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So during one of our rare trip out for dinner ( we try not to eat out and cook more because that way we can control the ingredients that we put into our meals and cut out anything un-healthy), we ended up at CPK ( California Pizza Kitchen). I went for the usual Tuscan White Bean Soup and Hubby decided to try this new item off the small craving menu that was basically a bean salad ( and yes that's all we ate- if anyone ever bothered to look up the nutritional content of any restaurant dishes, they'd know that that's more than enough calories for a light lunch).
I literally fell in love with it at the first bite. It was so light, yet substantial. Too much oil of course, but you can expect that from a restaurant and we didn't flag the waiter in time to tell him we needed dressing on the side. So determined to make it at home, I noted all the ingredients that went into it and the next day promptly whipped up what will become my all time favorite salad.
What I love about it is that it has a perfect balance of protein rich beans, fresh and vitamins K and A abundant cucumbers and tomatoes, healthy fats from an avocado, and folate rich beets.
So do yourself a favor- don't be lazy and make this salad ONCE. If you don't like it- no worries, but if you do, this will be one of the most nutritional and healthy meals you will ever eat/make.
Note: since I don't have a recipe for it, all the measurements are eyeballed and to taste. I suggest you do the same.
1 cup White beans( rich in protein, Folate (64% DV in 1 cup),Thiamin, Iron and pretty much every other mineral) {I use navy beans}
2 Avocados( anti inflammatory, rich in smart fats, vitamins E, C and Folate, Potasium and Copper) {make sure it's very ripe}
1 cup Cherry Tomatoes( anti-inflammatory, rich in vitamins A,C and K)
1/2 Red Onion( incredibly anti-inflammatory, rich in vitamin C and Manganese)
1 Cucumber (rich in vitamin K)
1 Beet( rich in Folate and Manganese) { if you're not a fan of beets like me, don't use it. I personally like the beet-less version better}
3 leaves of Basil ( rich in
Croutons ( not rich in anything but damn good in this salad)
Dressing: Olive oil and Red Wine Vinegar for dressing ( or red wine vinaigrette)
1. First prep the beans. If you bought raw beans from Whole foods like I did, soak them overnight or for at least two hours and then set them to cook for about an hour or until firm to touch but soft to taste. Don't let them cook too long, because they'll fall apart and that's never good in a salad ( I let mine cook too long this time by accident)
Once the beans are ready drain them and set them in the salad bowl. Cut cherry tomatoes in half , cube the beets and add them to the bowl.
A note about the beets: I find this salad much more flavorful without the beets. So unless you're a FAN of beets, skip this vegetable completely or use sparingly.
Cube your cucumber, add it to the bowl
Cut the avocado, basil and throw it in with the croutons ( the latter can be added later after you've already served if you plan on refrigerating the leftovers)
Add chopped up red onion ( I put way too much here. You need just a bit)
In the meantime, prepare the dressing: a little bit of red wine vinegar, mixed with slightly less olive oil, seasoned with salt and pepper ( I'm sorry I do not have measurements, but season and mix to taste)
Season the salad with salt and pepper ( season generously- this salad like salt) and add the dressing. Voila! Healthy and Filling!
Let me know how it works out for you if you decide to make it.
Please don't forget to VOTE daily!

subset: commoncrawl


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If You Build It, Will They Come?
Dan Tanenbaum
When speaking of your own website, the answer is no. That is, until you do something about it. You've spent all that time and energy building or buying the sweetest looking website out there, but how will people know about it? Either you are a skilled networker and use your social contacts to create interest in your website, or you engage in some of the many search engine optimization (SEO) strategies used to rank high in natural search results, or you spend time and money marketing your website through traditional channels such as print ads, postcard and email campaigns or online ads - whatever your strategy is, you need a strategy!
A good marketing strategy will leverage each of these marketing channels to create a marketing plan for the year. Set a budget, and then consider what will give you the best targeted reach for your time, effort and money. Consider buying a list and running an email and/or postcard campaign to a segment that would be most interested in your services. There are a number of list services out there focusing on creative buyers. Keep it simple, graphic and count on the email not always being delivered, opened or noticed or the postcard hitting the recycle bin. The response rate is generally low, so volume is important. But often you only need one good client to make this channel pay off.
Advertising in magazines can be a good strategy, but costly. Time your insertions around the events and/or special editions that will draw the most targeted traffic to the magazine. Annual showcase books can draw a larger readership than other editions and have a better shelf-life, so plan your insertions accordingly.
Online advertising
Online advertising is increasingly important and is a very cost-effective channel. If your website is not ranking well with modest SEO strategies, consider keyword buying with one of the major search engines. Your keywords should be specific enough that you target the type of client you are looking for. Generic keywords can be competitive and expensive. Also consider advertising online on websites that attract the people who would be most interested in your work. Banner ads can also be costly, but could be effective if the website is highly targeted to your audience. Make sure you look over the press kits and demographics of the websites before you commit to spend meaningful dollars and find out what sections of the website you will be marketed on. Most websites can target the ads to specific sections and at specific times of day. See if you can negotiate for the section you want and whether you can time your impressions so most of them don't happen between 1 am and 6 am.
It is very easy to blow the bank on online ads, so be critical of where you are advertising and realistic about click through rates, which are commonly below 1%. If you can get a pay per click deal as opposed to pay per impression, that is beneficial, but not commonly offered. So consider other advertising opportunities that range from free to relatively low cost, such as directories or online portfolio websites that allow you to link your listing or portfolio to your website and steer qualified traffic to your doorstep.
There are a lot of Portfolio solutions out there. Some focus on features, others on benefits. Don't get bogged down by features. Remember, you are on these sites to promote yourself. The sweetest looking portfolio solution may be visually appealing, but if buyers aren't viewing the portfolios it won't help you find work.
Since promotion is your goal, be sure to budget enough money to try a few and for a meaningful period of time. You may get some great contacts quickly, but often it takes time. Buyers bookmark portfolios and often come back to them when they have that specific need. Be sure you are there when they come looking for you. An acceptable marketing response curve through this channel is 8-12 months, but many have experienced success quicker than this. If cash flow is an issue, inquire about monthly payment plans, but they are usually more expensive in the long run relative to committing to a year up front. Also, the best looking portfolio won't help you if it too can't be found on the portfolio website.
Where to first?
First, find a portfolio provider who has an established marketplace. Don't worry about too much competition on the website. You are joining to access a marketplace of buyers that has been established by building a large base of freelancers. The competition helps you -- it brings more buyers to the website to potentially see your work. Yes there may be many other creatives just like you on the website looking for work, but are they all just like you? Buyers don't search for "graphic designer" as the only criteria. They search by discipline, geography and specializations such as "graphic designer" "Atlanta" "Book covers/Jackets". You may find the competition is down to a handful or two.
Find the right package
Next, select the package that most fits your needs. Often you have to pay more for more exposure on these websites, but if you are going to be serious about marketing online, the free or next to free packages will usually provide less exposure than packages with higher search rank priority. But don't let the packages fool you. If you have a very unique set of skills or want to promote yourself in less populated or less competitive markets, often you don't need to pay for premium level products to get premium exposure. Remember, a directory or portfolio site may have thousands of members, but when you break it down by discipline, geography and specializations, you may find that you are only "competing" with relatively few other providers, and some of those providers may have suboptimal portfolios or positioning on the website and you may be able to generate good results with a less expensive package. In our example above about the graphic designer in Atlanta specializing in book covers, if there are only a few portfolios with priority placement at the top of the search results, you can likely get great results with the lesser package. Priority placement and search ranking becomes more important if you are seeking to market your services in a highly competitive discipline, specialization or geography.
Make it right
Once you have selected the right package, concentrate on making sure you are searchable by the appropriate specializations and keywords and have a well written biography containing all your relevant experience and keywords. It is good to personalize yourself in your biography, but keep it professional. No one is looking for a designer with two cats and a dog who likes long walks in the park. Spell check, spell check, spell check! Many portfolio solutions prioritize or have a special search for recently updated materials. Take advantage of this additional exposure.
