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|Charles Albright
Charles Albright's mug shot
|Background information
|Birth name:
|Charles Frederick Albright
|Also known as:
|The Dallas Ripper
The Dallas Slasher
The Eyeball Killer
|10 August 1933
Amarillo, Texas, USA
|Number of victims:
|Span of killings:
|December 13, 1990–March 18, 1991
|Date apprehended:
|March 22, 1991
Charles Frederick Albright (born August 10, 1933) is a serial killer from Dallas, Texas, convicted of killing three prostitutes in 1991.
Charles was adopted by Delle and Fred Albright, from an orphan's home. His mother, a schoolteacher, was very strict and overprotective of Charles. She accelerated his education, helping him to skip two grades.
His criminal career started early. At age 13, he was already a petty thief, and was arrested for aggravated assault. At age 15, he graduated from high school and forged his way into North Texas University. At age 16, the police caught him with some petty cash from a cash register, two handguns and a rifle. He spent a year in jail. After his release he attended Arkansas State Teacher's College and majored in pre-med studies. Found with stolen items, he was expelled from the college before graduation but not prosecuted. Unfazed, he simply falsified his degrees, stealing the right documents, forging signatures, and giving himself fictitious bachelor's and master's degrees.
He married his college girlfriend and they had a daughter. Charles' wife was a teacher, but he failed to hold a job for long. He continued to "cheat" by forging checks and claiming false credentials, and he was caught in his deception while teaching at a high school, but he always managed to get probation for his illegal acts. In 1965, he and his wife separated, finally divorcing in 1974.
Albright was caught stealing hundreds of dollars' worth of merchandise from a hardware store and received a two-year prison sentence. Yet he served less than six months before he was out again. In this time he began to befriend and gain the trust of his neighbors; so much so, that he was even asked by local residents to babysit their children, including future radio broadcaster Arnie States[1]. In 1981, after his mother died, while Albright was visiting some friends, he sexually molested their nine-year-old daughter. They reported him and he was prosecuted. He pled guilty and received only probation. He later claimed that he was innocent but had pled to avoid a hassle.
In 1985, Albright met a woman named Dixie, in Arkansas. He invited her to come live with him and it wasn't long before she was paying his bills and supporting him. Charles took a 'paper route' in the early morning, apparently to visit prostitutes without raising his wife's suspicion.
December 13, 1990 - Mary Lou Pratt, 33, a well-known prostitute in the Oak Cliff neighborhood of Dallas. Her body was found lying face-up. She was wearing only a T-shirt. She was shot in the back of the head with a .44-caliber bullet. The medical examiner discovered that this killer had removed both eyes without making much of a mark on the eyelids, and apparently had taken them with him.
February 10, 1991 - Susan Peterson, a prostitute, was found nearly nude, with her T-shirt pulled up to display her breasts in the same manner as Pratt. She'd been shot three times: in the top of the head, in the left breast and point-blank in the back of the head. One bullet had pierced her heart and another entered her brain. A clump of her hair lay on her chest. She had been dumped in south Dallas, just outside city limits, and the medical examiner found that this victim bore another grisly similarity: her eyes had been surgically removed.
March 18, 1991 - Shirley Williams, a part-time prostitute, was found naked, lying on her side near a school, with her eyes removed. Williams also had facial bruises and a broken nose, and she had been shot through the top of her head and in the face.
On March 22, 1991, Albright was arrested and charged with three counts of murder. His trial began on December 13, 1991. The prosecution suffered many blows and their case seemed circumstantial at best. The only evidence that was solid was the forensic evidence - hairs found at Williams' murder scene matched Albright. On December 18, 1991, the jury deliberated and found Charles Albright guilty. He was sentenced to life in prison for the murder of Shirley Williams, Mary Lou Pratt and Susan Peterson.


