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World of Warships – Loving New Look RN DDs – Work In Progress
50 Comments:
Harugomo is OP AF
ha! ha! haaaaa… *T_T*
That was funny. Daring fucks up any dd at her tier now.
"Look at that, look at that acceleration! No other DD's gonna do that."
Notser's slowly turning into Vince from the Shamwow commercials.
Ain't never been done befoe
What??? 360 degree Turret Traverse?
Meanwhile IJN Cruisers with pyramid mounts dream of such shit.
British DDs look lit now. I'm happy they didn't add anything cancerous cough cough super heals (like what wg did with British BBs).
Those turrets weren't capable of turning 360°
Brendyn Bartos I guess I've learnt something new. Thanks.
The heal cancerous…. no lol the freaking HE pen and damage is cancerous with british bbs, the heal is needed because they freaking damage piñatas.
But that's RN for you – god tier HE in general – which is historically accurate.
What is cancerous is stealth than can outspot hindenburgs and print new ship heal.
I don't know if the Mk6 turrets on the Darings were capable of 360 degree traverse, but that capability was certainly present on many unbuilt postwar designs such Cruiser-Destroyer designs between 1949-53, and the 1960 Cruiser Designs (which were designed in 1948.) The issue with heavy gun mountings such as the Mk26 on the Tiger class and the unbuilt 5″/70 designs on the postwar cruisers and destroyers, were that they would build up momentum when traversing, meaning that they would either have to slow down, affecting anti-aircraft performance, or ships would have to have mountings with the ability to traverse 360 degrees at all elevations.
Can you possibly play
Lower tier rn dds
Sure! 🙂
Thank you I really want to see something besides the high tiers
+Notser yay!!!
Just don't play against me….
You killed me once already…tier V.
Another CC I can see totally loving these DDs as they are now is Buisness6. Watch what Biz can do with Mino then you'll be able recognize what an absolute terror he could be with these DDs too. I'm looking forward to getting my hands on this line now, the opposite to before the adjustments, which are transformative. Its gone from meh… to Wow!
Of course pls don't dare buffing a CV of bb. Dd are premadonas
premadona? Try "prima donna".
SCI: LUL, ridiculous response.
Wow. Rare to see a match like this. One team completely wipe out while the other one didn't even have a single casualties. 😀
Come to SEA server. I played three games in a row which were similar
Yeah in ASIA server, I just had a T7-9 match that ended in 5 minutes. Our 2 DDs ignored spotting, and sneaked straight to enemy base. Ironically they sailed in the middle of Hotspot map, but not a single enemy made it back to their base because the rest of us kept them busy enough on both outside flanks. Only 2 casualities on the enemy team (one DD & Baltimore) while none in our team died.
*Heart of Oak Intensifies*
Look at this whitewash on the enemy team… It's so staple right now in wows. It's either you get script teammates and you have do all the hard work and lose or you complain your god tier teammates leaving nothing for you to shoot at and end a mediocre game. I can totally imagine Flambass having a brain meltdown if he were on the enemy team.
What the hell is a "script" team mate?
script refers to bot players or even worse players play like a bot minus the 100% accurate gun aiming.
Hey Notser could you do a video on the mid level british DD's. to show their strengths etc.. I do not play T10 and hardly any T9 so an curious about the T5 to T8!!
Cool, another high fire chance HE spamming ship to punish those pesky battleships and heavy cruisers that come in 12kms. HE spam in warships will become what arty is in tanks.
*sees the word "cruiser"*
*radar intensifies REEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE*
It's technical British description is "NIPPY"
Is the campbeltown gonna be affected by this?
Cool, another he spammer line
Hopefully with soviet bbs we will have 10000 tons ap
It's soviets, comrade. We get vodka-infused AP that deals 999999999999 alpha. Da. Best ship line, yes?
So they pretty much killed of both Shima and Gearing in one strike? Why would anyone play the Gearing over this?
T_T First the Khaba overshadows the gunboating capabilities of Gearing and then Harugumo puts the final nail in it and now Daring outmaneuvers the Gearing. This is why I don't wanna grind multiple lines. What's the point? Powercreep is the Overlord of this game.
Just got the Gearing 🤐
When new line come, comrade get with free xp and vodka. Da.
im not a big fan of this british acceleration. it doesnt make any sense. how would be only british ships able to accelerate so fast…and yeah. i know this is an arcade. but still it has to keep some logic
Same reason why German HE has 1/4 of caliber pen value, or why US ships have cancerous AA, or Japanese DDs can stealth-torping without concealment build from tier 2, or Russian CL & CA have "railgun" ballistic.
US ships had cancerous AA irl, german HE can represent better shell quality (not sure if that was the case however) and russians did have railguns. but how can you make ship accelerate faster than the virtually same one or not loosing speed in turns? thats just miraculous technology. was UK run by aliens during WW2?
In-game wise, I think the acceleration is to compensate the "paper" armor (I know Russian cruisers are also squishy but their bows are better armored than the British ones) and short main gun range.
It barely has anything to do with rl because the same weakness is kinda overexaggerated in the game.
still it doesnt seem right. the proper equivalent in my eyes would be like to give some line consumable which would allow you to sail sideways…but radar able to spot ships through islands is maybe good analogy too
Well, the great acceleration has its fatal drawback which is incompatible on the wrong hands. British cruisers has the worst deceleration problem that the ships have trouble to brake to full stop when needed especially when they need to smoke themselves. They will have to be slow enough prior to smoking which render them to be vulnerable against someone who aims better than the average. French cruisers can just wiggle around to decelerate while US, German, and Japanese cruisers have decent brakes.
Thank god, tier10 DD is OP, so we all can waste our doubloons on it to free xp it
Oh man I didn't expect this match to be put into a vid just a couple of hours after it happened. I was the Harekaze on your team Notser. Am honored to have fought in this match with you. And oh shit I didn't realise my torpedo launch on the Baltimore ruined your own torpedo Salvo… I am so sorry
This game has turned into World of Flames!! Another fast fire HE Spammer! Sounds of more and more fun……by the Way a 3000 ton Ship get to full speed in 10 seconds is realy realistic….I'm done with that game! There are a lot of other real good games out now like Post Scriptum! A lot of more fun to play!!
Ok…forget Japanese line and American…welcome to World of Latest Lines and OP'ed Premiums. This is what killied tanks…thanks Notser for your hard work…
Definitely add baked in torp spread and acceleration to gallant. Can't do it to Haida but it would be nice


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Witch Rising (Witch Song)
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Eating Corpses
Most Relevant Verses
within three more days Pharaoh will lift up your head from you and will hang you on a tree, and the birds will eat your flesh off you."
"Your carcasses will be food to all birds of the sky and to the beasts of the earth, and there will be no one to frighten them away.
"Anyone belonging to Jeroboam who dies in the city the dogs will eat. And he who dies in the field the birds of the heavens will eat; for the LORD has spoken it."'
"Anyone of Baasha who dies in the city the dogs will eat, and anyone of his who dies in the field the birds of the heavens will eat."
"The one belonging to Ahab, who dies in the city, the dogs will eat, and the one who dies in the field the birds of heaven will eat."
"Of Jezebel also has the LORD spoken, saying, 'The dogs will eat Jezebel in the district of Jezreel.'
'The dogs shall eat Jezebel in the territory of Jezreel, and none shall bury her.'" Then he opened the door and fled.
Therefore they returned and told him. And he said, "This is the word of the LORD, which He spoke by His servant Elijah the Tishbite, saying, 'In the property of Jezreel the dogs shall eat the flesh of Jezebel;
"The dead bodies of this people will be food for the birds of the sky and for the beasts of the earth; and no one will frighten them away.