* Be sure to update your listings regularly. This can prove to be time consuming, but necessary to make the most of these channels.
Dan Tanenbaum
Dan Tanenbaum spent many years working as a Sr. Art Director and identified the need for a better way for creative talent to get their name out there and their portfolios seen at the time of need. Dan was appointed as the President of Portfolios.com in 2003 and runs the day-to-day operations for the company.
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Split Stick USB Drive is double ended
When dealing with files from both work and home, sometimes it's an uncomfortable situation to use one drive for both situations. When your boss asks you to pull up a quick file while they're standing right behind you, it just seems to feel slightly unprofessional to have a folder titled "Spring Break 09" on there. Instead you could opt to keep those files separate, but then you have to be concerned about losing two flash drives instead of just one. Well with this gizmo you have a flash drive that pops out of either end, so you can keep files separate.
The slider in the center allows for you to pop out either end of the drive. Each side will store 2GB of data, so they individually are small drives. When you choose your drive you can choose not only the color of the drive, but the symbol that goes on the top and bottom of the drive. The symbols range from boring dots on up to flowers and hearts. They aren't out just yet, but they are up for pre-sale, you can purchase them for $19.99.
Source: Crunchgear


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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Just War theory postulates that war, while very terrible, is not always the worst option. There may be responsibilities so important, atrocities which can be prevented or outcomes so undesirable they justify war.[2]
This theory has been a popular in explaining World War Two. The war was justified for saving the Jews and freedom for all mankind from evil dictators. Arguably, there have not been any (American) wars since then that fall into that category.
The question for Anabaptists is this: Is ANY war just? Would you as an Anabaptist fight or kill in any kind situation? As a youth in MYF we often debated this issue. We discussed whether we would kill an intruder in our home, an attacker trying to kill our spouse, self defense, etc etc. Many of my Mennonite friends hunt but would they ever turn their weapons on another human being?
If we are going to open the door for "just" battles, how will we define them? Protection of children? Protection from abuse? Protection for the weak or defenseless? Protecting another's freedom? Protecting religious freedom?
What is your definition? Do you accept that there are times of "just" violence or will you always turn the other cheek no matter what? Our ancestors left Europe because of persecution. What if there are no options for escape in our modern times?
What is your stand in defending those who can't defend? How will you carry out Christ's call in an ever increasing violent world?


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(I add this note after returning to the States: Every positive thing I mentioned about flying internationally ONLY applies if you do not take a flight on an airline run by a company based in the United States. The service we received on our American Airlines flight from Tokyo – Dallas was AWFUL)
I don't know how many of you frequently take domestic flights across the United States, but if you have in the past 10 years or so you probably noticed something about airlines attempts to keep costs, and therefore, prices low for the thrifty American consumer. They have essentially gotten rid of basic nourishment. If you are lucky, on a four hour flight – they may throw you a bag of peanuts.
As a thrifty consumer, I love low airfares. But you know what I hate? Hanger. Not a hanger that you put a shirt on, but my least favorite emotional state – hungry to the point of anger, hanger. Domestic flights within our lovely United States lead us to two options (assuming a connecting flight) while traveling cross country to avoid hanger.
The "oh crap, I have 20 min" option:
You have landed, your stomach growls, the quick change of planes didn't seem like an issue until you realize you need food. Yet you are in row 23, the dude in row 4 is taking a year to get his oversized carry-on out of the overhead compartment, and you need to be boarding another plane in 20 min.
The solution: Airport fast food – twice the price, half as good. Survey the lines of whatever spattering of quick grab and go options the airport offers, chose based on length of the line not quality of the food, grab your food, shove it in your mouth as you run to your gate. Just to realize they are still only on priority boarding right as the heartburn hits.
The "4 hours to kill and nothing to do" option:
You meander around the airport checking out every single food option available to you before deciding to splurge on a nice sit down place with a full bar. You finally get seated and order up a $9 craft beer before perusing the menu and deciding to go healthy with a $15 salad. It takes them 30 minutes to get it to you, but those croutons were extra crunchy.
This is called flying domestically. My dearest John is accustom to such flights, which is why he had a valid suggestion when he said, "we should eat" in the Chicago O'Hare airport. He is also accustom to my hanger issues and knows better than to let me go 4 hours without food.
My retort – I'm not hungry and they will feed us on the plane. It was only 10:30am, not quite lunch time. Then again, I had been up at 5am and had only eaten a breakfast sandwich at starbucks at 6:30am. Flight time at noon – we should probably eat.
We did have a delightful (yet overpriced) meal in the international concourse at a little mediterranean place. My $5.99 hummus was more of a snack, while John enjoyed a $10 chicken pita.
Our Chicago – Seoul leg is on Asiana Airlines, a truly delightful airline out of South Korea. (No sarcasm – I'm impressed). Within 30 min of take off we were presented with headsets, for our personal TV screens, and slippers – genius idea – you don't have to put your shoes on mid flight to use the restroom. Oh, this makes me happy! BTW seat covers, toothbrushes and toothpaste in the lavatory – all great ideas for airlines!
A bag of surprisingly good snack mix came just after my slippers.
Next came our menus – brief descriptions of the choices provided for each of the meals as well as beverage options (all inclusive of course – this is international, baby!) The drink cart arrived shortly, where John indulged in a Korean lager, and I ordered myself a gin and ginger-ale. (Is that a thing? I don't know, but they didn't have tonic and it tasted good.)
Before I could get halfway through my drink, dinner was served. John decided he was ready for Asia and ordered the Korean option – bibimbap, steamed rice, veggies, minced beef, soup, kimchi, fruit for dessert and a surprise side dish of itty bitty dried fish (eyeballs always included). Lucky John!
I went western, and ordered the steak, potatoes and veggies. It came with a dinner roll, orzo salad and cheesecake for dessert. (Cheesecake is better than fisheyes in my book).
As I sat eating with a metal knife and fork, out of reusable dishes, I remembered why I always feel as if I'm being fattened up on international flights. Have a seat, don't move for 14 hours, and we will continuously feed you.
If you are thinking airline food is gross and how could I eat it, you need to come fly with me. Cause it's pretty darn good.
Coffee, tea, then the lights go off and they pretend it is nighttime (when it is 3pm to me) and expect you to sleep. I don't, therefore, I get to partake in the occasional water, orange juice, another bag of snack mix, and oh… a little ham and cheese sandwich on a roll!
For the second full meal of the flight, John and I both went for the chicken in mustard sauce with mashed potatoes and veggies. Neither of us were excited about the crab salad, but the fruit was good. However, considering the meal came at 1:30am Nashville time, it felt odd to be eating. My body really just wanted some sleep.
But the lights were on, it was daytime in Asia – and we had another layover and flight to catch!


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Frequent Links
Impaired fasting glucose
|Impaired fasting glucose
|Classification and external resources
|Impaired fasting glucose
|Patient UK
|Impaired fasting glucose
Impaired fasting glucose (IFG), more commonly known as pre-diabetes refers to a condition in which the fasting blood glucose level is consistently elevated above what is considered normal levels; however, it is not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes mellitus.[1] This pre-diabetic state is associated with insulin resistance and increased risk of cardiovascular pathology, although of lesser risk than impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). IFG can progress to type 2 diabetes mellitus if lifestyle changes are not made. There is a 50% risk over 10 years of progressing to overt diabetes. A recent study cited the average time for progression as less than three years.[2]
Fasting blood glucose levels are in a continuum within a given population, with higher fasting glucose levels corresponding to a higher risk for complications caused by the high glucose levels. Impaired fasting glucose is defined as a fasting glucose that is higher than the upper limit of normal, but not high enough to be classified as diabetes mellitus. Some patients with impaired fasting glucose can also be diagnosed with impaired glucose tolerance, but many have normal responses to a glucose tolerance test.
Signs and Symptoms
The World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for impaired fasting glucose differ from the American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria, because the normal range of glucose is defined differently. The WHO has defined the upper limit of normal at under 110 mg/dL (plasma). However, fasting glucose levels 100 mg/dL (plasma) and higher have been shown to increase complication rates significantly[citation needed], and the ADA has lowered the upper limit of normal accordingly, to a fasting glucose under 100 mg/dL (plasma).
