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September 24, 2010
BRIC sovereign wealth funds: The external wealth of governments Research Briefing Economics & politics Author Markus Jaeger +1 212 250 - 6971 firstname.lastname@example.com Editor Maria Laura Lanzeni Technical Assistant Bettina Giesel Deutsche Bank Research Frankfurt am Main Germany Internet: www.dbresearch.com E-mail: email@example.com Fax: +49 69 910-31877 Managing Director Thomas Mayer — FX reserve accumulation in the BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China) continues. FX reserve accumulation is di fficult to justify in terms of "risk insurance" . All four BRIC governments are net foreign (currency) creditors and external financing requirements are small. Even if private - sector foreign liabilities are taken into account, BRIC external balance sheets look strong. — Financially, the BRIC governments will suffer increasing financial losses on their rising foreign asset holdings. Investing foreign assets more aggressively through sovereign wealth funds may help limit losses, but is very unlikely to avoid loss - making altogether. This may not be negative in terms of economic development and growth, but it will result in continued, tangible financial opportunity costs and (quasi - ) fiscal losses. — Three of the four BRIC countries have established sovereign wealth funds (SWFs). The SWFs differ in terms of size, financing modalities and investment strategies. Only Russia can properly be said to have a savings fund. Brazil's FSB might turn into one provided the expected surge in energy pr oduction and exports leads to both current and fiscal account surpluses later this decade. — Among the BRICs, China holds by far the largest "excess" FX reserves. Equally significantly, China, and more specifically the Chinese govern ment, will continue to w itness a massive rise in gross (and net) foreign asset holdings over the coming years. Generally speaking, the large net position will afford China and the other BRICs with very significant scope to pursue economic, financial and political objectives – or various combinations thereof. BRIC sovereign wealth funds The external wealth of governments September 24, 2010 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 0 100 200 300 400 500 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010F Brazil India Russia China (right) Source: IIF Strong rise in FX reserves USD bn Research Briefing 2 September 24, 2010 FX reserve accumulation continues (apace) BRIC FX reserve accumulation continues (apace). As far as the BRICs are concerned, FX reserve accumulation is increasingly difficult to justify in terms of ―risk insurance―: all four BRIC govern- ments are net foreign (currency) creditors (chart 1). Even if private- sector debt is included, national balance sheets look strong as far as solvency and liquidity are concerned (chart 2). The performance of the BRICs throughout the crisis has also demonstrated their resilience, if not in terms of growth, at least in terms of financial stability. FX reserve accumulation is therefore characterised by diminishing returns in terms of insurance and increasing financial opportunity costs and (quasi-)fiscal losses. BRIC (and often EM) FX reserve accumulation is being driven by objectives other than risk reduction and financial return, namely: limiting exchange-rate volatility and/or preventing exchange-rate appreciation. By setting up sovereign wealth funds (SWF) with the goal of investing ―excess reserves― more aggressively, the BRIC (and several other EMs) implicitly acknowledge as much. Unfavourable financial return prospects Unless a government runs a fiscal surplus, it (or the central bank) needs to issue interest-bearing debt equivalent to the amount of FX reserve accumulation if FX purchases are to be fully sterilised. Similarly, unless an economy runs a current account surplus, FX reserve accumulation needs to be financed by an increase in foreign liabilities, whether in the form of debt or equity. For much of the 2000s, Russia ran both a fiscal and a current account surplus. China registered a current account surplus only. Brazil and India, by contrast, were running ―twin deficits― (chart 3). From a sovereign perspective, financial returns on FX reserves are determined by the on-shore/off-shore interest rate differential, valuation changes and exchange rate effects. First, to the extent that the BRIC central banks issue sterilisation instruments, they will tend to run a ―negative carry―, that is, they pay a higher interest on their domestic liabilities than they receive on their foreign assets. (China proved to be an exception in this regard during parts of the 2000s.) Second, valuation gains from exchange rate-depreciation vary. However, given relatively low inflation and faster productivity growth in the BRICs, valuations gains will likely be more limited than in the past. (China is even likely to sustain significant losses on the back of seemingly inevitable nominal exchange-rate appreciation.) Third, valuation gains tend to be limited given that a significant share of FX reserve assets is typically invested in short-term, high- grade debt (e.g. Treasury bills). The financial return prospects are not much better from a country perspective 1 . Depending on the country, valuation losses may remain ―unrealised‖, but losses resulting from a negative carry represent an actual cost to the public sector. While initially the (quasi-)fiscal losses can be justified by declining external risk premia (esp. Brazil and Russia) (chart 4), ―excess‖ FX reserve accumulation is more difficult to justify. Especially in the case of Brazil and India, countries with high levels of domestic debt and high domestic interest rates, it would be preferable to limit ―excess― FX reserve accumulation financed by domestic debt 1 For a discussion of why the BRICs lose money on their foreign position, see DB Research. Why it is time for the BRIC to liberalise capital outflows. September 2010. BR CN IN RU - 10 0 10 - 6 - 4 - 2 0 2 4 6 Current account GG fiscal balance Only Russia ran "twin surpluses" % of GDP, 2000 - 08 avg. Source: DB Research 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Brazil China India Russia Net sovereign foreign creditors Net sov. for. assets, % of GDP, 2009 Source: Fitch 1 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 Brazil Russia China 5Y CDS spreads, bp Source: DB Global Markets Very low risk premia 4 50.6 0.7 32.7 7.1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Brazil China India Russia Very comfortable external liquidity position External financing requirements, % of FX reserves, 2010 Source: DB Research 2 BR CN IN RU - 10 0 10 - 6 - 4 - 2 0 2 4 6 Current account GG fiscal balance Only Russia ran "twin surpluses" % of GDP, 2000 - 08 avg. Source: DB Research 3 BRIC sovereign wealth funds September 24, 2010 3 issuance, as it adds to upward pressure on domestic interest rates (chart 5). Although generating returns on official assets is not the primary objective and the fiscal costs are not prohibitive (chart 7), it does make sense to invest ―excess reserves― more aggressively to generate higher returns. This is why three of the four BRIC governments have set up SWFs. They differ in important respects (chart 6). India has been debating the creation of an USD 10 bn SWF 2 . Russia – Reserve & National Welfare Funds Russia is a textbook example of a resource-dependent economy. Running both current account and fiscal surpluses throughout much of the 2000s, it made a tremendous amount of sense to absorb external surpluses into FX reserves and use the fiscal surpluses to sterilise the purchases by depositing them into an oil stabilisation fund. Russia is highly dependent on the export of volatile, largely non-renewable commodities. So is the government, indirectly. Accumulating FX reserves makes sense from both a ―stabilisation― (volatile revenues, ―Dutch disease―) and ―savings― (inter-temporal equity) point of view. In 2008, the Oil Stabilisation Fund, created in 2004, was split into a Reserve Fund and National Welfare Fund (chart 8). The former was capped at 10% of GDP and its purpose was to provide the government with funds to finance future fiscal deficits. The latter aims at inter-temporal savings, mainly to support future pension outlays. The Reserve Fund currently has USD 39 bn under management, down from its peak of USD 143 bn just before the global financial crisis in mid-2008. The Reserve Fund only invests in foreign government bonds. The National Welfare Fund is worth USD 86 bn. The Fund can invest in higher-risk assets, including domestic assets, such as loans to domestic banks. The future size of the funds will critically depend on future oil prices and government fiscal performance. However, it currently looks as if the Reserve Fund may be depleted by 2011 owing to persistent fiscal deficits. China – CIC, SAFE & Co. Unlike Russia, China has been running large and persistent current account surpluses and, indeed, capital account surpluses, but for the most part small fiscal deficits (chart 9). In combination with a relatively fixed exchange rate, the central bank had to absorb these surpluses in the form of FX reserves. 