text:
Anglo-Saxon Vernacular Literary Culture
Katherine O'Brien O'Keeffe
Literary culture in Anglo-Saxon England flourished in two languages—Anglo-Latin and Old English—although the written record of that flourishing is uneven. The literature in these languages of culture did not develop in isolation from each other: vernacular literary works often show a keen awareness of Latin texts and textual practices. Vernacular literature in Old English was precocious in its early expansion from secular and religious poetry to homiletic and documentary prose, as well as translations of the Bible, saints' lives (in prose and in verse), histories, and philosophical works. The best known of all Old English works is Beowulf, and close behind are the short lyric poems generally, though misleadingly, known as elegies. Not always clear from even the best Modern English translations is the way that these intense poems share techniques of composition and echoes of shared formulas with other long and short poems. The saint-heroes of Elene, Juliana, and Judith share heroic values and poetic language with Beowulf and The Wanderer. This kind of appropriation—where the language of secular poetry was repurposed for religious subjects—was the miracle Bede saw in Cædmon's Hymn.
Old English literary prose developed in the late 9th century in conjunction with a program of translation from Latin associated with King Alfred. Within a relatively short time, Anglo-Saxon scholars translated into Old English Gregory's Dialogues, Boethius's Consolation of Philosophy, Augustine's Soliloquies, the first fifty psalms, and, further, Bede's Historia ecclesiastica and Orosius's World History. The late 10th and early 11th centuries saw an efflorescence of Old English prose, particularly in the works of Ælfric of Eynsham and Archbishop Wulfstan of York. Spanning the 9th century to the 12th, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reports and reflects on the events of its time, in verse and in prose.
British Detective Fiction in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries
Anne Humpherys
From ancient Greece on, fictional narratives have entailed deciphering mystery. Sophocles' Oedipus must solve the mystery of the plague decimating Thebes; the play is a dramatization of how he ultimately "detects" the culprit responsible for the plague, who turns out to be Oedipus himself. In the Poetics, Aristotle defines a successful plot as one that has a conflict (which can include, and often does include, a "mystery") that rises to a climax, followed by a resolution of the conflict, a plot line that describes not only Oedipus Rex but also every Sherlock Holmes story.
A particular genre of mystery writing is defined by the mystery at the center of the story that is crucially, definitively solved by a particular person known as a detective, either private or police, who by ratiocination (close observation coupled with logical patterns of thought based on material evidence) uncovers and sorts out the relevant facts essential to a determination of who did the crime and how and why. The form of detective fiction throughout most of the 19th century was the short story published in various periodicals of the period. A few longer detective fictions were published as separate books in the 19th century, but book-length detective fiction, such as that by Agatha Christie, was really a product of the 20th century.
Most critics of detective fiction see the beginning of the genre in the three stories of Edgar Allan Poe which feature his amateur detective, Auguste Dupin, and were published in the 1840s. Although Poe's 1840s stories as well as Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories, which first appeared in the 1880s, are probably the most well known of 19th-century detective fictions, a number of other writers of generically recognizable detective fiction published stories in the almost fifty years between Poe and Conan Doyle, including a number that featured female detectives. Finally, from the 1890s into the early 20th century, a plethora of new detective fictions, still in short-story form for the most part, appeared not only in Britain but also in France and the United States.
Detective fiction has always been popular, but serious critical interest in the genre only developed in the 20th century. In the second half of that century, this critical interest expanded into the academic world. The popularity of the genre has only continued to grow. Both detective fictions (now nearly all novel length) and critical interest in the genre from a variety of perspectives are now an international phenomenon, and detective novels dominate many best-seller lists.
Circulating Libraries in the Victorian Era
Troy J. Bassett
Beginning in the 18th century and continuing throughout the 19th century, circulating libraries became an integral part of the literary marketplace as the chief means of distributing books. Subscribers paid an annual or per-book fee to rent volumes: during the Victorian period, the typical subscription rate was one guinea (21s) per year to borrow one volume at a time. The relatively high price of books made circulating libraries an economical means for many middle-class families to access books: for less than the price of one three-volume novel (one-and-a-half guineas, or 31s 6d), a subscriber could borrow dozens if not more volumes. Hundreds of circulating libraries existed during the Victorian period, but the two largest were Mudie's Select Library (1842–1937) and W. H. Smith and Son's Subscription Library (1860–1961). Mudie's, headquartered in London, had upwards of 50,000 subscribers, established branches in other major cities, and shipped books around the world. W. H. Smith added a library department to its pre-existing network of railway bookstalls with larger branches in major cities. Between them, Mudie's and W. H. Smith became the largest purchasers of books and thereby had a direct and indirect effect on Victorian literature. In particular, the three-volume novel system—whereby the high price limited sales to the libraries who then had a monopoly on new fiction—encouraged British readers to become book borrowers instead of book buyers. The format of the three-volume novel led to certain generic conventions influencing areas such as characterization, plot, and style, which remained until the format was abolished in 1894. Since the libraries, especially Mudie's and W. H. Smith, largely controlled the distribution of literature, they often exerted an informal censorship on literature which some authors, such as George Moore, advocated against.
The Contemporary Anglophone Romance Genre
Hsu-Ming Teo
The romance genre is geared financially to a female readership worldwide: a genre written and consumed overwhelmingly by women, and with a male readership of around 14 percent. Since the 21st century, romance novels have generated over $1.3 billion dollars in sales per annum in the United States, where one out of four books sold and one out of two mass-market books sold are romance novels. According to romance publishing behemoth Harlequin Mills & Boon, the company publishes 120 new titles each month, drawing from a stable of 200 authors within the UK and a further 1,300 worldwide. A Mills & Boon volume is sold every four seconds in more than one hundred countries, translated into twenty-six languages. But the romance genre consists of more than Harlequin Mills & Boon novels. According to industry definitions in the United States and Australia, a romance novel consists of "a central love story" and "an emotionally satisfying and optimistic ending" (Romance Writers of America website). As long as these two basic requirements are met, romance novels can have any tone or style (barring a mocking or derisive one) and be set in any time (past, present, or future) or place (in the real world or in a fantasyland). They may include varying degrees of sensuality, from the modest discretion of Christian "inspirationals" to highly explicit descriptions of sexual acts in romantic erotica. They may also overlap with any other genre, such as chick lit, historical, crime, suspense, or thriller. The roots of the romance novel can be traced back to Shakespearean comedies, with the celebratory betrothal of the romantic couple forming the happy ending of such plays as Much Ado About Nothing, A Midsummer Night's Dream, or As You Like It. In prose fiction, Samuel Richardson's Pamela (1740), Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice (1813), and Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre (1847) are considered literary forebearers. The modern romance was shaped by British publishing firm Mills & Boon, which became a market leader in the genre by the 1930s with a distribution network in all British Commonwealth countries and colonies in the first half of the 20th century. During the 1950s, Mills & Boon novels began to be distributed in North America by Canadian firm Harlequin, and the two companies merged in 1971 to form the romance publishing powerhouse Harlequin Mills & Boon, which had its heyday in the 1970s and 1980s when it became the world's largest publisher of romances, having 80 percent of the world's market share of fiction. Over time, the genre changed its representations of gender and attitudes toward women's work and domestic life. The 1970s and 1980s saw a gradual Americanization of the genre as New York firms muscled in on Harlequin Mills & Boon's territory, publishing historical romances and diversifying contemporary romances to include American romantic protagonists, settings, and themes. The genre also became increasingly sexualized during this period through its depiction of sexual activity. The turn of the 21st century witnessed an increasing fragmentation of the genre as the rise of independent publishers afforded writers and readers the opportunity to explore niche markets: erotica, African American stories, paranormal romances featuring vampires, phoenixes, and werewolves, among other shapeshifting romantic protagonists, and many others.
The Contemporary Gothic
Xavier Aldana Reyes
The writings covered to by the umbrella term "Gothic" are so varied in style, thematic interests, and narrative effects that an overarching definition becomes problematic and even undesirable. The contemporary Gothic, drawing on an already fragmented and heterogenic artistic tradition, is less a genre than a vestigial type of writing that resuscitates older horrors and formulas and filters them through the echo chambers of a modern preoccupation with the social value of transgressive literature. In a century when the Gothic has once again exploded in popularity, and following a period of strong institutionalization of its study in the 1990s and 2000s, establishing some of its key modern manifestations and core concerns becomes a pressing issue. The Gothic may be fruitfully separated from horror, a genre premised on the emotional impact it seeks to have on readers, as a type of literature concerned with the legacy of the past on the present—and, more importantly, with the retrojecting of contemporary anxieties into times considered more barbaric. These have increasingly manifested in neo-Victorian fictions and in stories where settings are haunted by forgotten or repressed events but also by weird fiction, where encounters with beings and substances from unplumbed cosmic depths lead to a comparable temporal discombobulation. The intertextual mosaics of the contemporary Gothic also borrow from and recycle well-known myths and figures such as Dracula or Frankenstein's monster in order to show their continued relevance or else to adapt their recognizable narratives to the early 21st century. Finally, the Gothic, as a type of literature that is quickly becoming defined by the cultural work it carries out and by its transnational reach, has found in monstrosity, especially in its mediation of alterity, of traumatic national pasts and of the viral nature of the digital age, a fertile ground for the proliferation of new nightmares.
Domesticity in Victorian Literature
Monica F. Cohen
When Victorian writers talked about the home, they invoked a range of contested ideas and complex affects about the material and imagined space where self and society meet. Emerging as a fully developed ideology by the middle of the 19th century, domesticity organized beliefs about the family, gender identity, sexuality, subject formation, socioeconomic class, work, civilization, and empire. As an ideology, Victorian domesticity pivots on two figures: the figure of separate spheres and the figure of the domestic woman. The binary logic of separate spheres identifies a private domain where femininity, leisure, feeling, and an ethic of care coalesce in opposition to a public domain where masculinity, work, industry, endurance, and an ethic of achievement preside. Governing the private sphere, the idealized middle-class domestic woman exercises a moral authority that derives from her naturally self-sacrificial spirit, a socioeconomic authority in managing a labor-intensive household, and a creative authority in using the materials of private life representing the family's social status as a matter of financial and ethical respectability. In this sense, the home provided a rhetoric and narrative form for mapping an individual's accommodation of social categories and economic forces. For better or worse, the image of the family hearth's comfort, coziness and good cheer—its status as a haven in a heartless world—presided over a large swath of the Victorian imagination despite ripped patches that exposed domestic violence, sexual transgression, gender subordination, and socioeconomic coercion. For every sentimental Dickensian Christmas feast displaying a repentant miser breaking bread with a disabled waif, there were equally popular stories in which children are beaten, wives incarcerated, and households blighted by industrial suffering and bureaucratic indifference. Victorian domesticity thus relied on both mythologizing and demythologizing energies.
