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by Ignacio Soto, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid; Carlos J. Bernardos, and María Calderón, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid; and Telemaco Melia, Alcatel Lucent Bell Labs
Traditional IP mobility procedures [4] are based on functions residing in both the mobile terminal and the network. Recently, we have been assisting in a shift in IP mobility protocol design, mostly focusing on solutions that relocate mobility procedures from the mobile device to network components. This new approach, known as Network-Based Localized Mobility Management (NetLMM), allows conventional IP devices (for example, devices running standard protocol stacks) to roam freely across wireless stations belonging to the same local domain. This property is appealing from the operator's viewpoint because it allows service providers to enable mobility support without imposing requirements on the terminal side (for example, software and related configuration). For this purpose the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has standardized Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) [1].
This article details the Proxy Mobile IPv6 protocol, providing a general overview and an exhaustive description of a few selected functions.
Why Network-Based Localized Mobility?
The ability to move while being connected to a communication network is very attractive for users, as demonstrated by the success of cellular networks. However, while designing the IP stack, mobility was not retained as a requirement and, as a consequence, IP does not natively support mobility. The reason is a very basic design choice adopted in IP, both in IPv4 [2] and in IPv6 [3], namely that addresses have two roles: they are used as locators and identifiers at the same time. [16]
IP addresses are locators that specify, by means of the routing system, how to reach the node (more properly, the network interface) that is using a specific destination address. The routing system keeps information about how to reach different sets of addresses that have a common network prefix, thus improving scalability of the system itself. However, IP addresses are also identifiers used by upper-layer protocols (for example, the Transmission Control Protocol [TCP]) to identify the endpoints of a communication channel. Additionally, names of nodes are translated by the Domain Name System (DNS) to IP addresses (which, in that way, play the role of node identifiers).
The linking of these two roles (locators and identifiers) is appealing because name resolution of the peer with whom we want to communicate and location finding translate to the same problem (that is, no translation mechanism is needed). However, the negative side effect is that supporting mobility becomes difficult.
Mobility implies separating the identifier role from the location one. From the identification standpoint, the IP address of a node should never change, but from the location point of view the IP address should change each time the node moves, showing its current location within the routing hierarchy (that is, the IP subnet to which the node is currently attached).
The IETF has studied the problem of terminal mobility in IP networks for a long time. It has developed IP-layer solutions for both IPv4 (Mobile IPv4 [4], [5]) and IPv6 (Mobile IPv6 [6]), enabling the movement of terminals and providing transparent service continuity. These solutions, being IP-based, are independent of the Layer 2 technologies. They provide Mobile Nodes with a permanent address (the Home Address [HoA]) to be used as identifier, and a temporal address (the Care-of Address [CoA]) to be used as locator. The CoA changes in each IP subnet visited by the Mobile Node. An entity in the network, the Home Agent, binds both addresses with the help of signaling generated by the Mobile Node. The Home Agent serving a Mobile Node must be placed in the subnet where the Home Address of that Mobile Node is topologically correct (the home network).
Although Mobile IP enables a host to move (that is, change the point of attachment in an IP network) while keeping session continuity, this ability is not sufficient for true mobility. Enabling efficient handoffs is an additional and critical requirement. Because the IP handoff latency is affected by the time required to exchange signaling between the Mobile Node and the Home Agent, a new family of solutions proposes to use a local Home Agent (that is, a Home Agent closer to the Mobile Node) to provide mobility in a local domain; that is, to provide localized mobility support. Changing the point of attachment within the local domain requires only signaling to the local Home Agent, allowing faster signaling messages exchange because it is limited within the local domain. This approach is attractive because users typically move in localized environments (for example, they commute between their living homes and their work places) that can be covered with localized domains. Examples of these types of solutions are "Regional Registrations for IPv4" [7] or "Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 for IPv6" [8]. Note that the term "localized" refers to a particular area from the point of view of the IP network topology, but depending on the access technology, geographically the area can be large, as happens when applying a localized mobility approach to cellular networks.
A common feature of Mobile IP and the localized mobility proposals mentioned previously is that all of them are host-based. Mobile Nodes must signal themselves to the network when their location changes and must update routing states in the Home Agent, in the local Home Agent, or in both. This situation also raises the problem of complex security configurations to authenticate those signaling exchanges and modifications of routing states.
Therefore, the IETF decided to work on a solution for NetLMM [10, 11], compounding the advantages of a network-based approach with the benefits of localized mobility management strategies. In NetLMM the network provides mobility support, although the Mobile Node does not participate in IP mobility procedures. That is, network operators can provide mobility support without requiring additional software and complex security configuration in the Mobile Nodes. Thus the deployment of network-based mobility solutions is greatly facilitated. Moreover, the Mobile Node can implement any global mobility solution, because the localized one is transparent and independent from it.
There are several target scenarios for Network-Based Localized Mobility Management [9]:
With these advantages in mind, the IETF has standardized a protocol to provide Network-Based Localized Mobility support in IP networks, the Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) protocol.
Operation of Proxy Mobile IPv6
The main idea of PMIPv6 is that the mobile node is not involved in any IP layer mobility-related signaling. The Mobile Node is a conventional IP device (that is, it runs the standard protocol stack). The purpose of PMIPv6 is to provide mobility to IP devices without their involvement. This provision is achieved by relocating relevant functions for mobility management from the Mobile Node to the network.
PMIPv6 provides mobility support within a localized area, the Localized Mobility Domain (LMD) or PMIPv6 domain. While moving within the LMD, the Mobile Node keeps its IP address, and the network is in charge of tracking its location. PMIPv6 is based on Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6), reusing the Home Agent concept but defining nodes in the network that must signal the changes in the location of a Mobile Node on its behalf.
The functional entities in the PMIPv6 network architecture (refer to Figure 1) include the following:
The basic operation of PMIPv6 follows. When a Mobile Node enters a PMIPv6 domain, it attaches to an access link provided by a MAG. The MAG proceeds to identify the Mobile Node, and checks if it is authorized to use the network-based mobility management service. If it is, the MAG performs mobility signaling on behalf of the Mobile Node (see in Figure 2 the signaling when the Mobile Node enters the PMIPv6 domain). The MAG sends to the LMA a Proxy Binding Update (PBU) associating its own address with the identity of the Mobile Node (for example, its Media Access Control [MAC] address or an identifier related to its authentication in the network). Upon receiving this request, the LMA allocates a prefix to the Mobile Node. Then the LMA sends to the MAG a Proxy Binding Acknowledgment (PBA) including the prefix allocated to the Mobile Node. It also creates a Binding Cache entry and establishes a bidirectional tunnel to the MAG. The MAG sends Router Advertisement messages to the Mobile Node, including the prefix allocated to the Mobile Node, so the Mobile Node can configure an address (stateless autoconfiguration). The Mobile Node can alternatively use stateful address autoconfiguration mechanisms. For simplicity, we assume in the rest of the article that the stateless address autoconfiguration mechanism is used, except when indicated otherwise.
Whenever the Mobile Node moves, the new MAG updates the location of the Mobile Node in the LMA and advertises the same prefix to the Mobile Node (through Router Advertisement messages), thereby making the IP mobility transparent to the Mobile Node. In this way the Mobile Node keeps the address configured when it first enters the LMD, even after changing its point of attachment within the network, and the LMD appears as a single link from the perspective of the Mobile Node. It should be noted that all the MAGs configure the same link local address for a specific Mobile Node. That is, the Mobile Node will never see a change in its default route configuration.
The bidirectional tunnel between the LMA and the MAG and associated routing states in both LMA and MAG manage the Mobile Node data plane. Downlink packets sent to the Mobile Node from outside of the LMD arrive to the LMA, which forwards them through the tunnel to the serving MAG. The MAG, after decapsulation, sends the packets to the Mobile Node directly through the access link. Uplink packets that originated in the Mobile Node are sent to the LMA from the MAG through the tunnel, and then are forwarded to the destination by the LMA. Traffic originated inside the LMD and directed to a Mobile Node also inside the LMD follows a similar procedure, going through two tunnels from the originating MAG, to the LMA, and then to the destination MAG. It should be noted that PMIPv6 allows a MAG to short-circuit the tunneling in case two mobile nodes directly communicate through any of its interfaces.
Protocol Details
We next describe the PMIPv6 primary functions. Because PMIPv6 is based on the Mobile IPv6 protocol format, we will highlight the differences and extensions to MIPv6. Readers interested in knowing all protocol details should refer to the RFC [1].
Entering a PMIPv6 Domain
The Mobile Node enters the PMIPv6 domain by attaching to an access link. PMIPv6 defines a new functional entity, the MAG, typically residing in the access router. The MAG detects the attachment of the Mobile Node to the access link. The only access link types supported in PMIPv6 are point-to-point links; other types of links can be used as long as they are configured to emulate point-to-point links.
The MAG, upon detecting a Mobile Node attachment, verifies if the Mobile Node is eligible to the network-based mobility management service. Specific procedures to achieve this verification are out of the scope of the PMIPv6 standard. A Mobile Node that uses the mobility support service is identified by the network entities using a Mobile Node Identifier (MN-ID). The MN-ID must be stable and unique for the Mobile Node throughout the PMIPv6 domain, but the exact nature of this identifier is not specified. Possible examples are the Mobile Node MAC address or an identifier obtained as part of the Mobile Node authentication procedure.
