text:
- Αφροδίσια Παπαϊωάννου
- 3 χρόνια πριν
- Προβολές:
1 PARAPLEROMATIC LUCUBRATIONS INEKE SLUITER Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton Not unlike their modern counterparts, ancient linguists like neat and all-encompassing classifications. Their main theoretical framework, the System of the parts of speech, is designed to accommodate every instance of each and every word in the process called μερισμός ('parsing'). The partes orationis were defined by a combination of formal and semantic considerations, to which essential syntactic Information could be added (as in 'adverbs tend to go with verbs')- The latter type of Information was considered part of the general semantics of a word class and tended to be confined to observations on the physical combinations of words and their equally physical positions vis-a-vis each other. The main partes were subdivided into numerous subcategories, again mostly on the strength of semantic criteria. Dionysius Thrax, for instance, enumerates 26 different types of adverbs, all of which are purely defined by their meaning, with the likely exception of the επιρρήματα μεσότητος. It is probable that the primary trait this latter group has in common is a morphological one, namely their ending in -ως. Similarly, he distinguishes eight (or nine) types of 'conjunctions', 1 all of which are defined by their function or their semantic load often the two are hard to distinguish (D. Th. 87.1ff.)- As with any System descriptive of language, the actual empirical material turned out to be recalcitrant, and to resist complete pigeonholing in terms of the partes that were distinguished. This appears from the elaborate discussions Apollonius Dyscolus devotes to the classification of probiematic words, and which he habitually inserts between his discussion of the definition, syntax and semantics of each part of speech and the more detailed discussion of the morphological characteristics of specimina belonging in each part. Such discussions are extant e.g. in his De pronominibus {pron ) and De adverbüs (adv ), while a similar section from De coniunctionibus {coni.) got lost in the lacuna after coni However, the framework of the partes orationis itself offered some room to accommodate borderline cases, in that it contained several categories which were capable of absorbing precisely those words whose meristic characteristics were less clear-cut. The adverb is probably the best example. Any word which is used in a way that sets it off from the part of speech to which it would usually be taken to belong, 1 The ancient word-class of the σύνδεσμοι encompasses both morc and less than our term 'conjunctions'. I will use the word in inverted commas to draw attention to this fact. 2 It is announced coni προσέτι και τά δόξαν έσχηκότα συνδέσμων, ού μην οντά.
2 234 INEKE SLUITER becomes an adverb 3 For instance, any dechnable word which is used in an adverbial way thereby turns into an adverb ltself (adv 120 lff) As we will see, the subclassification of the 'conjunctions' (σύνδεσμοι) contains a potential receptacle for residual cases as well, the sub-set of the σύνδεσμοι παραπληρωματικοί 4 In the followmg I will argue that the theoretical distincüon of this group of particles in antiquity develops out of the debate on whether or not 'conjunctions' have meaning, and an interest in the rhetoncal and stylistic effects of redundancy Later grammatical theory adopted the group with traces of lts background in stylistic theory shining through, and exploited lts potentidl to function as a port-manteau category in its word-class System 'Conjunctions' (σύνδεσμοι) were a recognized hnguistic category from Anstotle onwards (Poet 1456b39ff), but the subcategory of the παραπληρωματικοί was a later addition to hnguistic theory Summanzing the relatively late locus classicus on the topic (Ap Dysc com ), the group can provisionally be deftned as consisting of parücles with a Wide ränge of meamngs, but shanng the charactenstic that they are also (and even predominantly) used without any distmguishdble semantic or syntactic impact or purpose, to 'fill out' or embelhsh metre and style Their name denves from this common element, because lt is more practicable than multiplymg the number of types in an inordinate way by naming every one of these 'conjunctions' after their very diverse meamngs It is hkely that distinction of this category was facihtated by more general discussions about the question whether or not syndesmoi as a group had meaning Anstotle had categoncally denied this, 5 and traces of the debate can be found in Posidonius (apud Apollonius Dyscolus) 6 Only after a consensus had been estabhshed that the 'conjunctions' in general did have meaning, did the need anse for a separate subcategory which could deal with those mstances that to all intents and purposes did not Yet, from the beginning stylistic implications are more important than semanticosyntactic ones [Ar ] Probl XIX 20 (919a), often adduced in discussions of para pleromatic parücles, is usually interpreted as an early recognition of the non-necessary character of 'some' syndesmoi, and this is taken to refer to their semanticosyntactic quahties However, a closer look at the context reveals that this is not its 3 The adverb was called pandecies for that very reason, e g Chansius 25229ff Β cwn adverbium Stowt pandeclen vocent r.am omnia in ve capil quasi collata per saturam concessa sibi rerum vana polestate, Clemens Ars grammaüca (ed Tolkiehn) 88 17ff Hoc quoque mtuendum quod haec pars id est adverbium duo nomina habet apud Graecos id est 'epirrhema' quod interpretatur 'adverbium' et 'pandeclen' quod inlerpretatur omne dictum fthis is wrong, of course], qma omni% pars oralwms cum desinit esse quod est adverbium fit 4 Hellwig ( f) considers this category an ad hoc solution hke the vague modern class of ^parücles' Schenkeveld (1988) demonstrates lhat 'particle' is not an ancient coneept 5Poet 20,1456b38 σύνδεσμος δε εστίν φωνή άσημος, cf 1457a4 6 Com 2144ff Ποσειδωνιος εν τφ περί συνδέσμων αντιλεγων προς τους φασκοντας, ως οι σύνδεσμοι ου δηλοΰσι μεν τι, αυτό δε μόνον την φρασιν συνδεουσι [possibly the Stoic 'orthodoxy', cf D L VII 58] This is Posidomus the Stoic (13550 BC), not the grammanan, see Baratm ( n 2), Atherton ( , 306 n 77), for the passage, see Bclli (1982), Sluiter ( n 293)
3 PARAPLEROMATIC LUCUBRATIONS 235 primary intention, nor does it seem to envisage only those particles which were later styled parapleromatic. In this 'Problem', [Aristotle] is dealing with music and in particular with the nature of the tone called mese. If this tone is out of tune, the whole melody will sound unpleasant, whereas other tones would just sound unpleasant themselves under the circumstances, but would not affect the whole. The author explains this as follows: πάντα γαρ τά χρηστά μέλη πολλάκις τη μέση χρήται, και πάντες οί αγαθοί ποιηται πυκνά προς την μέσην άπαντώσιν, καν άπέλθωσι, ταχύ επανέρχονται, προς δε άλλην οΰτως ούδεμίαν. Tor all the best tunes make frequent use of the mese, and all good musicians search it out frequently, and quickly revert to it, even if they leave it, but not to any other note to the same extent' (tr. Hett, adapted). Then follows a linguistic analogy: καθάπερ έκ των λόγων ένίων έξαιρεθέντων συνδέσμων ούκ έστιν ό λόγος Ελληνικός, οίον το τέ και το καί, ένιοι δε ούθέν λυποΰσι δια το τοις μεν άναγκαΐον είναι χρήσθαι πολλάκις, εϊ έσται λόγος, τοις δε μη, οϋτω και των φθόγγων ή μέση ώσπερ σύνδεσμος έστι, και μάλιστα των καλών, δια το πλειστάκις ένυπάρχειν τον φθόγγον αύτης. 'Just as when from discourse certain "conjunctions" are removed, the language is not (good) Greek, e.g. te and kai, while others can be removed without härm (for it is necessary to use some of them frequently for there to be discourse at all, but for others that is not the case); in the same way the mese is as it were the "conjunction" of musical sounds, especially of good music, because its sound must have a very frequent place in it.' The author compares the mese to 'conjunctions' that need to be employed frequently, and are opposed to ones that can be left out without härm. The distinction is not, therefore, between αναγκαίοι and μη αναγκαίοι as such, but between 'conjunctions' that need to be employed frequently and those that do not. This is made clear by the preceding Statement about the mese which is used πολλάκις, searched out πυκνά and reverted to ταχύ. The emphasis on style is confirmed by the repeated reference to the quality of the music (πάντα τά χρηστά μέλη) and the composers (πάντες ο'ι άγαθοι ποιηταί). In the linguistic analogy, the author seems to be alluding to patterns of expectancy created by certain 'conjunctions' (e.g. τε... καί). This would mean that not only parapleromatic particles, but also e.g. 'conjunctions' like γάρ belong in the group that can be removed without making the text incoherent. When read this way, the text fits in perfectly with a whole series of early rhetorical treatises imparting stylistic advice on the audience-friendly use of syndesmoi. 1 Ί E.g. Anaximenes' Ars Rhetorica a39ff.): μετά δε συνδέομους, οΰς αν προείπης, άποδίδου τους άκολουθοΰντας. τό μεν ουν συνδέσμους άποδιδόναι τους άκολουθουντας τοιόνδε
4 236 INEKE SLUITER Their correct use will lead to clanty and Hellenismos In Anstotle's Rhetonc, the first factor contnbuting to Hellenismos IS said to consist in the nght use of σύνδεσμοι (Rhet III 5, 1407al9ff) έστι δ' αρχή της λέξεως το ελληνίζειν τοΰτο δ' εστίν έν πέντε, πρώτον μεν έν τοις συνδέσμοις, αν αποδίδω τις ώς πεφύκασι πρότεροι και ύστεροι γίγνεσθαι αλλήλων, οίον ένιοι άπαιτοΰσιν, ώσπερ ό μέν και ό έγώ μέν απαιτεί τον δέ και τον ό δε δει δε έως μεμνηται άνταποδιδόναι άλλήλοις, και μήτε μακράν άπαρταν μήτε σύνδεσμον προ συνδέσμου άποδιδόναι του αναγκαίου κτλ 'The beginmng of good style is Hellenismos, pure Greek This consists in five elements, first in the use of "conjunctions", lf one makes them correspond in their natural order of pnonty and postenonty, the way some of them require Ε g men and ego men require de and ho de They should be made to correspond to one another as long as they are still fresh in memory, and should not be made to connect at a long distance, nor should one make a different "conjunction" correspond instead of the necessary one ' The desirable quick resolution of the expectancy created by a syndesmos corresponds to the way good composers quickly revert to the mese in the Problemata The concept of the parapleromatic syndesmoi thus seems absent from the pseudo-anstotehan Problemata, although the stylistic quahties of syndesmoi in general were recognized and would eventually be helpful in their distinction (In fact, in contrast to the position taken in the Problemata, they would become the syndesmoi with a virtually exclusively stylistic impact par excellence) Neither can the παραπληρωματικοί have commanded the particular interest of the first Stoic language theonsts Their theory of the 'conjunction' was hmited to Hs logical uses for the construction of complex propositions, which are precisely defined by the type of 'conjunction'connecting their parts (D L VII71ff) By their very nature, the parapleromatic ones would escape notice in that context However, there are two conlexts that connect the Stoics with the σύνδεσμοι παραπληρωματικοί, one vaguely, the other exphcitly The first is in D L VII 67 8 Here, in the Stoic version of speech-act theory, a distinction is made between axiomata, the bearers of truth and falsity, and the form called δμοιον άξιωματι ('similar to the axiom') The latter is defined as follows εστίν εγω μεν παρεγενομην ου εφην, συ δε φασκων ηξειν ουκ ήλθες πάλιν όταν ο αυτός σύνδεσμος ακόλουθος η, οίον συ γαρ κακεινων αίτιος εγενου, και τούτων αίτιος συ, (urthcr Isocrates apud Synanus in Hermog I 28 6 R, Max Planudes, V 469 Wal/ and Joannes Sicehota, VI W = Radermacher Artium Scnptores Β XXIV 22, Spcngel, Συναγωγη τεχνών believes this to bc part of Isocrates' τέχνη ρητορική, contra Blass, Alt Beredsamk II 105, cf G Mathieu (Budo ediüon IV, 233f) 8 Professor Schcnkeveld pointed out tbe rclevancc of this text to me
