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On Myths and Countermyths THE SZASZIAN POSITION
- Hubert Miller
- 3 years ago
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1 On Myths and Countermyths Ronald Pies, MD Abstract: There has never been a single set of criteria for the ascription of disease. The pathoanatomic view ascribed to Virchow and propounded by Thomas Szasz has coexisted with the patient-centered or phenomenologic view for millennia. Schizophrenia, as well as such entities as idiopathic epilepsy and migraine, may be considered a disease because it entails suffering and incapacity, albeit in the absence of any obvious lesion. The Szaszian view of disease neither appreciates the nuances of Virchow's own position nor acknowledges the fluidity of current medical nosology.( excerpted from Arch Gen Psych 33: , 1979) As psychiatry has moved closer to a biochemical view of schizophrenia and depression, the very notion of "mental illness" has remained controversial. The skepticism has focused particularly on schizophrenia, however. Such critics of orthodox psychiatry as Thomas Szasz, R. D. Laing, and David Cooper have claimed, in diverse ways, that schizophrenia is not a disease. Szasz, who has lucidly distinguished his own views from those of Laing, Cooper, and other such "antipsychiatrists," holds that there is "no such thing" as schizophrenia; it is "not a disease, but only the name of an alleged disease. My intent is to explore and criticize the Szaszian position, primarily from historical and linguistic standpoints. The more explicitly philosophical problems in Szasz's position have been discussed admirably by Michael Moore. I shall point out, however, a few additional fallacies. In criticizing Szasz's notion of disease, I intend no disparagement of his views on the civil liberties of mental patients; indeed, I shall insist that the notion of mental illness entails no espousal of authoritarian methods or ideology. In one of his more recent works, Szasz argues that: THE SZASZIAN POSITION Disease means bodily disease... The mind (whatever it is) is not an organ or part of the body. Hence, it cannot be diseased in the same sense as the body can. When we speak of mental illness, then, we speak metaphorically. This is essentially a recapitulation of the view Szasz has held since the publication of The Myth of Mental Illness in In the preface to the second edition of this work, Szasz avers that "disease or illness can affect only the body. Hence, there can be no such thing as mental illness." Psychiatric interventions, according to Szasz's view, "are directed at moral, not medical, problems." Thus, whereas "medical diagnoses are the names of genuine diseases, psychiatric diagnoses are stigmatizing labels. Szasz does not deny that many so-called schizophrenics "often behave and speak in ways that differ from the behavior and speech of many (though by no means all) other people... "and that this behavior may be "gravely disturbing either to the so-called schizophrenic person, or to those around him, or to all concerned. '' But Szasz insists that all this has nothing to do with illness: "The articulation of diverse aspirations and the resolution of the conflicts which they generate belong in the domains of ethics and politics, rhetoric and law, aggression and defense, violence and war. '' I shall now examine more closely the Szaszian concept of disease. For a more detailed critique, see Roth.
2 THE PATHOANATOMIC CRITERION OF DISEASE Szasz argues in his recent book, Schizophrenia, that: The claim that some people have a disease called schizophrenia was based not on any medical authority; that it was, in other words, the result not of empirical or scientific work, but of ethical and political decision making. The implication of this is that "real" diseases are based on "medical" discoveries and "scientific" or "empirical" investigation (however these terms are defined). Indeed, the keystone of Szasz's thesis is that an entity is a disease only if it meets certain physical criteria: Until the middle of the nineteenth century and beyond, illness meant a bodily disorder whose typical manifestation was an alteration of bodily structure... [a] lesion, such as a misshapen extremity, ulcerated skin, or a fracture or wound. This "original meaning" of illness, on Szasz's view, was established by tthe great 19th-century pathologist, Rudolph Virchow; before Virchow "the concept of disease was abstract and theoretical, rather than concrete and empirical. '' Subsequently, because of Virchow's discoveries: The accepted scientific method for demonstrating.. diseases consisted, first, of identifying their morphological characteristic by post-mortem examination of organs and tissues; and second, of ascertaining, by means of systemic observations and experiments.., their origins and causes." General paresis, for Szasz, meets these criteria, whereas schizophrenia, wherein "no neuropathological or neurochemical" abnormalities can be demonstrated, does not. But when, and if, such abnormalities can be found, "then schizophrenia, too, will be a disease." Szasz maintains that "until the middle of the nineteenth century," illness entailed some visible deformity or bodily lesion. In fact, however, this pathoanatomic view has been merely one of many competing notions of disease, most of which date from antiquity. Indeed, a crucial dichotomy in the philosophy of medicine may be traced to the rival medical academies of Knidos and Kos, in ancient Greece. Knidos, the school of Aesculapius, recognized only the "disease"-the "separate morbid entity subservient to general rules of pathology. The more empirical school of Kos, associated with Hippocrates, emphasized that there existed only "the sick individual with his particular kind of misery. In effect, these two schools saw disease either as a specific lesion, or as a phenomenon whose character was determined by the patient's manner of presentation. It should be clear, then, that the former view did not originate with Virchow, and that the latter did not arise from a "concerted effort" by Bleuler and his cohorts to "change the criteria" of disease. The criteria of disease have always been in dispute, though theories have waxed and waned in popularity. But what, precisely, did Virchow say about disease? There is no question that he assumed cellular derangements to be the basis of disease; it is far less clear that Virchow identified disease with such pathologic processes. Indeed, L. J. Rather notes that Virchow "violently rejected Rokitansky's claim that diseases were at all times open to morphologic investigation. '' Virchow himself wrote as follows: One can have the greatest respect for anatomical, morphological, and histological studies... But must one proclaim
