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This Lease Agreement is legally binding in Tennessee according to your state's specific rules and regulations.
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Create a free account.
Print and download.
A Tennessee non-disclosure agreement is used to prevent contractors or employees from giving out business or trade secrets to the public or to competitors. A Tennessee non-disclosure agreement is a legally binding contract. If someone signs and then violates the agreement, a court may impose penalties for doing so.


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Disable Pen drive, usb ports in Windows 7
You can disable all the USB ports on your computer, or any other computer with Windows 7 or Windows 8 with this simple registry trick.
Steps to disable pen drive and usb ports in Windows 7:
-->First press the Windows key, the key to the left of ALT key, and at the same time press 'R' key, this will bring up the RUN dialog box.
-->Now type 'regedit', and press enter, then give ok.
-->Now open the following address in the registry windows, by clicking on the fields successively,
You should have something like this:
-->Now open the USBSTOR folder-->Now open "Start" in the right pane by double clicking it, and change its value to 4 from 3.
-->Thats it! Sometimes you may need to restart your computer for this to work. Now anything connected to the usb ports wont be detected!

subset: commoncrawl


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Monday, December 8, 2008
WOW! Kylie is tonight!
Yay!!!! It's tonight!!! I can't wait! I am taking the ferry into town after work & meeting Scott. I shall be buying all the mechandise I can..... Visit Kylie's offical myspace site here.
Posted by Kerry-Sue Thomson at 2:07 PM
1 comment:
iam very impressed with your ability!! and do enjoy reading your bloggs now that a special 8 yr old got to to open the correct url!!
- January 8, 2009 at 10:28 PM
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For each standard deviation decrease in IQ, there was an increased lifetime odds of developing schizophrenia of 42% and increased odds of depression of 23%, Karestan C. Koenen, Ph.D., of the Harvard School of Public Health, and colleagues reported online in the American Journal of Psychiatry.
In the longitudinal birth-cohort study, low IQ was also associated with more severe psychiatric illness as indicated by comorbidity and persistence.
These findings suggest that low cognitive reserve may make individuals vulnerable to the stresses of daily life, putting them at higher risk of certain mental disorders, Dr. Koenen and colleagues said.
Although there are implications for prevention, cognitive abilities may also need to be taken into account in treatment planning for psychiatric patients, they added.
"Patients with lower cognitive ability could have difficulty accessing services or difficulty understanding and complying with treatment protocols," the researchers wrote. "These individuals may benefit from interventions aimed at improving mental health literacy."
The researchers analyzed data from the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study, a longitudinal look at the health and behavior of 1,037 children born from 1972 through 1973 in Dunedin, New Zealand.
Childhood IQ averaged across assessments at ages seven, nine, and 11 years predicted a spectrum of psychiatric disorders at age 32.
With every 15 point increase -- one standard deviation -- above the mean in childhood IQ, the findings were:
- 42% lower odds of lifetime schizophrenia spectrum diagnosis (95% confidence interval 16% to 59%).
- 23% lower odds of an adult depression diagnosis (95% CI 6% to 37%).
- 26% reduced odds of an adult anxiety disorder diagnosis (95% CI 12% to 38%).
- No difference in alcohol, marijuana, or other drug dependence.
These results generally remained significant after adjustment for potentially confounding factors including childhood socioeconomic status, perinatal problems, low birth weight, and childhood maltreatment, although the association for schizophrenia became nonsignificant (P=0.07).
Higher IQ also appeared to reduce the risk of specific anxiety disorders, including 29% lower likelihood of generalized anxiety disorder (95% CI 8% to 45%) and 40% reduced odds of social phobia (95% CI 23% to 53%).
Although post-traumatic stress disorder and agoraphobia had similar effect sizes as seen for major depression and generalized anxiety disorder, the associations were not significant, likely because of the small number of cases, the researchers said.
Childhood IQ was likewise a significant factor associated with more severe adult psychiatric illness.
For each standard deviation rise in IQ, risk of having more than one psychiatric disorder fell 33% (OR 0.67, P<0.001) and risk of persistent depression between age 18 and 32 fell 26% (adjusted OR 0.74, P=0.02).
The only major outlier was lifetime risk of mania, which was greater for smarter children (odds ratio 4.16, P=0.002; adjusted OR 3.10, P=0.03).
"This finding for mania warrants replication, because it is counter to the cognitive reserve hypothesis," Dr. Koenen's group said, "and thus it may have resulted from chance."
Thus, they wrote, "although we tested a directional hypothesis and emphasized effect sizes over P-values, our comparison across multiple disorders required multiple statistical tests, and thus findings should be replicated."
The researchers noted that further study is needed to determine whether the findings from the single cohort of primarily white young adults in New Zealand are generalizable to other populations in other countries.
They added that the study could not determine whether the association between lower IQ and adult mental disorders was from environmental or genetic causes.
The study was supported by grants from the National Institute of Mental Health, the U.K. Medical Research Council, the Esther Katz Rosen Grant for Research and Programs on Giftedness in Children, the William T. Grant Foundation, and the New Zealand Health Research Council.
Reviewed by
Zalman S. Agus, MD Emeritus Professor
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Primary Source
American Journal of PsychiatrySource Reference: Koenen KC, et al "Childhood IQ and adult mental disorders: A test of the cognitive reserve hypothesis" Am J Psychiatry 2008.


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Submit Form to Start Your Free Idaho Health Insurance Quotes...
Idaho Health Insurance Quotes.
By completing the form above you will get a free comparative health insurance quote from national carries with local agents licensed to provide quotes in Idaho. There is absolutely no obligating to purchase and the process is fast, easy, and FREE.
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Having health insurance can quite possibly save you a great deal of money. But to maximize the amount you can potentially save, you must compare health insurance benefits and rates. The best ID health insurance quotes are available here, to get started fill out our quote form and you can easily secure the cheapest insurance rates from top health insurance companies today.
Idaho Health Insurance Information and Resources:
Idaho Individual High Risk Reinsurance Pool.
If you have been declined health insurance coverage under an insurer's preferred benefit plan due to your state of health or claims experience, you can apply for high risk pool coverage. If your Idaho individual health benefit plan is substantially similar to, but costs more than, the pool's plans, you can also apply for high risk pool coverage. If you are federally eligible, you must be guaranteed access to an Idaho Individual High Risk Reinsurance Pool health benefit plan without pre-existing condition exclusion. In Idaho, all Idaho insurance companies that sell individual health insurance plans must offer you a choice of four individual pool plans, regardless of your state of health, if you are eligible for pool coverage Basic individual health insurance plans must cover certain benefits. Standard individual health insurance plans must cover certain benefits. Catastrophic individual health insurance plans must cover certain benefits. Unless you are federally eligible, the high risk pool will exclude coverage for your pre-existing condition for 12 months. The premium rates are 25% to 50% higher than the average rate charged by the top 5 private insurance companies. You can remain enrolled as long as you pay your premium and continue to meet eligibility requirements.
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Florida, this place is just awesome. For the adventurous, the oceans, waterways and coastal areas are our playground. Whether by kayak or boat or even wading, there is a world of cool to be found here.
The Fishing
Heck, Florida is the Fishing Capital of the World. Everything from backwater bass to gulf stream billfish can be had here. Platforms ranging from beach chairs, to kayaks, to skiffs, to offshore fishing machines can be seen in nearly every city and neighborhood. I think if you want to try something different (if you haven't already) everyone should give kayak fishing a go. Whether a lake, a flat, or even offshore – there is a kayak platform available to fit your needs.
Did you know scalloping is a big thing here? This is especially true along the nature coast of Florida. Cities such as Homosassa have a very busy scalloping season. Family and friends are able to put on simple snorkel gear and spend a few hours scooping up their fill of fresh bay scallops. This is usually ended with a few cold ones on the boat before heading back. This is one of those things on my personal to do list.
Much like the alligator, spotting a manatee in Florida is a pretty usual occurrence. Specialized manatee tours are available, but if you're on the water near pretty much any coastal area of Florida – you are sure to run into one. However, back to the tour idea, I actually like this approach. Most of these tour providers are also fishing & scalloping guides. So, in this exact occurrence (and if in the right area of the state), you can set up an epic day of scalloping, fishing, and sight seeing a few sea cows all in one outing. Grab your camera and a few beers, this is pretty much all you'll need.


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They are well known for the characters they portray: American Indian, police officer, soldier, construction worker, biker and cowboy. And perhaps better known for being Macho Men and loving the YMCA.
They are well known for the characters they portray: American Indian, police officer, soldier, construction worker, biker and cowboy. And perhaps better known for being Macho Men and loving the YMCA.
The Village People is in its 33rd year of making the world dance and sing to catchy tunes. Since 1977, the group has performed for large audiences around the world. With a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame between Liberace and Betty Grable, the band will be forever known as disco icons.
Two shows at Mount Airy on Saturday will have area fans dancing and singing to songs they know and love. And although they are busy touring nonstop, Jeff Olson (the cowboy) had a few minutes to chat with the Pocono Record about the group's continued success.
Pocono Record: Tell me how the group came to be the Village People. Where did the idea come from and when?
Jeff Olson: Village People came to be as a result of the inspiration of a young French man, Jacques Morali, who when visiting New York saw Felipe dancing at a club in full Native American regalia. This image caused him to create a male singing group based on American stereotypical male images. That was way back in 1977.
PR: "YMCA" is still a big hit after so many years. Why do you think that is? What's the story behind the song?
JO: "YMCA" is still a big hit today because it has the magic of having a very catchy hook; something every songwriter tries to find. It's also an upbeat song and is easy to sing along with. It has an interesting story behind it. "YMCA" was simply a filler on the album, something that was written very quickly to satisfy the number of songs required to finish an album.
PR: What's been the most memorable part of your career so far?
JO: We all have so many memories in our careers as Village People. Certainly after 33 years, this is not surprising. For me, personally, aside from the many wonderful people I've had the pleasure to meet, I've also had the opportunity to travel all around the world and see everything I could possibly dream of seeing, often many times over. It has been nothing short of spectacular.
PR: What do you feel is the reason you guys have had such a long, successful career, whereas many groups die out after a few months or years?
JO: We are often asked the secret of our longevity as a group when so many others fail after a short time. There's no secret — we love what we do, we get along with each other, we respect each other and we understand that this is a business that we're involved in. Many groups forget that last ingredient.
PR: Tell me a funny story about touring.
JO: Trying to single out one funny story about touring after so many years isn't an easy task. Actually, touring can get pretty grueling. However, whenever we can make the best of it with a little laughter, we do. One of the guys hates insects, so naturally one night we decided to tape a large, ugly grasshopper to his microphone. It was the opening number at some open-air state fair — insects were everywhere in the air. When he went to sing the first vocal and saw that thing on his mic, we thought we'd have to pull him down off the stage rigging. He jumped 20 feet in the air. Needless to say, we were all barely able to finish the song.
PR: What would people be surprised to know about the group?
JO: People would be surprised to learn that — despite the number of years we've been in the biz, the people we know, the shows we've done, the places we've been — the individual members of this group are pretty humble and very easy to get along with. It comes from knowing that we're very fortunate for what we still have going on and the fact that we still love it. Music lives.


