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January 15, 2014
Contact: Eric Amig - (212) 441-6807Brian Finnegan - (212) 441-6877
Buffalo, New York – The Federal Home Loan Bank of New York announced today the award of an $857,500 grant to the St. John Fruit Belt Development Corporation to help finance the St. John Townhomes II project, which will build 49 units of affordable housing in the Fruit Belt neighborhood of Buffalo; a $400,000 grant to the Lackawanna Housing Development Corporation to help finance the Lackawanna Homes project, which will build 48 single-family homes and a community building in a targeted revitalization neighborhood in Lackawanna; and a $163,800 grant to Niagara Community Action Program, Inc. to help finance the rehabilitation of 20 units of owner-occupied housing across Niagara County. Federal Home Loan Bank of New York members M&T Bank and First Niagara Bank submitted the applications for the funding.
"These investments in Buffalo, Lackawanna and Niagara Falls not only provide new affordable housing opportunities for residents and construction jobs but they serve as critical federal investments in areas that need it most," said Congressman Brian Higgins (NY-26). "I commend the Federal Home Loan Bank, M&T Bank and First Niagara for their partnership in this effort and am proud to support these projects which will help promote substantial economic revitalizations in critical neighborhoods."
"Financing affordable housing in Western New York has been a focus of M&T Bank for decades and these projects effectively leverage other public and private funding to maximize the impact of local neighborhood revitalization," said Brad Dossinger, Regional Community Reinvestment Manager for M&T Bank. "This FHLB grant to St. John Fruit Belt Development Corporation will allow them to continue their efforts to reinvest in Buffalo's Fruit Belt Neighborhood. In Niagara County, the Niagara Community Action Program is an important partner for us and this grant will help fund the rehabilitation of 20 single-family homes targeted to veterans, seniors or single-parent households."
"First Niagara is committed to revitalizing Western New York's neighborhoods and empowering our community to thrive," said Buford Sears, First Niagara Western New York Market Executive. "We are proud to work with the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York to help families realize their dream of home ownership and provide safe, affordable housing opportunities for all citizens. Together, we are building toward future for our region."
"First Niagara believes in making Western New York a better place. This partnership is an opportunity to make a real difference for the people served by the housing organizations working to rebuild our community," added Karla Gadley, Vice President of Community Reinvestment at First Niagara.
"This year marks the 25th anniversary of the creation of the Affordable Housing Program," said Alfred A. DelliBovi, president and CEO of the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York. "In that time, the Home Loan Bank has been honored to partner with both our members and scores of terrific non-profit housing organizations across the region to help build affordable homes. Thanks to the hard work of these community institutions, as well as the support the Program continues to receive from Congress, the AHP has become one of the most successful housing programs in the nation."
The St. John Townhomes II project involves the new construction of 49 townhouse units in 22 buildings located on 17 sites in the Fruit Belt neighborhood of Buffalo. The 28-unit first phase of this project, which also received Affordable Housing Program funding, was completed in 2007. M&T Bank submitted the application for the current funding. Additional Financing will be provided by the City of Buffalo HOME Program, an M&T Bank construction loan, the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority and Federal Low Income Housing Tax Credits.
The Lackawanna Homes project involves the construction of 48 single-family homes and one community building in a targeted revitalization neighborhood in Lackawanna. Eight units will be made available to the physically disabled. The Affordable Housing Program funds will be used for construction and permanent financing in order to make the project affordable to the target population. Empowerment services to be provided to residents include job readiness and employment services; homebuyer education and foreclosure prevention workshops; GED and training programs; health and wellness workshops; and a tenant association. First Niagara Bank submitted the application for this funding. Other funding sources include Federal Low Income Housing Tax Credit, Erie County HOME funds, First Niagara Bank and the New York State Housing Trust Fund.
The Niagara Community Action Program project involves the rehabilitation of 20 units of owner-occupied housing located in Niagara County. The targeted occupants are very low-income families. Included among the population that the program will serve are the elderly, veterans, and single-parent households. This project will significantly add to the revitalization and stabilization of the community. M&T Bank submitted the application for this funding. Additional financing will be provided by the New York State Affordable Housing Corporation and the New York State Homes and Community Renewal Weatherization Program.
The grants are part of $35.5 million in Affordable Housing Program ("AHP") subsidies that the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York will award as its 2013 AHP grant round. In total, these grants will help finance 48 affordable housing initiatives which will create or preserve 3,072 units of affordable housing, including more than 2,200 units of very low-income housing, in New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Florida, Maryland and Pennsylvania. The 12 Federal Home Loan Banks have distributed more than $4.8 billion in AHP funds since 1990. At the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York, the AHP has supported 1,386 projects with nearly $475 million in grants, helping to create or preserve 60,250 units of affordable housing and generating an estimated $8.5 billion in total development costs. For more information on today's grants, please click here.
The Federal Home Loan Bank System's Affordable Housing Program, created in 1989, provides member community lenders with direct subsidies, which are passed on to qualified households through a sponsoring local non-profit organization. AHP financing is combined with other funding sources to create housing for moderate-, low- and very-low-income families. Program awardees receive this funding through semi-annual competitive rounds. Each competing project must be sponsored by a financial organization that is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank in partnership with a community-based sponsoring organization.
About M&T Bank
M&T Bank, founded in Buffalo, New York in 1856, serves customers at more than 725 branch offices in New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, West Virginia and the District of Columbia. For more information, visit www.mtb.com.