5 PARAPLEROMATIC LUCUBRATIONS 237 ö τήν έκφοράν έχον άξιωματικήν παρά τίνος μορίου πλεονασμόν ή πάθος έξω πίπτει του γένους των αξιωμάτων, οίον καλός γ' ό Παρθενών ώς Πριαμίδησιν έμφερής ό βουκόλος. 'that which having the form of an axiom falls outside the class of axioms because it exceeds it by an extra word or by emotion, e.g. Beautiful indeed the Parthenon! How does the cowherdresemble Priam's sons!' 9 Note that neither the term σύνδεσμος nor that of παραπληρωματικός is used in this context. Γε certainly qualifies as a parapleromatic 'conjunction' in later theory, but ώς is an adverb. Note also that the examples are both poetic. I will return to this passage later. The second instance stems from a period in which a more general overview of grammar was extrapolated from Stoic work on logic, and attempts were being made to provide language descriptions with a claim to exhaustiveness. In that context, we know that the Stoic Chaeremon (a teacher of Nero's), who wrote on 'conjunctions', devoted some attention to the question of the classification of the parapleromatic 'conjunctions' in view of their alleged lack of meaning. 10 It would seern that by this period 'conjunctions' as such were agreed to have meaning the subcategories in Dionysius Thrax are after all semantic or functional in nature. It was the subcategory of the parapleromatic 'conjunctions' that had become the focus for discussion of the problematic notion of absence of meaning. This aspect was then combined with an element inherited from earlier Peripatetic observations on the class of 'conjunctions' as a whole, namely an interest in the rhetorical and stylistic function of these syndesmoi. The earliest attestations of the use of παραπληρωματικοί date from the Ist cent. BC. We know that both Tyrannio (early J st cent. BC) and Trypho (contemporary of Augustus) discussed this class. P. Yale 1.25 (Ist cent. AD) lists it as one of the classes of the σύνδεσμοι. The discussions by Tyrannio and Trypho suggest that Dionysius Thrax indeed knew this sub-category, although the part of his Techne that contains its description amply postdates him. His description does not ascribe any meaning to this category, but neither does it define them by the absence of meaning. Rather, it describes them in functional terms as being used μέτρου ή κόσμου ένεκεν 'for the sake of metre or ornament' (D. Th. 96.3f.). Many ancient Interpreters connect this view on the παραπληρωματικοί with the clause in Dionysius' over-all definition of σύνδεσμοι (D. Th. 86.3f.): 9 Cf. Schenkcveld (1984: 303, 307, 315). 10 Chaeremon: Ap. Dysc. coni
6 238 INEKE SLUITER (Σύνδεσμός έστι λέξις συνδέουσα διάνοιαν μετά τάξεως) και το της ερμηνείας κεχηνός δηλοΰσα. (v.l. πληρούσα) '(Α "conjunction" is a word that connects the thought while expressing order,) and it indicates (or: fills) the hiatus of the language' They take it that το κεχηνός refers to the collision of two vowels, which is judged to be a stylistically unpleasant effect, and that the παραπληρωματικοί are the subgroup that performs this syndesmic function par excellence. The alternative and more sophisticated (but also more far-fetched) ancient Interpretation is that the last clause of the definition allows the inclusion of the διαζευκτικοί or disjunctive 'conjunctions'. These syndesmoi 'conjunct' on the formal level, but their meaning is to exclude, to separate off. It can however be described as 'filling/indicating the gaps of discourse', in the sense that they make the connection of thought explicit. 11 Baratin (1989: 38) generalizes the apphcabihty of the clause και τό της ερμηνείας κεχηνός δηλοΰσα, interpreted along these lines, to all types of conjunctions. 12 I find his reading convincing as an attempt at a charitable and maximizing interpretation, but will concentrate in what follows on the ancient views, which predominantly take the more obvious route and understand the clause as referring to hiatus. The use of parapleromatic particles smoothens and remedies the harshness created by hiatus, and renders the language more euphonic. Of the technical grammarians, notably Trypho is of this opinion, and he famously compared parapleromatic 'conjunctions' with 'padding (στοιβή) to prevent jarring and breaking of amphoras'. 13 When Apollomus Dyscolus is descnbing this euphonic use of 'conjunctions', he compares it to that of the ephelcustic -v-. Interestingly, the use of such a -v- is referred to in pron as: σαφές δτι τό χασμώδες των φωνηέντων άναπληρών τη τοΰ ν προσθέσει (sc. Homerus) 'clearly filhng out the hiatus of the vowels by the addition of the nu\ 11 See Uhlig ad D Th , and e g. Seh. D Th ; *2 He 5>eems unaware of the anticipaüon of his Interpretation by the Scholiast on D. Th ff 13 Ap. Dysc. com ; 253.2; 253.9f In Apollomus is clearly alluding to Trypho's descnpüon of these 'conjunctions' as 'padding', showmg that he denves his own views on their euphonic use from him (although he rejeets the view that a whole part of speech should owe US existence to none other than euphonic reasons). Cf ff, esp (Trypho) υπέρ τοί> τά της φράσεως μή τραχύνεσθαι. Apollomus Claims that Trypho added a clause to his definition of the σύνδεσμοι as a group in order to be able to include these meamngless particles, which do not slnctly speakmg do any 'connecting' The clause he mentions is και τό κεχηνός της ερμηνείας έστιν οπού παραπληρών, com Γ, alluded to in synt f. on the parapleromatic conjunctions άναπληροΰν τό κεχηνός της ερμηνείας. Noüce the resemblance with the Dionysian formulation. Baratin 1989: 35 has claimed that the form of the clause (with the masculine parüciple παραπληρών) makes it unlikely that it actually belonged in the definition of the whole pars orationis, since in that case one would have expected either a feminine form to correspond with λέξις, or a neuter to correspond with μέρος λόγου This is very mgenious, but one cannot exclude the possibihty that Apollomus' quotation has undergone 'grammaticalizaüon of the lemma', which would lypically yield the nominative masculine (cf. Tosi 1988).
7 PARAPLEROMATIC LUCUBRATIONS 239 thus illustrating how naturally this Interpretation fits in with normal linguistic usage. Indeed, there can be no doubt that the natural reading of το χασμώδες and το κεχηνός is that it refers to hiatus between vowels. 14 The avoidance of hiatus takes us straight back to stylistics. This fits right in with the fact that some of our earliest testimonies for the παραπληρωματικοί (as opposed, this time, to the group of syndesmoi as a whole) also take the form of stylistic recommendations. Protesting against their idle use, pseudo-demetrius prescribes them only if one wants to produce an effect of grandeur (Eloc. 55ff.): Τοις δε παραπληρωματικούς συνδέσμοις χρηστέον ούχ ώς προσθήκαις κεναις και οίον προσφύμασιν ή παραξύσμασιν, ώσπερ τίνες τω δή χρώνται προς ουδέν και τω νυ και τω πρότερον, άλλ' αν συμβάλλωνταί τι τω μεγέθει τοΰ λόγου... 'One should use the parapleromatic "conjunctions" not as empty additions, and as it were as abnormal growths or superfluous polishing, the way de and nu and proteron are sometimes used without a purpose, but only if they contribute something to the grandeur of the language' One way of doing this is to use δη to amplify the beginning of a Statement this emphasizes the divide between two Statements and makes for a dignified impression {Eloc. 56). Another function of the particle δή is to invest discourse with pathos (Eloc. 57). Pseudo-Demetrius refers to Praxiphanes, a Student of Theophrastus', who is scornful of those who προς ουδέν άναπληροΰντες... τον σύνδεσμον ('use the "conjunction" as an idle filier') (Eloc. 58). This is another indication of the stylistic interest taken in 'conjunctions' in general in the Peripatos, but although the context is suggestive, it cannot be proven that Praxiphanes was thinking of the parapleromatic 'conjunctions', identified as a separate group. Praxiphanes is not pseudo-demetrius. He compares the idle use of words like νυ, but also like πρότερον, with actors' interpolations of interjections like φευ and αϊ eil used extra metrum. (In fact, such a bad use of these syndesmoi would probably make them fall outside the scope of Dionysius Thrax' definition, since they do not üll out the metre at all, but ruin it in a way.) In general, the whole context as far as it can be made out from the poor transmission emphasizes not the mere fact of άναπληροΰν, or of being a προσθήκη, but the use of προσθηκαι κενού (Eloc. 55), προς ουδέν (58) or μάτην (58). Such a usage violates the rhetorical requirement of το πρέπον, and this is confirmed by the use of έπρεψεν in 57 for an acceptable use of the same particle. The text in pseudo-demetrius rewards further analysis. The terms πρόσφυμα and παράξυσμα have no parallels in a stylistic context. Both are used metaphorically, much like στοιβή 'padding' was in Trypho, a πρόσφυμα being any kind of growth 14 Cf. c.g. Seh. D. Th lff.: και εκθλιψις μεν έστιν, ήνίκα ευρέθη λέξις εις φωνήεν ή φωνήεντα καταλήγουσα, της έπιφερομένης λέξεως άπό φωνήεντος ή άπό φωνηέντων αρχομένης τότε γάρ <διά> το χασμώδες και κεχηνωδες εκθλίβεται το τέλος της προηγουμένης λέξεως. Clearly, we are dealing with well-established technical terminology here.
8 240 INEKE SLUITER that is 'in addition to (the natural constitution?)' (προς), 15 while παράξυσμα may either mean 'extra scratches, extra letters', 16 or maybe 'a result of excessive polishing'. 17 Παρά- in παράξυσμα points at the undue, excessive or redundant nature of the polishing. All three terms, προσθήκη, πρόσφυμα and παράξυσμα underline by their pseudo-etymologizing the essential redundancy of the παρα-πληρωματικός. Whereas compounds of πληρόω are routinely used to denote syntactic or semantic completion, i.e. the necessary completion of a semantic and syntactic structure, a παραπληρωματικός does its 'filling out' over and above what is strictly speaking required or necessary in those respects. Unlike πρόσφυμα and παράξυσμα, προσθήκη resonates widely in the field of stylistics. Dionysius of Halicarnassus describes a certain κώλον in Plato as an unfortunate προσθήκη, since it is neither necessary (αναγκαία) nor used 'for the sake of beauty, or another form of additional ornamentation.' 18 These possibilities are resumed a little later as μήτε του αναγκαίου χάριν... μήτε τοΰ περιττού. 19 These are the only two acceptable forms of προσθήκη. Otherwise, an addition turns into άκαιρία, 'bad timing, bad taste'. Clearly, the word 'redundant' (περιττός) by itself does not exclude a contribution to beautification, as did the pseudo-demetrian qualification προς ουδέν. Further, προσθήκαι are a stock-issue in the context of the theory of the three styles. Firstly, the sublime or severe style (αυστηρά αρμονία) is not served by additions that smoothen stylistic ruggedness, since that is the very core characteristic of this style. Its aim is not to be periodical, so it avoids προσθηκαι that do not contribute to the sense. 20 Interestingly, the same concept is also expressed using παραπλήρωμα (D. Η. Dem ff.): (the severe style uses asymmetrical periods), μηδέ γε παραπληρώμασι τών ονομάτων ούκ άναγκαίοις ώς προς την ύποκειμένην διάνοιαν χρωμένας 'without using filier words that are not necessary for the underlying meaning' 15 One is strongly reminded of Seh. D. Th Π"., explaimng why the Stoics had not recogmzed the adverb as a separate pari of speech: τά γάρ επιρρήματα ούτε λόγου οΰτε άριθμοΰ ήξίωσαν, παραφυάδι και έπιφυλλίδι αυτά παρεικάσαντες. Έπιφυλλίς refers lo the small grapes left for gleaners; it was used metaphoncally for bad poets in Ar. Ran. 92 (cf. n. 17), quoted in D. H. Ars Rhet. X 18 to desenbe epilogues in a deprecatmg way after first having called ihem a sort of dessen after the main meal. The compound with έπι-may again have been found attractive for a descnption of επιρρήματα, even though H is precisely demed that the Stoics recogm/ed those words as a separate part of speech. Παραφυάς 'side-growth' is an interesting parallel for πρόσφυμα, the more so since at least one of the examples cited by Dcmetnus decidedly looks like an adverb (πρότερον), see below. **" Ξύσματα = γράμματα, Hsch. 17 Rather lhan the 'fihngs' or 'shavings'. Cf. for the metaphor Cic. Brut. 93; Hör. Ars 291; Ov. TV (ultima hma); Quint An interesting verbal parallel is Ar. Ran. 881 (cf. n 15) παραπρίσματά τ' επών ('sawdust, sawn-off bits', Dover α l), whcre ihe παρά- Clement seems less emphatic than in παράξυσμα. 18 Κάλλους... ή τών αλλων τινός τών επιθέτων ένεκα κόσμων, Dem ff. 19 D.H.Dem f. 2 D. Η. CV : (αυστηρά αρμονία)... οΰτε προσθήκαις τισιν ονομάτων, ίνα ό κύκλος έκπλτ]ρωθ% μηδέν ώφελούσαις τον νουν χρωμένη οϋτε κτλ.