- WHO criteria: fasting plasma glucose level from 6.1 mmol/l (110 mg/dL) to 6.9 mmol/l (125 mg/dL).[3][4][5]
- ADA criteria: fasting plasma glucose level from 5.6 mmol/L (100 mg/dL) to 6.9 mmol/L (125 mg/dL).
Sudden sweating, confusion, thirst, hunger, heart palpitations, impaired speech, difficulty focusing - these are just a few symptoms and are not just limited to these.
Risk factors
IFG is a risk factor for mortality due to the serious complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus.[6] Diabetes is a multi-factor disease and it can affect many areas of the body. The depositions of plaque in the arteries known as atherosclerosis are a potential risk that is elevated in diabetic individuals. This may lead to heart attack or stroke. Blindness is another concern associated with type 2 diabetes. It is caused by microvascular disease in which high blood glucose levels damage blood vessels in the retina by the formation of scar tissue or hemorrhage. Not only do these high levels cause vision loss, they may also cause sensory nerve damage (neuropathy). This presents as tingling, numbness or pain and in the most severe cases requires amputation. When these elevated levels of blood glucose are chronic there is a potential that irreversible kidney damage can occur. It is important that individuals with IFG or diabetes mellitus monitor their condition and make healthy lifestyle choices to reduce the onset of these life threatening symptoms. Pre-diabetic individuals who have abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, high LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, and high levels of triglycerides in the blood have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. These risk factors are known collectively as the metabolic syndrome.[1] Recent evidence suggests that, similar to diabetes mellitus, individuals with IFG have higher degree of periodontal inflammation.[7]
With proper education, eating habits, physical activity, weight management, and lifestyle the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus is reduced.[8] Blood glucose levels can be managed by the healthy eating and physical activity guidelines as an individual with normal blood glucose levels, however some minor modifications may be required. These variations depend on the individual, but it may include a decrease in the amount of carbohydrates consumed. The consumption of alcohol should also be limited, but moderate drinking may be protective.[citation needed] Advice and guidelines about eating a nutritious, balanced meal can be found using Canada's Food Guide. Vegetables and fruit should be consumed in the largest proportions. Regular physical activity has the potential to reduce insulin resistance and help decrease elevated blood glucose levels.[9]
See also
- ^ a b Thompson, Janice; Manore, Melinda; Sheeshka, Judy (2010), Nutrition a functional approach, Toronto, Ontaria: Pearson Canada, pp. 141–144
- ^ Nichols GA, Hillier TA, Brown JB (2007). "Progression From Newly Acquired Impaired Fasting Glusose to Type 2 Diabetes". Diabetes Care 30 (2): 228–233. PMC 1851903. PMID 17259486. doi:10.2337/dc06-1392.
- ^ .World Health Organization. "Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications: Report of a WHO Consultation. Part 1. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus". Retrieved 2007-05-29.
- ^ "Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus". Diabetes Care. 28 Suppl 1: S37–42. 2005. PMID 15618111. doi:10.2337/diacare.28.suppl_1.s37.
- ^ http://www.diabetes.co.uk/impaired-fasting-glycemia.html
- ^ Barr EL, Zimmet PZ, Welborn TA et al. (2007). "Risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in individuals with diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance: the Australian Diabetes, Obesity, and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab)". Circulation 116 (2): 151–7. PMID 17576864. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.685628.
- ^ Zadik Y, Bechor R, Galor S, Levin L (May 2010). "Periodontal disease might be associated even with impaired fasting glucose". Br Dent J 208 (10): e20. PMID 20339371. doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.2010.291.
- ^ Stychar, Irene et al. (2006), "Physician Treatment Practices for Patients With Fasting Plasma Glucose Levels Between 6.1 and 6.9 mmol/L" (PDF), Canadian Journal of Diabetes 30 (2): 138–145
- ^ Canadian Diabetes Association (2011), Prevention and Management, retrieved 2011-11-10


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Plain Red Silk Pocket Square Handkerchief. A luxury plain red pocket handkerchief with a diagonal ribbed pattern. A luxury hanky to dress up a pocket for any occasion. Hanky size: 29cm x 29cm - 11.5" x 11.5". Handkerchief Material:100% Silk.
Free Delivery on all UK orders using Royal Mail 24® standard delivery. Orders placed by 2:30pm are dispatched the same day (excluding bank holidays and weekends). We offer free worldwide shipping on orders over £25. For orders under £25 there is a delivery charge of £3.49 in the EU and £3.99 elsewhere.
The delivery charge for next working day delivery service in the UK is £7.99. Please note orders placed between 2.30pm Thursday and 2.30pm Friday using the next working day delivery service will be delivered on the following Monday.
Our returns process is quick and easy. Simply return any unsuitable item to us and you will receive a prompt refund.
Full Delivery Information is available here & our Returns Policy is available by clicking here.


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Treat your little one to this gorgeous wooden puzzle box, perfect for getting their hand eye coordination up to scratch.
Featuring six colourful blocks in all different geometric shapes, this will keep them amused for hours as they work out which slots to fit them through. You can personalise the lid for an extra special touch – just enter up to 9 characters and we'll engrave them at no extra cost.
- Wood
- Measurements: 11cm x 11cm x 11cm
- Can be personalised with up to 9 characters
- Complies to European Toy Directive
- Suitable for children aged 1+
Product ID: MFYA208
Beautiful gift box FREE with all orders
All of our orders arrive beautifully packaged in the My 1st Years luxury gift box, ensuring your purchase will be one that is truly treasured.
No Hassle Returns
If for any reason we have made a mistake with the personalisation or there is a faulty product, we will ensure that the mistake is resolved immediately. We will cover all costs for the returns of the product and replace instantly.


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Lomography Photo Highlights: Smena 8M6 10 Share Tweet
Going old school analogue has never been easier with the LOMO factory's prized product: the Smena 8M!
For a sweet taste of the classic, one needs not to go far with the Smena 8M! Take control of your Lomographic destiny with this little soviet wonder's fully manual controls. Choose what depth of field you want and if you want to freeze action or go all out with artful motion blurs. Be warned though! This great camera isn't all sunshine and rainbows and you'll have to get accustomed to its unique quirks, with the film spool in particular. Befriend the Smena first and in time, you'll have the best friend you'll always have with you!
Shop for the Smena 8M
Read a Review on the Smena 8M
See Smena 8M Gallery
Feeling Lucky, Punk? Go to random photo
Suggest a theme So you have a particular theme in mind that you think would be great to feature? Let us know!
Want to be Featured? Are you craving fame and fortune? Well, we could help you out a bit on the fame side by doing a feature on you! It can be your badass Lomo-camera collection, your whole house covered in lomographs, or anything interesting analogue – just hit us up at ron.cruz at lomography.com or aaron.roselo at lomography.com
We'd Love To Hear Your Feedback! Leave a comment if you have any thing to say, or how we could improve this feature!
written by cruzron on 2009-11-19 #news #gallery #smena #8m #selection #photo-highlights


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ULS joins Digital Library Federation
The Digital Library Federation is a community of archives, libraries, publishers, labs, museums, professional organizations, and vendors who "advance research, learning, social justice, and the public good through the creative design and wise application of digital library technologies." (https://www.diglib.org/)
By joining the DLF, the ULS is supporting and participating in a highly active, dedicated community working together to develop digital libraries. DLF is distinguished in part by its focus on both the social and technical aspects of digital libraries, evidenced by its many working groups and affiliates, its organizers toolkit, training programs like the eResearch Network and its partnership with the Digital Humanities Summer Institute, as well as a strong communication communications network including a comprehensive Community Calendar.
We also look forward to welcoming the DLF for their 2017 DLF Forum in Pittsburgh this October.


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page contains information on various Federal, State and non-profit organization grant opportunities. The list is arranged by media type.
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To view a video on how to find and apply for a Federal grant, click
Please select a category from the list above or scroll down through the lists of grant programs below.