"They will die of deadly diseases, they will not be lamented or buried; they will be as dung on the surface of the ground and come to an end by sword and famine, and their carcasses will become food for the birds of the sky and for the beasts of the earth."
"I will make void the counsel of Judah and Jerusalem in this place, and I will cause them to fall by the sword before their enemies and by the hand of those who seek their life; and I will give over their carcasses as food for the birds of the sky and the beasts of the earth.
I will give them into the hand of their enemies and into the hand of those who seek their life And their dead bodies will be food for the birds of the sky and the beasts of the earth.
"As for you, son of man, thus says the Lord GOD, 'Speak to every kind of bird and to every beast of the field, "Assemble and come, gather from every side to My sacrifice which I am going to sacrifice for you, as a great sacrifice on the mountains of Israel, that you may eat flesh and drink blood.
Then I saw an angel standing in the sun, and he cried out with a loud voice, saying to all the birds which fly in midheaven, "Come, assemble for the great supper of God, so that you may eat the flesh of kings and the flesh of commanders and the flesh of mighty men and the flesh of horses and of those who sit on them and the flesh of all men, both free men and slaves, and small and great."
"His young ones also suck up blood; And where the slain are, there is he."
"Wherever the corpse is, there the vultures will gather.
And answering they said to Him, "Where, Lord?" And He said to them, "Where the body is, there also the vultures will be gathered."
The birds of prey came down upon the carcasses, and Abram drove them away.
The Philistine also said to David, "Come to me, and I will give your flesh to the birds of the sky and the beasts of the field."
"This day the LORD will deliver you up into my hands, and I will strike you down and remove your head from you. And I will give the dead bodies of the army of the Philistines this day to the birds of the sky and the wild beasts of the earth, that all the earth may know that there is a God in Israel,
They have given the dead bodies of Your servants for food to the birds of the heavens, The flesh of Your godly ones to the beasts of the earth.
Bible Theasaurus
- Corpses (54 instances)


text:
14 Feb 2013: Kovács ÁT, Eckhardt TH, van Hartskamp M, van Kranenburg R, Kuipers OP (2013) Correction: Functional Analysis of the ComK Protein of Bacillus coagulans. PLOS ONE 8(2): 10.1371/annotation/16c64f49-b803-458d-8c8c-fa22a9c649b2. https://doi.org/10.1371/annotation/16c64f49-b803-458d-8c8c-fa22a9c649b2 View correction
The genes for DNA uptake and recombination in Bacilli are commonly regulated by the transcriptional factor ComK. We have identified a ComK homologue in Bacillus coagulans, an industrial relevant organism that is recalcitrant for transformation. Introduction of B. coagulans comK gene under its own promoter region into Bacillus subtilis comK strain results in low transcriptional induction of the late competence gene comGA, but lacking bistable expression. The promoter regions of B. coagulans comK and the comGA genes are recognized in B. subtilis and expression from these promoters is activated by B. subtilis ComK. Purified ComK protein of B. coagulans showed DNA-binding ability in gel retardation assays with B. subtilis- and B. coagulans-derived probes. These experiments suggest that the function of B. coagulans ComK is similar to that of ComK of B. subtilis. When its own comK is overexpressed in B. coagulans the comGA gene expression increases 40-fold, while the expression of another late competence gene, comC is not elevated and no reproducible DNA-uptake could be observed under these conditions. Our results demonstrate that B. coagulans ComK can recognize several B. subtilis comK-responsive elements, and vice versa, but indicate that the activation of the transcription of complete sets of genes coding for a putative DNA uptake apparatus in B. coagulans might differ from that of B. subtilis.
Citation: Kovács ÁT, Eckhardt TH, van Kranenburg R, Kuipers OP (2013) Functional Analysis of the ComK Protein of Bacillus coagulans. PLoS ONE 8(1): e53471. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053471
Editor: Adam Driks, Loyola University Medical Center, United States of America
Received: August 24, 2012; Accepted: November 29, 2012; Published: January 3, 2013
Copyright: © 2013 Kovács et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: Part of this work was financially supported by a SenterNovem subsidy IS044081. This project was carried out within the research programme of the Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation which is part of the Netherlands Genomics Initiative/Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have read the journal's policy (including the parts on Competing Interests and Sharing Materials and Data) and see no conflicting interests. RvK and MvH are employed by the commercial company Purac (Gorinchem, Netherlands), but this does not conflict with the PLOS ONE policies on sharing materials and data.
The ability to take-up DNA from the environment is widely spread among eubacteria, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative species [1]. It allows the exchange of genetic material, possibly contributing to the survival of bacteria under harsh growth conditions [2]–[4]. Cells that activate the expression of genes coding for a DNA uptake and recombination apparatus can benefit from foreign DNA after it recombines into the genome. Due to the need for homologous sequences for recombination it is proposed that DNA is utilized more efficiently from closely related species [5]. The induction of the competence genes has been studied in various bacteria [2], [6]. In Gram-positives, a global transcription factor or sigma factor coordinate the expression of genes required for efficient DNA uptake and recombination, the so-called late competence genes. In Streptococci, the conserved ComX sigma factor activates the late competence genes [5], while the global transcription factor ComK has been identified in various Bacilli to activate gene expression of genes related to DNA uptake [7]. As the induction of functional DNA uptake can be a useful tool for molecular biotechnological applications, numerous studies aim to better characterize the regulators involved in competence and try to achieve highly transformable strains [8]–[14].
The genes coding for DNA uptake and recombination are conserved among Bacilli [7]. The functional uptake of exogenously provided genomic DNA has been shown in various strains of B. subtilis [8], [12], [15], and also in other Bacilli, like B. licheniformis [10], [16], B. amyloliquefaciens [17], and B. cereus [11]. The regulation and function of late competence genes have been mainly studied in B. subtilis [18]. The 7 genes containing comG operon encodes a type IV pilus that facilitates DNA to pass the cell wall and reach the cell membrane [19]. The maturation of the pilin like proteins is facilitated by the ComC prepilin protease [20]. DNA is bound and transported across the membrane in a single stranded form by the ComEA protein and ComEC permease, respectively, with the aid of ComFA and NucA proteins [18]. The single-stranded DNA is then integrated via recombination by a protein complex containing among others RecA, SsbB, DprA and YjbF [21].
The late competence genes are scattered around the B. subtilis chromosome. To coordinate the expression of these genes and operons, B subtilis utilizes the global transcription factor ComK. If the protein level of ComK increases in the cells, ComK directly or indirectly activates more than 100 genes [6], [22]–[24]. ComK binds to the so-called K-boxes, that contains two AT-boxes (AAAA-N5-TTTT) separated by a spacer of a discrete number of helical turns [25]–[27]. To ensure that competence develops only under particular conditions, the expression of the comK gene and the protein level of ComK are tightly regulated. Transcription of comK is repressed by AbrB, CodY, and Rok and activated by the DegU protein [6], while the ComK protein is trapped by the adaptor protein MecA, and targeted to proteolysis by ClpCP [28]. At high cell densities, the expression of the comS gene, embedded in the srfA operon, is activated in a quorum sensing dependent manner [29]. ComS protein hijacks the MecA protein and prevents ComK degradation [28]. The increase of ComK amounts in the cells leads to a positive feedback loop and the protein level further increases. However, this enhanced level of ComK is only developed in a subpopulation of cells [30], [31]. The occurrence of two subpopulations of cells with a distinct expression state is called bistability [32] and has not been only described for competence, but also for other phenotypes of B. subtilis, like sporulation, motility, biofilm formation, and protease production [33]–[37].