The European Circulation of Nordic Texts in the Romantic Period
Robert W. Rix
From the 1750s until the 1840s, the interest in Icelandic manuscripts of mythology and heroic sagas, as well as various forms of Nordic folklore, entered a new phase. One of the central reasons for this was an emergent attention to vernacular, national, and even primitive literature associated with the rise of Romanticism. Investigations of the Nordic past had been carried out before this time, and a popular craze for all things "Viking" came later in the 19th century, but the Romantic period marks a major juncture in relation to providing the Old North with cultural meaning. If the intellectual history of rediscovering Old Norse texts (i.e., poetry and prose written in the North Germanic language until the 14th century, known primarily from Icelandic manuscripts) and medieval Nordic folklore (found in medieval ballads, sagas, and heroic legends) differed in various European countries, there was also a remarkable sense of common aim and purpose in the reception history as it developed during the Romantic period. This was because European scholars and writers had come to see medieval Nordic texts as epitomizing the manners and literature of a common Germanic past. In particular, Old Norse texts from Icelandic manuscripts were believed to preserve the pre-Christian religion, as this was once shared by Scandinavians, Anglo-Saxons, Germans, and the Franks. Thus, interest in such texts circulated with particular intensity between Scandinavia, Germany, and Britain, as well as, to a lesser degree, France. Paradoxically, if medieval Nordic texts were seen as wild and unwieldy pieces, unaffected by classical learning and sophistication, they were also sought out as triumphant records of the vernacular and national. In addition to this, the untamed use of fantastic and sublime elements in these texts fitted into a new Romantic emphasis on the primitive and imaginative resources of literature.
There are three interrelated areas in which Nordic texts made an impact. The first of these was in the field of antiquarian studies. Scholars had taken an interest in the texts and culture of the Nordic past beginning in the 17th century, publishing their findings primarily in Latin. But efforts were redoubled after Paul Henri Mallet, a professor at Copenhagen, published a popular history of the Old North (1755) and a selection of Norse poetry (1756) in French. These works gained wide European traction and influenced the reception history in fundamental ways during the Romantic period. The second area of impact was the acceleration of translations and/or adaptations of original manuscript texts that began to appear in modern European languages. But, in effect, a relatively small body of texts were repeated and reworked in various national languages. The third area in which the interest in Nordic literature asserted its impact was among writers and poets, who trawled antiquarian works on Norse history and mythology as an ore to be mined for the purpose of creating—or rather reviving—a national literature. This was a literature that consciously broke with classical models and decorum to provide a new poetic orientation that was both more vernacular and imaginative.
The celebration of medieval Nordic literature cannot be treated in isolation, as if it were an independent phenomenon; it was part of a wider revival of ancient national/vernacular literary forms around Europe. To a significant degree, the attention to Old Norse texts was propelled by the phenomenal success that the Gaelic Ossian poetry enjoyed across Europe. Norse poetry was harnessed as a Germanic parallel that could match both the vigor and purported ancientness of the Ossian tradition. Sometimes the Nordic past was invoked as a larger legacy that represented a shared ethno-cultural past; at other times, it was used with a more focused nationalist aim. But, whatever the intent in individual circumstances, the rediscovery of the Old North took place through the circulation of ideas and key texts as part of a wider European exchange.
Factory Girl Literature across the World
Ruth Barraclough
Factory girl literature emerged as a powerful critique of the culture of industrialization, delving into mills, canneries and sweatshops to detail the lives of the women and girls who generated industrial development. First appearing in 19th-century Euro-American fiction, from the early 20th century, the form has been dominated by authors writing from Asia. Penned by working women themselves, many of these autobiographies, memoirs, short stories and novels have become literary classics in their own language but their translation and dissemination was impeded by Cold War qualms about sponsoring 'leftist culture'. Factory girl literature is related to broader categories of industrial and proletarian literature that underline the agency of working-class protagonists. It is unique in highlighting the sexed figure of industrialization and this focus on the gendered experience of rapid development uncovers the costs of the sexual and class violence of industrial life for women. A genealogy of factory girl literature reveals the importance of writing and authorship in labor activism, and feminist politics.
Fashion and Fiction in the 19th Century
Clair Hughes
In the new middle-class world of 19th-century Europe and America, whose development parallels that of the realist novel, dress was a clear sign of order and hierarchy—key subjects of the genre's concerns. In the shift from a traditional aristocratic order to that of the bourgeoisie, dress was of anxious concern to those who lived through this change. It was a minefield, and failure to navigate its codes courted disaster: Dress could conceal and flatter, but also betray, deceive, and seduce—all of which provided the novelist with powerful material. The quest for social and economic success was central to the novelistic plot, though this took one trajectory for men and another for women—whose goal was matrimony. The French Revolution, Honoré de Balzac explained, banished hierarchies, and in dress left only nuances, which became increasingly important to the novel: details were foregrounded, while outfits as a whole were understood.
In mid-19th century England, Charles Dickens, considered the quintessential realist, in fact used dress sporadically for comic effect or quirks to identify a character; the role of dress in William Thackeray's novels, on the other hand, were more structured, often symbolic. By late in the century, men were less interesting in dark suits. As women were now more visible in work and in public spaces, their clothes became of concern to the novelist. Male dress was about hierarchy and status, female dress about cost, taste, and, above all, morality. Husband–hunting heroines advisedly wore white, but novelists grew less judgmental of the pleasures of dress.
In allegedly classless America, women enjoyed greater social freedoms than in Europe, producing more nuanced approaches to fictional dress. For Henry James, dress was a "brick" in his House of Fiction; sparingly deployed but crucial. Stereotypes were questioned, as was "proper" dress. Throughout the 19th-century novel, clothes and money interacted in relation to family and inheritance. Fin de siècle America was both immensely wealthy and class-conscious, and Edith Wharton, though a member of New York's elite, confronted her consumerist society with what its frivolity could destroy.
Illustrated Victorian Fiction
Mary Elizabeth Leighton and Lisa Surridge
Victorians experienced a revolution in the novel's form. In the early 1800s, books were largely unillustrated, perhaps containing a frontispiece (often a stock decorative illustration with little connection to content). Although Walter Scott and Jane Austen built their careers upon unillustrated fiction, by the 1830s and 1840s, technological innovations—wood engraving (developed in the 1790s) and steel engraving (popularized in the 1820s)—enabled the cheap, efficient integration of images and letterpress. Not all subsequent fiction was illustrated, but these innovations birthed the possibility of a new form that, upon a novel's first publication, melded text and image as partners in meaning making: illustrated serial fiction (appearing either in periodicals or in individually wrapped numbers). Examples of the new form appear in Charles Dickens's Pickwick Papers (1836–1837), published in numbers and illustrated largely by Hablôt K. Browne (Phiz); Dickens's Oliver Twist (1837–1839), published in Bentley's Miscellany and illustrated by George Cruikshank; William Harrison Ainsworth's Jack Sheppard (1839–1840) and The Tower of London (1840), both published in numbers and illustrated by Cruikshank; and William Makepeace Thackeray's self-illustrated Vanity Fair (1847–1848), also published in numbers. All used visual elements—wrappers, chapter initials and heads, full-page images, and tailpieces—to establish character and setting, create ironies, and predict plot, uniting pen and pencil in a single art form. While authors such as the Brontës and, later, George Eliot and Elizabeth Gaskell published all or most of their work unillustrated, the prevalence of literary illustrations rose dramatically. In 1842, the Illustrated London News announced the marriage of art and literature.
By the 1860s, often recognized as book illustration's golden age, illustration flourished. Family periodicals such as the Cornhill Magazine, Once a Week, and Good Words highlighted the collaborative work of prominent novelists and artists (including many Royal Academicians) as essential to middle-class culture. Periodical publication in installments overtook individually wrapped numbers as the dominant form of illustrated serial fiction. Editors paired Eliot with Frederic Leighton (Romola 1862–1863) and Gaskell with George du Maurier (Wives and Daughters, 1864–1866), both in the Cornhill; Harriet Martineau with John Everett Millais (her "historiettes," 1862–1863), in Once a Week; and George MacDonald with Arthur Hughes (At the Back of the North Wind, 1871), in Good Words for the Young. (Notably, this list includes authors such as Eliot and Gaskell, whose work had been unillustrated upon their first break into the market.) The traditionally high art of painting intermingled with the traditionally lower craft of illustration: Luke Fildes transformed his illustration "Houseless and Hungry" into the painting Applicants for Admission to a Casual Ward, displayed at the 1874 Royal Academy, and Millais sold watercolor paintings of his illustrations for Martineau.
From 1881, photographic reproduction revolutionized late-century book and periodical illustration. Images became even more economical to reproduce, enabling editor George Newnes to promise illustration on the Strand's every page. The 1890s saw a bifurcation in illustrated texts: popular periodicals such as the Strand and Pearson's Magazine exploited the text–image relationship with innovative layouts, wrapping images around letterpress (as in H. G. Wells's 1897 The War of the Worlds, in Pearson's, illustrated by Warwick Goble), whereas the experimental Yellow Book turned away from text–image complementarity in favor of stand-alone artwork by such artists as Aubrey Beardsley. The legacies of Victorian illustrated fiction appeared in the early 1900s, when cinematic adaptations of Victorian novels wowed audiences, the modernist revolution challenged conventional book design, and children's literature flowered as Arthur Rackham's and E. H. Shepard's illustrations popularized Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens (1906), The Wind in the Willows (1908), and Winnie-the-Pooh (1926).