After the MAG identifies the Mobile Node, authorizes its use of the NetLMM service, and acquires its Mobile Node Identifier, the MAG sends a PBU to the LMA; that is, it sends a registration request on behalf of the Mobile Node to the LMA. The PBU message is based on the MIPv6 Binding Update (BU) message with some extensions, but whereas the BU is sent by the Mobile Node, the PBU is sent by the MAG on behalf of the Mobile Node. A flag in the message is used to indicate that it is a PBU and not a BU. The PBU has as source address (and also in the alternate CoA option, if present) the global address configured in the egress interface of the MAG. This address is called Proxy-CoA in PMIPv6 terminology and is used by the LMA as locator of the Mobile Node. In the PBU, unlike in the BU, a Home Address destination option is not present; instead a Mobile Node Identifier Option [13] has to be included with the Mobile Node Identifier, which is used to identify the Mobile Node throughout the PMIPv6 domain.
The PBU also contains additional information, such as the access link technology, a handoff indicator, the requested lifetime for the registration, and other optional data. The handoff indicator is a new mobility option defined in PMIPv6 that allows the MAG to signal the LMA whether the PBU originated upon network attachment or upon handover of a Mobile Node (if known by some unspecified mechanisms), and that information could be useful to support advanced functions such as multihoming. Examples of values of the handoff indicator include: a Mobile Node entering the PMIPv6 domain, a reregistration to update the registration lifetime, a handoff between MAGs, or a handoff between interfaces of the Mobile Node.
Upon sending the PBU, the MAG creates a Binding Update List entry [6] for the Mobile Node. Note that this data structure in Mobile IPv6 is maintained by the Mobile Node to keep track of its bindings, but consequently to the PMIPv6 philosophy, the MAG maintains a Binding Update List (BUL) storing the bindings of the Mobile Nodes attached to it. The information in the Binding Update List allows the MAG to link the information about the Mobile Node, the interface in the MAG to which the Mobile Node is connected, and the LMA serving it, among others.
When the LMA receives the PBU sent by the MAG, it first checks that the message is correct according to the PMIPv6 specification, rejecting the registration otherwise. If the LMA accepts the PBU, it has to verify if its Binding Cache contains an entry for the Mobile Node identified in the PBU. When a Mobile Node first enters the PMIPv6 domain, the LMA cannot find an entry in its Binding Cache and has to create a new one. The Binding Cache entry is an extended version of the data structure defined for the Binding Cache entries in Mobile IPv6 [6].
The entry in the Binding Cache has a flag to indicate that it is a proxy registration, and it links all the information related to the Mobile Node, including its identification and the MAG serving it; that is, the location of the Mobile Node. If there is no entry for the Mobile Node in the Binding Cache (that is, the Mobile Node is entering the PMIPv6 domain), the LMA allocates one or more network prefixes to the Mobile Node. These prefixes are called Home Network Prefixes, and it must be noted that at least one network prefix is assigned per Mobile Node.
If the LMA cannot allocate a network prefix to a Mobile Node, it has to reject the registration. The address(es) that the Mobile Node uses while inside the PMIPv6 domain are configured from those Home Network prefixes. The decision of allocating one or more network prefixes depends on a global policy in the PMIPv6 domain or a per-Mobile Node policy. When the registration request is accepted, the LMA creates a Binding Cache Entry (BCE) with the accepted values for the registration, including the Mobile Node Identifier, the Proxy CoA (the address of the MAG serving the Mobile Node), and the Home Network prefix(es) allocated to the Mobile Node.
Upon BCE creation, the LMA creates an IPv6-in-IPv6 bidirectional tunnel, if one does not already exist, to the MAG sending the PBU. The LMA sets up forwarding routes through the tunnel for any traffic received that is addressed to the Home Network prefixes of the Mobile Node. Finally, the LMA creates a Proxy Binding Acknowledgment (PBA) and sends it to the corresponding MAG. The PBA message is based on the MIPv6 Binding Acknowledgment (BA) message with a few more extensions, including a flag that indicates that the message is a Proxy Binding Acknowledgement. The PBA informs the MAG about the registration request result, if it has been rejected (and why, using a status code) or accepted. The PBA contains the Mobile Node Identifier and the Home Network prefixes allocated to the Mobile Node. Unlike the Binding Acknowledgment, the PBA does not include a type 2 routing header (that in the Binding Acknowledgment includes the Home Address of the Mobile Node). Also the PBA is received and processed by the MAG, and not by the Mobile Node.
If the PBA confirms that the registration request has been accepted for the Mobile Node, the MAG creates an IPv6-in-IPv6 bidirectional tunnel, if one does not already exist, to the LMA. The MAG sets up forwarding routes, through the tunnel, for uplink or downlink packets received or sent from or to the Mobile Node. The MAG also updates the Binding Update List entry to reflect the accepted binding registration values.
Upon network attachment and during the PBU or PBA procedure, the Mobile Node can send a Router Solicitation in the access link as part of the standard neighbor discovery procedures. The MAG should not reply to this Router Solicitation until the registration in the LMA has been successfully completed. When the MAG receives the PBA indicating a successful registration, the MAG sends a Router Advertisement to the Mobile Node announcing the Home Network prefix(es). The Mobile Node can then apply the stateless address autoconfiguration mechanism or the stateful one (using the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol [DHCP]) according to the indication in the Router Advertisement. For supporting DHCP, a DHCP relay agent has to be present in every MAG in the domain, and the relay agent must include in the link-address field of the Relay Forward message an IPv6 address from the Home Network prefix, to indicate to the DHCP server the range of addresses it can assign.
The PMIPv6 specification, as mentioned previously, supports only point-to-point access links with the Mobile Nodes. An interesting use case is to have a broadcast access link and to emulate point-to-point links with the Mobile Nodes to be able to apply the PMIPv6 specification. This case raises the problem of sending Router Advertisements that should be received only by the corresponding Mobile Node, and not by other Mobile Nodes present in the broadcast link. There are several ways to send these advertisements. The Router Advertisements could be sent to the IPv6 link-local address of the Mobile Node that the MAG can learn from the source address of router solicitations sent by the Mobile Node, or by some other unspecified means. Another possibility is to send Router Advertisements to the all-nodes multicast address at the IP layer but to the Link Layer 2 address of the Mobile Node.
Changing MAG in a PMIPv6 Domain
The complete signaling for supporting the change of attachment by a Mobile Node in a PMIPv6 domain is described in Figure 3.
When a Mobile Node leaves a link, the event is detected by the corresponding MAG. The mechanism for Mobile Node movement detection is not specified in PMIPv6, but some possible options are link-layer events or an IPv6 Neighbor Unreachability Detection event. The MAG that detects that the Mobile Node has left the link must send a PBU with a Mobile Node de-registration request to the LMA. Upon receiving a PBA replying to the PBU or after a timer, the MAG deletes all the states associated with a specific Mobile Node.
When the LMA receives a PBU with a de-registration request for a Mobile Node with a valid entry in the Binding Cache, it sends the corresponding PBA and starts a timer. During the period defined by the timer the LMA drops any packets received for the Mobile Node. The use of this timer allows the LMA to receive a PBU from a new MAG updating the location of the Mobile Node. If the PBU is not received during that time, the LMA deletes the state associated with the Mobile Node.
In a handoff situation the Mobile Node, after leaving a link, attaches to a new access link associated with a new MAG. The new MAG detects the Mobile Node and sends a PBU to the LMA on behalf of the Mobile Node. The LMA receives and processes the PBU, and detects that there is already a Binding Cache entry for that Mobile Node (the same Mobile Node Identifier). The LMA updates the Binding Cache entry with the new information, in particular with the Proxy CoA (egress IPv6 address) of the new MAG, updating also the tunnel and routing information for handling the traffic from or to the Mobile Node. The LMA sends a PBA to the new MAG in which it includes the Home Network prefix(es) already assigned to the Mobile Node. This scenario allows the new MAG to send a Router Advertisement with the same network prefix information as the Mobile Node received from the previous MAG. As stated before, the Mobile Node does not detect a link change and it keeps the same address(es). To make the change of link completely transparent to the Mobile Node, it must also continue receiving the Router Advertisements from the same link-local and link layer address; otherwise the Mobile Node would detect a change of default router. We describe how this problem is addressed in the next section.
Home Network Emulation and Address Uniqueness
MAGs must ensure that Mobile Nodes do not detect link changes when moving in a PMIPv6 domain; that is, MAGs must provide a home network emulation to the Mobile Nodes. To achieve this emulation, all the MAGs in the PMIPv6 domain must send, to a particular Mobile Node, Router Advertisements with the same network prefix information, as described previously. Additionally, the source IPv6 link-local address and the source link layer address in Router Advertisements sent to a Mobile Node must never change, independently of the MAG sending them. Therefore, the PMIPv6 specification requires all the MAGs to use, in any access link to which a particular Mobile Node attaches, the same link-local and link layer address.
