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The best way to experience a city is by witnessing it like a commoner, and living in it like a royal. And these Prague hotels let you experience the European charm exactly like that! From luxury to comfort and class to elegance, the hospitality and amenities of these hotels are unmatchable in the country, and offer true value for money.
Apart from the sightseeing tour, it is actually a stay at one of these places that can really make your European holiday experience extra special. So, have a look at these 15 best hotels in Prague before you get down to booking everything!
5 Best Prague Hotels For Experiencing The True European Charm
1. Four Seasons Hotel Prague
Of all the 5 star hotels in Prague old town, Four Seasons Prague is an exceptionally classy place to stay. It offers the experience of the old world with a modern comfort and convenience. Though it is its location that makes it more exquisite, and perfect for captivating your heart and making your holiday more glammed up.
Suggested Read: 5 Legit World War 2 Sites In Europe That Are A Must-Visit For All!
Price: INR 35,000 to INR 178,000
TripAdvisor Rating: 5/5
Location: Veleslavínova 2a/1098 , Prague, 110 00, Czech Republic
Website | Reviews
2. Hotel Kings Court Prague
In Prague, accommodation is something you'd never have to feel concerned about, thanks to the luxurious Hotel Kings Court. It offers not only ultimate comfort and luxury, but also lets you witness extremely beautiful views of the city right from the window of your room. This hotel truly knows how to make its guests' holidays special!
Price: INR 23,000 to INR 64,000
TripAdvisor Rating: 4.5/5
Location: U Obecniho Domu 3, Prague, 110 00, Czech Republic
Website | Reviews
3. Radisson Blu Alcron Hotel
Restored by the famous designer Maria Vafiadis, this hotel is famous for bringing the era gone by closer to its guests with its generous hospitality and elegant interiors. Adding to its positives, its location also helps you keep in touch with Prague's famous attractions like the Old Town Square, Charles Bridge, Prague Castle & more.
Price: INR 23,000 to INR 72,000
TripAdvisor Rating: 4.5/5
Location: Stepanska 40, Prague, 110 00, Czech Republic
Website | Reviews
4. Corinthia Hotel
One of the most luxurious Prague hotels, Corinthia offers one of a kind experience that are often personalized as per its guests' needs and comfort. Staying here would make you feel like you just entered back home after a day of exploring the historic attractions in the city.
Must Read: Prague Honeymoon Guide: 10 Sizzling Recipes To Spice Up Your Trip To The Land Of 100 Spires
Price: INR 12,000 to INR 30,000
TripAdvisor Rating: 4/5
Location: Kongresová 1, Prague, 14069, Czech Republic
Website | Reviews
5. Hilton Prague
Situated between the historic Old Town and the business district, the Hilton Prague offers an exemplary accommodation experience. Most of the city's top attractions and shopping places are located in its close proximity, and its in-house cuisines and services are also really commendable.
Price: INR 13,000 to INR 50,000
TripAdvisor Rating: 4/5
Location: Pobrezni 1, Prague, 18600, Czech Republic
Website | Reviews


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Ugh. My main site is giving me grief. Luckily this SJ one is going strong so no missed updates. So, bets as to what everyone dresses as?
Vote for Tripp at Topwebcomics! You'll get to see zombie Tripp!
@godmoderncommander - Maaaaybe. :)
@Chaos Master - Some good guesses there.
@Ultimate the Hedgehog - Thanks! I'm really excited about you guys seeing the strips later in the year/early next year, I feel like the art makes a jump there.
@greg bulmash - You're really going to love next Thursday's strip then. :)
@Francisco - She's not a 'fangirl' per se but she's seen all the Marvel movies. :)
@qazox - His costume is about 180 degrees away from that.
@gamekidg7 - I think you'll be pleased.
@corruption - He won't. He'll just roll with it. :)
$50 bucks saying Coco will wear something skimpy.
@godmoderncommander: So ether Wonder Woman, Chun Li, Sailor Moon, Yoko Littner, or ... um... some Marvel girl?
For some reason I can see ether Tripp or Luke going as Deadpool.
Heck, maybe Poe will go as the Invisible Man.
lol nice
art is amazing :3
and the page is funny itself.
Coco cosplay? Be still my heart.
I suspect that Coco is a geek at heart -- she just doesn't show that side of her in the office.
{edit} After all, she did pick up on Poe's purple sweatpants scheme pretty quickly. I can't be sure but I think Tripp's used some geeky references in her company and she's:
a) understood the reference and
b) not found it weird.
Poe: Vampire... just because it's cliche.
Tripp: Peter Parker from "Spiderman"
Poe: Van Helsing from "Van Helsing"
Coco: Supergirl from "Justice League"
Proxy: Black Widow from "Avengers"
Luke: Luke from "Tripp"
How will trip even be able to tell if someone is wearing a costume?
That forecast actually describes me normally.
I can just imagine Proxy freaking out over the toy weapons and reacting as if they were real.

subset: commoncrawl


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First performance by Bay Village Community Theater a hit
There were smiles all around after the performance of George Bernard Shaw's "Overruled" as part of the "All the World's A Stage[d Reading]" series, by the Bay Village Community Theater.
Director John Hnat oversaw Huntington playhouse alumni Neil Donnelly, Margaret Hnat, Jenny Erbs and Dave Hopkins in the production.
The "All the World's A Stage[d Reading]" series will be performed at Mojo's Coffee & More, 600 Dover Center Road, at 6 p.m. on the second Sunday of each month. The performances are free.
Patrick M Meehan
Patrick is Vice President of Education for the newly formed Citizens for Bay Village Community Theater. An organization whose goal is to continue to provide Community Theater and Theater Education for the City of Bay Village.
Volume 8, Issue 12, Posted 9:30 AM, 06.21.2016


text:
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text: UFDC Home | Help | RSS TABLE OF CONTENTS HIDE Copyright Front Cover Board of control, station... Table of Contents Important facts Introduction General geological conditions Underground water Acknowledgement Group Title: Bulletin - University of Florida. Agricultural Experiment Station - no. 89 Title: Occurrence and use of Artesian and other underground water CITATION PAGE IMAGE ZOOMABLE PAGE TEXT Full Citation STANDARD VIEW MARC VIEW Permanent Link: http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00027247/00001 Material Information Title: Occurrence and use of Artesian and other underground water Series Title: Bulletin University of Florida. Agricultural Experiment Station Physical Description: p. 86-113 : ill., map ; 23 cm. Language: English Creator: Sellards, Elias Howard, b. 1875 Publisher: Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Place of Publication: Gainesville Fla Publication Date: 1907 Subjects Subject: Groundwater -- Florida ( lcsh )Artesian wells -- Florida ( lcsh ) Genre: government publication (state, provincial, terriorial, dependent) ( marcgt )bibliography ( marcgt )non-fiction ( marcgt ) Notes Bibliography: Includes bibliographical references. Statement of Responsibility: E.H. Sellards. General Note: Cover title. Funding: Bulletin (University of Florida. Agricultural Experiment Station) ; Record Information Bibliographic ID: UF00027247 Volume ID: VID00001 Source Institution: Marston Science Library, George A. Smathers Libraries, University of Florida Holding Location: Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, and the Engineering and Industrial Experiment Station; Institute for Food and Agricultural Services (IFAS), University of Florida Rights Management: All rights reserved, Board of Trustees of the University of Florida Resource Identifier: aleph - 000921793oclc - 18159615notis - AEN2261 Table of Contents Copyright Copyright Front Cover Page 86 Board of control, station staff Page 87 Page 88 Table of Contents Page 89 Important facts Page 90 Introduction Page 91 General geological conditions Page 92 Page 93 Page 94 Page 95 Underground water Page 96 Surface water Page 96 Page 97 Groundwater of the limestone Page 98 Page 99 Page 100 Page 101 Page 102 Page 103 Page 104 Page 105 Page 106 Artesian water and artesian wells Page 107 Page 108 Page 109 Artesian water in Florida Page 110 Page 111 Page 112 Acknowledgement Page 113 Full Text HISTORIC NOTE The publications in this collection do not reflect current scientific knowledge or recommendations. These texts represent the historic publishing record of the Institute for Food and Agricultural Sciences and should be used only to trace the historic work of the Institute and its staff. Current IFAS research may be found on the Electronic Data Information Source (EDIS) site maintained by the Florida Cooperative Extension Service. Copyright 2005, Board of Trustees, University of Florida BULLETIN NO. 89. Florida Agricultural Experiment Station. Occurrence and Use of Artesian and Other Underground Water. E. H. SELLARDS, Ph.D. The bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any address in Florida upon application to the Director of the Experiment Station, Gainesville, Florida. E. 0. PAINTER PRINTING CO., DELAND, FLA. MARCH, 1907. BOARD OF CONTROL. N. P. BRYAN, Chairman .............. Jacksonville, Fla. P. K. YONGE .......................... Pensacola, Fla. A. L. BROWN ........................... Eustis, Fla. T. B. KING ............................. Arcadia, Fla. J. C. BAISDEN .........................Live Oak, Fla. STATION STAFF. P. H. ROLFS, M.S...........................Director. A. W. BLAIR, A.M..........................Chemist. JOHN M. SCOTT, B.S ................. Animal Industrialist E. H. SELLARDS, M.A., Ph.D. .................. Geologist. E. W. BERGER, Ph.D............. Assistant Entomologist. H. S. FAWCETT, B.S .......... Assistant Plant Pathologist. R. Y. WINTERS, B.S................ Assistant in Botany. K. H. GRAHAM ................ Auditor and Bookkeeper. R. D. ALGEE ......................... .. Stenographer.. M. CREWS ............................. Farm Foreman. MRS. E. W. BERGER ....................... Librarian. Figure I.-Principal areas in which flowing wells may be obtained in Florida. CONTENTS. Introduction ................................................ 91 L literature ......................... ............... 91 General Geological Conditions ............................... 