DOE's Funding Opportunity Announcements (FOAs)
This site provides access to descriptions of DOE's current grants/funding opportunities.
EPA Office of Grants and Debarment (OGD), Open Announcements
The Grants Competition Advocate's (GCA) office in OGD administers and oversees EPA's Policy for Competition in Assistance Agreements and provides advice and support to EPA program offices and grant management offices on matters related to the process of competing assistance agreements. The website includes information on open competitive grant opportunities at EPA.
Grants.gov allows organizations to electronically find and apply for competitive grant opportunities from all Federal grant-making agencies. Grants.gov is THE single access point for over 900 grant programs offered by the 26 Federal grant-making agencies.
National Center for Environmental Research's (NCER) Science to Achieve Results (STAR)
The STAR program funds research grants and graduate fellowships in numerous environmental science and engineering disciplines through a competitive solicitation process and independent peer review. The program engages the nation's best scientists and engineers in targeted research that complements EPA's own outstanding intramural research program and those of our partners in other federal agencies.
New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services
Each year, the State of New Hampshire provides substantial grant and loan opportunities to municipalities and others, to support environmental infrastructure improvements and other environmental and public health projects.
NJ Dept of Environmental Conservation Grants
New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection offers a wide variety of funding opportunities for local governments and other types of organizations to fund numerous environmentally based projects. The individual descriptions of the funding available provide a summary of the programs, eligible entities, application procedure and deadlines, and contact information as well as links to the applications (where available) and other pertinent information.
NY Environmental Grants
Competitive grants for environmental protection and improvement are available for municipalities, community organizations, not-for-profit organizations and others. For more information about specific eligibility requirements, enrollment periods, eligible activities, and FAQs see the website.
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California Innovative Clean Air Technologies Program (ICAT)
This is an Air Resources Board program that co-funds the demonstration of innovative technologies that can reduce air pollution. Its purpose is to advance such technologies toward commercial application, thereby reducing emissions and helping the economy of California.
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Brownfields and Land Revitalization Grants
This website lists currently available grants/funding for efforts related to brownfields assessment, cleanup, revolving loans, and environmental job training.
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Assisting Federal Facilities with Energy Conservation Technologies (AFFECT)
The Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) provides project assistance through the AFFECT funding opportunity. AFFECT provides grants for the development of capital projects to increase the energy efficiency and renewable energy investments at federal agency facilities.
Connecticut Clean Energy Incentives
This includes incentives related to a variety of clean energy options and uses.
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A comprehensive source of information on state, local, utility, and selected federal incentives that promote renewable energy. Information easily accessed by clicking on the state of interest.
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A grant-based program that advances the green economy in distressed communities by supporting projects that create jobs through, and increase private capital investment in, efforts to limit the nation's dependence on fossil fuels, enhance energy efficiency, curb greenhouse gas emissions and protect natural systems. Eligible projects include green building construction, the development of renewable energy, greater energy efficiency, product reuse, and natural resource restoration that result in either a green end-product, the greening of an existing function or process, or a third-party certified green building.
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Green Building Grants for Construction Projects
Illinois non-profit organizations and local and state government agencies may submit letters of inquiry for new construction or major rehabilitation projects that fall within either of the following program priorities:
Energy Efficiency
: Creating model energy efficient public buildings throughout Illinois. Funding is available for the incremental costs of designing and/or commissioning new facilities to be highly energy efficient.
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Minnesota Environmental Assistance (EA) Open Grant Program
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text:
|Giuseppe Garibaldi
Giuseppe Garibaldi in 1861.
|Date of birth:
|July 4, 1807
|Place of birth:
|Nice, First French Empire
|Date of death:
|June 2, 1882 (aged 74)
|Place of death:
|Caprera, Kingdom of Italy
|Il Risorgimento (Unification of Italy)
|Major organizations:
|La Giovine Italia ("Young Italy")
|Major monuments:
|Garibaldi Memorial, Staten Island, New York
Garibaldi Monument in Taganrog, Russia
A bust of Garibaldi in outside the entrance to the old Supreme Court Chamber in the U.S. Capitol Building in Washington, D.C.
Monumento a Giuseppe Garibaldi, Buenos Aires, Argentina
A statue of Garibaldi pointing at the Vatican City in Rome, Italy
|Giuseppe Mazzini
|Jessie White Mario
Subhas Chandra Bose
Georgios Grivas
Giuseppe Garibaldi (Italian pronunciation: [dʒuˈzɛppe ɡariˈbaldi]; July 4, 1807 – June 2, 1882) was an Italian military and political figure. In his twenties, he joined the Carbonari Italian patriot revolutionaries, and had to flee Italy after a failed insurrection. Garibaldi took part in the War of the Farrapos and the Uruguayan Civil War leading the Italian Legion, and afterwards returned to Italy as a commander in the conflicts of the Risorgimento.
He has been dubbed the "Hero of the Two Worlds" in tribute to his military expeditions in both South America and Europe.[1] He is considered an Italian national hero.
Giuseppe Garibaldi was born on July 4, 1807 in the city of Nice (Italian: Nizza), at that time the capital of the French department of Alpes-Maritimes, before it was given back to the House of Savoy, the rulers of the Kingdom of Sardinia, in 1814 with Napoleon's defeat. In 1860, however, the Savoys returned the city to France (an action opposed by Garibaldi), to get French aid in Italy's unification wars. Garibaldi's family was involved in coastal trade, and he was drawn to a life on the sea. He participated actively in the community of the Nizzardo Italians and was certified in 1832 as a merchant marine captain. A very influential day in Garibaldi's life came while visiting Taganrog, Russia, in April 1833, where he moored for ten days with the schooner Clorinda and a shipment of oranges. In a seaport inn, he met Giovanni Battista Cuneo from Oneglia, a political immigrant from Italy and member of the secret movement La Giovine Italia ("Young Italy"), founded by Giuseppe Mazzini, an impassioned proponent of Italian unification as a liberal republic through political and social reforms. Garibaldi joined the society, and took an oath of dedicating his life to struggle for liberation of his homeland from Austrian dominance.
In Geneva in November 1833, Garibaldi met Mazzini himself, starting a relationship that later would become rather troublesome. He joined the Carbonari revolutionary association. In February 1834 he participated in a failed Mazzinian insurrection in Piedmont, was sentenced to death in absentia by a Genoese court, and fled to Marseilles.
Garibaldi first sailed to Tunisia before eventually finding his way to Brazil. There he took up the cause of independence of the Republic of Rio Grande do Sul (the former Brazilian province of São Pedro do Rio Grande do Sul), joining the gaucho rebels known as the farrapos (tatters) against the newly independent Brazilian nation (see War of Tatters). During this war he met a woman, Ana Ribeiro da Silva (best known as "Anita"), when the Tatters Army tried to proclaim another republic in the Brazilian province of Santa Catarina. In October 1839, Anita joined Garibaldi on his ship, the Rio Pardo. A month later, she fought at her lover's side at the battles of Imbituba and Laguna.
In 1841, the couple moved to Montevideo, Uruguay, where Garibaldi worked as a trader and schoolmaster, and married there the following year. They had four children, Menotti (born 1840), Rosita (born 1843), Teresita (born 1845) and Ricciotti (born 1847). A skilled horsewoman, Anita is said to have taught Giuseppe about the gaucho culture of southern Brazil and Uruguay. It was about this time that he adopted his trademark clothing, the red shirt, cloak (poncho), and sombrero (hat) used by the gauchos.
In 1842, Garibaldi took command of the Uruguayan fleet and raised an "Italian Legion" for the Uruguayan Civil War, aligned with the liberal coalition of Uruguayan Colorados of Fructuoso Rivera and Argentine Unitarios (with substantive support of France and United Kingdom) against the conservative forces of former Uruguayan president Manuel Oribe's Blancos and Argentine Federales under the rule of Buenos Aires caudillo Juan Manuel de Rosas. The Legion adopted a black flag representing Italy in mourning, while the volcano at its center symbolized the dormant power in their homeland. Though there is no contemporary mention of them, popular history asserts that it was in Uruguay that the legion first wore the red shirts, said to have been obtained from a factory in Montevideo which had intended to export them to the slaughterhouses of Argentina. It was to become the symbol of Garibaldi and his followers. Between 1842 and 1848, Garibaldi defended Montevideo against forces being led by Oribe. In 1845, he even managed to occupy Colonia del Sacramento and Isla Martín García and led the controversial sack of Gualeguaychú. Adopting skillful guerrilla tactics, he achieved two celebrated victories in the battles of Cerro and San Antonio del Santo in 1846.