text: All materials contained on this site are protected by United States copyright law and may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, displayed, published or broadcast in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, or the facilitation thereof, including information storage and retrieval systems, without prior written permission from Peter Lewis. You may not alter or remove any trademark, copyright or other notice from copies of the content. ©2005-10.


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Mallory sent me a link to this project, which she heard about from Maria.
This curtain made of Kodachrome slides looks so cool, offers plenty of privacy, and filters the light beautifully. I think this would make one of my windows look amazing, but could also potentially make a room a bit dark and cave-like.
Photos from crafty curtain creator, yarnzombie.
Wednesday, February 17, 2010
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A fundamental gap exists in understanding how transcription by a translocating RNA polymerase modulates DNA topology and how transcription-coupled DNA supercoiling (TCDS) activates gene expression. For instance, the roles of sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins in TCDS are still not fully understood. The long- term goal of the proposed research is to understand how transcription affects DNA topology, chromosome structure, and the coupled DNA transactions, such as DNA replication and gene expression. The objectives of this application are to determine how certain sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins, such as bacteriophage lambda DNA replication initiator O protein and lactose repressor, regulate TCDS in vitro and in E. coli and to determine the mechanism by which TCDS activates gene expression. The central hypothesis is that the """"""""twin- supercoiled-domain"""""""" model is the mechanism responsible for TCDS in which nucleoprotein complexes, especially those containing stable toroidal supercoils assembled from tightly-wrapping DNA around certain sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins, can form topological barriers that impede the diffusion and merger of independent chromosomal supercoil domains. In this case, the """"""""confined"""""""" localized DNA supercoils may activate or inhibit the coupled DNA transactions. This hypothesis has been formulated on the basis of strong preliminary data produced in our laboratory and will be tested by pursuing four specific aims: 1) to determine the mechanisms by which certain sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins potently stimulate TCDS in the defined protein systems;2) to study effects of the sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins on TCDS in E. coli;3) to develop a novel system, based on a linear coliphage N15, to study activation of the Salmonella typhimurium leu-500 promoter by TCDS;4) to establish a nationally competitive research program at Florida International University (the PI's development objective). This application will provide important knowledge for understanding the mechanism of TCDS and its roles in gene expression. It will also provide the necessary resources for the PI to transit to non-SCORE support within a four-year funding period. Public Health Relevance: The significance of this research stems from its potential to provide a basis for better understanding of an essential biological process: gene transcription and expression. It also provides a foundation for further understanding DNA topology, which plays an important role in genome stability and certain human hereditary diseases, such as fragile X syndrome and Huntington's disease.
The significance of this research stems from its potential to provide a basis for better understanding of an essential biological process: gene transcription and expression. It also provides a foundation for further understanding DNA topology, which plays an important role in genome stability and certain human hereditary diseases, such as fragile X syndrome and Huntington's disease.
|Sun, Pengfei; Leeson, Cristian; Zhi, Xiaoduo et al. (2016) Characterization of an epoxide hydrolase from the Florida red tide dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis. Phytochemistry 122:11-21
|Fulcrand, Geraldine; Chapagain, Prem; Dunlap, David et al. (2016) Direct observation of a 91 bp LacI-mediated, negatively supercoiled DNA loop by atomic force microscope. FEBS Lett 590:613-8
|Fulcrand, Geraldine; Dages, Samantha; Zhi, Xiaoduo et al. (2016) DNA supercoiling, a critical signal regulating the basal expression of the lac operon in Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 6:19243
|Alonso, Nicole; Guillen, Roboan; Chambers, Jeremy W et al. (2015) A rapid and sensitive high-throughput screening method to identify compounds targeting protein-nucleic acids interactions. Nucleic Acids Res 43:e52
|Frost, Lorraine; Baez, Maria A M; Harrilal, Christopher et al. (2015) The Dimerization State of the Mammalian High Mobility Group Protein AT-Hook 2 (HMGA2). PLoS One 10:e0130478
|Schenk, Emily R; Ridgeway, Mark E; Park, Melvin A et al. (2014) Isomerization kinetics of AT hook decapeptide solution structures. Anal Chem 86:1210-4
|Ranjan, Nihar; Fulcrand, Geraldine; King, Ada et al. (2014) Selective Inhibition of Bacterial Topoisomerase I by alkynyl-bisbenzimidazoles. Medchemcomm 5:816-825
|Ding, Yue; Manzo, Carlo; Fulcrand, Geraldine et al. (2014) DNA supercoiling: a regulatory signal for the ? repressor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111:15402-7
|Leng, Fenfei (2013) DNA bending by proteins: utilizing plasmid pBendAT as a tool. Methods Mol Biol 1054:267-82
|Fulcrand, Geraldine; Zhi, Xiaoduo; Leng, Fenfei (2013) Transcription-coupled DNA supercoiling in defined protein systems and in E. coli topA mutant strains. IUBMB Life 65:615-22
Showing the most recent 10 out of 16 publications


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Tobacco Industry May Settle With Growers
Dow Jones Newswires
Philip Morris USA and other cigarette makers are likely nearing a settlement of a class-action suit filed on behalf of U.S. tobacco growers, according to a regulatory filing by Altria Group Inc.
The suit alleges that defendants violated antitrust laws by rigging bids at tobacco auctions and by conspiring to undermine the tobacco quota and price support program administered by the federal government.
Under the proposed settlement, Philip Morris and the other cigarette makers will agree to purchase a certain percentage of their tobacco needs from U.S. growers over the next 10 years, according to Altria's filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission Thursday.
Also, Philip Morris may have to pay as much as $145 million, which the company would record as a charge to its earnings when the agreement is approved by the court.
The company, which is the largest U.S. cigarette manufacturer, also may pay "a substantial portion" of any attorneys' fee that the court may award.
The proposed agreement is in "the final stages," Philip Morris said in the filing. It doesn't name the other industry members involved in the suit, which dates to 2000.
Altria, the New York-based tobacco and food giant, is the parent company of Philip Morris and Kraft Foods.
"The terms of the resolution do not appear at all odious to us," Prudential Securities analyst Robert Campagnino said in a research note.
"We can justify this move on the part of the industry as an investment in a relationship with another part of the industry (tobacco growers) that we believe has deteriorated over time," Campagnino said.
Campagnino doesn't own Altria shares, and Prudential doesn't have an investment banking relationship with the company.
A spokesman for Altria wasn't immediately available.
Shares of Altria Group were at $33.65 in early trading Friday, down 9 cents, or 0.3 percent, on the New York Stock Exchange.


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Live Cricket India vs South Africa 4th ODI Live Streaming from New Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg on 10th February 2018. Watch IND vs SA 4th ODI Match Live on Sony Ten 1 HD at LiveCricket.Site
Live streaming of South Africa vs India cricket team Freedom Series 4th ODI, in Johannesburg will be available online. Series Consist of 6 ODI.
Where to get live streaming of IND vs SA 4th ODI?
In India, you can go to www.sonyliv.com for the live streaming of India vs South Africa, 4th ODI, Cape Town. It is a digital platform of host broadcasters SONY. Follow this URL to tap into live streaming of all India vs South Africa games:
In UK, you can see live streaming of India vs South Africa, 4th ODI, Cape Town on SKY SPORTS. Follow this URL:
India vs South Africa 4th ODI begins at 04:30 PM IST (11800 hrs GMT). The coverage of IND vs SA 4th ODI will begin on the broadcasting channel from 12:30 PM IST. The toss will take place at 01:00 PM IST.
IND vs SA 4th ODI: Watch India vs South Africa LIVE Cricket Match
Match: India vs South Africa 4th ODI , India tour to South Africa 2018
Date: Saturday, February 4,2018
Time: 13:00 Local | 11:00 GMT | 16:00 PKT | 16:30 IST
Venue: New Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg
Live Streaming Info :
India vs South Africa Live 4th ODI : Match live at Sonyliv.Com in Pakistan and Sony Ten 1, Sony Ten 3, Sony Ten 1 HD, Sony Ten 3 HD in India. Super Sport in South Africa, Willow TV in USA and Sky Sports Cricket in England.
South Africa (From): Faf du Plessis(c), Hashim Amla, Quinton de Kock(w), Jean-Paul Duminy, Aiden Markram, David Miller, Chris Morris, Lungisani Ngidi, Andile Phehlukwayo, Kagiso Rabada, Morne Morkel, Imran Tahir, Tabraiz Shamsi, Khaya Zondo.
India (From): Virat Kohli(c), Shikhar Dhawan, Rohit Sharma, Manish Pandey, MS Dhoni(w), Hardik Pandya, Bhuvneshwar Kumar, Jasprit Bumrah, Kuldeep Yadav, Yuzvendra Chahal, Mohammed Shami, Ajinkya Rahane, Kedar Jadhav, Dinesh Karthik, Shreyas Iyer, Axar Patel, Shardul Thakur.