Federal Home Loan Bank of New YorkThe Federal Home Loan Bank of New York is a Congressionally chartered, wholesale Bank. It is part of the Federal Home Loan Bank System, a national wholesale banking network of 12 regional, stockholder-owned banks. The FHLB of New York currently serves more than 340 financial institutions in New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The mission of the Federal Home Loan Banks is to support the efforts of local members to help provide financing for America's homebuyers.
Safe Harbor Statement under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995This report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the "safe harbor" provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements are based upon our current expectations and speak only as of the date hereof. These statements may use forward-looking terms, such as "projected," "expects," "may," or their negatives or other variations on these terms. The Bank cautions that, by their nature, forward-looking statements involve risk or uncertainty and that actual results could differ materially from those expressed or implied in these forward-looking statements or could affect the extent to which a particular objective, projection, estimate, or prediction is realized. These forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties including, but not limited to, regulatory and accounting rule adjustments or requirements, changes in interest rates, changes in projected business volumes, changes in prepayment speeds on mortgage assets, the cost of our funding, changes in our membership profile, the withdrawal of one or more large members, competitive pressures, shifts in demand for our products, and general economic conditions. We undertake no obligation to revise or update publicly any forward-looking statements for any reason.
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Register | Login
024 7647 2711
The ARCH annual report for 2015-16 is now available to view.
Download it
This is and example of a free content area on the left hand side of the site, for
example It could be a quote, a link to documents related to the page or simply an
intersting fact. It is an optional section, so if nothing is apropriate it can be
turned off.
With the government's proposals for extension of RTB to housing
association tenants in England high on the political agenda, the
House of Commons Library has produced a useful briefing
paper comparing current RTB policies in England, Wales,
Scotland and Northern Ireland.
Devolution of housing policy to Scotland, Wales and Northern
Ireland is resulting in an increasingly diverse approach to RTB
policies across the United Kingdom.
The 2010 Coalition Government "incentivised" the RTB in England
by increasing the maximum discounts and reducing the qualifying
period of tenancy. Further plans for this parliament include
proposals to extend the RTB to housing association tenants paid for
by forcing councils to sell off higher value housing stock as it
becomes vacant.
In stark contrast, the Scottish Government abolished the RTB in
2014 with eligible tenants having up to 31 July 2016 to exercise
their RTB.
The Welsh Government have also made the decision to abolish the
RTB in Wales and is currently developing primary legislation to end
the policy.
ARCH argues that in the context of promised devolution of powers
from Westminster to English regions, local authorities in England
should have the right to decide how, or if, the RTB policy should
apply within their area.
Follow ARCH on
© 2017 Association of Retained Council Housing.


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Lilly is about 3 years old, spayed, UTD on vaccinations, house trained, microchipped, and does not need crating. This petite girl loves squeaky toys, and she takes treats gently. Lilly gets along with other submissive dogs, as she wants to be alpha. Lilly loves people of all ages, and greeted warmly a technician visiting in her backyard. She is loved at the vets office by staff and visitors. She likes to be toweled off after going outside in the rain. If you have an extra piece of Velcro on you, Lilly would love to attach to you! She is being fostered in Carrollton VA. If interested in Lilly, please PM us!
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Every school in the Catholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario offers French programs that responds to the needs of the students in each community.
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Applied Data Science - 1 : Overview
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|Laurence Hughes, Independent, the London
|"It was a relief to move on to the Four Etudes op. 7 played with alternating deftness and thoughtfulness by Svetlana Smolina.. In the excerpts from The Firebird, Svetlana showed an energy and fire that were almost startling in so slight a frame... but any (orchestral) inadequacies were forgotten in the hushed intensity of those radiant chords leading into the final flourish…If Svetlana Smolina can be said to represent the future of Russian music, then surely we have nothing to fear for the great musical tradition of that remarkable country."
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Svetlana received the highest critical acclaim after Opening of 2018-19 Season Concert with Eastern Connecticut Symphony Orchestra & Maestro Toshi ShimadaSunday, 28 October 2018
"The highlight of the evening had to be Sergei Rachmaninoff "Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini", Op. 43, featuring the smoking hot playing of pianist Svetlana Smolina, who came out on stage in glittering red gown so beguiling that the audience chuckled when she sat in front of the keys. Never letting her concentration waver, Smolina proceeded to pounce on each note with either great ferocity or eager tenderness, majestically alternating between a clump of chords and a cascade of shimmering harp like high notes. This rhapsody is a real showpiece and the execution of the work was exquisite. Shimada wringing every last sentiment out of the string section while Smolina alternately marched and gambled up and down the keys right up until the humorous and unexpected ending.
The audience gave Smolina and the orchestra one of the most extended standing ovations ever during an ECSO concert".
To see the full article go to:
Nizhny Novgorod InterviewFriday, 26 October 2018
October 25, 2018 Nizhny Novgorod Weekly News published an interview with Svetlana Smolina. The interviewer is Maria Fedotova, a music critic and a journalist.
To see the interview on the website of the Weekly News:
or on this website:Articles & Reviews
The opening of the season 2018-2019 in Nizhny NovgorodSaturday, 15 September 2018
September 19
at 18:00 in the Old hall of Nizhny Novgorod State University will host a concert from the series "Rector of Nizhny Novgorod University presents...". The concert will be attended by honored artist of Russia, artist of the State Symphony Orchestra of the Mariinsky theatre, winner of international competitions Oleg Sendetsky (cello) and laureate of Russian and international competitions Svetlana Smolina (piano).