Irish Modernism
Lauren Arrington
Although Irish writers were foundational to English-language modernism, Irish Modernism is a new field in literary studies. Embedded imperial frameworks and assumptions about Irish traditionalism have been an obstacle to recognizing Irish Modernism, despite the importance of Irish writing to the development of modernism as a whole. Informed by postcolonial and transnational theory, a reading of Irish Modernism accommodates writers who lived and wrote in and about Ireland, as well as those who were Irish by birth but who lived and worked outside of the country, such as James Joyce; who wrote in languages other than English or Irish, such as Samuel Beckett; or whose political allegiances are at odds with the rise of the separatist nation state, such as Elizabeth Bowen. Irish Modernism has its genesis in the Irish Revival (ca. 1880s–1910s), a popular movement that sought to create a distinctive Irish culture. The little magazines and literary theaters that arose out of the Revival were often aesthetically conservative in themselves; nonetheless, they became venues for literature that was radical in form. Just as early modernist writing arose out of the Revival, high modernist literature was provoked by a rejection of the Revival's values. These reactions are exemplified in William Butler Yeats's poetry from The Green Helmet and Other Poems (1910), in which he castigates the Irish public for its religious conservatism, and in Joyce's Dubliners (1914) and A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916). Late modernism, which is typified by a weakening of the tropes of high modernism to make way for a more politically engaged literature, not only includes well-known Anglophone writers but also the work of Brian Ó Nualláin/Flann O'Brien and Máirtín Ó Cadhain, whose satires were formally and politically radical.
Landscape and Environment in British Fiction and Nonfiction Prose since 1945
Daniel Weston
The creative writing of landscape and environment is riding high on the research agendas of a number of scholarly fields. In literary studies, ecocriticism has seen attempts to map a set of characteristics that constitute an environmentally oriented text, often with the result that nonfiction writing (or, less often, poetry) is the form prioritized. By contrast, fiction has been seen as less capable of embracing landscape and environment because it is concerned first and foremost with human affairs and has taken the narrative shapes that typically accompany this emphasis. However, the postwar and contemporary period has seen extensive formal experimentation running counter to this set of assumptions. First, novelists concerned with landscape and environment have found ways to demonstrate the implication of human history in natural history. Second, nonfiction writers have recognized that they might profitably deploy literary forms and techniques usually associated with fiction in their writing of landscape and environment. The upshot has been a generic coalescence and the emergence of landscape writing as a category that straddles habitual divisions in the way that literary forms are conceived. The plasticity of the environment—for better or worse—has registered in urban and rural settings, as well as those that fall somewhere between this (perhaps outmoded) binary. The increasingly unavoidable knowledge of the consequences of human actions upon the environment form an important context for the falling away of older forms such as the nature novel and act as a spur to re-conceptualize both places and ways to write about them.
Orientalism in the Victorian Era
Valerie Kennedy
Orientalism in the Victorian era has origins in three aspects of 18th-century European and British culture: first, the fascination with The Arabian Nights (translated into French by Antoine Galland in 1704), which was one of the first works to have purveyed to Western Europe the image of the Orient as a place of wonders, wealth, mystery, intrigue, romance, and danger; second, the Romantic visions of the Orient as represented in the works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Percy Bysshe Shelley, George Gordon, Lord Byron, and other Romantics as well as in Thomas Moore's Lalla Rookh; and third, the domestication of opium addiction in Thomas de Quincey's Confessions of an English Opium Eater.
Victorian Orientalism was all pervasive: it is prominent in fiction by William Thackeray, the Brontë sisters, Charles Dickens, Wilkie Collins, Joseph Conrad, and Rudyard Kipling, but is also to be found in works by Benjamin Disraeli, George Eliot, Oscar Wilde, and Robert Louis Stevenson, among others. In poetry Edward Fitzgerald's Rubaiyat is a key text, but many works by Alfred Tennyson and Robert Browning also show the influence of Orientalist tropes and ideas. In theater it is one of the constant strands of much popular drama and other forms of popular entertainment like panoramas and pageants, while travel writing from Charles Kingsley to Richard Burton, James Anthony Froude, and Mary Kingsley shows a wide variety of types of Orientalist figures and concepts, as do many works of both popular and children's literature. Underlying and uniting all these diverse manifestations of Victorian Orientalism is the imperialist philosophy articulated by writers as different as Thomas Carlyle, John Stuart Mill, and Karl Marx, supported by writings of anthropologists and race theorists such as James Cowles Pritchard and Robert Knox.
Toward the end of the Victorian era, the image of the opium addict and the Chinese opium den in the East End of London or in the Orient itself becomes a prominent trope in fiction by Dickens, Wilde, and Kipling, and can be seen to lead to the proliferation of Oriental villains in popular fiction of the early 20th century by such writers as M. P. Shiel, Guy Boothby, and Sax Rohmer, whose Dr. Fu Manchu becomes the archetypal version of such figures.
The Oxford Movement
Elisabeth Jay
In 1833 a reforming government seemed to threaten the disestablishment of the Church of England. This provoked a small number of clergy associated with Oxford University to address Tracts for the Times (1833–1841) to fellow Anglican clerics. Reminding them that they derived their spiritual authority not from the state, but by virtue of ordination into a church which traced its direct descent from the body instituted by Christ and his apostles, the tracts ranged from scholarly argument to templates for the renewal of spiritual life. The tract writers included John Henry Newman, John Keble, Richard Hurrell Froude, Isaac Williams, and Edward Bouverie Pusey. Determined to reinterpret the Church of England to itself as the true Catholic church in England, they sought to counteract the perceived Protestant bias of the Book of Common Prayer by appealing to the early Fathers of the undivided church of antiquity, and by emphasizing the via media (middle way) favored by many 17th-century theologians.
The series that gave the movement its alternative name, Tractarianism, came to an abrupt end when in Tract XC (1841), Newman, the influential vicar of the University church, argued that the Prayer Book's Thirty-Nine Articles, to which all ordained clergy and all Oxford students were then obliged to subscribe, could be interpreted as compatible with Roman Catholic theology. For many, Newman's founding of a semi-monastic community to which he retreated in 1843, and his reception into the Roman Catholic Church in 1845, where he was followed by a number of other Tractarians, marked the end of the movement. This impression was lent continued currency both by Newman's own account, Apologia Pro Vita Sua (1864), and by subsequent 19th-century historians. However, the movement's influence continued to be felt throughout the wider Anglican communion in renewed attention to sacramental worship, in church building, and in the founding of Anglican communities. The movement's appeal to pre-Reformation theology led to its being associated with the revival of Gothic architecture, while Tractarian sacramental fervor later translated into obsessive observance of Prayer Book rubrics by the so-called Ritualists.
Admiration for the Lake Poets fed into a Tractarian aesthetic which saw poetic language as religion's natural mode of expression, half revealing, half concealing heavenly truths, and poetic rhythm and structure as devices for controlling thoughts and emotions. As its title indicates, Keble's The Christian Year (1827) was designed to accompany the liturgy: immensely popular, it carried the movement's principles well beyond Anglo-Catholic circles. It was supplemented by further collections of Tractarian poetry. Institutionally male in origin, the movement nevertheless legitimated women's work through sisterhoods, in education and as writers. Charlotte Yonge and Christina Rossetti are the two most notable exemplars of this impulse.
The movement provoked polemical fiction both from its ardent disciples and from disenchanted followers. In the popular press, Anglo-Catholicism quickly translated into Roman Catholicism, thus presenting a potential threat to English values. The revival of confession, sisterhoods, and the notion of celibacy seemed to undermine the Victorian domestic order, while priestly attention to liturgical vestments was attacked as unmanly. If Anglo-Catholicism's long-term legacy was spiritual, its short-term effect was to politicize Victorian religion.
Science Fiction
Gerry Canavan
Science fiction (SF) emerges as a distinct literary and cultural genre out of a familiar set of world-famous texts ranging from Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1818) to Gene Roddenberry's Star Trek (1966–) to the Marvel Cinematic Universe (2008–) that have, in aggregate, generated a colossal, communal archive of alternate worlds and possible future histories. SF's dialectical interplay between utopian optimism and apocalyptic pessimism can be felt across the genre's now centuries-long history, only intensifying in the 20th century as the clash between humankind's growing technological capabilities and its ability to use those powers safely or wisely has reached existential-threat propositions, not simply for human beings but for all life on the planet. In the early 21st century, as in earlier cultural moments, the writers and critics of SF use the genre's articulation of different societies and different possible futures as the occasion to reflect on our own present, in ways that range from full-throated defense of the status quo to the ruthless denunciation of all institutions that currently exist in the name of some other, better world. SF's global popularity has grown to the point where it now looms quite large over cultural production generally, becoming arguably the most popular narrative genre in existence, particularly in the sorts of SF action spectacles that have dominated the global box office of the first two decades of the 21st century. It has also become increasingly difficult to tell the difference between the things we used to think of as SF and the advanced communication, transportation, and entertainment technologies that have become so ubiquitous and familiar that we now take them for granted, as well as the growing prevalence of political, economic, and ecological crises now erupting out of the pages of our science fictions, like our very worst dreams come to life.
The Scottish Printing Diaspora, 1840–1914
David Finkelstein
Migration was a key tool for building the social, cultural, and economic infrastructures of the "British Dominions" throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. Between 1840 and 1940, an estimated 15 million people left the British Isles for overseas destinations. Such displacement of people contributed both to what scholars term the "imperial diaspora" and the "labor diaspora" driven by economic necessity between 1840 and 1914. Print culture (and its practitioners) was crucial to these diasporas. And members of a highly skilled, mobile "printing diaspora" who could help construct and promote political and cultural identities through the agency of print were, from the outset, high on the preferred occupation list.
Scottish printers were key players in such printing diaspora networks, both locally and internationally: individuals circulated between regional and overseas sites, acting as transmitters of print values and trade skills and becoming central to the expansion of labor interests in new territories. Such international circulation of highly skilled workers played its part in the development of 19th-century Anglophone print economies. Over the course of the long 19th century, either through their own initiative or supported by emigration and removal grant schemes, Scottish printers circulated across the English-speaking colonial world, setting up businesses, engaging in labor and union politics, and creating the print culture infrastructures that sustained social, communal, and national communication and identity.