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(888)277-4977 | (952)933-4977
SCCE Home | Contact Us
Be recognized for your experience and knowledge in compliance and ethics. Take advantage of the opportunity to sit for an optional CCEP® (Certified Compliance & Ethics Professional) or the CCEP-I® (Certified Compliance & Ethics Professional-International) exam on the last day of the conference. Both of the exams are optional and require advance registration and payment separate from the conference registration.
CCEP Exam Application (PDF)
CCEP-I Exam Application (PDF)
Online Exam Application
Wednesday, October 24, 2018
To qualify to sit for either of the exam, 20 CCB CEUs and the necessary work experience are required. For more information on the CCEP requirements click here. For more information on the CCEP-I requirements click here.
Compliance & Ethics Institute sessions qualify as follows: one clock hour equals 1.2 CCB CEUs.
To register to sit for the exam, register online or submit the printable PDF application to CCB by:
Exam applications may be accepted onsite depending on exam availability. Please visit CCB certification staff at the SCCE booth for current information.
To get CEUs for this conference, fill out the CEU Application given on-site at the conference, noting all sessions attended. All credits will be awarded based on actual time on-site spent in session.
Please contact our certification team at 952.988.0141 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
CCB is in the process of applying for continuing education units. View the most up-to-date listing of approved credits here.
If you have questions, or if you do not see information on your specific accreditation, please contact CCB at email@example.com or 952.933.4977.
About the Compliance & Ethics Institute
About Certification
Registration Information
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& Ethics
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Minneapolis, MN 55435
(952) 933-4977 | (888) 277-4977


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The first five people to respond to this post will get something handmade by me. . You'll receive it this year (2010.) The item will be a surprise to you and can be ANYTHING handmade. In return, all you need to do is post this text into your blog ( or facebook, etc), email me your snail mail addy and remember to craft it forward..
Please put CRAFT IT FORWARD in your email to me!


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Fleckenstein Gallery's Affordable Art Holiday Show
Hampden | Website
This event occurred in the past.
Fleckenstein Gallery is pleased to announce its annual holiday art show, filled with affordable art from contemporary Baltimore artists. Work will be on view and ready for sale from November 7- January 2. Gallery hours are 11- 7pm Tuesday through Friday, and 11-5pm Saturday. The gallery is closed Sunday and Monday. For more information on Fleckenstein Gallery, please visit www.fleckensteingallery.com.


text:
National Academy of Sciences India (NASI) invites applications for the following Post.
Name of the Organizations: National Academy of Sciences India
Last Date: 20.03.2017
No of Post: 02
Pay Band: Rs. 5200-20200 with GP Rs. 2400/-
Age Limit: 35 years
Educational Qualifications: BA/ B.Com/ BS.c/ B.Lib/ BE/ BCA/ 'B' level course or equivalent examination passed from recognized University.
Experience: 3 years experience as an assistant in any institution of national repute.
How to Apply:- The complete application form with a latest passport size photograph affixed along with copies of the relevant degrees/ certificates; and experience should reach to the Executive Secretary, The National Academy of Sciences India, 5 Lajpatrai Road, Near Mumfordganj, Allahabad – 211002.
Important Links:- Advertisement & Applications Format