Tour in ChinaSaturday, 19 May 2018
June 5-13, 2018 Svetlana is on tour in China in Shanghai, Wuxi, Jiaxing, Hangzhou, Xiamen doing performances, workshops, lectures, masterclasses for Winplus International
Spring InspirationSaturday, 14 April 2018
On April 13-th Svetlana performed Tchaikovsky Piano Concerto No.1 with Maestro Derek Gleeson in Vratza Philharmonic, Bulgaria. The Concert was attended by the Ambassador of Ireland in Sofia Mr. Michael Forbes.


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Friday, 6 July 2012
Mason - Animat
First heard this track on SVD's Identity Podcast, and thought it was Mpire but Moguai at first (lol :p). Also never hear of this dude Mason before, but he did an amazing job on this track. Needless to say, mark July 30th on your calendar because I just can't wait for this baby to be released! Enjoy
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text: I stopped smoking six months ago and I have put about one and half stones on! I decided it was time to lose it especially as I am going on holiday in ten weeks and don't want to look like a fat pig next to my skinny friend on the beach. For the last ten days I have not eaten anything other than fruit and veg and low calorie meals i.e. 350 -400 calories in total and I have been keeping a record of my daily intake via the myfitnesspal app. I have been to the gym three times a week and have done spinning classes for 30 mins and a couple of step classes for 30 mins each. To cut a long story short I have not shed a single pound and I am totally confused. I have always been good at dieting but have never been on such a strict regime with zero loss. Can anyone give me any tips? I am 53 this month and probably going through menopause but surely 1300 calories a day should result in some weight loss.


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I agree that this ends up being a really tricky point for a lot of people (esp. managers, activists, servants, and all the other people that get out there and actually put their boots on the ground). I think you're right on the money that a visual logo is only one element of your brand identity.
For what it's worth, I love Seth Godin's definition of a brand – "A brand is the set of expectations, memories, stories, and relationships that, taken together, account for a customer's decision to choose on product or service over another. "
I think a lot of people decide they need to "reinvent" they brand identity to become more "modern" and "relevant." And the easy way is to hire someone to draw a pretty picture. But the thing is a logo doesn't do much to communicate your brand, and to reach your target audience – at least compared to all the other elements that make up your brand.
Of course, all those things also take a lot more work.


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Mediators of Inflammation
Volume 2008, Article ID 407972, 9 pages
Homocysteine May Involve in the Pathogenesis of Behcet's Disease by Inducing Inflammation
1Department of Dermatology, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital, Ministry of Health Ankara, 06110 Ankara, Turkey
2Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Turkiye Yuksek Ihtisas Education and Research Hospital, Ministry of Health Ankara, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
Received 1 August 2008; Revised 2 November 2008; Accepted 17 November 2008
Academic Editor: Dennis Daniel Taub
Copyright © 2008 Selda Pelin Kartal Durmazlar et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Objective. Our aim was to evaluate the significance of homocysteine (Hcy) in Behcet's disease (BD) and the association of elevated Hcy levels associated with the indices of inflammation in BD. Methods. Untreated 70 patients with BD and 33 healthy individuals were included into the study. Hcy, tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-), C-reactive protein (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were evaluated with respect to activity and specific individual clinical manifestations of the disease. Results. Hcy levels were found significantly elevated in active BD when compared to inactive BD and healthy controls. Hcy levels were found to have high correlation with the number of active clinical manifestations increased. A significant positive correlation was found between serum Hcy and TNF- levels, CRP, and ESR. Hcy was found to be the best predictor of TNF- among other parameters. Conclusion. Hcy may involve in the pathogenesis of BD by inducing inflammation.
1. Introduction
In 1969, McCully first proposed homocysteine (Hcy) to be a cause of cardiovascular disease due to the observation that patients with homocystinuria, a metabolic disease which results in high Hcy levels, also displayed atherosclerotic plaques at autopsies [1]. High levels of Hcy were associated with endothelial damage and oxidative stress [2, 3]. Currently, there is a classification commonly used for the degree of hyperhomocysteinemia as follows: normal (5–14 mol/L), mild (15–30 mol/L), moderate (31–100 mol/L), and severe (>100 mol/L) [4]. As many epidemiologic studies supported, mild hyperhomocysteinemia was found risk factor for both venous and arterial thrombosis [5–8]. Hcy is an intermediary sulphydryl-containing amino acid formed during the conversion of methionine to cysteine. Its sulphydryl group can cause direct endothelial cytotoxicity, inhibition of glutathione peroxidase and nitric oxide, interference with clotting factor, and oxidation of LDL [9]. Additionally, high levels of Hcy cause lipid peroxidation, impaired vasomotor regulation, prothrombic surface, and, therefore, atherothrombogenesis [10].
Behcet's disease (BD), initially described by Behcet in 1937 [11], is a chronic relapsing vasculitis, involving both arteries and veins of various sizes. Thrombotic complications have been reported in approximately 10–40% of BD patients [12]. Endothelial dysfunction due to inflammation is considered to be an important factor of thrombosis in BD. Homocysteine is reported to enhance endothelial leukocyte interaction [13]. Some studies have shown that hyperhomocysteinemia might be assumed to be an independent and correctable risk factor for thrombosis in BD [14–19]. Moreover, the association between Hcy levels and endothelial dysfunction has been shown in patients with BD [20]. However, endothelial injury itself cannot clearly account the hypercoagulable status of BD because other vasculitis syndromes do not increase the risk of thrombosis [21]. Additionally, existence of several contradictory results with respect to serum Hcy levels leads the role of homocysteine in BD unclear [22]. As vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and folic acid can decrease homocysteine levels [23], treatment with these vitamins can be considered to reduce the risk of venous and arterial thrombosis. Therefore, it is important to find a clear picture of the role of Hcy, which is thought to induce proinflammatory cytokines [24] during the course of BD.