3 them, therefore, the ones of exclusive significance? Many important phenomena of the body are of a purely functional kind. Szasz mistakenly attributes the criterion of "bodily function'' to the influence of "modern psychiatry. Virchow, of course, is best known for his maxim, Es gibt keine Allgemein krankheiten, es gibt nur Local krankheiten. There is no general, only local, disease. But Aschoff, Virchow's colleague, has argued that the latter wished merely to localize lesions, not diseases. (The distinction is between Krankheiten [diseases] and die Krankheit [disease in general]. Virchow once commented that one could localize "diseases," but "not disease." If this interpretation is correct, the lesions to which Szasz constantly appeals would be the basis of disease, but not necessarily the sine qua non of disease. Here, an intriguing difference between Szasz and Virchow emerges. Szasz argues that: "Every 'ordinary' illness that persons have, cadavers also have. A cadaver may thus be said to have cancer, pneumonia, or myocardial infarction. ''' But Virchow writes that "Disease presupposes life. With the death of the cell, the disease also terminates. '' This is a crucial point. For if, as Sir Clifford Allbutt concurs, "disease is a state of a living organism, '' it follows that when the organism dies, the disease terminates. Now, it is a rudimentary principle of pathology (as Szasz's view makes clear) that lesions persist after the death of the organism. But if lesions persist and disease terminates, disease cannot simply be the presence of lesions. (Note that Virhow claims not merely that we cannot "talk" of disease in a nonliving organism. His claim is not an intentional one, but an ontological one: disease terminates as an entity when the cell [or organism, as collection of cells] dies. The notion of the "intentional fallacy" will be elucidated later.) Szasz, however, has referred to the additional criterion of 'pathophysiology. '' This permits Szasz to escape the bind of a purely morphologic view of disease; such a view, as Kendell notes, "had been discredited beyond redemption" by the year in which The Myth of Mental Illness was published. But the notion of pathophysiology is not a simple one, depending, as it does, on disordered function. As Kendell points out: There is no single set pattern of either structure of function... Even in health, human beings and their constituent tissues and organs vary considerably in size, shape, chemical composition and functional efficiency Indeed, contrary to what Szasz seems to believe about his "basic and rigorous"" definition of disease, the notion of pathophysiology proves to be not an empirical but a statistical term. One does not "observe" pathophysiology as one observes a rock; one merely observes physiochemical processes that may or may not be "pathological," depending on one's statistical norm. L. S. King has expressed this well: I recall a very precise young physician who asked me what our laboratory considered the normal hemoglobin value...when I answered, "Twelve to sixteen grams, more or less," he was puzzled... He wanted to know how, if my norm was so broad and vague, he could possibly tell whether a patient suffered from anemia, or [from] how much anemia. [ agreed that he had quite a problem on his hands Szasz has argued that Kraeplin and Bleuler were not medical scientists, but psychiatric conquistadors. Together, they helped to "invent" schizophrenia. Virchow, on the other hand, was a medical scientist who "established" the cellular basis of disease. The two vocabularies differ strikingly in their evaluative content. Kraupl Taylor tells us that Virchow's "prestige and influence ensured that the term 'disease' acquired a new and narrower sense. Prestige and influence? One wants to ask why Virchow should not be considered a pathologic conquistador who made a concerted effort to undermine the original Hippocratic notion of disease. This interpretation is at least as plausible (or implausible) as Szasz's. I will summarize this section as follows. First, there has never been a single set of criteria for the ascription of disease; the pathoanatomic view has coexisted with the patient-centered (phenomenologic) view since the time of Hippocrates. Virchow did not "establish that pathoanatomic lesions are the sine qua non of disease; he seems to have regarded such lesions as the basis for any particular disease but regarded disease itself as something over and above mere lesions. For Virchow (contra Szasz), disease terminates when life terminates. Szasz's additional criterion of pathophysiologic" change is not a well-defined empirical criterion but a broad statistical construct.
4 FALLACIES IN THE SZASZIAN POSITION I shall discuss here not the syllogistic fallacies of formal logic, but the informal fallacies of rhetoric. These generally appear in the "paradoxes" Szasz uses to criticize the language of orthodox psychiatry. lgnoratio elenchi is the fallacy of supposing a point proved or disproved by an argument proving or disproving something not at issue. Let us consider Szasz's claim that "the only illness a cadaver surely cannot 'have' is mental illness"; this is so because "bodily illness is something the patient has, whereas mental illness is really something he is or does. I have already disputed the notion that cadavers can have diseases. We do not speak of "healthy" corpses--how, then, can we speak of "sick" ones? Naturally, corpses may have lesions, but--as Virchow would agree--the death of the organism means the end of the disease. There is another point to be made, concerning the antithesis Szasz sets up between "having" and "being" or "doing." One can have a disease precisely because of the things one is or is not, can or cannot do. Indeed, we shall insist that both "organic" and "functional" diseases are often ascribed on this basis, not necessarily on the finding of a lesion. Let us consider the things one "is" and "does" when one is said to "have" migraine. The patient is in pain. He goes to the physician and describes this pain as left-sided cranial pain, preceded by flashing lights. When the pain comes on, the patient is apparently unable to talk, walk, or move. It disappears after an hour or two. The physician diagnoses "migraine" and prescribes a mixture of ergotamine tartrate and caffeine (Cafergot). The diagnosis is based on what the patient is and does, or is not and cannot do--not on the finding of a lesion or even a pathophysiologic change migraine is practically never ascribed on the basis of laboratory investigation or demonstration of a lesion; rather, it is ascribed on the basis of the patient's claims. Later it will be seen that this is true of numerous "medical" diseases. Szasz falls into a form of ignoratio elenchi when he supposes he has proved that bodily illness is something one "has," by appealing to the presence of lesions: one does, indeed, "have" bodily illness, but not necessarily because one has a demonstrable lesion. Similarly, Szasz thinks he has demonstrated the essential difference between bodily and mental illness by showing that the latter is ascribed on the basis of what one is and does; indeed, that is how mental illness is ascribed-the point is not at issue-but bodily illness is often ascribed in the same way. I shall call the third fallacy in Szasz's thesis the 'exclusionist fallacy. This entails the supposition that when two phenomena differ radically in our everyday understanding, one cannot reasonably apply the same method to alter or ameliorate them. The phenomena, on some level, are thought to "exclude" one another. To illustrate this fallacy, let us consider the following passage by Szasz: We may be dissatisfied with television for two quite different reasons: because our set does not work, or because we dislike the program we are receiving. Similarly, we may be dissatisfied with ourselves for two quite different reasons: because our body does not work (organic illness), or because we dislike our conduct (mental illness). How silly, wasteful, and destructive it would be if we tried to eliminate cigarette commercials from television by having TV repairmen work on our sets. How much more silly, wasteful, and destructive to try to eliminate phobias, obsessions, and delusions by having psychiatrists work on our brains (with drugs, electroshock, and lobotomy). On its face, this argument seems convincing. But let us suppose a situation in which only one TV channel is broadcasting cigarette commercials. It would surely not be absurd (though perhaps impractical) to have a TV repairman work on the set's receiver so that it could no longer pick up the station's frequency. (A similar kind of "jamming," after all, is used with some success by those who "dislike the program" they or their captives are receiving). But now, let us suppose that hallucinations and delusions are caused by an excess of dopamine in the brain--a thesis Szasz has never refuted. It would not be absurd, or silly, or wasteful to ameliorate these symptoms with dopamine antagonists. Note the following analogy that Szasz has constructed: bad commercial is to damaged TV as bad conduct is to damaged body. We are meant to acknowledge that damaged televisions cannot be responsible for "bad" (annoying) commercials. And; offhand, one may think that a damaged body cannot be responsible for bad (violent, antisocial, psychotic) behavior. But Szasz has never proved this; it merely follows from the way his analogy is constructed. (An equivalent construction is found in the preface to the second edition of The Myth of Mental lllness.) And there would seem to be a good deal of evidence that a damaged brain can be responsible for bad behavior, such as in the violent drunk, the paranoid amphetamine abuser, and the hallucinating LSD user. Szasz's fallacy, of course, lies in supposing