text: You wrote or found a tutorial and you'd like it to be added to the list? Send me a private message and I'll update it! I'll keep this list up to date, as Rastaman-FB couldn't edit the one he made. Thanks for doing most of the job. HOW TO install Galaxo, step-by-step guide with pictures by DaSchmarotzer Easy guide to updating to Galaxo! Using i7500 with Windows x64 (tested) by cpwood Using i7500 with x64 Computer (Drivers) How to ADB, Fastboot, Mass storage in Linux by sado1 [HOWTO] Linux ADB, fastboot, mass storage Simple Rooting Guide (non galax0/galaxhero) by Rastaman-FB Simple Rooting Guide (without galax0/galaxher0 roms) HOW TO: Odin (flash firmwares) Galax0 (Custom Firmware) by devan963 http://androidforums.com/samsung-i7500/13692-how-odin-galexo-rom-s.html Improving/Troubleshooting Battery life by tisti Improving/troubleshooting battery life Galax0 Tweaks - Get more memory by kam187 Galaxo tweaks - get more memory Get OpenGL (3D) working on Galaxy (tested on various firmwares) by Pieter OpenGL working on Galaxy (II5) Known bugs in II5 firmware Bugs in firmware I5 How To Flash Mustymod 2.0 by Terry How to Mustymod How to update your firmware for I7500L users by DaSchmarotzer Bell Canada users and Brazilian Users - Galaxy 7500L (notice the L) Questions? Post them in the tutorial's thread and they should be answered. You can also contact inFECT if you want to add something to this list.

subset: commoncrawl


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Current Rating: 4.94
based on 528 votes and 6 reviewsRate this Movie
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Comedy, Thriller
Running Time: 106 min.
Release Date: March 5, 1999
Current rating:
based on 528 votes and 6 reviews
Rate Movie | Read all user reviews
Cast: Steven Mackintosh, Jason Flemyng, Dexter Fletcher, Nick Moran, Jason Statham, Vinnie Jones, Sting , Lenny McLean, P.H. Moriarty


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Glacier Ice from Jökulsarlon the Glacier Lagoon
Loving the blues on this December workshop morning. The Winter dawns are fantastic opportunities for capturing amazing colours. The dawn is not a quick affair in Iceland. The colours can be good for hours. This allows you to experiment with different exposure times and techniques.
Posted by Iceland Aurora Photo Tours on 2014-02-19 21:31:50
The Magic Cloth Technique
When you want to avoid burning the highlights in the sky like a normal aurora display, the The Magic Cloth Technique is a useful tool for your camera bag. The Magic Cloth Technique involves controlling the amount of exposure within a very long exposure to different portions of a picture.
Dark Filter: (not at night, only in daylight) The ND filter is simply to lengthen the exposure. Without having to wait for it to get dark, you can get glossy waterfalls or wave activity that is fine. Like Grads, they come in various powers.
My advice is to purchase a filter for your biggest lens so you could utilize the same filter on all of your lenses, and utilize a step-up ring.
I recommend round filters for wet conditions.
Heavy Tripod:
I have to get low down for better details in the foreground so extra flexibility are definitely great options to look out for on your tripod. Stabilize your tripod to make it heavy. Vibrations can be caused by the movement of the Magic Cloth. But, this is necessary for fine art long exposure photography.
2 stops over compensation (liveview) or 3 stops over (without live view), 2 sec delay. There is an advantage to a long Shutter speed. 2-5 sec requires a fast, but smooth action to darken the sky within a reflex time. 5-10 sec allows for a controlled exposure of the middleground.
Divide complete exposure by 10 for the sky exposure. For instance, a 10 second exposure could be a sky that is 1 2nd. Press on the shutter to activate the THE TWO second timer, with this time get your material ready. When the shutter is open, allow 1 second for the sky exposure.
Magic Cloth Action
In most conditions I bring the cloth down with a fast action and up slowly.
Some more Long Exposure hints…
Digital school – long exposures
Check out some Auroras on our Photo Tours.
Thanks for reading!
Check out more photography Pages:
Timing is communication
"In photography there is a reality so subtle that it becomes more real than reality."
— Alfred Stieglitz
Photo blog Articles
Photo Blog – Justnanco Bristol England
Iceland factoids
An Icelander's last name comes from their father's first name.
Facts about glacier ice
Glaciers can be regarded as – Alpine glaciers, form on mountains and move down through valleys, & Continental Glaciers, which spread out over massive areas.
Tagged with: , Iceland , ice , ice lagoon , Icelandaurora , Jökulsárlón , glacial laggon , glacier , magic cloth , magic cloth technique


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I have actually managed to complete some cards today.
As it was a nice day I had enough light in my workshop (summerhouse) to get tucked in.
I have managed to do some stitching lately, I will be so pleased to get my eyes sorted and get back to the stitching properly. I find it a strain at the moment.
The first three are designs from A & N , you probably can't see it very well but I have put the lovely googly eyes on it.