Sample data drawn from UK typographical union records offer some insight into the extraordinarily high levels of local, regional, and international mobility of skilled Scottish print trade workers during the 19th century. Such peregrinations were common. Indeed, the tramping tradition among skilled artisanal workers was one that dated back several centuries. Part of the so-called tramping system, which organized trade guilds and print trade unions in Britain used throughout the 19th century, it was a means of organizing and controlling labor activity in local and regional areas. The typographical unions in Ireland and Britain (England, Scotland, and Wales) that developed from the midcentury onward encouraged such mobility among union members as a means of monitoring and controlling supply and demand for labor. Tramping typographers also acted as union missionaries, starting up unions in unserved towns along these regional networks and playing key roles as informants, cultural transmitters, and social networkers.
Tramping, though, was only a part of the picture of worker mobility in the 19th-century Scottish printing trade diaspora. Printers participated in a communication and trade network that encompassed and supported skills transfer and personal mobility between printing centers locally, regionally, and internationally. They also were responsible for supporting cultural identities that linked overseas communities back to Scotland. Through them, trade, labor, and cultural practices and values were exported overseas and integrated into indigenous settings. Such migration also facilitated insertion of trade skills into local and general spaces and the transfer of knowledge and skills between incomer and indigenous workers. The various forms in which such identities were effectively supported and monitored shaped regional, national, and transnational flows of Scottish skills and labor traditions throughout the English-speaking world in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
Serialization and Victorian Literature
Susan David Bernstein and Julia McCord Chavez
Serialization, a publication format that came to dominate the Victorian literary marketplace following its deft adoption by marketing master Charles Dickens in the 1830s, is a transcendent form. It moves across not only print formats and their temporal cycles of distribution (daily or weekly installments in periodicals, monthly part-issue numbers, volumes), but also historical time and place. The number and varieties of serial publications multiplied during the middle of the 19th century due to the improved technology of printing, the cheaper cost of paper production, and the abolition of taxes on advertising. Moreover, serialization continues to be a staple in popular culture today; the long-form serial on television may be the most obvious descendent of the Victorian novel issued in parts. The history of the Victorian serial in its many forms spans from its roots in the 18th century to its reconfiguration following the advent of radio, television, and the internet. The most prevalent accounts of the serial have focused on the economics of the literary marketplace and print culture including the sharp increase of periodicals at midcentury. In recent years, scholars have come to understand the serial as a reflection of historically specific concepts of time and space, as an important location of experimentation and collaboration, as a book technology that fosters critical thinking and active reading, and as an object of transatlantic, even global, circulation. New studies of serial forms include digital approaches to analysis, web-based resources that facilitate serial reading, and comparative work on 21st-century media that underscores the continued role of serialization to create imagined communities within cultural life.
1922: The Annus Mirabilis of Literary Modernism
Michael Levenson
The year 1922 has been known as the annus mirabilis ("miracle year") of Anglo-American literary modernism, chiefly because of the near-simultaneous publication of T.S. Eliot's "The Waste Land," James Joyce's Ulysses, and Virginia Woolf's Jacob's Room. The distinctive historical character of 1922 remains an ongoing concern: the year was at once a time of traumatic memory of World War I and a moment of renewed ambition for the radical experiments of modernism. During the war, Eliot, Joyce, and Woolf had enjoyed an unusual opportunity to revise and extend their aesthetic ambitions. Each of their works registers the more defiant provocation of postwar literature, but each confronts the powerful resistance of cultural and political authorities who saw the efforts, especially of Eliot and Joyce, as both meaningless and dangerous. The postwar period also saw the rapid expansion of new technologies (especially in transport and telecommunications) and a consumer society keen to enjoy the availability of freshly circulating material goods. D. H. Lawrence described the end of war as both a relief and a menace. This double valence captures the contrast between searing memories of battlefield death and anticipation of pleasure and plenitude in the Jazz Age. The central figures in this entry are at once newly confident in the adversarial mission of modernism and fully aware of the social complacency and cultural conservatism arrayed against them. The immediate felt disturbance of these works came through their formal challenge, in particular through the intersecting uses of many-voiced and multi-perspectival montage, an assemblage of fragmentary views, and a diversity of speaking tones. This conspicuous technique appears in closely related terms within the early films of Dziga Vertov and the postwar philosophy of logical atoms developed by Bertrand Russell and Ludwig Wittgenstein. But the formal inventiveness exhibited during the year is no more prominent than the social concern. Especially as in 21st century, historical studies of the period have recovered the depth of interest in questions of race, empire, sexual debility, and social failure.


text:
Raytheon is committed to delivering tomorrow's technologies for today's warfighter.
From radars to electronic warfare systems to precision weaponry, Raytheon's cutting-edge solutions provide the F-16 with greater capabilities than ever before.
Compact, lightweight, scalable AESA radar. Form-fitted drop-in upgrade for F-16. Leverages active production lines. Superior detection, targeting, tracking and self-protection. Exceptional in-commission rates reduce life-cycle costs.
The MMC's high processing throughput, large memory capacity, high-bandwidth scalable interconnectivity and interface to multiple sensor types deliver enhanced computing power, improved situational awareness, air-to-air capabilities and targeting accuracy.
The CDU provides enhanced situational awareness and image capture via a large 6 x 8-inch resolution display that is daylight readable and night-vision compatible. Data link messages, video and annotated imagery from ground forces and other sources are seamlessly integrated.
World's first all-digital radar warning receiver. Spectral and spatial coverage for high-sensitivity detection in dense signal environments. Affordable, exportable and compatible with any airborne platform.
Combat-proven all-weather, dual mode GPS/laser-guided precision munition. Widely integrated on U.S. and allied aircraft, laser guidance lets weapon correct significant target location errors.
Fifth-generation thrust-vectored air-to-air Sidewinder missile. Launch-and-leave day/night use, resistant to countermeasures, very high off-boresight acquisition and launch envelopes, enhanced maneuverability and target acquisition ranges.
Counters sophisticated threats in dense signal environments. Operates in both receive and transmit modes to selectively direct high power jamming against multiple emitters. Available in two- and three-band configurations.
Quick flyout, robust countermeasures immunity, state-of-the-art active radar guidance. Multi-shot capability enhances pilot survivability through post-launch maneuvering. Can be fired in air or surface-launched configuration.
Air-to-ground weapon. Integrated GPS/INS guidance to targets. More than 400+ used in combat. Common, modular weapon body accommodates various payloads. Approximately 70 NM standoff range.
Suppression and destruction of surface-to-air missile radars, early warning radars and radar-directed air defense artillery systems. 4,000+ HARMs used in combat.
Fully integrated EW suite with robust situational awareness and powerful jamming capabilities designed specifically for the F-16. Shields against anti-aircraft missiles and threats from enemy radars.
Critical end-game countermeasure proven to defeat enemy missile attacks. Adaptable to virtually any platform. Standalone system – not reliant on threat-specific software. More than 25,000 decoys delivered to date.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Shoulder bags – An everyday must have comfortable bag, accompanied by long shoulder straps to hang from your shoulder. Eddie Bauer applies their outdoor-inspired style and quality to their baby car seats. These fashion vesture coats may be paired with inner formed vests. La Moda handbag offers handbag styles to compliment and accessorize all outfits, ranging from satchel and messenger handbags, shoulder bags, totes bags to bowling bags, bucket bags and evening bags, all featuring high quality material and fabrics.
I saw something big happen that day, far bigger than anything I'd expected. While doing the content analysis for fashion in newspaper the news items, articles, features and editorial, photographs, etc. Teenagers, young girls and women of all ages and status love carrying handbags. You can get a case in Black, White, Red, Blue, Pink or Purple.
There is rarely EVER a recovery from a relationship that sinks to betrayal, infidelity, and disloyalty. The inner lining is normally made of polyurethane , with cushioned insole and bonded leather. It can become difficult for them to walk by wearing high heeled footwear. Also light and compact, this messenger bag is sophisticated and ideal on the go.
Half of the full price is paid by shoppers upon purchase, and the remainder when the item is received. Another iconic travel article, the Steamer is a sophisticated accessory. que comprem um guia denominado Como Ganhar Dinheiro na Internet vendido no site Comprei o mesmo j. You can get so many options that it is very much possible to find your hair color.
Courtney Love, Nicole Richie, Kelly Osbourne, Alyssa Milano, Drew Berrymore, Virginia Madsen, Joss Stone, Britney Spears, Laura Chiatti, Katherine Mc - Phee e Ana Beatriz Barros solo per citarne alcune. Part of this sexiness is based on Colombia's international reputation for beauty, while the the rest is a combination of plastic surgery and personal style. Therefore, you will have no need to remove your hands from the steering wheel or even take your eyes off the road. These were sunglasses made with designs inspired by the designer sunglasses.
Uno dei fattori che possono confermare questa affermazione. These sunglasses brands will zip up your wardrobe and get you back on style track. rede geliştirmek isteyen ve kurs sonunda girilecek sınavla, İngilizce dil yeterliliğini uluslararası bir sertifika ile belgelemek isteyen. The first two weeks are composed of 4 daily lessons of professional Italian with fashion terminology, plus one day of lessons held by professional operator in the field of fashion.
Easy Secrets Of car In The USA
Pour discuter de la NHL et des autres championnats mondiaux
1 message • Page 1 sur 1
1 message • Page 1 sur 1
- Information
Qui est en ligne ?
Utilisateurs parcourant ce forum : Aucun utilisateur inscrit et 2 invités


text:
The awards ceremony was quite the glittering affair. It held no surprises, however, since the award winners were announced some time ago in this press release. Ethel Salonen did a terrific job in keeping the ceremony lively and relvant. The reception following the awards presentations was truly sumptious!
Marydee Ojala
Editor, ONLINE: The Leading Magazine for Information Professionals


text:
Tom Cruise to meet daughter Suri soon
Tom Cruise's lawyer has said that the actor, who is "still saddened and shocked" by the split, is planning to see his daughter Suri "very soon."entertainment Updated: Jul 13, 2012 16:09 IST
Tom Cruise's lawyer has said that the actor, who is "still saddened and shocked" by the split, is planning to see his daughter Suri "very soon."
The Mission Impossible star is struggling to get to grips with being dumped by Katie Holmes after five years of marriage.
The father and daughter have been apart for almost a month but have been speaking regularly on the phone.