PMIPv6 proposes two ways to meet this requirement:
Both of these configuration methods are also helpful to guarantee address uniqueness in the access links of the PMIPv6 domain. The global addresses are always unique because all links are point-to-point and only one Mobile Node uses unicast global addresses over that link. Link-local addresses are used by the MAG and the Mobile Node on the link and a collision is possible. However, because the PMIPv6 specification requires that the link-local address used by the different MAGs with a particular Mobile Node is always the same while the Mobile Node moves across the PMIPv6 domain, the collision problem can happen only when the Mobile Node enters the PMIPv6 domain.
When a Mobile Node enters the domain, we must rely on Duplicate Address Detection (DAD) to detect a collision. If we use a globally unique link-local address for all the MAGs in the PMIPv6, then it is easy for the MAGs to respond to DAD requests from Mobile Nodes, because MAGs always know the address they must defend. If the link-local address to be used by the MAG with a Mobile Node is generated in the LMA, then it is desirable that the MAG learns that link-local address (that is, completes the PMIPv6 registration procedure) to defend it before the Mobile Node carries out the DAD procedure. You can ensure the MAG can learn this address by ensuring that the Layer 2 attachment is not completed until finishing the PMIPv6 signaling registration, or by configuring the PMIPv6 registration procedure in such a way that it is likely to be completed before the default waiting time of a DAD procedure.
Security Considerations
As with Mobile IPv6 signaling, PMIPv6 signaling is very sensitive to security threats, because it changes routing states of nodes in the network on behalf of the Mobile Nodes. PMIPv6 specification recommends using IP Security (IPsec) to protect the signaling exchanges between the MAGs and the LMA. A security association is needed between MAGs and the LMA, but how it is created is not defined. Two cases are possible:
In both scenarios, creating the security association is an affordable problem.
Traffic Handling in a PMIPv6 Domain
Traffic sent to any address belonging to a Home Network prefix is received by the LMA, the anchor point for those addresses. The LMA forwards the traffic through the tunnel to the MAG serving the Mobile Node, and the MAG decapsulates the packets and forwards them to the Mobile Node through the access link. Packets sent by the Mobile Node are forwarded by the MAG through the tunnel to the LMA. The LMA decapsulates the packets and forwards them to the destination. If a MAG has data traffic that originated in one of its access links and is destined to another of its access links, it can forward the traffic locally to avoid the forwarding through the LMA. This forwarding is done according to a policy configured in the MAG.
Performance Considerations
PMIPv6 presents two performance advantages compared with MIPv6. First, the LMA is a local network entity, so in principle the delay of sending signaling to the LMA will be lower than sending signaling to a remote Home Agent. And second, because the tunnel required to handle the traffic is terminated in the MAG instead of in the Mobile Node (as happens in MIPv6), we avoid the overhead of having a tunnel (two IP headers) over the radio interface. This overhead avoidance is relevant because bandwidth resources are scarcer over the air interface than in the backhaul network.
IPv4 Support Considerations
PMIPv6 acknowledges the existence of a dual-stack mobile host. To this end there are ongoing efforts to standardize IPv4 support for PMIPv6 operations. The extensions defined in [14] specify how to assign an IPv4 Home Address to a mobile host accessing the PMIPv6 domain. That is, the MAG—upon Mobile Node detection attachment and verification that the Mobile Node is eligible for PMIPv6 service—inserts in the PBU an "IPv4 Home Address Request Option."
The LMA, upon reception of the PBU message, assigns an IPv6 Home Network Prefix (HNP) or an IPv4 Home Address by attaching an "IPv4 Home Address Reply Option to the PBA. How the information is delivered to the Mobile Node depends on the interface between the Mobile Node and the MAG, possible examples being DHCP or Internet Key Exchange Version 2 (IKEv2). The Mobile Node—independent of the method deployed—configures the HNP and the IPv4 Home address assigned by the LMA, thus supporting both IPv4- and IPv6-based applications.
PMIPv6 is a promising specification that allows network operators to provide localized mobility support without relying on mobility functions or configuration present in the mobile nodes. This reality greatly eases the deployment of the solution.
The IETF is currently working in the Network-Based Mobility Extensions (netext) Working Group on extending the PMIPv6 specification to add functions such as enhanced multihoming and intertechnology handoff support, and localized routing for traffic between MAGs to avoid going through the LMA. Additionally, the Multicast Mobility (multimob) Working Group is working on the support of multicast in PMIPv6.
[1] S. Gundavelli (Ed.), K. Leung, V. Devarapalli, K. Chowdhury, and B. Patil, "Proxy Mobile IPv6," RFC 5213, August 2008.
[2] Jon Postel, "Internet Protocol," RFC 791, September 1981.
[3] Stephen E. Deering and Robert M. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification," RFC 2460, December 1998.
[4] William Stallings, "Mobile IP," The Internet Protocol Journal, Volume 4, Number 2, June 2001.
[5] Charles E. Perkins, "IP Mobility Support for IPv4," RFC 3344, August 2002.
[6] David B. Johnson, Charles E. Perkins, and Jari Arkko, "Mobility Support in IPv6," RFC 3775, June 2004.
[7] E. Fogelstroem, A. Jonsson, and C. Perkins, "Mobile IPv4 Regional Registration," RFC 4857, June 2007.
[8] H. Soliman, C. Castelluccia, K. ElMalki, and L. Bellier, "Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) Mobility Management," RFC 5380, October 2008.
[9] J. Kempf (Ed.), "Problem Statement for Network-Based Localized Mobility Management (NETLMM)," RFC 4830, April 2007.
[10] J. Kempf (Ed.), "Goals for Network-Based Localized Mobility Management (NETLMM)," RFC 4831, April 2007.
[11] 3GPP TS 29.060, "GPRS Tunnelling Protocol (GTP) across the Gn and Gp interface," 2009. Available at: http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/29060.htm
[12] Ignacio Soto, Carlos J. Bernardos, Maria Calderon, Albert Banchs, and Arturo Azcorra, "NEMO-Enabled Localized Mobility Support for Internet Access in Automotive Scenarios," IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 47, No. 5, May 2009.
[13] A. Patel, K. Leung, M. Khalil, H. Akhtar, and K. Chowdhury, "Mobile Node Identifier Option for Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6)," RFC 4283, November 2005.
[14] R. Wakikawa and S. Gundavelli, "IPv4 Support for Proxy Mobile IPv6," RFC 5844, May 2010.
[15] Carlos J. Bernardos, Ignacio Soto, and María Calderón, "IPv6 Network Mobility," The Internet Protocol Journal, Volume 10, Number 2, June 2007.
[16] Dave Meyer, "The Locator Identifier Separation Protocol (LISP)," The Internet Protocol Journal, Volume 11, Number 1, March 2008.
IGNACIO SOTO received a telecommunication engineering degree in 1993, and a Ph.D. in telecommunications in 2000, both from the University of Vigo, Spain. He was a research and teaching assistant in telematics engineering at the University of Valladolid from 1993 to 1999. In 1999 he joined University Carlos III of Madrid, where he was an associate professor from 2001 until 2010. In 2010, he joined Universidad Politécnica de Madrid as associate professor. His research activities focus on mobility support in packet networks and heterogeneous wireless access networks. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
CARLOS J. BERNARDOS received a telecommunication engineering degree in 2003, and a Ph.D. in telematics in 2006, both from the University Carlos III of Madrid, where he worked as a research and teaching assistant from 2003 to 2008, and since then as an associate professor. His Ph.D. thesis focused on route optimization for mobile networks in IPv6 heterogeneous environments. He has published more than 30 scientific papers in prestigious international journals and conferences, and he also contributes to the IETF. He served as TPC chair of WEEDEV 2009 and as guest editor of IEEE Network. E-mail: email@example.com
MARÍA CALDERÓN is an associate professor at the Telematics Engineering Department of University Carlos III of Madrid. She received a computer science engineering degree in 1991 and a Ph.D. degree in computer science in 1996, both from the Technical University of Madrid. She has published more than 40 papers in the fields of advanced communications, reliable multicast protocols, programmable networks, and IPv6 mobility. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
TELEMACO MELIA received his Informatics Engineering degree in 2002 from the Polytechnic of Turin, Italy, and his Ph.D. in Mobile Communications from the University of Goettingen in April 2007. From June 2002 to December 2007 he worked at NEC Europe Ltd. in Heidelberg, Germany, in the Mobile Internet Group. He worked on IPv6-based Mobile Communication focusing on IP mobility support across heterogeneous networks and resource optimization control. In September 2008 he joined Alcatel Lucent Bell Labs. He is currently working on interworking architectures spanning 3GPP, WiMAX forum, and IETF standardization bodies. His main research interests include wireless networking and next-generation networks. He his author of more than 20 publications and he actively contributes to the IETF. E-mail: email@example.com


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Most lawyers don't know how to proactively and persistently pursue a relationship with a large corporate target client. Worse yet, they waste time by pursuing RFPs or other forms of "begging" just to get a chance to show off their capabilities. And, even if they do get in front of their ideal prospect, they often blow the opportunity by "pitching" the client based on their firm's credentials and capabilities.