The present study was conducted to evaluate serum Hcy as a serological marker for the assessment of the activity of BD with respect to specific individual clinical manifestations. Serum levels of Hcy were compared with the values of C-reactive protein (CRP), an acute phase reactant, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-α) which is an important proinflammatory cytokine. The results were controlled with the healthy individuals.
In patients with BD, the question of whether hyperhomocysteinemia depends on the inflammation has not been answered yet. Therefore, our aim was to evaluate whether elevated Hcy levels, an independent risk factor for both venous and arterial thrombosis, associated with proinflammatory process mediated by cytokines in patients with BD.
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Subjects
70 patients (40 males, 30 females; mean age of 33 ± 7.79) fulfilling the international study group criteria [25] for the diagnosis of BD and 33 healthy control subjects (17 males, 16 females; mean age of 30 ± 6.68) were included in this study. Patients with BD were selected from patients who were being followed up by the departments of dermatology and cardiovascular surgery, Behcet's Disease Unit or referred from other departments. Subjects were newly diagnosed or patients who were not taking any medicine regarding BD for some reason. The control subjects were age- and sex-matched healthy hospital staff. Complete blood count, serum glucose, urea, creatinine, total cholesterol, triglyceride, uric acid, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferease, alkaline phosphatase, vitamin B12, and folic acid levels were evaluated in all of the subjects before being included into the study. Patients who had other type of illness such as autoimmune disease that could affect the cytokine levels or patients taking any medication affecting the immune system or patients with folic acid or vitamin B12 deficiencies, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, chronic hepatitis, renal failure, severe psoriasis, pernicious anemia, and chronic alcoholism which might affect Hcy levels were excluded from the study. Patients taking vitamin supplements in the previous 6 months were also excluded from the study. The study was approved by the local ethics institute. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects. Pathergy test was performed and the number of active manifestations recorded for each patient.
2.2. Determination of Disease Activity
Since accepted specific clinical activity scoring system and laboratory screening profile for BD has not been performed so far, the activity of patients was considered to have an active disease in case of the existence of two or more symptoms with worsening of clinical symptoms and lack of wellbeing at the time of the study. Behcet's disease activity index (BDAI) was also performed on our patients according to the method presented by Bhakta et al. [26] and described elaborately by Lawton et al. [27]. An overall disease activity scores derived from adding the scores according to the evaluation of the duration of each clinical features (from 0 to 4) and patients and clinicians impressions of the disease activity. As it was agreed that inclusion of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) measurements would not add significantly to overall measurement of disease activity [27] and were not included as criteria in BDAI [26, 27], ESR and CRP were not used in the determination of the activation of the disease. The patients who had no symptoms regarding BD in four weeks period or less than two symptoms with a healing process and an overall wellbeing status were grouped in inactive BD.
2.3. Vascular Examination
All patients and healthy volunteers were examined carefully for vascular involvement. Either venous or arterial system involvement was defined as present when confirmed by Doppler ultrasonography, radioisotope venography, magnetic resonance angiography, conventional angiography, or computerized tomography.
2.4. Serum Homocysteine Analysis
Serum homocysteine levels in the study groups were determined by fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) technique (Axis Biochemicals, ASA, Oslo, Norway). FPIA was run on an IMx analyzer (Abbott, Ill, USA). The 95% confidence interval of plasma Hcy level suggested by the manufacturer for healthy individuals is 4.45–12.42 mol/L and serum Hcy level is expected to be up to 10% higher than ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA) plasma. Five cc blood samples were drawn using a 25 gauge needle from a peripheral vein, avoiding haemolysis in the morning hours after an overnight fasting and 30 minutes of supine rest and collected into 10 mL empty evacuated tubes without EDTA, heparin, or clot activators. Samples were centrifuged at for 10 minutes. The serum was separated in aliquots and immediately frozen and stored at −80°C within 60 minutes until use.
2.5. Detection of Tumor Necrosis Alpha by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbant Assay
The TNF-α level was measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) kit (Bender Medsystems, Vienna, Austria, Lot # 223/208-D1) with a detectable level set at 14 pg/mL. Five cc serum was separated by centrifugation at for 10 minutes and stored at −70°C until use.
2.6. C-Reactive Protein, Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Analyses
CRP was measured by a highly sensitive turbidimetric method using conventional biochemical automatic analyzer. The upper limit of the normal range was 5 mg/L. The ESR was determined by the classic Westergren method.
2.7. Statistical Analysis
Results were analyzed using SPSS for Windows VER 11.5 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Ill, USA). Each variant was evaluated by one sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for compatibility with normal distribution. As the data did not fit normal distribution, the nonparametric Kruskall-Wallis test for intergroups comparison and Mann-Whitney U test or Bonferroni corrected Mann-Whitney U tests were used for between-group comparisons as indicated. The relationship between variables was evaluated by Spearman correlation and regression analysis. Levels of significance set at 0.05 but in Bonferroni corrected test the significance threshold of 0.05 yielded to the value of 0.0167. Data are presented as median values and their individual ranges (in parenthesis).