92 Formations Represented in Florida. ................. 94 Erosion and Development of Topography ........... 95 Underground Water ....................................... 96 Surface W ater .......................................... 96 Chem ical A nalyses .................................. 97 Groundwater of the Limestone .......................... 98 Origin .............................................. 98 Abundance of Supply ............................... 10I Escape of the Groundwater ......................... 101 Locating W ells ..................................... 102 Level at Which Water Will Stand in Completed Boring, 102 D epth of Boring ................................... 103 Quality of the Limestone Water .................... 103 Chemical Analyses .......... ....................... 104 Water of the Limestone for Irrigation ............... 105 Contamination of the Water of the Limestone........ Io6 Artesian Water and Artesian Wells ..................... 107 Conditions Necessary for Artesian Pressure ......... Io8 A rtesian Basin ..................................... o8 A rtesian Slope ...................................... Io9 Artesian W ater in Florida ............................. Ino Chemical Analyses .................................. III Source of Artesian Water ......................... 112 Height of Flow of Artesian Water ..................... 112 Areas of Artesian Flow ............................. 112 Acknowledgment .......................................... 113 Illustrations- Figure I, Miap Showing Areas of Artesian Flow in Florida ......................................... 86 Figure 2, Diagram of an Artesian Basin.............. 108 Figure 3, Diagram of an Artesian Slope.............. Io9 IMPORTANT FACTS. i. Florida is abundantly supplied with water. 2. Underground water is available for irrigating purposes in all parts of the State. 3. The amount of matter held in solution in these waters does not affect their value for irrigating purposes. 4. Whether a well will flow or not depends on the elevation of the mouth of the boring. 5. Surface water occurs at varying depth in limited quantity, and is in imminent danger of contamination. 6. Groundwater of the limestone occurs at greater depths, of practically inexhaustible supply, and is-in danger of contami- nation only from natural sinks and from sewage wells. 7. Artesian water usually occurs at greatest depth, and is of inexhaustible supply. 8. Flowing artesian wells occur only along the coast and at very low inland elevations. g. Springs may be supplied from surface water, from water of the limestone, or from artesian water. Occurrence and Use of Artesian and Other Underground Water. BY E. H. SELLARDS, Ph.D. The present report is intended as an introduction on the water supply of'Florida. For the purposes of this bulletin it has not been possible to make an exhaustive study of the underground waters of the state. A very considerable amount of data has been accumulated, however, from various sources, making it possible to give a brief general account of the water supply, and to indicate its usefulness for agricultural and other purposes. Much of the data concerning Alachua, Suwannee, Marion, Orange, Bradford, and Duval counties is supplied from unpublished notes made during the summer of 1906 by the writer while acting as Field Assistant for the United States Geological Survey. The information taken from these notes is used with permission of the Director of the Survey. The data relative to Columbia, Clay, St. Johns, Putnam, Volu- sia, Brevard, St.Lucie, Dade, Lee, DeSoto, Manatee, Hills- boro, 'Baker,,Hamilton, Leon, and Madison counties have been obtained from investigations made either especially for this bulletin, or incidentally in connection with other Station duties during the past three years. This information has been sup- plemented, and information regarding other counties in the state has been obtained from various publications, especially from Water Supply and Irrigation Papers Nos. 102, 114, 149, and from bulletins of the United States Geological Sur- vey Nos. 264 and 298. LITERATURE. A considerable number of references to the underground water supply of Florida are to be found in various publications. The. following, however, include all thought to be essential to the subject: Bulletin No. 8g. Water Supply and Irrigation Papers, U. S. Geol. Sur-. vey, No. 102, 1904. Deep wells listed by counties, pp. 240- 255; notes on wells, including analyses of numerous samples of water, pp. 256-264; list of springs of Florida by counties, pp. 266-269; notes on springs, including analyses of several samples of water, pp. 270-274; measurement of flow of a few of the larger springs, pp. 274-275. Water Supply and Irrigation Papers, No. 114, 1905. Brief general discussion of the underground water of Florida, in- cluding a map of the principal artesian areas, pp. 159-163. Water Supply and Irrigation Papers, No. 149, 1905. List of wells more than 400 feet deep, by counties, pp. 25-26. Bulletin U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 84, 1892. General ac- count of the geology of Florida, pp. 85-158. Underground water discussed on p. 94. Bulletin U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 264, 1905. Record of deep well drilling for 1904. Three wells listed from Florida, PP. 44-45. Bulletin U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 298, 1906. Record of deep well drilling for 1905. List of Florida wells pp. 46-51; notes on same, pp. 195-199. Bulletin U. S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Experi- ment Stations, No. 158, 1906. A brief reference, p. 716, to the ground water conditions in the Miami limestone. Geology of Florida in Relation to its Artesian Water Sup- ply, by E. H. Sellards; Proc. Florida State Hort. Soc. 1906, pp. 117-121. GENERAL GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. In its general geology Florida is of comparatively simple structure. The formations of the state have suffered no great distortion since their deposition, and lie for the most part either horizontal as formed, or with a slightly accentuated dip. For a clear understanding of the water supply problem a conception of the leading features of the geology of the state is essential, The underlying foundation rock throughout the state is a massive and very thick limestone. In character the limestone is soft, granular, and for the most part porous. That the water moves readily through this limestone in all directions, is conclusively shown by borings. Among the conditions which brought about this limestone, Artesian and Other Underground Water. as indicated by the rock itself, was clear water free from land sediment, in which marine life, especially the foraminifera, abounded. The remains of these animalcules make up the limestone. This foundation limestone, known in the earlier writings as Eocene, is now classed as Oligocene. Its former classification as the Vicksburg limestone has also been ques- tioned. It has been recently held as probable that it is not contemporaneous with the Vicksburg, but that it is of a later date, and very probably rests upon the Vicksburg. The term Peninsular limestone has been suggested for it by Dall.* The Peninsular limestone is the one formation known to extend throughout the state. It lies at the surface in limited areas, but is for the most part buried at slight or consider- able depth beneath later deposits. Good exposures are seen in the central portion of Alachua and in the southern part of Columbia counties. It is also reported exposed locally through- out an area extending from Pasco county on the south to Madison county, or beyond, to the northwest; the largest exposed areas lying in Pasco, Hernando, west Marion and Levy counties. Subsequent deposits, except in the local areas mentioned, have accumulated upon the Peninsular limestone. Some of these are of considerable thickness. These succeeding depos- its are of irregular distribution and of variable character. Although they reach a considerable thickness, no one of them extends uninterruptedly throughout the state. They consist largely of limestones, clays, sandstones, and sands, to which local formation-names have been applied. The extent and thickness of the various formations have, however, been but imperfectly determined. The several formations immediately following the Peninsular limestone and grouped with it to make up the Oligocene series of Florida, consist of limestones and of clays. The Miocene, next above, has an increased proportion of clay and shales along with some limestone and sandstone. The principal area of Miocene in Florida is found along the east coast, beginning at the northern boundary. It reaches in some localities a thickness of several hundred feet. The same time-interval is represented in the western part of , the state by shallower deposits along the Appalachicola river. Pliocene deposits, consisting of shell limestones, marls, clays, *Trans. Wagner Free Institute of Science, Vol. III, pt. VI, 1903, p. 1554. Bulletin No. 89. and shales, cover much of the southern end of the peninsula. Local Pleistocene shell deposits occur, especially in southern Florida. The surface rock over the extreme southern end of the Peninsula is apparently Pleistocene. Much of the mantle of sand that covers the greater part of northern Florida is re- garded -as also of Pleistocene age. FORMATIONS REPRESENTED IN FLORIDA. The Florida deposits are geologically recent, all falling within the Cenozoic or last of the large time divisions. The state lies entirely within and is a part of the general coastal plains deposits. These embrace' a strip along the coast varying in width, but averaging about one hundred miles and cover- ing the eastern part of New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, all of Florida, and much of the southern part of Alabama, Missis- sippi, Louisiana, and Texas. The formations of the coastal plains area are sedimentary containing much clay and shales and sandstones, and lie nearly horizontal or with but slight dip. The sediment forming these deposits came evidently from higher lands to the north and west. The seas occupying the present position of Florida, especially that of Peninsular Florida, were farther removed from the sources of sediment. Consequently, the proportion of wash from the land was very much less here than nearer the original shore line, and as a result an abundant shell life was able to live