In this study we characterized the function of the Bacillus coagulans ComK homologue in B. coagulans and in B. subtilis. B. coagulans is a spore forming, microaerophilic, lactic acid producing species of the Bacillus genus. It is frequently isolated as food spoilage organism [38], while its propitious features are used in probiotics [39]. It can be applied as a lactic acid production organism in biotechnological procedures and various molecular tools have been developed recently [40]–[42]. The genome sequences of several strains have been determined that facilitate genomics studies in this group of organisms [43]–[45]. As there is no study published on DNA uptake in B. coagulans, our aim was to better characterize the ComK homologue from B. coagulans DSM 1. First, we assayed the B. coagulans comK gene (denoted as comKBco) and promoter regions of comKBco and comGBco in the heterologous host, B. subtilis. In vitro studies further supported the conserved role of ComKBco as a DNA binding protein. Finally, we assayed the effect of comKBco overexpression in B. coagulans.
Identification of comK Homologue in B. coagulans
Genomic inspection of various B. coagulans strains, including DSM 1 (unpublished data), 36D1 and 2–6 showed that several genes and operons can be identified with high sequence similarity to Bacillus genes that code for the late competence genes in B. subtilis and their homologues in other Bacillus species (Fig. 1A). BLAST analyses revealed the presence of many orthologous genes putatively involved in DNA uptake and recombination, which we visualized with Genesis software. As in the case of many Bacillus species [7], the comFB gene is missing in the comF operon. While the putative ComGEFG proteins lack high similarity to the corresponding proteins of B. subtilis, the number of genes in the comG operon is conserved and the coded proteins show higher similarity to the corresponding proteins of B. cereus, where functional DNA uptake has been shown [11]. Interestingly, the genomes of all B. coagulans species also lack the nucA-nin operon that is required for the DNA cleavage during transformation in B. subtilis [46]. The absence of these genes reduces transformation efficiency to 8–15% of the wild type in B. subtilis. Still, the genomic analysis of competence genes shows that homologues of the majority of genes coding for the B. subtilis DNA-uptake and recombination machinery are present and conserved in all B. coagulans strains.
(A) Results of BLAST searches were visualized with Genesis 1.6 software: white is absent (with E-value of E–0), dark blue is present (E-value<E–20). BLAST analysis was performed with B. subtilis protein sequences against translated protein database of a given genome. Protein names are indicated on the right. Bsu, B. subtilis; Bli, B. licheniformis, Bam, B. amyloliquefaciens, Bce, B. cereus Bco, B. coagulans. Question marks denote small ORFs where identification is uncertain using the available bioinformatic tools that can miss homologues. (B) Multiple alignment of ComK homologues. Black background represents conserved amino acids and grey background represents similar amino acids. Alignment was performed using ClustalW [59], and presented using Boxshade 3.21 program. The N- and C-terminal deletions analyzed by Susanna et al [47] are marked (ΔN9 and ΔC25, respectively). Boxed amino acid residues indicate the residues involved in interaction with MecA [60]. Alpha-helices and beta-sheets of B. subtilis ComK protein are indicated with rectangles and arrows under the alignment, respectively.
Homologues of the comK gene are present in all B. coagulans species. Although the comK homologue is not annotated in the complete genome of B. coagulans 2–6, a gene that codes for a putative ComK homologue can be identified between nucleotides 860419 and 860961 of the B. coagulans 2–6 chromosome (NCBI reference sequence NC_015634.1). The B. coagulans ComK homologues are somewhat shorter than the ComK protein of B. subtilis (13 aminoacids shorter compared to ComK of B. subtilis), but most regions are conserved (Fig. 1B). The C-terminal region of B. coagulans ComK proteins is truncated by 11 amino acids. Previous studies have shown that a 25–35 amino acid C-terminal truncation is incapable of transcriptional induction of comG operon [47]. The ComK proteins of B. coagulans strains have half of this C-terminal part. Interestingly, as shown in many Bacillus species, the region recognized by the adaptor protein MecA is not conserved in any of the B. coagulans species suggesting that the interaction site is different or that the ComK level is not controlled by a MecA homologue in B. coagulans species, while putative MecA homologues are present in all B. coagulans strains (Fig. 1A).
Examination of the presence of the early regulatory competence genes suggest that pleiotropic regulators (DegU, CodY, AbrB, and Spo0A) that directly or indirectly control comK transcription in B. subtilis are present in B. coagulans, while SinR and the Rap-Phr signaling systems seem to be less conserved or absent in B. coagulans (Fig. 1A). Interestingly, rok can be identified in B. coagulans, while it was previously described to be present only in the B. subtilis/amyloliquefaciens/pumilus/licheniformis group [7].
Introduction of comKBco into B. subtilis Results in Activation of Gene Expression from PcomGABsu
On the basis of its protein sequence analysis, the comKBco gene of B. coagulans DSM1 appears to code for another member of the ComK family. Therefore, we wanted to test if the product of the comK gene can activate transcription. For this we first introduced the comKBco gene (cloned in pATK4) into B. subtilis harboring a PcomGABsu-gfp reporter that enables us to monitor the activation of gene expression. The expression of comKBco is driven by its own promoter region. Subsequently, we deleted the endogenous comKBsu gene in this strain so we can solely monitor the effect of comKBco. In this synthetic background, the reporter activity observed depends on the presence of ComKBco. As depicted in Fig. 2, we observed reporter activity from the comGABsu promoter when the comKBco gene was introduced, but not when the empty plasmid was present. The gene expression was detected using both flow cytometry (Fig. 2A) and fluorescence microscopy (Fig. 2B). The expression from PcomGABsu was low compared to the strain in which wild type comKBsu was present, and expression of comGABsu was not bistable in contrast to the expression observed in the wild type B. subtilis strain. However, the lack of bistable gene expression of the reporter gene could also originate from a low expression level from the comKBco promoter in B. subtilis. These experiments suggest that comKBco is able to affect gene expression in Bacilli. Introduction of comKBco into B. subtilis resulted in low comGABsu expression, which suggests the lack of complete functional complementation of comKBsu deletion under the tested conditions. Accordingly, no natural transformation was observed in the complemented B. subtilis strain (data not shown).
Samples were taken 2 hours after the transition point between the exponential and stationary growth phase. (A) Flow cytometric analyses of comGABsu expression in wild type (red line), ΔcomK mutant (blue line), ΔcomK strain with the comKBco containing plasmid pATK4 (green line), and ΔcomK strain with the empty plasmid (black line). The relative numbers of cells are indicated on the y axis, and their relative fluorescence levels are indicated on the x axis on a logarithmic scale. For each experiment at least 20,000 cells were analyzed. The graph is the representative of at least three independent experiments. (B) Light-microscopic phase-contrast picture (top row) and fluorescence image (bottom row) of cells. Strains used from left to right are wild type, ΔcomK mutant, ΔcomK with pATK4, and ΔcomK with pEM53, respectively.
ComKBsu Activates Transcription from the Promoter Regions of comKBco and comGABco
ComKBco can activate gene expression in the heterologous host B. subtilis. The transcription activation by ComK proteins depends on the promoter sequences they bind and their relative amount, and they either activate gene expression (e.g. comGABsu promoter [26]) or relieve transcription repression (e.g. comKBsu promoter [48]). To test whether the elements of the comGABco and comKBco promoters are functionally conserved, we assayed the effect of the ComKBsu protein on these promoter fragments in the heterologous host, B. subtilis. For this we introduced the promoter-gfp constructs pATK5 and pATK6 into B. subtilis and subsequently also assayed the effect of the comKBsu mutation on the expression from these promoters. Expression of a reporter gene from both the comKBco and comGABco promoters was observed in B. subtilis (Fig. 3). This expression was dependent on the presence of the ComKBsu protein. The activation of gene expression from the introduced promoters showed a bimodal expression pattern that could originate from the bimodal level of ComKBsu protein in B. subtilis or due to use of plasmid based system to monitor gene expression. However, we can conclude that the comGABco and comKBco promoters are recognized in B. subtilis in a comKBsu-dependent manner. Introduction of comKBco (pATK4) into the ΔcomKBsu strain containing the pATK6 plasmid showed that ComKBco can activate gene expression from the promoter of comGABco (Fig. 3C, pATK6, ΔcomKBsu with pATK4) similarly to that observed for the comGABsu promoter (Fig. 2A, PcomGABsu-gfp, ΔcomKBsu with pATK4).