3. Results
Detected number of patients suffering from individual active clinical manifestations of the disease in various degrees was 31 with oral ulceration (44.28%), 23 with genital ulceration (32.85%), 18 with ocular involvement (25.71%), 37 with vascular involvement (52.85%), 25 with arthritis (35.71%), and 31 with cutaneous lesions like erythema nodosum (EN) and papulopustular eruption (PPE) (44.28%). Thirty five patients (50%) were found to have positive pathergy test. According to our evaluation scale, 34 patients were considered to have active disease with a median of 4 symptoms ranging between 2 and 5 and 36 patients to have inactive disease with a median of 1 symptom ranging between 1 and 2. Consistently, active group had a statistically significant high BDAI score with a median of 16 ranging between 9 and 25 compared to inactive group with a median of 2 ranging between 1 and 5 () (Table 1). According to vascular examination, venous involvement (deep venous thrombosis with or without thromboflebitis) was found in 23 patients and either arterial occlusion or aneurysm was found in 14 patients in active group. 17 patients in inactive group had short duration of thromboflebitis with a wellbeing status.
In intergroup comparison of active BD, inactive BD, and healthy controls according to serum levels of Hcy, TNF-α, CRP, and ESR significant difference was detected for each parameter ( for each parameter) (Table 1). To determine which group/groups cause the difference, between-group comparisons performed. According to this, Hcy, TNF-α, CRP, and ESR levels were found elevated in active BD compared to inactive BD and healthy controls. Hcy, TNF-α, CRP, and ESR levels of inactive BD were found elevated compared to healthy controls. Hcy and TNF-α suggested having a strong association of disease activity (Table 1). Hcy and TNF-α were found to have high correlation with BDAI scores (, and , , resp.) and the number of active clinical manifestations increased (, and , , resp.) while ESR and CRP also showed a positive correlation with both parameters with relatively less significance (Table 2).
The evaluation of association between specific individual clinical manifestations and serum levels revealed increased Hcy levels in patients with oral ulcer (), genital ulcer (), the presence of positive pathergy test (), ocular lesion (), and vascular lesion of high significance () (Table 3). No association was found between Hcy levels and EN/PPE and arthritis.
The serum levels of TNF-α were found to have strong association with oral ulcer (), genital ulcer (), the presence of positive pathergy test (), ocular lesion (), and vascular lesion () (Table 4). No association was found between TNF-α levels and EN/PPE and arthritis.
The association of CRP with genital ulcer (), ocular lesion (), vascular lesion (), EN/PPE (), and the presence of positive pathergy test () was found. No association was found between CRP levels and ocular lesion and arthritis (Table 5). ESR showed no significant association with any of the specific individual clinical manifestations (Table 6).
A significant positive correlation was found between serum Hcy and TNF-α levels (, ), CRP (, ) and ESR (, ) (Table 2). Among parameters, Hcy was found to be the best predictor of TNF-α which was used as a dependent variable (Beta = 6.45, , ) (Table 7).
Serum levels of Hcy in active BD patients with vascular involvement were found significantly increased when compared in patients with active BD without vascular involvement. In addition, serum levels of Hcy in inactive BD with vascular involvement were found significantly increased compared to inactive BD (Table 8).
Serum levels of active BD patients with vascular involvement, oral ulcer, arthritis/arthralgia, EN/PPE and the presence of positive pathergy test were found significantly increased compared to inactive BD patients with the same clinical symptoms (Table 9).
4. Discussion
The main pathology in BD is an inflammatory process of small arteries and veins and thrombosis as a result of vasculitis of the vaso vasorum [24]. Hyperhomocysteinemia has been shown to be a risk factor for thrombosis in BD in some recent studies [14–19]. In our study, serum levels of Hcy were found to have a positive correlation with BDAI scores and total number of active clinical manifestations. We also found significantly elevated levels of serum total Hcy in active BD when compared with inactive and control groups. Our results supported that total serum Hcy was a reliable marker for the activity of disease [17]. Aksu et al. [14] divided their patients with BD into two groups on the basis of thrombosis and they found hyperhomocysteinemia in patients with a history of thrombosis. However, Leiba et al. [22] could not find different serum total Hcy levels between patients with and without a history of thrombosis. The main limitations of this study were its retrospective nature and the long lag period between the thrombotic events and the time of analyses performed. Aksu et al. [14] evaluated their patients with respect to current clinical activity and 10 patients were accepted as clinically active, though they could not find association between serum Hcy levels and disease activity. The small sample size was a limitation of this study.
The main factor responsible for the increased frequency of thrombosis in BD is thought to be endothelial dysfunction caused by vascular inflammation [14, 15]. The association between Hcy levels and endothelial dysfunction and its correlation to the degree of endothelial damage has been shown in patients with BD [20]. Hcy generates superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, both of which have been linked to endothelial damage [15]. Hcy-induced vascular problems are thought to be multifactorial, including direct Hcy damage to the endothelium, enhanced lipid peroxidation and increased platelet aggregation by the effects on the coagulation system [15, 17].
In our study, the evaluation of association between specific individual clinical manifestations and serum levels revealed increased Hcy levels in patients with oral ulcer, genital ulcer, the presence of positive pathergy test and particularly with ocular and vascular lesions of high significance. No association was found between Hcy levels and EN/PPE and arthritis. Er et al. [15] showed the association of Hcy levels with disease activity and ocular BD. Other specific individual clinical manifestations were not assessed in this study. Ateş et al. [16] showed the association of Hcy levels with vascular involvement in BD. However, they could not find statistically significant difference between active and inactive diseases and association with mucocutaneous involvement in BD. On the other hand, Korkmaz et al. [28] reported no statistically significant association between vascular involvement and homocysteine levels, though 50% of patients with vascular involvement had hyperhomocysteinemia. Although the mechanism is unknown, all these findings indicate that Hcy associates with BD. However, the causes of these different study outcomes are not clear. The different sample sizes, different disease durations or study patients under treatment that might affect outcomes might have contributed. In addition, the question whether hyperhomocysteinemia depends on the inflammation or not remains to be unanswered.