"Tom will be seeing Suri very soon, I don't know exactly when that will be, and I couldn't tell you, but I do know it will be very soon," the Daily Mail quoted Cruise's lawyer, Bert Fields, as telling Radar Online. "Tom loves his Suri very, very much, as he does his other two children. Tom is a family man, and dedicated to his children. They are the center of his world," he added.
Although the divorce settlement was done swiftly, Cruise is "still tremendously saddened and shocked about the divorce."
"Tom is obviously relieved that the settlement was reached, but is still sad, obviously," the lawyer said.
Holmes has sole custody of Suri as part of the settlement agreement, but the actor will have substantial visitation rights.
First Published: Jul 13, 2012 12:06 IST


text:
Courtyard Concert
Anita and the Yanks perform in a free concert on the courtyard from 2pm to 4 pm at Muldoon's Irish Pub, 202 Newport Center Drive. The event is free. For more information, call (949) 640-4110.
Bloody Mary Sunday Brunch
South Coast Plaza's Charlie Palmer at Bloomingdale's offers Bloody Mary Brunch every Sunday. For $35, guests receive an appetizer, entrée and unlimited Bloody Marys. For more information, call (714) 352-2525.
Palm Terrace Pool Party And Barbecue
The Island Hotel hosts the Palm Terrace Pool Party and Barbecue from 5 to 9 p.m. Sundays, featuring fun for the whole family. Tickets are $34 for adults and $12 for children. For more information, visit http://www.theislandhotel.com.
OCMA Second Sundays
The Orange County Museum of Art and Target present Second Sundays from 11 a.m. to 4 p.m. at 850 San Clemente Dr., Newport Beach. Admission to the event is free and includes hands-on activities for children and parents. For more information, visit http://www.ocma.net.


text:
International Business
Yikuan Lee, Ph.D.
Professor Yikuan Lee is an associate professor in the International Business department at San Francisco State University.
Her research covers new product innovation, innovation adoption, strategic marketing management in high-tech arenas, decision making, psychology and behavioral economics.
She has published in Journal of Product Innovation Management, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Marketing Theory, and Journal of Business Research.
- M.B.A. (1994), National Central University, Taiwan
- Ph.D. in High-Tech Management (2000), Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- New Product Innovation
- Innovation adoption
- High-tech marketing
- Decision making
- Psychology and behavioral economics
Main Theoretical Focus:
- Diffusion of innovation
- Network effects
- Cognitive Neuroscience
Area Specialty:
- North America
- Emerging markets
- Best Paper Award at the 2003 Global Conference on Business and Economy (July 2003)
- Edl and Edith Darger Doctoral Dissertation Award, Rensselaer Polytechn (May 2000)
- Best Doctoral Dissertation Award, Product Development and Management A (October 1999)
- Best Paper Award, Product Development and Management Association Inter (October 1999)
- California State University 2002-2003 Affirmative Action Faculty Devel (December 2002)
- California State University 2002-2003 Affirmative Action Faculty Devel (December 2003)
- Best Paper Award - Journal of Product Innovation and Management (2004)
- Research Competition Award - Product Developm and Management Associati (March 2005)
Bruce Heiman, Ph.D.
Professor Heiman's education includes an A.B. in Psychology from Stanford (1981); an M.S. from Stanford in Mechanical Engineering, Product Design (1983); an M.B.A. from Universiteit Nijenrode, NL (1990); and a Ph.D. from UC Berkeley Haas School of Business (Business and Public Policy, 2002). He has published in a substantial number of academic journals and conference proceedings as well as refereed books.
- A.B. in Psychology (1981), Stanford University
- M.S. in Mechanical Engineering, Product Design (1983), Stanford University, Engineering (Prod. Design)
- M.B.A. (1991), Nijenrode University, Netherlands
- Ph.D. in Business and Public Policy (2002), University of California, Berkeley
- International aspects of Innovation and creativity
- International Strategic Alliances & JVs
- Management of creativity and technology in a globalized world
- Knowledge sharing internationally
- Problem discovery (finding, choosing)
- Problem Solving
- Ad hoc processes and dynamic capabilities in organizations
Main Theoretical Focus:
- Transaction cost economics
- Microfoundations Theory
- Problem-solving perspective
- Social networks
- Strategic fit
- Evolutionary economics
- Dynamic Capabilities Value creation processes versus value capture
Area Specialties:
- Europe, especially western Europe and increasingly eastern-/transition- European economies
- EU and European social, economic and political integration/disintegration
- Languages: Dutch (near fluent), French (intermediate)
- Design Thinking in individuals, teams, and organizations
- Main empirical tools/methods: Surveys, interviews, content analysis, public data, discrete choice analysis, multiple regression, network analysis 9 (SNA, Cluster, MDS), non-parametric statistics, path analysis
Joel Nicholson, Ph.D.
Professor Nicholson is a full Professor at San Francisco State University. He received his Ph.D. from the Florida State University and his M.B.A. from Gonzaga University.
- 2 Years Grad Spanish & French Lang & Literature (1978), Washington State University
- B.A. (1976), Central Washington University (Spanish with minor in German)
- M.B.A. (1986), Gonzaga University
- Ph.D. (1991), The Florida State University
- Global Leader Development
- Comaprative Cognition -- Values, Beliefs, Attitudes and their Differential Influence on Behavior across Cultures
- International Human Resource Management
- Regional Economic Integration -- NAFTA
- Comparative Management -- Latin America (Chile, Venezuela, Mexico); Asia (China) and the U.S.A.
- Doing Business in Latin America
- Expatriate Training -- Sojourner Acculturation
- Culture -- National, Regional, Ethnic, Professional, Corporate
- Creativity in Education -- Online and Mega-Section Delivery
- Sabbatical Leave: Competitive, Longitudinal Study of Nafta(Spring, 2002)
- Recognition of Outstanding Service to the Int'l Student Commununity (1997-1998)
- Recognition for Outstanding Contributions to Teaching (1997-1998)
- Celebration of Scholarship and Creative Activities Recognition (November, 1996)
- The Thunderbird Award for Most Outstanding Applied Paper (1995)
- The Irwin Distinguished Paper Award (1994)
- The Irwin Distinguished Paper Award (1993)
- Best Paper Award--Journal of The American Academy of Business (December, 2001)
- Teacher of the Year -- Management Department Illinois State University (1992-1993)
- Outstanding Service Award -- Management Department Illinois State Univ (1992-1993)
- Outstanding Service Award -- Management Department Illinois State Univ (1992-1993)
- Excellence in Teaching Award -- Florida State University COB (1989)
- Phi Kappa Phi -- National Honor Society Member (1976-Current)
- Sigma Iota Epsilon -- Honorary Management Fraternity FSU (1986-1990)
- Phi Beta Delta -- Honor Society for International Scholars SFSU (1996-Current)
- Doctoral Consortium in International Mgmt -- Academy of Mgmt (1989)
- Selected Jr Faculty Consortium in Internationa Mgmt -- Academy of Mgmt (1995)
- Doctoral and New Faculty Consortium in Int'l Mgmt--Southern Ac of Mgmt (1989)
- Doctoral Fellowship in Business Administration -- Florida State Univ (1986-1989)
- Most Influential Faculty Member to ISU Most Outstanding Student (1996)
- Most Influential Faculty Member to ISU Foundation Award Student (1996)
- Most Influential Faculty Member to ISU Outstanding Junior IBUS Student (1995)
- Most Influential Faculty Member to Most Outstanding MBA Student (1993)
- Most Influential Faculty Member to Outstanding Student Athlete (1992)
- Most Influential Faculty Member to ISU Most Outstanding Student (1992)
- Teacher of the Year -- College of Business
- The Academy of International Business
- The Academy of Management -- International
- Cognition & HRM Divisions
- Business Association of Latin American Studies
Roblyn Simeon, Ph.D.
Before beginning his academic career, Professor Simeon worked for several years on Wall Street and in Tokyo as a financial & securities analyst for American Express, Daiwa Securities and Swiss Bank (SBCI now UBS). He has also periodically engaged in business consulting activities. Professor Simeon has done research/taught at Kansai University (Japan), Waseda University (Japan), IAE, University of Nice (France), University of California, Berkeley (UCB), and San Francisco State University (SFSU).
- M.A. in Comparative Literature & Literary Criticism, University of California, Berkeley
- M.A. in International Affairs: Concentration in International Economics & Comparative Politics, Johns Hopkins, University & SAIS Bologna, Italy
- Ph.D. in Business Administration, University of California, Berkeley
- International Business
- Organizational learning
- Competence and Resource Based Strategies
- Comparative Internet Business Strategies
Main Theoretical Focus:
- Comparative management
- Internet marketing strategy
- Cross-Cultural Management
- Corporate Governance International Career Development
Area Speciality:
- Emerging Markets
- Japan, US & Europe
- The Caribbean
Gerardo Ungson, Ph.D.
Gerardo R. Ungson is the Y.F. Chang Endowed Chair and Professor of International Business. He is also a Non-Resident Senior Resident Fellow with CEIBS-IEMS (China European International Business School Institute for Emerging Market Studies), headquartered in Shanghai. His most recent research covers strategies in emerging and developing markets, poverty alleviation, ecological labelling, and website characteristics.
- B.S. in Management Engineering, Ateneo University, Philippines
- M.B.A in Management, Pennsylvania State University
- Ph.D. in Business Administration, Pennsylvania State University
- Strategies in Emerging Markets
- Social Entrepreneurship
- Poverty Alleviation
- Economics of Underdevelopment
Main Theoretical Focus:
- Strategic Management
- Development Economics
- Institutional Theory
Area Specialty:
- BRICs
Lihua Wang, Ph.D.
Lihua Wang is a professor at International Business Department, College of Business, San Francisco State University. She holds a Ph.D. degree in Management and Organizations from Northwestern University, a M.B.A. degree from Chinese University of Hong Kong, and a bachelor's degree in International Economics from Nankai University, China. Her research interests include internationalization of firms in emerging markets, corporate social responsibility, stakeholder management, and inter-firm relationships.
- Ph.D. in Management and Organizations, Northwestern University
- M.B.A., Chinese University of Hong Kong
- B.A. in Economics, Nankai, China
- Internationalization
- Inter-firm relationships
- Corporate social responsibility
Main Theoretical Focus:
- Internationalization
- Stakeholder management theory
- Resource-based view of a firm
Area Specialty:
- China
College of Business Research Productivity Award, Academic Year 2017-2018.