Single cell analysis of B. subtilis strains containing plasmids with promoter-less gfp (A), with PcomKBco-gfp fusion (B), and the PcomGABco-gfp reporter (C). Samples were taken at the indicated time points given in hours relative to the transition point between the exponential and stationary growth phase (T0). The single cell expression pattern in the wild type strain is indicated with light grey, the ΔcomK mutant is designated with dark grey, and the ΔcomK strain with the comKBco containing plasmid pATK4 is shown in white. The relative numbers of cells are indicated on the y axis, and their relative fluorescence levels are indicated on the x axis on a logarithmic scale. For each experiment at least 20,000 cells were analyzed. The graph is the representative of at least three independent experiments.
ComKBco is a DNA Binding Protein
Experiments presented above show that ComKBco affects expression from the comGABsu promoter and that the comGABco and comKBco promoters are also recognized by ComKBsu. To test this in more details, we examined the in vitro DNA binding ability of ComKBco. We overexpressed a malE-comKBco fusion construct in Escherichia coli and purified the ComKBco protein with the aid of the maltose binding protein (MBP) tag (Fig. 4A). MBP fusion tag is generally used to purify DNA binding proteins and assay the in vitro DNA binding ability of target proteins. The MBP tag did not alter the binding ability of ComKBsu protein in previous studies [25]. As a control, we also obtained the MBP-ComKBsu protein using the same purification procedure. The MBP-ComKBco protein was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified as described in the Methods section (Fig. 4A). The integrity of the purified MBP-ComKBco protein was also verified using antibodies developed against the ComKBsu protein (Fig. 4B). A smaller protein band was copurified and recognized by the ComKBsu-antibody. The purified MBP-ComKBco clearly bound to the DNA fragment containing the comKBco and comGABco promoter regions in gel retardation assay (Fig. 4C and D). We also observed a weaker DNA binding of MBP-ComKBco to the comCBco and comFABco promoters (Fig. 4E and F). The MBP-ComKBco showed no binding towards the B. coagulans rpsD promoter fragment that is used as a non-specific control in our experiments (Fig. 4G).
(A) SDS-PAGE analysis of overexpression and purification of ComKBco protein from E. coli. Non-induced and 0.1 mmol l−1 IPTG induced cell extracts are loaded on the first and second lanes, respectively, while purified MBP-ComKBco is run in the third lane. (B) Immunoblot analysis of the purified MBP-ComKBco protein using α-ComKBsu antibodies. Marker sizes are indicated on the left of the blot. (C–G) Gel retardation assay with the purified MBP-ComKBco protein on the comKBco (C), comGABco (D), comCBco (E), and comFABco (F) promoter fragments. Lane 1 contains no protein, lanes 2–5 contain 2.2 µmol l−1 to 275 nmol l−1 purified MBP-ComKBco at 2 fold dilutions, respectively. The promoter fragment of rpsDBco is used as negative control with no apparent binding by MBP-ComKBco (G). Free probes (P), shifted bands (S), and signal specific to the wells of the gel (W) are indicated.
Experiments performed in B. subtilis suggest that the ComK proteins can activate gene expression on the heterologous comGA promoters (see above). To examine if this effect of ComK proteins is achieved by direct binding and transcription activation, we examined the in vitro binding of various ComK proteins on the B. coagulans and B. subtilis promoters of the comGA and comK genes. Results depicted in Fig. 5 show that the ComK proteins bind to the heterologous promoters, although the affinity of the ComK proteins was different in the case of different promoters. As our gel retardation experiments were not controlled in competition experiments with a cold probe, we can only judge the presence of DNA binding, but no indisputable conclusion can be drawn on the affinity differences. However, the binding of ComK proteins of B. coagulans and B. subtilis to the heterologous promoter fragments is in agreement with the in vivo experiments done in B. subtilis. Taken together the in vivo and in vitro experiments all suggest that B. coagulans possesses a functional ComK homologue that is presumably able to activate the transcription of several late competence genes in B. coagulans (see also below).
The binding of MBP-ComKBsu (A–D) and MBP-ComKBco (E–F) was assayed at a doubling concentration of the proteins from 125 nmol l−1 to 1 µmol l−1 (lanes 2 to 5, respectively). Lane 1 of each picture lacks any added protein. DNA binding was detected on promoters of comKBco (A), comGABco (B), comKBsu (C and E), and comGABsu (D and F) genes. Free probes (P), shifted bands (S), and signal specific to the wells of the gel (W) are indicated.
ComKBsu activates transcription by binding K-boxes that are composed of two AT-boxes with a consensus sequence AAAA-N5-TTTT. The boxes are separated of a discrete number of helical turns (8-, 18- or 31-bp between the two AT-boxes), which places them on the same side of the DNA-helix [25]–[27]. The analysis of the promoter region of putative competence related genes in B. coagulans showed the presence of several AT-boxes (allowing maximum 3 mismatches to the consensus AT-box), however, K-boxes could be only found in the promoter regions of comKBco and comCBco (Figure S1). Interestingly, the promoter regions of comCBco, comEABco and comFABco contain an overrepresented GCC-N8-TGC motif (identified 1, 2, and 3 times, respectively). This motif is not found within the promoter regions of the comGABco and comKBco genes. However, due to the low number of analyzed promoters, we cannot conclude whether the K-boxes or this latter overrepresented motif are functional in B. coagulans and their role requires additional functional characterization.
Overexpression of comKBco in B. coagulans Results in Elevated comGABco Expression
In our final experiments, we assayed the effect of comKBco overexpression in B. coagulans DSM 1. For this, we cloned the comKBco gene under control of the IPTG (isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside) inducible spac promoter, resulting in plasmid pATK10. We introduced this construct into B. coagulans DSM 1 by electroporation and assayed whether the level of ComK protein is enhanced in B. coagulans containing pATK10 upon induction. An increased level of ComK protein was detected in Western blot analysis using antibodies against ComKBsu (Figure S2). Next, we monitored the expression of late competence genes using quantitative RT-PCR. As expected, the expression level of comGABco gene was increased (ratio of 30.5±3.7) in the strain where comKBco expression was induced with 1 mM IPTG compared to the wild type strain that lacks the plasmid. However, the expression level of another late competence gene (i.e. comCBco) showed no significant change (ratio of 0.85±0.3) in the comKBco-overexpression strain compared to the plasmid-free strain under this given condition. Other late competence genes (comEA-CBco and comFACBco) also lacked the increased expression in the comKBco overexpression strain (data not shown). Overexpression of the comKBsu gene using the previously published pNWcomKBsu plasmid [11] resulted in slightly increased comGABco expression (ratio of 3.2±1.2) and unaltered comCBco transcription (ratio of 1.3±0.5) compared to the plasmid free wild type strain. These experiments demonstrate that ComKBco can activate gene expression in B. coagulans in line with previous observations presented above.
To test if the increased expression of comGABco by comKBco overexpression is sufficient to observe a functional DNA uptake in B. coagulans, we tested the uptake of genomic DNA (e.g. chromosomal DNA of DSM1 ΔsigF::Cmr described in [40]) or plasmid DNA (e.g. pNW33N). The expression of comKBco was induced at mid-exponential phase and DNA was supplied at different time points (1–4 hours) after induction. Cells were plated on medium containing chloramphenicol. We could not observe reproducible DNA uptake under the above presented comKBco overexpressing conditions in B. coagulans, suggesting the lack of a fully functional DNA uptake machinery under these specific conditions. Similarly, DNA uptake was not detected in B. coagulans when comKBsu was overexpressed, in contrast to the experiments with B. cereus [11]. Since an increased level of ComKBco is detected by Western blot analysis when comKBco is overexpressed in B. coagulans (Figure S2) and the comGABco gene expression was induced roughly 30 times, it may be that the resulting level of ComKBco is not high enough to activate the whole DNA-uptake and recombination apparatus.