The next one below is from one of Anns Paper Art patterns and I have stitched in onto patterned paper
And one below for the men. I bought a load of dies from China, and well happy with them, they cut beautifully and mainly are very cheap. So don't take much thinking about how to put them together
Thanks for looking in, have a really good crafting week.
Hopefully will be able to put more on soon
Comments will be very much appreciated
Take care


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Published Apr 25, 2007
"Have been going to East West Books for about eight years. It has unique and natural feeling of ease, peace and Light..."
via Onelight
"…Have been going to East West Books for about eight years. It has unique and natural feeling of ease, peace and Light and staff has always been patien…"
"…Best Book Store ever. Very clean and neat... Some Used Book stores you have to step on books to get to what you want. And you absolutely do not have t…"
"…What a bookstore should be, chock full of ideas for my next read, inviting and welcoming, helpful informed friendly interesting staff.…"
"…The Friends of the Library Book Den (open 9-2pm Thur, Fri & Sat) sells thousands of books, DVDs and audios for the lowest prices around. A lot of the …"
"…This is my favorite book store, wonderful atmosphere, great selection of Art Books that I can't find anywhere else in Sacramento. I also enjoy the boo…"
"…Phenomenal selection of used books. Rachel, Richard and Ru make browsing for a literary getaway a delight. If you are looking for a particular title…"
"…Taking a walk through the aisles of Jim and Joyce Crawford's J Crawford's Books brings such enjoyment as you browse familiar authors, and view titles …"
"…Affordable, and great choices!…"
"…Favorite book store ever! I was so sad when I moved to Sacramento. I used to visit Yesterday's Books at least once a month. They have the widest va…"
"…Fantastic comic book shop, a gem in Modesto!…"
"…tHIUS IS MY FAVORITE BOOK STORE. i ALWAYS FEEL SPECIAL WHEN i GO IN BECAUSE THE OWNER aSTRID ALWAYS KNOWS WHAT i LOVE AND KEEPS MY PERSONAL PREFERENCE…"
"…i cant belive how awesome the used section is. the fact that i always find something that ive been looking for in it is great and its so cheap to boot…"
"…This Book store is such a wonderful place to buy a special gift for someone. Along with great value engrafted within each item you purchase there. The…"
The 2007 KCRA 3 A-List Contest awards are based on more than 88,000 votes from local Sacramento-area experts.
See the full results →
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study zone
career advice
pq awards
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PQ magazine is for part qualified accountants.
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Latest News
IASB issues amendments to IFRS 9 and IAS 28
12 October 2017
The International Accounting Standards Board has issued amendments to IFRS 9 Financial Instruments and to IAS 28 Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures to aid implementation.
The amendments to IFRS 9 should allow companies to measure particular prepayable financial assets with so-called negative compensation at amortised cost or at fair value through other comprehensive income if a specified condition is met instead of at fair value through profit or loss.
The amendments to IAS 28 clarify that companies account for long-term interests in an associate or joint venture to which the equity method is not applied using IFRS 9.
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In spite of the recession that has recently hit the labor market, Washington will always have a high demand for professional plumbers: nonetheless, formal education provided by plumbing school is a must for those who want to work in the plumbing field. These schools specialize in a wide array of plumbing-related tasks and applications, from operating heavy machinery to steam fitting, construction of water systems, piping, assembling systems, connecting different pipe lengths with fittings, understanding the plumbing system codes, using special pipe laying material, repairing and installing high-pressure pipes and such.
Why Choose A Professional Plumbing School?
A professional Menlo WA plumbing school is the one-way ticket to a successful and rewarding plumbing career, as it gives you a wealth of career options to choose from. A plumbing school offers students all they need to become construction plumbers, pipe layers, steam fitters and even engineers. Regardless of their choice, it would be impossible for them to advance in the field without having solid, in-depth plumbing knowledge and training.
#1 Plumbing Training Close To Menlo WA
- Find Online Schools. 100% Online Accredited Courses
- Get Matched to Programs In A Few Clicks!
- Earn an Affordable Degree from Home at your own pace
- Get College info today. Its Free and Easy!
The plumber training programs are comprehensive and they cover several essential aspects for every future plumber, such as isometrics, stoppages, repairing and installing heatingsystems and water systems, dealing with vent systems, gas piping systems, drain waste and so on.