2 Truman, E. The Case for an Indian Sovereign Wealth Fund. September 2010 0 20 40 60 80 100 00 02 04 06 08 Brazil China India Russia Brazil & India vs China & Russia GG debt, % of GDP Sources: DB Research, Fitch 5 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 2010 2009 2008 National Welfare Fund Reserve Fund Sizeable decline in Russian sovereign holdings USD bn Source: MinFin 8 Sovereign financial position USD bn (latest if not indicated otherwise) FX reserves Gross GG dom. debt (2009) Gross GG for. debt (2009) SWF assets Brazil 255 1,022.8 55.7 8.6 China 2,454 847.8 4.8 > 600* India 280 1,008.5 56.7 --- Russia 456 95.3 35.2 125.0 * CIC, SAFE Sources: PIIE, DB Research, Fitch, IMF 6 Estimated (quasi - ) fiscal losses of holding FX reserves % of GDP (unless otherwise indicated) BR CN IN RU "Negative carry"*, % 10.1 2.2 5.4 2.9 FX reserve stock (latest) 15 50 25 36 Costs of carrying FX reserves 1.4 1.0 1.2 0.9 Valuation losses in case of 10% FX appreciation 1.4 4.5 2.3 3.3 * Short - term on - shore /US Treasury interest rate differential Source: DB Research 7 Research Briefing 4 September 24, 2010 Until 2007, SAFE was solely responsible for managing PBoC FX reserve holdings. That same year, the China Investment Corporation (CIC), which currently has about USD 300 bn worth of assets under management, was created 3 . The Chinese government controls a number of other agencies and institutions that manage foreign assets (e.g. African Development Fund, Chinese Development Bank, National Social Security Fund, (partially) state-controlled banks, SOEs). In China, more so than in other countries, it is difficult to draw the line between public-sector- and private-sector-controlled assets. Moreover, SAFE or, more precisely, the SAFE Investment Company is estimated to have invested USD 300-400 bn in the form of ―non-reserve‖ assets 4 . So the CIC is not the only government vehicle to invest its foreign holdings more aggressively. The costs of holding very large FX reserves (> 50% of GDP) are relatively manageable given relatively low on-shore rates, partly resulting from domestic financial repression, and a low government debt burden. 5 Furthermore, as the economy continues to grow at double-digit rates in dollar terms, the fiscal costs, as a share of GDP, will be quite manageable. In fact, during parts of the 2000s, the on- shore/off-shore interest rate differential was in China's favour. China is, however, quite sensitive to capital losses in case of RMB appreciation. Continued FX reserve (or SWF) accumulation will likely continue apace given prospects of continued very large current account surpluses and, absent further liberalisation of capital outflows, continued capital account surpluses. Brazil – FSB Unlike China and Russia, but like India, Brazil has been running both fiscal and current account deficits (with the exception of very small surpluses during 2003-07). A capital account surplus and a current account close to balance allowed the central bank to accumulate badly needed FX reserves following the 2002 crisis. Given double-digit on-shore interest rates, however, the ―financing― of FX reserves results in a substantial ―negative carry―. Nominal exchange-rate appreciation over the past few years has not helped, either. While reserve accumulation was instrumental in lowering external risk premia, and possibly domestic risk premia, further FX reserve accumulation will keep domestic interest rates high by adding to the stock of domestic government liabilities (chart 10). The Fundo Soberano do Brasil (FSB) was created in 2008. The central bank resisted the transfer of FX reserves to the FSB. In addition to an initial bond issue, the FSB will be financed primarily by fiscal revenues exceeding the targeted primary surplus, though in principle assets can be accumulated via appropriations assigned in the budget. It affords the government a great deal of flexibility; hence initial (and recently confirmed) concerns among some analysts that the government might use the Fund to intervene in the FX market. The FSB is very small and manages USD 9 bn worth of assets. The investment mandate of the Fund is quite flexible. The Brazilian SWF also differs from the Chinese and Russian funds in that it has so far accumulated LCY assets via ―excess‖ revenues or domestic debt issuance rather than FCY assets. Unless it uses these revenues to purchase FCY, however, it effectively raises (expensive) domestic debt to finance LCY assets. Given the 3 Truman, E. The Management of China's International Reserves and Its Sovereign Wealth Funds. PIIE. 2008. 4 SWF Institute ( www.swfinstitute.org). 5 Lardy N. Financial Repression in China. PIIE Policy Brief. 08-2008. 0 100 200 300 400 500 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 Financial account Current account Sources: SAFE, IMF Capital & C/A surpluses contribute to Chinese FX reserve accumulation USD bn 9 - 20 - 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 External Domestic Brazil: FX reserve accu - mulation has helped keep government debt high Net debt, % of GDP Source: BCB 10 BRIC sovereign wealth funds September 24, 2010 5 significant interest rate differential, it makes less sense financially for Brazil to accumulate ―excess‖ foreign assets than in the other BRICs – even more so, should the Fund remain solely invested in LCY assets. However, should the recent oil discoveries lead to both external and fiscal surpluses, the FSB could turn into a genuine ―savings fund‖. Both the ―stabilisation‖ and ―inter-generational equity‖ argument would then apply. BRIC governments enjoy much enhanced foreign financial position … Without a doubt, China is by far the most important international financial player among the BRICs (charts 11 and 12). In terms of official FX reserves, China currently holds USD 2,500 bn, compared with less than USD 300 bn in both Brazil and India, and USD 450 bn in Russia. It also holds the largest ―excess― reserves, whichever way these are calculated, except in terms of M2 (table 13). But as long as the government maintains restrictions on capital outflows, the relatively large stock of M2 does not represent a serious contingent claim on FX reserves, even if a relatively inflexible exchange rate regime remains in place. China will also continue to accumulate more FX reserves than the other BRIC combined for the foreseeable future (chart 14). The rise in net foreign assets has been staggering (chart 15). Even in terms of the size of SWF, the CIC and SAFE Investment Company alone control USD 600 bn, compared with the FSB‗s less than USD 10 bn and Russia's (declining) USD 150 bn. The precise domestic-foreign asset split is not precisely known in either case (as far as we can tell). But, undoubtedly, China is the BRIC country with the largest amount of foreign assets held in SWFs, especially if SAFE Investment Company positions are included. Growing, if gradual, financial integration of the BRICs leading to a greater two-way flow of capital will also contribute to BRIC gross foreign asset accumulation. Even where reserve accumulation is financed by running up foreign liabilities (Brazil, India), governments will see their financial influence enhanced. - 500 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 Brazil China India Russia FDI Portfolio equity Portfolio debt Fin. derivatives Other Reserve assets Source: IMF China also holds significant foreign non - reserve assets USD bn, 2009 12 - 500 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 Brazil China India Russia 1980-99 2000-09 2010-15 Current account balance, cum. USD bn Source: IMF Pace of FX reserve accumulation will vary 14 - 200 - 100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 BR CN DE IN JP RU Source: IMF Staggering Chinese net asset accumulation Current account, USD bn 11 Estimates of "excess reserves" vary USD bn Excess reserves based on: FX reserves (latest) Net sov. foreign debt* EFR** Net IIP (ex - equity)*** Memo: Basic balance, cum. (2011 - 2015) Memo: M2/FX reserves Brazil 255 116.4 117.8 15.1 - 166.0 245.8 China 2,454 2,438.8 2,434.1 2,710.0 3,250.3 367.2 India 280 410.9 187.8 276.4 - 6.1 104.0 Russia 456 193.8 408.2 352.7 464.7 118.6 * FX reserves minus government foreign debt ** FX reserves minus one - year forward foreign financing requirements *** FX reserves minus net private - sector and gross government foreign debt Sources: IMF, DB Research 13 Research Briefing 6 September 24, 2010 … but will continue to sustain financial losses, the creation of SWFs notwithstanding Central banks, which continue to control the vast bulk of public- sector, and often total, foreign assets, generally do not have the same discretion in their investment decisions, nor the expertise to generate higher risk-adjusted returns on their foreign assets than SWFs. However, even with the establishment of an SWF, it will be difficult for governments to ―break even― and currency appreciation will lead to capital losses (in LCY terms). The benefits of continued official asset accumulation are therefore negative from a narrow financial point of view. The economic benefits, less easy to quantify, may be significant (e.g. competitive exchange rate, attract knowledge- and technology-transferring FDI in the export sector), and the fiscal costs, while tangible, will remain manageable. A greater focus on financial returns in the management of BRIC government assets will help limit (quasi-) fiscal losses, but will not eliminate it. Last but not least, the more ―excess― reserves a government holds, the more flexibility it has in terms of when and where and at what conditions to invest them. This allows the government to deploy hard-currency loans and financing in the pursuit of both commercial and non-commercial (political) interests. For instance, governments can extend FCY loans to domestic companies, whether state- controlled or not, at below-market levels in pursuit of national objectives (e.g. China's ―going global― policy) (chart 16). The government can also provide loans to governments in pursuit of political objectives (e.g. Moscow's loan offers to Belarus) or to foreign suppliers in support of long-term supply contracts, thus ensuring access to strategically important resources (e.g. China's oil-loan deals with Brazil, Venezuela etc.). 