The fate of his homeland, however, continued to concern Garibaldi. The election of Pope Pius IX in 1846 had caused a sensation among Italian patriots, both at home and in exile. When news of the Pope's initial reforms (which seemed to identify him as the liberal pope prophesied by Vincenzo Gioberti, who would provide the leadership for the unification of Italy) reached Montevideo, Garibaldi wrote the following letter:
If these hands, used to fighting, would be acceptable to His Holiness, we most thankfully dedicate them to the service of him who deserves so well of the Church and of the fatherland. Joyful indeed shall we and our companions in whose name we speak be, if we may be allowed to shed our blood in defence of Pius IX's work of redemption—(October 12, 1847)[2]
Also Mazzini, from his exile, applauded the first reforms of Pius IX. In 1847, Garibaldi offered the apostolic nuncio at Rio de Janeiro, Bedini, the service of his Italian Legion for the liberation of the peninsula. News of the outbreak of revolution in Palermo in January 1848 and revolutionary agitation elsewhere in Italy encouraged Garibaldi to lead some 60 members of his legion home.
Garibaldi returned to Italy amongst the turmoil of the revolutions of 1848, and offered his services to Charles Albert of Sardinia. The monarch displayed some liberal inclinations, but treated Garibaldi with coolness and distrust. Rebuffed by the Piedmontese, he and his followers crossed into Lombardy where they offered assistance to the provisional government of Milan, which had rebelled against the Austrian occupation. In the course of the following, unsuccessful First Italian War of Independence, he led his legion to two minor victories at Luino and Morazzone.
After the crushing Piedmontese defeat at Novara (March 23, 1849), Garibaldi moved to Rome to support the Republic which had been proclaimed in the Papal States, but a French force sent by Louis Napoleon (the future Napoleon III) threatened to topple it. At Mazzini's urging, Garibaldi took up the command of the defence of Rome. In fighting near Velletri, Achille Cantoni saved his life.
On April 30, 1849 the Republican army, under the command of Garibaldi, defeated a numerically far superior French army. Subsequently, additional French reinforcements arrived and the siege of Rome began on June 1. Despite the resistance of the Republican army, led by Garibaldi, the French prevailed on June 29. On June 30 the Roman Assembly met and debated three options : to surrender; to continue fighting in the streets of Rome; to retreat from Rome and continue the resistance from the Apennine mountains. Garibaldi made a speech in which he favored the third option and then said: Dovunque saremo, colà sarà Roma.[3] (Wherever we may be, there will be Rome).
A truce was negotiated on July 1, and on July 2 Garibaldi withdrew from Rome with 4,000 troops. The French Army entered Rome on July 3 and reestablished the Holy See's temporal power. Garibaldi and his forces, hunted by Austrian, French, Spanish, and Neapolitan troops, fled to the north with the intention to reach Venice, where the Venetians were still resisting the Austrian siege. After an epic march, Garibaldi took momentary refuge in San Marino, with only 250 men still following him. Anita, who was carrying their fifth child, died near Comacchio during the retreat.
Garibaldi eventually managed to reach Portovenere, near La Spezia, but the Piedmontese government forced him to emigrate abroad again.
After a stay in Tangier, he moved on to Staten Island,[4] New York. He arrived on the 30th of July 1850, and stayed in exile in an attempt to avoid publicity and exposure. His host was the inventor Antonio Meucci, where he spent some time working as a candlemaker in his plant on Staten Island, but was dissatisfied by the result. Afterwards he made several voyages as sea captain to the Pacific, the longest of which took two years from April 1851[4], during which he visited Andean revolutionary heroine Manuela Sáenz in Peru.
The book Island Affair contains mention of Giuseppe Garibaldi's visit to Three Hummock Island, Australia in 1852 while in exile from Italy as a captain of the trading vessel Carmen.[5][6]
Garibaldi left New York for the last time in November 1853[4]. The cottage on Staten Island where he stayed during 1851-1853 is listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places and is preserved as Garibaldi Memorial.
On March 21, 1854, Garibaldi sailed into the mouth of the River Tyne in north eastern England, as Master of the sailing vessel Commonwealth. The ship had sailed from Baltimore and was flying the American flag when it docked and unloaded its cargo in South Shields. Garibaldi, already a popular figure on Tyneside, was welcomed enthusiastically by the local working class, although the Newcastle Courant reported that he refused an invitation to dine with dignitaries in nearby Newcastle. As a memento of his stay in the area, an inscribed sword, paid for through public subscriptions, was presented to Garibaldi. His grandson carried the sword to South Africa with him almost half a century later, when he volunteered to fight for the British Army in the Boer War. In total, Garibaldi stayed in Tyneside for over a month, departing at the end of April 1854.[7]
Garibaldi returned again to Italy in 1854. Using a legacy from the death of his brother, he bought half of the Italian island of Caprera (north of Sardinia), devoting himself to agriculture. In 1859, the Second Italian War of Independence (also known as the Austro-Sardinian War) broke out in the midst of internal plots at the Sardinian government. Garibaldi was appointed major general, and formed a volunteer unit named the Hunters of the Alps (Cacciatori delle Alpi). Thenceforth, Garibaldi abandoned Mazzini's republican ideal of the liberation of Italy, assuming that only the Piedmontese monarchy could effectively achieve it.
With his volunteers, he won victories over the Austrians at Varese, Como, and other places.
Garibaldi was however very displeased as his home city of Nice (Nizza in Italian) was surrendered to the French, in return for crucial military assistance. In April 1860, as deputy for Nice in the Piedmontese parliament at Turin, he vehemently attacked Cavour for ceding Nice and the County of Nice (Nizzardo) to Louis Napoleon, Emperor of the French. In the following years Garibaldi (with other passionate Nizzardo Italians) promoted the Irredentism of his Nizza, even with riots (in 1872).
On January 24, 1860, Garibaldi married an 18-year-old Lombard noblewoman, Giuseppina Raimondi. Immediately after the wedding ceremony, however, she informed him that she was pregnant with another man's child; as a result, Garibaldi left her the same day.[8]
At the beginning of April 1860, uprisings in Messina and Palermo in the independent and peaceful Kingdom of the Two Sicilies provided Garibaldi with an opportunity. He gathered about a thousand volunteers (practically all northern Italians, and called i Mille (the Thousand), or, as popularly known, the Redshirts) in two ships, and landed at Marsala, on the westernmost point of Sicily, on May 11.
Swelling the ranks of his army with scattered bands of local rebels, Garibaldi led 800 of his volunteers to victory over a 1500-strong enemy force on the hill of Calatafimi on May 15. He used the counter-intuitive tactic of an uphill bayonet charge; he had seen that the hill on which the enemy had taken position was terraced, and the terraces gave shelter to his advancing men. Although small by comparison with the coming clashes at Palermo, Milazzo and Volturno, this battle was decisive in terms of establishing Garibaldi's power in the island; an apocryphal but realistic story had him say to his lieutenant Nino Bixio, Qui si fa l'Italia o si muore, that is, Here we either make Italy, or we die. In reality, the Neapolitan forces were ill guided, and most of its higher officers had been bought out. The next day, he declared himself dictator of Sicily in the name of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy. He advanced then to Palermo, the capital of the island, and launched a siege on May 27. He had the support of many of the inhabitants, who rose up against the garrison, but before the city could be taken, reinforcements arrived and bombarded the city nearly to ruins. At this time, a British admiral intervened and facilitated an armistice, by which the Neapolitan royal troops and warships surrendered the city and departed.