Genetic engineering of microorganisms allows to improve them or introduce alternative biochemical reactions and thereby to develop improved or novel strains or products. However, genetic engineering can be time consuming for recalcitrant bacteria. The use of competence for DNA uptake and recombination improves the engineering process by allowing or enhancing genetic accessibility. Competence has been described for many laboratory type strains of Bacilli [15]–[17] [12]. The genes coding for functional DNA uptake and recombination are widely conserved in Bacilli suggesting that natural competence exists in more species than described before [7]. However, highly efficient DNA uptake is not identified under laboratory conditions in many species. Different strains of the same species might also differ in their degrees of competence. Natural isolates of B. subtilis show a low DNA uptake efficiency that can be improved by induction of the late competence genes through overexpression of the comK gene [12].
In this study, we present the genomic conservation of genes coding for putative homologues for DNA uptake and the recombination apparatus in B. coagulans. Further characterization of the comK homologue in B. coagulans DSM 1 indicates that comKBco codes for a DNA binding transcriptional activator. Introduction of comKBco into a synthetic B. subtilis background that lacks its own comKBsu gene results in gene expression activation from the promoter regions of comG operons of B. subtilis and B. coagulans. These experiments clearly suggest a conserved role of ComK homologues in Bacilli, although the set of target genes might vary. This is also supported by the induction of functional DNA uptake in B. cereus by the ComKBsu protein [11]. However, overexpression of either or both comK genes of B. cereus into B. subtilis does not result in a similar induction of comG expression (unpublished observation, AM Mironczuk and ÁT Kovács). Previous studies on the binding site of ComKBsu described K-boxes, where the distance between the two AT-boxes is important for its function [25], [26]. While AT-boxes can be identified in several promoter regions of late competence genes in various Bacilli, properly spaced K-boxes are found only in the promoter regions of comKBco and comCBco genes. In contrast with these in silico observations, purified ComKBsu protein binds in vitro to the promoter regions of late competence genes of B. coagulans (Fig. 5) and B. cereus [11] and overexpression of comKBsu results in enhanced comG expression in vivo (RT-qPCR results and [11]). This suggests that the recognition and transcriptional activation by ComK proteins might not be so stringent in the heterologous hosts. Alternatively, ComK proteins of B. coagulans and B. cereus could act on deviating binding sites or their effect is indirect on the comG promoter.
Overexpression of various comK genes in different Bacilli results in increased transcription from the comG promoter. In the present and previous studies, we used the fusion between the comG promoter and the reporter gene gfp, for general use of comGBsu expression as a reporter of activation of competence in B. subtilis [30], [31], [49]. However, microarray analysis and RT-qPCR experiments in B. cereus showed that while expression of comK genes increases comG transcription, the transcript levels of other late competence genes are not induced equally [11]. In B. coagulans, when the ComKBco protein level is increased to a certain level that results in roughly 30 times induction of comGABco, the expression of comCBco is not changed. We can hypothesize that the produced ComK protein level is not high enough to activate gene expression from these promoters or one or more additional regulatory mechanisms act on the late competence genes. In vitro transcription assays using these promoter regions and purified ComK protein could show us whether this is the case.
While overexpression of comK genes in B. coagulans results in increased comG expression similar to the experiments in B. cereus [11], we did not detect functional uptake of DNA under these conditions. Our survey on the presence of late competence genes in B. coagulans also points to the absence of genes that are required for high efficiency DNA uptake in B. subtilis (e.g. nucA-nin genes). However, our study clearly shows that ComKBco is a DNA-binding protein that is capable of activating gene expression. Therefore, it presents an important element of future research for better understanding of late competence gene induction in B. coagulans.
Bacterial Strains, Growth Conditions and Transformation
The strains and plasmids used in this study are listed in Table 1. B. coagulans strains were grown in BC medium at 50°C, 120 rpm [40]. BC medium contains per liter: 10 g yeast-extract (Difco), 2 g (NH4)2HPO4, 3.5 g (NH4)2SO4, 10 g Bis-Tris (bis[2-hydroxymethyl]iminotris[hydroxymethyl]-methane), 5 mg MgCl2 · 6 H2O, 3 mg CaCl2 · 2 H2O, 1 ml of filter sterilized trace elements (containing per liter 0.05 g ZnCl2, 0.03 g MnCl2 · 4 H2O, 0.3 g H3BO3, 0.2 g CoCl2 · 6 H2O, 0.01 g CuCl2 · 2 H2O, 0.02 g NiSO4 · 6 H2O, and 0.03 g Na2MoO4 · 2 H2O), pH 6.7. B. subtilis strains were grown in minimal medium [15]. For cloning, Escherichia coli DH5α and Lactococcus lactis MG1363 were grown in TY and GM17 (37.5 g M17 broth (Difco) per liter supplemented with 0.5% glucose) medium, respectively, grown at 30°C or 37°C. Antibiotics were used at a concentration of 5 µg ml−1 for chloramphenicol, 6 µg ml−1 for tetracycline, and 100 µg ml−1 for ampicillin. Transformation of L. lactis and B. coagulans was performed by electroporation as previously described [40], [50]. Transformation of E. coli was performed by heat-shock [51]. DNA was introduced into B. subtilis strains using natural competence [52].
Cloning of comKBco Gene
To facilitate the purification of MBP-ComKBco, the comKBco gene was PCR amplified from the genome of B. coagulans DSM 1 using oligos oATK26 and oATK14 (for the sequences of oligos, see Table 2) containing BamHI and SalI sites, respectively. The construct pMALcomK was created by ligating the BamHI and SalI digested PCR into the corresponding site of the pMAL-c2 (New England Biolabs). The comKBco gene harboring its own promoter was PCR amplified with oligos oATK1 and oATK2, and cloned into the ScaI site of pEM53 vector, resulting pATK4. The cloned fragment contains the comKBco gene and the 732 bp upstream region. Vector pEM53 is derived from pNZ124 by replacing the chloramphenicol resistance gene cat by the tetracycline resistance gene tetK amplified from pGhost8::ISS1 [40]. To overexpress comKBco in B. coagulans, the comKBco gene was cloned after the Pspac promoter. For this, the comKBco containing PCR fragment was obtained with oATK13 and oATK14 oligonucleotides (Table 2), digested with HindIII-SalI enzymes, and ligated together with the Pspac containing EcoRI-HindIII fragment from pDG148 and the EcoRI-XhoI digested vector, resulting in pATK8. Subsequently, the lacI gene was introduced from pDG148 (1294 bp BamHI-SwaI fragment) into the BamHI-ScaI digested pATK8 vector, resulting pATK10. The resulting vectors were validated using restriction analysis and inserts were verified by sequencing.
Construction of Promoter-gfp Reporter Plasmids
The gfp gene was first obtained from pSG1151 using KpnI-XbaI restriction enzymes and ligated into the corresponding sites of the broad host range pNW33N vector, resulting pATK2. pATK2 was digested with KpnI and ApaI and used to ligate the promoter fragments of comKBco and comGABco obtained with PCR reaction using oligonucleotides oATK5 and oATK6 (for comKBco) and oATK7 and oATK8 (for comGBco) and digested with the same restriction enzyme pairs. The integrity of cloned fragments was verified by sequencing.