and secrete a large amount of carbonate of lime. Hence, Florida is exceptional among the Gulf states in the large amount of limestone in contains. As will be gathered from this brief review, the Florida Peninsula is believed to have been elevated above the water level slowly. That the uplifting began at the close of the formation of the Peninsular limestone is evidenced by the appearance of the island areas at that time. That the further elevation was slow, gradual, and for the most part continuous, is indicated by the successive deposits of later formations around these island areas. The several formations slope more or less from the central parts of the state toward the coast. The foundation limestone, exposed at the surface in inland parts of the state, is found along the east coast at a variable, but considerable, depth beneath the surface. To the south and to Artesian and Other Underground Water. the south-west this limestone also disappears under later rocks. The succeeding formations are believed to slope, as a rule, very gradually from the interior toward the coast. EROSION AND DEVELOPMENT OF TOPOGRAPHY. Rock deposits when formed usually lie horizontal or nearly so, especially when of marine origin. -This is the case in the Florida series. Such deposits when elevated, unless violently distorted or folded, form dry land areas which are either level, with minor irregularities, or have a uniform Slope. As soon as exposed, however, eroding agencies begin to develop irregularities in the land surface. Evidence of violent upheaval, distortion, or folding, other than very mild flexures, is lacking in Florida. The topographic features of the state are thus the result of the combined action of the eroding agencies which have been working since the first appearance of the Peninsula as dry land. The unusually high proportion of porous and soluble limestone in the Florida for- mations has resulted in the development of a topography in * many respects exceptional and characteristic. The striking feature is the large part that the dissolving power of underground water has taken in this development. In areas of considerable slope, and with more or less imper- vious soil, in which the surface run-off is great, many conspic- uous features of topography are determined by the rapid, downward cutting of the streams and their tributaries. In this respect, however, Florida is exceptional. The surface run-off through streams is here at a minimum, or, even over considerable areas, entirely lacking. Mechanical erosion from the surface streams is therefore of but slight effect. The dissolving power of water has on the contrary, operated under the most favorable conditions. Surface water passing through decaying vegetable matter, Stakes with it a smaller or larger quantity of organic acids. After this matter has passed through the soil into the under- lying limestone, these acids readily decompose the limestone and thus cause the water to become charged with calcium car- bonate. As a result of this decomposition, caverns of vary- ing size and shape traverse the limestone in every direction, as is shown by boring of artesian wells. The many depressions and sinks which have formed and are still forming in the in- 96 Bulletin No. 89. land areas of the state are also the results of the dissolving power of the water. Many of the so-called "prairies"-some of them several miles in extent-are apparently the result of the same agency acting on a larger scale. Some of the lake basins, which in many cases differ from the prairies only in the fact that the outlet is temporarily or permanently clogged, seem to have had a similar history. The prairies, Or lake basins, probably mark a local area in which the limestone is more permeable and more soluble than elsewhere, and has for this reason been dissolved and carried away more rapidly than has the surrounding formation. UNDERGROUND WATER. The underground water supply of the state is discussed in the following pages under the heading of "Surface Water," "Ground Water of the Limestone," and "Artesian Water." Surface water is here used in the commonly accepted mean- ing of the term, as water that occurs near the surface, and does not include such as occurs upon it in the form of lakes, ponds, and rivers. This water supply is dependent on the per- meability of the surface material and an impervious substra- tum. This surface material may be made up. of sandy clay, sand, or other porous substances, the water being supplied from the immediate surroundings of the well. The term Ground Water of the Limestone is applied to the constant supply of water found in practically all parts of inland Florida, where porous limestone occurs. It is the first water struck in boring into the limestone. The term Artesian Water is used to designate the flowing water found along the coast. Inland this same water is found under pressure, but does not flow on account of the greater surface elevation. Some areas inland, as for example, along the St. Johns river are suffi- ciently low to permit flowing artesian wells to be secured., The terms used are not mutually exclusive, yet seem to be the simplest terms available. The ground water of the limestone, for instance, becomes under certain conditions, artesian water. SURFACE WATER. Over considerable and irregularly distributed areas of the state, .sand and clay deposits occur in such association as to afford water for shallow dug or driven wells. These deposits 96 Bulletin No. 89. land areas of the state are also the results of the dissolving power of the water. Many of the so-called "prairies"-some of them several miles in extent-are apparently the result of the same agency acting on a larger scale. Some of the lake basins, which in many cases differ from the prairies only in the fact that the outlet is temporarily or permanently clogged, seem to have had a similar history. The prairies, Or lake basins, probably mark a local area in which the limestone is more permeable and more soluble than elsewhere, and has for this reason been dissolved and carried away more rapidly than has the surrounding formation. UNDERGROUND WATER. The underground water supply of the state is discussed in the following pages under the heading of "Surface Water," "Ground Water of the Limestone," and "Artesian Water." Surface water is here used in the commonly accepted mean- ing of the term, as water that occurs near the surface, and does not include such as occurs upon it in the form of lakes, ponds, and rivers. This water supply is dependent on the per- meability of the surface material and an impervious substra- tum. This surface material may be made up. of sandy clay, sand, or other porous substances, the water being supplied from the immediate surroundings of the well. The term Ground Water of the Limestone is applied to the constant supply of water found in practically all parts of inland Florida, where porous limestone occurs. It is the first water struck in boring into the limestone. The term Artesian Water is used to designate the flowing water found along the coast. Inland this same water is found under pressure, but does not flow on account of the greater surface elevation. Some areas inland, as for example, along the St. Johns river are suffi- ciently low to permit flowing artesian wells to be secured., The terms used are not mutually exclusive, yet seem to be the simplest terms available. The ground water of the limestone, for instance, becomes under certain conditions, artesian water. SURFACE WATER. Over considerable and irregularly distributed areas of the state, .sand and clay deposits occur in such association as to afford water for shallow dug or driven wells. These deposits Artesian and Other Underground Water. are local and irregular. It is possible from immediately sur- rounding conditions to determine the probability of obtaining water from shallow wells. The water reaches these wells by seepage through the surrounding soil and is likely to vary in amount with the wetness and dryness of the seasons. The surface water is usually desirable for boiler use owing to the small amount of encrusting material present. Under favor- able conditions large surface wells may give a sufficient and constant supply for sawmills or for irrigating' purposes. When surface water is intended for household purposes, the greatest care should be exercised to prevent local contami- nation. The conditions under which such a water supply occur, render it readily susceptible to pollution. Surface wells, when the water is used for human consumption, should never be placed near a barn or other out building; nor should the offal from the house, or other organic material, be thrown near them. The water being supplied from the immediate sur- roundings, would carry such impurities into the well. A well, for instance, passing through sand and terminating in an impervious clay, would gather water from the surround- ing area for a considerable distance. Many cases of typhoid fever and other diseases have been traced directly to contami- nated surface wells. The fact that the water has been used for many years without fatal results, does not preclude the possibility of infectious organisms finding their way into the well in the very near future. Nevertheless, when properly located, they often yield an excellent supply of soft, pure water. The following unpublished analyses made by Professor A. W. Blair, Station Chemist, are given as indicating the general character of the surface water from shallow wells. SURFACE WELL NO. I. Water from shallow well on the former campus of the Agricultural College at Lake City. Parts per million. Free ammonia .......................... ooo Albuminoid ammonia ....... ............. .ooo Nitrogen as nitrates ..................... .312 Nitrogen as nitrites ..................... .000 Chlorine ............................... 5.o00o Hardness ............................. 4.620 Total solids ............................ 39.000 98 Bulletin No. 89. SURFACE WELL NO. 2. Water from dug well 30 feet deep at San Antonio. Parts per million. Free ammonia ........................... .000 Albuminoid ammonia .............. . .000 Nitrogen as nitrates .............. ..... .ooo Nitrogen as nitrites .............. ....... .00ooo Chlorine ............................. II.oo H ardness .......................... ... 1.156 Total solids ............................ 46.000 SURFACE SPRING. Water from Boulware.Spring, Gaines- ville (city supply), analysis made by H. Herzog, Jr., 1898.