5 that two phenomena that differ radically in our ordinary language and understanding--bodily (brain) dysfunction and unacceptable behavior--cannot be ameliorated by one and the same intervention. Anyone who has administered naloxone hydrochloride (Narcan) to a delirious [opiate] abuser knows the emptiness of this fallacy. CURRENT CONCEPTS OF DISEASE AND MENTAL ILLNESS L. S. King has spoken frankly of "the confusion surrounding the notion of disease," [while] Henschert has admitted that "to explain what is meant by disease in a few words is not so easy as one might think." Henschert makes the further point that, "One can have a strong sense of not feeling well although not even the most searching examination can detect any disturbance; it is not necessarily a case of an imaginary illness. But in light of Szasz's insistence on pathoanatomic and pathophysiologic criteria, one wants to know why this is not a case of an imaginary illness. Henschert is not making the trivial point that we are technologically incapable of "finding" such lesions. Rather, he construes disease as essentially 'a failure of adaptability. This, of course, hearkens hack to the Hippocratic concept of disease as centering around the uniquely "sick person." Scadding, arguing along similar lines, holds that diseased persons are those at a "biological disadvantage.'' This concept has been analyzed, by Kendell into the following two components: reduced fertility and higher mortality. Kendell, in fact, has adduced evidence that schizophrenia fits these criteria. Neither biological disadvantage nor failure in adaptability requires any reference to lesions or altered chemistrythough, in fact, these may underlie the problem. The term pathology arises from the root word "pathos"; originally, this referred to "passion" or "suffering." In his preoccupation with lesions, the physician would best be reminded that medical science began as a response to such suffering, what King aptly calls "the realm of pain, discomfort, and death. '' Indeed, '... it seems likely that the concept of disease originated as an explanation for the onset of suffering and incapacity in the absence of obvious injury. '' [emphasis mine]. Maurice Natanson concurs: Prior to the problems of establishing the etiological basis of a disease entity, there is the problem of uncovering the phenomenal character of the disease in question disease entities are human realities expressed in the life activities of fellow men. Disease [is originally recognized] not by experts, but by ordinary men. If disease arose to explain suffering and incapacity in the absence of obvious injury, one has trouble with Szasz's contention that illness has traditionally meant 'a visible deformity or lesion" such as 'a misshapen extremity, ulcerated skin, or a fracture or wound." But even if illness once meant what Szasz says it did, it no longer does. In the first place, our notion of disease is not value-independent; it often reflects very general ideas about "good" health, good looks, and good living. An example of a medical diagnosis that partakes of such evaluation is obesity. There is no uniform definition of this term nor are there consistent histopathologic or pathophysiologic changes in obese persons. (Compare what Craddock writes in Obesity and Its Management: "In the majority of patients, most metabolic differences between obese and normal people are ones of degree only, and are due to adaptation to an abnormal intake of food.") Albrink admits that obesity "cannot be separated from nonobesity on a frequency distribution curve," and that it can be defined only as "adiposity in excess of that consistent with good health." But what is good health? Living to 60? to 70? Despite these problems of definition and the intrusion of societal values, one would certainly hesitate before deploring "the myth of obesity." But Szasz might legitimately protest at this point. It is true, he might say, that some medical diagnoses are as fuzzy and value-centered as that of mental illness, but that does not touch the essential argument, namely, that one must demonstrate histopathologic or pathophysiologic change to have disease. Well, in the end, such a definition becomes not a scientific statement but a rhetorical call to action. One may wish that disease were so defined, and one may advocate such a definition. But, as was said of J. M. Keynes' theory of probability, Szasz's definition of disease remains a "vestal virgin" in the harsh world of medical realities. Consider the diagnoses of migraine, idiopathic epilepsy, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, and dystonia musculoram deformans. None of these "diseases"--and they are regarded as such outside the psychiatric profession-- is associated with consistent histepathologic or pathophysiologic changes. None meets Szasz's criteria for the ascription of disease. So where does that leave us? With the myth of migraine? Do we withhold phenytoin (Dilantin) from epileptics because they have no "disease"? (Although epilepsy can often be correlated with EEG changes, there is no consistent EEG pattern associated with epilepsy. See J. Laidlaw and A. Richens', A Textbook of Epilepsy). Szasz has held, as a general principle, that "there can be no treatment without illness." Yet he recognizes that "medical
6 intervention" occurs in the absence of illness; e.g., in cases of abortion or vasectomy. What Szasz has not recognized is the need for active treatment of such "non-diseases" as epilepsy, migraine, and--i would suggest--schizophrenia. To advocate this is surely not to abandon the principles of informed consent and contractual therapy--two cornerstones of Szasz's ethos. It is merely to point out the utter impracticality of a strictly Virchovian notion of disease. L. S. King, a clinical pathologist, correctly perceives that disease is ultimately "an arbitrary designation. It is not a matter of finding lesions but of making complex existential decisions: 'We carve out whatever disease patterns we wish, in whatever way we desire. '' Nevertheless, there is an abiding process of selection that "filters out" some diseases and retains others: "A [disease] pattern has reasonable stability only when its criteria are sharp, its elements cohere, and its utility in clarifying experience remains high. '' Schizophrenia, to be sure, needs refinement in all these respects. Yet it remains a useful term in describing a unique kind of "suffering and incapacity in the absence of obvious injury." To those who suffer with that elusive entity called mental illness, and who voluntarily seek treatment for it, we owe an