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Georgia Wellington Wedge Work Boots - Steel Toe
Item # 050R13
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- Georgia Wellington Wedge Work Boots - Steel Toe
- Item # 050R13
Additional Information
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- Full-grain and SPR leather construction
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text:
The physiological condition of juvenile birds can be influenced by multiple ecological stressors, and few studies have concurrently considered the effects of environmental contaminants in combination with ecological attributes that can influence foraging conditions and prey availability. Using three temporally distinct indices of physiological condition, we compared the physiological response of nestling great egrets (Ardea alba) and white ibises (Eudocimus albus) to changing prey availability, hydrology (water depth, recession rate), and mercury exposure in the Florida Everglades. We found that the physiological response of chicks varied between species and among environmental variables. Chick body condition (short-term index) and fecal corticosterone levels (medium-term) were influenced by wetland water depth, prey availability, region, and age, but not by mercury contamination. However, mercury exposure did influence heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in egret chicks, indicating a longer-term physiological response to contamination. Our results indicate that the physiological condition of egret and ibis chicks were influenced by several environmental stressors, and the time frame of the effect may depend on the specialized foraging behavior of the adults provisioning the chicks.
Citation: Herring G, Eagles-Smith CA, Gawlik DE, Beerens JM, Ackerman JT (2014) Physiological Condition of Juvenile Wading Birds in Relation to Multiple Landscape Stressors in the Florida Everglades: Effects of Hydrology, Prey Availability, and Mercury Bioaccumulation. PLoS ONE 9(9): e106447. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0106447
Editor: Chang-Qing Gao, Central South University, China
Received: April 24, 2014; Accepted: August 4, 2014; Published: September 3, 2014
This is an open-access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.
Data Availability: The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: Financial or inkind support was provided by the U.S. This work received support from the Fish and Wildlife Service (grant/contract number: 401815G028) and U.S. Geological Survey. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Environmental stressors, such as contaminants, prey availability, and adverse weather, can elicit strong physiological responses from wild birds in order to help them overcome short-term challenges. These responses can be particularly harmful during the early stages of life if the response exceeds physiological norms [1]–[3]. Physiological [4] and behavioral [5] responses can manifest throughout the annual cycle by many avian species in order to cope with seasonal environmental stochasticity. Understanding avian responses to multiple environmental stressors, when one of those stressors is an environmental contaminant, is poorly understood, yet this situation is prevalent in many anthropogenically-impacted environments [6], [7].
Mercury (Hg) contamination and subsequent bioaccumulation in waterbirds is problematic in wetlands throughout the world. Inorganic Hg is converted into the toxic and bioaccumulative form methylmercury (MeHg) under biogeochemical conditions that are common in wetland ecosystems [6], [7]. Once methylated, MeHg biomagnifies as it is transferred through the food chain [8]–[10]. Environmentally relevant Hg concentrations in birds have been associated with a suite of impaired physiological and reproductive responses, including altered reproductive hormone levels [11], [12], compromised hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis [13]–[15], and reduced reproductive performance [16].
The decline of several species of Everglades' wading bird between the 1930s and 2001 has been related to changes in prey availability and alterations to the ecosystem's hydrology [17]–[19] and possibly due to Hg exposure [20], [21]. Great egrets (Ardea alba; hereafter egret) and white ibis (Eudocimus albus; hereafter ibis) are two of the most common breeding waterbirds in the Everglades, and they exhibit different foraging strategies that influence their exposure to ecological stressors. Ibis are more limited in their use of habitats and available prey than egrets [22]. Specifically, Ibis select high-quality foraging patches that they then abandon relatively quickly once prey availability drops, whereas egrets tend to remain at foraging sites even when prey densities are low [22]. Although both species select different foraging habitats [23] nest survival for both species is similarly influenced by hydrological conditions and prey availability [24]. Furthermore, Hg concentrations differ between egrets and ibises in the Florida Everglades [10], [25]–[28], which is likely a function of their foraging ecology and prey selection [28].
Herein, we assessed the physiological response of juvenile egrets and ibis to changing prey availability, hydrology (water depth, recession rate), and mercury exposure. We measured physiological biomarkers and body condition for egret and ibis nestlings in two consecutive years that differed greatly in hydrologic conditions, prey availability, and Hg exposure. Additionally, we measured physiological biomarkers of environmental stressors that manifest across a range of different time frames. In particular, we used measures of physiological condition that we expected would represent a temporal continuum of responses relative to the age of wading bird chicks in our study, including a body-condition index (short-time frame; 1–2 days; [29]), fecal corticosterone metabolites [FCORT] (medium-time frame; 2–7 days; [30], [31]), and heat shock proteins 60 and 70 [HSP60, HSP70] (long-time frame: weeks - >1 month; [28], [32]–[34]). Corticosterone (CORT) is a hormone that serves as a signal to modify both behavior and metabolism during a period of acute stress. Corticosterone is released by the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis into the blood stream when birds experience acute stress, facilitating a rapid response to overcome the stressor [2], [35]. Variation in CORT levels in waterbirds have been correlated with a variety of factors including prey availability [31], [36], Hg exposure [12], [15], and changing hydrological conditions [37]. In contrast, heat shock proteins are highly conserved molecular chaperones that function to maintain optimal cell function and homeostasis [38], [39] by being amplified through up-regulation during periods of stress to minimize cell protein damage [40], [41]. Elevated heat shock proteins are commonly associated with responses to damage associated with heavy metals including Hg [42], [43], decreased food availability [31], and rapid changes in hydrological conditions at foraging sites for birds [37]. In order to better understand the potential conservation implications of exposure to multiple environmental stressors we simultaneously tested those effects on these physiological biomarkers and chick body condition.
Ethics Statement
We made every attempt to reduce disturbance, stress, and other impacts to target and non-target species during the course of this research. Florida Atlantic University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (Protocol A0534) approved this study, and we conducted the research under U.S. Geological Survey banding permit 23354 and Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission Scientific Research Permit WX04487.
Study Area
In 2006 and 2007, we monitored egret and ibis nestlings in Florida Everglades wading bird colonies at the Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge (Lox; n = 8 colonies) in Palm Beach County, Water Conservation Area (WCA) 2A (n = 2 colonies) in Broward County, and WCA 3A (n = 5 colonies) in Broward and Miami-Dade Counties, Florida, USA (Figure S1). Colonies were located by using a combination of ground and aerial surveys [24], by tracking radio-tagged adults [23], and by visiting known colony sites (e.g., South Florida Wading Bird Reports, South Florida Water Management District). Although we attempted to sample colonies in which both species nested, only one species nested in five of the twelve colonies.
Chick sampling
We surveyed nests within egret and ibis colonies that were associated with our radio-tagged adults ([23], [24], Figure S1). We revisited nests and resampled chicks (n = 61 egret and 65 ibis nests) approximately every 7 days, and determined the hatching order and post-hatch age of chicks.
We used FCORT as an index of stress because this approach minimizes handling-induced bias that results during bird sampling. We collected fecal material as described in [37], and fecal samples were stored in labeled cryovial tubes and placed on ice. We recorded mass for both species to the nearest 5 g using a spring scale and recorded all other morphometric measurements to the nearest 1 mm. We sampled all nestlings during the morning to minimize heat stress and time of day effects on physiological metrics.
We sampled blood from chicks to measure both HSPs and Hg concentrations. From each chick, we collected up to 2 ml of blood from the brachial vein using a 27-gauge needle. Blood samples were stored on ice in heparinized cryovials until transport to the laboratory. Following The Ornithological Council guidelines [44], we limited the total blood volume of blood collection to <1% of bird mass and thus had limited blood volume available for determining physiological parameters and Hg concentrations. Therefore, we separated plasma and RBC fractions in the laboratory via centrifugation (15 min, 5,000 rpm) and determined HSPs and THg concentrations in RBCs. Each fraction was stored frozen at −20°C until analyses could be determined.
