijuana is usually used just recreationally, spiritually, and medicinally. The term cannabis oil can refer to either a marijuana or hemp derived oil, since marijuana and hemp are two different forms of cannabis.
In the USA the legal definition of "industrial hemp," per Section 7606 of the Agricultural Appropriations Act of 2014, is "INDUSTRIAL HEMP — The term ''industrial hemp'' means the plant Cannabis sativa L. and any part of such plant, whether growing or not, with a delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol concentration of not more than 0.3 percent on a dry weight basis."
4. Are hemp derived cannabinoids such as CBD as good as CBD from marijuana?
The short answer is yes. CBD is CBD, whether from marijuana or hemp. Most marijuana has a very low non-psychoactive cannabinoid profile (like CBD, CBC, CBG), so most of the time hemp would be much more preferable for anything besides THC. Marijuana is usually very high in THC (gives people the high) but usually very low in other non-psychoactive cannabinoids.
Nowadays in the USA, many farmers are growing industrial hemp flowers that are just as beautiful, odor-producing, and terpene rich as the best marijuana strains, such as our partnered farmers in Kentucky.
5. Why don't you source your Hemp and CBD from within Colorado?
We feel that the hemp program in Kentucky is more well suited for our company in regards to growing hemp, and that because it's 100% compliant with Section 7606 of the 2014 Farm Bill (and the 2016 Agricultural Appropriations Act), procuring it from there is perfectly legal at the federal level. Kentucky's ecology is perfect for hemp just as it is for tobacco. The growing season is longer than in Colorado, and the soil is richer, so the quality of the hemp and the yields are better.
6. What's the percentage of cannabinoids and CBD in your product?
Our raw extracts have varying percentages of cannabinoid and cannabidiol (CBD) content, the range being 10%-99%. Each product has a unique formulation and uses varying ratios of our extract types. Our CBD Isolate is over 99% pure CBD.
7. What is the best method of use?
For our dietary supplements we can only recommend them for internal consumption. Our CBD isolate is for research purposes only. If you don't like the flavor of the oil supplements, you can mix with something sweet like apple sauce or honey to cut through the flavor.
8. What's the ideal serving size for me, and how often should I take it?
There is no easy answer to this. Our starting recommended serving size is 15 drops but we generally recommend experimenting to see what feels best to you. Some prefer 5 drops, some prefer over 50 drops per day.
9. What is the safety of your hemp extracts? Are there negative side effects?
Hemp is considered by many to be generally safe. We've never seen or heard of any significant or negative side effects in our years in the industry. That said, we can't rule them out. Please consult with your physician before using any dietary supplement including Hemp extract supplements.
10. Which of your CBD and hemp products should I get?
As a company who sells various dietary and food supplements, we can't suggest any of our products for the prevention, treatment or cure of any disease or ailment.
When considering our different dietary hemp products, know that they all come in two strengths. Our Original Hemp blends (Classic Hemp Blend, Hemp Complete, Brainpower oil, & Signature Blend) all have 250+mg of cannabinoids per fluid ounce, and our concentrated blends have 1,500+mg per fluid ounce, six times the potency of our traditional oils. We've found that sometimes less is more, but nevertheless, some people like to take very large serving sizes of our hemp extracts.
The main difference between the four Original Blends is the additional herbal ingredients besides hemp. We suggest you research the separate components of each blend to determine which product may be most appealing to add to your dietary regimen. If you know it's solely the hemp extract that you are looking for, with no additional ingredients, then Classic Hemp Blend or Classic Hemp 6x is what you're looking for.
For dabbing and vaporizing or for research you can try our CBD Isolate.
11. Why do people use Hemp Extracts and CBD? What are the benefits and uses of CBD?
In accordance with federal regulations we cannot make health claims regarding our dietary supplement products. We can only recommend our products for general wellness.
12. Is a standard hemp seed oil the same as a high-CBD hemp extract?
Absolutely not. Standard hemp oil, which can be found very cheaply at a grocery store, is a much different product than our CO2 hemp extracts (not from seed). Standard hemp oil is produced by cold pressing the seeds, whereas our hemp extract is a supercritical CO2 extraction of the hemp plant itself, not the seeds. Hemp seed oil is considered to be a great nutritive food, but it doesn't have the naturally occurring terpenes, cannabinoids and other components that our extracts do have.