6 These are all options that none of the BRICs came even close to having a decade ago. In short, the BRIC governments have become financial players to be reckoned with. Markus Jaeger (+1 212 250-6971, firstname.lastname@example.com) 6 Moran, T. (2010). China's Strategy to Secure Natural Resources: Risks, Dangers, and Opportunities, Policy Analyses in International Economics 92. 2010 - 1,000 - 500 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 Brazil China India Russia 04 05 06 07 08 09 Net IIP, USD bn Source: IMF China's net foreign position is impressive 15 © Copyright 2010 . Deutsche Bank AG, DB Research, D - 60262 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. All rights reserved. When quoting please cite ― Deutsche Bank Research ‖ . The above information does not cons titute the provision of investment , legal or tax advice. Any views expressed reflect the current views of the author, which do not necessarily correspond to the opinions of Deutsche Bank AG or its affiliates. Opinions expressed may change without notic e. O pinions expressed may differ from views set out in other documents, including research, published by Deutsche Bank. The above information is provided for informational purposes only and without any obligation, whether contractual or otherwise. No warranty or representation is made as to the correctness, completeness and accuracy of the information given or the assessments made. In Germany this information is approved and/or communicated by Deutsche Bank AG Frankfurt , authorised by Bundesanstalt für Finanzdi enstleistungsaufsicht. In the United Kingdom this information is approved and/or communicated by Deutsche Bank AG London, a member of the London Sto ck Exchange regulated by the Financial Services Authority for the conduct of investment business in the UK. This information is distributed in Hong Kong by Deutsche Bank AG, Hong Kong Branch, in Korea by Deutsche Securities Korea Co. and in Singapore by Deutsche Bank AG, Singapore Branch. In Japan this information is approved and/or distributed by Deutsche Secu rities Limited, Tokyo Branch. In Australia, retail clients should obtain a copy of a Product Disclosure Statement (PDS) relating to any financial product referred to in this report and consider the PDS before making any decision about whether to acquire th e product. - 20 - 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 Brazil China India Russia Source: IMF Surging BRIC FDI outflows USD bn 16


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text: Re-inventing mobility: The emerging electric car technologies Bernadette Gruber Corinna Mitterhuber KS "Energy and Sustainable Development " Mai 2011 Contents Historical development of electric cars General concept of electric cars Characteristics of electric car Comparison with a combustion engine Storage systems of electric cars Hybrid propulsion Contents Economic aspects of e-cars Costs and profitability Energy economical aspects of electric cars Market development of electric car technologies Application possibilities for electric vehicles Conclusion & Outlook Historical development of electric cars Early Years of Electric Cars: 1890 - 1930 First electric vehicle invented in 1828 Many innovations followed The interest in electric cars increased greatly in the late 1890s and early 1900s First real and practical electric car (with capacity for passengers) designed by William Morrison 1902 Phaeton built by the Woods Motor Vehicle Company of Chicago Figure: 1902 Wood's Electric Phaeton (Inventors, http://inventors.about.com/od/estartinventions/a/History-Of-Electric-Vehicles.htm, 7.5. 2011). Historical development of electric cars Decline of Electric Cars: 1930 – 1990 The electric car declined in popularity because of the following reasons: Better system of roads need for longer-range vehicles Reduction in price of gasoline gasoline was affordable to the average consumer Invention of the electric starter disposed of the need for the hand crank. Initiation of mass production of internal combustion engine vehicles by Henry Ford. Historical development of electric cars The mid-1930s until the 1960s: dead years for electric vehicle development and for their application as personal transportation In the 1960s and 1970s: imperative necessity for alternative-fueled vehicles renewed interest on electric vehicles The first electric truck, the Battronic Truck, constructed in the early 1960s. The companies Sebring-Vanguard and Elcar Corporation = leaders in the electric car production Historical development of electric cars The Revival: 1990s Efforts by the governments to more stringent air emissions requirements and regulations requiring reductions in gasoline use and Zero Emission Vehicle requirements from several states revival Electric conversions of familiar gasoline powered vehicles as well as electric vehicles designed from the ground up became available (reached highway speeds with ranges of 50 to 150 miles between recharging) Since 2001: Phoenix designs fully functional electric trucks and Sport Utility Vehicle for commercial fleet use Figure: Phoenix Motorcar (Inventors, http://inventors.about.com/od/estartinventions/a/History-OfElectric Vehicles.htm, 7.5. 2011). General concept of electric cars Characteristics of electric cars Core elements: battery, electric motor, plug- in system, differential Efficiency ratio is close to 90 percent needed energy depends on battery (type, age, temperature), the way of charging and the general construction of motor and car itself Maximum power of the motor is reached from standstill, leads to "smooth" way of driving Possibility to use energy of break application to refeed it into battery General concept of electric cars Comparison with a combustion engine powered car Providing energy: Efficiency ratio: Electric motor: close to 90 percent E-cars get energy out of battery Conventional car gets energy out of combustion engine Combustion engine: 25-30 percent In case of e-car mature efficiency losses occur during electricity production General concept of electric cars Comparison with a combustion engine powered car Emissions: E-car: Occur during electricity production; positive for e.g fine dust Combustion engine: emissions occur during driving Electric cars produce much less noise than combustion engine powered cars Electric cars have no gearbox General concept of electric cars Combustion engine powered car: Electric car: Figure: Coparison convential car/ electric car (Electrification Coalition 2009) Fuel system is on the back side, where it transmits power to the gearbox, which powers the wheels Battery is stored at back side, where it transmits the energy to the electric motor which powers the wheels General concept of electric cars Storage systems for electric cars Lead acid batteries Nickel cadmium batteries Inferior to new technologies due to low energy density and high toxicity Nickel metal hydride batteries no essential role for powering electric vehicles Very high energy density, good efficiency-to- size-ratio, very long lasting and unproblematic in terms of safety BUT very high price for raw materials Lithium ion batteries General concept of electric cars Lithium ion batteries: most promising storage technology for electric vehicles Advantages: Highest energy density of all battery systems operating at room temperature lower number of cells needed 20-30 percent lighter than nickel cadmium batteries No memory effect Disadvantages: In case of destruction toxic gases and flammable material can occur Very expensive General concept of electric cars Hybrid propulsion: Combination technology between combustion engine and electric engine In parallel hybrid systems both engines power the shaft In series hybrid systems the combustion engine is powering a generator which transmits energy to the electric motor In combined hybrid systems one can change between parallel and series propulsion General concept of electric cars Hybrid propulsion Hybrid-electric vehicle: Figure: Hybrid-electric-vehicle (Electrification Coalition 2009) Either parallel, series or combined system Contains liquid fuel tank and battery No plug-in system for charging the battery external General concept of electric cars Hybrid propulsion Plug-in hybrid vehicle: Figure: Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (Electrification Coalition 2009) Either series or combined system Contains an on-board generator Possible to run as sole electric vehicle through plug-in for external charging of battery Economic aspects of e-cars Costs and profitability: Electric vehicles of the middle class with range of about 150 km: 10,000 to 15,000 euro Very low operating costs Daimler: sells its future e-cars quickly profitably hopes for a start-up funding from the Federal Government In many countries: purchase of e-cars remunerated by subsidies Figures: Costs of vehicles (2010 and 2030) (Kloess et al., 2009: 4,5) Economic aspects of e-cars Energy economical aspects of e-cars: Construction of a corresponding charging infrastructure (charging stations) In Austria: 2,600 electric service stations (May 2010) To recharge 15 to 20 kWh, which a small car on 100 kilometres requires, lasts via a normal household outlet from six to eight hours. Figure: Uniform charging connector (Mennekes, http://www.mennekes.de/web, 10.05.2011). Figure : Charging station for electric cars (Mennekes, http://www.mennekes.de/web/, 10.05.2011). Economic aspects of e-cars The electric propulsion: efficiency = about 90% Electric propulsion is principally as "clean" as the energy source A photovoltaics-carport (solar service station) considered as a