open-minded and aggressive concern. Professors Thomas Szasz and Sir Martin Roth gave suggestions on the manuscript. References [some have been omitted from this excerpt] 1. Meltzer HY, Stahl SM: The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: A review. Schizophr Bull 2:19-76, Prange Ad, Lipton MA, Nemeroff CB, et al: The role of hormones in depression. Life Sci 20: , Szasz TS: The Myth of Mental Illness. New York, Harper' & Row Publishers Inc, Laing RD, Esterson A: Sanity, Madness, and the Family. Baltimore, Penguin Books, Inc, Cooper D: Psychiatry and Anti-Psychiatry. New York, Ballantine Books Inc, Szasz TS: Schizophrenia: The Sacred Symbol of Psychiatry. New York, Basic Books lnc Publishers, Moore M: Some myths about mental illness. Arch Gen Psych 32: , Szasz TS: Law, Liberty, and Psychiatry. New York, Collier Books, Szasz TS: The Second Sin. Garden City, NY, Anchor Books, Roth M: Schizophrenia and the theories of Thomas Szasz. Br J Psychiatry 129: , Szasz TS: Correspondence. Br J Psychiatry 130: , Meerloo JAM: Illness and Cure. New York, Grune & Stratton Inc, 1964, pp 41, Rather LJ (ed): Introduction, in Disease, Life and Man: Selected Essays by Rudolf Virchow. Stanford, Calif., Stanford University Press, Allbutt TC: A System of Medicine. New York, Macmillan & Co Ltd, 1896, vol 1, p xxxii. 15. Kendell RE: The concept of disease and its implications for psychiatry. Br J Psychiatry 127: , King LS: What is disease? Philos Sci 21: , Krehl L: Pathologische Physiologie. Leipzig, Germany, Thieme, Kraupl Taylor F: The medical model of the disease concept. Br J Psychiatry 128: , Copleston FC: Medieval Philosophy. New York, Harper Torchbooks, Burton R: The Anatomy of Melancholy. New York, Farrar and Rinehart, Edwards P: The case against naive subjectivism, in Taylor P (ed) The Moral Judgment. Englewood Cliffs NJ. Prentice-Hall, Inc, 1963, pp Sacks O: Migraine. Berkeley, University of California Press, Place UT: Is consciousness a brain process? in O'Connor J (ed): Modern Materialism: Readings on Mind- Body Identity. New York, Harcourt, 1969, pp Malcolm N: Scientific Materialism and the Identity Theory, in O'Connor J (ed): Modern Materialism: Readings on Mind-Body Identity. New York, Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1969, pp Henschen F: The History of Diseases, Tate J (transl.) London, Longmans, Ltd, 1966, p Scadding JG: Diagnosis: The clinician and the computer. Lancet 2: , Natanson M, Strauss EW, Ey Ii: Philosophy and psychiatry, in Natanson M (ed): Psychiatry and Philosophy. New York, Springer-Verlag New York, Inc, 1969, pp Craddock D: Obesity and It's Management, ed 2. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co, Albrink M J: Overnutrition and the fat cell, in Bondy PK (ed): Diseases of Metabolism, ed 6. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1969, pp
7 30. Laidlaw J, Rfchens A (eds): A Textbook of Epilepsy. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1976.
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See also www.thiswayup.org.au/clinic for an online treatment course.
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Why Studying Printing Company Critiques Helps
Part of Tv manufacturing is the promotion of Television exhibits. Get the ratings that you want for your nearby program utilizing postcard prints. Audience will determine the achievement of a certain Television display. Make investments on advertising your Television program not just via air time. Use prints to promote and advertise your Television show. It is a inexpensive yet efficient indicates to get viewers interest because visuals are easier to remember. Here are suggestions on how you can use printed postcard for advertising your Tv plan.
If you are confident that following reviewing your own file, there are no mistakes current whatsoever, from the textual content to the design itself. And if you are particular that you have adopted all the printers' specifications, you can then waive the proof and forego.
Inks on addresses - You can use unique inks for lengthy-long lasting prints. It is essential to make it stand out utilizing fantastic colours and fade-resistant inks. Fade-resistance is also a aspect for impressive prints.
Color - As everybody understands, industrial color printing is heading to price you more than black and white printing, but the cost is usually really worth it. When utilizing color corporate profile printing kolkata, usually check the colours on your proofs cautiously before your brochure goes to print. There's absolutely nothing worse than receiving a shipping and delivery of twenty,000 copies of your new brochure, only to find that your business's company colors are a few shades darker than they ought to be, or the yellow in your emblem is more fluorescent than mustard.
Flyers are printed on various paper sizes, like A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, DL and so on. The A4 leaflets have got some advantages owing to their dimension. These have get more info a size of 210 x 297 mm (in each portrait and landscape style). For online printing, the dimension can be chosen as desired by the consumer. These give an extra area for packing all the needed info to be presented in the leaflet. These are bigger than the other leaflets, and are easily noticeable from a length. Leaflets of this size are premium leaflets, and are much more popular for promotional actions.
SJPL also has several databases available on-line to customers, and a few of them are extremely helpful for profession info. The Vocational and Career Assortment has a large selection of profession-associated articles. Career Transitions has a lot of different resources, including an curiosity evaluation, profession profiles, a resume builder and occupation listings. The website does need you to produce a free account, but this is mainly so that you can save your evaluation results and job queries.
The success of your postcard printing is determined on the choices that you make. Always choose properly. Choose a printing business that provides you the most number of benefits when printing online. Begin searching the internet now and find a reliable publish card company to help you out in your printing jobs.

subset: commoncrawl


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Is rihanna dating wilmer valderrama
"To explain, what we […] She's bringing The Voice to Las Vegas!
Gwen Stefani is set to headline her own Las Vegas residency.
Vinny Guadagnino has been keeping busy since the return of Jersey Shore, most recently gushing about his adorable pit bull mix, Tita, with Us Weekly. While some, including Jenelle Evans and Amber Portwood, have posed for the camera on multiple occasions, other stars' mugshots, including Farrah Abraham and Adam Lind, have not been released by authorities.
(Abraham was arrested for a DUI in Omaha, Nebraska, […] The women are in charge on season 6 of House of Cards! I don't really know what's going to happen," […] Carrie Underwood is ready for her big return!
These friendly exes frequently reunite, and they dated from 2000 to 2002.
In the same infamous Howard Stern interview, Valderrama claimed to have taken Moore's virginity, and said that it wasn't "like warm apple pie." Moore, however, said Valderrama's claim was untrue and "utterly tacky."Simpson and Valderrama dated in 2005, and he told Howard Stern in 2006 that she's a "screamer" in bed. His ex, Lohan, blamed Simpson for the end of her relationship with Valderrama, and Simpson reportedly retaliated with her song "Boyfriend." So much drama.
It's hardly surprising either that her journey home on a private jet was a little more glamorous than our own delayed train!
She travelled in style, teaming a pair of ripped jeans with a Ri Ri T-shirt (natch!