The overall training takes about four to five months to complete and it encompasses over 100 hours of training. Menlo Washington Students who have some plumbing experience can choose an advanced training program where they specialize in the design of piping systems and system inspection, while beginners can opt for a basic module where they will learn safety practices and procedures, plumbing codes, etc. There are many plumbing specializations a future contractor can opt fit, but each one of them involves a set of professional skills and job responsibilities that can be achieved only by attending an accredited plumber school.
Map of Menlo, WA
Unable to parse entered address. API response code: REQUEST_DENIED
It is a known fact that plumbing schools can help students get a higher position that is more rewarding, a position that cannot be reached without proper education and experience. Pipe layer or plumber are two of the most common choices in terms of jobs. Besides expanding their career opportunities, plumbing schools also prepare students on many different levels as they help them improve their communication and interpersonal skills.
Median Yearly Salary
After graduating from a plumbing school (that must be accredited either by the Washington Commission of Higher Education or other similar review body), a specialized pipe layer can earn an average yearly salary of $30,000, while a plumbing contractor can earn anywhere between $47,000 to $56,000 per year, depending on training, experience and the state where he resides.
Thanks for putting this together!
What can I say, I'm impressed. I was able to learn more about the different plumber programs in Washington and found one I really like. I just wish I could find more info on grants and stipends…


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Owners and staff at Libad's Seaside Tavern in New Bedford were generally OK with how they were portrayed on Sunday's "Bar Rescue" episode.
NEW BEDFORD — Owners and staff at Libad's Seaside Tavern were a bit nervous about how Libad's would be portrayed in Spike TV's "Bar Rescue."
But in the end, after watching the hour-long episode that aired nationally Sunday night, they said they were generally OK with what emerged.
"It's tough when you have a family business. We work very hard at this," said Dave DeMelo, who runs Libad's with sister Jessica. What actually happened "was a little bit ... different than what people saw, but it's reality TV.
"You sell your soul to the devil and that's what you get, but it wasn't that bad."
That said, DeMelo acknowledged it was tough to see the business picked apart on TV and he said some of the things the show focused on were somewhat blown out of proportion.
"They had to run with something and that's what they ran with," DeMelo said.
Overall, "I think we came off positively," day manager Josh Roderiques said. "I didn't think anything (they showed) was that bad. I think they did a good job. We appreciate everything that they did."
Roderiques said Libad's hope now is that new customers continue to make the trip to the South End to visit their revamped establishment.
"After the filming, it was kind of like word of mouth," said Roderiques, noting that it was very busy for a while this spring when people first heard about the film crew's presence on Brock Avenue.
As time passed, "It slowed down a little bit, but now with the show airing, it's reaching a wider audience," he said. "We think it's going to be a lot busier."
Roderiques said a lot of the training employees received from "Bar Rescue," both for the servers and the kitchen staff, has had a positive outcome as far as daily operations and functionality go.
"It was all worth it," he said. "Getting the kitchen going and everything like that — we're happy with everything that we've got as far as keeping the business running smoothly."
Plus, he said, "We're always looking to bring in new customers, and the exposure we've gotten — it's everything we've asked for."
Roderiques added that the location of the bar makes it a little difficult to get new customers in, but now that the show has aired, Libad's hopes that changes.
"We'll do everything we can to keep them coming back," he said.
While there was no immediate information on a Spike TV rebroadcast date, the show is available on Comcast's On Demand.


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I have googled and looked through multiple answers online, all of which have completely different system panels for updates.
These are a few of the update answers I've looked at that are 100% useless to me because they don't match what I have (so you don't post these as answers):
2 ways to control Windows 10 automatic updates | PCWorld
How to schedule when Windows 10 updates restart your PC | PCWorld
Windows 10 lets you schedule Windows Update restarts - CNET
How to Schedule Restarts for Updates in Windows 10
I recorded a little walkthrough of what my windows update panel looks like: 2016 11 04 1839 03 - YouTube
I have windows 10 Pro 64bit. System info: http://puu.sh/s6H2R.png
If you need anymore info to answer this question, please ask. Thanks in advance for all the helpful response I hope to get :)


text: I'm trying to fix an issue that I had because of the update the recently came out. I was rooted stock and the damn thing updated before I got a chance to cancel the update. I don't mind starting from scratch but I want to stick with the stock. I'm guessing that the factory reset would allow me to start over completely. Is this true? I'm talking about in the HTC Bootloader screen and not in CW recovery. I wouldn't have any problems doing this since I have CW on there now would I? Just don't want to brick the phone.