charging station of electric cars for the future Figure :Photovoltaics-carport as a charging station of electric cars (Das Photovoltaik Portal, http://www.photovoltaiko.de/, 09.05.2011). Economic aspects of e-cars Market development of electric car technologies: Market for e-cars still depend on direct subsidies, tax subsidizations or on clearly higher fuel prices According to the most probable scenario: in 2020 26 % of new cars in China, Japan, the USA and Western Europe could have electric or hybrid propulsion Challenges for the electric car market: energy storage capacities, recharge times, infrastructure requirements, costs of the batteries,… Without any technological breakthrough: the range of an electric car will furthermore amount to only 250 to 300 km. At the present time: automotive corporations cooperate closely with manufacturers of electric car batteries Economic aspects of e-cars In 2009: global electric vehicle market = more than 26 billion dollars worth & probably grows at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 18.5% between 2010 and 2015 The plug-in hybrid electric vehicles-segment probably increase at a CAGR of 81.6% The hybrid electric vehicles market: CAGR of 19.1% Figure: Summary figure – electric vehicle shipments and value by configuration from 2005 to 2015 (Concensus scenario) (in $ Millions) (Bcc Research, http://www.bccresearch.com/report/electric-vehiclespower-sources-fcb019d.html, 11.05.2011). Application possibilities for electric vehicles The development of electric cars or vehicles can be divided broadly in the following directions or trends: Industrial vehicles Figure: Mafi- electric load cart at Daimler-Chrysler (Schnitzler, http://de.factolex.com/Elektrokarren, 30.4.2011) Application possibilities for electric vehicles Development of new passenger cars: Urban vehicles Figure: CityEL (Firma Haberhauer, http://www.elektromobilcenter.com/, 30.4.2011) Electric vehicles suited for highway Figure : Think City (Stegmann, http://www.motorkultur.com/de/home/visionen/13artikel/4929-elektroauto-think-eine-erfolgsstory.html, 30.4.2011) Application possibilities for electric vehicles Alteration from customary cars to electric vehicles Figure: Renault Twingo Electra (MobiLEM, http://www.mobilem.ch/fahrzeuge/fahrz main.htm, 30.4.2011) Study vehicles and experimental vehicles Figure: Keio University Eliica (Deep Dive Media Automotive Network, http://www.futurecars.com/futurecars/electric-cars/eliica-8-wheel-electrictears-it-up-one-wheel-at-a-time, 30.4.2011) Conclusion & Outlook Huge potential for the further emerging of electric cars Although there are still problems, it is important to push this technology R&D Electrical outlet and electric cable are not required in future anymore, because the electric car of the future "refuels" its power fully automatically and without contacting by induction while driving or parking. Figure: Power from the street. The electric car of the future "refuels" its power fully automatically and without contacting by induction while driving or parking. (Glocalist, http://www.glocalist.com/news/kategorie/vermischtes/titel/daselektroauto-der-zukunft-tankt-beim-fahren/, 07.05.2011) Videos A brief history of the electric car Adaptera Exclusive- 3 wheeled electric wonder on the road Thank you for your attention!


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Naruto Gaiden: The Seventh Hokage Manga
Genres: Action, Comedy, Martial Arts, Shounen, Supernatural
Author: Kishimoto Masashi
Twelve years before the events at the focus of the series, the nine-tailed demon fox attacked Konohagakure. It was a powerful demon fox; a single swing of one of its nine tails would raise tsunamis and flatten mountains. It raised chaos and slaughtered many people, until the leader of the Leaf Village – the Fourth Hokage – defeated it by sacrificing his own life to seal the demon inside a newly-born child. That child's name was Naruto Uzumaki.
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The eye can be analyzed with relative ease regarding both its function and its structure. A practical evaluation consists of the ability to move in the orbit and the response of the student to light and accommodation.
The function of the eye may be checked in a number of ways. The patient might be asked to recognize illuminated letter or things of differing sizes on exactly what is referred to as the Snellen chart.
On the other hand, the examination of the structural part of the eye might be made in numerous ways. Stress within the eyeball is determined by a "tonometer." In certain illness, especially in glaucoma, the stress in the eyeball is increased noticeably.
Nevertheless, it must be well kept in mind that a patient with an eye issue might have other problems as well. Frequently other physical conditions are main and affect the eye as a repercussion. The look of the eye can signal the patient and the doctor to difficulties in some disruptions of other parts of the body even before other symptoms present themselves.
One's dependence on sight is highlighted when one deals with a momentary or possible irreversible loss of this vital sense. Hence, when corrective steps are looked for, specific forms of vision correction such as contact lenses or spectacles are recommended.
On the other hand, some individuals are troubled with the reality that they have actually some framed lenses or contact lenses in front of their eyes.
For this reason, advanced surgeries were established to motivate decreased utilization of contact lenses or glasses. Among which is the now popular LASIK eye surgical treatment.
Generally, LASIK eye surgical treatment is the short term for "Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis." Like its tangible this website equivalent, LASIK eye surgical treatment is another type of vision correction. The only difference is that with this type of surgery, one's vision is fixed permanently.
With LASIK eye surgery, the refractive errors in the cornea are completely changed. This can be done using an "excimer laser."
The main purpose of this surgery is to create a threadlike, rounded visit "flap" in the cornea utilizing a blade understood as "microkeratome." In a series of unfolding and laser processing, the cornea is finally reformed, enabling better the eye to direct more light into the retina.
Appeal vs. Disadvantages
Amidst the growing popularity of LASIK eye surgical treatment, there are still disadvantages that people need to understand. Probably, the primary reason why this kind of eye surgical treatment has become well accepted is due to the fact that the majority of its cases had succeeded.
In spite of its success, there are still some disadvantages. Here is the list:
1. It is an operation used to the most sensitive part of the eye
Since LASIK eye surgical treatment includes the operation of the retina, which is one of the most sensitive portions of the eye, many people say that the operation can be really risky.
Simply puts, a easy mistake might almost trigger an individual's life time blindness. It is crucial to consider lots of aspects before deciding whether LASIK eye surgical treatment is the right corrective step one has to go through.
2. It is not a perfect procedure
LASIK eye surgery may correct your vision but it does not necessarily indicate that it can provide you a twenty-twenty. Even if analytical reports reveal that 70% of the patients might have 20/20 vision, this does not always imply they have ideal vision.
Offered all these things, it can be deduced that, in spite of the appeal of the operation, LASIK might not always be the perfect eye surgical treatment the way the majority of people see it
Conversely, the assessment of the structural part of the eye might be made in a number of ways. It should be well kept in mind that a client with an eye problem might have other issues. Frequently other physical conditions are primary and impact the eye as a repercussion. The appearance of the eye can alert the physician and the client to problems in some disruptions of other parts of the body even before other signs present themselves.
Like its concrete equivalent, LASIK eye surgery is another form of vision correction.
2 Challenges You Do Certainly Not Have Information About LASIK Eye Surgical Treatments
The eye can be analyzed with relative ease regarding both its function and its structure. A practical evaluation consists of the ability to move in the orbit and the response of the student to light and accommodation.


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Parenting can be a rewarding experience in a lot of ways but one way it most definitely isn't rewarding is when it comes to finances. Raising your kids comes with its expenses, from ensuring they're properly fed and clothed to keeping them entertained, and for some families, the financial strain can quickly become an issue. While some families may turn to payday loans in the case of a financial emergency, saving money isn't as difficult as you may think. Here, we're exploring how you can save the pennies while raising your children.
Plan Every Meal in Advance
The best thing you can do for your shopping bill and for your sanity is to plan your meals in advance every week. By knowing what you're having and when, not only can you easily answer the 'what are we having for dinner?' questions without missing a beat, you'll also be able to get in and out of the supermarket on shopping day with a lower bill. By having your meals planned, you can form a shopping list around this and ultimately avoid buying things you don't need, reducing wasted food, and even preventing hovering in any aisles long enough for your kids to spot something they want – it's a win all-round!