Laboratory Methods
Fecal samples were homogenized in the laboratory, divided into 2 equal 1-ml wet portions, and dried using a Labconco CentriVap Concentro (Labconco, Kansas City, MO). Dried samples (∼0.25 g) were then mixed with 5 ml of 95% ethanol and vortexed for 30 min. After centrifugation (15 min, 2500 × g) the supernatant was transferred to a new vial, and evaporated under a stream of nitrogen gas. Corticosterone metabolites were then resuspended in diluted extraction buffer and measured using the Correlate-EIA Corticosterone Enzyme Immunoassay Kit (EIA [45];) following the manufacturer's instructions (Assay Design, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI). Inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variation for FCORT internal standards were 7% and 11%, and 8% and 9% respectively for egrets and ibises. We validated that FCORT levels did not change after freezing as in the case of mammals [46] by freezing and measuring FCORT levels monthly for 6 months [45].
A subset of RBCs was washed three times using phosphate buffered saline, centrifuged and the pellet was removed after the final wash. The RBC pellet was then mixed with 1× extraction reagent and a protease inhibitor cocktail (Sigma), vortexed for 5 min and then sonicated for 1 min. Samples were again centrifuged (15 min, 2500 g) and the supernatant removed. We measured HSP60 (HSPD1) and HSP70 (HSP72/HSPA1A) in the supernatant using EIA kits specific to just those stress proteins and not all other HSP60 and HSP70 family members EIA kits (Assay Designs, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI). Inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variation for HSP60 and HSP70 internal standards were 5% and 7% and 6% and 7% respectively for egrets and ibis. All samples were run in duplicate, and means of duplicates were used in all analyses. All EIA kits were validated using serial dilutions and spike tests to determine percent recovery [45].
Mercury Determination
We analyzed the remaining portion of RBCs for total mercury (THg) concentrations because the majority of Hg in blood is in the RBC fraction [47], [48] and RBC Hg concentrations are correlated with whole blood Hg concentrations [49], [50]. Further, almost all (>95%) of the mercury in avian blood is in the methylmercury form and THg concentrations are highly correlated with methylmercury levels [51], [52]. To minimize any potential variability in THg concentrations associated with processing and differential moisture loss during long-term storage of samples, RBC fractions were dried (48 hours at 50°C) to a constant weight before THg analysis. We measured up to 0.05 g of dried blood into nickel sample vessels (weighed to the nearest 0.00001 g; Mettler Toledo model XS105, Mettler Toledo, Columbus, Ohio, USA). Following U.S. Environmental Protection Agency method 7473 [53], we determined THg concentrations in each RBC sample on a Milestone DMA-80 direct mercury analyzer (Milestone, Monroe, Connecticut, USA). Analytical equipment was calibrated using certified standard solutions prior to analysis, and accuracy and precision were evaluated within each analytical batch through the inclusion of certified reference materials (either dogfish muscle tissue [DORM-3] or dogfish liver [DOLT-4] by the National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada), calibration verifications (liquid standards), duplicates, and blanks. Recoveries averaged 102.4±0.06% (n = 17) and 97.7±0.04% (n = 33) for certified reference materials and calibration checks, respectively. Absolute relative percent difference for all duplicates averaged 1.7%±0.08% (n = 16).
Hydrological Conditions
We used the Everglades Depth Estimation Network (EDEN [54];) to estimate water depths and water level recession rates within foraging ranges of adults associated with breeding colonies where chicks were sampled. The EDEN uses a system of water level gauges to produce a water surface model coupled with a ground elevation model to estimate water depth for the entire freshwater portion of the Greater Everglades [55]. The EDEN calculates water level depths in 400 m×400 m grid cells at daily time steps accounting for evapotranspiration, rainfall, and sheet flow. The estimated water depths have been found to be accurate to within 5 cm [55].
To estimate recession rates and water depths, we used protocols developed during previous studies [23], [24], [28]. Briefly we used fixed radius buffers (hereafter foraging range) associated with breeding colonies based on mean distances flown plus one standard error by radio tagged adult egrets and ibises in a concurrent study. We defined foraging range as the average distance that radio tagged adults flew from breeding colonies to a foraging site throughout the breeding season. We extracted the water depth from each EDEN grid cell within the foraging ranges for each specific colony, year, and species combination. For each day that we sampled chicks, we calculated water recession rate and water depth as the mean value for the preceding 2-week period [24], [28]. Positive recession rates indicate decreasing water levels. Surface water could still be present when estimated cell depth <0 cm; however, the 5-cm error in EDEN depths suggests that a majority of the ground surface would be exposed in a given 400 m×400 m grid cell.
Statistical procedures
We used linear mixed-effects models in JMP using maximum likelihood estimation (JMP 2001 [56];) to test the effects of environmental stressors (water depth, recession rate, prey availability, and Hg) on the physiological condition (chick body condition index, FCORT, HSP70, and HSP60) of egret and ibis chicks. We included age of chicks in models to account for variation in prey selection behavior as chicks aged [57]–[59]. The hatch order of chicks within the nest was included to account for competition for food within nests [24], [28]. Lastly, we included region because our previous research found differences in adult physiological condition among Everglades' regions [37]. We did not include a year effect because it was confounded with large differences in prey biomass observed between years. For egret chick models, we statistically nested the chick identification code within the nest identification code and added it as a random effect to the model to account for the non-independence of sampling chicks multiple times and different numbers of chicks within the same nest. For ibis chick models, we included the nest identification code as a random effect to account for the non-independence of sampling multiple chicks within a nest. We used the maximum likelihood estimation method in our linear models. Because we intentionally studied two species with contrasting foraging strategies, we ran separate models for each species. Natural log transformations where used to improve normality of residuals for prey biomass, THg, FCORT, HSP60, and HSP70 data. We assessed the level of multicollinearity using the variance inflation factor (VIF; 60); across all models the VIFs ranged from 1.04–2.41 suggesting no significant multicollinearity. We calculated a marginal and conditional coefficient of determination (R2) for each model to examine goodness-of-fit in R [GLMM R2; 61]. Briefly, for mixed effects models, the marginal R2 (R2GLMM(m)) reports the goodness-of-fit for just the fixed effects, while the conditional R2 (R2GLMM(c)) incorporates both the random and fixed effects as a measure of explained variation [61].
In the case of chick mass, we did not have repeated measurements of all chicks across time and subsequently could not calculate growth rates. Instead, we calculated a chick body condition index that allowed us to examine the potential effects of multiple landscape stressors on a relative measure of the condition of the chick that was independent of the mass of a chick [29], [62]. To do so, we first we calculated a structural body size index using principal components analysis on the morphometric measurements (e.g. tarsus, bill length, wing length) for each species separately. We then regressed chick mass on tarsus length (the variable our principal components analysis identified as the best predictor of structural size for both egrets and ibis), including the first principal component as a covariate. We then used the residuals expressed as a percentage of the predicted mass, to obtain our chick body condition index [29], [62]. Benson et al. [29] found that measurements taken during a single visit to a colony were useful to detect variation in chick body condition across time.
During the 2006 and 2007 nesting seasons we collected blood samples from 254 chicks (169 egret; 2006 = 27, 2007 = 142, and 85 ibis; 2006 = 30, 2007 = 55). The geometric mean across all dates, regions, and hatch order was 6.99±0.63 (SE) in egrets and 4.57±0.83 in ibises for FCORT concentration (µg/g), 13.73±0.96 in egrets and 14.73±2.06 in ibis for HSP60 concentration (ng/ml), 4.44±0.44 in egrets and 2.53±0.35 in ibis for HSP70 concentration (ng/ml), and 4.13±0.16 in egrets and 0.58±0.07 in ibis for THg concentration (µg/g dw).