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Florida Governor Rick Scott is delaying implementation of a new law to test state workers for drugs, in response to legal challenges, the Associated Press reports. He signed the law earlier this week, after it was passed by the legislature.
The bill would be the first of its kind in the country. It would allow up to 10 percent of state employees to be randomly tested every three months. The measure also would make it easier to fire a worker who had a single confirmed positive drug test.
Last year, Governor Scott tried to mandate state employee drug testing through an executive order, which was suspended while it is being challenged in federal court, the article notes.
"Governor Scott signed this law in clear defiance of constitutional principles," Howard Simon, Executive Director of the American Civil Liberties Union of Florida, said in a statement. "It's amazing that the governor and the legislature would move ahead with a law that so clearly violates the Constitutional protections against invasive government searches without suspicion – especially while a legal challenge on precisely the same issue is pending in the federal court."
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Lorache Group – Our client, a law firm and publishing house would like to employ into its establishment an experienced candidate to fill the position below:
Job Title: Senior Sales Officer
Location: Lagos
- Mentoring sales team members
- Maintaining relationships with larger clients by providing information, support and guidance
- Preparing reports by collecting sales information and statistics.
- Identifying business opportunities with current and prospective customers
- Analyzing opportunities by researching the industry and market trends
- Creating and developing new innovative ways of maintaining exiting customers and winning new customer.
Required Experience and Qualification
- Must have worked in a publishing firm with minimum of 7-10 experience.
- Possesses strong analytical skills.
- Understands customer needs and how to meet them.
- Possesses excellent communication skills.
- A graduate of any discipline.
- Residents of Lagos.
Job Title: Sales Representative
Location: Lagos
Job Functions
- Develop and execute sales strategy for maximizing member and revenue growth.
- Create and implement strategic plans for increasing sales
- Complete analysis of sales strategies
- Assesses prospects and prioritize best opportunity sales.
- Identify customer needs and recommend appropriate solutions.
- Maintaining positive business relationships to ensure future sales
- Maintaining a client list, and building relationships within the legal industry.
Required Experience and Qualification
- Proven track record of consistent and exceptional achievement in sales.
- Minimum of 3-5 experience as a Sales Rep
- Effective client solution and new client acquisition competencies.
- Passionate and possesses skills/ expertise for consultative selling.
- Assertive and persuasive.
- Excellent communication and presentation skills
- A graduate of any discipline
Job Title: Sales Officer
Location: Lagos
Job Functions
- Sales executives promote products and services to customers and negotiate contracts with the aim of maximizing profits.
- Demonstrating and presenting products. Promote specific products.
- Maintain positive business and customer relationships in the effort to extend customer lifetime value.
- Develop strategies for more effective sales, both individually and as part of a team
- Facilitate cold and warm calls to prospective leads
- Must be a Female
- Residents of Lagos Island, Obalende and Marina.
- OND or SSCE graduates.
- Excellent interpersonal communication skills, both verbal and written.
- Sales-driven, results-driven, and target-driven attitude
- Aptitude for persuasion and negotiation.
How to Apply
Interested and qualified candidates should send their Applications and CV's to: [email protected]
Application Deadline 27th November, 2017.


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Thursday, 21 January 2016
Finding the pot of gold at the end of the rainbow
Wednesday, 20 January 2016
Ants, the world's barely visible largest biomass
Ants are a group of colony-forming social insects, which belong to the order of Hymenoptera. Ants have been able to adapt to very different habitats; where they occur, ants are the dominant life form on the bottom. It is estimated that the total biomass of ants is greater than that of any other animal species on earth.
Thursday, 7 January 2016
Just stones?
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Hello Friends!!
Today I am sharing a layout I created with my January 2017 Counterfeit Kit Challenge kit. The layout is of me. I was inspired to create this layout using sketch #301 from Creative Scrappers.
This is the last layout I created with my kit and it has a ton of scraps and little bits and pieces.
I added a ton of little word stickers , a piece of wood veneer tag and even a flare.
I used a wood veneer as my title and the tile alpha to make it into a phrase.
Finally I added some enamel dots and even some chipboard pieces.
Thanks for visiting my blog today!!!