Protein Overexpression and Purification
1 liter culture of cells containing the pMALcomKBco or pMALcomK [53] was grown for 2 hours at 37°C and induced with 0.1 mmol l−1 of IPTG at 0.8 of OD600. Cells were harvested by centrifugation (10 min, 4°C, 6500×g). Pellets were washed with a buffer containing 1.17% NaCl, 25 mmol l−1 EDTA, 10 mmol l−1 NaN3, 0.15% DTT, 50 mmol l−1 Tris-HCl pH 7.4. Cells were lysed by sonification (15×10 s at 10 kHz with 30 s intervals), and the sonicated fractions were centrifuged (20 min, 4°C, 9000×g) to obtain a supernatant that contains the MBP-ComK. The fraction with the MBP-ComK has been loaded on an amylose column which had been equilibrated with a buffer containing 0.5 mM DTT, 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0. Elution was performed with the same buffer, now containing 10 mM maltose. The fractions were stored immediately at 4°C (after analysis the fractions were pooled and stored at −80°C). The purity of MBP-ComKBco and MBP-ComKBsu was verified on SDS-PAGE and the purified proteins were also validated using Western hybridization with antibody raised against ComKBsu as described in [53]. Sample preparation and Western hybridization on the B. coagulans samples were performed as described previously for B. cereus [11]. B. coagulans wild-type and comKBco overexpression strains were grown in BC medium until 0.8 of OD600 and induced with 0.1 mmol l−1 IPTG. Three hours after induction, samples were harvested by centrifugation (10.397×g, 1 min, 4°C), disrupted using lysozyme treatment. The ComKBco protein level was detected after SDS-PAGE using Western hybridization with ComKBsu– specific antibody [53].
Gel Retardation Assay
Gel retardation assays were carried out essentially as described by Susanna et al. [26]. The promoter regions of B. coagulans putative competence genes comK, comG, comC and comFA were obtained by PCR using oligos oATK5-oATK6, oATK7-oATK8, oATK48-oATK49, and oATK50-oATK51, respectively (Table 2). The B. subtilis comK and comG promoter fragments were obtained using oligos pK-F – KFPr [54] and comG1-comG2 [26], respectively. The B. coagulans rpsD promoter region was used as negative control. The resulting fragments were end-labeled with [γ-33P] ATP using T4 polynucleotide kinase (Roche Nederland B.V., The Netherlands). Purified MBP-ComKBco and MBP-ComKBsu proteins and probes were premixed on ice in binding buffer. Reaction mixtures contained poly (dI-dC) that is known to eliminate non-specific DNA binding of ComK [25]. Samples were incubated at 30°C, and were loaded on a 6% polyacrylamide gel after 20 min incubation. Gels were run in 1× TBE buffer (0,089 mmol l−1 Tris, 0,089 mmol l−1 Boric Acid, 0,022 mmol l−1 EDTA) at 90 V for 60 minutes, dried in a vacuum dryer and autoradiographed using phosphoscreens and a Cyclone PhosphorImager (Packard Instruments, Meridien, CT).
Quantitative RT-PCR
B. coagulans wild type and comKBco overexpression strains were grown in BC medium until 0.8 of OD600 and induced with 0.1 mmol l−1 IPTG. Two hours after induction, samples were harvested by centrifugation (10.397×g, 1 min, 4°C). A total of three independent biological replicates were included. RNA preparation of quantitative PCR was performed as described before [55], [56]. The pellets were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C. RNA extraction was performed with the Macaloid/Roche protocol [57]. Samples were treated with RNase-free DNase I (Fermentas, St. Leon-Rot, Germany) for 60 min at 37°C in DNaseI buffer (10 mmol l−1 Tris·HCl (pH 7.5), 2.5 mmol l−1 MgCl2, 0.1 mmol l−1 CaCl2), and re-purified with the Roche RNA isolation Kit. RNA concentration and purity was assessed using NanoDrop ND-1000 Spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Reverse transcription was performed with 50 pmol random nonamers on 4 µg of total RNA using RevertAid™ H Minus M-MuLV Reverse Transcriptase (Fermentas, St. Leon-Rot, Germany). Quantification of cDNA was performed on an CFX96 Real-Time PCR System (BioRad, Hercules, CA) using Maxima SYBR Green qPCR Master Mix (Fermentas, St. Leon-Rot, Germany). The following oligos were used: for comGA, oATK87 and oATK88, for comC, oATK89 and oATK90 and for rpiA gene of B. coagulans, oATK83 and oATK84 (oligo sequences are listed in Table 2). The amount of comGA and comC cDNA levels was normalized to the level of rpiA cDNA using the 2−ΔΔCt method [58].
Flow Cytometric Analyses and Microscopy
B. subtilis wild type and ΔcomK strains carrying either pATK5 or pATK6 were grown ON in minimal medium supplemented with chloramphenicol (5 µg ml−1). For the flow cytometric analyses, cultures were inoculated into fresh minimal medium. Samples were taken after transition to stationer phase every hour. Cells were diluted 10 fold in minimal salts and analyzed on a Coulter Epics XL-MCL flow cytometer (Beckman Coulter Mijdrecht, NL) operating an argon laser at 488 nm. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) signals were collected through an FITC filter with the photomultiplier voltage set between 700 and 800 V. Date were obtained using EXPO32 software (Beckman Coulter) and further analyzed using WinMDI 2.8 (The Scripps Research Institute). Figures were prepared using WinMDI 2.8 and Adobe CS4 Illustrator.
The fluorescence of the GFP reporter protein was visualized with a Zeiss Axiophot microscope, using filter set 09 (excitation, 450 to 490; emission, >520 nm). Imaging of PcomGABsu-gfp in individual cells using fluorescence microscopy was performed as described by Smits et al. [30] using AxioVs20 software (Zeiss) for image capturing and figures were prepared for publication using Adobe CS4 Illustrator.
Supporting Information
Figure S1.
A. Schematic presentation of the promoter region of putative competence related genes. Filled boxes indicate putative AT-boxes (maximum 3 mismatches to the consensus AAAA-N5-TTTT), open boxes indicate upstream open reading frames and com genes, numbers denote spacing between AT-boxes resulting in a so called K-box (8 bp and 31 bp in the case of comKBco and comCBco, respectively). B. Sequences of B. coagulans DSM1 promoter regions related to competence. Bold letters indicate putative AT-boxes. The putative open reading frames, com genes are indicated below the sequence.
Figure S2.
Detection of the ComKBco protein. Equal amounts of proteins were loaded in each lane, Samples were taken from induced (+) or non-induced (−) cultures. Cells were centrifuged, lysed and analysed by Western blotting using ComKBsu-specific antibodies. The arrows indicate ComK specific signal (K) and non-specific signal (NP). Positions of molecular weight marker bands are indicated on the right side of the gel.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: ATK RvK OPK. Performed the experiments: ATK THE. Analyzed the data: ATK THE OPK. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: ATK RvK OPK. Wrote the paper: ATK THE RvK OPK.
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Adam Arms previews the 2017 NFL season, and provides recommendations for bettors looking to put action on the 2017 NFL Over/Under win totals of all 32 NFL teams.
It's that time of year boys and girls. For your gambling pleasure, I've foretold the future of all 32 teams. Am I lucky or am I just that good? Both. Each team's breakdown is followed by my recommendation to take the over or the under.
If you like to bet the 2017 NFL over/under on NFL games, or just want some different analysis than the other guys provide, you've come to the right place.
Let's do it. Here are my top 5 plays:
Adam Arms's
2017 NFL Win/Loss Analysis
Top 5 Plays
|2016 Record
|Adam's Bet
|Denver Broncos
|Take the under.
|Jacksonville Jaguars
|Take the over.
|Chicago Bears
|Take the under.
|Miami Dolphins
|Take the over.
|Baltimore Ravens
|Take the under.