9 PARAPLEROMATIC LUCUBRATIONS 241 The αυστηρά αρμονία is όλιγοσύνδεσμος and άναρθρος. 21 And it even cultivates hiatus. 22 Grandeur (μέγεθος) is one of the intended effects of the grand style. Longinus (De subl. 21.2) points out that 'syndesmoi and other προσθήκαι' detract from pathetic effects that sit well with this style partly disagreeing with pseudo- Demetrius (Ehe. 57, see above). The Stoic Speech act δμοιον άξιώματι, defined by the presence of a redundant word or of πάθος and illustrated by poetic examples (see above p. 236), hovers at the intersection of logic and the type of stylistic observations discussed here. The poetic examples indicate that construetions that are directly relevant to logic are being supplemented (in order to arrive at something like an exhaustive description) by material drawn from the common stock of the Student of language and literature, namely poetry. An emphasis on the presence of redundancy vis-a-vis the regulär axiom in this speeifie type is confirmed by Sextus Empiricus' description of the same type of sentence as πλέον τι αξιώματος (Μ. 8.73). In both cases, however, the formal observation is made subservient to a general focus on logic: the speech act is defined with direct reference to the αξίωμα pure and simple, the bearer of truth and falsity and the central speech-act type in Stoic logic. 23 Α prudent conclusion would be that the Stoics' wide Interpretation of the scope of their dialectic led them to make observations on form and style over and above the requirements of logic, thus providing Stimuli for later students of linguistic phenomena, who emphasized the stylistic side and downplayed that of logic. To return to προσθήκαι and stylistic theory, in the elegant style (αρμονία γλαφυρά) προσθήκαι are useful and necessary to achieve the füll intended stylistic effect. This style strives after ηδονή and κάλλος rather than rugged grandeur, and προσθήκαι that are not strictly speaking necessary for the sense contribute to that purpose. 24 Again, προσθήκη may be replaced with its synonym παραπλήρωμα. 25 Secondly, a pleasant effect is contrived by euphony, 26 and again προσθήκαι are a helpful tool. 27 And thirdly, the αρμονία γλαφυρά avoids hiatus by adding words that again are not strictly speaking necessary, but prevent roughness (D. H. Dem ff.): 21 D. H. CV22.98.lf.; ct. Dem ff. 22 2^ D. H.Dem ff. Albert Rijksbaron pointed out to me that in the sentence 'how likc Priam's sons the cowherd is' the truth of the undcrlying axioma is presupposed in that sense the sentence truly conveys 'morc lhan an axioma'. This is true and relevant. However, it only goes for the examples with ώς, not for those with γε. 24 D. H. CV ff.: αλλά μήν ότι γε καϊ μετασκευής δέχεται τ<5ν κώλων ενια τοτέ μεν προσοήκας λαμβάνοντα ούκ αναγκαίας ώς προς τόν νουν, τοτέ δέ αφαιρέσεις ατελή ποιούσας την διάνοιαν, άς ούκ άλλου τινός ένεκα ποιοΰσι ποιηταί τε και συγγραφείς ή της αρμονίας, 'ίν' ήδεια και καλή γένηται, πάνυ ολίγου δεΐν οΐομαι λόγου. 2 * D. Η. CV f.: τις ούκ αν φα'ιη παραπληρώματι λέξεως ούκ άναγκοάω προσηρανίσθαν, (sc. a period from Plato). 26 D. H. Dem CV 102f., 67.5ff.: παραπληρώμασιν εύφώνοις.
10 242 INEKE SLUITER και δήτα και παρεμβάλλειν αΰ ταΐς <άναγκαίαις> τινάς ετέρας λέξεις υπομένει προς τον ύποκείμενον νουν ούτ' αναγκαίας ούτ 1 'ίσως χρησίμας, δεσμού δέ τίνος ή κόλλης τάξιν ταΐς πρό αυτών καϊ μετ' αύτάς κειμέναις όνομασίαις παρεξομένας, 'ίνα μή συναπτόμενοι προς άλλήλας αί καταλήγουσαί τε εις τραχύ γράμμα και αϊ την αρχήν άπό τίνος τοιούτου λαμβάνουσαι σπαδονισμούς των ήχων ποιώσι καί άντιτυπίας, τη δέ παρεμπιπτούση λέξει προσαναπαυόμεναι μαλακούς φαίνεσθαι ποιωσι τους ήχους και συνεχείς. 'Indeed, [the smooth style] is quite prepared to allow unnecessary words to be added to the necessary which contribute nothing to the underlying sense, and perhaps have no useful purpose, but are intended to serve as a sort of connection or bonding between what precedes and what follows, so that words ending and words beginning with rough letters may not clash, choking the sound and producing dissonance. The intervening phrase provides a rest and makes the sound appear soft and unbroken', tr. Usher Dionysius proceeds to State that in this style the aim is 'to draw and weave together (συσπασθήναι, συνυφάνθαι) all the members of the period, achieving the impression of one continuous sound-stream (μιας λέξεως)' (ibid ff.). 28 The description sounds as a paraphrase of the concept of the σύνδεσμος παραπληρωματικός: τταρεμβάλλειν and παρεμπιπτούστ\; the fact that they do not make a necessary contribution to the meaning; and the function of the intercalated words as δεσμός and κόλλα. The description of how roughness is avoided is also reminiscent of Trypho's view of these words as 'padding'. 29 However, there is no compelling evidence that Dionysius has the restricted group of the παραπληρωματικοί in mind, and rather a lot of circumstantial evidence to suggest that he does not There is a faint echo of Aristotle's description of the λέξις είρομένη as συνδέσμω μία (Rhet. III 9, 1409a24f.; cf. the frequent description of the Iliad as a λόγος lhat is συνδέσμφ εις, e.g. Met. Β 4, 10301)10; Η 6, 1045al3; Poet. 20, 1457a29), but in the casc of D. H. wc are dealing with an effect of sound rather than strueture, and as such it is incorporated in a description of the periodie, not the concatenated, style. 29 Cf. also τραχύ (216.3); σπαδονισμούς, άντιτυπίας, (216.4Γ). 30 Schenkeveld (1983: 71f.) lists the uses of σύνδεσμος in D. H. Although D. H. is familiär with the term, he uses it in a rather loosc way; thus it can include prepositions like έπί and έν (Schenkeveld 1983: 74). Schenkeveld docs not discuss D.H.'s usc of sub-groups of 'conjunetions', because there is none. The combinalion σύνδεσμος παραπληρωματικός does not oecur. In fact, all his uses of παραπλήρωμα and προσθήκη suggest that they express a more general stylistic phenomenon, and are not connected with a speeifie type of 'conjunclion' as a technical term. The more general usage of δεσμός and κόλλα in Aristotlc also points in this direction. Δεσμός and κόλλα are two of the means by which unity is achieved, e.g. Ar. Met. Ζ 2, 1042bl6ff. (συνθέσει, κράσει, δεσμφ, κόλλη., γόμφω); Met. Ι 1, 1052a24 οσα κόλλη. ή γόμφφ ή συνδέσμφ. Interestingly, these metaphors are pickcd up and applied to all the lesser parts of speech by Ammonius In Ar. int., CAG IV ff.: ώσπερ γαρ της νεώς α'ι μεν σανίδες είσϊ τά κυρίως μέρη, γόμφοι δέ καί λίνον καί πίττα συνδέσεως αυτών και της τοΰ ολου ενώσεως ένεκα παραλαμβάνονται, τον αυτόν τρόπον κάν τω λόγω σύνδεσμοι και αρθρα και προθέσεις καϊ αυτά τά επιρρήματα γόμφων τινών χρείαν άποπληροΰσι; cf. 13.3ff. Obviously, in none of these cases docs the application of the metaphor envisage (he parapleromatics.
11 PARAPLEROMATIC LUCUBRATIONS 243 Undue application of these stylistic devices to produce a fully periodic style at all cost and irrespective of whether the subject-matter lends itself to it can lead to criticism, which Isocrates in particular comes in for (D. H. Isoc ff.)- ού γαρ άπαντα δέχεται ούτε μήκος το αυτό οΰτε σχήμα τό παραπλήσιον ούτε ρυθμόν τον 'ίσον. ώστε ανάγκη παραπληρώμασι λέξεων ουδέν ώφελουσών χρήσθαι και άπομηκύνειν πέρα του χρησίμου τον λόγον. 'For not everything lends itself to the same length or a similar form or the same rhythm. And so it becomes necessary to use fillers of words that do not have any use, and to draw out the speech over and above what is useful' Now, if we compare the texts adduced so far, it becomes clear that the παραπληρωματικοί σύνδεσμοι were associated particularly closely with a stylistic function that could also be fulfilled by other parts of speech or even whole phrases: if applied well, if fills out the sentence, not by the necessary completion of the thought, but by making it smoother, remedying hiatus, and providing supple transitions. Thus, it is the sub-group of the παραπληρωματικοί, rather than the σύνδεσμοι as a whole, that becomes the focus for remarks on absence of meaning. Our texts make it equaliy clear that the delimitation of the group must have been vague originally, when παραπλήρωμα was a general stylistic qualification for a word (group) that was strictly speaking redundant. 31 Of the 'literary critics', only pseudo- Demetrius uses the terminus technicus παραπληρωματικός σύνδεσμος. And in fact, corrupt transmission of pseudo-demetrius was promptly assumed to get rid of the example πρότερον. But again, a comparison with the other stylistic criticisms seems to suggest differently: when Longinus points out that it is hard to convey πάθος when the style is being made smoother by συνδέσμων και των άλλων προσθηκών, the sentence he quotes as an example contains words like και μήν, and γε μήν, but also πρώτον μέν, είτα δε, and another εΐτα (21.1). In Lucian's harangue against Atticism, Lexiphanes, the main character is given an emetic to get rid of his redundant Atticistic phrases, which include μών, κ$τα, δήπουθεν and άττα. 32 While later theory does not call these words σύνδεσμοι παραπληρωματικοί, it will point out that they are redundant. Common terms are παρέλκειν, πλεονάζειν, αργός, έκ περιττού, περιττός, περιττεύειν, κενός, κενώς προσκέΐσθαι, 33 έκ πλήθους In Seh. D. Th ff. παραπλήρωμ,α is one in a series of stylisüc/rhetorical phenomena, and it is described as: φράσις ή λέξις έκ περισσού λαμβανομένη, ώς τό <Β 493> άρχους αΰ νηών έρέω νηάς τε προπάσας ή γαρ πρό παρέλκει. Note that preposition and prepositional prefixes were considered σύνδεσμοι προθετικοί by the Sloics. Traces of this usage can be seen in D. H., cf. previous note. 32 Μών, κ τα: both are σύνδεσμοι άπορρηματικοί in D. Th. (94.2Γ.); Ap. Dysc. coni ff. (μών = διαπορητικός and contains οΰν παραπληρωματικός; κ<$τα= used instead of και or it is διαπορητικός, although there is some discussion about its Status. It could also be an adverb, since it contains είτα (so Trypho)). 33 Hipp. In Aratum 156.4; 8f. (ed. Manitius, BT) - προσαναπλήρωμα. 34 Cf. Ruijgh (1971: 60); Ruijgh points out that παραπληρωματικός is not synonymous with these lerms, which always denote redundancy in a certain context, i.e. as an accidental feature, while παραπληρωματικός is used as a classificatory term (1971: 65). The two exceptions where τε is
12 244 INEKE SLUITER Elink Sterk has collected all the words whose redundant use has been noted by ancient Greek scholiasts, glossographers and Atticists (II 41ff.). Among the examples we find είτα, έπεί, έπειτα, δήπου, δήθεν, as well as numerous other σύνδεσμοι and adverbs, but also a word like άττα, singled out by Lucian. 35 Again, while there may often be critical overtones in designating the use of a word 'redundant', the terms as such do not exclude the possibility that their effect is to beautify the language. 36 Thus, there is a long-standing stylistic awareness of the incidental ornamental, meaningless use of words that do signify in other contexts. If their ornamental effect is doubted, such a use constitutes a stylistic faux-pas. The part of speech in which this phenomenon was observed to occur most frequently was the conjunction. Even after it had been established that conjunctions in general are not meaningless (like Aristotle had contended), but express the relationships which have a reality of their own between states of affairs (Stoa), 37 the discussion about meaningless words still naturally gravitated towards this part of speech, but it concentrated on a sub-group, the παραπληρωματικοί. Apollonius Dyscolus still feels the necessity of vigorously combating a majority view that these words have no meaning at all. 38 Supporters of that idea may have feit backed up by the very name of the sub-group, but Apollonius explains the name as a simple matter of classificatory convenience. There is no point in endlessly increasing the number of subcategories, each covering a sub-set of possibly one word only. The System of grammar should be kept simple, elegant and easy to memorize. These words have meaning, but they are rarely used for that. Usually, their euphonic function explains their appearance, without their making any contribution to the meaning; even so they are useful, and this is the use they are named for. 39 Apollonius' parallel for this terminological solution of convenience is the word υποτακτικός for 'subjunctive': this mode expresses a number of semantic values, but the common formal characteristic of always following a σύνδεσμος determines the name. 40 called παραπληρωματικός, are Ap. Dysc. adv ; Seh. Hom. Ο 124 (Ruijgh 1971: 68f.). Note that Elink Sterk is confused about the use of έκ πλήρους, which does not mcan that the word used is redundant, but that it is spelled in scriptio plena, i.e. without apocope (e.g. II 48 γε, not γ'; 66 τε, not τ'). 35 Είτα: Seh. on Aristoph. PL 79, Elink Sterk II 51; αττα: Harpocration etc., Elink Sterk II Cf. e.g. the use of περιττός signaled above (p. 240), in D. H. Dem f.; cf. D. H. CV ff.: τίς γαρ ούκ αν όμολογήσαι τήνδε μεν την λέξιν ην ό Δημοσθένης εΐρηκε προσθήκη πλεονάζειν ούκ αναγκαία της αρμονίας ένεκα; cf χαριέστερον. 37 Frede (1977: 74), (1978: 62ff., 65f.), Atherton (1993: 302ff.). 38 Αρ. Dysc. coni ff. 39 Coni ff. It should be pointed out that Elink Sterk's otherwise useful contribution is fundamentally vitiated by his view that a word without meaning cannot have anything to contribute Iß the beauty of a text (better: Jahn 1847: 37ff.; Kroon 1995: 37 n. 6). Thcrefore, hc refuses to allow that the παραπληρωματικοί, even if just used qua παραπληρωματικοί (i.e. prccisely in the cases where the name is not a misnomer), can be meaningless. 40 Ap. Dysc. synt 'f.; D. H. also knows this principlc in naming the elements and the three styles: they are never pure, but are named after the dominating characteristic, ώνόμασται δ' έκαστον αυτών κατά τό πλεονάζον, Dem ff.