Buy Second hand
If you have younger kids, buying clothes, shoes, toys and other essentials second hand can drastically reduce the cost without having to give up on quality. Children grow out of clothes and shoes so quickly that most of the items you'll find in charity or thrift shops are likely to be good-as-new, especially where new-born babies and toddlers are concerned. However, there are a few things you should always buy brand new and those are car seats and cribs. Safety regulations are constantly changing and as a result, the newest items are always going to be the best bet. If you want to save money here, consider investing in a crib that can be turned into a toddler bed, and a car seat that could detach into a booster seat when they grow old enough.
Entertain Them For Free
Entertaining your kids doesn't have to mean investing in expensive toys or taking them to zoos and movie theatres on a regular basis. In fact, trips to the park, beach, local museums and libraries and even just spending time with them with a board game or movie can all prove to be equally as entertaining and much more rewarding overall. If you want to invest in a trip to the zoo or a theme park, remember that there are almost always deals on at any time and a little research could see you getting in on a 2-for-1 deal, or better.
Always Shop Around
This one is particularly important when it comes to birthdays and Christmas. The leading kid's toys just aren't cheap anymore and it seems to be the more expensive that our kids want the most. When on a budget, it can be difficult to come to terms with not being able to buy what our kids want, but luckily the internet in particular has made it easier than ever to find the best deals. Retailers are always fighting for custom and for that reason, you'll always find a good deal somewhere.
Raising children is always going to come with its expenses, however there are always ways to save pennies while doing so. Searching for discounts on entertainment and opting for second hand clothing and toys can be great ways to save the pounds without needing to reduce the quality of life for you or for your children.
photo credit: Nando.uy campo traviesos via photopin (license)


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Reality star Kendall Jenner out for lunch with friends at Johnny Rockets in Calabasas, California on January 3, 2015. Kendall partied hard in Dubai for New Years. (FameFlynet)
Rees Witherspoon at the 26th Annual Palm Springs International Film Festival Film Festival Awards Gala at the Palm Springs Convention Center in Palm Springs, California on January 3, 2015. (FameFlynet)
Kristen Stewart showing off her toned stomach and a 'Mercenaries' baseball hat as she arrives from Hawaii. The 'Twilight' actress was stonefaced as she made her way to a waiting limo on January 3, 2015 (Splashnews)
Selena Gomez in Dubai, Jan. 2nd, 2015 (Courtesy of Instagram)
Ciara & baby Future Zahir Wilburn in matching onesies (Courtesy of Instagram)
Rihanna watches the sunset on a beach in Saint-Barthelemy on January 1, 2015 (SplashNews)
Taylor Swift performs in Times Square, NYC on Dec. 31, 2014 (SplashNews)
Jennifer Lopez behind the scenes of American Idol on Dec. 30 (Courtesy of Instagram)
Khloe Kardashian arrives at 1 OAK Nightclub at The Mirage Las Vegas on December 30, 2014 in Las Vegas, Nevada. (Photo by Denise Truscello/WireImage)
Kendall Jenner in Dubai on Dec. 29, 2014 (Courtesy of Instagram)
Rihanna posted this braless picture to Instagram on Dec. 29, 2014 (Courtesy of Instagram)
Selena Gomez, Kendall Jenner, Shay Mitchell & GiGi Hadid in Abu Dhabi, Dec. 29, 2014 (Courtesy of Instagram)
Kylie Jenner doing a bit of shopping at Ralph's in Calabasas, California on December 28, 2014 (FameFlyNet)
JENNY MCCARTHY, DONNIE WAHLBERG. Ryan Seacrest leads the traditional countdown to midnight, live from Times SquareTimes Square in New York City on DICK CLARK'S NEW YEAR'S ROCKIN' EVE 2015 WITH RYAN SEACREST (ABC/ Lou Rocco)
Gwyneth Paltrow in Harper's Bazaar UK's February 2015 issue (Courtesy of Alexi Lubomirski/Harper's Bazaar UK)
Gwyneth Paltrow in Harper's Bazaar UK's February 2015 issue (Courtesy of Alexi Lubomirski/Harper's Bazaar UK)
Genevieve Morton of Sports Illustrated Swimsuit fame wishes you sweet dreams in her pink undies by Cheeki.


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This year the Club Management Conference will be heading South to the Timaru Town & Country Club from Tuesday 23rd October through to Thursday 25th October.
As always we recommend you secure your accommodation for the conference early.
Please find below an accommodation guide supplied by Timaru Town & Country Club.
2018 Club Management Conference Accommodation Guide624.47 KB


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"So much of what we do is about giving people hope and optimism."
Nonprofit organizations must adapt to survive and thrive in today's competitive environment. Partnering with a firm that can help you streamline financing, improve efficiency, and open lines of communication across the organization allows you to focus on your mission and achieve your goals.


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PRINCETON — In honor of 20 years of children's theater at the Prairie Arts Center, the Prairie Arts Council (PAC) will present the third reprise of its very first children's musical, "Tumbleweeds," with director David Gorenz assisted by his wife, Shelley, and daughter Rachel Gorenz-Johnson.
The second PAC feature of the show was on the 10th anniversary in 2008, which included many current students and recent graduates of Princeton High School, including Doran Cotter. Since 1998 when she portrayed Hildegard Hamhocker in "Tumbleweeds," Rachel Gorenz-Johnson has been in numerous theatrical productions and has written a collection of children's holiday and summer camp productions as well. David and Shelley, along with Rachel, have passionately continued to provide Bureau County children with opportunities to take the PAC stage in summer drama camps as well as holiday and special occasion productions such as this.
For those who weren't here for the other two shows, "Tumbleweeds" is based on a comic strip created by Tom K. Ryan and centers around the cowpoke title character who returns to the Wild West determined to improve his hometown of Grimy Gulch, population 49. Tumbleweeds (Mark Kirkpatrick) unfortunately meets opposition from a crew who have plans of their own for the town. Throckmorton Fleesum (Luke Bowen), his partner, Clementine Greedy (Riley Jansen), and her not-so-bright cousin, Snake-Eye McFoul (Audrey Nelson), plan to sell the land to developers of the Choo-Choo Railroad Company. With a cast full of zany characters, including Hildegard Hamhocker (Brennan Roden), who has everything she wants EXCEPT a man – ANY man; Judge Frump (Krysten Walowski) and his deputy, Knuckles (Asa Gartin); the trio of undertaker Claude Clay (Phillip Goodale), grave digger, Wart Wimble (Graycee Funderberg), and hangman, Hogarth Hemp (Jordan VandeVenter); the Poohawk Indians (Simeon Bystry, Mary Underwood, Era Goodale, Tyler and Levi VandeVenter, Bianka Nickelsen, Tricia Kloepping, Bayleigh Mack); a group of visiting schoolgirls (Ashlynn Scott, Angela Frost, Olivia Gartin, Kimberly Imsland, Avery Waca, Reese Reviglio); their teacher, Miss Prudence Lovely (Emma Frost); her Aunt Maude (Emily Rabe); the Grimy Gulch townspeople (Andrea Imsland, Rachel Kirkpatrick, Ashley Richardson, Dawson Lambert, Addison Carr, Maya Gartin, Ashleigh and Carleigh Mack); and, of course, Tumbleweeds' faithful horse, Epic, the show has many speaking parts and both singing and non-singing roles.
Tickets are $10 and can be reserved by calling PAC at 815-875-2787 (ARTS).
Show times and dates are: 7 p.m. Thursday, April 26, and Friday, April 27; and 3 p.m. Saturday, April 28, and Sunday, April 29.
The Prairie Arts Center is located at 24 Park Ave. East in Princeton.


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North East companies are being invited to sign up to a market visit to Florida, to find out about export opportunities.
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|Interviewer: Robin Hughes
Recorded: July 14, 1995
This is a transcript of the complete original interview conducted for the Australian Biography project. Each transcript page covers one videotape (approximately 35 minutes). There is also QuickTime video of the full interview available. To play the video, click on the icon in the right hand column. In addition, each question in the transcript is linked to the video. Clicking on a question will play the video from that point. (Help with this feature.) Optionally, you can download the video file for offline viewing (approx. 10MB).
The interview has been left it in its original state so that you can get a sense of how the conversation developed. The repetition of some questions, or a question followed by another question, is often due to the end of a particular tape or some other interruption, and has been indicated at the appropriate place in the text. There has been minimal tidying up of the text so that the flavour of the encounter has been kept.