Garibaldi had won a single victory. He gained worldwide renown and the adulation of Italians. Faith in his prowess was so strong that doubt, confusion, and dismay seized, even the Neapolitan court. Six weeks later, he marched against Messina in the east of the island. There was a ferocious and difficult battle at Milazzo, but Garibaldi won through. By the end of July, only the citadel resisted.
Having finished the conquest of Sicily, he crossed the Strait of Messina, with the help of the British Navy, and marched northward. Garibaldi's progress was met with more celebration than resistance, and on September 7 he entered the capital city of Naples, by train. Despite taking Naples, however, he had not to this point defeated the Neapolitan army. Garibaldi's volunteer army of 24,000 was not able to defeat conclusively the reorganized Neapolitan army (about 25,000 men) on September 30 at the Battle of Volturno. This was the largest battle he ever fought, but its outcome was effectively decided by the arrival of the Piedmontese Army. Following this, Garibaldi's plans to march on to Rome were jeopardized by the Piedmontese, technically his ally but unwilling to risk war with France, whose army protected the Pope. (The Piedmontese themselves had conquered most of the Pope's territories in their march south to meet Garibaldi, but they had deliberately avoided Rome, his capital.) Garibaldi chose to hand over all his territorial gains in the south to the Piedmontese and withdrew to Caprera and temporary retirement. Some modern historians consider the handover of his gains to the Piedmontese as a political defeat, but he seemed willing to see Italian unity brought about under the Piedmontese crown. The meeting at Teano between Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel II is the most important event in modern Italian history, but is so shrouded in controversy that even the exact site where it took place is in doubt.
Garibaldi deeply disliked the Piedmontese Prime Minister, Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour. To an extent, he simply mistrusted Cavour's pragmatism and realpolitik, but he also bore a personal grudge for trading away his home city of Nice to the French the previous year. On the other hand, he felt attracted toward the Piedmontese monarch, who in his opinion had been chosen by Providence for the liberation of Italy. In his famous meeting with Victor Emmanuel II at Teano on October 26, 1860, Garibaldi greeted him as King of Italy and shook his hand. Garibaldi rode into Naples at the king's side on November 7, then retired to the rocky island of Caprera, refusing to accept any reward for his services.
On October 5 Garibaldi set up the International Legion bringing together different national divisions of French, Poles, Swiss, German and other nationalities, with a view not just of finishing the liberation of Italy, but also of their homelands. With the motto "Free from the Alps to the Adriatic", the unification movement set its gaze on Rome and Venice. Mazzini was discontented with the perpetuation of monarchial government, and continued to agitate for a republic. Garibaldi, frustrated at inaction by the king, and bristling over perceived snubs, organized a new venture. This time, he intended to take on the Papal States.
At the outbreak of the American Civil War (in 1861), Garibaldi volunteered his services to President Abraham Lincoln. Garibaldi was offered a Major General's commission in the U. S. Army through the letter from Secretary of State William H. Seward to H. S. Sanford, the U. S. Minister at Brussels, July 17, 1861.[9] On September 18, 1861, Sanford sent the following reply to Seward:
He [Garibaldi] said that the only way in which he could render service, as he ardently desired to do, to the cause of the United States, was as Commander-in-chief of its forces, that he would only go as such, and with the additional contingent power - to be governed by events - of declaring the abolition of slavery; that he would be of little use without the first, and without the second it would appear like a civil war in which the world at large could have little interest or sympathy.[10]
According to Italian historian Petacco, "Garibaldi was ready to accept Lincoln's 1862 offer but on one condition: that the war's objective be declared as the abolition of slavery. But at that stage Lincoln was unwilling to make such a statement lest he worsen an agricultural crisis."[11] On August 6, 1863, after the Emancipation Proclamation had been issued, Garibaldi wrote to Lincoln: Posterity will call you the great emancipator, a more enviable title than any crown could be, and greater than any merely mundane treasure.[12]
A challenge against the Pope's temporal domain was viewed with great distrust by Catholics around the world, and the French emperor Napoleon III had guaranteed the independence of Rome from Italy by stationing a French garrison in Rome. Victor Emmanuel was wary of the international repercussions of attacking the Papal States, and discouraged his subjects from participating in revolutionary ventures with such intentions. Nonetheless, Garibaldi believed he had the secret support of his government.
In June 1862, he sailed from Genoa and landed at Palermo, seeking to gather volunteers for the impending campaign under the slogan Roma o Morte (Rome or Death). An enthusiastic party quickly joined him, and he turned for Messina, hoping to cross to the mainland there. When he arrived, he had a force of some two thousand, but the garrison proved loyal to the king's instructions and barred his passage. They turned south and set sail from Catania, where Garibaldi declared that he would enter Rome as a victor or perish beneath its walls. He landed at Melito on August 14, and marched at once into the Calabrian mountains.
Far from supporting this endeavor, the Italian government was quite disapproving. General Enrico Cialdini dispatched a division of the regular army, under Colonel Pallavicino, against the volunteer bands. On August 28 the two forces met in the rugged Aspromonte. One of the regulars fired a chance shot, and several volleys followed, killing a few of the volunteers. The fighting ended quickly, as Garibaldi forbade his men to return fire on fellow subjects of the Kingdom of Italy. Many of the volunteers were taken prisoner, including Garibaldi, who had been wounded by a shot in the foot.
This episode gave birth to a famous Italian nursery rhyme, still known by boys and girls all over the country: Garibaldi fu ferito ("Garibaldi was wounded").
A government steamer took him to Varignano, where he was held in a sort of honorable imprisonment, and was compelled to undergo a tedious and painful operation for the healing of his wound. His venture had failed, but he was at least consoled by Europe's sympathy and continued interest. After being restored to health, he was released and allowed to return to Caprera.
In 1864 he visited London, where his presence was received with enthusiasm by the population.[13] He met the British prime minister Henry Palmerston, as well as other revolutionaries then living in exile in the city. At that time, his ambitious international project included the liberation of a range of occupied nations, such as Croatia, Greece, Hungary, but none of them turned into reality.
Garibaldi took up arms again in 1866, this time with the full support of the Italian government. The Austro-Prussian War had broken out, and Italy had allied with Prussia against Austria-Hungary in the hope of taking Venetia from Austrian rule (Third Italian War of Independence). Garibaldi gathered again his Hunters of the Alps, now some 40,000 strong, and led them into the Trentino. He defeated the Austrians at Bezzecca (thus securing the only Italian victory in that war) and made for Trento.
The Italian regular forces were defeated at Lissa on the sea, and made little progress on land after the disaster of Custoza. An armistice was signed, by which Austria ceded Venetia to Italy, but this result was largely due to Prussia's successes on the northern front. Garibaldi's advance through Trentino was for nought and he was ordered to stop his advance to Trento. Garibaldi answered with a short telegram from the main square of Bezzecca with the famous motto: Obbedisco! ("I obey!").
After the war, Garibaldi led a political party that agitated for the capture of Rome, the peninsula's ancient capital. In 1867, he again marched on the city, but the Papal army, supported by a French auxiliary force, proved a match for his badly-armed volunteers. He was shot and wounded in the leg in the Battle of Mentana, and had to withdraw out of the Papal territory. The Italian government again imprisoned and held him for some time, after which he again returned to Caprera.
In the same year, Garibaldi sought international support for altogether eliminating the papacy. At an 1867 congress in Geneva he proposed: "The papacy, being the most harmful of all secret societies, ought to be abolished."[14]
When the Franco-Prussian War broke out in July 1870, Italian public opinion heavily favored the Prussians, and many Italians attempted to sign up as volunteers at the Prussian embassy in Florence. After the French garrison was recalled from Rome, the Italian Army captured the Papal States without Garibaldi's assistance. Following the wartime collapse of the Second French Empire at the battle of Sedan, Garibaldi, undaunted by the recent hostility shown to him by the men of Napoleon III, switched his support to the newly-declared French Third Republic. On 7 September 1870, within three days of the revolution of 4 September in Paris, he wrote to the Movimento of Genoa:
Yesterday I said to you: war to the death to Bonaparte. Today I say to you: rescue the French Republic by every means.[15]
Subsequently, Garibaldi went to France and assumed command of the Army of the Vosges, an army of volunteers that was never defeated by the Prussians.