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What really works -- how to plan and execute a strategy to win a major new client you desire, and how to maximize your chances of landing the client. You'll learn the answers to:
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Apple not buying Sony, Facebook, Disney, AT&T, Google, Australia, etc.
Recently quite controversial rumors appeared in the Internet. They claim that Apple is going to acquire Sony, and even Facebook. But the company probably isn't buying Sony, Facebook, or Disney, or Google, AT&T and etc. Apple isn't going to spend its huge money, because the company isn't even interested in manufacturing, social networking, and studio plays. We may only suppose that these rumors probably started after Steve Jobs said Apple is saving their $51 billion bank account for making 1 or 2 strategic acquisitions in the future.
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Psychology student Katharina Hamann's end of course assignment explored IE University's strategy for developing students' skills and abilities
"There is something rarer than ability. It is the ability to recognize ability." The saying, attributed to US writer Elbert Hubbard, highlights the importance of discovering the gifts people possess and allowing them to develop to their full potential. Companies today are increasingly spending a lot of energy on developing strategies to stimulate talent. A sizeable "talent pool" in your organization is vital: it's like having a pocketful of diamonds.
IE University is a talent mine. Our approach is not just to provide students with a good academic education, but also to expand their creative capacity, to arouse their intellectual curiosity, stimulate their emotional intelligence, and to empower them to function fully in a constantly changing environment. Our quest is for students to take advantage of their university years with us to develop their talent to the maximum and then join the labor market with a clear competitive advantage.
German student Katharina Hamann fits this profile perfectly: she speaks several languages, is constantly travelling, loves learning about new cultures and making friends with people from other countries, and above all, facing new challenges every day. Furthermore, she is an excellent student: her end of course assignment won her the maximum grade of 10, along with Honors, while her average grade throughout her Psychology course was 9.6.
Katharina Hamann's research project was an analysis of talent management in organizations, and specifically the way that IE University creates the conditions that allows students to develop their skills and areas of specialization to the full. Read more…


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Mega-Bubble time today. WhooooHoooo! Back to work tomorrow - it's break time - the parking will be EASY!
Here is my Bubble Produce for the day:
Whoever gets this card to send - I hope it is a 'hand-it-to-the-birthday-person-card'. Because it would cost a fortune to mail it. It is chipboard pieces covered in fabrics. It is VERY heavy not to mention square. I don't know why I used fabrics - I just felt the need to fondle some fabric - and the next thing I knew - boom - a card. A HEAVY card.
Sketch layout is from i{heart}2stamp specifically the SFYTT challenge.
Really Big Cake
~Base card - Paper Try Ink Soft Stone
~Layer of purple fabric adhered to lightweight cardboard
~Vertical strip with green marbled fabric attached to lightweight cardboard - rhinestone brads - top and bottom
~Four square chipboard pieces covered with cranberry red fabric - edges inked with black
~Image from Stampin Up - colored with Copics and topped with Ranger Glossy Accents, candle flames topped with Stickles
Below is a challenge to try a technique over at Our Creative Corner. I admit I panicked a little bit. I like to crank out cards and am not too much into techniques. I like to keep it simple whether making cards or quilts. However, I took the challenge and went on the hunt for a technique! I went for the Acrylic Smash Technique. Here is the result.
Simply Smashing
~Base card - ready made notecard - Inkadinkado Personal Impressions
~Layer of Cranberry red cardstock - edges curved
-Layer of PTI Ocean Tides cardstock
~Digital image from Mel Stampz laser printed on white cardstock - colored in with Copics - smudged/distressed with Ranger's Vintage Photo, Old Paper, and Tatered Rose
~Skirt part of the dress - stamped with EK Success Live, Love. Laugh, Learn using black Stazon, with Blue Mist acrylic paint
~Edges of image cardstock torn and roughed up using metal ruler
~Button assortment threaded with DMC embroidery thread (ToC from sissy Gail)
Over at Saturday Spotlight the challenge was to 'Mess Around' using some type of distressing.
Princess of the Poppies~Base card - Paper Trey Ink white cardstock
~Layer of K & Company Meadow & Breeze
~Vertical strips of cranberry cardstock topped with text from a very old book destined for the landfill
~Freebie laser printed image from Digital Two for Tuesday colored in with Copics, tiara dotted with Stickles
~Edges and top of image area torn then smudged/distressed with Ranger Old Paper and Vintage Photo
~Three square brads
You can get up close with the card by clicking on the image.
All good wishes,
Sunday, February 21, 2010
Smashed Poppies Cake
Posted by Nancy in Iowa at 2:43 PM
3 comments:
- AnonymousFebruary 22, 2010 at 2:17 PM
WOW!! Nancy, all of your creations are FABULOUS! :) Love your distressing card and all the pretty elements you've added to all of the cards!! Thanks so much for joining with us at Saturday Spotlight this week!! HUGSReplyDelete
Oh all of these are fantastic!!! Love the buttons and all the other fabulous details you've added to these cards!! Thanks for sharing with us at Saturday Spotlight.ReplyDelete
Beautiful cards this week, Nancy, I really love the retro, distressed look of the last two. And the fabric card is so unique - I love using fabric on cards!! Great job on trying a new technique! So happy you could have some fun with Our Creative Corner this week!ReplyDelete
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In this day and age of technology there is no need to test product on dogs and other animals - many other companies are no longer doing so and they are profitable.
- It is legal and routine practice to 'euthanize' (euphemism for kill) dogs and cats in a Gas Chamber;
- Legislated Breed Specific Legislation against Pit Bulls (acronym BSL) and other bully breeds (in the UK BSL is known as Dangerous Dogs Act - DDA) is the law - a law that has its roots 100% based in ignorance and fear and not based in fact;
- Where it is legal and acceptable (Health Canada, FDA) to allow known toxins and carcinogens into dog food;
- In some states bestiality is still legal, and the list goes on.
- And just in case you think that organizations such as PETA work to prevent such atrocities take a look at this. Human hubris knows no bounds...
Pound Seizure is legal and occurs every day in Canada and the USA.
It should be noted that backyard breeders are also a source of dogs for Class 'B' Dealers. The following provides some statistics reflecting known numbers of dogs acquired and sold to labs by Class 'B' Dealers in 2008 as noted by the USDA. One must always remember that there are always sales of dogs that are not reported - black market sales.
In the USA, 4,643 dogs were acquired by Class B Dealers in 2008 - the numbers breakdown as follows:
49% from hobby breeders (back-yard breeders) and other individuals;
31% from Class 'B' Dealers;
20% directly from government pounds or shelters.
The USDA has not issued comparative data for subsequent years. Although the reported numbers show a decline in the number of dogs being used for research, dogs are still being used and killed in the name of research. In the USA, ten-year average 1978 to 1987 -187,464 dogs were used for research; 1998 to 2007 69,223 dogs were used for research.
How can we have laws for to prevent cruelty to dogs and then turn around and allow dogs to be used for 'research'.
Groups such as the Animal Alliance continue to work tirelessly to create awareness and push reform. As a result of their ongoing efforts Guelph University and the Ontario Veterinary College have voluntarily made reforms to their policies to ensure that no more pound dogs will be used for teaching or experimentation, that dogs who are used for skills training will be 'recovered' and adopted out, and that no more dogs will be killed for practice surgeries. While this is a great step forward, there are many other institutions and companies in the province of Ontario who have not made any such reforms.
Premier of Ontario
Legislative Building
Queen's Park
Toronto, ON M7A 1A1
Tel: 416-325-1941
Fax: 416-325-3745
Édifice Honoré-Mercier, 3e étage
835, boulevard René-Lévesque Est
Québec (Québec) G1A 1B4
Fax: 418-643-3924 / 514-873-6769
A - if you live in North America, you can click here to see a list of pet food companies that DO NOT test on animals;
B - if you live in the UK, you can click here to see a list of pet food companies that DO NOT test on animals.


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* Australian shares close higher for 3rd straight session
* New Zealand benchmark finishes at record high (Updates to close)
March 12 (Reuters) - Australian shares rose on Monday as a firm U.S. jobs data report boosted global investor sentiment while material stocks finished strong on news that Australia could be exempted from new U.S. trade tariffs on steel and aluminium imports.
The S&P/ASX 200 index rose 0.6 percent, or 32.90 points, to 5,996.10 at the close of trade, its highest since Feb. 28. The benchmark rose 0.3 percent on Friday.
The U.S. economy added the biggest number of jobs in over 1-1/2 years in February, data showed, but a slowdown in wage growth pointed to only a gradual increase in inflation this year, which potentially reduces chances of a faster pace of rate hikes by the Federal Reserve.
Sentiment was bolstered when U.S. President Donald Trump said that he was working on a deal so Australia would be exempt from the tariffs that had roiled markets worldwide.
Metals and mining stocks led the gains, with their subindex finishing the day 1.4 percent higher, helped by a recovery in base metal prices.
Giant BHP Billiton, the largest miner on the index by market capitalisation, rose 2.1 percent while Rio Tinto climbed 2.3 percent to its highest close since March 8.