#1) Denver Broncos: Over/Under 8.5
Denver is talented, no question. Demaryius Thomas, Emmanuel Sanders, CJ Anderson, Von Miller and…Trevor Siemian. Sounds an awful lot like Deandre Hopkins, Lamar Miller, J.J. Watt…and Brock Osweiler.
2017 Broncos = 2016 Texans. Houston won nine games in the regular season last year – the final eight were by a TD or less, and the last four came by a total of 11 points. Denver will keep it close all season – but Houston had the luxury of a beaten down AFC South. Denver has the Black Hole and Arrowhead.
Adam suggests: Take the UNDER.
#2) Jacksonville Jaguars: Over/Under 6.0
The Jags selected Leonard Fournette with the 4th overall pick in 2017. Good news for the Jags, bad news for Fournette. Getting run over by a bulldozer would be less painful than being the every-down RB for the Jags.
But make no mistake about it – Fournette is barely human. Just as Adrian Peterson did as a rookie in Minnesota, Fournette will single-handedly win a few games for the Jags. Let the big dog eat.
Adam recommends: Take the OVER.
#3) Chicago Bears: Over/Under 5.5
Here's 11 games I can't see Chicago winning – two against the Packers, at home against Seattle, Cincinnati, Tampa Bay – on the road at Atlanta, Dallas, Pittsburgh, Carolina, Detroit, Minnesota. Toss in probable losses vs. Baltimore and New Orleans. Another 3-13 season doesn't seem out of the question.
Adam suggests: Take the UNDER.
#4) Miami Dolphins: Over/Under 7.5
Congratulations Dolphins fans, you finally don't suck that much. Miami added All-pro TE Julius Thomas to play alongside freak-show WR Jarvis Landry and stud RB Jay Ajayi. Offense wasn't the problem in 2016 – it was the defense. Miami addressed the defensive concerns loudly and clearly in the offseason by selecting defensive players with five of its six draft picks.
The Dolphins have had a sneaky good offseason. This one's a gimme.
#5) Baltimore Ravens: Over/Under 9.0
After Ray Rice dealt a knockout blow to both his wife and NFL career, the Ravens' offense has lacked firepower. The offseason hasn't been kind to the Ravens – Steve Smith retired and they lost three O-linemen. But, they say you make your own luck…and after the Ravens looked at these gaping offensive holes and elected to use their first four draft picks on defensive players…well, good luck.
Adam instructs: Take the UNDER.
#6) Arizona Cardinals: Over/Under 8.0
Arizona has enough talent and depth to win half of their games…so you can't help but ask yourself, why only seven wins last season? The Cards have weapons galore on both sides of the ball. This one comes down to how much Carson Palmer has left in the tank. I'm betting he's got enough left to get the job done.
Adam urges: Take the OVER.
#7) Atlanta Falcons: Over/Under 9.5
Before you automatically bet the "over," I'd recommend taking a glance at Atlanta's schedule. Division contests with the Buccaneers and Panthers will be virtual toss-ups. Non-division matchups vs. Green Bay, Dallas, @New England and @Seattle gives me the feeling a 9-7 record is more likely than 10-6.
Adam concludes: Take the UNDER.
#8) Buffalo Bills: Over/Under 6.0
Shady McCoy and Sammy Watkins are reason enough for the Bills to win more than six games. Rex Ryan is reason enough for the Bills to win less than six games.
A 7-9 record is entirely feasible.
Adam recommends: Take the OVER.
#9) Carolina Panthers: Over/Under 8.5
Cam Newton is healthy and has a new Reggie Bush-type weapon in Christian McCaffery. Highly doubt they lose 50% of the time. Easy 2017 NFL Over/Under prediction.
Adam encourages you to: Take the OVER.
#10) Cincinnati Bengals: Over/Under 8.5
Bengals will be good this year (on the field, not off the field). They added Joe Mixon, who, aside from being a public relations nightmare, was #2 in the nation in All Purpose Yard Per Game last year. He's a gamechanger.
Adam's thoughts: Take the OVER
#11) Cleveland Browns: Over/Under 4.5
The Browns won 1 game in 2016. No way I'm betting they'll win five-times that amount in 2017.
Adam's Advice: Take the UNDER.
#12) Dallas Cowboys: Over/Under 9.5
Something smells fishy about this line, and I damn sure don't like the smell of fish. Dallas did lose Doug Free, the Left Tackle and anchor of the league's best O-Line…but they won 13 games last year. I'm not prepared to take a leap from 13-3 to 9-7.
#13) Detroit Lions: Over/Under 8.0
Notice how the Lions lost Calvin Johnson before the 2016 season, didn't make any real attempt to replace him…and somehow didn't even miss him? Never underestimate the value of having an elite QB. Stafford can slang and bang with the best of 'em. Extra incentive for Stafford – he's in a contract year. Big stats + Wins = Big $$
Adam's prescription: Take the OVER.
#14) Green Bay Packers: Over/Under 10.0
That pretty much sums it up, but feel free to keep reading. His primary targets have suffered serious injuries the last two seasons and the running game has been atrocious. That should matter. But… nah. Packers have won 11 and 12 games the last two seasons, seems unlikely they plummet to 9 wins in 2017.
Adam directs you to: Take the OVER.
#15) Houston Texans: Over/Under 8.5
Can't say I've seen a ton of footage on Tom Savage, but I've seen plenty on Deshaun Watson. He can ball. Either way, Houston was a solid playoff team with Brock Osweiler at QB. You wanna argue they're gonna be worse this year? No way.
Adam recommends: Take the OVER.
#16) Indianapolis Colts: Over/Under 9.0
Golden rule of today's NFL – the team with the better QB will win on most occasions. You could make an argument the Colts will have the better QB in all 16 games. Are you prepared to take the "under" on this, signaling your confidence that the team with the better QB will lose half the games? Nope.
Adam Arms, Esq. Counsels: Take the OVER.
#17) Kansas City Chiefs: Over/Under 9.0
I like Andy Reid. He's like that gross uncle we all have that fully embraces his image as the insanely disgusting uncle. And he's a badass coach. They won't get 12 wins like they did in 2016, but the combination of Andy Reid and always-raucous Arrowhead Stadium will keep them above .500.
Adam urges bettors: Take the OVER.
#18) Los Angeles Chargers: Over/Under 7.5
The Chargers were a 5-11 dumpster fire in 2016. Trash. And don't blame injuries. If your perennial all-pro veteran QB is healthy the entire season, you gotta win more than five games. They're bringing back virtually the same core that led them to a last place finish in the AFC West last year. Expect the same results.
Arms advises: Take the UNDER.
#19) Los Angeles Rams: Over/Under 5.5
I count 10 games as definite losses: two against the Cardinals and two against the Seahawks, at home against the Colts, Redskins, and Houston; on the road at Dallas, Giants, and Titans. That leaves six games: two against the 49ers, home games against the Saints and Eagles, and on the road vs. the Vikings and Jags. I can't find six wins for the Rams in my 2017 NFL Over/Under totaling.
Adam suggests: Take the UNDER.
#20) Minnesota Vikings: Over/Under 8.5
Try this schedule on for size: road games against Pittsburgh, Atlanta, Carolina, and Washington. Home games against Baltimore, Tampa Bay, and New Orleans. Home and away games vs. the Packers, and home/away vs. Detroit. Doesn't take long to come up with eight losses. And in the extremely likely event that Sam Bradford ruptures his groin on the first snap of the preseason, Minnesota could easily find ten losses.
Adam's advice: Take the UNDER.