In this transcript all effort has been made to verify the correct spellings of place names in the Northern Territory and China. With the Chinese words used, including those of the Haka dialect, we have tried to get as close as possible to Lily's pronunciation, where we have not found a written version of the word(s).
When you were at school, what did you imagine you would do when you left?
Oh, I have no idea, at the time.
You didn't dream of leaving school and being a nurse or a teacher?
No, no. We haven't had the thing - education - to go training as a nurse or teacher.
So what, you said you couldn't wait to leave school at 14, what did you imagine you'd do?
Stay home and help mother. Because I'd always been helping her since I was nine year old doing all sorts of things.
And so you were looking forward to that?
So what in fact did you do when you left school?
Well I got a job as a housemaid. Start at half past seven in the morning and finish after lunch. After I wash up after lunch. Seven and six a week. They give me breakfast and I help the lady to do the washing and hanging out and wash up, the chores. Routine: Monday wash, Tuesday iron, Wednesday clean the house, Thursday polish the silver. That sort of thing. Saturday morning clean the stove.
Who were they that you worked for?
Lyle and Mrs Tivendale. He was a health inspector and he was the stock inspector too.
How did you get the job?
I don't quite remember, they were looking for somebody. And I applied.
Did you look after children for them?
No, no. They haven't got any children. Actually it was quite easy, just do housework. And she always work with me, like the washing. Well I had to do the ironing myself.
So you just helped her?
Yes. Yes.
How did your family feel about you getting this job?
Well they didn't mind, this is during the Depression years. A lot of other girls go out and work house, housework.
How many years were you there in that house?
From 14 until, 3 years I was there.
And why did you leave?
Well, my husband was courting me and we become engaged at 18. And we got married at 19 - when I was 19 and he was 21.
So how did you meet your husband?
He was hawking vegetables. Now wait a minute, a cousin of mine married his older brother. And we used to go and visit. They had this market garden out at the two and half mile or the Parap we call it now. And we often go out and visit the cousin and go through the garden because they have five-corner tree growing in the paddock. And we used to go and raid it, which was very, very naughty. And also he sells, like I say, hawking vegetables around and he come around and he always go to my sister and then he goes to where I work and would stay there. That's how we met. And gradually know one another better. I used to laugh. When I was at home he used to be at my sister then. He would give my sister's children bunches of grapes and all sorts of stuff when they [are] in season. He never come over to offer me any. But gradually he came around and asked me to marry him.
And were you immediately drawn to him? Did you like the look of him?
Well it's not a matter of looks so much, but he always have the lovely smile and very friendly.
And did he notice you straight away?
Well apparently, because when we go and visit him and his brother at the market garden he used to follow us to where the ... tree was.
And do you really think it was you he was following?
Well there were other cousins too. But then when he showed interest at the place where I work and then visiting my sister all the time, so my sister knew straight away that he was keen on seeing me and be better acquainted.
Was there any suggestion in your family that you might go to a matchmaker?
No. No. My oldest brother, Chu, he said to my mother, he said, 'You know he's courting Lily and he's good you know. He's good'. He thoroughly approved. Hardworking young fellow. Jim was only 21.
Were any of your family married through the matchmaker, or had that practice died out by your generation?
No, no. My sister, older sister [and] Charlie. Charlie was working at Mataranka Station as a cook and he had his eye on my sister for a long time. So he asked someone to come and arrange it. It's really funny, actually, there's several other young men in Darwin wanted to marry her, three or four of them. They sent matchmakers along but my sister wouldn't have any of them. Ended up marrying Charlie, Charlie Hee. [INTERRUPTION]
Did the practice of matchmaking die out?
With the war.
With the war. Changed a lot?
Evacuation changed everything. In a way it was quite good you know.
So your, your husband was drawn to you. What do you think it was that he liked about you?
Well I don't really know because he was living in Pine Creek looking after the shop that his parents just bought for him and he came, he drove, borrowed a truck and drove all the way from Pine Creek to Darwin to ask me to marry him. And it was, it was an all-day trip in those days, just a track.
So he must have wanted you?
Had he taken you out, or how had he courted you?
We not allowed to go out until after we got engaged. And then he took me out to the pictures.
Had you seen him alone at all before he asked you to marry him?
No. No. That's not allowed. Very strict the Chinese. But after we got engaged he asked permission to take me to the pictures one night. And then Grandma, Grandma Moo, she went off the roof. She said, 'Why do you allow your daughter to go out even though they engaged? It's not the done thing', and all the rest of it. Poor Mum copped it again.
So she was a bit more relaxed because she was in Australia?
Yes. And then my brother approve, he said, 'That's all right'.
What did you like about your husband, what was it that drew you to him?
Well he's always been a very hardworking young man. Absolutely. And he's a very honest man. Somehow -and he's always got a smile and he get on well with all my brothers and sisters - somehow we just like one another.
You were very young?
Do you think that was old enough?
Well in those days, I suppose I am. Because we were engaged at 18 and married at 19.
What was the marriage ceremony like?
Chinese. We had to get up early in the morning at certain hour. They choose a day. They have to choose a day which is suitable, you know, everything, the star is right. There's a book there that they go through. And in the morning, on my side, I would get up very early and they have a table, an altar set up at the front door and I would be there. And this aunty of mine would come and she must have a husband alive and she must have boys and girls, you know, good luck. And she comb my hair. Comb my hair and then put it up into a bun. That's what they call in Chinese Zhong Chu. All religious ceremony, quite serious. After that, certain time, they got to pick what time. And they dress me and I have to wear all the usual clothes, new clothes and shoes. Actually I did have the shoes somewhere in a cupboard and a veil, silk veil. My mother got all this from Hong Kong. The shoes and the veil. And the clothes, I had a jacket and a skirt.
What colour?
Pink. Must be pink or red. Mine was pink, a deep pink. And I had jewellery on. This pair of earrings was a wedding present.
You were given presents?
Yes. All the relatives give me presents. They give personal stuff like bangle, a ring or earrings. Things like that.
Not things for your house?
No. No. That's the groom's responsibility to provide for the house. Not like now. And certain time, certain hour, after more religious ceremony another lady who has a husband alive and has children, and she came and she lead me. I have to wear this mirror hanging around my neck as a sort of a necklace, and this mirror must face outwards, as I go out, because that would dazzle the evil spirits. And then they must throw rice. There's a devil rooster, so they throw rice to distract him. You know all that sort of thing. Until we got to the groom's house and then the lady who lead me turn the mirror round face that side, shiny side face towards my body. And then she lead me in through the house. And there won't be anybody there in the house. They be all around the back 'cause it's unlucky to face a new bride coming into a house. This lady take me straight into the bridal chamber, bridal room.
And the mirror had to be turned inwards?
Inwards. Going into the groom's house.
So you didn't want to frighten him off, just the rooster?
No, no, no. You don't bring bad luck into the house. That mirror you wear to go out of your parent's house is to ward off the evil spirits. Its all traditional stuff.
And what happens in the ceremony itself, in the bridal chamber?
Well they have another altar set up there with a light burning and burn incense and candles and all the rest of it. We do that and then later on they take me outside and that's when the real ceremony of paying respect to the ancestors [takes place] in the lounge. That's when everybody's there and we go through the ceremony again before anything of a party. It's important all that religious stuff. It's binding. Both of you knelt down and the people who conducted it saying all sorts of good words and all that sort of stuff. I don't actually know, I can't remember what it says now.
So was your marriage happy from the beginning?
Yes. Except when my mother-in-law died, that was a bit of a shock.
When was that?
Two years after we were married. She had meningitis. This was at Pine Creek. And then she left two young girls, daughters. One was only a little over two years old and the other is five.
Your husband's young sisters?
Young sisters. So I look after them and then there's two boys going to school in Darwin. Altogether there were five of them. But my father-in-law was very, very upset over that, so I had him to look after too until he died. And then [came] the war.
So you essentially raised extra children.
Extra five.
An extra five children. And they were with you through your whole married life until they grew up?
Until, yeah, until the youngest one was about fifteen.
So you went to live in Pine Creek straight after you were married.
Yes, that's right.
What was that like?
It was - the mine had only just closed down, the Enterprise Mine - in a sense it was a bit quiet but there are still a lot of other miners, prospectors, around.