text:
Measurement of double-differential cross sections for top quark pair production in pp collisions at \(\sqrt{s} = 8\) \(\,\text {TeV}\) and impact on parton distribution functions
- 1.7k Downloads
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Normalized double-differential cross sections for top quark pair (\(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\)) production are measured in pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 8\(\,\text {TeV}\) with the CMS experiment at the LHC. The analyzed data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 19.7\(\,\text {fb}^{-1}\). The measurement is performed in the dilepton \(\mathrm {e}^{\pm }\mu ^{\mp }\) final state. The \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) cross section is determined as a function of various pairs of observables characterizing the kinematics of the top quark and \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) system. The data are compared to calculations using perturbative quantum chromodynamics at next-to-leading and approximate next-to-next-to-leading orders. They are also compared to predictions of Monte Carlo event generators that complement fixed-order computations with parton showers, hadronization, and multiple-parton interactions. Overall agreement is observed with the predictions, which is improved when the latest global sets of proton parton distribution functions are used. The inclusion of the measured \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) cross sections in a fit of parametrized parton distribution functions is shown to have significant impact on the gluon distribution.
1 Introduction
Understanding the production and properties of the top quark, discovered in 1995 at the Fermilab Tevatron [1, 2], is fundamental in testing the standard model and searching for new phenomena. A large sample of proton–proton (pp) collision events containing a top quark pair (\(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\)) has been recorded at the CERN LHC, facilitating precise top quark measurements. In particular, precise measurements of the \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) production cross section as a function of \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) kinematic observables have become possible, which allow for the validation of the most-recent predictions of perturbative quantum chromodynamics (QCD). At the LHC, top quarks are predominantly produced via gluon–gluon fusion. Thus, using measurements of the production cross section in a global fit of the parton distribution functions (PDFs) can help to better determine the gluon distribution at large values of x, where x is the fraction of the proton momentum carried by a parton [3, 4, 5]. In this context, \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) measurements are complementary to studies [6, 7, 8] that exploit inclusive jet production cross sections at the LHC.
Normalized differential cross sections for \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) production have been measured previously in proton–antiproton collisions at the Tevatron at a centre-of-mass energy of 1.96\(\,\text {TeV}\) [9, 10] and in pp collisions at the LHC at \(\sqrt{s} = 7\) \(\,\text {TeV}\) [11, 12, 13, 14], 8\(\,\text {TeV}\) [14, 15, 16], and 13\(\,\text {TeV}\) [17]. This paper presents the measurement of the normalized double-differential \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}} + \mathrm {X}\) production cross section, where X is inclusive in the number of extra jets in the event but excludes \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}} +\mathrm{Z}/\mathrm {W}/\gamma \) production. The cross section is measured as a function of observables describing the kinematics of the top quark and \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\): the transverse momentum of the top quark, \(p_{\mathrm {T}} (\mathrm{t})\), the rapidity of the top quark, \(y(\mathrm{t})\), the transverse momentum, \(p_{\mathrm {T}} (\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}})\), the rapidity, \(y(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}})\), and the invariant mass, \(M(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}})\), of \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\), the pseudorapidity between the top quark and antiquark, \(\varDelta \eta (\mathrm{t},\overline{\mathrm{t}})\), and the angle between the top quark and antiquark in the transverse plane, \(\varDelta \phi (\mathrm{t},\overline{\mathrm{t}})\). In total, the double-differential \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) cross section is measured as a function of six different pairs of kinematic variables.
These measurements provide a sensitive test of the standard model by probing the details of the \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) production dynamics. The double-differential measurement is expected to impose stronger constraints on the gluon distribution than single-differential measurements owing to the improved resolution of the momentum fractions carried by the two incoming partons.
The analysis uses the data recorded at \(\sqrt{s}=8\) \(\,\text {TeV}\) by the CMS experiment in 2012, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of \(19.7 \pm 0.5{\,\text {fb}^{-1}} \). The measurement is performed using the \(\mathrm {e}^{\pm }\mu ^{\mp }\) decay mode (\(\mathrm {e}\mu \)) of \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\), requiring two oppositely charged leptons and at least two jets. The analysis largely follows the procedures of the single-differential \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) cross section measurement [15]. The restriction to the \(\mathrm {e}\mu \) channel provides a pure \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) event sample because of the negligible contamination from \(\mathrm{Z}/\gamma ^{*}\) processes with same-flavour leptons in the final state.
The measurements are defined at parton level and thus are corrected for the effects of hadronization and detector resolutions and inefficiencies. A regularized unfolding process is performed simultaneously in bins of the two variables in which the cross sections are measured. The normalized differential \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) cross section is determined by dividing by the measured total inclusive \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) production cross section, where the latter is evaluated by integrating over all bins in the two observables. The parton level results are compared to different theoretical predictions from leading-order (LO) and next-to-leading-order (NLO) Monte Carlo (MC) event generators, as well as with fixed-order NLO [18] and approximate next-to-next-to-leading-order (NNLO) [19] calculations using several different PDF sets. Parametrized PDFs are fitted to the data in a procedure that is referred to as the PDF fit.
The structure of the paper is as follows: in Sect. 2 a brief description of the CMS detector is given. Details of the event simulation are provided in Sect. 3. The event selection, kinematic reconstruction, and comparisons between data and simulation are provided in Sect. 4. The two-dimensional unfolding procedure is detailed in Sect. 5; the method to determine the double-differential cross sections is presented in Sect. 6, and the assessment of the systematic uncertainties is described in Sect. 7. The results of the measurement are discussed and compared to theoretical predictions in Sect. 8. Section 9 presents the PDF fit. Finally, Sect. 10 provides a summary.
2 The CMS detector
The central feature of the CMS apparatus is a superconducting solenoid of 13\(\text { m}\) length and 6\(\text { m}\) inner diameter, which provides an axial magnetic field of 3.8\(\text { T}\). Within the field volume are a silicon pixel and strip tracker, a lead tungstate crystal electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL), and a brass and scintillator hadron calorimeter (HCAL), each composed of a barrel and two endcap sections. Extensive forward calorimetry complements the coverage provided by the barrel and endcap sections up to \(|\eta |<5.2\). Charged particle trajectories are measured by the inner tracking system, covering a range of \(|\eta |<2.5\). The ECAL and HCAL surround the tracking volume, providing high-resolution energy and direction measurements of electrons, photons, and hadronic jets up to \(|\eta |<3\). Muons are measured in gas-ionization detectors embedded in the steel flux-return yoke outside the solenoid covering the region \(|\eta |<2.4\). The detector is nearly hermetic, allowing momentum balance measurements in the plane transverse to the beam directions. A more detailed description of the CMS detector, together with a definition of the coordinate system and the relevant kinematic variables, can be found in Ref. [20].
3 Signal and background modelling
The \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}} \) signal process is simulated using the matrix element event generator MadGraph (version 22.214.171.124) [21], together with the MadSpin [22] package for the modelling of spin correlations. The pythia 6 program (version 6.426) [23] is used to model parton showering and hadronization. In the signal simulation, the mass of the top quark, \(m_{\mathrm{t}}\), is fixed to 172.5\(\,\text {GeV}\). The proton structure is described by the CTEQ6L1 PDF set [24]. The same programs are used to model dependencies on the renormalization and factorization scales, \(\mu _\mathrm {r}\) and \(\mu _\mathrm {f}\), respectively, the matching threshold between jets produced at the matrix-element level and via parton showering, and \(m_{\mathrm{t}}\).
The cross sections obtained in this paper are also compared to theoretical calculations obtained with the NLO event generators powheg (version 1.0 r1380) [25, 26, 27], interfaced with pythia 6 or Herwig6 (version 6.520) [28] for the subsequent parton showering and hadronization, and mc@nlo (version 3.41) [29], interfaced with herwig. Both pythia 6 and herwig 6 include a modelling of multiple-parton interactions and the underlying event. The pythia 6 Z2* tune [30] is used to characterize the underlying event in both the \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) and the background simulations. The herwig 6 AUET2 tune [31] is used to model the underlying event in the powheg +herwig 6 simulation, while the default tune is used in the mc@nlo +herwig 6 simulation. The PDF sets CT10 [32] and CTEQ6M [24] are used for powheg and mc@nlo, respectively. Additional simulated event samples generated with powheg and interfaced with pythia 6 or herwig 6 are used to assess the systematic uncertainties related to the modelling of the hard-scattering process and hadronization, respectively, as described in Sect. 7.
The production of W and Z/\(\gamma ^{*}\) bosons with additional jets, respectively referred to as W+jets and Z/\(\gamma ^{*}\)+jets in the following, and \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}} +\mathrm{Z}/\mathrm {W}/\gamma \) backgrounds are simulated using MadGraph, while \(\mathrm {W}\) boson plus associated single top quark production (\(\mathrm{t} \mathrm {W}\)) is simulated using powheg. The showering and hadronization is modelled with pythia 6 for these processes. Diboson (WW, WZ, and ZZ) samples, as well as QCD multijet backgrounds, are produced with pythia 6. All of the background simulations are normalized to the fixed-order theoretical predictions as described in Ref. [15]. The CMS detector response is simulated using Geant4 (version 9.4) [33].
4 Event selection
The event selection follows closely the one reported in Ref. [15]. The top quark decays almost exclusively into a W boson and a bottom quark, and only events in which the two W bosons decay into exactly one electron and one muon and corresponding neutrinos are considered. Events are triggered by requiring one electron and one muon of opposite charge, one of which is required to have \(p_{\mathrm {T}} > 17\) \(\,\text {GeV}\) and the other \(p_{\mathrm {T}} > 8\) \(\,\text {GeV}\).
Events are reconstructed using a particle-flow (PF) technique [34, 35], which combines signals from all subdetectors to enhance the reconstruction and identification of the individual particles observed in pp collisions. An interaction vertex [36] is required within 24\(\text { cm}\) of the detector centre along the beam line direction, and within 2\(\text { cm}\) of the beam line in the transverse plane. Among all such vertices, the primary vertex of an event is identified as the one with the largest value of the sum of the \(p_{\mathrm {T}} ^2\) of the associated tracks. Charged hadrons from pileup events, i.e. those originating from additional pp interactions within the same or nearby bunch crossing, are subtracted on an event-by-event basis. Subsequently, the remaining neutral-hadron component from pileup is accounted for through jet energy corrections [37].
Electron candidates are reconstructed from a combination of the track momentum at the primary vertex, the corresponding energy deposition in the ECAL, and the energy sum of all bremsstrahlung photons associated with the track [38]. Muon candidates are reconstructed using the track information from the silicon tracker and the muon system. An event is required to contain at least two oppositely charged leptons, one electron and one muon, each with \(p_{\mathrm {T}} > 20\,\text {GeV} \) and \(|\eta | < 2.4\). Only the electron and the muon with the highest \(p_{\mathrm {T}}\) are considered for the analysis. The invariant mass of the selected electron and muon must be larger than 20\(\,\text {GeV}\) to suppress events from decays of heavy-flavour resonances. The leptons are required to be isolated with \(I_\text {rel}\le 0.15\) inside a cone in \(\eta \)-\(\phi \) space of \(\varDelta R = \sqrt{(\varDelta \eta )^{2} + (\varDelta \phi )^{2}} = 0.3\) around the lepton track, where \(\varDelta \eta \) and \(\varDelta \phi \) are the differences in pseudorapidity and azimuthal angle (in radians), respectively, between the directions of the lepton and any other particle. The parameter \(I_\text {rel}\) is the relative isolation parameter defined as the sum of transverse energy deposits inside the cone from charged and neutral hadrons, and photons, relative to the lepton \(p_{\mathrm {T}} \), corrected for pileup effects. The efficiencies of the lepton isolation were determined in Z boson data samples using the "tag-and-probe" method of Ref. [39], and are found to be well described by the simulation for both electrons and muons. The overall difference between data and simulation is estimated to be \({<} 2\%\) for electrons, and \({<}1\%\) for muons. The simulation is adjusted for this by using correction factors parametrized as a function of the lepton \(p_{\mathrm {T}}\) and \(\eta \) and applied to simulated events, separately for electrons and muons.
Jets are reconstructed by clustering the PF candidates using the anti-\(k_{\mathrm {T}}\) clustering algorithm [40, 41] with a distance parameter \(R = 0.5\). Electrons and muons passing less-stringent selections on lepton kinematic quantities and isolation, relative to those specified above, are identified but excluded from clustering. A jet is selected if it has \(p_{\mathrm {T}} > 30\,\text {GeV} \) and \(|\eta | < 2.4\). Jets originating from the hadronization of b quarks (b jets) are identified using an algorithm [42] that provides a b tagging discriminant by combining secondary vertices and track-based lifetime information. This provides a b tagging efficiency of \({\approx }80\)–85% for b jets and a mistagging efficiency of \({\approx }10\%\) for jets originating from gluons, as well as u, d, or s quarks, and \({\approx }30\)–40% for jets originating from c quarks [42]. Events are selected if they contain at least two jets, and at least one of these jets is b-tagged. These requirements are chosen to reduce the background contribution while keeping a large fraction of the \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) signal. The \(\mathrm{b}\) tagging efficiency is adjusted in the simulation with the correction factors parametrized as a function of the jet \(p_{\mathrm {T}}\) and \(\eta \).
The missing transverse momentum vector is defined as the projection on the plane perpendicular to the beams of the negative vector sum of the momenta of all PF particles in an event [43]. Its magnitude is referred to as \(p_{\mathrm {T}} ^\text {miss}\). To mitigate the pileup effects on the \(p_{\mathrm {T}} ^\text {miss}\) resolution, a multivariate correction is used where the measured momentum is separated into components that originate from the primary and from other interaction vertices [44]. No selection requirement on \(p_{\mathrm {T}} ^\text {miss}\) is applied.
The \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) kinematic properties are determined from the four-momenta of the decay products using the same kinematic reconstruction method [45, 46] as that of the single-differential \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) measurement [15]. The six unknown quantities are the three-momenta of the two neutrinos, which are reconstructed by imposing the following six kinematic constraints: \(p_{\mathrm {T}}\) conservation in the event and the masses of the W bosons, top quark, and top antiquark. The top quark and antiquark are required to have a mass of 172.5\(\,\text {GeV}\). It is assumed that the \(p_{\mathrm {T}} ^\text {miss}\) in the event results from the two neutrinos in the top quark and antiquark decay chains. To resolve the ambiguity due to multiple algebraic solutions of the equations for the neutrino momenta, the solution with the smallest invariant mass of the \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) system is taken. The reconstruction is performed 100 times, each time randomly smearing the measured energies and directions of the reconstructed leptons and jets within their resolution. This smearing recovers events that yielded no solution because of measurement fluctuations. The three-momenta of the two neutrinos are determined as a weighted average over all the smeared solutions. For each solution, the weight is calculated based on the expected invariant mass spectrum of a lepton and a bottom jet as the product of two weights for the top quark and antiquark decay chains. All possible lepton–jet combinations in the event are considered. Combinations are ranked based on the presence of b-tagged jets in the assignments, i.e. a combination with both leptons assigned to b-tagged jets is preferred over those with one or no b-tagged jet. Among assignments with equal number of b-tagged jets, the one with the highest average weight is chosen. Events with no solution after smearing are discarded. The method yields an average reconstruction efficiency of \({\approx }95\%\), which is determined in simulation as the fraction of selected signal events (which include only direct \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) decays via the \(\mathrm {e}^{\pm }\mu ^{\mp }\) channel, i.e. excluding cascade decays via \(\tau \) leptons) passing the kinematic reconstruction. The overall difference in this efficiency between data and simulation is estimated to be \({\approx }1\%\), and a corresponding correction factor is applied to the simulation [47]. A more detailed description of the kinematic reconstruction procedure can be found in Ref. [47].
In total, 38, 569 events are selected in the data. The signal contribution to the event sample is 79.2%, as estimated from the simulation. The remaining fraction of events is dominated by \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) decays other than via the \(\mathrm {e}^{\pm }\mu ^{\mp }\) channel (14.2%). Other sources of background are single top quark production (3.6%), Z/\(\gamma ^{*}\)+jets events (1.4%), associated \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}} +\mathrm{Z}/\mathrm {W}/\gamma \) production (1.1%), and a negligible (\({<} 0.5\%\)) fraction of diboson, W+jets, and QCD multijet events.
5 Signal extraction and unfolding
The estimated value of \({M}_{j}^\mathrm{{unf}}\), designated as \(\hat{M_{j}}^\mathrm{{unf}}\), is found using the TUnfold algorithm [48]. The unfolding of multidimensional distributions is performed by mapping the multidimensional arrays to one-dimensional arrays internally [48]. The unfolding is realized by a \(\chi ^2\) minimization and includes an additional \(\chi ^2\) term representing the Tikhonov regularization [49]. The regularization reduces the effect of the statistical fluctuations present in \(N^\mathrm{{sig}}_i\) on the high-frequency content of \(\hat{M_{j}}^\mathrm{{unf}}\). The regularization strength is chosen such that the global correlation coefficient is minimal [50]. For the measurements presented here, this choice results in a small contribution from the regularization term to the total \(\chi ^2\), on the order of 1%. A more detailed description of the unfolding procedure can be found in Ref. [47].
6 Cross section determination
7 Systematic uncertainties
The measurement is affected by systematic uncertainties that originate from detector effects and from the modelling of the processes. Each source of systematic uncertainty is assessed individually by changing in the simulation the corresponding efficiency, resolution, or scale by its uncertainty, using a prescription similar to the one followed in Ref. [15]. For each change made, the cross section determination is repeated, and the difference with respect to the nominal result in each bin is taken as the systematic uncertainty.
To account for the pileup uncertainty, the value of the total \(\mathrm {p}\mathrm {p}\) inelastic cross section, which is used to estimate the mean number of additional pp interactions, is varied by \({\pm }5\%\) [52]. The data-to-simulation correction factors for \(\mathrm{b} \) tagging and mistagging efficiencies are varied within their uncertainties [42] as a function of the \(p_{\mathrm {T}} \) and \(|\eta |\) of the jet, following the procedure described in Ref. [15]. The data-to-simulation correction factors for the trigger efficiency, determined relatively to the triggers based on \(p_{\mathrm {T}} ^\text {miss}\), are varied within their uncertainty of 1%. The systematic uncertainty related to the kinematic reconstruction of top quarks is assessed by varying the MC correction factor by its estimated uncertainty of \({\pm }1\)% [47]. For the uncertainties related to the jet energy scale, the jet energy is varied in the simulation within its uncertainty [53]. The uncertainty owing to the limited knowledge of the jet energy resolution is determined by changing the latter in the simulation by \({\pm }1\) standard deviation in different \(\eta \) regions [54]. The normalizations of the background processes are varied by 30% to account for the corresponding uncertainty. The uncertainty in the integrated luminosity of 2.6% [55] is propagated to the measured cross sections.
The impact of theoretical assumptions on the measurement is determined by repeating the analysis replacing the standard MadGraph \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) simulation with simulated samples in which specific parameters or assumptions are altered. The PDF systematic uncertainty is estimated by reweighting the MadGraph \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) signal sample according to the uncertainties in the CT10 PDF set, evaluated at 90% confidence level (CL) [32], and then rescaled to 68% CL. To estimate the uncertainty related to the choice of the tree-level multijet scattering model used in MadGraph, the results are recalculated using an alternative prescription for interfacing NLO calculations with parton showering as implemented in powheg. For \(\mu _\mathrm {r}\) and \(\mu _\mathrm {f}\), two samples are used with the scales being simultaneously increased or decreased by a factor of two relative to their common nominal value \(\mu _\mathrm {r} = \mu _\mathrm {f} = \sqrt{\smash [b]{m^2_{\mathrm{t}} + \Sigma p_{\mathrm {T}} ^2}}\), where the sum is over all additional final-state partons in the matrix element. The effect of additional jet production is studied by varying in MadGraph the matching threshold between jets produced at the matrix-element level and via parton showering. The uncertainty in the effect of the initial- and final-state radiation on the signal efficiency is covered by the uncertainty in \(\mu _\mathrm {r}\) and \(\mu _\mathrm {f}\), as well as in the matching threshold. The samples generated with powheg +herwig 6 and powheg +pythia 6 are used to estimate the uncertainty related to the choice of the showering and hadronization model. The effect due to uncertainties in \(m_{\mathrm{t}}\) is estimated using simulations with altered top quark masses. The cross section differences observed for an \(m_{\mathrm{t}}\) variation of 1\(\,\text {GeV}\) around the central value of 172.5\(\,\text {GeV}\) used in the simulation is quoted as the uncertainty.