#21) New England Patriots: Over/Under 12.5
This one's tricky. The number may seem high, but it really shouldn't. The Pats have won 12 or more games every season since 2010. Patriots play @Denver, @Oakland, @Pittsburgh, and have the Chiefs, Texans, Panthers, and Falcons at home. The division is awful, horrendous smelling garbage. But…the last game of the regular season is against the Jets. Pats will be locked into home-field throughout the playoffs and likely resting their starters. Could turn a sure-fire 6-0 division record into 5-1. They'll lose four games.
Adam favors: Take the UNDER.
#22) New Orleans Saints: Over/Under 8.0
Saints have finished 7-9 the last three seasons. Maybe they finish 8-8, but that feels like best case scenario.
Adam urges: Take the UNDER.
#23) New York Giants: Over/Under 9.0
I wouldn't be surprised if the Giants go 10-6, and I wouldn't be surprised if they go 6-10. Inconsistency at its finest. Which team is going to show up to play – the team that handed Dallas two of its three losses, or the team that failed to score 20 points in six consecutive games to close out last season? Even if they manage to go 9-7, you'll still get the push. Under is the play here.
Adam suggests: Take the UNDER.
#24) New York Jets: Over/Under 5.0
The jets are really awful. I'm not sure I'd take the "over" even if they played Cleveland six times.
Adam recommends: Take the UNDER.
#25) Oakland Raiders: Over/Under 10.0
The Raiders may cruise into the Week 10 Bye with five or six wins, but nothing says, "Welcome back bitches," quite like having to play the Patriots, Broncos, Giants, at Kansas City and back home against the Cowboys.
Take the UNDER.
#26) Philadelphia Eagles: Over/Under 8.0
The Eagles went 1-5 in division matchups last year. Let's say they go 3-3 this year. They have winnable non-division matchups at home against the 49ers, Bears, and Broncos, and on the road @Rams and @Chargers. That's eight wins, and feels like a stretch. Their remaining games are: home vs. Arizona and Oakland – on the road @KC, @Panthers, @Seattle. Getting eight wins is going to be tough – getting nine seems like a longshot.
Adam concludes: Take the UNDER.
#27) Pittsburgh Steelers: Over/Under 10.5
Way under. Giving them 10.5 wins would be a stretch even with a 100% guarantee that Big Ben would be healthy. The first half of the schedule is manageable. Second half, not so much. Pittsburgh's Bye comes in Week 8, followed by: @Colts, Titans, Green Bay, @Cincinnati, Baltimore, New England, @Houston. If you're taking the over, you better pray Big Ben is healthy during the back-half.
Adam says: Take the UNDER.
#28) San Francisco 49ers: Over/Under 4.5
After going 2-14, the 49ers got rid of Colin Kaepernick and Blaine Gabbert… and replaced them with Brian Hoyer, and Matt Barkley. It's like finally getting rid of that nagging herpes, only to find out days later you've got full-blown AIDS. You can't convince me there are five winnable games on that schedule.
Take the UNDER.
#29) Seattle Seahawks: Over/Under 10.5
Seattle won 10 games last year, including wins over each of the Super Bowl teams. If you ask me, the 2017 schedule is easier than 2016. And the fantasy football gods have been toying with us for long enough – gotta assume Pete Carroll finds a way to get Jimmy Graham more involved in 2017. I don't see them taking a step back.
Adam advises: Take the OVER.
#30) Tampa Bay Buccaneers: Over/Under 8.5
Jameis Winston is entering his third season and has never missed a game. He's a legitimate threat at QB. And at 23-years old…he's more likely to recover from minor injuries and be 100% healthy come game time. Can't say the same for division rival QB's Drew Brees and Matt Ryan.
Adam recommends: Take the OVER.
#31) Tennessee Titans: Over/Under 8.5
The Titans have the ultimate all-or-nothing schedule. Some tough matchups: Raiders, Seahawks, @Steelers, Ravens, Bengals, and Colts twice; but also some cake walks: @Browns, Rams, @49ers, and twice against the Jags. I'm betting they'll win the games they're supposed to win, and Marcus Mariota steals a couple of close ones.
Adam encourages: Take the OVER.
#32) Washington Redskins: Over/Under 7.5
The Redskins have a path to eight wins, but they're gonna need one, maybe two upsets to get there. Safe to say they can go 3-3 in division. Should win @Rams, home against 49ers, @Chargers…that's six. Pick off a couple of wins at home against the Vikings or Broncos, or @New Orleans. I see a path to eight.
Adam says: Take the OVER.


text:
JAY � Delaware County Commissioners handled grants, road issues and cash accounts in their meeting held Monday morning.
Commissioners voted to recess the meeting to Thursday at 9 a.m. in a matter concerning the sponsorship of a transportation enhancement grant for the Monkey Island pedestrian/bicycle path. The grant is due on Friday and the board would make no decision today on the sponsorship due to too many questions in the application that consists of applying for a $500,000 grant for the project.
Don Raden, Monkey Island resident and spokesman presented the proposal claiming that the path would be a value enhancement to the property on Monkey Island and become an amenity value for the entire lake area. He claims residents on the island will be willing to raise money from a private faction, but were waiting to get approval from the board for sponsorship.
According to Commissioner for district #1 Ken Crowder, the application reads that the county will guarantee a 20% match. �I can�t guarantee that the county will match that money,� Crowder replied.
District #2 Commissioner Billy Cornell said he had a concern with the part of the application that read that the county will assume responsibility for environmental impact and culture resources that could crop up in the future. �There can be a lot of hidden environmental issues here,� he said.
Dave Kendrick, county commissioner for district #3 said he wouldn�t support the grant until a lot of these issues in question were cleared up.
Raden was asked by Commissioner Crowder why the group had waited until the last minute. Raden replied that there are only volunteers on the island and no one is making any decisions. The grant is due on Friday and cannot be extended. Commissioners will recess the meeting until 9 a.m. to possibly hear from the engineer on the project. If the matter isn�t cleared up to the satisfaction of the board, the project will be put off for another year.
In other items Monday morning:
� A hearing on the intention to close a road located 250 East of Highway #10 was held with the board voting to put that part of the road that is a section line road in reserve status and close the road. The action was brought by the Seneca-Cayuga tribe who has built a new road and asked that the county road be closed to thru traffic.
� A jail inspection and corrected plan dated August 16 was forwarded to the Oklahoma Department of Health Jail Inspection Division. Overcrowding was the only violation cited that has not been remedied.
� Three bids were submitted on the removal of an existing roof and replacement for the Delaware County E-911 Building. The winning bid will be announced during next weeks meeting.
� Gary Buchanan will serve another term on the Northeast Oklahoma Community Action Agency Board of Directors.
� Highway cash was set up in the amount of $57,613.68 for each district and blanket purchase orders were approve for the month of October as well.
� Cash accounts to be known as CBRI-Inspection were set up for each district with $1,113.53 to be deposited into each account. The money will be used for annual bridge inspections.
� County Bridge and Road Improvements (CBRI) monies in the amount of $6,532.44 was set for each district.
� In the matter roadway closings, a defined description of a road closed during the meeting of August 23 was defined as only Bill Hardesty Lane that was being closed.
� OSU Extension Department transferred $2,000 from their Travel Account into Capital Outlay.
� A tort claim from Eva Foreman against the Sheriff�s Department for running over her bicycle in the amount of $129 was turned over to the county�s insurance company.
� Two items tabled for one week concerned the sponsorship of a REAP grant for the Lions Club through Grand Gateway and a motion to approve installation of wireless internet in the Delaware County Courthouse with cost to be paid by Winston Connor.
� No action was taken to enter into a lease purchase agreement with ODOT and district #1.
� A motion to discuss with possible action the approval of the employee personnel policy handbook for Delaware County will be recessed until Wednesday at 9 a.m.
The next regularly scheduled meeting of the Delaware County Commissioners will be held on Monday, October 4 at 9 a.m. in the commissioners office of the Delaware County Courthouse.


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