What did they mine for at Pine Creek?
Gold. It's always been gold. And there's other people looking for tin, single people. They were mining tin. Getting an odd bag and bringing it into the shop. And some other people would go for copper, but copper is, the price was very low. And other people would go for silver ... And when the Korean War was on, because Korea used to provide wolfram to the world's market I think, they used wolfram for ...
Yeah, wolfram. It's a tungsten for hardening for steel to make guns. So when the Korean War was on wolfram was a very high price. And a wolfram mine opened out at Wolfram Hill. In fact, we used to scour, everybody go scouring the old mining dumps to pick up wolfram to sell it. It was worth a pound in money, that's two dollars, for a pound in weight.
So you came as a new bride to Pine Creek, what was your husband doing? He was still involved with hawking vegetables?
No. He was, he had the shop. His mother, his parents bought him the shop, Wing Chong, and he run the shop. At the same time helping his parents to run the - they had a little shop too, a baker shop, a bakery. So he was helping his parents with that. And then at the back they had a very big garden so they used to grow a lot of stuff to sell and send it to Darwin on the train for the older brother to sell.
So once he married you he gave up going in to hawk vegetables?
Oh, that was in Darwin, this is at Pine Creek.
So he moved to Pine Creek after he was married?
Before. Yes, before he was married he moved to Pine Creek. They bought this firm and asked him to go back and manage it.
When you married your husband was he still living in Darwin?
No, he was living in Pine Creek.
Where is Pine Creek?
Pine Creek is 156 miles south on the railway line, or now it is 220 kilometres.
And why did he go and live in Pine Creek?
Because his parents were living there, and also they just bought this business and they want him to go down and run it. That was in 1935. We got married in 1936.
What kind of a business was it?
Oh, just a little country shop, you know, groceries and bits, odd bits and stuff.
And what were they doing there?
What the in-laws?
The parents?
Well they had a baker shop and also a bit of grocery. They had the baker shop, oh, for years. And during the mining boom they used to sell bottled hop beer and other stuff like that. And to cool it they just put wet bags over them and put it in the breezeway. Because the thirsty miners loved their hop beer. It's a cheap sort of beer.
What jobs did you have as a new bride to help the family?
The usual household chore. Washing and the cooking and then they taught me how to make bread. I couldn't even knead a loaf of bread, but I learnt how to knead bread. They had very [much] patience, you know, teach me how to do it.
This was for the bakery?
Yes. Well we have all our meals with the old people, with the in-laws. Jim and I only sleep down at the shop. So I spent most of the day up there and when I finished I would go back to the shop that afternoon, go back to the other place again to cook the evening meal. And, the water, of course I'm used to getting water from the well so it was no trouble for me to get water again from the well, to wind it up. And, pour it into a square thing and it runs into the garden for the, for the garden. And for the kitchen there's another well and we carry that, I carry that on my shoulder with two tins and a yoke for the house. For firewood, they have this great big stack of timber for the bakery, for the baker oven. And for the kitchen, I used to chop it for the kitchen too. So I'm used to chopping wood - axe.
What was the house like that you first went to live in?
In Pine Creek? Well it was a very old house but Jim had built a new room. So we had that, live in the new room. The house was too old and he put an extension at the back with cypress pine and iron and was quite strong. Actually, after, when the children came and we had the unusual wind storm, I take the five children and tuck them underneath the double bed. They sure, if the roof come down they won't be hurt. But it was all right, the roof stayed on and they were quite safe on the mattress under the bed.
What was it all made of?
The house? Cypress pine. See Pine Creek has a lot of cypress pine growing all over the place. And in those days you don't need to have a licence or whatever you call it to go and cut it. You just go and cut your own cypress pine. The chappie who built it is a Mr Williams. He was a professional carpenter, he built that. All sawn cypress pine. It was quite, you know, adequate in those time. One door, one door going out into the main building, one door going out to the yard, and the windows with bars, iron bars. That, all that building, all the windows have iron bars on them.
How soon after you were married did the children start to come?
Well Edward, eleven months after, the first year.
And so did you come home to your mother to have Edward?
No. No. I didn't. I stayed in Pine Creek and as it happened it was the Moon Festival. And I was helping my mother-in-law to bake a moon cake, you know, for the religious ceremony. We get on very well she and I. And of course the labour started and so I went over to the hospital and it happened to be a day the doctor, Clyde Fenton, comes.
The famous Doctor Clyde Fenton who was the Flying Doctor.
That's right. He came and he stayed to deliver Edward, Doctor Fenton. And to think that I had never been to see a doctor or a nurse or anything before. But I, like I said I was a strong healthy girl and I work hard all the time so it was quite alright.
It was a straightforward delivery?
Straightforward. No trouble. But poor old Doctor Fenton, the next day he flew back to Katherine and then he flew onto somewhere and he got lost. I can remember we were all so upset. And I said, 'The poor man. To think that he delivered my son and now we don't know where he's got to'. But he was all right. They found him. He was a really tough man and a very clever man with his plane. He was found and everybody heaved a sigh of relief. The sister there in charge of the hospital, she used to ring up Katherine to get, you know, more news.
How many children did you have by the time your mother-in-law died and you had to take care of hers?
Only Edward.
So from having one child you went to having six.
Well the others were bigger, you see, 14 years. But the two little ones were the ones that I really looked after.
And how old were they?
Two and five. The two year old was really, really sad because she wasn't weaned. She was looking up for the mummy. And of course I had Edward and I had plenty of milk and I felt sorry for her, so I fed her. Let her have my breast milk. And one day my father-in-law walked in and saw me with the, like one at each breast, and he hit the roof. He really hit the roof. He said, 'She is old enough to eat rice and broth and stuff, save the milk for my grandson'. But I said 'I have plenty to spare.' 'No.' And we gradually weaned her off, of course, we had to hide then, never let her see me feeding Frances. It was so, you know, to see this poor little girl wandering around looking for mummy and for a drink of milk.
So she really was your baby too?
Yes. Yes. During the evacuations, the evacuation to Adelaide, she stayed, we all stayed in the house and then, until we had to come back after the war.
We'll get to that. So you were very young to be given all this responsibility?
19, 21.
Did you miss your mother a lot?
Well naturally, we all, I always missed my mother. And, she came to Pine Creek to deliver Joyce. I had Edward, Lawrence in Darwin, when I was expecting Lawrence. But she did come to Pine Creek and stayed to deliver Joyce. And later on she came to Pine Creek again to deliver Grace.
How long did it take on the train?
All day. You leave Darwin in the morning, round about 8 o'clock I think, or half past seven. Because there are so many stops on the way, all the fettlers' camps and little towns. The train would stop and drop off the supplies. That is the only life-line for the food. So it takes all day from Darwin to Pine Creek. We arrive there at about half past four, round about if it was on time. Stay the night and the next morning, off the train and go to Katherine. On the way back from Katherine it's the same, stay the night and then go on to Darwin.
So how long did you stay, how ... sorry. How often did you go to Darwin to visit your parents?
All together only about three times.
In the whole, how many years?
From '36 until '42, the evacuation. Six years. I visit Mother when I was expecting Lawrence, and a couple of times after that.
How did your husband take the death of his mother?
Oh, very hard. They were very close. It was so sudden. She was perfectly well the night before. She was outside talking to friends. You see they sit outside in the cool, friends call in and they sit down and have a talk. And it was early in the morning when Bessie the daughter came rushing down and said, 'Quick, quick, Mum's sick'. So we rush up there and she was unconscious. She, we called the sister. The sister came around and took her to the hospital and then got onto the doctor but she died in the afternoon. She was unconscious all the time. But before she was taken to the hospital I was in the bedroom with her and trying to call her up, you know. And I call her and she opened her eyes and she said, 'What's the matter?' I said, 'You sick.' And then she just close her eyes. That's the last word she spoke, was to me. 'What's the matter?' So they took her to the hospital and my husband and his younger brother, they stayed with her until she died.
Now how many children did you have of your own? Altogether.
So you had a lot of children to look after. How did that fit in with running the store? Did you help much in the store?
Yes. Yes. I do as much as I can. But Pine Creek is still a very healthy town. I don't know whether because the town is so high above sea level and also because we grow so much fresh stuff and particularly watermelon, we have a lot of watermelon to eat. But the children were very healthy. We don't get much sickness at all. And therefore they are no, when they are not sick well there is no problem. It's just feed them three meals a day, or whatever. They used to play cricket out in the street.