Despite being elected again to the Italian parliament, Garibaldi spent much of his late years in Caprera. He however supported an ambitious project of land reclamation in the marshy areas of southern Lazio.
In 1879 he founded the "League of Democracy", advocating universal suffrage, the abolition of ecclesiastical property, emancipation of women, and maintenance of the standing army. Ill and confined to a bed by arthritis, he made trips to Calabria and Sicily. In 1880 he married Francesca Armosino, with whom he had previously had three children.
On his deathbed, Garibaldi asked that his bed be moved to where he could gaze at the emerald and sapphire sea. Upon his death on June 2, 1882 at the age of almost 75, his wishes for a simple funeral and cremation were not respected. He is buried on his farm on the island of Caprera alongside his last wife and some of his children.[16]
Garibaldi wrote at least two novels, characterized by an anti-clerical tone:
He also wrote non-fiction:
Garibaldi's popularity, his skill at rousing the common people, and his military exploits are all credited with making the unification of Italy possible. He also served as a global exemplar of mid-19th century revolutionary nationalism and liberalism. But following the liberation of southern Italy from the Neapolitan monarchy, Garibaldi chose to sacrifice his liberal republican principles for the sake of unification.
Garibaldi subscribed to the anti-clericalism common among Latin liberals and did much to circumscribe the temporal power of the Papacy. His personal religious convictions are unclear to historians; in 1882 he wrote "Man created God, not God created Man" yet in his autobiography he is quoted as saying "I am a Christian, and I speak to Christians - I am a true Christian, and I speak to true Christians. I love and venerate the religion of Christ, because Christ came into the world to deliver humanity from slavery..." and "you have the duty to educate the people- educate the people- educate them to be Christians- educate them to be Italians... Viva Italia! Viva Christianity!".
An active Freemason, Garibaldi had little use for rituals, but thought of masonry as a network to unite progressive men as brothers both within nations and as members of a global community. He was eventually elected the grand master of the Grand Orient of Italy.[19]
Giuseppe Garibaldi died at Caprera in 1882, where he was interred. Five ships of the Italian Navy have been named after him, among which a World War II cruiser and the former flagship, the aircraft carrier Giuseppe Garibaldi.
Statues of his likeness, as well as the handshake of Teano, stand in many Italian squares, and in other countries around the world. On the top of the Gianicolo hill in Rome, there is a statue of Garibaldi on horse-back. His face was originally turned in the direction of the Vatican (an allusion[citation needed] to his ambition to conquer the Papal States), but after the Lateran Treaty in 1929 the orientation of the statue was changed upon request of the Vatican.
A bust of Giuseppe Garibaldi is prominently placed outside the entrance to the old Supreme Court Chamber in the U.S. Capitol Building in Washington, DC, a gift from members of the Italian Society of Washington.
In a recent book review in The New Yorker (July 9 & 16, 2007) of a Garibaldi biography, Tim Parks cites the eminent English historian, A.J.P. Taylor, as saying, "Garibaldi is the only wholly admirable figure in modern history."
English football team Nottingham Forest designed their home kit after the uniform worn by Garibaldi and his men and have worn a variation of this design since being founded in 1865. The Garibaldi biscuit was named after him, as was a style of beard. The Giuseppe Garibaldi Trophy has been awarded annually since 2007 within the Six Nations rugby union framework to the victor of the match between France and Italy, in the memory of Garibaldi.
Garibaldi, along with Giuseppe Mazzini and other Europeans supported the creation of a European federation. Many Europeans expected a unified Germany to become a European and world leader and to champion humanitarian policies. This is demonstrated in the following letter written by Giuseppe Garibaldi to Karl Blind on 10 April 1865.
The progress of humanity seems to have come to a halt, and you with your superior intelligence will know why. The reason is that the world lacks a nation which possesses true leadership. Such leadership, of course, is required not to dominate other peoples, but to lead them along the path of duty, to lead them toward the brotherhood of nations where all the barriers erected by egoism will be destroyed. We need the kind of leadership which, in the true tradition of medieval chivalry, would devote itself to redressing wrongs, supporting the weak, sacrificing momentary gains and material advantage for the much finer and more satisfying achievement of relieving the suffering of our fellow men. We need a nation courageous enough to give us a lead in this direction. It would rally to its cause all those who are suffering wrong or who aspire to a better life, and all those who are now enduring foreign oppression.
This role of world leadership, left vacant as things are today, might well be occupied by the German nation. You Germans, with your grave and philosophic character, might well be the ones who could win the confidence of others and guarantee the future stability of the international community. Let us hope, then, that you can use your energy to overcome your moth-eaten thirty tyrants of the various German states. Let us hope that in the center of Europe you can then make a unified nation out of your fifty millions. All the rest of us would eagerly and joyfully follow you.[20]
GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI (1807-1882), Italian patriot, was born at Nice on the 4th of July 1807. As a youth he fled from home to escape a clerical education, but afterwards joined his father in the coasting trade. After joining the "Giovine Italia" he entered the Sardinian navy, and, with a number of companions on board the frigate "Euridice," plotted to seize the vessel and occupy the arsenal of Genoa at the moment when Mazzini's Savoy expedition should enter Piedmont. The plot being discovered, Garibaldi fled, but was condemned to death by default on the 3rd of June 1834. Escaping to South America in 1836, he was given letters of marque by the state of Rio Grande do Sul, which had revolted against Brazil. After a series of victorious engagements he was taken prisoner and subjected to severe torture, which dislocated his limbs. Regaining liberty, he renewed the war against Brazil, and took Porto Allegro. During the campaign he met his wife, Anita, who became his inseparable companion and mother of three children, Anita, Ricciotti and Menotti. Passing into the service of Uruguay, he was sent to Corrientes with a small flotilla to oppose Rosas's forces, but was overtaken by Admiral Brown, against whose fleet he fought for three days. When his ammunition was exhausted he burned his ships and escaped. Returning to Montevideo, he formed the Italian Legion, with which he won the battles of Cerro and Sant' Antonio in the spring of 1846, and assured the freedom of Uruguay. Refusing all honours and recompense, he prepared to return to Italy upon receiving news of the incipient revolutionary movement. In October 1847 he wrote to Pius IX., offering his services to the Church, whose cause he for a moment believed to be that of national liberty.
Landing at Nice on the 24th of June 1848, he placed his sword at the disposal of Charles Albert, and, after various difficulties with the Piedmontese war office, formed a volunteer army 3000 strong, but shortly after taking the field was obliged, by the defeat of Custozza, to flee to Switzerland. Proceeding thence to Rome, he was entrusted by the Roman republic with the defence of San Pancrazio against the French, where he gained the victory of the 30th of April 1849, remaining all day in the saddle, although wounded in the side at the beginning of the fight. From the 3rd of May until the 30th of May he was continuously engaged against the Bourbon troops at Palestrina, Velletri and elsewhere, dispersing an army of 20,000 men with 3000 volunteers. After the fall of Rome he left the city at the head of 4000 volunteers, with the idea of joining the defenders of Venice, and started on that wonderful retreat through central Italy pursued by the armies of France, Austria, Spain and Naples. By his consummate generalship and the matchless endurance of his men the pursuers were evaded and San Marino reached, though with a sadly diminished force. Garibaldi and a few followers, including his devoted wife Anita, after vainly attempting to reach Venice, where the tricolor still floated, took refuge in the pine forests of Ravenna; the Austrians were seeking him in all directions, and most of his legionaries were captured and shot. Anita died near Comacchio, and he himself fled across the peninsula, being assisted by all classes of the people, to Tuscany, whence he escaped to Piedmont and ultimately to America. At New York, in order to earn a living, he became first a chandler, and afterwards a trading skipper, returning to Italy in 1854 with a small fortune, and purchasing the island of Caprera, on which he built the house thenceforth his home. On the outbreak of war in 1859 he was placed in command of the Alpine infantry, defeating the Austrians at Casale on the 8th of May, crossing the Ticino on the 23rd of May, and, after a series of victorious fights, liberating Alpine territory as far as the frontier of Tirol. When about to enter Austrian territory proper his advance was, however, checked by the armistice of Villafranca.