The total systematic uncertainty is estimated by adding all the contributions described above in quadrature, separately for positive and negative cross section variations. If a systematic uncertainty results in two cross section variations of the same sign, the largest one is taken, while the opposite variation is set to zero.
8 Results
Normalized differential \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) cross sections are measured as a function of pairs of variables representing the kinematics of the top quark (only the top quark is taken and not the top antiquark, thus avoiding any double counting of events), and \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) system, defined in Sect. 1: \([p_{\mathrm {T}} (\mathrm{t}), y(\mathrm{t}) ]\), \([y(\mathrm{t}), M(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}) ]\), \([y(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}), M(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}) ]\), \([\varDelta \eta (\mathrm{t},\overline{\mathrm{t}}), M(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}) ]\), \([p_{\mathrm {T}} (\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}), M(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}) ]\), and \([\varDelta \phi (\mathrm{t},\overline{\mathrm{t}}), M(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}) ]\). These pairs are chosen in order to obtain representative combinations that are sensitive to different aspects of the \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) production dynamics, as will be discussed in the following.
In general, the systematic uncertainties are of similar size to the statistical uncertainties. The dominant systematic uncertainties are those in the signal modelling, which also are affected by the statistical uncertainties in the simulated samples that are used for the evaluation of these uncertainties. The largest experimental systematic uncertainty is the jet energy scale. The measured double-differential normalized \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) cross sections are compared in Figs. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13 to theoretical predictions obtained using different MC generators and fixed-order QCD calculations. The numerical values of the measured cross sections and their uncertainties are provided in Appendix A.
8.1 Comparison to MC models
The \(\chi ^2\) values and dof of the measured normalized double-differential \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) cross sections with respect to the various MC predictions
Cross section variables
\(\chi ^2\)
MadGraph +pythia 6
powheg +pythia 6
powheg +herwig 6
mc@nlo +herwig 6
\([p_{\mathrm {T}} (\mathrm{t}), y(\mathrm{t}) ]\)
\([y(\mathrm{t}), M(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}) ]\)
\([y(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}), M(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}) ]\)
\([\varDelta \eta (\mathrm{t},\overline{\mathrm{t}}), M(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}) ]\)
\([p_{\mathrm {T}} (\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}), M(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}) ]\)
\([\varDelta \phi (\mathrm{t},\overline{\mathrm{t}}), M(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}) ]\)
8.2 Comparison to fixed-order calculations
Fixed-order theoretical calculations for fully differential cross sections in inclusive \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) production are publicly available at NLO \(O(\alpha _s^3)\) in the fixed-flavour number scheme [18], where \(\alpha _s\) is the strong coupling strength. The exact fully differential NNLO \(O(\alpha _s^4)\) calculations for \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) production have recently appeared in the literature [56, 57], but are not yet publicly available. For higher orders, the cross sections as functions of single-particle kinematic variables have been calculated at approximate NNLO \(O(\alpha _s^4)\) [19] and next-to-next-to-next-to-leading-order \(O(\alpha _s^5)\) [58], using methods of threshold resummation beyond the leading-logarithmic accuracy.
The measured cross sections are compared with NLO QCD predictions based on several PDF sets. The predictions are calculated using the mcfm program (version 6.8) [59] and a number of the latest PDF sets, namely: ABM11 [60], CJ15 [61], CT14 [62], HERAPDF2.0 [63], JR14 [64], MMHT2014 [65], and NNPDF3.0 [66], available via the lhapdf interface (version 6.1.5) [67]. The number of active flavours is set to \(n_f = 5\) and the top quark pole mass \(m_{\mathrm{t}} = 172.5\) \(\,\text {GeV}\) is used. The effect of using \(n_f = 6\) in the PDF evolution, i.e. treating the top quark as a massless parton above threshold (as was done, e.g. in HERAPDF2.0 [63]), has been checked and the differences were found to be \({<}0.1\%\) (also see the corresponding discussion in Ref. [66]). The renormalization and factorization scales are chosen to be \(\mu _\mathrm {r} = \mu _\mathrm {f} = \sqrt{\smash [b]{m_{\mathrm{t}}^2+[p_{\mathrm {T}} ^2({\mathrm{t}})+p_{\mathrm {T}} ^2(\overline{\mathrm{t}})]/2}}\), whereas \(\alpha _s\) is set to the value used for the corresponding PDF extraction. The theoretical uncertainty is estimated by varying \(\mu _\mathrm {r}\) and \(\mu _\mathrm {f}\) independently up and down by a factor of 2, subject to the additional restriction that the ratio \(\mu _\mathrm {r} / \mu _\mathrm {f}\) be between 0.5 and 2 [68] (referred to hereafter as scale uncertainties). These uncertainties are supposed to estimate the missing higher-order corrections. The PDF uncertainties are taken into account in the theoretical predictions for each PDF set. The PDF uncertainties of CJ15 [61] and CT14 [62], evaluated at 90% CL, are rescaled to the 68% CL. The uncertainties in the normalized \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) cross sections originating from \(\alpha _s\) and \(m_{\mathrm{t}}\) are found to be negligible (\({<}1\%\)) compared to the current data precision and thus are not considered.
For the double-differential cross section as a function of \(p_{\mathrm {T}} (\mathrm{t})\) and \(y(\mathrm{t})\), approximate NNLO predictions [19] are obtained using the DiffTop program [4, 69, 70]. In this calculation, the scales are set to \(\mu _\mathrm {r} = \mu _\mathrm {f} = \sqrt{\smash [b]{m_{\mathrm{t}}^2+p_{\mathrm {T}} ^2({\mathrm{t}})}}\) and NNLO variants of the PDF sets are used. For the ABM PDFs, the recent version ABM12 [71] is used, which is available only at NNLO. Predictions using DiffTop are not available for the rest of the measured cross sections that involve \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) kinematic variables.
The \(\chi ^2\) values and dof of the double-differential normalized \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) cross sections with respect to NLO \(O(\alpha _s^3)\) theoretical calculations [18] using different PDF sets. The \(\chi ^2\) values that include PDF uncertainties are shown in parentheses
Cross section variables
\(\chi ^2\) NLO \(O(\alpha _s^3)\) (including PDF uncertainties)
\([p_{\mathrm {T}} (\mathrm{t}), y(\mathrm{t}) ]\)
46 (40)
26 (24)
24 (21)
28 (25)
62 (51)
47 (47)
27 (24)
\([y(\mathrm{t}), M(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}) ]\)
52 (44)
22 (20)
19 (18)
14 (14)
71 (55)
44 (44)
26 (24)
\([y(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}), M(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}) ]\)
29 (25)
15 (15)
16 (15)
10 (10)
42 (31)
25 (25)
16 (16)
\([\varDelta \eta (\mathrm{t},\overline{\mathrm{t}}), M(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}) ]\)
46 (43)
31 (31)
32 (31)
45 (42)
48 (44)
39 (39)
33 (33)
\([p_{\mathrm {T}} (\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}), M(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}) ]\)
485 (429)
377 (310)
379 (264)
251 (212)
553 (426)
428 (415)
413 (398)
\([\varDelta \phi (\mathrm{t},\overline{\mathrm{t}}), M(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}) ]\)
354 (336)
293 (272)
296 (259)
148 (143)
386 (335)
329 (324)
312 (308)
Cross section variables
\(\chi ^2\) approximate NNLO \(O(\alpha _s^4)\)
\([p_{\mathrm {T}} (\mathrm{t}), y(\mathrm{t}) ]\)
The data-to-theory comparisons illustrate the power of the measured normalized cross sections as a function of \([p_{\mathrm {T}} (\mathrm{t}), y(\mathrm{t}) ]\), \([y(\mathrm{t}), M(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}) ]\), and \([y(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}), M(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}) ]\) to eventually distinguish between modern PDF sets. Such a study is performed on these data and described in the next section. The remaining measured normalized cross sections as a function of \([\varDelta \eta (\mathrm{t},\overline{\mathrm{t}}), M(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}) ]\), \([p_{\mathrm {T}} (\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}), M(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}) ]\), and \([\varDelta \phi (\mathrm{t},\overline{\mathrm{t}}), M(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}) ]\) could be used for this purpose as well, once higher-order QCD calculations become publicly available to match the data precision. Moreover, since the latter distributions are more sensitive to QCD radiation, they will provide additional input in testing improvements to the perturbative calculations.
9 The PDF fit
The double-differential normalized \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) cross sections are used in a PDF fit at NLO, together with the combined HERA inclusive deep inelastic scattering (DIS) data [63] and the CMS measurement of the \(\mathrm {W}^\pm \) boson charge asymmetry at \(\sqrt{s} = 8\) \(\,\text {TeV}\) [72]. The fitted PDFs are also compared to the ones obtained in the recently published CMS measurement of inclusive jet production at 8\(\,\text {TeV}\) [8]. The xFitter program (formerly known as HERAFitter) [73] (version 1.2.0), an open-source QCD fit framework for PDF determination, is used. The precise HERA DIS data, obtained from the combination of individual H1 and ZEUS results, are directly sensitive to the valence and sea quark distributions and probe the gluon distribution through scaling violations. Therefore, these data form the core of all PDF fits. The CMS \(\mathrm {W}^\pm \) boson charge asymmetry data provide further constraints on the valence quark distributions, as discussed in Ref. [72]. The measured double-differential normalized \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) cross sections are included in the fit to constrain the gluon distribution at high x values. The typical probed x values can be estimated using the LO kinematic relation \(x = (M(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}})/\sqrt{s})\exp {[\pm y(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}})]}\). Therefore, the present measurement is expected to be sensitive to x values in the region \(0.01 \lesssim x \lesssim 0.25\), as estimated using the highest or lowest \(|y(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}) |\) or \(M(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}})\) bins and taking the low or high bin edge where the cross section is largest (see Table 11).
9.1 Details of the PDF fit
The scale evolution of partons is calculated through DGLAP equations [74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80] at NLO, as implemented in the qcdnum program [81] (version 17.01.11). The Thorne–Roberts [82, 83, 84] variable-flavour number scheme at NLO is used for the treatment of the heavy-quark contributions. The number of flavours is set to 5, with c and b quark mass parameters \(M_{\mathrm{c}}= 1.47\) \(\,\text {GeV}\) and \(M_{\mathrm{b}} = 4.5\) \(\,\text {GeV}\) [63]. The theoretical predictions for the \(\mathrm {W}^\pm \) boson charge asymmetry data are calculated at NLO [85] using the mcfm program, which is interfaced with ApplGrid (version 1.4.70) [86], as described in Ref. [72]. For the DIS and \(\mathrm {W}^\pm \) boson charge asymmetry data \(\mu _\mathrm {r}\) and \(\mu _\mathrm {f}\) are set to Q, which denotes the four-momentum transfer in the case of the DIS data, and the mass of the \(\mathrm {W}^{\pm }\) boson in the case of the \(\mathrm {W}^\pm \) boson charge asymmetry. The theoretical predictions for the \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) cross sections are calculated as described in Sect. 8.2 and included in the fit using the mcfm and ApplGrid programs. The strong coupling strength is set to \(\alpha _s(m_{\mathrm{Z}}) = 0.118\). The \(Q^2\) range of the HERA data is restricted to \(Q^2 > Q^2_\text {min} = 3.5\,\text {GeV} ^2\) [63].
The parameters in Eq. (7) are selected by first fitting with all D, E, and F parameters set to zero, and then including them independently one at a time in the fit. The improvement in the \(\chi ^2\) of the fit is monitored and the procedure is stopped when no further improvement is observed. This leads to an 18-parameter fit. The \(\chi ^2\) definition used for the HERA DIS data follows that of Eq. (32) in Ref. [63]. It includes an additional logarithmic term that is relevant when the estimated statistical and uncorrelated systematic uncertainties in the data are rescaled during the fit [89]. For the CMS \(\mathrm {W}^\pm \) boson charge asymmetry and \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) data presented here a \(\chi ^2\) definition without such a logarithmic term is employed. The full covariance matrix representing the statistical and uncorrelated systematic uncertainties of the data is used in the fit. The correlated systematic uncertainties are treated through nuisance parameters. For each nuisance parameter a penalty term is added to the \(\chi ^2\), representing the prior knowledge of the parameter. The treatment of the experimental uncertainties for the HERA DIS and CMS \(\mathrm {W}^\pm \) boson charge asymmetry data follows the prescription given in Refs. [63] and [72], respectively. The treatment of the experimental uncertainties in the \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) double-differential cross section measurements follows the prescription given in Sect. 8.1. The experimental systematic uncertainties owing to the PDFs are omitted in the PDF fit.
The PDF uncertainties are estimated according to the general approach of HERAPDF2.0 [63] in which the fit, model, and parametrization uncertainties are taken into account. Fit uncertainties are determined using the tolerance criterion of \(\varDelta \chi ^2 =1\). Model uncertainties arise from the variations in the values assumed for the b and c quark mass parameters of \(4.25\le M_{\mathrm{b}}\le 4.75\,\text {GeV} \) and \(1.41\le M_{\mathrm{c}}\le 1.53\,\text {GeV} \), the strangeness fraction \(0.3 \le f_{\mathrm{s}} \le 0.4\), and the value of \(Q^2_{\text {min}}\) imposed on the HERA data. The latter is varied within \(2.5 \le Q^2_{\text {min}}\le 5.0\,\text {GeV} ^2\), following Ref. [63]. The parametrization uncertainty is estimated by extending the functional form in Eq. (7) of all parton distributions with additional parameters D, E, and F added one at a time. Furthermore, \(\mu _\mathrm {f0}^2\) is changed to 1.6 and \(2.2\,\text {GeV} ^2\). The parametrization uncertainty is constructed as an envelope at each x value, built from the maximal differences between the PDFs resulting from the central fit and all parametrization variations. This uncertainty is valid in the x range covered by the PDF fit to the data. The total PDF uncertainty is obtained by adding the fit, model, and parametrization uncertainties in quadrature. In the following, the quoted uncertainties correspond to 68% CL.
9.2 Impact of the double-differential \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) cross section measurements
The global and partial \(\chi ^2\)/dof values for all variants of the PDF fit. The variant of the fit that uses the DIS and \(\mathrm {W}^\pm \) boson charge asymmetry data only is denoted as 'Nominal fit'. Each double-differential \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) cross section is added (\(+\)) to the nominal data, one at a time. For the HERA measurements, the energy of the proton beam, \(E_{\mathrm {p}}\), is listed for each data set, with the electron energy being \(E_{\mathrm {e}}=27.5\,\text {GeV} \), CC and NC stand for charged and neutral current, respectively. The correlated \(\chi ^2\) and the log-penalty \(\chi ^2\) entries refer to the \(\chi ^2\) contributions from the nuisance parameters and from the logarithmic term, respectively, as described in the text
Data sets
\(\chi ^2\)/dof
Nominal fit
\(+ [p_{\mathrm {T}} (\mathrm{t}), y(\mathrm{t}) ]\)
\(+ [y(\mathrm{t}), M(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}) ]\)
\( + [y(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}), M(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}) ]\)
CMS double-differential \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\)
10 / 15
7.4 / 15
7.6 / 15
HERA CC \(\mathrm {e}^-\mathrm {p}\), \(E_{\mathrm {p}}=920\) \(\,\text {GeV}\)
57 / 42
56 / 42
56 / 42
57 / 42
HERA CC \(\mathrm {e}^+\mathrm {p}\), \(E_{\mathrm {p}}=920\) \(\,\text {GeV}\)
44 / 39
44 / 39
44 / 39
43 / 39
HERA NC \(\mathrm {e}^-\mathrm {p}\), \(E_{\mathrm {p}}=920\) \(\,\text {GeV}\)
219 / 159
219 / 159
219 / 159
218 / 159
HERA NC \(\mathrm {e}^+\mathrm {p}\), \(E_{\mathrm {p}}=920\) \(\,\text {GeV}\)
440 / 377
437 / 377
439 / 377
441 / 377
HERA NC \(\mathrm {e}^+\mathrm {p}\), \(E_{\mathrm {p}}=820\) \(\,\text {GeV}\)
69 / 70
68 / 70
68 / 70
69 / 70
HERA NC \(\mathrm {e}^+\mathrm {p}\), \(E_{\mathrm {p}}=575\) \(\,\text {GeV}\)
221 / 254
220 / 254
221 / 254
221 / 254
HERA NC \(\mathrm {e}^+\mathrm {p}\), \(E_{\mathrm {p}}=460\) \(\,\text {GeV}\)
219 / 204
219 / 204
219 / 204
219 / 204
CMS \(\mathrm {W}^{\pm }\) asymmetry
4.7 / 11
4.6 / 11
4.8 / 11
4.9 / 11
Correlated \(\chi ^2\)
Log-penalty \(\chi ^2\)
Total \(\chi ^2\)/dof
1352 / 1138
1368 / 1153
1368 / 1153
1366 / 1153
9.3 Comparison to the impact of single-differential \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) cross section measurements
10 Summary
A measurement of normalized double-differential \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) production cross sections in pp collisions at \(\sqrt{s}=8\,\text {TeV} \) has been presented. The measurement is performed in the \(\mathrm {e}^{\pm }\mu ^{\mp }\) final state, using data collected with the CMS detector at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.7\(\,\text {fb}^{-1}\). The normalized \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) cross section is measured in the full phase space as a function of different pairs of kinematic variables describing the top quark or \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) system. None of the tested MC models is able to correctly describe all the double-differential distributions. The data exhibit a softer transverse momentum \(p_{\mathrm {T}} (\mathrm{t})\) distribution, compared to the Monte Carlo predictions, as was reported in previous single-differential \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) cross section measurements. The double-differential studies reveal a broader distribution of rapidity \(y(\mathrm{t})\) at high \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) invariant mass \(M(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}})\) and a larger pseudorapidity separation \(\varDelta \eta (\mathrm{t},\overline{\mathrm{t}})\) at moderate \(M(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}})\) in data compared to simulation. The data are in reasonable agreement with next-to-leading-order predictions of quantum chromodynamics using recent sets of parton distribution functions (PDFs).
The measured double-differential cross sections have been incorporated into a PDF fit, together with other data from HERA and the LHC. Including the \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) data, one observes a significant reduction in the uncertainties in the gluon distribution at large values of parton momentum fraction x, in particular when using the double-differential \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) cross section as a function of \(y(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}})\) and \(M(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}})\). The constraints provided by these data are competitive with those from inclusive jet data. This improvement exceeds that from using single-differential \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) cross section data, thus strongly suggesting the use of the double-differential \(\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\) measurements in PDF fits.
We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centres and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: the Austrian Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy and the Austrian Science Fund; the Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique, and Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; the Brazilian Funding Agencies (CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, and FAPESP); the Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science; CERN; the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, and National Natural Science Foundation of China; the Colombian Funding Agency (COLCIENCIAS); the Croatian Ministry of Science, Education and Sport, and the Croatian Science Foundation; the Research Promotion Foundation, Cyprus; the Secretariat for Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation, Ecuador; the Ministry of Education and Research, Estonian Research Council via IUT23-4 and IUT23-6 and European Regional Development Fund, Estonia; the Academy of Finland, Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture, and Helsinki Institute of Physics; the Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules/CNRS, and Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/CEA, France; the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, and Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren, Germany; the General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Greece; the National Scientific Research Foundation, and National Innovation Office, Hungary; the Department of Atomic Energy and the Department of Science and Technology, India; the Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics, Iran; the Science Foundation, Ireland; the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Italy; the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, and National Research Foundation (NRF), Republic of Korea; the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences; the Ministry of Education, and University of Malaya (Malaysia); the Mexican Funding Agencies (BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI); the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, New Zealand; the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission; the Ministry of Science and Higher Education and the National Science Centre, Poland; the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal; JINR, Dubna; the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, the Federal Agency of Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation, Russian Academy of Sciences, the Russian Foundation for Basic Research and the Russian Competitiveness Program of NRNU MEPhI; the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of Serbia; the Secretaría de Estado de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Programa Consolider-Ingenio 2010, Plan de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación 2013–2017 del Principado de Asturias and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, Spain; the Swiss Funding Agencies (ETH Board, ETH Zurich, PSI, SNF, UniZH, Canton Zurich, and SER); the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taipei; the Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics, the Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology of Thailand, Special Task Force for Activating Research and the National Science and Technology Development Agency of Thailand; the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey, and Turkish Atomic Energy Authority; the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, and State Fund for Fundamental Researches, Ukraine; the Science and Technology Facilities Council, UK; the US Department of Energy, and the US National Science Foundation. Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie programme and the European Research Council and EPLANET (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A. P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS programme of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund, the Mobility Plus programme of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the National Science Center (Poland), contracts Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, and 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406; the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Programa Clarín-COFUND del Principado de Asturias; the Thalis and Aristeia programmes cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); and the Welch Foundation, contract C-1845.