Gold miner Newcrest mining was the biggest drag on the index, ending the day 4.6 percent lower, its lowest in seven months.
Newcrest said on Monday its fiscal 2018 guidance would be adversely affected by the closure of its flagship mine following damage to a tailings dam wall.
New Zealand shares ended Monday's session at a record high, led by consumer stocks.
The benchmark S&P/NZX 50 index rose 0.9 percent or 73.98 points to finish at 8,463.99.
A2 Milk ended about 4.7 percent higher and served as the biggest boost on the benchmark, while Heartland Bank Ltd ended down 2.7 percent. (Reporting by Chandini Monnappa in Bengaluru; Editing by Richard Borsuk)


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Light is the key to photography. You might have the world's most expensive camera and most expansive range of equipment, but if you don't have the tools to effectively handle light then your photography will never rise above average. One of the pro photographer's most indispensable light tools is the softbox.
Of all the softboxes we looked at for this list, the most outstanding model in terms of value and high performance was clearly the Neewer Speetlite.
This impressive setup from Neewer diffuses with ease, creating a soft and elegant light that will transform your photos from average to exceptional!
The Best Speedlight Softbox
Neewer Speedlite
This impressive offering from Neewer provides a beautiful, atmospheric setup for the professional photographer and videographer.
Built from high quality materials that maximize performance, the Speedlite's excellent diffusion panels make getting a perfectly exposed shot or video easier than ever.
It's also very versatile, adjusting for better accommodating virtually all studio flashes with ease. The Speedlite is small and light enough to be manageable anywhere, but large enough to provide a beautifully even light to every shoot.
With all these features, the Speedlite always delivers a well-rounded, professional performance. It's a great option for anyone who wants to make a reasonable investment in an extremely versatile product.
Portability & Durability
SMDV Speedbox-40
If you're looking for something you can easily take on the road, and are willing to spend a bit more for an excellent quality softbox, then you can't go wrong with the SMDV-40.
A reasonably priced model that nonetheless performed extremely well in every category, the SMDV-40 is the perfect choice for longer, tougher shoots.
All in all, the SMDV impressed us greatly with its durability and impressive build quality. It's the clear softbox choice for pros on the go!
Packs A Punch
Westcott Rapid Box
For the photographer who's looking for an absolutely great deal, there's no better-kept secret than the Rapid Box.
Part of Westcott's affordable mid-range product line, the Rapid Box is constructed from the same great quality materials that have made this brand's more expensive models a hit with the pros.
This means that you can get amazing results — an even, delicate light in every shot — without the huge price tag that often accompanies with larger rigs. The Rapid Box lets you shoot like the pros!
It's also easy to manage either in studio or out on a shoot, with an adjustable quick-collapse frame that folds down in seconds.
- What to Look for in a Softbox
- What to Expect When Spending More
- Rankings & Reviews
- Our #1 Pick: The Best Softbox for Speedlight
- #2: SMDV Speedbox-40
- #3: Westcott Rapid Box
- #4: Godox Portable Octagon Softbox
What to Look for in a Softbox
So, you've decided to invest in a camera backpack to transport your gear. Which qualities make a great purchase? We've put together this handy list of requirements to help you quickly decide which camera backpacks meet your specifications:
- Portability: As with any piece of equipment that you'll need to carry around all the time, you'll want something lightweight and easy to set up.
- Adjustable design: You're also going to want something with a degree of adjustability, to ensure that your light goes exactly where you need it to go.
- Performance: Of course, the ultimate goal is to find a softbox that produces well-exposed, illuminated photos while minimizing shadow.
- Affordability: Most photographers shoot with more than one softbox, so take that into consideration when deciding which product will fit your budget.
- Quality construction: No one wants their equipment to fall apart in the field, so choose a softbox with a durable outer layer (such as a thick nylon) to protect its delicate interior.
What to Expect When Spending More
Anxious to get the best value for money? Maybe you should consider spending a little more for your softbox setup. While many models come in at hundreds of dollars, there are a wide variety of reasonable models on the market today that can satisfy your high-end desires for a middle-of-the-road investment.
If you're forking over a bit more cash for a more expensive model, you can expect to get some better construction and design, including a thicker protective layer and a more reflective inner diffusion shield. You'll also find that pricier models deliver more on the performance front, giving you a light that's both strong and soft. Higher-end models also rate better for compatibility, accommodating more studio flashes and folding into more compact storage forms.
You can outfit your studio on a budget these days, but putting in a little extra cash goes further than it ever has before. And if you're ready to invest more than $100 in a quality rig, your final results will clearly show the difference.
Rankings & Reviews
Below, we've compiled an exhaustive list of the qualities we really enjoyed about each pack, as well as the qualities we viewed as major weaknesses. Hopefully it will help you to determine which pack is best for you.
You'll find ratings of each softbox with regards to its performance, usability, ease of use, and portability.
Our #1 Pick: Neewer Speedlite
- Dimensions: 7.5 x 8 x 31.6 in.
- Weight: 10.05 lbs.
- The high points: Accessible, easy to use, provides great shots, affordable, lightweight
- The not-so: No umbrella mount
But don't let the compact size and manageable weight throw you off: the Flipside is incredibly spacious. With its wide variety of storage options, you'll always have a place to store all your most important gear and have room to spare.
It's affordable, too, topping out at less than twenty dollars, and its simple design makes easy on the eyes as well as the budget.
In all, this kit is a fantastic investment for the professional who wants an affordable lighting option or for the hobbyist who's looking to invest more in their photography work.
What reviewers say about it
Reviewers are full of praise for the Speedlite, and many share that it's completely revolutionized their work. It's especially well-received by amateurs who are looking to step up their game without making a huge studio investment.
They report that the Speedlite gives beautifully exposed, luminous shots, even in less than ideal situations—such as night shoots and windowless rooms.
All in all, reviewers were incredibly satisfied with the Speedlite's build quality, reporting that it was easy to assemble and held up well, even in more demanding studio conditions.
What's good?
The Speedlite's double metal frame means that it's lightweight yet suitably sturdy, giving you the portability and dependability you need for those long, stressful shoots. It folds out effortlessly, like an umbrella, so you won't be left struggling with bulky equipment.
Its double-enforced nylon diffusion surface also works incredibly well, throwing back a soft, even, lovely light that's perfectly suited to either portrait or product photography. Your subjects have never looked better!
Nevertheless, the Speedlite still an impressively large product. That wide surface gives you ample area to play with your light sources and produce the best quality lighting possible.
It's also priced extremely affordably and comes in a variety of different depths and sizes, so you'll hardly need to break the bank in order to start outfitting your studio.
What could be better?
The Speedlite does not come with an included umbrella mount, so that's another expense you'll need to compensate for.
Its low price also means that it is thinner and less durable than many more expensive speedlight models—the adage that you get what you pay for is true.
Also, it's a bit on the shallow side, which might spell trouble when trying to make more extreme adjustments.
How does it compare in value?
As far as value is concerned, the Speedlite is a clear standout. It has all of the qualities that most people need to elevate the quality of light in their shots.
Of course, this isn't a high-end professional model, but it does many of the same things that those models typically do, and comes in at hundreds of dollars less.
All in all, if you're in the market for a competent and highly affordable softbox option, then we believe that this offering from Neewer should top your consideration list.
How has it improved?
Over the past few years, Neewer has put out a variety of extremely affordable, quality photography accessories. They've made a name for themselves delivering the best bang for your buck in the industry.
This Neewer model has also improved in performance quality: it throws back a softer, cleaner light than previous models, ensuring that your photos will have that highly professional gloss.
It's also compatible with an even wider range of studio flashes, so you'll be able to keep it around even if your other equipment changes down the road.
The Next Best: SMDV Speedbox-40
- Dimensions: 13.3 x 7.4 x 3.9 in.
- Weight: 2.4 lbs.
- The high points: Durable, portable, fantastic performance
- The not-so: Higher price, heavy
Where SMDV softboxes really excel is in their extreme portability and rugged reliability. You won't ever need to worry about your gear being damaged or broken on the road.
An innovative hammock on the interior suspends your camera above the pack's bottom, giving it an extra layer of protection against hard impacts.
If you're willing to make a bit more significant of an investment in your softbox, then this model offers an awesome level of reliability. It will
What reviewers say about it
Reviewers uniformly raved about the SMDV's impressive build quality. Almost all reviewers said that the SMDV had stood up to a variety of difficult shooting conditions and accidents with admirable resilience.
In addition, they loved this model's easy portability, reporting that it was a breeze to fold up and store when not in use.
Many reviewers reported that this was the best softbox they had ever used—even pros who typically shot with much pricier equipment.
What's good?
This is a full-featured softbox constructed from very high-quality materials. Its ripstop nylon exterior shell protects the delicate interior from damage, while the double diffusion panels guarantee a beautiful reflection every time.
If you have a lot of gear to carry around, then the SLRC could work wonders for your organization. Its many interior compartments can be resized and rearranged, so you'll always have a pocket that fits each piece of gear snugly and comfortably.
It Quick Release folding trigger collapses the whole unit quickly and easily, meaning that you won't waste precious time on a shoot wrangling your equipment around.