The 1995 film focused on a group of young employees at Empire Records who made it their mission to save the independent record store from being bought out by a large chain.Maci Bookout found out that her ex Ryan Edwards — and the father of her son Bentley — was expecting another baby with his wife Mackenzie Standifer, through the 9-year-old.While she was hopeful that this would make Ryan a better father […] What if there was one Instagram account that could perfectly mesh your love for food and dogs? Cue the account Dogs in Food, which combines scrumptious meals with a pop of a character pup inside the dish, making for not only cute pictures, but hilarious captions."I would highly suggest [to] them not to do that," the Racism From the Eyes of a Child author, 66, tells Us […] Things get messy when costars date … In the new trailer for season 8 of Teen Mom 2, Javi Marroquin's exes go head-to-head! "No, you know, I can't leave Leah, I couldn't," Amber, 27, exclusively told Us Weekly on Monday.As previously reported, Javi, who shares 4-year-old son Lincoln with ex-wife Kailyn Lowry, began dating Briana De Jesus, who was originally part of Teen Mom 3 and joined […] Amber Portwood's boyfriend, Andrew Glennon, may have received a job offer in Los Angeles during the Monday, April 9, finale of Teen Mom OG, but don't expect the couple to move to L. "I just […] Is Nicole Zanatta the new Cory Wharton?
During the Sunday, April 8, premiere of Long Island Medium, the estranged couple faced each other to discuss their separation, an announcement they made in December 2017.


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Bijal and Nishil's magical Indian english wedding
What a stunning Indian Bride is Bijal for her magical English and Indian inspired wedding to Nishil at Poundon House. A wedding day that reflects their English and Indian heritage. This wedding you need to have a cuppa in hand, be cosy and enjoy these fabulous, colourful wedding photo's that shows what an incredible Summer … Read more


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By Susan Mettes
The infamous pyramid was never an accurate description of how people act, let alone a guide to discipleship.
You may have been told once or twice: "People can't hear the gospel if they're hungry." I've read it dozens of times in statements from pastors in the United States. But where, exactly, does the idea come from?
Many pastors depend on Maslow's hierarchy of needs to decide how churches should minister—even though it's been debunked.
The hierarchy of needs is a theory of human motivation, proposed in 1943 by psychologist Abraham Maslow, that says human beings have layers of needs: physiological, safety, belonging, esteem, and self-actualization, in that order. When people start to feel a certain need—say, the need for satisfaction in their jobs—it is because the lower layers of needs have been satisfied. Maslow put physiological needs at the bottom of his hierarchy, indicating that needs like air, water, food, sex, sleep, shelter, and clothing must be met before any other felt needs can arise and be addressed.
I learned about pastors' dependence on Maslow's hierarchy of needs while analyzing data collected by the Seed Company, on behalf of Barna Group. On a survey, senior pastors had written individual responses to explain …read more
Source:: Christianity Today


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In the biggest twist of the year (including last year), Sony has announced that they will produce Compact Flash memory in addition to their proprietary MemoryStick line of flash memory. They want to target the DSLR users with the CF cards that will have transfer speeds of 66x and 133x and come in capacities up to 4GB. They are being branded with Sony's Alpha 100 DSLR camera. What's next, Sony? A PS3 price cut?
Sony to develop Compact Flash memory cards [newlaunches]


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plumbing lubbock
Concerns About Plumbing? This Must Aid You!
When you believe of pipes, do you simply see it as a covert as well as mystical network of pipes and also pumps that makes your bathrooms as well as sinks job? Plumbing is not really that complicated, and there are many things that you can do yourself to maintain and fix your system.
Drain cleansing chemicals might feel like an excellent way to remove develop in your drains but they should not really be used as usually as you might believe. There are numerous that contain really harsh chemicals that are unsafe to your pipelines and might trigger much more damage than what the help your pipelines.
To assist you find an excellent plumber, you should obtain recommendations from individuals whom you count on. Asking a close friend or a neighbor is normally extra trustworthy than selecting an arbitrary plumbing out of the phonebook. You need a competent plumbing professional, otherwise you can be in for a much bigger trouble in the future.
When choosing a plumbing see to it he is insured and licensed. This is really important. If there is a pipes emergency, you wish to make sure the plumbing professional has met the training requirements of the state. If he is insured, this covers any kind of unexpected damages done while fixing your plumbing.
Basic problems with bathrooms can be a quick solution for also the rawest amateur plumbing as well as deserves trying if you can put in the time to investigate the trouble. Choose the required part or parts from your local hardware store and ask for support in exactly how to correctly install them.
See to it overflow holes are cleaned out. This can aid to stop any kind of water damages. Overflow openings are a method to quit water from overruning if a sink is left on by mishap. If the overflow hole is blocked it will not have the ability to do its work.
Group all of your pipes repairs before setting up a plumbing technician to find out. Examine all of your fixtures and also faucets. Is dripping, running or obstructed, make a listing for the plumbing technician. This way, when the plumbing technician comes, they can do every one of the jobs in one visit. This will about his cut down on fees.
Be sure that you look at your water meter when it is not being Find Out More utilized. Then, examine the meter 8 hours later on. If the meter has actually changed, even a percentage, this might be an indicator that there is an undiscovered water leak, which can be an extreme problem.
To prevent pipes calamities in your kitchen, never area hard-to-grind, fibrous, fibrous waste, such as chicken skins, banana peels, carrots, celery, or melon pulp, into the garbage disposal. The disposer can't sufficiently grind these food and also they will certainly clog your sink drain. You should likewise run cool water away for around 15 secs prior to as well as after utilizing the garbage disposal to purge the waste down the main drain.
It should not be required to call out a specialist for every single repair job. If you take your time as well as apply reasonable advice, such as what you read right here, you can effectively repair many of the common faults that develop. It may take a longer the first few times, yet after a couple of successes you will certainly gain ground.
When you believe of pipes, do you simply see it as a covert as well as mysterious network of pipes and also pumps that makes your commodes and also sinks job? Pipes is not really that made complex, as well as there are lots visit of points that you can do yourself to maintain and fix your system. If there is a pipes emergency, you want to make certain the plumber has actually satisfied the training demands of the state. If he is guaranteed, this covers any type of unintended damages done while fixing your pipes.
Group all of your pipes repair services before setting up a plumbing technician to come out.


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It takes a Village is the go to statist response to anyone who questions the modern welfare state. Complain about say the ever increasing property taxes and you are shamed with the "it takes a village" guilt missile to shut you up and ensure the our public sector overlords do not have to face any questions on how you get hosed but they never seem to.
In 2008 during the great recession many folks lost their jobs in the private sector and others while staying employed had to take large pay cuts. The firm I was with cut all exempt employee's salaries by 10%. For some senior VP making $300K a year that doesn't sound like much but for the vast majority of exempt employees who make $80-$100K, 10% pay cut is a shot.
But it takes a "village" right? We are all in this together? The truth is shared "pain" is for you but not for the government class. Obama's "stimulus" program spent most money on shoring up declining tax revenues due to all the private sector job loss..in other words it was spent to ensure govt workers and contractors did not have to take a pay cut. Where was the government sector unions taking a pay cut to lower taxes on those neighbors who lost their job and were having a hard time paying their property taxes? No they got pay increases…the govt class prospered like never before..