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Peacock Spikemoss
Peacock Spikemoss
Selaginella uncinataItem #7702 USDA Hardiness Zone: 6 - 10
AvailabilityPre-Order Now Add to Favorites
Plant Description
Named after its striking, iridescent, bluish-green summer foliage that changes to a rusty-rose in the winter months. It is a semi-evergreen, spreading groundcover that is winter hardy in zone 6, once established.
- OverviewLight Needs:Full shadeWatering Needs:Water regularly, when top 3 in. of soil is dry.Average Landscape Size:Slowly spreads, growing 3 to 6 in. tall.Key Feature:GroundcoverBlooms:InconspicuousLandscape Uses:
- DetailPlant type:FernDeciduous/evergreen:Semi-evergreenGrowth habit:SpreadingGrowth rate:SlowAverage landscape size:Slowly spreads, growing 3 to 6 in. tall.Special features:Dramatic Foliage Color, Gift PlantFoliage color:Blue-greenBlooms:InconspicuousDesign IdeasThis dramatic shade plant looks terrific planted under Azaleas and Maples, or trailing from hanging baskets on the patio.
- CareCare InformationFollow a regular watering schedule during the first growing season to establish a deep, extensive root system. As a groundcover, space plants 2 ft. to 3 ft. apart, (closer for faster coverage). Control weeds with mulch until the plants cover the area.Light Needs:Full shadeWatering Needs:Water regularly, when top 3 in. of soil is dry.