* Parts per million. Free ammonia ............. ....... .. ..043 Albuminoid ammonia . .......... .060 Nitrogen as nitrates .................... Trace Nitrogen as nitrites ...................... None Alkaline chlorides (chlorine 4.08) .......... 8.630 Total solids ........................... .76.800 Silica ............. ... .............. 5.210 A lum ina ............................... 3.710 Calcium carbonate ............... ........ 34.8Io Magnesium carbonate .............. ..... .21.440 Sulphuric acid ............................ ooo Organic matter ......................... 2.970 Oxygen required to oxidize organic matter.. 1.450 GROUND WATER OF THE LIMESTONE. ORIGIN. Water in the limestone is supplied directly by surface rain- fall. As the surface formations admit water readily, a very large proportion of the rainfall passes directly into the porous underlying limestone. Owing to the prevailing level topog- raphy, the porous surface mantle, and the comparative ab- *From Water Supply and Irrigation Paper, U. S. Geol. Survey, No. X02, p. 270. Artesian and Other Underground Water. sence of surface streams, the run-off is unusually small. Very many of the smaller, of the existing surface streams, flow into one of the numerous sinks and in this way gain entrance to the ground water horizon. Examples of these small disappearing streams are common to almost every section of inland Florida. Falling Creek, in Columbia county, is an example of a stream, the waters of which have been diverted from. their former course by the formation of a sink in its bed. This stream, which formerly discharged its water into the Suwannee, now empties into the sink. Very commonly, how- ever, the existence of the sink antedates the existence of the stream, and is the cause of its development. At a place in Columbia county, known as High Falls, occurs a good illustra- tion of a small stream cutting back from and formed as the result of an existing sink. The area of west central Alachua county is a good example illustrating the origin and supply of limestone water. Throughout this area, surface clay deposits are of but slight thickness, or absent, the limestone often approaching nearly, or quite to the surface. The limestone is of a porous nature allowing ready passage of water. Surface streams are absent. Practically the entire rainfall enters the limestone at once, filling it with water to a level determined by the outlet through springs nearer the coast. Wells entering the limestone obtain water as soon as the ground water level is passed. To obtain large supplies of water, however, it is necessary to go into the limestone below the water level until a solution cavity is reached, which, since it enlarges the collecting area and allows ready movement of the water, furnishes the inexhaustible supplies necessary in mining operations. A very open layer, as a shell stratum, often serves the same purpose. The ground water level varies with the wet and dry seasons as much as five to ten or more feet. The supply of water to the well, however, is not ordinarily affected. The plan for constructing wells in the phosphate mining section of this area offers especially favorable opportunity for observations on the groundwater conditions. A large pit ten to twenty feet in diameter is dug down to, or almost to, the, groundwater level. The pumps are lowered into the pits thus enabling pumping by direct pressure. From the bottom of the pit a boring is put down until the desired supply of water Bulletin No. 89. is obtained. The three following wells are listed in detail from unpublished notes made for the U. S. Geological Survey.* Well No. i-This well is located one mile northwest of Newberry and is owned by John McDonald. The pit is dug a depth of thirty-nine feet. The boring reached a depth below the bottom of the pit of eighty feet. The total depth of the well is thus one hundred and nineteen feet. Some water was obtained thirty-eight feet from the surface, but of insufficient supply. The principal water supply is obtained from a cavity at the depth of one hundred and nineteen feet. The water stands as an average about thirty-eight feet from the surface. The water level varies, however, with the wet and dry seasons as much as five to eight feet. Well No. 2.-This well is located two miles northwest of Newberry and is, owned by C. F. Weston. The pit is dug to the depth of thirty-eight feet. The boring reaches a depth of eighty-five feet below the bottom of the pit. The total depth of the well is thus one hundred and twenty-three feet. Some water was obtained at thirty-seven feet from the surface. The principal water supply is obtained, however, from a cavity at the depth of one hundred and twenty-three feet. The water stands thirty-seven feet from the surface as an average. The variation of the water level between wet and dry seasons is reported as five to eight or more feet. Well No. 3.-This well is located about one mile west of Clark, and is owned by the Cummers Lumber Company. The pit is dug to the depth of forty-four feet. The boring reaches a depth of sixty-two feet below the bottom of the pit. The total depth of the well is thus one hundred and six feet. Some water was obtained at thirty-seven feet from the surface. The principal supply is obtained from a cavity at the depth of one hundred and six feet. The water stands at about forty- seven feet from the surface. *Published by permission of the Director of U. S. Geol. Survey. Artesian and Other Underground Water. ABUNDANCE OF SUPPLY. The average annual precipitation at Jacksonville for the twenty years from 1877 to 1896 inclusive, was 53.40 inches.* This is probably not greatly different from the rainfall during the same interval throughout the interior of the State. The rainfall for the State as a whole for the fourteen years from 1892 to 1905 inclusive, as deduced from the Weather Bureau reports was an average of 53.12 inches annually, or approximately 892,1o8,800 gallons per square mile annually. Of this large rainfall a part is evaporated; a small part is car- ried directly to the ocean by means of surface streams; a larger part, however, passes through the surface and enters -the limestone to supply the limestone water and artesian horizons. ESCAPE OF THE GROUNDWATER. The very great quantity thus passing annually into the limestone implies an equally ready escape of water from it. Such outlet is found in part in the numerous limestone water springs around the borders of the highland areas of the state. Among tip largest of these springs may be mentioned Silver Spring wtb 'an estimated flow of approximately 370,000 gal- lons per minute (822 cubic feet per second);** Wekiva Blue Spring, with an estimated flow of 340,000 gallons per minute (778 cubic feet per second); Ichatucknee Spring in Columbia county with an estimated flow of approxi- mately. 180,000 gallons per minute (403 cubic feet per second) ; and Newland Spring at Peacock, Suwanee county. Many smaller springs flow into the Suwanee, Santa Fe, Withlacoo- chee, and other streams. Silver Spring has been closely ob- served in its relations to the groundwater of the limestone. That this spring is an outlet for the groundwater is indicated by the fact that the level of the groundwater in the surround- g area is approximately the same as the surface level of silver Spring. The water in the numerous wells in and near cala stands approximately forty feet above sea level. The 4Lirface water in Silver Spring is, as indicated on the topo- S *U. S. Weather Bureau, Bulletin D, 1897, p. 19. **Water Supply and Irrigation Paper; U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 102, 0. 275 (1904). Bulletin No. 89. graphic maps of the U. S. Geological Survey, a little less than forty feet. above sea level. Prolonged and heavy rains in the area surrounding Ocala affect the water level in the limestone throughout the area, and at the same time increase the volume of flow, and cause a rise in the surface level of Silver Spring. LOCATING WELLS. In locating wells in the limestone area two distinct points should be considered: First, the depth at which a sufficient water supply is likely to be obtained; and second, the level at which the water, when obtained, will stand in the boring. LEVEL AT WHICH WATER WILL STAND IN COMPLETED BORING. The water level in the limestone as indicated above does not conform to local variations in the surface level, but on the contrary stands at a practically uniform level over consid- erable areas, regardless of surface topography. The level at which water may be expected to stand in wells to be bored may, therefore, be approximately determined fron te level of the water in those already in use. That the ground water level is practically uniform over considerable areas may be seen from the following list of wells in and near Orlando:* Actual Water level of Surface stands below water above Depth. level, surface, sea level. San Juan Well ... .487 Ft. 111.12 Ft. 45.1 Ft. 66.02 Ft. School House Well, 260 110.36 44.77 65.59 " Lockharf's Well...210 107.93 41.83 66.io " Well in Ditch 1-2 mile East....... 340 78.95 13.9 65.05 " Wells at the Sink I mile East ....140 .. .. ... *From unpublished notes made for the U. S. Geol. Survey, by permission of the Director of the U. S. Geol. Survey. The elevations given are based upon Dictionary of Altitudes, Bull. 274, U. S. Geol. Survey, in which Orlando (A. C. L. depot) is given as iii feet. The levels were run for the purpose by County Surveyor Robinson. Artesian and Other Underground Water. o03 DEPTH OF BORING. The depth necessary to go in order to obtain water cannot, however, be determined from surrounding wells, since as already explained, while some water is usually obtained upon reaching the groundwater level, a sufficient supply is often to be had only upon going deeper into the limestone until either a cavity or a porous layer is reached. Porous layers as well as cavities are of irregular occurrence (See p. 95). Wells may be located within a few feet of each other and yet differ greatly in depth. This varying depth is illustrated by the Orlando wells. The four wells, at the "sink" one mile east of Orlando reached a water cavity at the depth of 140 feet. The well in the ditch, one-half mile to the west, starting at approximately the same surface level, encountered no cavity of appreciable size, but reached at the depth of 340 feet a porous layer, with an abundance of water. The school-house well, the surface level of which is approximately 31 feet higher than that of the well of the ditch, entered a porous water bearing layer at the depth of 260 feet. The San Juan well, less than one-fourth mile to the north-west of the school-house well, was put down to the depth of 487 feet before reaching a layer considered sufficiently open. The Lockhart well, one-half mile north-west of town, terminates in a cavity at the depth of 210 feet. The static head of the water obtained in these wells is practically the same for all (See table). QUALITY OF THE LIMESTONE WATER. The limestone water is usually hard; that is, it holds in solution certain salts, particularly salts of calcium and mag- nesium. The salts commonly present are the carbonates and the sulphates. Calcium carbonate, 'CaCO3 while but slightly soluble in water, becomes in the presence of an excess of C02 much more soluble, the salt being then held in solution in the form of bi-carbonate, Ca(HC03)2. Upon heating, however,- the excess of C02 is driven off, and the calcium carbonate, therefore, precipitated. The same is also true of the carbonate of magnesium. 