Chick body condition index
Egret chick body condition was influenced by water depth (F1, 128.8 = 6.60, P = 0.01), but not region (F2, 114.7 = 2.30, P = 0.10), water recession rate (F1, 119.2 = 2.28, P = 0.14), prey biomass (F1, 142.7 = 0.38, P = 0.53), age (F1, 52.4 = 0.43, P = 0.51), hatch order (F1, 79.9 = 1.95, P = 0.17), nor Hg concentration (F1, 150.8 = 0.02, P = 0.88). The low marginal R2 value of our egret chick body condition model (R2GLMM(m) = 0.10, R2GLMM(c) = 0.21) suggests that the model was a relatively poor predictor of body condition. However, egret chick body condition increased with increasing water depth (β = 0.20±0.13–95% confidence interval) on average by 23% across the range of water depths observed (range = −46 to 17 cm; Figure 1A).
Dashed lines indicated 95% confidence.
Conversely, ibis chick body condition was influenced by both region (F1, 37.6 = 9.09, P = 0.004) and age (F1, 75 = 5.26, P = 0.02), but not by water depth (F1, 68.8 = 0.0001, P = 0.99), water recession rate (F1, 72.5 = 0.005, P = 0.98), prey biomass (F1, 55.6 = 0.06, P = 0.80), hatch order (F1, 38.6 = 33, P = 0.56), nor Hg concentration (F1, 75 = 0.10, P = 0.75). The ibis chick body condition model marginal R2 value (R2GLMM(m) = 0.23), suggested that the model was a modest predictor of ibis chick body condition. Similarity between the marginal R2 value and the conditional R2 (R2GLMM(c) = 0.23) suggested that little additional variance was explained by the random effect associated with sampling multiple chicks within nests. Ibis chick body condition was 1.9 times higher in Lox (mean = 5.36±2.68 SE) than WCA3A Lox (−10.02±4.31 SE; β = 7.69±4.99) and decreased by 26% across the range of ages (β = −0.64±0.54, range = 3–30 days; Figure 1B).
Fecal corticosterone metabolites
Egret FCORT metabolite concentrations were influenced by age (F1, 13.5 = 13.50, P<0.001), water depth (F1, 7.5 = 7.50, P = 0.007), and region (F1, 108.6 = 3.06, P = 0.007), but not by water recession rate (F1, 106.8 = 0.01, P = 0.97), prey biomass (F1, 124.9 = 2.82, P = 0.09), hatch order (F1, 80.5 = 0.78, P = 0.38), nor Hg concentration (F1, 133.6 = 1.65, P = 0.20). The similarity between the marginal and conditional R2 values (R2GLMM(m) = 0.34, R2GLMM(c) = 0.37) suggests that the fixed effects alone were considerably more influential than the random effects associated with sampling multiple chicks within the same nest on more than one occasion. Egret FCORT metabolite concentrations decreased with increasing age (β = −0.04±0.02) and water depth (β = −0.02±0.01) on average by 79% across the range of ages (range = 3–42; Figure 2A) and 72% across the range of water depths (range = −46 to 17 cm; Figure 2B). Egret FCORT metabolite concentrations were higher in WCA3A (11.74±2.45 SE) than either WCA2A (t118.3 = 2.09, P = 0.04; mean = 4.71±1.60 SE) or Lox (t102.3 = 2.25, P = 0.03; mean = 6.34±0.76 SE) respectively, but similar between WCA2A and Lox (t114.5 = −0.83, P = 0.40).
Dashed lines indicated 95% confidence interval.
Similar to egrets, region influenced ibis FCORT metabolite concentrations (F1, 54.8 = 4.40, P = 0.04), however unlike egrets, prey biomass also influenced ibis FCORT metabolites (F1, 58.4 = 19.41, P<0.001). Ibis FCORT metabolites were not influenced by water depth (F1, 59.6 = 0.65, P = 0.42), water recession rate (F1, 60.4 = 0.36, P = 0.55), age (F1, 60.8 = 0.25, P = 0.62), hatch order (F1, 46.1 = 1.43, P = 0.23), nor Hg concentration (F1, 59.1 = 0.001, P = 0.96). The ibis FCORT model had a moderate marginal R2 value (R2GLMM(m) = 0.36), but the conditional R2 value (R2GLMM(c) = 0.71) suggested that a similar amount of the variability in ibis FCORT concentrations were associated with just the random effect of sampling multiple chicks within the same nest. FCORT metabolite concentrations were 3.3 times higher in Lox (mean = 5.26±1.68 SE) than WCA3A (1.60±0.70 SE; Β = 0.59±0.54), and decreased by 98% (Β = −1.40±0.62), across the range of prey biomass (range = 1.8–26.7 g/m2; Figure 2C).
Heat shock protein 70
Egret HSP70 concentrations were influenced by Hg concentration (F1, 109.9 = 4.09, P = 0.04), but not region (F2, 100.3 = 1.56, P = 0.21), water depth (F1, 101.2 = 0.16, P = 0.68), water recession rate (F1, 91.0 = 0.37, P = 0.54), prey biomass (F1, 99.36 = 0.23, P = 0.62), age (F1, 110.8 = 0.02, P = 0.87), nor hatch order (F1, 76.6 = 1.63, P = 0.20). The overall amount of variation in egret HSP70 explained by the fixed effects was relatively low (R2GLMM(m) = 0.13), however very little of that variation was explained by our random effects (R2GLMM(c) = 0.16) associated sampling multiple chicks from the same nest or sampling those chicks on several occasions. The beta coefficient estimate for Hg (β = −0.48±0.22) indicated a decrease in HSP70 concentrations of 83% across the range Hg values (range = 0.26–11.01 µg/g dw; Figure 3).
Dashed lines indicated 95% confidence interval.
In the case of ibis, neither water depth (F1, 30.9 = 0.12, P = 0.72), region (F1, 28.6 = 0.11, P = 0.73), water recession rate (F1, 32.9 = 0.0009, P = 0.97), prey biomass (F1, 32.2 = 0.12, P = 0.72), age (F1, 31.4 = 0.49, P = 0.48), hatch order (F1, 29.5 = 0.02, P = 0.87), nor Hg concentration (F1, 13.9 = 0.0001, P = 0.99) influenced HSP70 concentrations. Correspondingly, the fixed effects (R2GLMM(m) = 0.06) explained very little of the variation in HSP70, however the conditional effects (R2GLMM(c) = 0.74) associated with sampling chicks from the same nest played a considerably larger role in ibis HSP70 concentrations.
Heat shock protein 60
Egret chick HSP60 concentrations were not influenced by water depth (F1, 118.9 = 0.0002, P = 0.98), region (F2, 111.4 = 0.01, P = 0.98), water recession rate (F1, 119.7 = 0.27, P = 0.60), prey biomass (F1, 86.6 = 0.91, P = 0.34), age (F1, 134.5 = 1.81, P = 0.18), hatch order (F1, 81.7 = 0.05, P = 0.81), nor Hg concentration (F1, 120.2 = 0.86, P = 0.34). The low R2 values associated with both the fixed and random effects suggested that variation in egret HSP60 results from factors other than those measured in this study (R2GLMM(m) = 0.04, R2GLMM(c) = 0.04).