13. Do I need to move to Colorado to get your Hemp Extracts and CBD? Where do you ship?
No. We actually source our hemp from Kentucky, as it's legal to ship across state lines. Many people are under the impression that the only way to acquire hemp extracts and CBD for themselves or a loved one is to move to Colorado or another cannabis-friendly state. Many major news outlets are misinformed and are unfortunately spreading the idea that you can only get CBD oil in the states where medical marijuana has been legalized. This is simply not the case though. Because our extracts comes from hemp instead of marijuana, we can and do ship to all fifty states, and no medical marijuana card is needed. There are some exceptions, like with Indiana, Missouri and South Dakota we can't sell our concentrated products due to state legislation.
We also ship to Japan, Australia, the EU, Switzerland, and Brazil. For all EU orders contact our exclusive distributor there, Cannawell.
14. Is your Hemp Extract Oil similar to Rick Simpson Hemp Oil?
Not quite. Ours are from hemp and RSHO is usually using marijuana, a different form of cannabis than industrial hemp. Our industrial hemp extracts are more standardized and will usually have a much higher content of non-psychoactive cannabinoids like CBD than one produced through the Rick Simpson method. And oils produced through his method will usually have a much higher THC content, as it's typically marijuana that is used for RSHO.†
Generally speaking, most marijuana producers and sellers (especially on the black market) don't test for contaminants (metals, pesticides, bacteria, etc.). Rick Simpson Hemp Oil is actually more a method of extraction than it is a specific product. People use the Rick Simpson method with hundreds of different strains of marijuana, so the THC, CBD and other cannabinoid content of the final oil is always varying greatly, depending on the cannabis the consumers are acquiring. Usually what's used for Rick Simpson oil is a strain with an inferior CBD content (and high THC), because that's what the vast amount of marijuana is nowadays.
15. Where do you source your hemp and CBD from?
We have partners in Kentucky who grew a dedicated plot for us this year (2016) which is being used in our products now. We also currently source from Europe but we'll be changing that soon.
16. What kind of testing/analysis is performed on your products?
We have an industry leading quality control system, and we have third party laboratories analyze all of our hemp extracts and our final products for cannabinoid potency, heavy metals, bacterial and microbial life, mycotoxins (fungus), and pesticides.
17. What is CO2 extraction? What's the difference between subcritical and supercritical CO2 extractions?
CO2 extraction is an extraction process that uses pressurized carbon dioxide to extract phyto-chemicals (such as CBD, CBG, or terpenes, flavonoids, etc.) from a plant. CO2 at certain temperatures and pressures acts like a solvent, without the dangers of actually being one. It is the most expensive extraction method, and is widely considered the most effective and safest plant extraction method in the world.
Many hemp and CBD companies boast about their supercritical CO2 extractions, but that's actually only one (and perhaps an inferior) method of using a CO2 extraction machine. There are also subcritical CO2 extractions, and 'mid-critical', a general range between subcritical and supercritical. Subcritical (low temp, low pressure) CO2 extractions take more time and produce smaller yields than super-critical, but they retain the essential oils, terpenes, and other sensitive chemicals within the plant. Supercritical, on the other hand, is a high pressure and high temperature process that damages most terpenes and heat sensitive chemicals, but can extract much larger molecules such as lipids (omega 3 and 6), chlorophyll, and waxes. A truly full-spectrum CO2 extract includes first performing a subcritical extraction, separating the extracted oil, and then extracting the same plant material using supercritical pressure, and then homogenizing both oil extracts into one. In the essential oil industry, an extract made using this specific process is referred to as a CO2 Total.
18. What is the endocannabinoid system (ECS)?
"The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a group of endogenous cannabinoid receptors located in the mammalian brain and throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems, consisting of neuromodulatory lipids and their receptors." Wikipedia
There are two main types of receptors in the ECS, CB1 and CB2. CB1 receptors are primarily located in the central nervous system and brains of mammals, and CB2 are generally found in the peripheral nervous system. There are two main cannabinoids mammals produce- 2AG and Anandamide (named after the Sanskrit term "ananda" which translates to "peace").
For hundreds of millions of years every vertebrate on Earth has been equipped with this ECS, a crucial system in the body, and it has been known about in the scientific and medical communities since the 1980's. However, it's still not taught about in most medical schools.


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Gibson 2018 Gibson J-35 Acoustic-Electric Guitar
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The J-35 is handcrafted exclusively from solid tonewoods, Sitka spruce and mahogany. Featuring vintage 1930's advanced X-bracing pattern resulting in...Click To Read More About This Product
6-Month* financing available.
Fresh-looking take on the mahogany and Sitka dreadnought.