13 PARAPLEROMATIC LUCUBRATIONS 245 I began this article by pointing out that the ancient meristic System allowed room for residual cases: the class of adverbs formed a natural receptacle for them, and within the class of the syndesmoi, so did the parapleromatic ones. All syndesmoi which would otherwise have formed a semantic class of their own fitted into this category. In this way it contributed to the economy of the System. The reason why parapleromatic uses of the syndesmos were not classified as adverbs is clear. Μερισμός is primarily decided on the ground of meaning. 41 If a word incidentally behaves as if it belonged to a different word class, that instance will be classified accordingly. But parapleromatic uses of the syndesmos do not have any distinguishable meaning at all, and therefore retain their classification, as would happen with any other pleonastically used part of speech. The difference is that with other words pleonastic use is the exception, while here it is the rule, to the point where the whole sub-group is named for this use. Chaeremon allows the formal behaviour of these words (i.e. the fact that they are homonyms of regularly signifying 'conjunctions') to be the determining factor in their μερισμός. 42 Apollonius strengthens this argument by putting their redundant use on a par with that of any other part of speech, and pointing out that incidental redundancy is never a reason to assign a word to a different part of speech (coni ff.). He then proves that every σύνδεσμος παραπληρωματικός is also used in a meaningful way (coni lff.), thus putting this sub-group firmly in the realm of the normal and regulär. In this contribution I looked at the grammatical class of the σύνδεσμοι παραπληρωματικοί from a specific angle. Two factors contributed to its development. One is that discussions about whether or not conjunctions have meaning were replaced with or focused on the question of whether or not this specific residual group had any. Here I emphasized the economy of the grammatical System, which has its own requirements that can take precedence over linguistic realities. The other factor is the discussion about the stylistic impact of conjunctions. Here, too, we observed a shift from early rhetorical admonitions about the most effective use of corresponding syndesmoi to an interest in an issue that directly affected the distinction of the parapleromatics: the rhetorical and stylistic interest in redundancy and its effects. This was an old issue, but here too, the focus had to be narrowed. Virtually any word or even phrase could be used redundantly, but it seemed especially relevant in the case of the syndesmoi, if no longer for the whole group, then certainly for this sub-set that even got to derive its name from it. Not only particles, but also articles can be parapleromatic. They are not necessary, but hopefully they contribute to μέτρον, κόσμος or both of the book they are helping to fill. Certainly there can be no ακαιρία in their expressing their admiration for the author of the Odyssey around epic τε. 41 Sluitcr (1990: 64). Ap. Dysc. pron. 67.6: ού γάρ φωνοίίς μεμέριστοα τά τοΰ λόγου μέρη, σημαινομένοις δέ. 4 2 Apud Ap. Dysc. coni. 248-lff.
14 246 INEKE SLUITER Bibliography Atherton, C The Stoics on Ambiguity. Cambridge Baratin, M La naissance de la syntaxe ά Rome. Paris Belli, G 'Aristotele e Posidonio sul significato del "syndesmos"'. Aevum 61, Elink Sterk, J.W 'Grammatica Zetemata - De Parapleromaticis'. Symbolae Literariae 7, 3-63 [=1]; 8, 3-71 [=11] Frede, M 'The Origins of Traditional Grammar'. In: R.E. Butts and J. Hintikka (eds), Historical and Philosophical Dimensions of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science. Dordrecht, pp 'Principles of Stoic Grammar'. In: J.M. Rist (ed.), The Stoics. Berkeley- Los Angeles-London, pp Hellwig, A 'Zur Funktion und Bedeutung der griechischen Partikeln'. Glotta 52, Jahn, C.F Grammaticorum graecorum de coniunctionibus doctrina. Greifswald Kroon, CM Discourse Particles in Latin. Α Study o/nam, enim, autem, vero and at. Amsterdam Ruijgh, C.J., 1971 Autour de 'τε epique'. Etudes sur la syntaxe grecque. Amsterdam Schenkeveld, D.M 'Linguistic Theories in the Rhetorical Works of Dionysius of Halicarnassus'. Glotta 61, 'Studies in the History of Ancient Linguistics II. Stoic and Peripatetic Kinds of Speech Act and the Distinction of Grammatical Moods'. Mnemosyne 37, 'From Particula to Particle - the Genesis of a Class of Words'. In: I. Rosier (ed.), L'horitage des grammairiens latins de l'antiquite aux lumiires. Actes du Colloque de Chantilly, 2-4 septembre Paris, pp Sluiter, I Ancient Grammar in Context. Contributions to the Study of Ancient Linguistic Thought. Amsterdam Tosi, R Studi sulla tradizione indiretta dei classici greci. Bologna
Attica. Intermediate Classical Greek. Readings, Review, and Exercises. Cynthia L. Claxton. University of California, Irvine. New Haven & London
Attica Intermediate Classical Greek Readings, Review, and Exercises Cynthia L. Claxton University of California, Irvine New Haven & London Copyright 2014 by Yale University. All rights reserved. This bookΔιαβάστε περισσότερα
Histos Working Papers 2011.03 INTERTEXTUALITY AND EXEMPLA * Author s Note: I have included my paper from the APA Seminar here, although most of the material covered here can now be found in my The RhetoricΔιαβάστε περισσότερα
Philosophy and Spectatorship. Competitive and Non-Competitive Virtues in Pre-Platonic Conceptions of sophia and philosophia
Printed in: Philosophy, Competition, and the Good Life (Proc. 1st World Olympic Congress of Philosophy, Spetses 2004), ed. by K. Boudouris and K. Kalimpsis, Athens: Ionia 2005, Vol. II, p. 131-141 SlightlyΔιαβάστε περισσότερα
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, LIFELONG LEARNING AND RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS CENTRE FOR THE GREEK LANGUAGE. Thessaloniki
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, LIFELONG LEARNING AND RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS CENTRE FOR THE GREEK LANGUAGE Guide to the examination for the certificate of attainment in Greek Thessaloniki 1 This booklet was writtenΔιαβάστε περισσότερα
Charilaos N. Michalopoulos
century. 2 Before I start with Kasdaglis translation, it would be useful to make an overview of Literary transfers and cross-cultural exchanges in the Greek speaking world at the turn of the 20th century:Διαβάστε περισσότερα
Τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον What Does This Mean?
Posted 25 th June 2012 The following is a section of a chapter for a new Book on the Diachronic Approach to exegeting New Testament problems. Τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον What Does This Mean? In the LordΔιαβάστε περισσότερα
Mycenaean Onomastics, Poetic Phraseology and Indo-European Comparison: The Man s Name pu 2 -ke-qi-ri*
Mycenaean Onomastics, Poetic Phraseology and Indo-European Comparison: The Man s Name pu 2 -ke-qi-ri* Summary JOSÉ L. GARCÍA RAMÓN Universität zu Köln 1. Interpreting Mycenaean proper names: perfect correspondencesΔιαβάστε περισσότερα
Editorial Team Nelly Kalliga Stella Bochori Sarah Yu. ISBN: 978-960-6895-18-0 978-960-6895-17-3 Teacher s. Παραγωγή - Copyright Supercourse Publishing
Editorial Team Nelly Kalliga Stella Bochori Sarah Yu ISBN: 978-960-6895-18-0 978-960-6895-17-3 Teacher s Παραγωγή - Copyright Supercourse Publishing Πληροφορίες - Παραγγελίες Τηλ. Κέντρο: 23310 73777 Αθήνα:Διαβάστε περισσότερα
Chapter 7. PLUSES AND MINUSES CREATING OR IMPROVING RHETORICAL FIGURES
Chapter 7. PLUSES AND MINUSES CREATING OR IMPROVING RHETORICAL FIGURES With one of the most beautiful poetic parts of Scripture before him, the Greek translator of the book of Isaiah was faced with a challengingΔιαβάστε περισσότερα
Ιερός Λόγος: An Esoteric Mythos. A Translation Of And A Commentary On The Third Tractate Of The Corpus Hermeticum
Ιερός Λόγος: An Esoteric Mythos A Translation Of And A Commentary On The Third Tractate Of The Corpus Hermeticum A Pagan And Esoteric Mythos While the title - Ιερός Λόγος - of the third tractate of theΔιαβάστε περισσότερα
Η Δικαστηριακή Διερμηνεία σε Ελληνικό και Διεθνές Επίπεδο
Τει Hπειρου Τμήμα Διοίκησης Επιχειρήσεων Η Δικαστηριακή Διερμηνεία σε Ελληνικό και Διεθνές Επίπεδο Εξελίξεις & Προοπτικές Επιστημονική Επιμέλεια: Ελευθερία Δογορίτη & Θεόδωρος Βυζάς Legal InterpretingΔιαβάστε περισσότερα
Basic Hellenistic Greek Morphology
Basic Hellenistic Greek Morphology Rodney A. Whitacre Copyright 2011 This review is a handout I have used with students for a number of years. I have also prepared parsing practice exercises with an answerΔιαβάστε περισσότερα
fonts The Design and Use of a Multiple- Alphabet Font with Ω
The Design and Use of a Multiple- Alphabet Font with Ω abstract The Ω project aims to offer open and flexible means for typesetting different scripts. By working at several different levels, it is possibleΔιαβάστε περισσότερα
The Design and Use of a Multiple-Alphabet Font with Ω
The Design and Use of a Multiple-Alphabet Font with Ω Yannis Haralambous 1 and John Plaice 2 1 Atelier Fluxus Virus, 187, rue Nationale, 59800 Lille, France. Email: email@example.com 2 School of ComputerΔιαβάστε περισσότερα
ΛΥΧΝΟΣ A GREEK ORTHODOX PERIODICAL FOR YOUNG PEOPLE. Volume 28, Issue 4 JUNE 2013 JULY 2013. The Foremost Apostles Peter and Paul
ΛΥΧΝΟΣ «Λύχνος τοῖς ποσί μου ὁ νόμος σου καὶ φῶς ταῖς τρίβοις μου» Ψαλμ 118, 105 A GREEK ORTHODOX PERIODICAL FOR YOUNG PEOPLE Volume 28, Issue 4 JUNE 2013 JULY 2013 The Foremost Apostles Peter and PaulΔιαβάστε περισσότερα
The Anaphora and the Thanksgiving Prayer from the Barcelona Papyrus: An Underestimated Testimony to the Anaphoral History in the Fourth Century
Vigiliae Christianae 62 (2008) 467-504 Vigiliae Christianae www.brill.nl/vc The Anaphora and the Thanksgiving Prayer from the Barcelona Papyrus: An Underestimated Testimony to the Anaphoral History inΔιαβάστε περισσότερα
GCE. Classics: Classical Greek. Mark Scheme for June 2013. Advanced Subsidiary GCE Unit F371: Classical Greek Language
GCE Classics: Classical Greek Advanced Subsidiary GCE Unit F371: Classical Greek Language Mark Scheme for June 2013 Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations OCR (Oxford Cambridge and RSA) is a leading UKΔιαβάστε περισσότερα
Greek Year 1. Notes on a beginners evening class for Modern Greek
Notes on a beginners evening class for Modern Greek Dave Green 2007 Contents Introduction 4 Term 1 5 Alphabet and pronunciation guide 5 Numbers - Αριθµόι 6 The Week - η Εβδοµάδα 7 Articles 7 GreetingsΔιαβάστε περισσότερα
Feb. 9, Wed. Feb. 11, Fri.
Feb. 9, Wed. In TV translate Nine A-B. In GE read about usage of the dative (#190, pp. 179-80) and about time phrases (#191, p. 181). Be able to conjugate the aorist infinitives (1 st & 2 nd, active andΔιαβάστε περισσότερα
ο αιρων την αμαρτιαν του κοσμου 8ουκ ην εκεινος το φως αλλ ινα μαρτυρηση περι του φωτος
1εν αρχη ην ο λογος και ο λογος ην προς τον θεον και θεος ην ο λογος 26απεκριθη αυτοις ο ιωαννης λεγων εγω βαπτιζω εν υδατι μεσος υμων 2ουτος ην εν αρχη προς τον θεον στηκει ον υμεις ουκ οιδατε 3πανταΔιαβάστε περισσότερα
! # % % &!! ( ) +,.. / / / 0 1! 2 1)3+4 + 5 6 1. 1.! / 1!
! # % % &!! ( ) +,.. / / / 1! 2 1)3+4 + 5 6 1. 1.! / 1! + 3 7 128 394 3 :+3 1! ) ; +3 +37499 < SAE TECHNICAL PAPER SERIES 1-1-3677 Effects of an on Line Bypass Oil Recycler on Emissions with Oil Age forΔιαβάστε περισσότερα
Date Morning/Afternoon Time allowed: 1 hour
Oxford Cambridge and RSA GCSE (9 1) Classical Greek J292/03 Prose Literature B Sample Question Paper Date Morning/Afternoon Time allowed: 1 hour Do not use: a dictionary * 0 0 0 0 0 0 * First name LastΔιαβάστε περισσότερα
Modelling of leaching and geochemical processes in an aged MSWIBA subbase layer
MILJÖRIKTIG ANVÄNDNING AV ASKOR 1112 Modelling of leaching and geochemical processes in an aged MSWIBA subbase layer David Bendz, Pascal Suer, Hans van der Sloot, David Kosson, Peter Flyhammar ModellingΔιαβάστε περισσότερα
This arrangement of the Greek text and the English translation is in the Public Domain.
This arrangement of the Greek text and the English translation is in the Public Domain. The Greek text is that of the Westcott and Hort, edition of 1893; New York: Harper & Brothers, Franklin Square (usuallyΔιαβάστε περισσότερα
Όλα όσα θέλετε να πείτε... στα Aγγλικά
Όλα όσα θέλετε να πείτε... στα Aγγλικά Ελληνοαγγλικός οδηγός φράσεων, ορολογιών, παρουσιάσεων για τον κόσμο των επιχειρήσεων BLP BLP Business Linguistic Publication Ltd Το περιεχόμενο του παρόντος εγχειριδίουΔιαβάστε περισσότερα
WATER ALLOCATION STUDY OF UPPER AWASH VALLEY FOR EXISTING AND FUTURE DEMANDS (From Koka Reservoir to Metehara Area) A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED
WATER ALLOCATION STUDY OF UPPER AWASH VALLEY FOR EXISTING AND FUTURE DEMANDS (From Koka Reservoir to Metehara Area) BY BERHANU AZAZH TUMEBO A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIALΔιαβάστε περισσότερα
ISBN. 2008 Ινστιτούτο Επεξεργασίας του Λόγου / Eρευνητικό Κέντρο Αθηνά C 2008 Institute for Language and Speech Processing / Athena Research Centre
αρία ιάγκου ιλογλωσσία - έα λληνικά για αρχάριους λληνο-αγγλικό λωσσάριο Maria Giagkou Filoglossia - Modern Greek for beginners Greek-English Glossary ιορθώσεις: ωνσταντίνος αλημέρης, ίκυ άντζου, αριάνναΔιαβάστε περισσότερα
Notes on the Greek New Testament Week 240 Revelation 7:1-8:9
Notes on the Greek New Testament Week 240 Revelation 7:1-8:9 Day 1196: Revelation 7:1-8 Chapter 7 Chapter 7 comes as a parenthesis between the sixth and seventh seals. Mounce writes, "Chapter 7 servesΔιαβάστε περισσότερα
ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΠΑΤΡΩΝ ΠΟΛΥΤΕΧΝΙΚΗ ΣΧΟΛΗ ΤΜΗΜΑ ΜΗΧΑΝΙΚΩΝ Η/Υ ΚΑΙ ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΚΗΣ ΔΙΔΑΚΤΟΡΙΚΗ ΔΙΑΤΡΙΒΗ Τε νικές και μη ανισμοί συσταδοποίησης ρηστών και κειμέν ν ια την προσ ποποιημένη πρόσ αση περιε ομένου στονΔιαβάστε περισσότερα