In the case of Ibis HSP60 concentrations were influenced by age (F1, 43.4 = 4.32, P = 0.04), but not prey biomass (F1, 45.5 = 0.89, P = 0.35), water depth (F1, 42.0 = 0.11, P = 0.74), water recession rate (F1, 46.0 = 0.04, P = 0.83), hatch order (F1, 31.6 = 0.02, P = 0.87), nor Hg concentration (F1, 46.6 = 1.61, P = 0.21). The overall amount of variation in ibis HSP60 explained by the fixed effects was relatively low (R2GLMM(m) = 0.15), but the random effect (R2GLMM(c) = 0.89) associated with sampling multiple chicks from the same nest explained considerably more of the variation in ibis HSP60 concentrations. The beta coefficient estimates for age (β = −0.05±0.04) indicated HSP concentrations declined by 74% across the range of ages (range = 3–30 days; Figure 4).
Dashed lines indicated 95% confidence interval.
Different environmental stressors were associated with different time frames and biomarkers of physiological condition in egret and ibis chicks. The short and moderate time frame markers, chick body condition and FCORT, respectively, were correlated with landscape variables such as prey biomass and water depth, whereas there was no measurable effect of Hg. In contrast, the long-term physiological markers were not influenced by any of the measured landscape stressors, but one (HSP70 in egrets) was influenced by Hg concentration. One potential confounding aspect in our study is the fact that the same hydrology variables used to define the landscape stressors that we tested to determine their influence on physiological condition are also know to influence concentrations of Hg in egret and ibis adults and chicks [28]. Previously, Herring et al. [28] found that water depths and recession rates, while not the primary variables that influenced Hg concentrations, did play a secondary role in influencing Hg concentrations in egrets and ibis. Disentangling those effects is beyond the scope of this study, but illustrates the complexity of examining different environmental stressors on the physiological condition of birds.
Egret HSP70 decreased by 83% across the range (low-high) of Hg concentrations, suggesting that Hg may have down-regulated these heat shock proteins. Previous research on heat shock protein regulation in relation to both inorganic Hg and MeHg have found that heat shock protein regulation can be either inhibited (down-regulated) or induced (up-regulated) depending on the chemical form of Hg [63]. Up-regulation of heat shock proteins are associated with protective stress responses to minimize cell protein damage [40], [41], [64]. Methylmercury exposure in birds is associated with oxidative stress in liver, kidney, and brain tissue [65], and up-regulation of heat shock proteins has recently been identified as a potential biological defense mechanism against MeHg toxicity [66], [67]. However, it is unclear what the consequences are for down-regulation of heat shock proteins as we observed with egrets. Presumably, a reduction of heat shock proteins could result in decreased cell function and homeostatic imbalance, given that this is the primary role heat shock proteins when an individual is not in a stressful situation [38], [39]. Opposite response patterns of other stress biomarkers in relation to Hg exposure have been documented in other birds (e.g., [15]). Herring et al. [15] found that Hg exposure in Forster's tern (Sterna forsteri) chicks depressed FCORT concentrations by up to 81% via the downregulation of the HPA axis. These results suggest that the physiological stress response systems of birds are dynamic and that Hg exposure can negatively influence critical physiological processes.
Current Hg exposure levels of egrets and ibises throughout much of the Florida Everglades are low relative to historical reports [28], [68]. However, the fact that for egrets, one of their HSPs was influenced by Hg, demonstrates that the current Hg levels could still influence the physiology of this species. Moreover, Hg hotspots still exist within the Florida Everglades (e.g., interior portions of Everglades National Park not sampled in this study) where Hg levels in fish far exceed levels measured anywhere else within the ecosystem, and still pose a risk to wading birds [10], [21]. Ibis heat shock proteins were not influenced by Hg exposure in this study, which was likely a function of Hg exposure levels being approximately 7 times lower than those of egrets.
We found that ibis but not egret FCORT levels were influenced by prey biomass levels, and that they declined by 98% across low-to-high range of prey biomass at foraging sites. This is consistent with responses in pre-breeding adult birds [37], suggesting that this relationship may be consistent across life stages. Similarly, ibis nest success was also more sensitive to changes in prey biomass than that of egrets [24], demonstrating the importance of prey biomass to ibis. Egret FCORT metabolite concentrations also declined by 79% across the age range (young to old) of chicks. Other studies of CORT stress levels in chicks have found that concentrations often increase as chicks get older, in preparation for fledging [3], [69], [70]. However, there is some evidence that elevated CORT levels can result in decreased protein deposition in growing feathers [71], which may lead to poorer feather quality [72]. Increased baseline CORT levels can also impair growth rates and immune function [73]. Alternatively egret CORT levels may be higher in younger chicks to facilitate improved begging to adults [74], [75] and promote growth at a critical stage in the chicks' development since CORT allows the organism to mobilize needed energy reserves [76].
We found support for the influence of hydrological variables on egret physiology, in particular egret chick body condition increased with increasing water depth. Critical to understanding these responses is the fact that the range of water depths associated with our study did not exceed the observed foraging range and optimal depths for egrets [23] and generally would be considered to be shallow for egret foraging [22]. As such, the increase in chick body condition is likely driven by the fact that egrets prefer larger prey items [57] found in deeper depths relative to those very shallow sites where large prey die rapidly. We expect that body condition would have dropped had depths increased beyond the normal foraging range of egrets.
Neither water depths nor recession rates influenced ibis chick physiological condition in the current study. Although recession rates were found to influence the pre-breeding physiological condition of ibis previously [37], recession rates during the nestling stage may play a smaller role in chick physiological condition because water depths have largely reached optimal foraging depths for adults around breeding colonies [22], [23]. Thus, small variation in water depth and recession rate likely have little influence on accessibility of foraging sites or the availability of prey for ibis. However, if rainfall events occur, rapid negative recession rates that result in increased water depths may result in the loss of foraging site access and reduced prey availability. Although these conditions did not occur in the present study, they can have a substantial effect on nestlings [77] and would be expected to decrease chick physiological condition. Similarly, water depths were largely within the foraging range and were near optimal within the proximity of breeding colonies during this study. In fact, water depths associated with ibises were less variable than those observed in egrets (coefficient of variation = 20% vs 56% respectively). Under conditions with deeper or more variable water depths, we expect that ibises may have an increased physiological response due to their dependence on high quality (shallow water with high prey densities) foraging sites.
We also found that chick age was an influential variable in explaining physiological responses, including ibis body condition and HSP60, and egret FCORT. The body condition of ibis chicks declined 26% from the youngest to the oldest chicks. Although it is unclear why chick body condition declined as they aged, there was not a concomitant increase in stress biomarkers such as FCORT or HSPs. In fact, HSP60 levels actually declined by 74% across the range of ibis chick ages. One previous study found that chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) that were experimentally fed lower energy diets, resulting in lower body masses, also had lower levels of HSPs relative to those with higher energy diets and higher masses [78]. Ibis body condition may have declined as the chicks prepared to fledge, a period where many bird species reduce their body mass/condition [79], [80]. It is believed that this reduction in overall mass allows birds to change from plump immobile chicks to slender and proficient flying juveniles [80]–[82].
Conservation and Management Implications
There were two primary findings of this study that have the potential to benefit conservation of wading bird species. First, we found support for chick physiology to be influenced by hydrology variables such as water depths. Water managers have the potential to regulate the hydrology throughout much of the Everglades through a system of canals, levees, and pumps, theoretically allowing them to adjust water depths for wading birds. This hydrology variable has also been previously linked to pre-breeding adult physiological condition [37], nesting success [24], and foraging site selection of egrets and ibises [23]. Optimal water depths for foraging wading birds differ by species [22], [23], foraging strategies (searchers and exploiters), and years depending on prey biomass conditions; however maintaining water depths between −22 and 21 cm has been suggested to provide suitable foraging conditions for both species and foraging groups [23].