'Hardness caused by the presence of the carbon- ates is for this reason known as temporary hardness, that is, hardness partly removed by boiling. Hardness caused by the 104 Bulletin No. 89. presence of the sulphates, not being affected by boiling, is known as permanent hardness. For boiler use softening of the limestone water by chemical treatment is often necessary. The amount of matter held in solution and the relative amount of the several salts vary greatly, and a chemical analysis is of scarcely more than local value. The following analyses are included as indicating something of the character of the lime- stone water. LIMESTONE WATER WELL NO. I. Old city well at Lake City.* Parts per million. Free ammonia ........................ 7432 Albuminoid ammonia .................. .000 Nitrogen as nitrates ..; ............... .2000 Nitrogen as nitrites ................... .0384 Chlorine ................ .......... 15.oo H ardness ............................ 98.84 Total solids .......................... 152.00 Suspended matter .. ... .............. None O dor ............................... N one Appearance ............. .. ....... Clear LIMESTONE WATER WELL NO. 2. R. L. Dowling's well, Live Oak.** Parts per million. Silica .................. ............. 12.9 Iron and aluminum oxides ................. 2.5 Calcium carbonate ....................... 163.2 Lime, calcium sulphate .. ... ..... ... ... 25.5 Magnesium carbonate ..................... 14.9 Sodium and potassium sulphates ........... Trace Sodium and potassium chlorides............ 17.2 Loss, etc. ................... .... ....... 3.1 Total ............................ ......237.2 *From Water Supply and Irrigation Paper, U. S. Geol. Survey, No. o02, p. 257. **Ibid, p. 261. Artesian and Other Underground Water. LIMESTONE WATER WELL No. 3. Public well, Dade City. Unpublished analysis by A. W. Blair, Chemist, Florida Agri- cultural Experiment Station. Parts per million. Free ammonia ........................ .000 Albuminoid ammonia ................... .015 Nitrogen as nitrates ..............: ..... 1.44o Nitrogen as nitrites ..................... .000 Chlorine ........................... 12. H ardness .............................. 98.26 ' Total solids ........................... 147.00 o Suspended matter ................. Small amount' Odor ................................ None LIMESTONE WATER WELL NO. 4. Well belonging to Dr. J. F. Corrigan, St. Leo. Unpublished analysis by A. W. Blair. Parts per million., Free ammonia ......................... .0ooo Albuminoid ammonia ................... .000 Nitrogen as nitrates ................... .87 Nitrogen as nitrites .................... .ooo0 Chlorine .............................. 8.50 Hardness ............................. 93.06 Total solids ................... .... 136.oo Suspended matter ................. Small amount O dor ................................ N one Appearance ........................ Nearly clear WATER OF/THE LIMESTONE FOR IRRIGATION. 'i For irrigating purposes the limestone water meets the es- sential requirement of an unfailing supply. The quantity available is not affected by prolonged drought, and it is possi- ble to determine before the well is bored how high the water will have to be pumped. Irrigating from water of the limestone is possible through- out most of inland Florida. Its practicability is determined by the distance that the water stands from the surface, and the cost of maintaining the pumps and other machinery necessary Bulletin No. 89. for its distribution. For much of the elevated parts of the state a cheaper supply for irrigation is often available from surface wells, or from, lakes and ponds. CONTAMINATION OF THE WATER OF THE LIMESTONE. Water of the limestone may under certain circumstances become contaminated, and precautions should be used to safe- guard its purity. As has. already been mentioned, many of the sinks occurring in the limestone areas are passage ways directly through to the limestone water horizon. It not infrequently happens that small streams flowing through a town find en- trance into limestone through these sinks. The subsequent course of the stream is a matter of more or less conjecture. It is not probable, however, that such streams continue their course as independent streams for any considerable distance after passing the groundwater level. It is much more probable that the water thus passing into the ground, mingles with the general supply, and that it is thus disseminated more or less widely. These streams often receive trash, rubbish, and filth of various kinds. Wells, especially those from which a considerable amount of water is pumped, draw from, a surrounding area of some ex- tent, and thus receive contaminated water carried by the streams. The occasional use of bored wells for the disposal of sewage is open to the same objection. The great danger in all these cases arises from the fact that impure water is thus introduced into the general supply without having been suffi- ciently sterilized by having been exposed to air and sunlight. Wells in constant use for city supply, ice plants, and other purposes demanding continuous pumping, or nearly so, throughout the year, draw water from the surrounding lime- stone for some considerable distance. Thus, on the basis of the estimate of rainfall already given (p. iol), the total amount of water falling annually on an area one-fourth mile square does not exceed 55,756,800 gallons. But a well supplying 150 gallons per minute and pumped continuously, yields 79,380,000 gallons per year, an amount greater than the annual rainfall on an area one-fourth mile square. The well must, therefore, draw from the surrounding area for some appreciable distance. It is also apparent that a drainage well carrying off a considerable Artesian and Other Underground Water. amount of refuse sets up movement in the underground water, tending in general to spread laterally. It will be evident upon a moment's reflection that there is the most imminent danger of contamination of the water wells from such injudicious dispos- al of sewage. ARTESIAN WATER AND ARTESIAN WELLS. The term "artesian" has been variously used by different writers. Flowing wells first became well known in the pro- vince of Artois, France, and hence were called "artesian" wells, and their water "artesian" water. The first meaning of "arte- sian well," was, therefore, a flowing well; and of "artesian water," water under sufficient pressure to cause it to flow. With the extension into other areas of the use of deep wells as a source of water supply, many instances were found in which the water, although under pressure, and rising almost to the surface, would not flow. In some cases perhaps, it would flow in an area of low surface elevation, and yet fail to flow in a slightly elevated area near by. Artesian water thus came to mean water under pressure causing it to rise in a boring when tapped, regardless of whether or not the pressure was sufficient to cause the water to rise above the surface level, and hence to flow. In the same way, and for similar reasons, the term "ar- tesian well" came to include not only flowing wells, but also, wells in which the water rises when the water-bearing stratum is tapped, regardless of whether or not the rise is sufficient to cause a flow. Occasionally, in popular usage, the term "artesian well" has been applied to any deep boring, and "artesian wa- ter," to water from such a well. In this bulletin the term ARTESIAN is applied to water under pressure, and hence rising in a boring when tapped. The water may, or may not, rise to or above the surface. An "artesian well" is any well reaching to and tapping a stratum bearing such water; a "flowing well" is an'"artesian well" that gives a surface flow. This is essentially the usage of these terms as adopted by the Division of Hydrology, of the U. S. Geological Survey.* *Water Supply and Irrigation Paper, No. 16o, p. 14. Bulletin No. 89. CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR ARTESIAN PRESSURE. ARTESIAN BASIN. A variety of conditions in the arrangement and structure of the underlying deposits may. bring about artesian pressure. The simplest, and perhaps most efficient, although probably not the most common, is that of a basin-like arrangement of suc- cessive pervious and impervious strata. This typical structure, known as an artesian basin, is shown in the accompanying dia- gram. It consists of a pervious layer (B), out-cropping at the surface on either side and sagging at. the middle, above which o B 3 2 A o Figure 2.