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another quicky question, for testing purposes I did a fresh formatted install of OS, drivers, software etc. and installed my WebAssist in a particular order...now my question is, when I install the next extension in my list I will have a dialog box pop up stating "there is a newer version of the file..." do you want to replace it..now of course I dont want to replace a newer file...however by not doing so im having to click on "No"...however there are like a massive amount of 'newer' files I dont want replacing so im having to click on 'No' so much that my mouse will end up wearing out faster then it should. It also works the other way, some WebAssist asks to replace 'older' files (but of course there is a 'Yes to all' button I can click on, except I know for a fact that some extensions have both older and newer files, so I cant just click 'yes to all'. the files being replaced are mainly image files, but equally there are a lot of javascript and htm files. So What is the best practice for doing a fresh install? Can I just click 'yes to all' even if its replacing with older files? (because clicking individually 'no' is just plain crazy.
here is the order of my files being installed:
DataAssist 2.10
Universal Email 4.01
eCart 5.03
Framework Builder 1.02
Form Toolkit 1.00
HTML Editor 3.02
Secruity Assist 2.04
Please could you give me advice the replacing of older files?


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If you see the address fields of Lead, you will be able to find some fields such as Address1_line1, Address1_city, Address2_line1, Address2_City2 and etc. If you go to customization area you can increase the maximum length of those fields. Unfortunately, publishing too is possible.
Since it is publishable one can think, everything is fine, but still actually field length is not changed. Tricky part is you may be able to create records sometimes, but when you try to create record with long data for those fields you will get an error.
Anyway, reason for this issue is, CRM is keeping those data in a separate table, which is not being modified through usual customization process. (I guess) Check the way, actual address fields of Lead are kept in a different table. It shows the actual maximum lengths you can go for. This is bit misleading since you are allowed to publish the entity after changing those fields.
I wonder if anyone has tried changing those database fields outside the CRM.