We also found that current levels of Hg exposure in the Everglades may influence the expression of heat shock proteins in egrets. Understanding what the consequences are for these changes in heat shock protein concentrations may provide insight as to how Hg may have impacted Everglades' wading bird populations in the past. This understanding may be relevant to future patterns of wading bird nesting because there are portions of the Everglades that still contain high levels of Hg in prey species of wading birds [10].
Supporting Information
Figure S1.
Location of study area indicating wading bird nesting colonies sampled during 2006 and 2007. The primary Water Management Areas (WCAs), Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge (Lox), and Everglades National Park (ENP) are indicated.
Table S1.
Data used in analyses of the Physiological condition of juvenile wading birds in relation to multiple landscape stressors in the Florida Everglades: effects of hydrology, prey availability, and mercury bioaccumulation.
Disclaimer: Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. We appreciate the support and cooperation of the Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge staff. We thank our field research crews and fellow researchers that assisted in collection of field data and laboratory analyses: T. Anderson, N. Baker, T. Beck, B. Botson, K. Donner, H. Herring, N. Hill, A. Horton, B. Imdieke, B. Johnson, S. Lantz, and J. Pierce.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: GH CES DEG JTA. Performed the experiments: GH JEB. Analyzed the data: GH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: GH DEG CES. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: GH CES DEG JEB JTA.
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subset: commoncrawl


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October 2018
Hexavalent Chrome containing products
An update about the Indestructible Paint Aerospace and Industrial products affected by REACH
Indestructible Paint has worked to obtain Authorisation for continued use for three Hexavalent Chrome containing compounds:
Chromium Trioxide – CAS: 1333-82-0
Strontium Chromate – CAS: 7789-06-2
Pentazinc Chromate Octahydroxide – CAS: 49663-84-5
Chromium Trioxide CAS: 1333-82-0, Authorisation obtained through the CTAC consortium to cover products:
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IP3-6362 2pk Low VOC Epoxy Chromate Primer
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Products will be available after the Sunset Date (22.01.2019)
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Products will be available after the Sunset Date (22.01.2019)
Withdrawn Products
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By Jonah Nwokpoku
Recently, Nigeria's biggest e-commerce players, Konga.com and Jumia.com announced same day delivery service. Specifically in March, 2016, online marketplace, Konga.com announced same day delivery along with the rebranding of its proprietary logistics service, KongaExpress into Keep On Shipping. It, however, made it clear that the same day delivery service is only available for now in Lagos and exclusive to areas like Agege, Surulere, Eti-osa, Ifako-ijaiye, Kosofe, Mushin,Oshodi-isolo, Somolu, and Lagos mainland.
At the media launch of the service in Lagos, Konga's CEO, Shola Adekoya said: "Konga is launching two game changers, same day delivery and rebranding our proprietary nationwide logistics service from K-Express to KOS built to improve delivery capabilities. With Same Day Delivery, when you place orders on Konga.com for an item before 11 am, be rest assured that your item will be delivered to you the same day. When you order after 11am, the item(s) will be delivered to you on or before 12 noon the next day."
This announcement was met with swift response from its major competition, Jumia.com with a statement on its website announcing the same, same-day delivery service. In a post announcing the service, Jumia said: "The exclusive delivery expansion offered as express delivery gives all Jumia customers in Lagos the opportunity to receive their order the same day they place the order, adding that it is same day delivery that is not being offered by any other retailer in Nigeria.
" Jumia Nigeria's Managing Director, Nicolas Martin, was quoted as saying: "This level of convenience is what we aim to provide for our customers. We always make sure we give our customers the best of online retail experience with our service delivery, express delivery is a game changer for e-commerce operations in Nigeria."
But industry watchers would recall that this was not the first time Jumia would introduce same day delivery for Lagos. Jumia, actually, first introduced same day delivery in September, 2014, which made it curious that they came out with a statement announcing the service after Konga launched similar service, two years after.
However, about eight weeks after the two companies announced the service; Vanguard's investigation has revealed that the two companies have yet to come close to offering same day delivery as some customers who spoke to Vanguard say, it takes between one to three days before their orders could be fulfilled.
Narrating his experience shopping on Konga.com, Chukwudi Ozoagu told Vanguard: "Immediately after Konga launched the same day delivery, I placed an order for two brands of wine. And because I stay around Yaba, I thought I was going to receive them that same day as their same day delivery condition said. The two items were ordered around 10 am. Within a few minutes, the seller for the first item made contact and confirmed the order. The seller for the second item made contact two days later and delivered the next day.
The seller for the first item who first made contact did not get back to me again. The first day passed, so did the second and the third day. After the 72 hours wait, I chatted her up on WhatsApp demanding for my item but she apologised for not getting back to me and told me the particular brand of the item I ordered was no longer available. It was very disappointing."
Another customer who simply identified herself as Theresa said: "I have bought two fashion items from Konga since they launched the same day delivery service but they were never delivered the same day. The orders were confirmed the same day but delivery happened more than 24 hours later. Maybe there are special kinds of products they deliver same day."
Also speaking, another customer of Jumia, Tare said: "I bought a washing machine from Jumia about two weeks ago but it was not delivered the same day I placed the order. The washing machine was delivered the next day. And I have been shopping on Jumia but never received the orders the same day. In most cases, the orders come the next day. I did not even know that Jumia has such service."
More so, a check on Jumia's online store showed that most items listed on its website have delivery timeline of between two to twelve days. With that precondition, it is even difficult to hold them accountable if they fail to deliver same day.
Why same delivery remains elusive
"The marketplace model which most e-commerce players are operating makes it almost impossible to fulfil orders same day. It is difficult to get a seller to deliver an order same day and it is the process of fulfilling the orders that makes it so much so. In my experience, delivering same day happened by chance when we were able to get a seller to deliver item same day," said a former employee of Africa Internet Group's pioneer online marketplace, Kaymu.com, who did not want to be mentioned.
An e-business analyst, who also preferred anonymity told Vanguard that, "Same day delivery is possible if the logistics challenge can be explored as an opportunity by players and investors. But for e-commerce players to turn the challenge into a marketing gimmick will not in any way help the industry solve the problem."
Same day delivery is not impossible. But it remains a challenge even in advanced e-commerce markets like the US. But it is something that could happen gradually through strategic and consistent efforts at improving logistics. Already, some players like Supermart.ng and Gloo.ng are successfully implementing same day delivery and even built their business model around it.
Players like Jumia and Konga should actually focus on researching for strategies that could make same day delivery a reality in the marketplace model instead of capitalising on a one off successful attempt and deploying it as a marketing gimmick.


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Joomla — The Runner Up Joomla! The price range for development work is about the same compared to WordPress. Anyway, Marcotte was bad enough, given that she runs one of the most-read feminist blogs on the Internet. Nerd culture is changing, technology is changing, and our frameworks for gender and power are changing — for the better.
Or the alternative is to say their wallet has been stolen, hotel owner holding their passport, custom officials need to be bribed, new plane tickets are needed, they have been victimized and put in jail and need money to bribe their way out, or they need money for an operation etc.
Therefore, additionally to a solid core product, they have to offer ways to extend and modify it. The end result of all this is probably our old friend gene-culture interaction, where certain small innate differences become ossified into social roles that then magnify the differences immensely.
Marks of old age[ edit ] See also: Rather than condemn the practice, Bishop Guevara called it a "golden world" in which people "have overcome the natural appetite to desire to live". For one, people are more likely to be serious about dating and finding like-minded believers when they have to use their own money to do so.
And if the people in the Star Wars universe had seen the Star Wars movies, I have no doubt whatsoever that Chancellor Palpatine would have discredited his opponents by saying they were the Empire.
Being 60—65 years old is usually a requirement for becoming eligible for senior social programs. WordPress The most likely additional expenses for WordPress are premium plugins, themes and extensions. The specialties with the least women are the various surgeries — the ones where your patient is immobilized, anaesthetized, opened up, and turned into a not-quite-color-coded collection of tubes and wires to poke and prod at — the ones that bear more than a passing resemblance to engineering.