It's also compatible with most studio flash systems, so you'll be able to integrate it with the rest of your setup with ease.
What could be better?
The biggest complaint about this softbox is that its initial construction process is lengthy and a bit complicated.
Due to steel reinforcements in the frame, it's also a little heavier than other softboxes in its price range.
How does it compare in value?
You can usually expect to drop a significant amount of money on a softbox, especially when demanding higher quality materials.
The SMDV is a welcome exception to that rule, delivering amazing build quality, a very impressive range of features, and the heavy-duty durability that's often associated with softboxes twice its price—plus, it comes with a durable carrying case!
If you're a professional who's looking for an excellent upper-range option that delivers powerfully on every front, then you can't do better than this model from SMDV.
How has it improved?
SMDV has a history of providing exceptional quality photography equipment for reasonable price points, and this line of softboxes is one of their most impressive successes.
The newly-patented Quick Release system is an incredibly useful addition, cutting down on teardown time so you can get right back to getting awesome shots.
It also has an improved tilting bracket, and the double diffusion panels perform at an even higher level than previous SMDV lines.
Our Next Favorite: Westcott Rapid Box
- Dimensions: 12 x 26 x 26 in.
- Weight: 3 lbs.
- The high points: Easy to use, great build quality, compatible lightweight, compact
- The not-so: No hotshoe
The Rapid Box is one of Westcott's more affordable models, but delivers the same high quality materials and gorgeous results as many pricier setups.
It lets you get great shots indoors and outdoors, maximizing and evening the available light so that your work comes out perfect each time.
If you're in the market for a solid mid-range softbox that's both accessible and highly portable, then the Rapid Box deserves a closer look.
What reviewers say about it
This Westcott is a hit across the board, with hobbyists and professionals alike. Almost all reviewers praised the remarkable quality of the shots they got using the Rapid Box,
Reviewers say that you simply can't beat the value of the Rapid Box. It was especially popular for its durable yet easy-to-handle frame.
What's good?
The Rapid Box lives up to its name: it can deliver high quality performance all day, then fold down into its incredibly portable carrying case in a pinch when you're finished shooting.
It's also very adaptable, with an adjustable height and depth, and is compatible with virtually every shoe-mounted flash on the market today. It's sure to fit right into your studio!
Plus, the diffusion panels are constructed from the exact same durable and excellent-quality material that Westcott uses on their high end softboxes, so you get a professional result every time.
What could be better?
Some reviewers commented negatively on the Rapid Box's diffusion strength, saying that a pricier model should be expected to give off a
It also lacks a hotshoe with sync cord, so you'll need to supply that accessory on your own.
How does it compare in value?
The Rapid Box is on the higher end of this list's price scale, but nonetheless we think that its impressive adaptability and functionality make it well worth a more considerable investment.
Plus, it's on the more affordable end of Westcott's extensive and popular softbox line. You can rest assured that you're getting a quality product that will pay for itself many times over in convenience and ease of use.
How has it improved?
Westcott has released other less expensive models, but none have been quite as full-featured as the Rapid Box. This is a true mid-range option, with many of the integral features of their pricier models at a more reasonable cost.
Great features like the high quality diffusion materials and easy-open umbrella design now come as standard, so you're purchasing a streamlined and capable product.
#4 – Godox Portable Octagon Softbox
- Dimensions: 1.57 x in.
- Weight: 22 lbs.
- The high points: Ease of use
- The not-so: Low quality materials
It's ideal for the photographer with a strong sense of personal flair who's ready to get up close and personal with nature.
What reviewers say about it
Reviewers loved the Godox for its powerful performance and were satisfied with the integrity of its construction.
However, some also reported that tilting and adjusting the position of the softbox could be challenging at times.
What's good?
Without a doubt, the Godox's best convincing feature is the quality of the light that it produces. It does a great job at minimizing shadows and lessening harsh light sources—all the basic services you're looking for in a good softbox.
It has a variety of other conveniences as well, including an easily accessible zipper design that makes it simple to install the rig over a stand.
What could be better?
Since the Godox is much cheaper than some of its alternatives, the build quality may be less than what you're looking for.
Additionally, as some reviewers reported above, it can be difficult to make smaller adjustments when the softbox mounted on an umbrella stand.
#5 – Fotodiox EZ-Pro Flash Softbox
- Dimensions: 7 x 18 x 7 in.
- Weight: 3 lbs.
- The high points: Excellent performance, ease of use, lightweight
- The not-so: Difficult to adjust, weak construction
What reviewers say about it
Reviewers were very impressed by the EX-Pro. They reported that it held up admirably in the field, produced fantastic results, and was lightweight enough to throw in with the rest of their gear.
However, a few reviewers also mentioned their doubts about the overall integrity of the construction, saying that the frame seemed prone to bending under pressure.
What's good?
The EX-Pro has a number of great features that really set it apart from other softboxes in its price range. Its omni-bounce reflective fabric is of an extremely high quality, while the outer layer is sure to provide excellent protection from the elements.
It also comes with a few fantastic extras, including an additional hotshoe mount and a rotating flash speedring, so you'll be able to add a few new toys to your collection.
What could be better?
Unfortunately adjustability can be a challenge, especially considering that some of the fastenings are difficult to grasp.
The light weight comes with a price, as the EX-Pro may not hold up to abuse quite as well as some other, more durable options.
#6 – Neomark Rectangular Speedlite
- Dimensions: 8.5 x 3.4 x 2.2 in.
- Weight: 4 lbs.
- The high points: Portable, adjustable
- The not-so: Less compatibility, cheap materials
What reviewers say about it
Reviewers were quick to praise the Neomark's size, saying that it easily accommodated full-body shots in studio. They also gave it high marks for portability and usability.
However, a few were critical of its flimsier materials, particularly its zippers.
What's good?
With four flexible carrying positions, an easy-open gear pocket, and handily accessible side compartments, this adventure pack keeps all of your gear right at your fingertips.
This softbox is a great affordable option for the photographer who's looking for a more extensive studio setup.
What could be better?
Ironically, the "light" title is a bit of a misnomer: this Manfrotto offering is anything but. If you pack it full, you can definitely expect a long and tiring day, particularly considering that its balance isn't stellar.
The Neomark isn't built to the same standards as many of the other options on this list, so it may not hold up to as much use.
#7 – Calumet Professional Foldable Speedbox
- Dimensions: 18 x 17.5 x 12. in.
- Weight: 1.7 lbs.
- The high points: Portable, easy to use, adjustable
- The not-so: Less compatible, flimsy
What reviewers say about it
Many users report that the Calumet sets up in seconds and gets right to work producing a nice, even light.
However, it definitely loses points for its lack of stability, with some reviewers mentioning that they didn't trust it in less than ideal conditions.
What's good?
With this model, you're getting what you pay for: an inexpensive, highly portable and compact softbox that can add a bit of control to a shoot.
With a detachable front diffusion panel and a highly efficient reflective interior, the Calumet gives you options for adjusting the intensity of your shots.
What could be better?
Unfortunately the Calumet's adaptor is sold separately, an extra expense that cuts directly into the product's inexpensiveness.
It's also not as durable or stable as many other entries on this list, so it may not be the best choice if you're looking to take your softbox outdoors or into crowded events.
#8 – Photoflex HalfDome Softbox
- Dimensions: 6 x 6 x 48 in.
- Weight: 6 lbs.
- The high points: Unique design, good performance
- The not-so: Sketchy build quality
What reviewers say about it
Reviewers spoke positively about the HalfDome's manageable size, commenting that they were able to take it on shoots where a larger softbox would not have been viable.
However, some were unsatisfied with the build quality, and cited the loose-fitting reflector shield as a serious issue.
What's good?
The HalfDome's slim design allows it to slip easily into locations where a standard softbox might not fit.
Its unique shape throws back a narrow strip of light that's perfect for product photography or portrait highlighting.
What could be better?
As mentioned above, the HalfDome does produce an unusually-shaped reflection, which disqualifies it from use in some kinds of shooting.
#9 – Photoflex OctoDome Medium Softbox
- Dimensions: 18 x 18 x 9 in.
- Weight: 5 lbs.
- The high points:
- The not-so:
What reviewers say about it
Reviewers praised the Photoflex for its excellent build quality, versatility, and innovative design.
They said that the OctoDome produces a nearly perfect quality of light: neatly balanced, soft, and even throughout.
What's good?
With its unusual eight-sided shape and rear-mounted light setup, the OctoDome provides a totally unique style of lighting.
It also has fantastic build quality, and can be used with either hotlights or strobes.
What could be better?
This innovative design comes at a price: the OctoDome is on the pricey side and also weighs in at over five pounds, so it may not be an ideal choice for action shoots.
#10 – Westcott Apollo Orb
- Dimensions: 5.3 x 5.9 x 7.2 in.
- Weight: 1.6 lbs.
- The high points: Smartphone compatible,
- The not-so: High price,
What reviewers say about it
Reviewers are unanimous about the quality of their results, reporting that the Apollo produces a clean, soft light with beautiful shadows.
However, a few were less than enthusiastic about the Apollo's build quality, citing concerns about its ability to hold up to tougher conditions.