Although the etiopathogenesis of BD has not yet been clarified, different immunological abnormalities have been reported and increased spontaneous secretion of TNF-α, Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and Interleukin-8 (IL-8) in monocyte cultures obtained from BD patients [29]. Necrotizing, neutrophilic (leukocytoclastic) obliterative perivasculitis, and venous thrombosis with lymphocytic and monocytic cellular infiltration of the veins, capillaries, and the arteries of all sizes and endothelial dysfunction are the hallmarks of BD [30]. Histopathological studies revealed cellular infiltration consisting of lymphocytes, plasmocytes, monocytes, and peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in varying degrees, depending on the stage of lesion in BD [30, 31]. Since cytokines are involved in the regulation of functions of lymphocytes and phagocytes, they are playing important role in the pathogenesis of the disease [30, 31]. Although any organ system may be affected, there is high prevalence of venous or arterial thrombosis in BD and most clinical features are associated with systemic vasculitis. It has been suggested that vasculo-Behcet disease should be classified as a neutrophilic vasculitis targeting the vaso vasorum [32]. Aneurysm formation may be related to degeneration of arterial wall caused by inflammation of the vaso vasorum. As Hcy has profound effects concerning vascular lesions and thrombosis, vascular and ocular involvements in BD deserve special attention. Indeed, we found significantly elevated levels of Hcy with respect to the presence of vascular involvement in the intragroup comparisons of separately active and inactive BD patients. However, in our study Hcy was found to be able to evaluate the fluctuating activity of disease in an objective fashion and the number of additional organ systems affected. This finding may imply that Hcy cannot simply be assumed to be an independent risk factor for only vascular and ocular vaso-occlusive diseases in BD [14–19]. That is because most clinical features are thought to be associated with systemic vasculitis and dermal blood vessels embolized by thrombus are observed even at the sites of needle-prick reaction [30]. Furthermore, endothelial injury is a characteristic finding in BD and can be observed even in patients without any clinical vascular involvement [24, 33, 34]. These data provides insight as to why Hcy is able to detect overall disease activity with respect to different system involvements and why ascribed significance of Hcy is not limited only to the individual clinical manifestations of vascular or vaso-occlusive ocular involvements? Consistently, we found the association of Hcy not only with vascular and ocular vaso-occlusive disease but also with genital ulceration, positive pathergy test, and oral ulcers in BD patients, though with less significance. Therefore, our results not only support the suggestion that Hcy is a risk factor for vascular and ocular vaso-occlusive diseases in BD [15, 16] but also identify Hcy as a risk factor for the development of most clinical features that are known to be associated with vasculitis.
We found a significant positive correlation between serum Hcy, TNF-α and CRP levels, and ESR with relatively less significance. Hcy was found to be the best predictor of TNF-α among other parameters. In other words, Hcy was found to explain 88% of TNF-α change while CRP and ESR were found to explain 39% and 14% of TNF-α change, respectively. The significance of Hcy in BD represents either vascular endothelium damaged by Hcy or immune system stimulation by Hcy, our study may demonstrate the link between Hcy and inflammation pathways in BD. That is because TNF-α, CRP, and ESR are indices of inflammation. Although there are conflicting results in the literature with respect to the reliability of ESR and CRP as markers to detect the activity of BD and they are currently not involved as criteria in BDAI scores [27], CRP deserves special attention because it has a strong predictive power of vascular events [35]. We found both of them were elevated in the active stage of the disease. However, unlike CRP, ESR showed no significant association with any of the specific individual clinical manifestations. Relatively large sample size of our patients with vascular involvement might be a factor affecting our study outcome in favor of the significance of CRP in BD.
Chemotactic and phagocytic activities of neutrophils in patients with BD have been reported to be high [31] and TNF-α is a major factor modulating inflammatory responses which is known to be increased in inflammatory diseases. Recent studies showed increased TNF-α level in BD patients, especially in the exacerbation period [24, 30]. Synthesis of CRP in the liver is induced by several proinflammatory cytokines including TNF-α. This marks CRP as a precise objective index of inflammatory activity and surrogate of underlying cytokine stimulus and a sensitive marker of underlying systemic inflammation [35]. It has been demonstrated that coagulation indices including fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, and plasminogen activator activity are increased in BD and Hcy is thought to promote the clotting cascade via several actions including inactivation of protein C, activation of coagulation factor V, increased vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, and inhibition of thrombomodulin [15]. CRP is thought to have effects into the mechanism linking inflammation and coagulation [35]. Hcy is thought to induce proinflammatory cytokines [24, 36–38]. In vasculitis such as BD, endothelial-leukocyte interaction is an important part of the inflammation [21] and Hcy has been reported to increase endothelial-leukocyte interaction [13]. Hcy has been shown in vivo and in vitro to promote inflammatory process such as the adhesion of neutrophils to endothelial cells as well as the release of the inflammatory cytokine IL-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MPC-1) [39]. Hcy was shown to enhance the cytokine-stimulated expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules and monocyte and T-cell adhesion to endothelial cells [39]. Adhesion molecules are characterized not only by their ability to cause directed migration of leukocytes into inflamed tissue, but they may also have biological effects on other cell types, such as endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells [40]. Hcy was shown to promote TNF-α mediated induction of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in endothelial cells [41]. With respect to innate inflammatory markers such as TNF-α and CRP, serum Hcy has been shown to contribute to innate immune response and to be a determinant of TNF-α in hypertensive patients [36]. In addition, Hcy has been shown to enhance inflammation markers in murine models [42]. The correlation of Hcy levels with nitric oxide has been shown in patients with BD [15]. Hcy is known to increase nitric oxide production in vascular smooth muscle cells and nitric oxide is known to be released as a response to systemic immunoinflammatory diseases [15]. A study demonstrated that targeting the TNF pathway significantly decreased Hcy and CRP levels in patients with psoriatic arthritis and in this study, CRP showed a positive correlation with Hcy at baseline [43]. CRP has been shown to correlate with Hcy in BD [19]. Hcy has been suggested to be related to the markers of inflammation and its elevated levels as a result of immunosuppressive treatment [19]. Indeed, immunosuppressive treatments may affect serum levels of Hcy and TNF-α [44]. This is the reason why we studied with the patients who were not taking any medication regarding BD. This definite selection decreased the number of our study population as a study limitation. In our study, serum levels of active BD patients with vascular involvement, oral ulcer, arthritis/arthralgia, EN/PPE and the presence of positive pathergy test were found significantly increased compared to inactive BD patients with the same clinical symptoms. Therefore, serum levels of Hcy were found to explain the wide clinical spectrum of the activity of the specific individual symptoms.