-An artesian basin. A, an impervious confining layer above; B, porous water bearing layer; C, impervious confining layer below; I, a flowing artesian well; 2, a non-flowing artesian well; 3, a non-artesian well. is an impervious or water-tight confining layer (A), and below which is also an impervious layer (C). Water enters the per- vious layer at its surface exposures at the sides. The water collecting in the central part of the basin is under pressure from the weight of the additional water entering frbm the sides. Therefore, a well put down to the water stratum in any part of the basin will obtain artesian water, or waterrmwhich will rise in the boring. The rise in the boring is determined by the elevation of the intake area, and can in no case rise above the elevation of the exposed edges of the stratum. As a matter of observation, it is found in all cases to rise not quite so high as the exposed edge of the stratum, the loss being due to the friction of movement through the rock. This loss of head due to friction necessarily varies with the texture of Artesian and Other Underground Water. the stratum through which it passes. Coarse material results in less friction than fine. Whether or not wells put down in the basin will obtain flow- ing or non-flowing artesian water, depends upon the surface elevation of the mouth of the well. The diagram, figure 2, is designed to illustrate a basin in parts of which a flowing artesian well may be had, while in other parts of greater sur- face elevation, the wells although obtaining water from the same stratum will, nevertheless, be non-flowing. The shallow well, No. 3, ending in the surface deposits illustrates a non- artesian well. ARTESIAN SLOPE. The basin arrangement of strata is not the only possible Sac a Figure 3.-An artesian slope, a, artesian water resulting from a porous layer pinching out between impervious layers; b, artesian water resulting from a pervious layer grading into a less pervious condition; c, artesian water resulting from friction of movement of water through the rock. structure resulting in artesian pressure. The same result may, among other ways, be brought about quite effectively by an inclined porous stratum wedging out between two impervious strata (a, Fig. 3), or by a pervious stratum grading into an impervious or less pervious condition (b, Fig. 3). These con- ditions are often met with in the strata of the Coastal plains. Not infrequently, a sandstone formation grades off shore into a finer sandstone, and ultimately into a shale. This condition comes about naturally through the sorting power of water acting along what was the coastal line at the time of formation Bulletin No. 89. of the strata under consideration. The coarser sand particles are dropped near the shore and form the sandstone; the finer sand grains, together with more or less shale, are carried far- ther out, and form a finer grained sandstone grading ultimate- ly into a shale. Similarly, a sandstone, or other pervious for- mation, may pinch out as a result of the thickening of a shale. The term "artesian slope" has been applied to such an area to distinguish it from an artesian basin. The .friction of water threading its way long distances through the pores of an inclined pervious (c, Fig. 3) forma- tion may result in an appreciable artesian pressure. That this is true, may be demonstrated by the following very simple ex- periment: Fill a tube of any length with sand, and incline at a convenient angle. The sand of the tube represents the pervious water-bearing stratum; the tube itself, the impervious confining strata. Let smaller tubes, placed vertically, be welded into the larger tube. These verticle tubes represent bored wells. The water will be found to rise in the verticle tubes, exhibiting an appreciable artesian pressure due to the friction of flow through the sand. The artesian water of the Florida area is clearly not that resulting from a basin structure, since evidence of such struc- ture is entirely lacking. The artesian flow evidently results from some of the other conditions, or combination of condi- tions, producing artesian pressure. ARTESIAN WATER IN FLORIDA. Artesian, or deep-seated water, is as a rule, much more strongly impregnated with sulphureted hydrogen than is the water of the limestone. The amount of solids held in solution is also usually much greater. The deep-seated water occurs at a greater depth throughout the more elevated interior of the state than does the limestone water, and can often, perhaps al- ways, be obtained by going through and casing pff the latter. Along the coast, and in low lying interior it is the supply usually -drawn upon. In the flowing areas it is called artesian water. The greater amount of inorganic matter in artesian water results from its deeper circulation, the greater distance of rock traversed, the longer contact with various rocks, and the greater opportunity for dissolving various salts. The fol- Artesian and Other Underground Water. lowing unpublished analyses are supplied by Prof. A. W. Blair, Experiment Station Chemist: ARTESIAN WELL NO I. A well 135 feet deep and located one and one-half miles east of Sanford, owned by Glover & Key, produces water of the following analysis: Parts per million. Free ammonia ....................... .4016 Albuminoid ammonia ................ Trace Nitrogen as nitrates ......... ......... None Nitrogen as nitrites .................. Trace Chlorine ............................ 415.00 Hardness ........................... 312.12 Total solids ......................... ioo8.oo Suspended matter .................. .. Very little Appearance ......................... Clear ARTESIAN WELL No. 2. A well 160 feet deep located at New Smyrna, and supplying the city fountain. Parts per million. Free ammonia ....................... .9292 Albuminoid ammonia ................. .0128 Nitrogen as nitrates .................. None Nitrogen as nitrites .................. None Chlorine ............................ 1620.00 Hardness ........................... 1063.52 Total solids ......................... 3361.oo Suspended matter .................. Small amount Appearance ......................... Clear T aste ............................... Saline ARTESIAN WELL NO. 3. One of the wells* supplying wa- ter to the city of Jacksonville. Parts per million. Free ammonia ........................ .143 Albuminoid ammonia .................. .0044 Silica and insoluble matter .............. 12.568 *The analysis was made by Mr. Albert Ledds in 1898, and fur- nished by Superintendent R. N. Ellis, of the city water works. III Bulletin No. 89. A lum ina ............................. .810 Carbonate of lime ..................... 66.655 Sulphate of lime .................. ... 64.879 Sulphate of magnesia .................. 50.465 Sulphate of soda ...................... 100.706 Chlorids of soda ...................... 82.948 Total ......................... 384.068 SOURCE OF ARTESIAN WATER. "The gathering grounds for our artesian water is without doubt the interior of Florida, and that portion of the costal plain lying in South Georgia. The groundwater of the lime- stone, as explained on page ioi, finds its outlet in part through the many springs bordering the highland areas. Not all the water entering the limestone, 'however, finds this early and ready exit. Much of it doubtless reaches a greater depth, and is added to the water of the next deeper horizon or horizons, ultimately supplying the artesian water of the coastal areas. HEIGHT OF FLOW OF ARTESIAN WATER. The pressure shown by Florida artesian water results, as described on page I o, from some one of the conditions found in an artesian slope, probably largely through the friction of water threading its way through rock. The source of this water is, generally speaking, from the interior. The move- ment of our artesian water is from the interior through porous beds toward the coast with an ultimate outlet along the coast, or through springs in the ocean. Under these conditions it becomes evident that the artesian water of the coast cannot pos- sibly rise as high as the surface level of the catchment area from which it comes; that is, the interior coastal plain. AREAS OF ARTESIAN FLOW. The East Coast area of artesian flow is broadest at the north, including much of Nassau, Duval, Clay, and Putnam counties, and with the exception of local elevated areas, all of St. Johns county. From this area a narrow strip following Artesian and Other Underground Water. the St. Johns River reaches beyond Sanford in Orange coun- ty. This area has another branch known to extend along the Atlantic coast to as far south as Palm Beach. A second flowing area is located along the southern border of the Gulf, and its outlines are of irregular limits. Many wells are developed in this area in Manatee county, along the Manatee River where the water is used extensively for irrigat- ing purposes. Wells with feeble flow have been obtained on areas of low elevation at Tampa, at St. Petersburg, and gener- ally along the coast as far north as Hernando county. It is only near the sea level in this northward extent of the area that a flow is to be expected. In DeSoto county flowing wells occur at Punta Gorda and along Peace Creek to the north line of the county. In Lee county flowing wells have been obtained at Fort Myers, along the Caloosahatchee River, and in the interior southeast of Fort Myers. The southern extension of the flowing area, as in the case of that of the East Coast area, is unknown. The water obtained from wells toward its southern limits is reported to contain considerable salt. Wells with slight flow are obtained in the lowest surface elevation about Kissimmee, and elsewhere in Osceola county. Several flowing wells are known along the Gulf coast of Western Florida from Franklin to Escambia counties. The limits of this area are, however, very imperfectly known. ACKNOWLEDGMENT. Our thanks are due to Dr. C. L. Crow for reading and revising manuscript. Contact Us | Permissions | Preferences | Technical Aspects | Statistics | Internal | Privacy Policy © 2004 - 2010 University of Florida George A. 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International Import Items.
Some products imported to Australia directly by Streamaster MAY NOT be covered in Australia by the warranties offered in the country of origin by the manufacturer. These items are clearly labeled as such and only apply to Watches and Cameras. Under these circumstances the warranty is RETURN TO BASE Streamaster Australia for 12 months following purchase. This means for these products the customer only has to return the product to Streamaster and we will return the product to our supplier at our cost This may delay a normal warranty claim by approximately 7 days. In some cases the manufacturers warranty may be greater than 12 months. In this case streamaster will assist the customer in the return of the product to our supplier after the 12 month period has expired, however the cost of carriage will be born by the customer outside of the 12 month period. Please note streamaster pays GST on these directly imported items hence you will be issued a valid tax invoice for directly imported items. Proof of Purchase is required for all warranty claims and we do log serial numbers of all products sold.