What's good?
The Apollo Orb is a solid product. It sets up and tears down with ease, and the removable diffusion panel throws back wonderfully natural light
It also works with virtually every studio flash on the market, so you can put compatibility concerns to rest.
What could be better?
The Orb cuts corners with materials, so it isn't exactly the most durable product on the market. Its ribs in particular are weak, and don't hold up well to stress.
Wrap Up
In conclusion, we heartily recommend the affordable and well-built Neewer Speedlite as the best mid-range option for the photographer who wants to add a professional, elegant flair to their photos.
You're hardly at a loss for fantastic alternatives, though. Expect to get great results from the SMDV Speedbox-40 as well, especially if you're looking for an extremely rugged rig that can stand up to the demands of a professional outdoor shoot and are willing to spend a bit more money to get incredible results. Or take a look at the Westcott Rapid Box, a smaller and highly portable option that nonetheless delivers incredible quality.
Hopefully, this guide has helped you to determine which of the many excellent, affordable softboxes on the market today will aid you most in your photography journey!Back to Top


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Paste Magazine recently touted "Eliot Bronson" as an Americana gem "An Americana gem" is what Paste Magazine calls the recently released album "Eliot Bronson". The album hit #1 on the EuroAmericana charts, #1 on the Roots Music Chart and was
"Poverty is Real" Featured in Documentary
Poverty is Real Featured in "What is Philanthropy?" Documentary Atlanta-based Americana folk artist, Mike Killeen's title track Poverty is Real, is featured with those from Patti Smith and Ziggy Marley in this introspective and fascinating view of philanthropy in the United
Dave Cobb nominated for Grammy
Dave Cobb, producer of Eliot Bronson's self-titled album, is nominated for Grammy's Producer of the Year. Cobb produced country music sensation Chris Stapleton's latest album, "Traveller". Cobb was instrumental in creating the sound for the critically acclaimed "Eliot Bronson". His
S5R Releases Three Albums in August
Three Album Re-Releases Slated for WorldWide Distribution in August Atlanta-based Americana folk artist, Mike Killeen, and Nashville's Americana alt country artist, Nathan Beaver, have both signed independent deals with Saturn 5 Records located in Decatur, Georgia. The first venture for all
Special Offer: Limited Edition Collector's Album
Limited Collector's Edition "Eliot Bronson" on vinyl is being offered at the special price In support of Record Store Day's Vinyl Tuesdays, S5R announces that on Tuesdays, throughout the month of October 2015, the limited edition vinyl LP is available for $25.00
Saturn 5 Signs Mike Killeen and Nathan Beaver
Saturn 5 announces two new artists to label Saturn 5 announced on August 19th that it has signed two Americana artists to its label. Atlanta-based Mike Killeen and Nashville's Nathan Beaver are now part of the label's growing platform of
Americana-UK cites "Eliot Bronson" as one of best of year!
http://www.americana-uk.com/cd-reviews/item/eliot-bronson States Rudie Humphrey for Americana-UK of the tracks on the album: "They flow and as a series of music, is one of the best albums in structure in a very long time. The visual slant is apparent throughout, often
Oakland Cemetery Site of Tunes from the Tombs
Tunes from the Tombs Concert Eliot Bronson kicks off the 5th Annual Tunes from the Tombs concert festival benefitting the historic Oakland Cemetery amid the tombstones and incredible gardens. The festival hosts three different stages starting at 1 p.m. Saturday,
LP 'Eliot Bronson' in select stores for Record Store Day
Saturn 5 Records, in conjunction with five select record stores in Atlanta, released a limited edition vinyl of 'Eliot Bronson' for Record Store Day Saturn 5 Records, in conjunction with five select record stores in Atlanta, released a limited edition
Dave Cobb signs with Elektra
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Hot for Professor
Michelle Miller questions sexual harassment policies that take away the right of students to opt for a relationship -- however complicated -- with an instructor.
In her compelling, if not totally agreeable, manifesto on college-based sexual harassment policies, Jane Gallop reminds us that it was feminists, not managers or administrators, who fought for harassment to be made a political and professional issue, rather than a personal problem. This fight was grounded in the understanding that sexual harassment in the workplace discriminates against women and other marginalized people on the basis of their sex, race, and gender and inhibits their ability to do their work, just as sexual harassment in the streets interferes with the ability to move freely and safely in the world. Gallop thus clarifies the goals of sexual harassment policy in order to challenge administrative concerns around teacher-student relationships in a number of ways. Most important is that the criminal nature of sexual harassment is not that it relates to sex or to amorous or erotic relations, but that it is discrimination — the unfair application of power used by someone against another.
Gallop's book, Feminist Accused of Sexual Harassment, arose out of her own experience as a university professor charged with sexually harassing two female graduate students with whom she had developed close and difficult relationships. She describes in detail the history of her student-teacher sexual encounters, which involved her sleeping both with teachers as a student, and with students as a teacher. She reports these engagements as being generally positive and reasonably friendly, arising out of mutual desire for sex and intimacy rather than an abuse of power by the teacher. Although she had ceased sleeping with students at the time she was accused of sexual harassment, her teaching and learning relationships had been, and continued to be, amorous, personal and sexual. It seems, from Gallop's telling, that for her and her students, the close nature of these relationships was, initially, personally and academically productive. One student's academic work, for example, involved writing love letters to a fictional older woman teacher, certainly modeled at least in part after her relationship with Gallop.
This book does not present the two students who accused Gallop of harassing them as being upset because of the erotic relationship they shared with their teacher, but rather because they felt Gallop wasn't giving them the feedback they desired and felt they deserved. It was the withdrawal of her ability to please these students pedagogically, rather than the structure of a relationship with erotic pleasure in it, that troubled them. At least from Gallop's perspective, this is a story about jilted lovers who manipulated university-based sexual harassment policy to seek revenge for their dissatisfaction with an unruly relationship.
Gallop revels in the amorous relationships she shared with these two students: she describes a "spectacle" of a kiss she shared with one of them at a bar after a conference. Simultaneously, she assures us that she could not have sexually harassed these students, not because she never slept with them but because she didn't discriminate against them. She argues exactly the opposite, in fact, that as a teacher who is also a person, that far from sexually harassing these women, she engaged in deeply personal relationships with them both as students and as people. Each of the women (Gallop included) was flawed, lonely, desirous, egotistical, nervous, excited, and interested in working together academically. The decision to work in intimate ways reflected Gallop's commitment to feminist pedagogy and the possibilities raised by women's studies education, rather than a hope for teacher-student seduction.
Reading about Gallop's experiences with her graduate students (who, she once remarked in a joke that fell very flat, were her sexual preference) makes me think about my own relationships with teachers. As a doctoral student, I've never been theoretically against teacher-student relationships and have watched as my friends seduced and were seduced by professors both intellectually and sexually. One of my closest undergraduate friends dated a professor for a number of years, and although their relationship was at times professionally and socially troubling (since it seemed inappropriate for her to accompany him to faculty luncheons or for him to join us at keg parties), it would denigrate their very real relationship to call it "harassment." I've never dated a teacher (or, now that I teach at a college, a student), although I recognize that some of the ways I want my professors to love me (and some of the ways my students want me to love them) reflect erotic desires for knowledge and for close human relationships, which often end up being rich and difficult.
In general, my teachers make me nervous. I worry about what I'm going to wear when I'm going to see them. If I see them unexpectedly, I feel flustered. I sometimes get feedback I hate, am pushed to be better, and resent being told I'm not already good enough. I often, embarrassingly, cry during meetings with them. I want my work, which is about sexuality, desire, and literature, to bring my teachers pleasure, and I feel frustrated when it doesn't. I want approval, of course, but I also want to please the brilliant women I work with, the way their work pleases me. The point is not that I have crushes on my teachers but that these crush-like feelings become part of my academic work, part of the conditions of my thinking and learning.
The crushes I feel for my teachers are related to the kinds of crushes I have on my classmates and friends, crushes where I want to stay up all night drinking beer and talking about things we don't quite understand, which delight us all the more for being incomprehensible. Where we wonder what it might be like to grasp difficult knowledge together and thrill when it seems that we might. Where I wonder, in abstract ways, what it might be like to do this thinking lying down, to put the theory together with the practice. That scholarly relationships might become erotic, between students and teachers or passionate thinkers and learners of any position, seems natural — even unavoidable — to me.
This doesn't always, or even often, mean there are sex acts involved. but that desire for knowledge is a very human type of desire. I usually fall head over heels in a class, whether my infatuation is for a teacher, a classmate, a text, or an idea. It's these infatuations that make me a passionate student. They're incredibly valuable, and I want to keep them going. I have more interesting ideas when I allow my desires to get a little wild, to exceed my expectations for what might be, and when I open myself to be taken aback by what ideas may do to me and to my relationships with others.