text:
By Andrea Dessi [1]
Almost four years have passed since J Street's founding as a non-profit corporation and a registered lobbying organisation in Washington, DC. Calling itself "the political home for pro-Israel, pro-peace Americans", J Street has positioned itself as an alternative to the more traditional, right-leaning, Jewish lobbying organisations and is today slowly emerging as a new force within America's Jewish community.
Boasting the support of 170,000 Americans, the group has recently concluded its second annual conference where about 2,000 participants, including 500 college students, gathered to debate and formulate a call on the US administration to actively increase its efforts aimed at achieving a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
"J Street aims to redefine and expand the very concept of what it means to be pro-Israel", reads a note on J Street's website. "No longer should this 'pro-' require an 'anti-'. In the 21st century, we have reached a moment in history where supporting a Palestinian state is the only way to ensure Israel's survival as a democracy and a national home for the Jewish people. Being pro-peace is, indeed, being pro-Israel".
Predictably J Street's appearance on the scene has attracted both scepticism and outright condemnation from many of the more established Jewish lobbying organizations in the US. The group has been repeatedly attacked from the right in both America and Israel and its conference was shunned by the Israeli embassy which refused to dispatch any of its representatives to address the gathering. Five Israeli Knesset Members (MKs) belonging to Labour and Israel's centre-right Kadima party did attend the conference and official letters were sent by Israel's President, Shimon Peres, and Tzipi Livni, Kadima leader and head of Israel's opposition.
Subsequently, on 23 March, J Street's activities were the subject of a heated debate in the Israeli Knesset when the Committee for Immigration, Absorption and Diaspora Affairs held a session aimed at investigating whether the group is sufficiently "committed" to Israel. In a strong rebuttal of the Knesset's decision to hold the debate, J Street's founder and president, Jeremy Ben-Ami, released a statement calling the decision "unprecedented in the history of Israel" and "one more regrettable step by a small but growing group of anti-democratic forces in Israeli politics to limit debate and to intimidate those with whom they disagree". Following the hearing, MK Danny Danon, Likud chairman of the Knesset committee, released a statement saying he would soon present a resolution describing J Street as "pro-Palestinian", asking its leadership to "purge from its ranks" anti-Zionist elements and calling on the Israeli government to boycott its activities.
Much of the controversy surrounding J Street is traceable to the organisation's decision last month to lobby the US government to not veto a UN Security Council resolution condemning Israel's continued settlement construction in the Palestinian territories. This decision quickly placed J Street in the crosshairs of many of the more conservative Jewish lobby groups which claimed that the organisation's decision to oppose a US veto was proof that their pro-Israel credentials are doubtful. Moreover, this event builds on a previous controversy in which J Street's president, after repeatedly denying the claims, was forced to admit that his organisation had received a substantial donation (US$750,000) from Jewish philanthropist and notorious critic of Israeli policies, George Soros. These revelations, combined with claims that J Street helped South African judge, Richard Goldstone, book meetings on Capitol Hill following the publication of a UN backed report harshly critical of both Hamas and Israel for their actions during Operation Cast Lead in the Gaza Strip, have made J Street into something of an outcast among the more traditional backers of Israel. Many of J Street's critics are in fact quick to cite that the group's distance from Israel and limited exposure to the realities on the ground in Israel/Palestine have translated into short-sighted and even "naive" policy decisions by the organisation's leadership.
Israeli Ambassador to the US, Michael Oren, expressed his discomfort towards the group by stating that while J Street members "claim they're pro-Israel, they are calling for Israel to be condemned in the Security Council ... so they can call themselves what they like". Jeremy Ben-Ami replied in a Haaretz interview, saying that while J Street does disagree with the government of Israel on numerous policy issues, "to meet only with the people that you agree with is not the way you conduct diplomacy and not the way the Ambassador of the State of Israel should relate to the US Jewish community". While addressing J Street's annual conference Ben-Ami went further and also publicly criticized some of America's more established Jewish lobby organisations, chief among them the American Israeli Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC). "It makes no sense that for three years, the leadership of such institutions as AIPAC, the American Jewish Committee, and the Anti-Defamation League have almost uniformly refused to take the stage with me or with representatives of J Street" he said.
The J Street group is subdivided into three legally independent but ideologically affiliated bodies. J Street itself, founded in April 2008, is a registered lobby organisation that uses "online organising, advocacy, and education to achieve its goals on Capitol Hill and with the Executive Branch" in the White House. J StreetPAC, an alternative to the rightist dominated AIPAC which has made a name for itself by unconditionally supporting successive Israeli governments while promoting smear campaigns against critics of Israel's policies in the Palestinian territories, is a political action committee "established to endorse and raise money" for political candidates supportive of J Street's vision. According to its website, J StreetPAC raised US$578,000 for the 41 candidates it endorsed in the run up to the 2008 US Congressional Elections. 33 out of these 41 candidates won their races, with three working in the US Senate and the remainder in the US House of Representatives. Finally, the third organisation affiliated with J Street is that which relates to its work at a grassroots level with American youth. The J Street Education Fund and related branches J Street Local and J Street U, which are today active on many US campuses and are credited with attracting over 500 college students to J Street's annual conference, aims "to educate targeted communities about the need for a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, raise the visibility of a mainstream pro-Israel, pro-peace presence within the American Jewish community, and promote open, dynamic and spirited conversation about how to best advance the interests and future of a democratic, Jewish Israel". This emphasis on creating an open space for debate is perhaps J Street's most welcomed contribution to what was otherwise a somewhat sterile, zero-sum, discussion within America's Jewish community that predominantly concentrated on Israel's security needs while ignoring the wider implications of Israel's policies in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.
Ultimately, while J Street "unequivocally supports the existence of the State of Israel" it also wishes to make clear "to politicians and policymakers alike that no one group can claim a monopoly on what it means to be pro-Israel in America". It is precisely this more liberal approach to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and US-Israeli relations, one that supplies an alternative to the Jewish lobby's rigid and unquestioning support for Israel "right or wrong", that is succeeding in attracting the attention of America's Jewish community. Support for J Street is in fact especially significant among younger generations of American Jews who are struggling to identify with many Israeli policies they feel run counter to their liberal American beliefs. "A big-tent, centrist approach that staunchly defends both Israelis' and Palestinians' rights to thrive was absent from the scene before J Street arrived", writes Jesse Singal in the Boston Globe, adding that this approach "is a natural fit for the relatively liberal American Jewish community". Responding to mounting criticism of J Street in Israel, Jesse Rothman and Logan Bayroff, two prominent leaders of J Street U, recently published an opinion article in The Jerusalem Post in which they expressed their view that it was time to forge "a new" relationship between Israel and America's Jewish community. "Judaism is a religion of openness, discussion and dissent", continued the authors, "on almost all political and social issues, Jews hold a wide range of opinions and engage in vigorous debate. Yet when it comes to Israel, for too long all have been encouraged to subscribe to one vision and to ignore anything that might contradict it. This relationship more closely resembles that of a fan club than a loving family. What Israel really needs from American Jews is not admirers, but brothers and sisters".
7 April 2011
Related Articles:
Andrea Dessi, US Veto on UN Settlement Resolution Shows Obama Is Not Ready for Change [2]
Andrea Dessi, Israeli Greater Jerusalem, An Obstacle to Peace? [3]