Streamaster accepts most forms of payment and most do not attract a Surcharge. However because some forms of payment cost us more than others we charge the difference. Since we build in the transaction fees of Visa and Mastercard there are no Surcharges for these payment methods. For other payment methods such as Amex amounts shown below represent the difference. Please note for orders over $300 Visa and Masterard users may be required to pass basic fraud checks prior to shipping goods. Please avoid using free email addresses, and provide a verifiable shipping address where possible. Direct debit, Paypal, American express require no extra payment processing.
Visa : No Surcharge
Mastercard : No Surcharge
Direct Debit: No Surcharge
Paypal: No Surcharge
Amex: 1.5%
Streamaster Australia Reward points:
You may apply to be a member of Streamaster Reward points programme if you are aged 16 years or over and have a current Australian residential address. To become an account holder, you must register online, complete the registration form.
The Program is 100% free and enables customers to gain discounts on subsequant purchases from the streamaster website.
Points are COMPLETLY TRANSFERABLE between account holders. You must send us written authorisation to transfer your points to another account holder from the email address used to create the account holding the points. The receiver MUST have already created an account on the Streamaster Australia Website. Please allow 1-2 working days for the transfer to occur as it is a manual process. Please note Streamaster will NOT be liable for any fraudulant use of the account holders email address information.
We may refuse your registration for membership or request for any reason.
Your obligations
Using or accumulating Streamaster reward points during a transaction or registering constitutes acceptance of these Terms and Conditions.
You may terminate your membership at any time and for any reason by contacting us.
Earning points
Points will be credited to your account after completing a Qualifying Transaction by using your user account on the Streamaster Australia Website to purchase goods or services.
The points will only become available for use once the current order has been dispatched +14 Days, IE 14 days AFTER our status registers "shipped" on your user account.Members can use Reward Points to gain a discount on subsequent purchases. Our system does not allow for instant discounts in store using points from items picked up in store.
Streamaster Australia will reverse points where a transaction is cancelled or a refund given.
Streamaster at its discretion may or may not award points for commercial transactions where volumes have been negociated.
We may correct erroneous, invalid points or adjust for reversed transactions at any time even if it would put your membership account into a negative points balance.
You may check your points balance at any time by logging into your account website or by contracting Streamaster customer service via phone or email. We may also, at our discretion, periodically send you a points summary using the contact details you provided. We may make your points balance available in other ways.
Points do not expire unless you:
Do not earn or redeem any points on your account for a period of 12 consecutive months, then your points will automatically expire and we may also close your account. We may not contact you to advise you of this.
Streamaster Australia will transfer reward points to any other member only with written consent of the owner of the Reward points. The receiving member must have created an account on the Streamaster website.
Streamaster Reward points and have no cash or monetary value and we reserve the right to vary the discount made as a result of accumulated points at any time. Monetary discount are only valid at time of redemption.
We may, in our discretion, make any change we see fit to these Terms and Conditions, including, without limitation:
the range of Qualifying Transactions;
the points you can earn on Qualifying Transactions;
the range of rewards and the number of points required for rewards or discounts;
the period for expiry of existing or future points or Dollars in your account.
We will give you notice of any change to the Terms and Conditions or as set out in 5.1, at our sole discretion:
via the The Streamasterwebsite; and/or
by direct communications sent to account holders.
In addition to the right to terminate, we may terminate your account immediately and without notice where you or an additional member:
fail to comply with these Terms and Conditions;
provide misleading information or make any misrepresentation to us or to any Participant in connection with Streamaster Rewards
are abusive or offensive to any of our or our Participants' staff
Where your Streamaster account is terminated, you will cease to be entitled to earn and redeem points and your points will be deleted.
Respecting your personal information is very important to us. The Streamaster Privacy Statement forms part of these Terms and Conditions. The Streamaster Privacy Statement sets out what personal information we collect, how we use it, to whom we may disclose it and what your privacy choices are. Our Privacy Statement is available on the Streamaster website or on request from the Streamaster Customer Service.
We will not be liable to you for the termination of the Streamaster Reward points for any reason whatsoever, including (without limitation) for any points or in your account at the time of termination.
Any liability we may have to you in negligence, breach of contract or otherwise, and all conditions and warranties as to the condition, suitability, quality, fitness or safety of any goods or services supplied by Streamaster whether express or implied by statute, are excluded to the extent permitted by law, and, where liability cannot be excluded, our liability to you will in all cases be limited to:
the cost of re-supplying the goods or services or repairing, or paying the costs of repairing, the goods;
reinstating number of points in dispute; or,
where the dispute relates to a reward, the number of points required to redeem the reward.
Any tax, liability, or duty incurred by a member arising from a member's participation in the Streamaster program is the responsibility of the member.
Nothing in these Terms and Conditions limits your rights under the Australian Consumer Law.


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Last ever Valutan single release out now – download free for limited time
Yes you heard it right. What might very possibly be the last Valutan work ever is now released. There will be more information about this perhaps sad state of affairs later as the story develops. If you want to have an explanation or follow the state of events , be sure to check the blog regularly; might get an interview up soon.
Until then, take the chance to download what might very well be Valutans finest work to date. It will be a free download for some time at least before the digital release reaches the stores: download it now by clicking this link. And enjoy
CommentsOne Response to "Last ever Valutan single release out now – download free for limited time"
great noel


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Molang diary...
2 комментария:
hellooo! you have a lovely blog :3ОтветитьУдалить
i found it searching google images for molang diary(recently purchased my one \●/ ) and i just LOVE what youve done with it. i know im replying to an old blog post but i really couldnt help myself, i was seduced my the cute drawings >///<
i guess the purpose for this comment is to ask, do you have any tips for making the most of the molang diary. i hope you can understand, tho i do believe you can based on your molang diary haha ×3 i want to know how you made your drawings look like stickers? they dont look messy at like the ones i have made on mine ;__;
anyway, anything will help. keel up the lovely blog it was fun looking through your drawing dumps ^______^
thanks (^_^)/Ответы
/omg the first comment from a foreigner in my blog >/////</Удалить
Hello, thank you so much<3
Hehe.. I'm really not sure if these can be called tips cause i personally just watched some cute pics of some asian diaries and tried to do something like them.. well. I have a lot of cute korean stickers and sticky notes(also washi tape, stamps etc) and often use them to decorate my diary.. as for drawings, I usually draw them on diary pages and color with copics/some other markers. Also sometimes i print some anime screens or photos(or even my drawings) and stick them ^^
So that's something like this, hope I helped a bit ^w^
Thank you for looking and commenting, I was really glad when I saw your commentヽ(*´v`*)ノ


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Dar es Salaam, May 27: The Indian community here came in for praise from Prime Minister Manmohan Singh who said they have earned a reputation for entrepreneurial spirit, perseverance and hard work making remarkable contributions to the development of Tanzania.
On a three-day visit to give a fresh impetus to bilateral ties, Singh met the Indian community here last night and said they symbolized the contemporary face of civilizational and historical linkages with Tanzania and with East Africa as a whole.
Tanzanians of Indian origin and Indian expatriates constitute the largest migrant group in this African country. The total number of persons of Indian origin in Tanzania is over 40,000.
Indian expatriates, who first came as teachers and experts, and who now come as professionals and skilled craftsmen, have found Tanzania a rich and welcoming society, with many commonalities with India, he noted. Singh will meet Tanzanian President Jakaya Kikwete on a range of regional, international and bilateral matters. The Prime Minister said India has had historical links with erstwhile Tanganyika and Zanzibar. These have now been transformed into a strong and abiding relationship with the United Republic of Tanzania, he said, adding "Tanzania for us is the gateway to eastern Africa".
A number of Tanzanian MPs of Indian-origin, many of whom were elected in the October, 2010 general elections, were also present at the function.
"Their participation in the political institutions of this country is a reflection of the trust and confidence they enjoy among the electorate," he said, congratulating them on their achievements.
Singh said his government was deeply committed to the welfare and prosperity of the Indian community in this country and that several initiatives had been taken in this regard. PTI


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Not long ago we came across the following words by one Henry Giles. Since he wrote more than 100 years ago he addressed his remarks to men only. We've taken the liberty of changing the gender for our purposes here.
"Women must work. That is certain as the sun. But she may work gratefully…. or she may work as a machine. There is no work so rude, that she may not exalt it; no work so impassive, that she may not breathe life into it; no work so dull, that she may not enliven it."
Take a minute to ponder the implications of those words for all the work you do.