And so I'm troubled by anti-harassment policies that seek to limit the ways adult thinkers and learners can relate to one another. After all, we're adults. (Even as I write that, I'm confounded by the arbitrariness of the distinction. Don't we all become teenagers in our crushes, regardless of age?) If we consent to participating in erotic or romantic relationships, if we seek them out or they sneak up on us, shouldn't we be able to enjoy them, free of meddling from administrative bodies? And by "enjoying," I don't mean always having a good experience, since erotic and romantic relationships of all kinds, between all kinds of people, sometimes become bad experiences, for reasons that have nothing to do with harassment or discrimination and everything to do with the difficulty of human relationships.
Jane Gallop points out that anti-harassment policies that seek to limit even consensual teacher-student relationships actually discriminate against the students they seek to protect by removing from them the ability to give consent to, and enjoy, the emotional consequences, pleasurable and difficult, which accompany these decisions. Aside from how insulting it is for an intelligent and capable graduate or undergraduate student to be told that she or he has no right to consent to relationships she or he wants, I'm thrown off by the reductive assumptions around power that underlie these policies, which position all students, regardless of age, as being unable to make social and sexual decisions and as being in need of protection from the predatory advances of (not even always older and wiser) educators. These policies assume that power in relationships between teachers and students is dependably structured: teachers have it and students don't.
Thinking about teacher-student relationships always brings me back to a scene from the movie Election (based on the Tom Perrotta novel of the same name), which revolves around a rivalry between Jim McAllister, a popular high school history teacher, and Tracy Flick, a very bright and driven student, during her run for school president. Tracy has recently had an affair with her English teacher, Jim's best friend, Jack. The affair, which began as intimate conversations about the school's yearbook, led to Tracy and Jack having (for Tracy) disappointing sex. When she withdraws her affection by telling her mother about the sex and sharing a particularly smarmy love letter he wrote her, Jack loses his job, his wife and child, and his home, but he remains utterly smitten with Tracy.
It's important to note that Tracy is young, a student, and a virgin and should therefore be extremely vulnerable to being injured in their relationship. Except she isn't injured. She's not bitter or worried about the supposed loss of her innocence or disenchanted by, or distrustful of, her teachers. In a stand-off with McAllister, in which he alludes to her relationship with Jack and reprimands her for "stepping on people" to get her way, she responds, "I don't know what you're referring to, but I do know that if certain older and wiser people hadn't acted like such little babies and gotten all mushy, everything would be O.K." In this exchange, and in her relationship with her teacher-turned-lover, Tracy is hardly disempowered, and she explicitly doesn't demean her consensual relationship as discrimination. In the book version of this story, Tracy reports that "people kept using the term 'sexual harassment' to describe what happened, but I don't think it applies. Jack never said anything disgusting and he never threatened me with bad grades. Most of our time together was really sweet and nice. I even cried a few times, it felt so good to have him hold me."
This example, by switching the usual trope of established, pompous male teacher preying on vulnerable female students who become ruined by the affair when the professor's desire turns, offers us space to wonder what else might be possible in these kinds of relationships. Might students hold power in erotic or romantic relationships with teachers? Might teachers be thought of as human in their desires? It's tricky to think about Tracy Flick, since she's in high school, legally underage, and, therefore, legally unable to consent to a sexual relationship with any man or woman of her teacher's age. I believe, however, that her own description of this relationship challenges commonly held beliefs about what can and does happen in the spaces between teachers and students.
In my doctoral research, I am fascinated by the ways desire, sexual and otherwise, saturates many teacher-student relationships and find myself working with a number of texts that push against the limits of the pedagogical relationship. Mariko and Jillian Tamaki's Skim, Eleanor Catton's The Rehearsal and Alison Bechdel's Fun Home each depict these relationships as offering more — more anxiety, more delight, more nuance, more frustration, more uncertainty — than we might initially think and certainly more than any blanket administrative policy could contain. These blanket policies, by demanding that complicated issues be treated simply (usually by banning them) potentially close down our thinking about students, teachers, power relationships, desire, and the eroticism inherent in learning. Problematically, these policies seem hostile to any kind of inquiry that tries to hold together desire and education.
While all people engaging in simultaneous professional and personal relationships should have protection against discriminatory action in the event of a conflict or a breakup (and this could range from students revealing personal information about teachers to teachers giving bad grades or writing damaging letters of support), we must be careful to investigate the assumptions about teachers, students, relationships, power and desire which undergird policies seeking to control the delicious, frightening, unruly relationships that often arise in teaching and learning encounters.
Michelle Miller is a doctoral student in education at York University in Toronto and the author of Branding Miss G___: Third Wave Feminists and the Media (Women's Scholar's Press, 2008). A version of this essay appeared originally in Academic Matters, the magazine of the Ontario Confederation of University Faculty Associations.
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Saturday, 20 July 2013 09:19 AM
KABUL, Afghanistan — President Hamid Karzai on Saturday approved the second of two new laws designed to pave the way for smooth landmark presidential elections in Afghanistan next year.
Karzai's signature on the law, which determine how the vote is run, is expected to alleviate international concerns that the ballot could be delayed or its credibility could be at risk.
His office said Karzai's decree meant the law had come into immediate effect.
Karzai on Wednesday approved a bill giving more power and independence to the electoral complaints watchdog, which was integral to unmasking massive fraud at the last presidential election in 2009.
Donor nations have been pressing Kabul to pass the election laws, seen as crucial to proving that the 12-year war and billions of dollars of aid money have not been in vain.
Afghanistan is due to elect a new president in April, when Karzai is to step down after serving a maximum two terms. Months later, the U.S.-led NATO combat mission is due to end.
A corrupt election and a contested result would undermine efforts to establish a functioning state in Afghanistan, where some fear the risk of another civil war as Taliban rebels fight to regain power.
It remains unclear who will run for president.
Among a long list of possible candidates are Qayum Karzai, the president's brother, Omar Daudzai, a former chief of staff, and warlord-turned-governor Atta Mohammad Noor.
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Was lovely to get away with like-minded girls and we had a wonderful time.
So much laughing and frivolity!!
Thought it might be cold but we had beautiful weather. One night was down to 7 degrees and the next night was colder so I think probably about 5. I loved it as I really feel the heat.
Anyway, we did a class with the lovely Gail Lindner. Mine doesn't have any photos on it yet but you can get the idea.


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The Structural Pest Management Training and Research Facility represents a partnership of NC State University
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God Comes to US in our Fear
The story of Joseph is a heartrending story of one man's trust in God's faithfulness in the midst of fear. He was struck with fear at the news of Mary's pregnancy. After the birth of Jesus, Joseph faced fear at the urgent warning to flee to Egypt. The birth story of Jesus is fraught with danger, real and imagined. God comes to us in our fear. His Word is true - belief and rest in His love drives out fear. The angel's announcement to just about everyone in the story is Fear Not. It is an announcement to the world. Our fear is a given in human experience, but God has come to us.


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KD 169m project to start at end of year
Nuwaiseeb Road Construction Project valued at KD169 million, which was earlier rejected by State Audit Bureau, has been approved by the Council of Ministers, reports Al-Nahar. The daily quoting sources from the Ministry of Public Works said a letter was sent to the Council of Ministers to resolve the issue, and in response, approved the project.
The project will commence at the end of the year and it's expected to be completed within three years. The same sources added that contract will be signed with Arab Contractors that won the tender to begin implementation of the project, which includes nine intersections with multiple floors, six lanes, and an upper ring bridge. The road will cover a distance of 37 kms.
Meanwhile, Assistant Undersecretary for Road Sector Engineer Ahmad Al-Hassan disclosed the budget of the Road Engineering sector for fiscal 2017/2018 is around KD 622 million covering 20 consultant agreements and 22 contracts.
Some of the projects to be covered by the budget are Jaber Causeway, Doha Link, and west part of the Fifth Ring Road, pedestrian bridges, Jahra Road, Jamal Abdul Nasser Road, Wafra Road, Khairan Road, second phase of First Ring Road, and others.
Source: Arab Times
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Wet food tips?
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September 10th, 2012, 06:24 PM
Rescue is my fav. breed
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I went to global, I got the Felidae Grain Free Chicken, Lamb, ..I cannot remember but it has peas in it. I worry because he didn't go for it right away like he usually does, but hopefully he will its $3 a can. Urg, and it was the cheapest!!
I saw a thing that was cat only tuna, do you think this would be ok to feed them? not like all the time but as an odd treat?
It will say on the can if it is nutritionally complete. If it's Almo, it's not
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Civilization V to Be Used as a Learning Tool in U.S. High Schools
Learning is good!
Civilization V is a strategy game about making choices, and taking into consideration various economic and technological decisions. It looks like 2K Games and Firaxis will be partnering up with GlassLab Inc. to bring the Civilization games over to high schools in North America, and use them as learning tools for students.
"We are incredibly proud to lend one of our industry's most beloved series to educators to use as a resource to inspire and engage students further," says Chairman and CEO of Take-Two Strauss Zelnick. "Civilization has challenged millions of people around the world to revisit and experience history, pursue boldly exploration, and create their own societies based on their passions and freedom of choice. I can't think of a better interactive experience to help challenge and shape the minds of tomorrow's leaders."
A modified version of the game, called CivilizationEDU, will be used to assist students in critical thinking, as well as bolster their learning experience of historical events. The game will be brought over to schools in North America in fall 2017.
Thanks, Game Informer.