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ARTIST ANNOUNCEMENT: DIAMOND DISTRICT, LARGE PROFESSOR, J. PERIOD, RAKAA IRISCIENCE, DJ BABU & UNCLE RALPH MCDANIELS TO PERFORM DURING 2010 BROOKLYN HIP-HOP FESTIVAL WEEK Brooklyn, NY June 24, 2010
Brooklyn Bodega, producers of the 6th Annual Brooklyn Hip-Hop Festival (BHF) announces today the addition of Diamond District, Large Professor, J. Period, Rakaa Iriscience, DJ Babu and Uncle Ralph McDaniels to the 2010 lineup.
DC's own Diamond District and mixtape king and BHF repeat offender, J. Period will perform on the 6th annual Brooklyn Hip Hop Festival's main stage. Two-thirds of California trio Dilated Peoples, Rakaa Iriscience and DJ Babu, will bring their West Coast stylings to the thousands in attendance. Hip-Hop pioneer, entrepreneur and visionary, Uncle Ralph McDaniels will again host for the fifth time. The legendary Large Professor will be on the wheels of steel during the Show & Prove Super Bowl on Monday, July 5th. (more…)


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RCP4.5: a pathway for stabilization of radiative forcing by 2100
- 20k Downloads
- Citations
Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 is a scenario that stabilizes radiative forcing at 4.5 W m−2 in the year 2100 without ever exceeding that value. Simulated with the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM), RCP4.5 includes long-term, global emissions of greenhouse gases, short-lived species, and land-use-land-cover in a global economic framework. RCP4.5 was updated from earlier GCAM scenarios to incorporate historical emissions and land cover information common to the RCP process and follows a cost-minimizing pathway to reach the target radiative forcing. The imperative to limit emissions in order to reach this target drives changes in the energy system, including shifts to electricity, to lower emissions energy technologies and to the deployment of carbon capture and geologic storage technology. In addition, the RCP4.5 emissions price also applies to land use emissions; as a result, forest lands expand from their present day extent. The simulated future emissions and land use were downscaled from the regional simulation to a grid to facilitate transfer to climate models. While there are many alternative pathways to achieve a radiative forcing level of 4.5 W m−2, the application of the RCP4.5 provides a common platform for climate models to explore the climate system response to stabilizing the anthropogenic components of radiative forcing.
KeywordsCarbon Price Representative Concentration Pathway Reference Scenario Integrate Assessment Model Emission Mitigation
1 Introduction
Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 is a scenario of long-term, global emissions of greenhouse gases, short-lived species, and land-use-land-cover which stabilizes radiative forcing at 4.5 W m−2 (approximately 650 ppm CO2-equivalent) in the year 2100 without ever exceeding that value. The defining characteristics of this scenario are enumerated in Moss et al. (2008, 2010). RCP4.5 is based on the MiniCAM Level 2 stabilization scenario reported in Clarke et al. (2007) with additional detail on the non-CO2 and pollution control assumptions documented by Smith and Wigley (2006), and incorporating updated land use modeling and terrestrial carbon emissions pricing assumptions as reported in Wise et al. (2009a, b).
Unlike the scenarios developed by the IPCC and reported in Nakicenovic et al. (2000), which examined possible global futures and associated greenhouse-related emissions in the absence of measures designed to limit anthropogenic climate change, RCP4.5 is a stabilization scenario and assumes that climate policies, in this instance the introduction of a set of global greenhouse gas emissions prices, are invoked to achieve the goal of limiting emissions and radiative forcing.
While RCP4.5 is based on the MiniCAM Level 2 scenario reported in Clarke et al. (2007), it differs in several important regards. First, the Clarke et al. (2007) scenario considered a slightly different definition of radiative forcing than RCP4.5. In Clarke et al. (2007), radiative forcing is defined in terms of a suite of six greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). RCP4.5 considered the influences of a broader set of anthropogenic emissions including CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, and SF6, but also chemically active gases such as carbon monoxide (CO) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Importantly, RCP4.5 considers the influence of sulfur aerosols, as well as black and organic carbon. The Clarke et al. (2007) scenario stabilized radiative forcing at approximately 4.7 W m−2, slightly higher than RCP4.5. For CO2, the most important anthropogenically released greenhouse gas, year 2100 concentrations are somewhat higher in the Clarke et al. (2007) scenario, approximately 550 ppm CO2, than in RCP4.5, approximately 525 ppm CO2. RCP4.5 also employed updated historical data series by calibrating to the year 2000 consensus emissions inventories from Lamarque et al. (2010), and the HYDE crop and pasture land use history (Klein Goldewijk et al. 2010) as well as implementing a new representation of residue biomass supply (Gregg and Smith 2010). RCP4.5 also employed a more sophisticated land-use and land-cover model (Wise et al. 2009a, b) than was available for use in Clarke et al. (2007). Perhaps the most important difference is the downscaling of emissions and land-use-land-cover from the 14 geopolitical GCAM regions to a 0.5° grid for the RCPs in order to enable use of the scenario in atmospheric chemistry models and global climate models. Finally, RCP4.5 takes advantage of one technology that was not modeled in Clarke et al., namely combining bioenergy production with CO2 capture and geologic storage (CCS). This technology combination is capable of producing final energy such as electricity with net-negative carbon emissions (Luckow et al. 2010).