subset: commoncrawl


text:
A boost in manufacturing has failed to lift the UK economy which grew at a "muted" rate in the third quarter of 2017, the British Chambers of Commerce has warned.
Buoyed by a rise in exports and domestic orders, the number of manufacturers reporting improved sales rose in the period to its highest level since the first quarter of 2015.
However, the services sector – which represents more than three-quarters of output and is traditionally the main driver of economic growth – remained static.
Businesses in both sectors cited recruitment concerns. Nearly three-quarters of manufacturers reporting difficulties hiring workers, while the services sector said problems recruiting staff were at their highest level since early 2016.
Dr Adam Marshall, director general of the British Chambers of Commerce, said the survey results were "uninspiring" and "reflect the fact that political uncertainty, currency fluctuations and the vagaries of the Brexit process are continuing to weigh on business growth prospects".
He said Chancellor Philip Hammond's autumn Budget provides "a critical opportunity" for the Government to "take bold action" to "help the economy rebound from a period of anaemic growth".
Image: The services sector, the main driver of growth, remains static
Dr Marshall warned: "A failure to act, or a conscious choice to provide a short-term sugar hit to the electorate rather than the protein boost the economy needs, would have significant consequences for the UK's medium-term growth prospects."
The BCC said it was "extraordinary" that the Bank of England is considering raising interest rates "against this backdrop".
There was little sign in the survey of a pick-up in pay pressures or investment, both of which the BoE expects to rise markedly next year.
Suren Thiru, head of economics at the BCC, said: "We'd caution against an earlier than required tightening in monetary policy, which could hit both business and consumer confidence and weaken overall UK growth.
"While interest rates need to rise at some point, it should be done slowly and timed to not to harm the UK's growth prospects."
Last month the Bank said a hike should not be feared, fuelling speculation that there may be an interest rate increase as soon as November.
The Bank's main rate of interest is currently at 0.25%, having been cut in the wake of last year's referendum result.
The BCC's quarterly survey, the largest of its kind, was based on the responses of more than 7,100 businesses who were quizzed between 21 August and 11 September on a wide range of issues.
Source: Sky News


text:
Frequently Asked Questions - Please read
Post: #1
Frequently Asked Questions - Please read
I've just registered and I can't post!
That's because you have to first start a thread in our Introduction section (click the link) and introduce yourself. Once you do that, you can post anywhere else in the forum.
I can't post a thread
You very likely don't have enough posts to start a thread; you need at least 11 posts to create a thread. If you can't think of what to say in 11 posts so that you can then create a thread, then this forum is quite likely not for you.
Why can't I access my control panel (User CP)?
You need to have 11 posts or more to access your User CP.
Why can't I private message other forum members?
Private messaging (PM) is only allowed for members with 50 posts or more.
Why can't I see attached images?
Attached images can only be seen and downloaded by forum members with 11 posts or more.
Can I post an image by embedding it if I have less than 50 posts?
No. However, we may consider individual cases if you have less than 50 posts. Those with more than 50 posts can embed/post images. Good sites to host images you want to embed include photobucket.com and imgur.com (imgur doesn't require registration, just go to the website and upload your picture to get the code to embed in the forum).
Can I post links to external sites.
No. If you have over 50 posts we may consider a link but always ask a moderator or administrator first. Failure to do this will lead to a ban. If you want to advertise, use the contact form.
How can I post an image?
To post an image, grab its URL and post it by either inserting the link by clicking the "insert image" button in the text editor or surround the link with [img] tags (put [img] at the beginning of the link and [/img] at the end of the link).
Please make sure that you're using the actual image URL and not the browser URL of the page where the image is at. The correct URL is usually obtained by right-clicking on it and clicking on "copy image address" or "copy image URL" (or something similar, depending on your browser).
You will know that you have the right image URL if the URL itself ends in any of these 4 formats: .jpeg/.jpg/.gif/.png
Who should I contact if I have any questions?
You can contact either an Admin (myself included) or a moderator; use the private messaging system for contacting. If your post count is less than 50 posts, then contact us though our contact form.
Can I have my own signature?
Yes, but forum signatures are only allowed for forum members with 50 posts or more. However, ask us first if you can have your signature and what you plan on putting in it. Just like any other serious online community, being able to have a signature is an earned privilege.
I would like to advertise in the forum
Send us a message through our contact form. Do NOT use your posting privileges to advertise your product unless you have prior confirmed permission from us. Unfortunately, as low-level scummy as that tactic is, we have encountered several brands trying to do that in the forum (and you would be surprised as to who has tried it). Not only will you be banned and your posts deleted if you try to advertise without our consent but we will also be contacting your company.
On top of the above, please avoid filler posts to jack up your post count, which includes posting generic comments with no value or posts that do not contribute anything to a thread in order to increase your post count. This isn't a forum for that kind of borderline-spammy rats; this is a community and we welcome anyone who wants to become part of our community. We absolutely do not welcome leechers and/or opportunists, and we ensure to keep our community interactive and healthy.
I cannot join the forum as my country's IP/country's ISP is blocked. How can I join the forum?
Unfortunately, there are certain countries that are notorious for allowing spam to run wild through their ISPs. We take spam seriously and have had to block certain ISPs from certain countries to avoid the massive-scale spam from said ISPs. Moreover, we use up-to-date anti-spam data from highly-trusted online organizations so as to ensure that we get as few false positives as possible.
If your IP happens to be blacklisted, that doesn't necessarily mean it has something to do with you as it's very likely that a spammer previously used the IP you're using and thus got it blacklisted, which will unfortunately limit your ability to register on many big sites (not just on ours) that use the same anti-spam data that we too use. The party to blame is not just the spammer but also your ISP as they allowed enough spamming to occur that the IP ended up being blacklisted by worldwide spam-fighting organizations.
If you're not being able to join our forum because your IP is blocked, please use the contact form to let us know and we will allow you to register so long as your intention is to be a well-behaved community member (just as we expect from all community members).
If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact us or ask them in our Troubleshooting and FAQs section.
Welcome on board!
The Mens Hair Forum team
I'm one of the admins of this forum. Any questions/issue? Contact me directly or any of the moderators. We welcome any feedback to improve our community.
You can also check out our forum's BEST HAIR PRODUCTS FOR MEN thread to read opinions and useful information on men's hair products.
« Next Oldest | Next Newest »
|Possibly Related Threads...
|Last Post
|How to structure a post or thread - Please read
Last Post: TheMensHairForum
|Forum Rules - Read before posting
Last Post: TheMensHairForum
User(s) browsing this thread: 1 Guest(s)