Returning to Como to wed the countess Raimondi, by whom he had been aided during the campaign, he was apprised, immediately after the wedding, of certain circumstances which caused him at once to abandon that lady and to start for central Italy. Forbidden to invade the Romagna, he returned indignantly to Caprera, where with Crispi and Bertani he planned the invasion of Sicily. Assured by Sir James Hudson of the sympathy of England, he began active preparations for the expedition to Marsala. At the last moment he hesitated, but Crispi succeeded in persuading him to sail from Genoa on the 5th of May 1860 with two vessels carrying a volunteer corps of 1070 strong. Calling at Talamone to embark arms and money, he reached Marsala on the 11th of May, and landed under the protection of the British vessels "Intrepid" and "Argus." On the 12th of May the dictatorship of Garibaldi was proclaimed at Salemi, on the 15th of May the Neapolitan troops were routed at Calatafimi, on the 25th of May Palermo was taken, and on the 6th of June 20,000 Neapolitan regulars, supported by nine frigates and protected by two forts, were compelled to capitulate. Once established at Palermo, Garibaldi organized an army to liberate Naples and march upon Rome, a plan opposed by the emissaries of Cavour, who desired the immediate annexation of Sicily to the Italian kingdom. Expelling Lafarina and driving out Depretis, who represented Cavour, Garibaldi routed the Neapolitans at Milazzo on the 10th of July. Messina fell on the 10th of July, but Garibaldi, instead of crossing to Calabria, secretly departed for Aranci Bay in Sardinia, where Bertani was fitting out an expedition against the papal states. Cavour, however, obliged the expedition to sail for Palermo. Returning to Messina, Garibaldi found a letter from Victor Emmanuel II. dissuading him from invading the kingdom of Naples. Garibaldi replied asking "permission to disobey." Next day he crossed the Strait, won the battle of Reggio on the 21st of August, accepted the capitulation of 9000 Neapolitan troops at San Giovanni and of 11,000 more at Soveria. The march upon Naples became a triumphal progress, which the wiles of Francesco II. were powerless to arrest. On the 7th of September Garibaldi entered Naples, while Francesco fled to Gaeta. On the 1st of October he routed the remnant of the Bourbon army 40,000 strong on the Volturno. Meanwhile the Italian troops had occupied the Marches, Umbria and the Abruzzi, a battalion of Bersaglieri reaching the Volturno in time to take part in the battle. Their presence put an end to the plan for the invasion of the papal states, and Garibaldi unwillingly issued a decree for the plebiscite which was to sanction the incorporation of the Two Sicilies in the Italian realm. On the 7th of November Garibaldi accompanied Victor Emmanuel during his solemn entry into Naples, and on the morrow returned to Caprera, after disbanding his volunteers and recommending their enrolment in the regular army.
Indignation at the cession of Nice to France and at the neglect of his followers by the Italian government induced him to return to political life. Elected deputy in 1861, his anger against Cavour found violent expression. Bixio attempted to reconcile them, but the publication by Cialdini of a letter against Garibaldi provoked a hostility which, but for the intervention of the king, would have led to a duel between Cialdini and Garibaldi. Returning to Caprera, Garibaldi awaited events. Cavour's successor, Ricasoli, enrolled the Garibaldians in the regular army; Rattazzi, who succeeded Ricasoli, urged Garibaldi to undertake an expedition in aid of the Hungarians, but Garibaldi, finding his followers ill-disposed towards the idea, decided to turn his arms against Rome. On the 29th of June 1862 he landed at Palermo and gathered an army under the banner "Roma o morte." Rattazzi, frightened at the prospect of an attack upon Rome, proclaimed a state of siege in Sicily, sent the fleet to Messina, and instructed Cialdini to oppose Garibaldi. Circumventing the Italian troops, Garibaldi entered Catania, crossed to Melito with 3000 men on the 25th of August, but was taken prisoner and wounded by Cialdini's forces at Aspromonte on the 27th of August. Liberated by an amnesty, Garibaldi returned once more to Caprera amidst general sympathy.
In the spring of 1864 he went to London, where he was accorded an enthusiastic reception and given the freedom of the city. From England he returned again to Caprera. On the outbreak of war in 1866 he assumed command of a volunteer army and, after the defeat of the Italian troops at Custozza, took the offensive in order to cover Brescia. On the 3rd of July he defeated the Austrians at Monte Saello, on the 7th at Lodzone, on the 10th at Darso, on the 16th at Condino, on the 19th at Ampola, on the 21st at Bezzecca, but, when on the point of attacking Trent, he was ordered by General Lamarmora to retire. His famous reply "Obbedisco" ("I obey") has often been cited as a classical example of military obedience to a command destructive of a successful leader's hopes, but documents now published (cf. Corriere della sera, 9th of August 1906) prove beyond doubt that Garibaldi had for some days known that the order to evacuate the Trentino would shortly reach him. The order arrived on the 9th of August, whereas Crispi had been sent as early as the 16th of July to warn Garibaldi that, owing to Prussian opposition, Austria would not cede the Trentino to Italy, and that the evacuation was inevitable. Hence Garibaldi's laconic reply. From the Trentino he returned to Caprera to mature his designs against Rome, which had been evacuated by the French in pursuance of the Franco-Italian convention of the 15th of September 1864. Gathering volunteers in the autumn of 1867, he prepared to enter papal territory, but was arrested at Sinalunga by the Italian government and conducted to Caprera. Eluding the surveillance of the Italian cruisers, he returned to Florence, and, with the complicity of the second Rattazzi cabinet, entered Roman territory at Passo Corese on the 23rd of October. Two days later he took Monterotondo, but on the 2nd of November his forces were dispersed at Mentana by French and papal troops. Recrossing the Italian frontier, he was arrested at Figline and taken back to Caprera, where he eked out his slender resources by writing several romances. In 1870 he formed a fresh volunteer corps and went to the aid of France, defeating the German troops at Chatillon, Autun and Dijon. Elected a member of the Versailles assembly, he resigned his mandate in anger at French insults, and withdrew to Caprera until, in 1874, he was elected deputy for Rome. Popular enthusiasm induced the Conservative Minghetti cabinet to propose that a sum of 40,000 with an annual pension of 2000 be conferred upon him as a recompense for his services, but the proposal, though adopted by parliament (27th May 1875), was indignantly refused by Garibaldi. Upon the advent of the Left to power, however, he accepted both gift and pension, and worked energetically upon the scheme for the Tiber embankment to prevent the flooding of Rome. At the same time he succeeded in obtaining the annulment of his marriage with the countess Raimondi (with whom hehadneverlived) and contracted another marriage with the mother of his children, Clelia and Manlio. In 1880 he went to Milan for the inauguration of the Mentana monument, and in 1882 visited Naples and Palermo, but was prevented by illness from being present at the 600th anniversary of the Sicilian Vespers. On the 2nd of June 1882 his death at Caprera plunged Italy into mourning.
See Garibaldi, Epistolario, ed. E. E. Ximenes (2 vols., Milan, 1885), and Memorie autografiche (11th ed., Florence, 1902; Eng. translation by A. Werner, with supplement by J. W. Mario in vol. iii. of 1888 ed.); Giuseppe Guerzoni, Garibaldi (2 vols., Florence, 1882); Jessie White Mario, Garibaldi e i suoi tempi (Milan, 1884); G. M. Trevelyan, Garibaldi's Defence of the Roman Republic (London, 1907), which contains an excellent sketch of Garibaldi's early career, of the events leading up to the proclamation of the Roman Republic, and a picturesque, detailed and authoritative account of the defence of Rome and of Garibaldi's flight, with a very full bibliography; also Trevelyan's Garibaldi and the Thousand (1909). (H. W. S.)
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Categories: GAO-GEL | Biography | History of Italy
Giuseppe Garibaldi was an Italian soldier. He fought for the Italian Unification Movement. He led a group called the Red Shirts through the Kingdom of Two Sicilies to bring together the kingdoms of Italy in 1860.