College of Business Research Productivity Award, Academic Year 2016-2017.
Emerald Citations of Excellence Award, 2015 from Emerald Group Publishing, for the article: Liang, X., Lu, X., & Wang, L. 2012. Outward internationalization of private enterprises in China: the effect of competitive advantages and disadvantages compared to home market rivals. Journal of World Business, 47(1), 134-144.
- CSU Summer Stipend, 2007
- Grant for Soocial Science Research, Education Ministry of China (RMB 50,000)
- Best Article of 2006, Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing
- The Academy of Management
- International Association for Chinese Management Research
Nini Yang, Ph.D.
Dr. Nini Yang is professor and department chair of International Business at San Francisco State University. She holds a Ph.D. in management and an M.A. in american studies from State University of New York at Buffalo (SUNY–Buffalo). She is a U.S. Fulbright Scholar to South Africa (2001), an Oxford University Resident (U.K., 2004), and China Resident Director (2012-13) for California State University International Programs centered at Peking University, Beijing, China.
- M.A. (1989), SUNY Buffalo
- Ph.D. (1996), SUNY Buffalo
- Strategic CSR and local responsiveness
- SMEs and international entrepreneurship
- Work-family interfaces in culturally distinct societies
- Gender equity and career paths in Western industrial societies
- Cultural relativity of employee motivation and leader effectiveness
- Comparative industrial relations
- Higher education and human capital development in the landscape of global dynamics
Main Theoretical Focus
- Quantitative research and conceptual frameworks in international business
- Strategy and comparative management
- Global human resource management
- Institution-based perspectives
Area Specialty
- Emerging markets, BRICS, especially China and Asia
- Africa, especially South Africa
Tae Furuse, M.B.A.
- AA in Liberal Study (1985), College of San Mateo
- B.S. in International Business (1992), San Francisco State University
- M.B.A. (1994), San Francisco State University
Sergey Lebedev, Ph.D.
Sergey Lebedev is an Assistant Professor at the International Business Department, San Francisco State University. The main focus of his research is the influence of institutional environments and relational factors (such as alliance network ties or political connections) on firms' strategic choices and their performance consequences. His teaching interests include International Business, Strategy, and Entrepreneurship.
- B.S. (2007), Moscow State University, Russia
- M.S. (2009), Moscow State University, Russia
- Ph.D. (2016), University of Texas at Dallas
- Institutional influences on firm behavior and performance
- Interfirm networks
- Political ties
Main Theoretical Focus:
- Institutional theory
- Social networks
Area Speciality:
- China
- Russia


text:
Trouble with a Dead Mule
Lawrence Rosen
- Pashas: Traders and Travellers in the Islamic World by James Mather
Yale, 302 pp, £25.00, October 2009, ISBN 978 0 300 12639 6
Somehow, the traders seem to get there first. Before the armies, before the missionaries or travellers or bureaucrats or busybodies, they arrive, in search of furs and spices, rare textiles and strange foods. To prehistoric groups whose burial sites contain items brought from a continent away, or woodsmen in pursuit of goods lying just beyond the frontier, the trader brought many other things: stories of the exotic, knowledge of the unknown, foreign songs and dress, religion, disease, inventions and slaves. As a kind of confraternity that straddles the ages and the globe, such merchants can be castigated as greedy or lionised as adventurers. By virtue of their cross-pollination of cultures they were commended by one early Muslim writer as 'the couriers of the horizons, and God's trusted servants on earth'.
The full text of this book review is only available to subscribers of the London Review of Books.
You are not logged in
- If you have already registered please login here
- If you are using the site for the first time please register here
- If you would like access to the entire online archive subscribe here
- Institutions or university library users please login here
- Learn more about our institutional subscriptions here
Vol. 32 No. 15 · 5 August 2010 » Lawrence Rosen » Trouble with a Dead Mule
pages 22-23 | 2773 words


text:
Saturday, March 7, 2009
Rush Limbaugh, no joke
But I think the joke has grown stale and it's time for some sober reflection.
POTUS has more important stuff demanding his attention. He should drop it. Ditto Rahm. The campaign is over.
James Carville and Paul Begala don't get it. Their nudge-nudge, wink-wink attack on Limbaugh worked in the short run. But the tactic is a glaring example of old school politics that the voters have overwhelmingly abandoned. We are worn out with this kind of send-up, boys. Cut the crap. Turn your energy and attention to fixing the massive problems facing America. Don't waste Obama's high ratings on this low comedy.
Like I said, the scheme worked for the short run. The Republicans are in a box: either they continue to genuflect or they throw Limbaugh under the bus. Tough choice either way, consequences being what they are.
Big winner? Short term? Long term? No surprise. Big Boss Limbaugh. Ratings are up. Audience has doubled (allegedly) and the advertising bucks keep pouring in. Neat trick in this awful economy.
Prediction: without fear of contradiction, I can say that I will be unable to maintain this lofty position. Why? Limbaugh will do something else so outrageous that messes with my marrow. He's a marketing genius. He knows what he is doing.
7 comments:
- Jeff Hebert said...
I don't think it was Barack Obama or Paul Begala who invited Rush to be the keynote speaker at CPAC. I don't think they put a gun to the head of every major Republican elected official to make them genuflect before him if they had the temerity to criticize his positions.
The Republican Party has made Rush their spokesman, not the Democrats. They're just pointing it out.
I think it's a genius move, both short- and long-term. Either actual Republican elected officials repudiate the idiocy he spews, in which case the whole country is better off, or they don't, in which case they'll never hold power again. In which case the country is a LOT better off. It's a win-win.
And the Administration hasn't exactly been lazing around, they've introduced sweeping, broad, massive initiatives on everything from energy policy to healthcare to the economic crisis to Gitmo to Iraq. I'd say this has been the most active, productive, assertive, aggressive, hardest-working Administration I can remember. They're working their asses off. If they take a moment here or there to point out that Republicans have put a fatuous, simple-minded, physically decadent, drug-addicted multiple divorcee with racist, anti-American, and authoritarian tendencies in charge of their party's ideology, well, I see that as just one more patriotic act we can lay at their feet.
- March 7, 2009 at 11:04 AM
As a conservative and not as a Republican,I can strongly say that although I don't agree with everything that Rush says,the majority of his statements are following the lines of the conservatives.
If you don't like that then the thing for you to do is to get a grip.Poor Jeff seems to think that the country would be better off if the Republicans or conservatives should never run the country again. I guess this goes back to following his teacher rather than use his own brain to think.
The Democrats mentioned ,have not done a yeoman's task of turning the country around.They have succeded to a great degree to overwhelm the country with a very bad policy of of government control.This country was not founded on plan for big brother, but the present administration seems to think that the people are too stupid to think for themselves so they'll do it for us.
There will be nothing good come from the present path,only destruction.
If anyone thinks Obama is through with his 'take-over,makeover' they need to put some thought about it in the drawer for safe keeping.
The only ones that I hear saying that Rush has become the defacto leader of the Republican Party,are the liberals that can't think for themselves and just follow the lead goat.---Goose
- March 7, 2009 at 11:38 AM
- The South Plainsman said...
I think the whole thing is funny. The White House made Rush Limbaugh a mint, and for what purpose?
Limbaugh is not the leader of the Republican Party. Nobody is. They are completely rudderless at a time when Obama is making every effort to turn our country into a socialist society.
Pray for the future of our country.
- March 7, 2009 at 12:31 PM
- Jeff Hebert said...
I think SP hit the nail on the head. And it's bad for all of us, because when you've only GOT two parties, having one of them completely leaderless is pretty distressing.
Unfortunately when no one who's actually elected is willing (or able) to step up to the plate, the loudest voice gets all the attention. And one thing you can certainly say about Rush -- he's always the loudest mouth in the room.
- March 7, 2009 at 12:33 PM
- George Phenix said...
"This is from David Frum, life-long conservative, in Newsweek.
"And for the leader of the Republicans? A man who is aggressive and bombastic, cutting and sarcastic, who dismisses the concerned citizens in network news focus groups as "losers." With his private plane and his cigars, his history of drug dependency and his personal bulk, not to mention his tangled marital history, Rush is a walking stereotype of self-indulgence—exactly the image that Barack Obama most wants to affix to our philosophy and our party. And we're cooperating! Those images of crowds of CPACers cheering Rush's every rancorous word—we'll be seeing them rebroadcast for a long time.
"Rush knows what he is doing. The worse conservatives do, the more important Rush becomes as leader of the ardent remnant. The better conservatives succeed, the more we become a broad national governing coalition, the more Rush will be sidelined.
"But do the rest of us understand what we are doing to ourselves by accepting this leadership?"
Good question.
- March 7, 2009 at 3:31 PM
- The South Plainsman said...
Jeff, I knew there were things we could agree about.
We are better off when both parties have to negotiate with the other. That will usually keep things in balance.
- March 7, 2009 at 5:24 PM
- Max Fischer said...
Rush Limbaugh polls at 11% favorability for those - male and female - under 40. As long as his smarm is so overwhelmingly rejected by that large of an electorate block, it's smart politics to keep Rush in the news.
- March 7, 2009 at 5:54 PM


text:
Our prices are already low, but sometimes we go crazy and put some even lower! See below for our current special offers and check back regularly for the latest.
Need to stay connected for the latest in tablets and tablet accessories? Sign up here and you will be informed of new products when they become available!


text:
Code: PRZ-0faOXib
This Mountain escape combines the feel of a chalet with a very modern twist. It has been decorated with luxury and elegance and is the perfect place for your ski holiday.
Located in Courchevel 1850 chalet ceffortlessly combines ′alpine chic′ with contemporary design.
This Courchevel 1850 chalet is ski in / ski out on the Pralong piste. The house is exquisitely furnished to a very high standard with the latest technology and creature comforts.
The chalet in Courchevel 1850 has 5 bedrooms, each with an individual style and character. The main sitting room has a double height ceiling, deep comfortable sofas and a large open fire place as the focal point of the room.
The chalet has some excellent facilities both inside and out. Inside the spa facilities include a private indoor swimming pool, indoor jacuzzi and steam room.
The Courchevel 1850 chalet is offered with a housekeeper to take care of your every need. she will do daily cleaning and will prepare the breakfast every morning.