text:
All stories interest me, and some haunt me until I end up writing about them. Certain themes keep coming up: justice, violence, freedom, respect and loyalty. Since my earliest recollection as a student of Latin I've been intrigued with the words Semper Fidelis (always faithful). That's exactly what loyalty is — faithful to a trust, to an ideal, to a cause or to another.
Rudyard Kipling's "Thousandth Man" venerates the mere idea of loyalty. Loyalty is foundational to civilization. What the romances, tragedies and the statues celebrate, and the grim civic monuments remind us of, is humanity's understanding that loyalty is the purest of gold. That's worth writing about.
Loyalty is important to me. I work hard to teach my children the essence of the "Thousandth Man." But you teach loyalty by being loyal.


text:
Thomas Sabo bracelet from the Sterling Silver Collection. An exquisite item of jewellery. This feminine bracelet is crafted from Sterling silver with a pave zirconia-embellished heart which delicately envelops the wrist of its wearer. Dazzlingly romantic.
THOMAS SABO stands for versatile, innovative and trendsetting jewellery and watch designs of the highest quality.
- Brand
- Thomas Sabo
- Material
- Silver
- Model number
- A1548-051-14-L19,5v
- Height
- 1 cm
- Length
- 19.5 cm
- Width
- 0.1 cm
Delivery & Returns
At Ernest Jones we provide the following range of delivery options:
- Free Standard Delivery available on orders over £100.
- Free Next Day Delivery available on selected orders over £499.
- Free Click & Collect to any Ernest Jones store in the UK.
For more Delivery Information click here.
Returns policy: you can return items to us by post or in store within 30 days for a full refund or exchange.*
*We cannot refund or exchange pierced jewellery, e.g. earrings, if they have been removed from the original sealed packaging due to hygiene reasons.
Help Centre
There are a number of different ways to contact us if you need help or advice with your purchase.
How to contact us


text:
Christmas Day Free BYO Picnic Lunch opp NGV 12-3pm (Melbourne)
Christmas Day Bring Your Own Picnic Lunch Protected content
Christmas Day can be lonely if you are a long way away from family and friends and you are new to the city of Melbourne.
Newcomers Network will be hosting our sixth annual Christmas Day bring your own (BYO) picnic lunch where people bring their own food and share it with the other people who are there. (Second in Sydney and Perth and first in Brisbane)
We meet in the Queen Victoria Gardens opposite the National Gallery of Victoria at Protected content Kilda Road Melbourne.
Everyone is invited. Guests can come on their own or with other people for any part of the time between 12pm and 3pm.
It is free to attend.
Everyone is welcome - including newcomers, expatriates, Christmas orphans, people who are single, married, couples, families, students, tourists, migrants, local residents, Australian citizens, refugees, children, adults, young or old, any faith or religion.
People who are looking for an alternative option for Christmas Day can register on our website and be on our mailing list and receive a reminder or just TURN UP on the day - we will be there, rain hail or shine.
To find our group phone Sue Ellson Protected content moved to Melbourne from Adelaide in Protected content visit our website at Protected content to see a detailed map and further information.
Sue Ellson, Founder and Director of Newcomers Network
Protected content sueellson at newcomersnetwork.com
Newcomers Network (started in Protected content an independent provider of information, events and advocacy for people who have moved to Melbourne, Sydney, Adelaide, Brisbane or Perth and has been online since Protected content . We host free Living, Working and Networking events on the Second Thursday of every month. This year, Christmas Day Picnic Lunches will also be held in Sydney, Brisbane and Perth.


text:
Event Information
Date and Time
United Kingdom
Certificated by the Oxfordshire Safeguarding Children's Board, this course is an essential introduction to safeguarding for anyone working in a paid or voluntary capacity with young people.
All volunteers/members of staff within Oxfordshire Youth clubs should attend this course. The course will cover current legislation as well as ways of working to ensure the safety of young people you work with.
The course is run at various locations around Oxfordshire. Please see ticket types for details.
Who should attend
Staff and Volunteers working in Youth Groups or Organisations
Date and Time
United Kingdom


text:
But godliness with contentment is great gain. For we brought nothing into the world, and we can take nothing out of it. But if we have food and clothing, we will be content with that. (1 Tim. 6:6-8)These three verses give us a very sweet formula for living: godliness + contentment.
The contentment is provided by God, who also provides our food and clothing. "So do not worry, saying, 'What shall we eat?' or 'What shall we drink?' or 'What shall we wear?' For the pagans run after all these things, and your heavenly Father knows that you need them. But seek first his kingdom and his righteousness, and all these things will be given to you as well" (Matt. 6:31-33).
"Religion that God our Father accepts as pure and faultless is this: to look after orphans and widows in their distress and to keep oneself from being polluted by the world" (James 1:27). That is religion that is godly. However, being godly is not the same as being religious. Most religion (including Christian religion) is a matter of observance of form. It is easy to be religious.
If someone is godly, he is known to the world as a religious man. The reverse is not true. Religious people are not considered godly; they are considered hypocrites. Many religious people are not godly. Here is a description of religious people in the last days: "But mark this: There will be terrible times in the last days. People will be lovers of themselves, lovers of money, boastful, proud, abusive, disobedient to their parents, ungrateful, unholy, without love, unforgiving, slanderous, without self-control, brutal, not lovers of the good, treacherous, rash, conceited, lovers of pleasure rather than lovers of God—having a form of godliness but denying its power. Have nothing to do with them" (2 Tim. 3:1-5).
Godliness is provided by God. It is not tied to form. It is recognized by the fruit of the Spirit and care for others, whether they are good or bad.


text:
It was like Armageddon - Donegal Town man in London
Members of the large Donegal diaspora based in London have been speaking about the fear and chaos they have endured over recent days as rioting and looting spread out of control across the city.
One Donegal Town man, who was evacuated from his work in Hammersmith on Tuesday, said the scenes were like "Armageddon".
Communications Engineer, Raymond Britton, originally from Donegal Town was told by office porters at work to flee for his own safety as gangs on a rampage of theft and destruction were closing in.
"It is just like Armageddon. It's the worst thing I have ever seen," he said. "As I drove back up the road all I could see was smoke hitting the horizon where whole buildings were on fire. It's just a complete nightmare. I've never seen anything like it."
Gaoth Dobhair man Pat Doherty, a long-time resident of London, told the Donegal Democrat on Tuesday, he believed the worst of the riots were over, but the shopkeepers in his Shepherd's Bush neighbourhood were still not convinced.
"By six o'clock they had the shutters down," he said. "Even the takeaways were closed at that time and that was the first time I'd seen that in 15-20 years here." Following three days of rioting and looting in other parts of the city, many shopkeepers had been moving stock out of their premises in case the violence spread.
One woman from Donegal Town, now living in Peckham, had a trip home planned prior to the riots but says she was "relieved" to get away from the English capital as the trouble spread across various parts of the country.
Visual artist Niamh O'Doherty was returning home yesterday for a trip that was planned before the riots spread to her Peckham neighbourhood.
"I was very relieved to be able to leave, to be able to go somewhere else," she said.
She described scenes of large groups of rioters talking and jeering, some holding bricks, bottles or other projectiles, while police in riot gear were attempting to block them.
"I could see up ahead there was smoke in the distance," Niamh said. "I wanted to get out of there before it kicked off."
For more on the riots, see Page 4.


text:
In one of the most privileged areas of the Costa Brava, in the area of Playa de Pals a particularly beautiful place with its Mediterranean atmosphere and near to one of the most popular golf courses in Catalunya areas. Close to the center of Pals with a beautiful historic medieval center. With the proximity to the town of Begur and its beautiful beaches like Aiguablava, Sa Tuna Sa Riera, and other coastal towns like Calella de Palafrugell, Llafranc, Tamariu...
This beautiful apartment is located in a quiet and well kept community just 30 meters from the beach. This apartment has about 70 square meters with a terrace of about 23 square meters. Entering to the house there is an open kitchen, living room with access to a lovely terrace overlooking the garden and pool, two double bedrooms one with access to a balcony overlooking the communal area, a bathroom.
The property has parking and is sold fully furnished.
A marvel at your fingertips.
Availability upon agreement.
Engel & Völkers does not accept responsibility as the information provided in this brochure is for information only and it is subject to errors, omissions, change of price or withdrawal without notice.


text:
AMSOIL Arenacross is one of the hottest sporting events of the year, when it comes to motorcycle sports. Billed as AMSOIL Arenacross, featuring Ricky Carmichael's Road to Supercross, it is a premier off road motorcycle racing competition, whose winners qualify for the Supercross. One of the most intimate forms of racing in the world, it is held each year on custom made, first of its kind dirt tracks, complete with tricky turns, obstacles and high jumps. For those interested in catching the race live, AMSOIL Arenacross tickets are on sale.
AMSOIL Arenacross takes place on eighteen thousand square feet of space and in 2013, launched the unique Road to Supercross program, with one of the most successful riders in the history of motorcycle racing, Ricky Carmichael. The Road to Supercross program will act as a feeder into Monster Energy Supercross, acting as a race for amateur riders wanting to go professional.
Since 2013, AMSOIL Arenacross has also featured a different competition format. The highlights of the competition are two main events with the races taking place at night. A wild card was also added to one of the two main events, with gate picks inverted before the last race, enabling a rider to receive a championship point, which is added to his or her total. A new race has been added to the event, the Race to the Championship, which will take place in the final four rounds of the season. It will start at the scheduled seventh stop and will be a no–holds barred battle in which the top ten riders will fight for the title at the end of the first six rounds.
During this race, championship points will also reset with the final month of racing, featuring the fiercest competition for the title. Other events are also part of the season, such as the Head to Head Bracket Racing event, which will see the top eight riders compete each night. Arenacross' Road to Supercross is the official feeder system into Supercross and was founded by Ricky Carmichael, considered as the most successful rider in the history of the sport. It will feature riders racing special Arenacross rounds, with the fastest of them participating in the Supercross. Riders will however first compete in the Arenacross Lite Class, an entry level competition that will see them qualify for one of the two Arenacross championships. All riders will ride 250cc bikes with four stroke engines. Sanctioned by the AMA and led by Ricky Carmichael, this is a one of its kind motorcycle racing event is best when experienced live, after ordering AMSOIL Arenacross tickets.
Q:Who is selling amsoil arenacross tickets at the best prices?
A:Log on to our website to get your Amsoil Arenacross Tickets at some of the best prices in the market and that too as easily as possible.
Q:How will you ensure my amsoil arenacross 2017 tickets are delivered to me safely?
A:We use some of the best courier companies in the world to deliver tickets to our valued customers so rest assured your Amsoil Arenacross Tickets will be delivered to you as safely as possible.