Because the RCPs are based on previously existing scenarios documented in the open literature, each reflects a different set of underlying socioeconomic assumptions. RCP4.5 is a stabilization scenario and thus assumes the imposition of emissions mitigation policies. RCP4.5 is derived from its own "reference", or "no-climate-policy", scenario. This reference scenario is unique to RCP4.5 and differs from RCP8.5 as well as from the reference scenarios associated with RCP6 and RCP2.6 (also referred to as RCP3PD)(van Vuuren et al. 2011a).
In the remainder of this paper we will discuss the modeling environment employed to develop RCP4.5 (the Global Change Assessment Model; GCAM), from the original MiniCAM Level 2 scenario (Clarke et al. 2007). We will then proceed to describe the underlying socioeconomic assumptions that shape RCP4.5 and its associated reference scenario and discuss the characteristics of RCP4.5, highlighting the global energy, economic, land use, and land cover systems, as well as the mechanisms employed to limit radiative forcing to 4.5 W m−2 and contrast RCP4.5 to its reference scenario. Next, we compare the RCP4.5 to other 4.5 Wm−2 stabilization scenarios in the literature. Finally, we will describe alternate GCAM scenarios that follow the radiative forcing pathways of the other three RCPs (RCP2.6, RCP6, and RCP8.5).
2 Methods
2.1 The Global Change Assessment Model
The GCAM is a global integrated assessment model and a direct descendent of the MiniCAM model (Kim et al. 2006; Clarke et al. 2007; Brenkert et al. 2003). It combines representations of the global economy, energy systems, agriculture and land use, with representation of terrestrial and ocean carbon cycles, a suite of coupled gas-cycle, climate, and ice-melt models. GCAM tracks emissions and concentrations of greenhouse gases and short-lived species including CO2, CH4, N2O, NOx, VOCs, CO, SO2, carbonaceous aerosols, HFCs, PFCs, NH3, and SF6.
GCAM is a dynamic recursive economic model driven by assumptions about population size and labor productivity that determine potential gross domestic product in each of 14 regions at 15 year time steps. GCAM establishes market-clearing prices for all energy, agriculture and land markets such that supplies and demands for all markets balance simultaneously. The GCAM energy system includes primary energy resources, production, energy transformation to final fuels, and the employment of final energy forms to deliver energy services such as passenger kilometers in transport or space conditioning for buildings. GCAM contains detailed representations of technology options in all of the economic components of the system with technology choice determined by market competition.
The agriculture and land use component is fully integrated (i.e., solved simultaneously) with the GCAM economic and energy system components. Land is allocated between alternative uses based on expected profitability, which in turn depends on the productivity of the land-based product (e.g. mass of harvestable product per ha), product price, and non-land costs of production (labor, fertilizer, etc.). The productivity of land-based products is subject to change over time based on future estimates of crop productivity change. This increase in productivity, adopted from projections by Bruinsma (2003), is not specifically attributed to individual components, which may include changes in management practices, increases in fertilizer or irrigation inputs, or development of new crop varieties. Emissions of gases related to agricultural productivity, for example N2O and CH4, are tied to the level of production. All agricultural crops, other land products and animal products are globally traded within GCAM. A full description of the agriculture and land use modeling in GCAM as used for RCP4.5 can be found in Wise et al. (2009a).
The GCAM physical atmosphere and climate are represented by the Model for the Assessment of Greenhouse-Gas Induced Climate Change (MAGICC; Wigley and Raper 1992, 2002; Raper et al. 1996). To construct the RCP4.5 scenario, we use MAGICC version 5.3, which is initialized to the IPCC 4th Assessment Report.1 The definition of total radiative forcing for the RCP4.5 does not include albedo, nitrate, and mineral dust. These three forcing agents have a fixed future forcing of −0.4 W m−2 in MAGICC version 5.3.