Incredible Ski in / out mountain side Chalet in the heart of Courchevel 1850 is one of our France Luxury Rentals . View Guide to France Luxury Vacations
Disclaimer: Pins in map may not be accurate if Google Maps cannot find the exact address. In this case an approximation is made.
View Destination Guides: Courchevel, French Alps, Courchevel 1850, Three valleys,
This Chalets location makes it an ideal place for skiers being right off the trail of Pralong in Courchevel 1850.
Level 0:


text:
Communicating Changes in the Arctic Environment
Nancy N. Soreide1, James E. Overland2, Jacqueline A. Richter-Menge3, Hajo Eicken4, Helen V. Wiggins5, John Calder6
1NOAA, PMEL, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA, USA, Phone 206-527-6728, Fax 206-526-4576, nancy [dot] n [dot] soreide [at] noaa [dot] gov
2Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, USA
3Cold Regions Research and Engineering, USA
4University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA
5Arctic Research Consortium of the U.S., USA
6Arctic Research Program, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA
This paper provides two examples of communicating relevant and timely information about changes in the Arctic to decision makers, educators, students, scientists, and the public.
The international SEARCH Arctic Sea Ice Outlook provides a community-wide discussion and summary of the expected September minimum of arctic sea ice (http://www.arcus.org/search/seaiceoutlook). Reports are released monthly throughout the summer. Although not formal predictions for arctic sea ice extent, the reports represent a synthesis of community-wide estimates and, more importantly, the scientific rationale for the range of estimates of the expected minimum of sea ice. The arctic summer sea ice extent minimum in September 2009 was greater than that observed in 2007 or 2008, but still much less than the 1979ndash;2000 mean value. All Outlook projected values for September 2009 were less than the observed value, but most were within the range of uncertainty. While there was more sea ice in September 2009 than in 2007, the fall freezeup into November for 2009 matches that of 2007.
The Arctic Report Card is a concise, scientifically credible and accessible source of information on recent changes in the Arctic (http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/reportcard/). Prepared by an international team of scientists for the Arctic Council and the broader community under the direction of AMAP and updated annually, the peer-reviewed website brings together cutting edge information on changes in arctic systems. For 2009, multi-year sea ice is being replaced by first year ice. There is increased runoff in Siberia, less snow in North America and higher latitude species are impacted by loss of sea ice.
Both products have a wide distribution and are scheduled to continue in the future with continued accuracy and improved clarity as the goals.


text:
do you put anything on them (or eat them with things) that others consider strange? what's your favorite thing to put an egg on?
Well, since no one here has chimed in, I'll answer. I typically eat an egg at breakfast and I don't really have time on a workday to mess around, so I eat it with pretty normal condiments and prepared a simple manner (typically easy over).
Occasionally, I will sprinkle a dash of soy sauce on an egg, which will undoubtedly make some Americans scratch their heads, but it's really quite common for a large percentage of this planet's inhabitants (Asian cooking/eating habits are largely ignored at this Western-centric web site and many others).
More frequently, I will sprinkle salt, pepper and possibly some sort of Mexican hot sauce like Cholula. When it's in season (like right now), I will top with fresh homemade salsa instead.
An egg as a common addition to fried rice is likely an oddity to Americans, despite the fact that this is very popular in Asia and West Africa (thus several billion people).
I know the Japanese will whisk a raw egg with some soy sauce and pour the mixture over steamed rice. You'd never see this in a restaurant, this is a quick home dish. Very humble but very tasty, but relies on excellent ingredients. The Japanese seem to enjoy raw eggs, they have other dishes that use it. Another is sukiyaki, which is sort of like shabu-shabu, but the cooked ingredients are use raw whisked eggs as the dipping sauce.
That's probably qualifies as a "strange" use of egg for the typical American.
Likely there are other "odd" egg uses from other food cultures. Americans are relatively unimaginative about the employment of eggs in cooking.
cv, why don't you express your viewpoint without judgement and educate all of us as to how asian cooking might use certain ingredients? perhaps in a less snarky way? i enjoy a lot of asian cooking and usually opt for some sort of asian food if i eat out (such as thai food tonight). most of us probably don't know that much about asian food but i for one am trying to educate myself. i don't think i would judge another cuisine and call it "unimaginative" but then maybe that's just me being "open" to other's views and comments. i think you might look up the phrase micro aggression as it might apply to your comments. cheers and have a nice evening.
Really? I'm probably old enough to be your mother, and for as long as I can remember egg has been included in fried rice in most take-out Chinese restaurants. It's not odd at all.
Like ChefJune, in my experience an egg in fried rice is the opposite of odd - it's pretty much pro forma. This cartoonish 'typical American,' who finds anything besides ham 'n eggs 'strange' is a bit condescending.
Actually there are quite a number of Asian recipes on the site, contest winners, community picks, and Piglet competition included...I'm not sure where you get your information about American eating habits from. I also don't know what you mean by a typical American. The many cuisines of Asia are hugely popular here. I've certainly eaten fried rice, never without fried egg...
What a great question. My initial response was, "With a fork," but I caught your drift. Caroline, I will put a poached egg on anything and call it breakfast, lunch, or dinner. Here are some of my favorites:
And then there's this:
I have 3 scrambled eggs every morning. I throw a handful of spinach or mushrooms in the pan first. I top it with a copycat of Rubios red salsa. You'd only know what that is if you've been to So Cal for their famous Baja fish tacos.
Tonight, I made Bibimbap (Korean beef, veg and rice dish) and topped it off with a beautiful sunnyside up egg that was gathered this morning.
I always make my own mayo. Last, but not least, in the winter, I blend up hot coffee with a whole egg. So good and creamy.
Just remembered...a new way to make a creamy dressing. You poach an egg for 7 minutes and 15 seconds, whirr it up in a blender with your favorite acid and drizzle in olive or avocado oil. I've been adding a chunk of fresh basil at the end. Really good dressing. It's creamy, but in a very light way. You don't need the usual amount of oil because of the egg. I can't remember where I got the recipe. It may be on this site.
Here's the dressing recipe.
What a great sounding dressing Susan...can't wait to try it. Agree about the Rubio's salsa - the ethnic food (esp. Mexican and Vietnamese) is one of the I miss about where I lived most of my life until I moved to New England. This area (Midcoast Maine) is definitely ethnically challenged, but the terrific seafood and local food culture just about makes up for it.
Paseo, it's really a nice dressing. I use basil instead of the dill that I think the recipe calls for because I have a lot in my freezer. It's a creamy, but at the same time light dressing. I'll send you and Kim the Rubios recipe. Queen of the procrastinators here. It has all of 4 ingredients. It's the charring of the chili flakes that makes it.
Not revolutionary, but I start my breakfast every morning with one egg scrambled on top of buttered toast, topped with a good smattering of Frank's Red Hot Sauce and a great big handful of chopped parsley. To me it's perfect, and it's really ridiculous how much I love it.
Here's a fun one.
Susan W., I am intrigued by the egg-in-coffee thing you mentioned - two of my great loves that I never thought of blending! Do you just blitz a raw egg with hot coffee? Or would that cook the egg? Can you elucidate?
Let me go grab the exact recipe. It's a Paleo thing by Mark Sisson.
Here you go. I do his second version with two whole eggs. I tried it with one..it just isn't the same.
It does cook the egg, but in a frothy, creamy way. I also love the Bullet Proof coffee that he talks about. Hot coffee blended with coconut oil and ghee. Mark doesn't care for it, but I love it.
Wow that's really intriguing - thx for posting! I'm a little trepidatious, safety-wise, about ingesting that much raw egg white, though...I am curious if dumping the hot coffee in, as mentioned by the author, really mitigates against the possibility of food poisoning. I have no idea to what extent it actually does that.
(Btw, I live in San Diego so I know exactly the Rubios salsa you are talking about. :))
Oh, I see you kind of answered my question while I was typing away! :). If it cooks the eggs, it should be ok.
I love Rubios. I grew up in SD and visit my mom and brother who still live there often. Rubios is always on the top of my "have to have" list.
Kristen, if you are at all squeamish about raw eggs, maybe you should skip this one. I don't know how thoroughly hot coffee cooks the eggs. I've not used my thermometer to check the temp. I'm okay with raw eggs. I buy my eggs very fresh from a farmer who let's his very healthy chickens roam and I decided long ago to just not worry about it. I think Mark mentions using eggs from pastured hens as well. I wonder if you could poach it like you do for the salad dressing I posted above. Seems like a bit of trouble to go to for coffee though.
Yeah, I buy Organic Valley free range eggs from the supermarket. They're the best store-bought eggs I can find but I have know idea what the risk is with those eggs. Lord knows I grew up licking cake and cookie batter with raw eggs in it off of spoons and bowls as a kid with no adverse effects, but knowing of the possibility of illness makes me a little more cautious. I'm not sure how well-founded my caution is or not.
In any case, I'm craving Rubios now! :)
I didn't know Organic Valley even had eggs. I buy their butter to make ghee and their half and half for my iced coffee. If you've ever made blender hollandaise, I'd think the hot coffee cooks the egg more thoroughly than the hollandaise.
Let me know if you want the recipe for Rubios hot salsa. The red one. It's the easiest recipe in the world. I'm always craving Rubios. I love picking up a couple of Especials and walking down to the Crystal pier at sunset and devouring them. :)
I'll plop a poached egg on top of just about anything ... with grits, butter and Louisiana hot sauce is a fave, on top of pasta at dinner, like that.
I was actually pondering something the other day - a possible application similar to a savory yolky stir-in for instant sauce, but in a sweet format. That's as far as I got (easily distracted)
For a sweet egg yolk sauce - Sabayon? So delicious with fresh berries (or now, figs would be fantastic.)
I'm with you, Abbie. A different ethnicity, but essentially tomato-tomahto: poached eggs over polenta with a few spoonfuls of Marcella Hazan's marinara sauce.
I love eggs in all forms, some more than others. From my Asian background, my favorite meal is eggs-over-easy on top of hot cooked rice with a generous splash of soy sauce (ok, an obscene amount of soy sauce but that runny yolk mixed with the soy is sooo good). It's quick (if the rice is already cooked), easy, cheap, and total comfort food.