In summary, Hcy and CRP have effects into the mechanism linking inflammation and coagulation and Hcy is thought to induce proinflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, which is known to increase chemotactic and phagocytic activities of neutrophils, endothelial-leukocyte interaction, and CRP levels. We found a high correlation between serum levels of Hcy and TNF-α and Hcy was found to explain the wide clinical spectrum of the activity of the disease and specific individual symptoms. Taking all these findings into account, a theory might be put forward which is open to further in vivo and in vitro studies; Hcy-induced inflammation may be responsible for tissue damage as well as endothelial dysfunction in BD and enhanced Hcy may account for the differences observed between clinically distinct subgroups.Lowering Hcyby selected vitamin supplements or TNF blockade may be the future direction of prevention from developing the risk of thrombosis and vasculitis of different organ systems and thereby activation of BD disease.
5. Conclusion
Our data identified Hcy as a risk factor for the development of not only vascular and ocular involvement but also most clinical features that are known to be associated with vasculitis in BD. In addition, serum Hcy showed a strong association of disease activity and correlated with BDAI scores and the number of active clinical manifestations increased. Therefore, Hcy might be assumed as a reliable marker for the activity of disease. Hcy was found to be the best predictor of TNF-α and positively correlated with inflammatory markers. Our findings suggest that Hcy might contribute to the pathogenesis of BD by inducing inflammation. Further investigation in clinical and experimental studies is required to conclusively demonstrate the association between Hcy and inflammatory pathways.
The authors wish to thank Banu Tabanli, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Ankara, Turkey, for statistical editing.
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MFG 2.0 brought to you by Innovation Of The Day: Meet Your Robot Overlords Brad Kenney Blog | Jun 15, 2011 A high-speed robot hand with photodetectors and a parallel processing array that allows for A-mazing. (h/t via BoingBoing)BGgcGF1WAD0 TAGS: Innovation 0 comments Hide comments Comment * More information about text formats Text format CommentsPlain text CommentsAllowed HTML tags:

Plain textNo HTML tags allowed.Web page addresses and e-mail addresses turn into links automatically.Lines and paragraphs break automatically. PublishLog in or register to comment Save Leave this field blank RelatedInnovation Case Study: 3D Printing, Kickstarter, Snowboarding And Pavement Aug 15, 2014Introducing: 3D Printed "Thing Of The Week" (#3DTOTW) From ThingiverseJun 09, 2014Go Beyond The Hashtag - The ROI Of 'IRL'Feb 28, 2014Brand Hacking Meets Bombs And Chainsaws Jan 13, 2014 Load More


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(1.45 and 2.2 billion daily and monthly active users, respectively.) It may not seem like a huge margin at first glance, but when you're Facebook and you have over 2 billion users, a 13 percent increase is still good enough to move the needle in a significant way.
Under the new rules, Facebook users could potentially limit the amount of data they share with the company, which could make it tougher for marketers to target their online ads as well as before.
The Federal Trade Commission has also started an investigation into whether Facebook violated a consent decree from 2011 in which it promised to protect the privacy of users.
The MeitY had earlier questioned both the companies on the impact of the data breach, following which Facebook had admitted that almost 5.62 lakh people in India were "potentially affected" by the incident.
"We do believe there may be near-term pressure (Q1/Q2) on User and Engagement growth at Facebook, given all the negative media attention on the data controversy, though do not see a material long-term impact", RBC Capital Markets analyst Mark Mahaney told clients ahead of earnings.
"I don't know if we really see a doomsday scenario here", Wehner said. And, on that front, Facebook is more dominant than ever. He'll still post videos on his company's Facebook page, but will advertise instead on Google and use more traditional methods like postcards, brochures and print ads.
"People want [Facebook] to be more about friends and family and less about content consumption", he said.
Investors were looking for any indication that Facebook's wave of recent scandals had led people to flee the service.
Facebook Chief Operating Officer Sheryl Sandberg said on a call with analysts that a "handful of advertising" paused spending after the data breach was made public, but one of those advertisers has returned to the platform.