The J-35 is handcrafted exclusively from solid tonewoods, Sitka spruce and mahogany. Featuring vintage 1930's advanced X-bracing pattern resulting in outstanding projection. The 2018 J-35 is the modern equivalent of that original round-shoulder flat-top with Gibson's historically celebrated, full-bodied acoustic tone.
Hardshell case included.
- Set neck joint
- Single-action truss rod
- Standard-size frets
- Gotoh white button taipiece
- Rectangular bridge
- Tiger stripe pickguard
Order this cool Gibson creation today.
- Body type: Dreadnought
- Cutaway: No
- Top wood: Sitka spruce
- Back and sides: Mahogany
- Bracing pattern: Traditional hand-scalloped X
- Body finish: Nitrocellulose Lacquer
- Orientation: Right handed
- Neck shape: Round
- Nut width: 1.725 in. (43.8 mm)
- Fingerboard: Rosewood
- Neck wood: Maple
- Scale length: 24.75 in.
- Number of frets: 19
- Neck finish: Nitrocellulose Lacquer
- Pickup/preamp: Yes
- Brand: L.R. Baggs
- Configuration: Undersaddle pickup
- Preamp EQ: 2-band
- Feedback filter: No
- Tuner: No
- Headstock overlay: Not specified
- Tuning machines: Grover mini nickel
- Bridge: Not specified
- Saddle and nut: Tusq
- Number of strings: 6
- Special features: None
- Case: Hardshell case
- Accessories: None
- Country of origin: United States
Musician's Friend Gold Coverage
Gold Coverage goes above and beyond the manufacturer's warranty to protect your gear from unexpected breakdowns, accidental damage from handling and failures. This plan covers your product for one, two, three or up to five years from your date of purchase, costs just pennies per day and gives you a complete "no-worry" solution for protecting your investment.
Gold Coverage Includes:
- Unexpected and unintentional spills, drops and cracks
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Other plan features include:
- For products over $200, No Lemon Policy applies. If it fails for the same defect 3 times, it is replaced on the 4th breakdown. (Does not apply to failures due to drops, spills, and cracks)
- For products under $200 experiencing the above failures, a Musician's Friend gift card will be issued for the full price of the product + tax.
- Shipping fees covered if required for repair or replacement
- Plans are transferable in the event merchandise is sold
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*Limitations and exclusions apply. See terms and conditions (Opens in new window) for program details
Term for New Gear begins on date of purchase but does not replace the store return policy or manufacturer coverage.


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- Detailed Specification
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|Depth at Base
|Depth including Overhang
|Door Type
|Double Doors
|6' x 3'
|10 years
|Height at Highest Point
|Packaged Weight
|Ridge Height
|Width at Base
|Width including Overhang
Constructed from strong pre-painted steel, the Rowlinsons 6x3 Metal Storette is a secure garden storage unit, suitable for all kinds of garden storage purposes. The Storette is extremely accessible, with both a lifting lid on top and sliding doors at the front allowing easy access.
These doors are also lockable, with two separate padlock points, ensuring maximum security for any garden tools, materials or equipment. It is a sturdy yet compact design, ideal for use in any size or style of garden. The 6x3 Metal Storette is also rot and fire resistant, ensuring that the inside storage space remains safe and dry.
- Lifting roof lid
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- 12 year anti-rust guarantee
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All products are delivered in a flat packed, boxed, sectional format, from manufacturer direct to your home and are supplied with full instructions, ready for DIY assembly.
We offer FREE Delivery to the majority of mainland UK postcodes but some areas may incur an additional carriage charge and some postcode areas are not covered at all. Please check your postcode in the "postcode checker" above to check availability and any possible surcharges.
Delivery to every area of the UK cannot be made every day. Some postcodes fall into an extended lead time area. The extended delivery lead time will be in addition to the typical lead time stated.
If you will be unavailable on the day of delivery, the driver can leave your order in a safe place, please indicate this when placing your order or booking in your delivery as re-delivery charges may be levied if the delivery fails on the date agreed.
The delivery team will contact you to arrange an acceptable delivery date based on the typical lead time stated for the product.
Upon Delivery:
Delivery of this item is typically made by a 7.5 ton flatbed (similar size to a council refuse lorry)
Delivery is typically between 7am and 7pm. Unfortunately, we are unable to specify a timed delivery.
The drivers are only insured to deliver to curb side or driveway. We would not risk damaging your property whilst delivering a product to an un-safe location. Unfortunately we will not be able to go through your property.
Please Note - delivery is NOT available to the following locations:
Isle of Wight, Isle of Man, Northern Ireland, Channel Islands, Scottish Islands.