text:
@import "../css/history_substyles.css";
Find us:
British Isles
Middle East
Far East
King Lists:
British Isles
Middle East
Far East
Research released in 2001 showed that humans were able
to talk 300,000 years ago.
Late Homo heidelbergensis specimens which lived
in northern Spain could utter basic vowel sounds, according to researchers
who worked at the Atapuerca archaeological site in Burgos Province.
Heidelbergensis had a voice box which was at an evolutionary stage
between chimpanzees and modern humans.
It was the first time that fossil evidence for this had
been discovered. The findings are based on studies of a complete skull
found in the Sima de los Huesos (Pit of Bones) in Atapuerca in 1992 among the
remains of over thirty other people. They were announced at a news conference
by the co-director of the Atapuerca excavations, Juan Luis Arsuaga, and fellow
palaeontologist Ignacio Martinez.
'For the first time,' they stated, 'we can say that an
anatomically intermediate situation between chimpanzee and human existed
on the planet - not only anatomical but also functional. That means that
humans could talk 300,000 years ago, albeit not in the way we do.'
Upright Walking 'Began in Trees'
UNESCO Atapuerca Site
Australian Museum: How do we know if they could speak?
So-called pre-Neanderthal remains were found in northern Spain
The now famous skull, Atapuerca 5 was identified as
belonging to the species Homo heidelbergensis, which scientists
usually accept as the last common ancestor of the Neanderthals and
today's humans.
Homo heidelbergensis could pronounce some basic
vowel sounds - 'aa', 'ee', and 'oo' - but not well enough to hold any
kind of conversation. The sounds would have been slow and slurred due
to the dimensions of the mouth and pharynx, according to the Spanish
For Arsuaga, the evidence of a semi-developed voice
box reinforced the idea that 'the evolution of human intelligence also
occurred in a progressive manner,' and not spontaneously, as many
scientists had hitherto maintained.
Spanish researchers say Homo heidelbergensis could talk
Hominid Chronology
Email to a friend
Return to top ^
Help with Sharing
Find us on Facebook
Contact us
Terms of use
Help with King Lists
Help Pages
Copyright © 1999-2019 Kessler Associates. All rights reserved.


text:
Mondays are usually my work at home day, I tidy up, get stuff ready for college, sort out things for the rest of the week and then go to knitting club in the evening. This usually means staying in my PJ's all day and getting ready about 6.
But this week I got ready in the morning and took the opportunity to play around with my camera.
I wore my Peach Sorbetto and Denim shorts.
I did lots of jumping around like a fool
At knitting club I worked on this, I know technically its not knitting but I wasn't feeling my crochet, and no one really cares if your not knitting.


text:
Walt Whitman
Walt Whitman (31 May 1819 - 26 March 1892 / New York / United States)
» Click to list general statistics » OR, select a date :
A Hand-Mirror
HOLD it up sternly! See this it sends back! (Who is it? Is it you?)
Outside fair costume--within ashes and filth,
No more a flashing eye--no more a sonorous voice or springy step;
read more >>
- Hits: Number of visitors who read the poem on the given date.
- Posts: Number of visitors who posted the poem to a friend (via e-mail) on the given date.
- Dates that have "0" hits may not be shown on the list.
- Dates, poems and poets that have "0" hits may not be shown on the list. Statistics are generated daily.


text:
Social media is one of the most used apps on any smartphone. People tend to log into some type of social media platform multiple times a day to see what friends have been doing, what's new in the world, or to share some exciting news or add pictures to their album. Social media has been around for many years and has been developed to offer a full range of features as the years go by. Today, apps such as Facebook and Twitter offer more options than it did just 10 years ago. The website has become famous for advertising by businesses, pages of interest that people can join, groups where things can be shared, and so much more. However, with all these options and features, you mobile data consumption is sure to increase. In fact, simply browsing on Facebook for a while can result in a fair amount of data usage, which won't make a huge chunk of your data just disappear, but for those on a lower plan, you might want to watch just how much you use on a daily basis.
We've decided to test the most popular social platforms, including Google+, Facebook, and Twitter to see just how much data they use for an average user. This means taking advantages of only the usual things such as uploading a video, browsing, and so on. During these tests, we did not watch any videos on these platforms or take part in chats. These are strictly based on just viewing pages and uploads.
Photo Sharing
Photo sharing can go both ways for all users. You can upload photos and view the pictures of others, which both consume data. Apparently, the size of these images also makes a huge difference, especially with phones that that high-quality photos. To make the tests fair, we selected 5 imagines consisting of 60kb each, which were going to be uploaded and then viewed from a different device. We chose an LTE device to do the best, meaning we could achieve much higher speeds and the app could work as fast as possible.
Even though the pictures were only 300kb in total size, we still had to consider that loading the pages will take additional data. We used the same tests on all 3 social media platforms and found that Facebook was the most consuming with 8mb used to complete the upload. Twitter came in second with a total of 6.5mb to complete the upload, while Google+ only used 6mb. This might not seem like a lot, but consider the small size we used compared to some phones taking pictures consisting of 2mb or more.
Viewing the images we've uploaded consisted of LTE as well. We were surprised at how low the volumes were as with each platform, and suddenly it all made sense why the upload takes so much data. Viewing the pictures once again brought in Facebook at the highest with a 1.5mb construction, while Twitter was only 0.500mb, and Google+ with 1mb. Remember this is to simply view the imagines and not to download them.


text:
I did a little shooting with the H&K translucent mag and here's my initial impressions:
-0 issues at all
-Both steel & brass case ammo feed flawlessly
-Bolt locks open on last round
-Good texturing on mag body
-They look good
-Did well when dropped on their feed lips on concrete repeatedly (see video)
-Disassembles easily
-Price. These are coming to market at $20/ea
-Thicker than other mags, may be an issue in double mag pouch set-ups.
Here's the review with a bunch of shooting, a discussion of the pros/cons, disassembly, and a drop test:


text:
Looking back, I should have seen it coming.
Paige didn't like that I went so far away to university. But it was going to only be for two years. She'd join me after she did her two years at community college. I thought we could swing that no problem. We were solid.
But she hated the distance. She hated not seeing me every day. She complained that I didn't come home enough. She hated that for months on end, texting and phone calls were our only form of communication. It wasn't enough.
She'd ask about the girls on campus. She'd gotten it into her head that girls were always making a play for me. I laughed and told her, even if that were true, I'd never cheat on her. She didn't seem completely reassured by that.
The bottom line is, Paige thought she was losing me. She wanted me home with her. But I could never imagine the level she'd sink to—the trap she'd set to make that happen.
And like an idiot I walked right into it.
And it's a mistake I'm going to have to pay for the rest of my life.
"Holy $h!t that was angsty! Eighty-four pages of stomach-roiling angsty goodness. This novella packs quite a wallop from page one until the end. I was entertained from the get-go and intrigued by each character. Plus, there's an excerpt at the end for the next book and I almost cried reading it." – Geri Ever After, Goodreads
"Oh MY GOSH this book was not amazing, it wasn't great it wasn't good, it was mind blowingly insanely, awesome…" – B.E. Love, Goodreads
"OH MY GOSH!!!!! Just finished and I was bawling at the end, I want the rest NOW!!!" – Esther Parsons, Goodreads
Three weeks ago, I peed on a stick.
What followed were ten of the most agonizing minutes of my life, before one plus turned my whole world upside down and inside out.
Six hundred seconds.
That's literally how long it took for my life to implode.
You want to know what's so ironic about all this?
Four months ago I became an adult, and six months from now I'm going to be a mother.


text:
I went with five puppies and five snowflakes:
A fun challenge! Thanks to Merry Monday.
This is a fun take on the challenge, Susan! Love those puppies and the dimension! The snowflakes balance it out!ReplyDelete
Oh this is just too adorable. Thanks for joining us this week at Merry Monday.ReplyDelete
What a cute 5 pups and snowflakes card Susan. Your coloring and dimensions look great. TFS my friend. Hugs..ReplyDelete
This is so adorable!! I LOVE how the dogs stamped the sentiment :) You are so funny!! xx
What a cute idea and I love how you colored your puppies! Thanks for playing Merry Monday with us!ReplyDelete
Such a sweet card. It is so playful and fun just like the pups, and sticking with "5" throughout the card is perfect. You did a super job with coloring and cutting. pjs-projects.blogspot.comReplyDelete


text:
Fluid Statics
Budget $30 USD
It is a project on Fluid Statics. Will provide details later.
14 freelance hanno fatto un'offerta media di $33 per questo lavoro
Hello dear, I'm a M.Sc. civil engineer, I am expert in Fluid mechanics and Fluid Statics so I can help you for sure in your task. Thanks
Dear Buyer You want CFD analysis. Please share the details. Regards Paramjeet SIngh Relevant Skills and Experience CFD Ansys Proposed Milestones $35 USD - final
Fluid statics doesn't need more than one day to solve
I am a mechanical engineer with experience in fluid mechanics. Give me more details of the project and I assure you that I can do it according to your expectations. Habilidades y experiencia relevante I am willing to Più
I am really interested to know about the project on fluid statistics. I am a chemical engineer wuth 35 yrs experience. Tell me the project so that i can tell you Whether i can do it or not.
Hello, I'm a mechanical engineer and because of my education I have good knowledge in mechanical of fluids. Relevant Skills and Experience Mechanical engineer Proposed Milestones $35 USD - Payment after job done
I am a mechanical engineer with experience of more than 7 years in designing and inspection of thermal power plant processess. I can be the correct person to get the work accomplished with full satisfaction. Request yo Più
i am a mechanical engineer from india. specialized in fluid mechanics


text:
On February 15, at 4:00 p.m., the U.S. House Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism and Homeland Security will hold an oversight hearing to investigate apparent wrongdoing by BATFE at a Richmond, VA gun show last August.
In 2004-05, a troubling pattern emerged at a number of Richmond, VA-area gun shows, where hundreds of BATFE agents and state and local police staked out local shows. Immediately upon learning of these incidents, NRA began investigating and working to ensure congressional oversight hearings would be held to determine any wrongdoing and ensure BATFE was not overstepping its bounds or violating the law.
BATFE agents copied lawful gun purchase transaction records and provided this information to local police officers, who in turn conducted "residency checks." Federal law prohibits the release of this information except to state and local police to identify prohibited purchasers or recipients of guns. The information provided to local police prompted multiple instances of officers showing up at the homes of those who lawfully purchased firearms from licensed dealers at area gun shows. On occasions when the lawful purchasers were not at home, agents questioned family members (for example, inquiring of a wife if she knew her husband was at a gun show and/or had purchased a firearm) or their neighbors. In other cases, reports surfaced of lawful gun owners and holders of valid carry permits having their firearms confiscated.
Those interested in watching the hearings online may do so at http://judiciary.house.gov/schedule.aspx.
Read more about this issue at http://www.nraila.org/News/Read/InTheNews.aspx?ID=6424