Next time I hear it takes a village I can only think of old Ben Franklin describing democracy as two wolves and a lamb deciding on dinner. In NY State where I live the private sector has been decimated and become beholden to State Govt if it wants to survive. When you have more folks in the govt class than the private sector you get what we have here..tyranny.
You can have the village..I'll go into the mountains and live with other free men who help each other out willfully.


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Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Using Actor–Critic Neural Network with Krill Herd-Whale Optimization Algorithm
Spectrum sensing is the active research area in the Cognitive radio networks that initiates the effective data sharing between the licensed and the unlicensed users of Cognitive Network. Maximizing the detection probability for a provided false alarm rate is a hectic challenge of most of the spectral sensing methods. The paper proposes a spectral sensing method, termed as Krill-Herd Whale optimization-based actor critic neural network. The unoccupied spectrum is optimally determined using the proposed method that allocates the free spectrum bands to the primary users instantly such that the delay is minimized due to the effective functioning of the fusion center. For the effective sensing, the Eigen-value-based cooperative sensing is activated in the cognitive radio. The analysis of the proposed method is progressed based on the performance metrics, such as false alarm probability and detection probability. The proposed spectral sensing method outperforms the existing methods that yield a maximum probability of detection and minimum probability of false alarm at a rate of 0.9805 and of 0.009.
KeywordsSpectrum sensing Cognitive radio Actor–critic neural network Krill Herd optimization Whale optimization algorithm
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His production consists of two elaborate complementary lists: Various examples of the use of phonetic complements can be seen below: There is not a counterpart to this verb in the Egyptian language.
So we may never know how the words were formed. He was an historian and brilliant linguist and by the age of sixteen had mastered not only Latin and Greek but six ancient Oriental languages, including Coptic, which was the late form of ancient Egyptian.
Logograms can be accompanied by phonetic complements. Adjectival Sentences When a sentence uses an adjective for the predicate, it is know as and adjectival sentence. Unlike other cultures the early picture forms were never discarded or simplified probably because they are so very lovely to look at.
Their number system was based on the scale of ten like ours. For example; if a word expressed an abstract idea, a picture of a roll of papyrus tied up and sealed was included to show that the meaning of the word could be expressed in writing although not pictorially.
When either the feminine or masculine form of the third person singular dependent pronoun is used, the genitival adjective often rendered as.
Activities Take a ten question quiz about this page. The description of the actor: Twenty-four uniliteral signs make up the so-called hieroglyphic alphabet. The first type of nonverbal sentence we will look at is the adjectival sentence.
The most famous of the early "decipherers" was Athanasius Kircher. The coreferent is the word within the relative clause which refers back to the antecedent. The antecedent is the noun or noun phrase that the adjective modifies.
There are more than Hieroglyphic illustrations including Egyptian word examples and over hieroglyphs from the Gardiner list. At all periods, moreover, hieroglyphic writing was a branch of decorative art, and it may have been that the ancient Egyptian, like the modern Turk, resented too much lucidity, and liked his literary compositions to be veiled in a certain obscurity.
For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help: Egyptian Hieroglyphic Writing Hieroglyphic symbols are pleasing to the eye; everyone wants to see their name in hieroglyphs.
It may be that these belong in reality to the old Nilotic inhabitants, who were probably related to the true Semites of Arabia; but the hieroglyphic system seems to have developed in the Delta, and is very probably to be ascribed to the " Armenoids.
These painstakingly drawn symbols were great for decorating the walls of temples but for conducting day to day business there was another script, known as hieratic This was a handwriting in which the picture signs were abbreviated to the point of abstraction.
Finally, it sometimes happens that the pronunciation of words might be changed because of their connection to Ancient Egyptian: A determinative is a picture of an object which helps the reader.
These variants were also more suited than hieroglyphs for use on papyrus. Without proper rendering supportyou may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. Inhowever, Arthur Evans observed some signs on scripMinot,an seal-stones from Crete which led him to believe that a hieroglyphic system of writing had existed in Minoan times.
A granite gateway to the temple of Khnflm at Elephantine bears his name in hieroglyphic, and demotic documents are found dated in his reign.
Semantic reading Besides a phonetic interpretation, characters can also be read for their meaning: Sort of like adding an "s" to a word.
This action terminated a four thousand year old tradition and the message of the ancient Egyptian language was lost for years. To put this in perspective — most modern countries count their histories in hundreds of years.
Hieroglyphic signs are divided into four categories: Syllabic signs represent a combination of two or three consonants. T pio-jeyas occurs in a late magical text.Ancient Egyptian writing is known as hieroglyphics ('sacred carvings') and developed at some point prior to the Early Dynastic Period (c.
BCE). According to some scholars, the concept of the written word was first developed in Mesopotamia and came to Egypt through trade. While there. Need to use "hieroglyphics" in a sentence? Here are 63 fantastic examples of how you can use this word. Sentences and phrases with the word hieroglyphics Looking for sentences or phrases with the word hieroglyphics?
Here are some examples. In Egyptian hieroglyphics the symbol for stone is used as the determinative for Set. In this type of sentence (a simple statement of fact), the particle iw occurs first in the sentence and establishes the context as "here and now". Next comes the verb, and then the subject.
Since Egyptian doesn't make much use of articles, we've just decided to use the in our English translation, but it could just as well be a or an, depending on the context.
The examples above the verb "is" is used. There is not a counterpart to this verb in the Egyptian language. Instead, we would find a sentence like "Interesting, King Tutankamun" or "Hatshepsut, the pharaoh of Egypt.".
Hieroglyphic Sentence Examples. in a manner not known in the Egyptian hieroglyphic system, with which some of the other symbols show obvious analogies. Neuserre of the Vth Dynasty appears to have been in the shape of a stumpy obelisk on a vast scale. Egyptian Symbols and Figures: Hieroglyphs.
Created September 29, Tools. Email. The Lesson. Identify certain Egyptian hieroglyphs and recognize their meanings and uses; work together to figure out how to write the sentence ("The silly rabbit lost its carrot and .Download


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Beautiful 3+ bedroom brick ranch on Fort Atkinson's south side. Quality finishes throughout including hardwood floors, stone fireplace, crown molding, cherry cabinets, 6 panel doors and solid trim. Here you will find an inviting formal dining room, spacious kitchen, updated bathrooms, finished lower level rec room with bar and pool table, an ample garage with kennel and garden shed. Enjoy the oversized yard and patio while entertaining family and friends. Appliances and Transferable Home Warranty included. New mound system in 2016. This is a rare find in today's market. Call today!