What is your attitude towards housework? The very thought of it makes many a woman shudder. Drudgery. Boredom. Thankless. These are but a few of the words that may spring to mind. On the other hand, in our business we often hear the housekeepers we represent apologize for liking to clean. "I know you will think I'm crazy…," they will say, or "I hate to admit it, but…." It's as if they are confessing to some gross personality disorder.
But, whether you love it or loathe it, there are probably times when your attitude towards house cleaning could stand a little adjustment. If we can learn to enjoy house cleaning more, chances are we will do it better and faster. Housework may seem dull, but with a little wit and imagination we can enliven it.
Cleaning is great exercise. Vigorous house cleaning gives your whole body of work out. If you become conscious of how you are moving, you could work on toning specific muscle groups. It may not replace your regular exercise program, but look at how much you're accomplishing at the same time.
It can challenge your ingenuity. Think in terms of time-saving, energy-saving, and money-saving techniques and you'll be amazed at how many new ways of doing things you will come up with.
You can gain a sense of accomplishment. Psychologists tell us that one of the major causes of job dissatisfaction in the modern world is that most people are involved in only small segments of any given job or project; they seldom see the whole. Thus, there is little feeling of pride or accomplishment. But whether you clean one room or the whole house, you have accomplished something tangible, you can see the results.
Housework is a change from the mental to the physical. A nice change of pace, especially if you sit at a desk all week.
Cleaning can provide the opportunity for meditation. Yes, it's true! There is an aspect of yoga called "housewives meditation"–no, really! This comes about when you are so into the task at hand that you almost become a part of it. Anyone can do it with a little practice, and you will find it a refreshing, revitalizing experience.
You can use your housework time for planning, thinking through problems, dreaming. With our hectic pace, we never have enough time for thoughts such as these.
You can no doubt add ideas of your own to this list. And that very process will make your cleaning time more enjoyable. Try it. You'll see.
If you live in the San Francisco East Bay, call The Clean Sweep. We'll transform your house without you so much as lifting a finger! Our housekeepers have a great attitude towards house work!
Comments? Questions? We'd love to hear from you.


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Green Bay High School, 143 - 161 Godley Road Waitakere City New Zealand Green Bay, Auckland 0643
Listed in: All Events
On 7 March (Year 13) and 14 March (Year 12) senior students will have presentations to support them in their academic choices for this year and to guide them in their future pathways.
Members of staff from the careers team here at school will be outlining some of the opportunities that students in the senior school may wish to take advantage of. Remember, all students can use the careers department to help them with academic and career pathway decisions.
Each of these extra Wednesday sessions will begin in the auditorium at 1:45pm and attendance is compulsory.


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12/29/2017 – 02/14/2018 11:00 AM – Close
Tickets for the 2018 Valentine's Dinner at the Virginia Aquarium are on sale now! Choose your date — Saturday, February 10; Monday, February 12; or Wednesday, February 14; then choose where you want to dine at your table for two — Sharks, Sea Turtles or under the Red Sea! Finally, choose your dinner from our amazing menu! See full details at https://www.virginiaaquarium.com/visit/valentines-day-dinner
This 21 and over event is $189 per person, inclusive of all taxes, fees, and tip. Tickets sold in pairs only and reservations are required.
Area: Resort Area
Address: 717 general booth blvd
Virginia Beach, VA 23451
(757) 385-3474 (Guest Services)
firstname.lastname@example.com (marketing)
(Virginia Aquarium)
Online Booking:
Book Online


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Price: - Item location: Johannesburg, California, United States
- Make: Ford
- Model: F3
- Type: Stake Bed Truck
- Trim: Stake Bed NO RESERVE
- Year: 1949
- Mileage: 9,999,999
- Color: Blue
- Engine size: 6 Cylinder Flat Head
- Number of cylinders: 6
- Transmission: 4 Speed Manual
- Drive type: RWD
- Interior color: Blue
- Drive side: Left-hand drive
- Vehicle Title: Clear Want to buy? Contact seller!
1949 Ford F3 Stake Bed NO RESERVE1949 Ford F3 Stake Bed NO RESERVE
Runs Good,New; Breaks, Wheel cylinders and Master cylinder, Exhaust system, Water pump,
Rebuilt: Carb and Starter,
All Lights and Turn signals work, Currently Registered,Have Title in my name, Body in very good condition, Good Tires
No Rust - Nice Old Truck, Hate to sell it but a few have to go, No Trades, Mileage unknown
6 Cylinder Flat Head Engine, 4 Speed Transmission, has not been started or moved in the past 8 months
Needs: Battery, Generator was rebuilt but is not charging
Selling as is, do not have time to work on it.
Truck is located in Johannesburg, California Zip code 93528
Pick up / Shipping is is buyer responsiblity including cost
Call Doug:
Cell 818 800-5033 or Landline leave message no text 818 363-8146


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Monday, January 26, 2009
Angry Island - Hunting the English
This is a collection of essays by A.A. Gill. My wife first brought the author to my attention with a restaurant review from the London Sunday Times. You know, London, where we met ;)
His review was delicious.
This collection revolves around the conceit that the English are noted for their barely controlled rage. He makes a pretty good case. Most of the blurbs take the book as satire/humor and seem to leave it at that.
Perhaps it is my being a stranger in a strange land here in Nicaragua, separated from the aforementioned wife who is not in London but nonetheless distant, but I got a lot more than a couple of good hours in the pages from this.
Not sure if the book imprinted better by my being jolted awake at 3am by the local talent in the adjacent room, but imprint it did. Let me spoil an essay:
Voice -- is an essay that discusses class structure and upward mobility based on accents, with an emphasis on the various English accents. I learned to speak watching TV, and have been known to jibe at my Kansas friends for their pronunciation of words like "cement" -- you know "see-ment", and "lawyer".
Boy, do I feel like a jackass.
This skinny book is replete with behavior altering, cool insights, just like that. From the guy that doesn´t like comedy, I highly recommend it!
Posted by Mark Desmet at 10:00 AM
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


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We won't be changing our name to Guide Cats anytime soon, but we were feline funny and couldn't resist an April Fools' joke.
Although our Guide Cats aren't fur real, our Guide Dogs are always training much harder than their faux feline counterparts.
Every new puppy that enters the Guide Dog Program provides us with another opportunity to change the life of someone who is blind or vision impaired.
We invest an enormous amount of love, time and energy into the training of every Guide Dog to prepare them for a life of assisting Queenslanders in need.
Guiding is a complex and demanding task for our dedicated Guide Dogs and they need your help to continue their incredible journey.
Please donate today to show your suppawt!


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We're back in Austin after another exciting trip to New York City for the National Retail Federation's annual conference, Retail's BIG Show. Originally launched in 1911 (yes, you read that correctly!), the BIG Show is exactly that – the biggest retail trade show in the world. And, coming off a record-breaking holiday season for ecommerce, the 235,000 square-foot show floor was buzzing with excitement as retailers look for new strategies and innovations to take a bigger piece of the retail pie in 2017.
There was a lot of talk about how retailers need to create customer-focused experiences first – something that's always been at the core of Newgistics' business. As Tom DeCoster, VP Services at CDW, said in a video interview at the show, innovative retailers must leverage mobility and networking to design customer-focused experiences that meet customers when and where they want to interact.
"…retailers need to create customer-focused experiences first…"
Retailers also need to think more like digital natives. As Lee Peterson from the global retail design firm WD Partners said during a talk on Monday: "[Retailers] are lacking the ability to think quickly. See how slow retailers are reacting to this digital native need. A lot of companies are being run by digital immigrants."
Digitally native consumers are typically born in 1995 or later, in the age of Amazon, eBay, Craigslist and Google. And since these people are now into their early 20s and their spending power is growing, retail executives need to mend that age disparity and start thinking more like digital natives.
Finally, it was no surprise to hear that – despite all the buzz – omnichannel is still far from conquered territory. According to Forrester's Brendan Witcher omnichannel offerings have grown considerably over the last few years, but retailers need to buckle down on "the unsexy stuff — people and process." The general consensus at the event was that 2017 will be the year that retailers get more serious about measuring the impact of omnichannel – doing more than just checking the boxes to do the bare minimum. There will be a shift in mindset where retailers will come to accept that customer behavior is fundamentally changing and start to figure out how to cater to the new expectations of the customer.
The excitement and energy at this year's NRF was inspiring and we look forward to keeping the momentum going as we dive into 2017. All of these major factors influencing the future of online retail are – and have been—well entrenched into Newgistics offerings, and we're excited about the capabilities we've built to help e-tailers deliver the best end-to-end customer experience.
To learn more about how Newgistics end-to-end approach to commerce can grow your business, please visit newgistics.com.