Yes. With boxes you know. And their friends. Because there's no traffic then. And I call them and call them [to] come in and shower because we have tea later on. They ignored me and then I got mad. And I walked out through the front door and somebody said, 'Here she comes'. And they duck round through the side and into this narrow passageway, they squeezed through that and into the house and into the bathroom.
So they respected you?
Well they knew I meant business because I did call them several times. Pine Creek was a happy place for children, even though after the war the town people used to come around and play with our children. And their, their parents used to say, 'You don't do this or don't behave or whatever - you not allowed to go to Ah Toy's on a Friday night.' And it works. That is why even now you ask some of the former residents, they say the happiest childhood times they had were at Pine Creek.
What happened on a Friday night?
They all come down and play games. I would be doing my bookwork, and they play outside, I put the light on, you see we have a 32-watt power plant, I put the light on in the front and they play outside until nine o'clock and then they all go home.
You really ran the store very much as a partner with your husband then. How did you divide up the work?
I just helped wherever I can. I just help to unpack and serve and to clean and all the rest of it. There's no, 'You do this, and I do that.' Of course he do all the ordering and the book work. But mind you, I had aboriginal women to help me do the washing and the house work.
And that was the whole time you were there, you had that help.
Yes, they were very good. We had very good girls who helped us work.
What were their names?
We had Kitty, now we call Judy. We have Mabel, she, Mabel was a treasure. She was only very - I think she was probably about four-foot tall. Speak perfect English. She's been taken to Sydney with John W. Lyons the solicitor and very clean. And her husband was a Deacon. He is also very well spoken in English and a very ... you don't have to tell them to do a thing, come and light the fire. And morning and afternoon tea, she would come and set the table and put the cloth down and the cups and saucers out and make a pot of tea. 'Come out to the shop, Missus, tea ready' , And anybody who visited Pine Creek at the time, we all sit down and have cups of tea. Because our house was always open house to anybody from the bush. They come there to eat and to feed the children and to even bath them. It's in the country, you've got to be friendly.
Could you describe the life in the store, day to day, what your work was, who came in, what sort of things they were doing? It sounds as if it was more like a community centre than a store.
It was. We had a form outside, and the oldies, the old men, they sit out there and they gossip or talk. And they come in and shop and we have buffalo shooters come in. Cattle station people come in. They don't, they only come in once perhaps, in two or three weeks, and they stock up. And they go again. And some of them come in and they stay the night. They would camp in our backyard or under the Mango tree or in the shed. And they have their meals with us. And they would bring in beef. They would make sure they always bring in fresh beef or corned beef. And one particular young chap, he was a dead shot with a gun and he used to bring me in pigeons, Torres Strait Island pigeons shot through the head. And another old chap would bring me in bananas, bunches of bananas and sweet potatoes, pumpkin, things like that. They all, they all very friendly and therefore I extend hospitality to them too. They have meals with us. Even some of the old ones, they camp in the house. One old chappie he was very old and we had a cyclone bed and make it up and he used to sleep in the lounge and he was there sometimes for a whole week.
A cyclone bed?
What was that?
The army style. They call it a cyclone bed. I suppose, I don't think you would have had them. The men might have seen what the army used to sleep in. Every time you move it creaks. What the soldier used to sleep on. Yes. You can, you can pick them up anywhere where the army's been. So it's quite handy. Also it's quite handy to store your stuff on if you're out in the bush, off the ground.
Did they ever turn to you in emergencies?
Oh, yes. If they sick they used to come in and ask for me to get in touch with the health people. And on one occasion a buffalo shooter send a note in and written on the back of a mirror, and to this day I'm very sorry I didn't keep that, they took the back of the mirror off, and you know that red colouring, and they used, or he used a 303 bullet to write a message, he's out of food waiting at the East Alligator River for the boat to call in to pick up the hides. Could I please ring so and so, a man called Fitzgerald in Darwin, and tell him to come urgently.'
Because the boat hadn't arrived?
No. Right behind schedule they were stranded down the bank of the river. So I did, I rang Darwin and got in touch with Ted Fitzgerald I think. He come through Pine Creek in his big ... truck full of stuff and went out and rescued them. But that message was brought in from the East Alligator to my shop by an Aboriginal man on foot. He walked in.
How far was that?
Oh, over a 160 miles I think.
With a message scratched on the back of a mirror with a bullet?
Yes. And, sickness, they used to get me to ring up the doctor to see what, you know, what to give and all that. The shop has always been the hub. For instance, an Aboriginal boy was sick, a child, and this Aboriginal medicine man, he works as a linesman for the PMG and he was carrying this child and he rushed up to the shop, 'Misses, Misses, quick, quick. Baby sick.' And the child was in a fit, convulsion fit. And in our shop there we had a nursing sister so both of us just rush inside the bathroom, filled the bath with warm water, we had the hot water system on, and dunked the child in and he came too. But it was funny, a witch doctor, medicine man, rushed to us for help.
He knew you'd know how to help?
No. The sister that was working for us. We had many, many calls. The sister work for us, but she do a lot of first aid for the outside people.
She was actually working with you as a shop assistant?
Yes. Yes.
What did the shop sell?
All groceries, drapery, we sell a lot of drapery: men's, children's wear, footwear. We sell hardware. We sell saddlery. We sell medicine. It's, it's a bush shop that you cater for everybody, the man on the land.
Did you sell any Chinese medicine?
No. Because with that you have to import it, you see. We didn't. It's only all English medicine. We sell chlordane, Epsom salts, and cough mixture. Terrible cod liver oil and all that. Clement's tonic.
Did you keep some Chinese medicine for yourself?
Yes. We never used them though, not much.
Because no one got sick?
That we needed, no. Yes, we were very lucky that way.
Were you also a bit of a trading post?
Yes, in so much that we received buffalo hides. Well first of all, we stake the buffalo shooter with food and everything. They go out and they shoot the buffalo and obtain the hides, salt them, dry them and bring them in. And the hide must be dry. So I used to knock them with a stick and if there's a hollow sound the hide was dry. We had a big set of scales in the shed there, we weigh them. And our buyer in Sydney was Collier Watson, I don't know whether they still exist or not. But I would send them a telegram to say I have so many pounds of hide, at the rate, it used to be 2 and 6 pence a pound. And they would send the money to our bank. They'd tell me how much and I'd credit the buffalo shooter and any change left over they would take it. That's how we, we keep going. And another thing we do take in, dingo scalps. The doggers they go out and poison the dingo, and the government pay a bounty of 2 pound a hide, a skin. And when we have enough we tell the policeman and there's a magistrate or JP going through they come and witness we burnt them and we get a cheque from the government. But they cut all that out in the end.
[end of tape]


text:
What, no anointed sisters on the GB?
Ok, I just used that question to get the ladies responses.
This week's news coverage had to do with a Annika Sorensen, a professional female golfer competing in a MEN'S golf tournament. According to the no spin zone O'Reilly show, the majority of the people gave a thumbs down for a woman to compete in a man's tournament.
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Supposedly the word GOLF stands for, 'Gentlemen's Only, Ladies Forbidden".
Now, back to my original question, why are there no anointed sisters on the GB? Is it a man's PRIVATE CLUB in the 'corporate' world of the WTBTS?
Thoughts please.
Guest 77


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When Barry Allen and Oliver Queen wake up one morning and realize they have swapped bodies with each other, the two set off to find out what disturbed the timeline to cause such a shift. However, things quickly go from bad to worse when they present their case to Team Flash and the gang doesn't believe them. Barry and Oliver realize they need Supergirl's help and travel to Smallville on Earth-38 where they end up meeting Kara's cousin, Clark Kent, and intrepid reporter, Lois Lane. The crossover continues on Arrow S07E09 Elseworlds (II) and Supergirl S04E09 Elseworlds (III).
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- 5x9Elseworlds (I) Dec 09, 2018


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text:
Version : 4.9.8
Price : $1.48
Mod :
PackeName : org.kustom.graybloomxiu
Developer : MasterX Dev TM
Size : 26769035 (25.53 MB)
Compatible : Android 4.4 and up
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