Please comment below with your own experiences. While we here at Website Setup like WordPress since our site is based on itthe choice is up to you. A feeding frenzy of feminists showed up to tell me I was a terrible person and deserved to die, sometimes in terms that made Marcotte look like grandmotherly kindness.
This is addressed in the most detail in the Isochron Dating FAQfor all of the methods discussed in the "age of the Earth" part of this FAQ are isochron or equivalent methods, which have a check built in that detect most forms of contamination.
The latest version 4. Rubin contrasts the "real old age" with the "rosy pictures" painted by middle-age writers.The question of WordPress vs Joomla vs Drupal has been the focus of many online discussions.
In the CMS comparison debate, each camp is usually convinced that their choice is the best. The generally accepted age for the Earth and the rest of the solar system is about billion years (plus or minus about 1%).
This value is derived from several. Best Senior Dating Sites» Reviews. Our experts have reviewed the most popular online dating sites for seniors (age 50 and up) and ranked them based on size, success rate, safety and other factors.
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Research and compare vehicles, find local dealers, calculate loan payments, find. The FIFA World Cup was the 21st FIFA World Cup, an international football tournament contested by the men's national teams of the member associations of FIFA once every four years. It took place in Russia from 14 June to 15 July It was the first World Cup to be held in Eastern Europe, and the 11th time that it had been held in Europe.
At an estimated cost of over $ billion, it.Download


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Product Description
Photography is an art, application and practice of creating durable images .
Photography is the result of combining several technical discoveries .
The discovery of the camera obscura that provides an image of a scene dates back to old dates, natural camera obscura that are formed by dark caves on the edge of a sunlit valley.
A hole in the cave wall will act as a pinhole camera and project a laterally reversed, upside down image on a piece of paper.
So the birth of photography was primarily concerned with inventing means to capture and keep the image produced by the camera obscura.
The camera obscura literally means dark chamber.
It is a box with a hole in it which allows light to go through and create an image onto the piece of paper. My first experience with a black box. The first flexible photographic roll film in black and white photos.
Films remained the dominant form of photography until the early 21st century when advances in digital photography drew consumers to digital formats .
Digital photography dominates the 21st century. More than 99% of photographs taken around the world are through digital cameras, increasingly through smartphones. My kind of digital photos in color, Instant exposure , editing or delete .
Amateur photographer is one who practices photography as a hobby and passion .
some memories never fade.
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whenever I think of the past , it brings back so many beautiful memories ( I took this photo ) a priceless moment with a smile .
great memories are the best things in life , I think it was the moment of truth.
photography a true expression of what I feel about life in its entirety.
Thank you in advance for your support in 2017
May you have a lovely memories .
Have a nice day
Cyclamen persicum photography 2017
Product Description


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Hi, it looks like you're new. Welcome to Voat!
Voat is a censorship-free community platform where content is submitted, organized, moderated and voted on (ranked) by the users.
Users can earn a percentage of our ad-revenue share for the content they submit.Take a tour
[–] [deleted] 0 points 9 points 9 points (+9|-0) ago
[–] UsedToCuck 0 points 1 points 1 points (+1|-0) ago
Libtard logic dictates they were set up to fail since the tests were written by a system based on white privilege.
[–] GassyMcGasface 0 points 9 points 9 points (+9|-0) ago (edited ago)
Why are they not reporting the reductions in rapes and violent crimes too?
[–] lord_nougat 0 points 3 points 3 points (+3|-0) ago
Because none of the rapes that get reported to them actually happened as it is, so the number of reports has remained constant.
[–] Dildo-Shwaggins 0 points 8 points 8 points (+8|-0) ago
With all the affirmative action stuff I would be terrified if I ever got a black doctor. I'd rather have some hippie rub stones and oils on me than black magic from Africa.
[–] Pissed_Off_Vet 0 points 1 points 1 points (+1|-0) ago
They don't exist. Their best are mediocre.
[–] KnightFalcon 0 points 3 points 3 points (+3|-0) ago
I once did. And we IMMEDIATELY had communication problems.
[–] Pissed_Off_Vet 0 points 2 points 2 points (+2|-0) ago
I can confirm that after a lifetime in academic medicine. The niggers I've seen rarely, if ever, fully understood even the simplest concepts. They're great at memorizing & parroting but can't grasp the concepts involved. In total honesty, I'd say 10% are safe providers. I will never willingly allow myself or a loved one be treated by a nigger. Ever.
[–] Oh_Well_ian 1 points 5 points 6 points (+6|-1) ago
[–] Caesarkid1 0 points 5 points 5 points (+5|-0) ago
Man. This is really fucking depressing. The delusion of people. Their unwillingness to accept fact. The way they lie and manipulate data to suit their narrative.
Here you have an article that is evidence if not proof that blacks are bringing down the sat scores. Something that in a logical world would be investigated so that they could receive special education, but instead it is shaped into an article about racism and not base genetic or learning differences.
We cannot pretend that reality is an illusion. We cannot create a false reality out of thin air and a sense of misguided humanitarianism. It is the fool who believes all people are equally capable. Instead of finding solutions for the problem they would bury it in the sand of time hoping that it would never surface.
Fucking lunacy.
[–] BlueDrache 0 points 3 points 3 points (+3|-0) ago
We cannot pretend that reality is an illusion. We cannot create a false reality out of thin air and a sense of misguided humanitarianism.
Why not? Jews do it all the time. But I doubt it's for humanitarian reasons.
[–] buncha_cunts 0 points 1 points 1 points (+1|-0) ago
Apparently they're already mad that it's predominantly white people teach them shit in school. This J.Cole song for instance:
I pay taxes, so much taxes, shit don't make sense
Where do my dollars go? You see lately, I ain't been convinced
I guess they say my dollars supposed to build roads and schools
But my niggas barely graduate, they ain't got the tools
Maybe 'cause the tax dollars that I make sure I send
Get spent hirin' some teachers that don't look like them
And the curriculum be tricking them, them dollars I spend
Got us learning about the heroes with the whitest of skin
One thing about the men that's controlling the pen
That write history, they always seem to white-out they sins
Sure seems like they want to go back to segregation. Black people teaching black people, white people teaching white people....
[–] Acerphoon 0 points 1 points 1 points (+1|-0) ago
Something that in a logical world would be investigated so that they could receive special education
I have news for you: It is. Look up "headstart" it was directly introduced to bring the black kids up to the standards of white kids. It's not really talked about, for obvious reasons, but all the affirmative action programs were done BECAUSE they realized that blacks score lower on IQ tests etc.
The only problem is obviously, that it's partly genetic, and people refuse to accept that fact.
[–] KnightFalcon 0 points 3 points 3 points (+3|-0) ago
It's just whitey's racism, we're lying on the test scores! They're really soooooooooooo much smarter in real life, whitey is just trying to hide that.
[–] CrimsonTide10 0 points 1 points 1 points (+1|-0) ago
You know that's not fair. IQ and test scores are only a symptom of the actual problem, which is systemic oppression towards the monkeys 🙄


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- AbbiealaricAsked on December 13, 2017 at 09:11 AM
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- Ardian_LAnswered on December 13, 2017 at 10:31 AM
I am sorry if my answer is not fully correct as you are asking something out of JotForm.
I searched for Analytics companies and I have found these two links below.
And I searched about essay writing services and I have found these to links below.
- AbbiealaricAnswered on December 14, 2017 at 01:12 AM
Thank you Ardian I appreciate your effort :)
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Newest Astro Cameron Maybin already helping with Hurricane Harvey
Cameron Maybin has been a member of the Houston Astros for just a few hours, yet he's already trying to help out those affected by Hurricane Harvey.