This is exactly what I ate this a.m. - and many others! I often intentionally make too much rice at dinner - leftovers for breakfast with a fried egg on top. Soy sauce & a drop of sesame oil mixed in, and whatever else lurks in the fridge (today it was a little leftover chopped scallion and the last bit of an avocado.) Delicious!
I love it simple, soft boiled or poached over lightly toasted sourdough with flaked salt and cracked pepper. That could be my absolute favorite thing in the world to eat.....maybe....
Yes, Susan, come to think of it, in spite of my mayonnaise-phobia I have eaten homemade mayonnaise without a thought about the raw egg so...I guess it depends on how lucky I feel that day :).
And your fish taco scenario sounds wonderful...unfortunately being outside at any time today would totally melt me as it's 97 degrees and HUMID, but for almost any other time of year, YES! And yes to the red salsa recipe - that would be great!
My mom has been complaining heavily about the weather. I'm hoping it cools a bit (a lot) before I get there on 9/22. I'll message you or post the Rubios recipe and let you know.
...although I just used the yolk for mayonnaise, so I guess it's not exactly the same. Anyhow, I'll let the idea sit for now. Thx for the input.
My immediate response to seeing the question was "Masticate", which I put to one side as snarky but unnecessary and so I had nothing really to contribute.
However, seeing PieceOfLayerCake's post put something in mind. A while back I made my American wife soft boiled eggs with toast strips (soldiers) to dip in the runny yolk. I thought it might be a nostalgic thing for her, that she'd associate with childhood, much as I do. She'd never seen it in her life. A quick pole of people on facebook showed no Americans knew it. The Brits, Australians, New Zealanders, Canadians were all bemused that the USA people didn't. My French, Italian, Austrian and Romanian friends were indifferent. What also came over was that most of my American friends were kind of squigged out by the idea of a runny yolk.
So, is it an entirely unknown thing in the States? Or was my unscientific sample very unrepresentative?
I'd say it must be regional or non scientific. Any time my brother and I were ill, my mom would make us soft boiled or poached eggs on toast. Most of my friends are very familiar with this luscious breakfast. I grew up with avocado trees in my backyard, so it often came with slices of perfectly ripe avocados. When we were ill, she'd place the softly cooked eggs on the buttered toast and cut it up into little squares. When we were well, the eggs came in small bowls and we'd butter and cut our toast into stick soldiers. Yum!! Nobody that I know is squeamish about soft yolks. I'd consider unfriending them. We're all very American.
I'd never heard of "soldiers" until watching a British show called "Supersizers go".....and that was the first time I'd ever seen the "strips". I must say the concept seems pretty efficient. My memory comes from good ole white toast and sunny side eggs from the Jewish deli on Sunday mornings in Ft. Lauderdale (where I lived as a child). My father was Italian and taught me to clean my plate....with bread. Toast, that crappy, breakfast joint butter and yolk was a particular favorite of mine. It was messy, but it effective!
In my American experience, a boiled egg (cooked white, runny yolk) served in an egg cup, with buttered toast to dip in the yolk, is extremely commonplace. We didn't call the toast 'soldiers' and (at least in my home) it was cut in small triangles, not strips - but beyond that, there's absolutely nothing unusual about it.
Thanks for your replies. I hoped that my sample was unrepresentative.
Oh, yes. My husband used to make soldiers for the son and the daughter when they were little. They would eat anything that could be dipped in something else. They make them to this day themselves. His mother, who grew up in Philadelphia, taught their cook, and Italian woman named Silvana, to make them for him and his sisters when they were children growing up in Connecticut. Great memory; thank you for prompting it.
This used to be my son's favorite way to eat eggs. Toast strips dipped right into the shell of a soft-boiled egg with a runny yolk. My mom made them for us long ago but we did not call them "soldiers" just toast and eggs.
Thanks, Susan - I hope the weather is more hospitable for your visit! :)
Pizza, sunny side up:
I am not a fan of putting eggs on anything, but one of my favorite dishes is a spaghetti pancake. Delicious. Contrary to cv's claim, I think all the examples given illustrate the widespread use of eggs over, under, around and throughout various world cuisines.
Bevi, you're asking if cv, not me, is serous, right? (Cause I'm serious. ;)
Absolutely! I think this community is adventurous and not one dimensional.
I don't know about strange, but I do like to crack one or two eggs in a bowl with pasta like fusilli or casarecce or even tagliatelle/papardelle. I add the egg(s) immediately after the pasta is taken from the water. Then I mix with chopped parsley, chiffonaded basil, black pepper, and whatever hard grating cheese i have at the moment (usually Grana Padano or Pecorino Romano) and add splash of the pasta water to form a nice rich sauce. Great meal in a pinch.
I also like eggs poached, especially in olive oil if I have time. Will eat with many things, but I like good canned sardines and cheese the most.
We've started doing something similar lately, putting the eggs in a pan with butter and cream as if to scramble them and adding the cooked pasta and topping with grated cheese. (still working on the best method...). Yum.
I make a busy-night pasta dish that involves an egg and is similar to the one-pot pasta dish floating around the internet. I boil a cup or 2 of water with some tomato and olive oil in it (approx. 5 cherry tomatoes or 1 larger one chopped up). Salt well, then add pasta and cook, stirring often, until the pasta is done and the water is mostly absorbed. More water can be added if it becomes too dry and the pasta is not yet cooked to al dente.
From there, remove from heat, drop in an egg that's been whisked well with a few tablespoons of parmesan, salt, pepper and red pepper flakes. Stir, stir, stir as the hot pasta/starchy mixture cooks the egg and makes a custardy, creamy sauce. Top with fresh chopped basil if you have it, and of course more parmesan. Such a cozy food!
I'm so glad to see this. I've been wanting to incorporate an egg in the One Pot Pasta dish, but I've been mulling over how to do it so as not to end up with scrambled eggs. I'll be trying this very soon.
@Susan W, it's super easy and wonderful! I think it's the combination of the small about of starchy water and the egg that makes it so creamy. Hope you enjoy!
I think you're right about the starch. There's a scrambled egg dish floating around on this site with starch added and it makes for extremely creamy eggs.
It seems that a lot of people do this as well - I typically don't add tomatoes to mine in what I wrote above, but the stirring when adding the hot pasta, pasta water, egg and cheese is very important. If you don't stir it fast enough you might scramble the egg if the water is really hot. It's just like making carbonara but without the pork (although there's nothing wrong with some nice guanciale in my book).
Fried, topped with rooster chili garlic sauce. The best!!
Or....fried egg with a side of veg (string beans/asparagus) microwave steamed in Marcella's sauce. So good.
Scrambled, topped with chili garlic sauce and ketchup.
Reading through the post, the one about British toast soldiers and runny eggs reminded me of another childhood favorite - egg in a basket (remove center portion of a slice of bread, insert in frying pan, add egg to middle, cook the whole thing) - where the sum was greater than the parts.
We called that Egg In A Hole...apparently we weren't very imaginative. :)
We called it Daddy Eggs (still do,) because it was the only thing my father ever cooked us...apparently, we were very literal.
My brother used to make eggs that way when he was a teenager. His name is Matt, so he called it a "Matt McMuffin".


text:
The basal ganglia are a group of nerves cell clusters, called nuclei, located deep in the lobes of the brain collectively referred to as subcortical nuclei. The different ganglion (nuclei) are labeled in the picture below and include the: caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nuclei, substantia nigra and nucleus accumbens, which is not included in this picture. The general outline of these subcortical nuclei looks similar to the outline of the limbic system because both systems surround the lateral and third ventricles found in the core of the brain.
The basal ganglia are important to the execution of smooth movements from start to finish. They also play a role in learning routine movements, including bad habits, such as obsessive compulsive disorders, as well as cognition and emotion. As far as movement is concerned, one of their functions is to inhibit excitation of muscles to prevent overreactions. The ganglia get their signals from many different areas in the lobes of the brain, as well as from the midbrain which is the top of the brainstem.
Glutamate, is an excitatory neurotransmitter and the most abundant used by the basal ganglia. Acetylcholine is also used and is, likewise, excitatory. In addition to the excitatory glutamate and acetylcholine neurotransmitters, the nuclei of the system also use GABA and dopamine which are inhibitory. Although they are less abundant compared to the excitatory transmitters, the input from the inhibitory neurotransmitters plays a key role in smooth execution of movement.
The basal ganglia are most noted for their involvement in Parkinson's and Huntington's disease. While the two conditions share certain signs and symptoms, they are notably different. For example, Parkinson's disease primarily affects the substantia nigra resulting in decreased production of the inhibitory neurotransmitter dopamine. One of the characteristic signs of Parkinson's disease is that patients have a hard time initiating movement to get going.
Huntington's disease primarily affects the caudate nucleus and putamen. In contrast to decreased dopamine seen in Parkinson's, Huntington's disease is associated with excess glutamate and subsequent excitotoxicity. I will cover Huntington's disease more as this site develops. As for movement, patients with Huntington's disease have a hard time preventing unwanted movements. What these conditions share in common, is that in advanced stages they can both significantly impair cognition.
More recently, the basal ganglia have been implicated in multiple sclerosis (MS). Instead of the characteristic supratentorial periventricular and perivenular hyperintensity signals associated with the white matter of myelinated nerves seen in MS, they show up as hypointensity signals found in the grey matter nuclei, such as the basal ganglia, that are located deep within the lobes of the brain along the lateral ventricles.
The difference between hyper and hypointensity signals seen on MRI in MS has to do with fluid content and the ability of fluids to diffuse through different densities and types of tissues that surround them. Thicker fluids don't diffuse as well as thinner fluids. The differences in thickness and diffusibility affect appearances on MRI scans. Hyper, hypo and isointensity signals will be covered further in future pages. They are the focus of current research and rapidly adding to our understanding of neurodegenerative processes because radiologists have the technology now to see things they couldn't before.
The signs and symptoms of basal ganglia involvement include tremors, involuntary movements, weakness and spasticity. These signs and symptoms are common in Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis.


text:
January 1, 2015
Source: Hospital Industry Data Institute
In addition to limiting access to care, women without health insurance coverage often experience lower standards of care when it is accessed, and face disparities in their health outcomes. Women who have health insurance coverage also utilize critical preventive care services such as mammographies and pap tests at significantly higher rates than women without coverage.
download file