Listing Provided Courtesy of First Weber Inc
Property Type: Single Family
Taxes: $2,934
Basement: Crawl space, Full, Partially finished, Poured Concrete Foundation, Sump Pump
Garage: 2 car, Attached, Opener inc.
Style: Ranch
Fireplace: 1 Fireplace, Wood burning
Kitchen Features: Breakfast bar, Microwave, Range/Oven, Refrigerator
Interior Features: Cable available, Dryer, High Speed Internet, Washer, Water softener inc, Wood or sim. wood floor
Exterior Features: Patio
Elementary School: Call School District
Middle School: Fort Atkinson
High School: Fort Atkinson
Master Bedroom:13x12
Bedroom #2:12x10
Bedroom #3:11x9
Family Room:19x11
Living/Grt Rm:19x12
Dining Room:13x10
Bonus Room:13x09
Rec Room:30x12
Accuracy of information for W6381 Eastern Ave, provided by seller, listing broker, and other third parties, is not guaranteed and should be verified by buyer if material.
Listing provided courtesy: First Weber Inc
Copyright 2019, South Central Wisconsin MLS Corporation. All rights reserved.


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You could just be you. Read more about the meaning and story behind her side tattoo… read more Miley Cyrus already has dozens of tattoos inked all over her body, including arm tattoos, side tats, and her impressive collection of finger tattoos, and she shows no signs of stopping anytime soon.
Miley is obviously proud of her Native American heritage, as are her father and brother who both sport Native American tattoos. Please open my heart chakra. I guess I should have let you win. Miley Cyrus kicked off with a brand new tattoo, inked on the inside of her left bicep. She has a brother, Matthew, who is two years younger.
You let me burn and now, we're ashes on the ground". Share your meaning with community, make it interesting and valuable.
Read more about the meaning and story behind her finger and arm tattoos… read more In this case, the ringleader allegedly wanted Kerr's Victoria's Secret lingerie. Read more about the meaning and story behind her sad kitty lip tattoo… read more Read more about the meaning and story behind her KATZ tattoo… read more I wanted it to be fine, and delicate and have meaning, and hopefully, inspiration.
Read more about the meaning and story behind her robot tattoo… read more All you ever did was. Of the press, Kerr said: Hudson ; an accompanying music video premiered five days later on November 10, The matching tattoos feature a simple black wave design and — get this!
Best of Both Worlds Concert Add your reply View 24 more meanings Write about your feelings and thoughts about Fresh Start Know what this song is about? The dreamcatcher tat is inked on her right ribcage, just below her armpit, and is the biggest Miley Cyrus tattoo to date.
His acceptance speech encouraged musicians to learn more about homeless youth in Los Angeles and what they can do to help at Cyrus's Facebook page. She can't be a fake little disney girl for her whole life. Read more about the meaning and story behind her finger watermelon tattoo… read more We've updated our eEdition.
The NEW version of the eEdition has the same great look as our printed newspaper.
Easily zoom, search and flip through the pages on your computer, tablet or smartphone. Get the latest slate of new MTV Shows Jersey Shore, Teen Wolf, Teen Mom and reality TV classics such as Punk'd and The Hills.
Visit cytopix.com to get the latest episodes and TV Airtimes. k Followers, 1, Following, Posts - See Instagram photos and videos from Le HuffPost (@lehuffpost). "BIEWTY" Inked on Miley Cyrus' Arm. It was in an Instagram post on March 29,that Miley Cyrus debuted tattoo number 38, which is inked on her upper left.
News Corp is a network of leading companies in the worlds of diversified media, news, education, and information services. Watch Asian Porn Videos, Asian Sex Movies on Abdula Porn.


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Help To Finish Re-Positioning Audio Player Layout
Budget $10-15 USD
Help To Finish Re-Positioning Audio Player Layout ....
All files available and ready for modifying
Very Simple Task For Skilled Developer Who Work Fast and Professional
7 freelance font une offre moyenne de $31 pour ce travail
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text: Heartgard Plus Chewables for Dogs PRODUCT REVIEWS PAGE 41 OF 57 The Heartgard brand is among the most trusted heartworm prevention medications, and for good reason. Heartgard Plus Chewables for Dogs helps protect your dog's health by preventing canine heartworm disease, as well as kill hookworms, and roundworms. Options Available: Blue, 25 lbs. and under, 6 Month Supply Green, 26-50 lbs., 6 Month Supply Brown, 51-100 lbs., 6 Month Supply Brown, 51-100 lbs., 12 Month Supply Blue, 25 lbs. and under, 12 Month Supply Green, 26-50 lbs., 12 Month Supply Shop Heartgard Plus Chewables for Dogs Rated 5 out of 5 by 680 reviewers. Rated 5 out of 5by Anonymous Pet ParentSatisfiedexcellent prices, speedy service! definitely worth buying 07/26/2008Rated 5 out of 5by Verified Reviewer Best Price & Great Quality My 2 Miniature Schnazuer's, Rupert who's 13.6 years & Sissie who's 7 months, both love the taste of this medicine. To them, it's a monthly treat & to me, it's the security knowing they're protected. And the cost is almost half that of getting it from my vet. It's fast, easy & saves money. Great customer service too! 07/26/2008Rated 5 out of 5by Adam_German_Shepherd_Owneramazingsuch a chewy little treat that my big guy just craves on the first of every month. YUM YUM! PLUS he stays HEARTWORM FREE!!!!!! Definitely Buy this product 07/24/2008Rated 5 out of 5by Lauren_two_boxer_dogs_ownerHighly Recommended- Love it!I have used this product for over 5 years, and all of my dogs have always been safe, and healthy because of it. Dogs love the taste of it, and glup it up looking for more. It really makes medicine easy to give. 07/21/2008Rated 4 out of 5by Doggie_ownerordering snafuour vet was unwilling to fax PetCareRx our prescription; it took me a few days to go get the Rx & then find a fax machine to send it. PetCareRx acted on the fax once I sent it, but the experience itself was less than convenient...guess I need a new vet :( 07/20/2008Rated 5 out of 5by A_stray_finds_a_new_homefiniky dog will eat these like treatsMy dog hates treats but will eat this with no trouble 07/20/2008Rated 5 out of 5by Ray_and_Joyce_Cavalier_King_Charles_ownerGreat service and very good price vs vetPetCareRx did not get good cooperation from vet for scrip and emailed me immediately describing the problem. Once resolved they telephoned me to let me know all was OK and that the product was shipped. I received it the next day. Live courteous customer service person, easy to contact. I would definitely order from them again. 07/19/2008Rated 5 out of 5by DonnaDog_and_cat_ownerfirst experienceeverything was very easy, from finding the product I wanted ,to the verification, ordering and arrival of the package. Thank you for such efficient and prompt service. 07/19/2008Rated 5 out of 5by Bowser_and_Gypsy_loved_by_AnitaBowserGypsy and I would recommend PetCareRx to all dogs. They have the best price for this product. Gypsy and I have used Heartgard Plus for a long time. We have not had any side effects. Tastes like a yummy treat each month. Keep up the great prices! (My owner received order in 3 days!) 07/19/2008Rated 5 out of 5by Rhonda_a_chihuahua_ownerOnly the best!I have used this product for over 19 years. My first dog, a terrier mix, really liked this and always ate it up. My new dog is an extremely picky eater disliking almost every dog treat but he gobbles these up and truly thinks it's a treat to eat. Once he sees the box he starts jumping up and down and begging for it. The box has to stay well hidden when not in use so he doesn't beg for it. 07/14/2008Rated 5 out of 5by Anonymous Pet ParentReview for HeartguardplusGreat product. Great experience and price. Received it fast! 07/13/2008Rated 5 out of 5by Karenquite_fond_of_my_Lady_dogFirst timerI was very pleased with the service from PetCareRx. It was easy, convenient and fast. They took care of contacting my vet for a prescription for the heartworm med. I'm sure I'll use them again. 07/12/2008 Page 41 of 57 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57


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Always forget how to do this and have to research it again.