Even before being claimed off waivers by the Astros on Thursday, Maybin - through his charity The Maybin Mission - had started arranging a relief suppy drive in his hometown of Asheville, N.C.
"Little did we know, God had a more hands-on plan in mind for us," Maybin wrote on his web site. "As of this morning, I have been traded by the L.A. Angels to the Houston Astros."
BOLSTERING THE ROSTER: Astros acquire Cameron Maybin from the Angels
The acquisition came via an August trade waiver claim the Astros were awarded. These waivers are revocable, but rather than pulling him back the Angels simply allowed the Astros to take on Maybin, a free agent at season's end, and the rest of the $9 million salary (roughly $1.5 million) he's owed for this season.
"Astros fans - I can't wait to meet you, and I'm ready to give it my all," Maybin wrote. :We will continue with our plans for a relief supply drive in my hometown of Asheville, North Carolina, and have already initiated some more local relief efforts in partnership with the Houston Food Bank.
The Maybin Mission was set up by Cameron and his wife in 2016 and focuses on enriching the lives of inner city youth.


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The Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) will be re-structured into five distinct Commands led by the Chief of Air Force. Minister for Defence Teo Chee Hean, announced the planned restructuring of the RSAF when he officiated at a parade to inaugurate the first of the RSAF's operational commands, the Air Defence and Operations Command (ADOC), at Chong Pang Camp this morning.
This restructuring is the most significant since the RSAF was first established. It is a key element in the RSAF�s overall transformation as a flexible, integrated, full-spectrum force. It is designed to enable the RSAF to focus on core mission areas and to be more closely integrated with the rest of the 3rd Generation SAF.
As the first of the five Commands to be inaugurated, ADOC will form the high readiness core of the RSAF, ensuring operational readiness to respond to the full range of contingencies. The other four commands to be established as part of the restructuring are � the Air Combat Command, the Participation Command, the Air Power Generation Command and the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Command. These commands will be inaugurated over the next two years.
ADOC brings together the former Air Defence Systems Division (ADSD) and elements of the Air Operations Department in the RSAF Headquarters. This amalgamates the planning, control and execution of all RSAF operations under one command from peace to war. It allows for more effective management of the full spectrum of air operations, including air defence operations as part of Homeland Security, and multi-national Humanitarian and Disaster Relief (HADR) and Peace Support Operations (PSO).
The restructuring will enable the RSAF to better exploit new platforms, emerging technologies and embrace new battlefield concepts while enhancing its capabilities to fulfil the current and future mission demands of the 3rd Generation SAF.


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Tjahjo says he asked Neneng to arrange Meikarta's permit in accordance with rules.
Holding company on media printing to be established in 2019 or 2020.
Bawaslu sees indication of campaign violation on Jokowi, Prabowo speech on TVs.
Police have named 3 suspects as pimps in online prostitution involving celebrities.
KPK commissioners received bomb threats at their houses on early Jan 7.


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Updating to dvd drive
Since then, however, my CD/DVD drive is not detected and/or recognized.The icon on my device manager has a icon of Media with a ? I have looked under Device Manager for the CD/DVD drive, and there's nothing there. You can narrow the results using the drop down menu below.
Quickly fix PC issues and prevent others from happening with this software: Some Windows users have reported that their DVD drive has stopped working after upgrading the system from Windows 8 to Windows 8.1.Use of any content or images without expressed permission is not allowed, although links to any page are welcomed and appreciated.Yesterday, Friday 7, 2015 I upgraded by computer to the Windows 10 operating system from Windows 7.For this demonstration, we will be installing a CD-RW drive on an EIDE interface.Every is provided "as is" without warranty of any kind whatsoever.


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Shout Factory is releasing an exclusive DVD set that will have every episode of Power Rangers until the end of Megaforce (presumably Super Megaforce). The picture shows a giant Red Ranger helmet, but that is probably an exclusive pack-in and not the DVD case.
EDIT: OK, that is the case after all.
...How the are they gonna fit 98 DVDs in there?
Power Rangers Legacy - From MMPR to Megaforce 98(!) DVD Set: $650
By DNukem170 , Jul 18 2013 02:54 AM
#1 Banned Banned 8864 Posts Joined 13.1 Years Ago
Posted 18 July 2013 - 02:54 AM
#18 I play with dinosaurs! CAGiversary! 309 Posts Joined 9.5 Years Ago
Posted 22 July 2013 - 08:43 PM
Does anyone know if Shout charges prior to shipping. Im imagining this will be quite pricey but I'd love to throw down a preorder when its available but im curious to know?


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Washington: Mangrove expansion and climatic warming could facilitate ecosystems to keep pace with rising sea level, according to a landmark study.
In the research, the team of Villanova University biologists have documented that coastal wetlands in the southeastern United States are responding positively to rising temperatures both in their growth and in their ability to build soil to keep pace with sea level rise.
The Villanova researchers found that experimental warming both doubled plant height and accelerated the transition from marsh to mangrove. Mangroves are woody trees with more complex roots than their grassy marsh plant counterparts. When subjected to temperatures similar to those that will occur in a warmer future, mangrove plots showed increased surface elevation which is a measure of the wetland's ability to build soil and keep pace with sea level rise.
"Our study provides some evidence that the ongoing reshuffling of species on earth's surface could allow for some adaptation to the same global changes that are causing them," said Chapman.
"Conserving and restoring our coastal wetlands can help humans adapt to climate change."
With their unique structure and migration to higher latitudes caused by climate change, mangroves may help coasts keep pace with sea level rise and combat severe weather events like hurricanes.
"The study links the growth of individual plants, and particularly their roots, to the survival of an entire ecosystem. The long-term strength of the mangrove effects we identified may determine what the maps of our southeastern coastlines look like in the future," said Langley. "This mangrove effect could benefit coastal wetlands around the world."
"Our experiment highlights the impact multiple interacting aspects of climate change, such as warming and sea level rise, can have on the outcome of species invasions resulting from climate change — and on the capacity of those communities to protect shorelines," concluded Coldren.
The study has been published in the Journal of Ecology.


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Granite is a very popular kind of countertop material that is used in kitchens and bathrooms. There are many users of this origin and composition. Most of the people want to make their home good looking with the help of materials. There are different kinds of home materials available in the market that is making our homes gorgeous. Some people don't have the information to choose the right kind of the Granite Worktops for their home.
- Attractive stones
Granite is a kind of the rock that is used in the home. If a person makes a new home, then he needs materials to make the home stunning. You have to use the marbles or Granite Worktops for making the floors or in the kitchen works. The floors get the better touch after using these. Some people are using the granite stones in the place of the marbles because they are more attractive.
- Powerful stone granite
People are getting the problems in their normal materials that they use for their homes, so they are choosing the Granite Worktops. When you use marble or other simple stones, then there is a risk. The risk is that they are not strong, so people are choosing the powerful stones that are granite stones. These stones are found on the surface of the earth and have different colors. You can use the stronger stones for your home materials, and they are unbreakable or powerful.
- Texture and color
There are some basic things that are making physical properties different in the granite. It is the kind of stone and has some grains. There are some minerals that are making the surface of the Granite Worktops attractive and different. You can choose various textures and colors in these stones. The individual mineral grains are more visible for us when we see them. So, it is easy to choose these stones for the home materials.