The company's stock has been under pressure since mid-March, when news outlets reported that Cambridge Analytica, a British data firm, had accessed the personal information of as many as 87 million Facebook users without consent. She reiterated Facebook's promise not to sell user information or disclose their personal identities to ad partners. However, he added GDPR is likely to impact the whole online advertising industry, not just Facebook. Sequentially, the analyst models MAU growth in the USA and Canada of merely 1 million, calling for global advertising average revenue per user (ARPU) to climb 27% year-over-year.


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Parm Gill must withdraw 'Sari & Spice Tax' immediately: Martin Singh
BRAMPTON, ON – Now that Conservative MP Parm Gill has been reassigned to serve as the new Parliamentary Secretary for International Trade, he must withdraw the unfair taxes on imported goods, targeting small business owners and families, said Martin Singh, the NDP candidate for Brampton North.
"As Mr. Gill takes up his new role in overseeing international trade, I wish him all the best but hope, for the sake of businesses and families throughout Brampton and Canada, he doesn't fail to address the growing concerns small business owners are facing under the Conservatives' current tax regime."
In 2013, the NDP released details of the Conservatives' plans to increase import taxes, affecting items like specialty clothes, grocery items and goods from India and 71 other countries abroad, hurting small businesses and consumers.
"Instead of implementing a 'sari and spice tax' , the Conservatives should be helping create jobs and job security, strengthening the economy and protecting the local businesses which are the backbones in our communities.
"Families in Brampton, whether they own small businesses or plan to eat a home-cooked meal, will feel the direct effects of the Conservatives' unfair tax hikes – this is unacceptable and unfair," said Singh.


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text: Job Posted August 20, 2006 During my time as moderator, I've tried to dutifully fulfill my responsibilities and nothing less. However, my sense of responsibility has waned recently and so I would like to offer an apology for my actions or lack thereof. First, I apologize to JoelMurdoch for initiating a troll session that was nothing short of inappropriate. Your responses were understandable, JoelMurdoch, and I hope you will accept my sincere apology. Secondly, I apologize to the DW staff and any members who have been offended by the fallout resulting from this recent fiasco. Finally, I apologize to mallis for a grossly inappropriate PM I had sent for undue reasons. It was entirely immature and unacceptable. Consequently, I would like to let the forum members know that I intend to offer my suspension for an amount of time determined by the DW staffers as a step toward making amends for my actions. 0 Share this post Link to post


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Past Program Reviews | 2016 Annual Program Review | 2016 Presentations
JuMP: A Modeling Language for Mathematical Optimization
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
JuMP is an open-source software package in Julia for modeling optimization problems. In less than three years since its release, JuMP has received more than 50 citations and has been used in at least 10 universities for teaching. We tell the story of how JuMP was developed, explain the role of the DOE CSGF and high-performance computing, and discuss ongoing extensions to JuMP developed in collaboration with DOE labs.


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Our vision with Anacortes Magazine is to bring people together in a special way through the creative arts, including music, art and photography. (read more)
We encourage you to share the website and our treasured city with your friends and family.
Many photographers suffer a sense of separation from their subjects as they work, wrestling with the feeling that in committing to the camera they have disassociated themselves from true connection with the people or the scene they are recording. Not … Continue reading
Janette's voice and style is a rich composite of dynamic jazz improvisation with the plush warmth of soulful R&B influences.
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Newsletter subscribers are kept in the know about upcoming events and local deals by email.


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The Hines Story
"St. Stephen's Episcopal identity includes the religious values that underlie the school's commitment to justice and service," explained the Rt. Rev. Dena A. Harrison, Bishop Suffragan of the Diocese of Texas and chair of the St. Stephen's board of trustees. "The school does not exist to get kids into a great college, although that usually happens. Its purpose is to train courageous, moral servant leaders for the world.
"Young people do understand the importance of serving others when they are formed in that tradition," continued Harrison, who credits the school's founder, the Rt. Rev. John E. Hines, with developing the strong culture of community that exists today. Hines and the first headmaster, the Rev. William Brewster, sought to create an academically rigorous school that welcomed students from around the country and across the socioeconomic spectrum.
"Hines was a prophetic voice in the world, a man incredibly gifted by God and empowered to speak the deepest Gospel values," Harrison said. "He was a great leader because he had the courage to be unpopular."
According to the Episcopal Archives, Hines was called to serve the church as an advocate of the "Social Gospel" and took an "activist approach to social issues," particularly racial inequality and poverty. As Bishop Coadjutor of the Diocese of Texas in the mid-1950s, he "worked to integrate all the institutions and agencies of the diocese and urged advocacy for civil rights among Episcopalians."
During this time Hines worked to integrate St. Stephen's as well, despite harsh resistance and dissension among some parents, many of whom withdrew their children from school. Thanks to his unwavering vision, St. Stephen's became the first coed Episcopal school in the nation and the first integrated boarding school in the South. "Hines' motto was, 'We are all children of God,'" Harrison explained. "That's why we work so hard today to build our scholarship capacity. Inclusion is a core value of the church and is what motivates us to focus on maximizing scholarships for anyone who qualifies for admission."
By all accounts, Hines spent his life working to transform the lives of individuals and of society as a whole. Harrison believes that legacy is realized today in the school's ability to empower students to become substantial, courageous, compassionate adults who see beyond themselves. "These great values give rise to a particularly strong focus on community, which is formative for individuals," she said. "We are bonded to the school and to each other because of the transformative process that happens here.
"Education provides the opportunity to form thoughtful human beings. And we believe we have a way to do that for the betterment of the world. Our Episcopal identity leads us to form citizens of the world who care about their neighbors and who understand the responsibility they have to share their incredible capacities with others."
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