This time the scenario is getting an X session on a db server to install oracle software, but the sys admin has locked down the ports so that only the conventional ones (ssh) are open to the outside (well inside the intranet) world (found out using /sbin/iptables --list) . At least vnc is still installed.
Of course the box is open for ssh - so using the very handy tool plink we first set off a vncserver process on the remote box noting down the port being used
Then run the following from the command line on my local windows workstation
plink.exe -ssh -L 5900:localhost:5903 REMOTE_USER@REMOTE_SERVER -pw PASSWORD
This tunnels from the local 5900 port to the remote 5903 port on REMOTE_SERVER by opening a remote session for REMOTE_USER with PASSWORD
Then by opening a vnc viewer locally looking at localhost:5900 we get the desired vnc session.
Thursday, 17 January 2008
Old rope : VNC Over SSH
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Have you ever been halfway through your Cheesy Gordita Crunch and wondered if you were eating the real deal? Have you ever thought "Do Mexicans really eat chimichangas?". If so, prepare to have all of your questions answered. This is Mexican Food: Fact or Fiction!
Round 1: Street Food
Fiction #1 - Fast Food Tacos are Authentic
I will give you a thousand dollars if you can find a taco even partially similar to this one anywhere in Mexico. In fact, if you can find me some seasoned ground beef I'll give you twenty!
Fact #1 - Mexican Tacos Are Amazing
This is the real deal folks. Want to know what Mexicans put in their tacos? Look directly above this typing. Want to know what is on that plate? I have absolutely no idea. Want to know how delicious it is? Very.
Fiction #2 - Chunky Salsa is Mexican
And all this time you thought it was pronounced Pah-say! I'll bet Pace isn't even made in Mexico either! This fiction is actually wonderful for me; I hate salsa. There are sauces here to put on your tacos but they are nothing like what we are used to dipping our chips in back home.
Fact #2 - Mexican Salsas Totally Rock
These are the standard sauces that you will find at any restaurant here in Mexico. Kelly loves the pico de gallo and the lighter green sauce. I, on the other hand, love the orange sauce with a little bit of lime. A few drops are usually enough to make me sweat. But, let's be honest, I sweat ALL day here anyway.
Were we sick after eating all of those tacos? Yes. Have we done it again? Multiple times.
Fact #3 - Arab Tacos Rule
These are definitely my favorite. They use a practical joke sized knife (Do you see that thing?) to slice meat off of a giant spinning horn. I don't know what kind of seasoning they put on it but it is incredible. I would probably eat my own shoes if they were seasoned with the same stuff.
Fact #4 - Mexican Hamburgers Are At the Pinnacle of Burger-dom
There's this little place about 100 feet from our house called "The Magic Hamburger". We were warned after the fact not to eat there but we will definitely be going back. After all, what doesn't kill you only makes you stronger. These burgers were the best we have ever had. Period.
If you look closely you might be able to make out a few of the ingredients on Kelly's burger: avocado, pineapple, mushroom, bacon, sliced ham, Oaxacan cheese, string cheese, yellow cheese, grilled onion, tomato, mayo, and ketchup. Try ordering that at your local Wendy's! I dare you!
We couldn't even read through the description of a burger without laughing at the insane variety of cheeses listed on the menu. (Note: Perhaps you've noticed my stylish comb-over. It has come to be lovingly known here in Mexico as my "Dad Hair". This is not a daily occurrence. My hair was just getting very long and I couldn't do it normally. I promise.)
Fiction #3 - Your Stomach Can Handle It
No. It can't. Sooner or later everyone must recognize that they are no match for the mighty power of real Mexican food. Don't worry, though. It's totally worth it and it's supposed to only make you sick once. I just figured that if I seemed more humble then the great and powerful "Flamita" might take it a little easier on me.
See what I mean? No matter how many times you think "Maybe this isn't a good idea", you do it anyway.
Fiction #4 - Chalupas Are Attractive
I have to be honest. I cannot blame Taco Bell for giving the chalupa a facelift for their U.S. market. In real life the chalupa is a far cry from its golden brown American counterpart. If you think you can handle the truth, scroll down one picture.
"I would like an order of chalupas please."
"Absolutely. Would you like me to chew the meat for you and spit it back onto your plate first as well?"
"Sure. But only if you promise to miss the tortillas and smear everything around on my plate too."
"It would be my pleasure."
Fact #5 - Mexican Food is Named Very Appropriately
Tostadas (pictured above) - actually made on toasted tortillas
Enchiladas - actually cooked with lots of chile
Gorditas - will definitely lead to you becoming a gordito/a yourself (gordo = fat)
No sooner would I attempt to describe the Mona Lisa or Beethoven's Fifth than to capture in words the majesty of this taco al pastor.
Fiction #5 - Gloves Are Necessary
To be honest, how clean are gloves anyway? Does the 17 year-old at McDonald's avoid touching nasty things any less because he is wearing them? If anything, gloves are a green light to touch anything you want. I say let's go the way of the Mexican market. No shirt. No gloves. No problem!
Fact #6 - Mexican Food is Cheap
For those of you wondering how we could possibly afford to live once back in Provo, have no fear! Mexican food is very easy on the wallet. For a plate of 5 tostadas we pay 9 Mexican dollars. That is about 80 cents! Take that Dollar Menu!
And, just in case you are wondering if Mexicans really do eat chimichangas, they don't. In fact, the word chimichanga doesn't even exist here.