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Diversity, Loss, and Gain of Malaria Parasites in a Globally Invasive Bird
IdentificadoresURI: http://hdl.handle.net/10481/31072
MetadatosMostrar el registro completo del ítem
AutorMarzal, Alfonso; Ricklefs, Robert E.; Valkiünas, Gediminas; Albayrak, Tamer; Arriero, Elena; Bonneaud, Camille; Czirják, Gábor A.; Ewen, John; Hellgren, Olof; Hořáková, Dita; Iezhova, Tatjana A.; Jensen, Henrik; Križanauskienė, Asta; Lima, Marcos R.; Lope, Florentino de; Magnussen, Eyðfinn; Martin, Lynn B.; Møller, Anders Pape; Palinauskas, Vaidas; Pap, Peter L.; Pérez-Tris, Javier; Sehgal, Ravinder N. M.; Soler Cruz, Manuel; Szöllősi, Eszter; Westerdahl, Helena; Zetindjiev, Pavel; Bensch, Staffan
Public Library of Science (PLOS)
BirdsEuropeHost-pathogen interactionsInvasive speciesMalariaMalarial parasitesParasitic diseasesPlasmodium
Referencia bibliográfica
Marzal, A.; et al. Diversity, Loss, and Gain of Malaria Parasites in a Globally Invasive Bird. Plos One, 6(7): e21905 (2011). []
PatrocinadorFunding was provided from the Swedish Research Council (to SB), the Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning (to SB), Spanish Ministry of Education and Science EX-2006-0557 and JC2008-00242 (to AM) and Junta of Extremadura PRI08A116 and Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation CGL2009-08976 (to AM and FdL), National Science Foundation grants DEB-0089226 and DEB-0542390 (to RER), Norwegian Research Council (to HJ), British Ecological Society (to MRL)and Romanian Ministry of Education and Science grant CEEX ET94 (to PLP and GAC).
Invasive species can displace natives, and thus identifying the traits that make aliens successful is crucial for predicting and preventing biodiversity loss. Pathogens may play an important role in the invasive process, facilitating colonization of their hosts in new continents and islands. According to the Novel Weapon Hypothesis, colonizers may out-compete local native species by bringing with them novel pathogens to which native species are not adapted. In contrast, the Enemy Release Hypothesis suggests that flourishing colonizers are successful because they have left their pathogens behind. To assess the role of avian malaria and related haemosporidian parasites in the global spread of a common invasive bird, we examined the prevalence and genetic diversity of haemosporidian parasites (order Haemosporida, genera Plasmodium and Haemoproteus) infecting house sparrows (Passer domesticus). We sampled house sparrows (N = 1820) from 58 locations on 6 continents. All the samples were tested using PCR-based methods; blood films from the PCR-positive birds were examined microscopically to identify parasite species. The results show that haemosporidian parasites in the house sparrows' native range are replaced by species from local host-generalist parasite fauna in the alien environments of North and South America. Furthermore, sparrows in colonized regions displayed a lower diversity and prevalence of parasite infections. Because the house sparrow lost its native parasites when colonizing the American continents, the release from these natural enemies may have facilitated its invasion in the last two centuries. Our findings therefore reject the Novel Weapon Hypothesis and are concordant with the Enemy Release Hypothesis.


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During our Great Lenten Journey, nothing is more obvious than the quiet and humble atmosphere of the Church during the Lenten Services. As I mentioned in The Rhythm of Great Lent the physical atmosphere is an important detail during Great Lent. It isn't all about candles and incense. That would limit the journey to solely external issues. It would ignore the importance of quiet and humble prayer that fills the dark and incense filled Church.
The worship services of the Church during Great Lent, both those on Sundays and during the week are different in character. Our prayers reflect upon our profound need for God in our lives. We dwell upon the longing for our soul to be united with God, while remembering that without God's grace our soul is lost. We call for God's mercy, not as from a courtroom judge, but a merciful God who loves us despite our failings.
The prayer that I believe characterizes Great Lent, more than any other, is the Prayer of Saint Ephraim. It is included each morning and evening and includes multiple prostrations. I invite you, if you haven't learned this prayer, to take a moment and memorize its words. Don't stop with just the words. Internalize the words and make them your own. Begin and end each day offering them up to God from the depth of your heart. Here is the prayer…
Lord and Master of my life, take away from me the sprit of laziness, idle curiosity, lust for power and vain talk.
Give to me the spirit of moderation, humility, patience and love.
Yes, Lord and king, grant that I may see my own faults and not judge my brothers and sisters, for You are blessed unto the ages or ages. Amen
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Arab Israeli Conflict
Middle East
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Orly Levy-Abecasis.
(photo credit: KNESSET)
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Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu is blocking Yisrael Beytenu MK Orly Levy-Abecassis from taking on a significant position at the Knesset, the lawmaker claimed Sunday.Levy-Abecassis cited a report in Yediot Aharonot that Kulanu leader Moshe Kahlon was willing to give up the Knesset Labor, Welfare and Health Committee and have her be its chairwoman so that Yisrael Beytenu would join the coalition, but Netanyahu refused.
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The Basic Principles Of Manchester UK Tour Guide
In 919 the West Saxon king Edward the Elder sent a drive to repair service the Roman internet site to be a defense against the Norsemen, and many traces of the reoccupation are found out. By then, nevertheless, the growth of Manchester had recommenced almost a mile with the fort, with the junction of the Rivers Irk and Irwell near the existing cathedral.
"A lot of young lovely harmless people residing and having fun with their life murdered by evil losers in everyday life. I will never get in touch with them monsters given that they want that term.
Grande, who experienced just concluded the main of 3 scheduled United kingdom performances, tweeted about her devastation a number of hours afterwards: "damaged. from the bottom of my coronary heart, I'm so so sorry. I haven't got text."
Area D are regions of land on each side of Manchester Airport railway spur, at Smithy Farm and east of B5166 Styal Highway all around and within railway spur junction in which automobile parking, offices, resort, and many others. is often created.
People Acquire exterior the arena. "We will ensure there was an incident as people had been leaving the Ariana Grande show last night," law enforcement mentioned on Twitter early on Tuesday. "The incident happened outdoors the location inside a public House. Our ideas and prayers go out on the victims."
Midway in the flight just one passenger reported him for the cabin crew, who then detained the boy at Rome and place him on the subsequent flight again to Manchester.[eighty]
Aircraft landing from your southwest on to Runway 2 (05R) fly reduce in excess of the residential region of Knutsford.[seventy three] As aircraft not often land on to Runway two with the northeast (Runway 23L) or takeoff from Runway 2 for the northeast (Runway 05R) There's been no alter to the path of aircraft around Heald Eco-friendly, Cheadle and Stockport.
Manchester Airport railway station, opened in May perhaps 1993,[82] is in between Terminals one and a couple of. It is actually linked to the terminals by a Skylink shifting walkway. Trains operated by Northern or TransPennine Specific join the airport to Manchester Piccadilly station together with other railway stations, mostly during northern England, like Crewe, Wigan and Southport. A third rail platform was finished in https://www.manchester2002-uk.com/ 2008 to allow for an increase in rail capability. In 2009, Network Rail mentioned which the 3rd platform meant that capacity will develop into constrained via the layover with the trains and suggested developing a line underneath the Airport toward Northwich by 2024.
Manchester lies within the centre of the inexperienced belt area that extends into the wider encompassing counties, which can be in place to lessen urban sprawl, avoid the towns from the conurbation from additional convergence, defend the identity of outlying communities, and protect close by countryside.
Two hundred and fifty yrs later on, among the town's best philanthropists, Enriqueta Rylands, unveiled the John Rylands Library, dedicated to the memory of her textile magnate husband.
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"All of our pupils will Collect jointly these days for your time of prayer and reflection and to give thanks for that life of Manchester UK Georgina," the school explained.
Men and women sit outside the house close to the arena. The gang was designed up of mainly young folks who had arrive at see Grande in her to start with of 3 scheduled concert events in the united kingdom.
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