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CNA training can help prepare you for many aspects of your job in the medical field. You will be taught how to care for your patients, how to deal with behavioral problems, and even how to cope with the death of one of your patients. One thing that your CNA training may not prepare you for, however, is your coworkers. Each one cares for their patients in a different way and will have various personalities. Here are just a few you may come into contact with.
CNA Training Doesn't Exactly Cover Staff Personalities
CNA Training & The Positive CNA Team Players
After CNA training, you will come across many coworkers who make the hospital, nursing home, or medical center a better place to work. Many times, these coworkers are hard working and helpful. Every time someone calls in for a day off, these workers are called to fill their place because management knows they are reliable and will hardly ever say no.
While at work, these CNAs make sure everything gets done. They take pride in their careers and it shows in all they do. If they have a spare minute, you will not find them lounging around. They will be helping others complete their tasks. These aides always have a kind word for the patients and treat them with the utmost respect and care.
The Worst Personalities you may Come Across after CNA Training
As with every profession, there is always good and bad to deal with. Working as a CNA is no exception. Here are some personalities you may clash with after you have completed your CNA training.
- Almost every institution has a CNA who has been around for a while and who considers himself the top dog at the facility. He or she may believe he knows everything there is to know about taking care of the patients and will expect you to follow any orders he gives out. Always refer back to what you learned in your CNA training and do the right thing, regardless of others actions.
- Sadly, some aides are simply working for a paycheck and do not really care about the well being of the patients or the stress of their coworkers. Many times, these aides finish their work sloppily and as quickly as possible. They may hide in their patients' rooms afterward to avoid being asked to perform any other tasks. These workers frequently call in sick and expect others to pick up the slack.
- Generally, supplies are stocked on a regular basis by other CNAs or a housekeeping staff at the facility. Some aides frequently check these supplies and stock up on all the essentials they will need, and then some. This may leave other aides with very little supplies, which can be frustrating.
- Unfortunately, some aides, regardless of their CNA training, have little to no respect for their patients. They will speak to the patients like they are babies, ignore them, or will yell at them when they think no one is watching. These aides generally do not last very long as CNAs, because the job requires a lot of patience, love, and respect, all of which these CNAs (regardless of their CNA training) do not possess.
CNA training may not be able to prepare you for how to deal with staff members, but it will teach you how to care for you patients, and that is what is important. Those who have the respect of the patients and show respect in return are generally happier with their career and don't have to worry very much about the bad attitudes of a few coworkers.
Note: Regardless of which CNA training you choose, remember, your unique convictions and personality will shine through. Take your CNA training, but never compromise your work ethic or what you believe in.


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original poster wrote:Very good points, Ad Hawk.
I guess the state and feeling of the team is going to resonate through this forum given how linked we are to them.
Good points
You said in one line what I tried to say in many lines.
We are linked to the team closely, and it's ups and downs will be echoed here.


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Rustic naked berry cake
By bmichellebakeshop
Hello, 2017! I hope you all had a good holiday season, and are feeling mobilized for this fresh, new year. Let's hope there is more celebrate in 2017 than the year-who-must-not-be-named…
The start of the new year has reminded me I have some blogging to do! Let's start with this sweet, lovely naked wedding cake, made last fall for the wedding of my equally sweet and lovely little sis to her college sweetheart.
This naked vanilla wedding cake with summer berries was perfect in the farm setting and historic barn wedding reception venue. They even cut and finished a huge tree stump for a rustic wedding cake stand. How cool is that?!
I was thrilled to be a part of my little sister's wedding, and even more thrilled to welcome a new brother to the family! Congratulations to the sweet couple – this is just the beginning!
*Second and last photos by Melissa Sigler Photography.
2 Comments on Rustic naked berry cake
That is a beautiful cake and would be perfect for a summer wedding. Did you make the letters on top?Reply


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Check it out...
This is my stash from both CVS and Rite-Aid...
2 boxes of Raisin Bran
2 boxes of Cheerios
1 boxes of Kashi Go Lean Crunch
1 giant Hershey's with Almonds bar
1 regular size Snickers
2 cans Bumble Bee tuna
2 Burt's Bees Head-to-Toe Starter Kits
A lotta stuff, right? Face value at the (overpriced) drug stores equals approximately $58.50, pre-tax.
Ready to hear what I paid? 'Cause I can't draw out the suspense any longer. I'm so excited!
(Where are the flashing lights when you need them? LOL)
Plus, plus, plus.... I received $5.88 back in CVS dollars!
So not only did I get to bring all that home, but I actually made a profit of
Woot woot!!! Go, Kate, Go!


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For Dave Taylor, the story of a King working to overcome a debilitating speech impediment is more than a movie plot.
It's his life.
The former Kings captain, like the English monarch portrayed by Colin Firth in the critically acclaimed "The King's Speech," is a stutterer.
And like King George VI of Britain, who confronted his speech disorder before taking over the throne in 1937, Taylor has subjugated his stammer to the point where few are probably even aware of it.
"I've really made some good strides and I'm proud of that fact," Taylor says. "I was able to take something that really controlled me and turn it to where I had most of the control."


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Introduction to Top Master Programme in Nanoscience
Introduction to Top Master Programme in Nanoscience
The Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials (ZIAM) is responsible for the Top Master Programme in Nanoscience. This is a two-year international English-language Master's degree, open to excellent students with a Bachelor's degree in physics, chemistry or materials science. The programme is composed of 120 ECTS of study elements. We aim to admit 15 students per year, at least 50% of them from abroad. A leaflet with information about the programme is available.
Students are pre-selected on the basis of academic potential and excellent results in their Bachelor's phase, supported by a letter of application explaining their motivation, a list of accomplishments, and letters of recommendation. Pre-selected students will normally be invited for an interview in Groningen. Full scholarships are available for a part of the admitted students, conditional on they are making sufficient progress.
ZIAM will try to find for all students who complete the program a PhD position at the Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials. A PhD in The Netherlands normally takes four years, after the Master's degree has been obtained. For exceptionallyw gifted students, it may be possible to combine the second year of the Top Master Programme with the first year of the PhD Programme, leading to a MSc/PhD-programme of five instead of six years duration.
The Top Master Programme in Nanoscience aims at an interdisciplinary training in modern materials science, with a focus on nanoscale phenomena. Teachers and supervisors associated with the programme represent the excellent research groups taking part in the research programme of the Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials. Students are submitted to a challenging and highly demanding curriculum, combining both the broadness and depth necessary for a successful research career in modern materials science.
Upon successful completion of the Top Master Programme in Nanoscience, the student will be in an excellent position for a career in research in nanoscience and nanotechnology.
Quality assurance
All government-funded Dutch university programmes have to be assessed every six years by the organization QANU, and subsequenlty obtain an accreditation by the government-mandated organization NVAO. The Top Master Programme in Nanoscience was assessed in 2007 and 2012, resulting in highly positive reports on both occasions, and continuous accreditation under CROHO label 60618.
On 19 March 2008, the Dutch-Flemish Accreditation Organisation (NVAO) decided to extend the accreditation of the Top Master Programme in Nanoscience until 31 December 2013. Furthermore, on 5 August 2008, NVAO has decided to award the special label exceptional quality to seven aspects of this Programme: the intake and admission requirements, sufficient capacity of staff, sufficient accommodation and material facilities, adequate student support and guidance, involvement of stakeholders, realization of intended final qualifications, success rates in line with targets.
It was the first time ever the NVAO has awarded such a highly positive distinction to a master programme.
On 22 April 2013, the Dutch-Flemish Accreditation Organisation (NVAO) decided to extend the accreditation of the Top Master Programme in Nanoscience until 31 December 2019. Furthermore, along with this decisions the NVAO has decided to award the special label excellent to all main aspects of this Programme: Intended learning outcomes, Teaching-learning environment, Assessment and achieved learning outcomes, and General conclusion of the assessment.
This was the second time that this Programme got such exceptionally high distinctions. Citing from the reports: "The programme systematically well surpasses the generic quality standards across its entire spectrum and is regarded as an (inter)national example". The QANU committee also wrote: "...the committee wants to exemplify this programme as a 'best practice' for other master's programmes in Nanoscience (national and international)."
- Download the latest full NVAO decision report and the QANU assessment report (2007 / 2013), accompanied with a press release in december 2012
Programme organization
The Top Master Programme in Nanoscience is carried out by scientific staff of the Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials (ZIAM). It is a relatively small, selective master programme with a strong emphasis on research. On all aspects, the programme has very active and close interactions with ZIAM, and this makes that it is a special master program for our university. In addition, it is a hybrid programme in that it unites subjects conventionally taught in either physics or in chemistry. For its organizational structure, and the rules and regulations for its education, Nanoscience is part of the educational programme of the Faculty of Science and Engineering (FSE) of the University of Groningen, and it is supported by the Education Support Centre (ESC) of this Faculty.
All FSE master's degree programmes fall under the director of the GSSE who delegates the direction of each programme to a deputy director. The deputy director responsible for the TopMaster programme Nanoscience is currently dr. Thomas L. C. Jansen (appointed for the period 1/1/2017 untill 1/1/2020), who succeeded prof. dr. ir. Caspar H. van der Wal (1/11/2010 - 31/12/2016).
The programme coordinator is drs. Karin de Jonge (contact: firstname.lastname@example.com). She is responsible for the day-to-day management of the Top Master Programme in Nanoscience.
For academic advising within the programme, all students frequently interact with the programme director. This includes coaching of the transition to a PhD position at the end of the Programme. In addition, a mentor (a staff member of the Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials) is assigned to each student for coaching on study performance, and more individual advising on study and career choices. For any other topics, as an external advisor, an academic advisor from the Education Support Centre is associated with the programme.
On a weekly basis, the programme director, programme coordinator (and when useful the academic advisor) meet for the so-called three-way consultations ('triangle'). Frequently student members of the programme committee are present for consultation.
The programme has an External Advisory Panel (January 2018) with the following members:
- Hagan Bayley (professor University of Oxford, Chair)
- Wim van der Zande (research director ASML)
- Jasper Compaijen (NEDAP, alumnus 2009-2011 cohort Master Nanoscience)
- Antoine van Oijen (professor School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong)
The chair is also the chair of the International Advisory Board of the Zernike Institute.
More information
- Rules for obtaining a PhD-position from the Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials are in charge, upon obtaining the MSc degree.
- Rules for obtaining the epithets Cum laude and Summa cum laude on the Master of Science diploma.
- Application and admission
- Curriculum outline
- Students in the programme
|Last modified:
|17 September 2018 3.49 p.m.