Pollutant gas emissions depend on modeled activity levels in each region, such as fuel consumption, and the assumed level of pollution controls. Pollution control levels increase over time in all countries as a function of income (Smith et al. 2005; Smith and Wigley 2006). Some further increases in emission controls for high-income countries are assumed, with larger increases in developing countries as incomes rise toward current OECD levels. Pollutant gas and aerosol emissions levels in the reference scenario were checked for consistency by estimating regional surface particulate and ozone levels using the MOZART atmospheric chemistry model. Two rounds of analysis were performed using reference scenario emissions, with emission control levels adjusted so that regional surface pollutant concentrations were consistent with the assumed regional income levels (Smith et al. 2011).
The RCP4.5 stabilization scenario is a cost-minimizing pathway. It assumes that all nations of the world undertake emissions mitigation simultaneously and effectively, and share a common global price that all emissions to the atmosphere must pay with emissions of different gases priced according to their hundred-year global warming potentials (Schimel et al. 1996). All sectors of the economy are covered, including agriculture and land use emissions. That emissions price also rises over time so as to minimize the present discounted cost of emissions mitigation. The policy also assumes that deployment mechanisms and measurement and monitoring of both fossil fuel and terrestrial carbon are not barriers to implementation of emissions mitigation.
This cost-minimizing price path has two components. Prior to reaching the target, 4.5 W m−2, cost minimization requires that the greenhouse gas emissions price rise at the interest rate, adjusted by the rate of ocean uptake (Edmonds et al. 2008; Clarke et al. 2007; Hotelling 1931; Peck and Wan 1996). An emissions price path with this property precludes all opportunities for arbitrage because the discounted marginal cost of abatement is constant across time. The second component of the pathway occurs after the target is reached. At this time, the emissions price is adjusted to ensure that the radiative forcing level remains at its target. For the RCP4.5, stabilization occurs in 2080; prior to 2080 the emissions price rises at 5% per year, and after 2080 the emissions price is roughly constant.
2.2 Emissions downscaling
Emissions from GCAM were downscaled using a two-step method, first downscaling to the country level and then mapping to a spatial grid within each country. Detailed emissions from GCAM were aggregated into the 12 RCP reporting sectors for the 14 GCAM regions at each 15-year model time period.2 Emissions from each sector were downscaled to a country level for 231 countries using the methodology outlined in Van Vuuren et al. (2007). Input data for this step includes the country-level population projection used for the RCP4.5 scenario, a gridded base-year GDP data set from van Vuuren et al. (2007), who combined World Bank GDP information with the GPW gridded population data set (CIESIN & CIAT 2005), and year 2000 gridded emissions data from Lamarque et al. (2010). Gridded GDP and emissions data were used so that base-year GDP and emissions differences could consistently be estimated for any set of countries or regions. A convergence year of 2200 for GDP and emissions intensity calculations (slightly larger than the value used by Van Vuuren et al. 2007) was used for all anthropogenic emissions sectors. The pattern of forest and grassland emissions within each region was held constant by setting a high convergence year of 10,000.
The downscaled sectoral emissions for each country were mapped to a 0.5° grid using the base-year 2000 gridded emissions data from Lamarque et al. (2010). The relative spatial emissions distribution within each country was held constant over time for each emissions sector. For the downscaling calculations, each 0.5° grid cell was subdivided, if necessary, by country boundaries using 2.5 min boundary data (CIESIN & CIAT 2005). After downscaling on a sub-divided grid for each country and emissions sector, emissions were summed to a 0.5° resolution for the final data product.
Emissions from international shipping and aircraft primarily occur outside country boundaries. Thus, emissions from these sectors were aggregated to one global figure. Gridded shipping emissions were globally scaled from the RCP consensus year 2000 emissions grid (Lamarque et al. 2010). Aircraft emissions used a time changing pattern from the QUANTIFY B2i emissions scenario (Lee et al. 2010), as the overall pathway for this scenario closely matched the GCAM model output. The QUANTIFY three dimensional emissions pattern was collapsed to two dimensions (latitude and longitude) for 2000, 2025, 2050, and 2100. This pattern was interpolated to decadal intervals and scaled globally to match the GCAM global aviation emissions values.
2.3 Land use downscaling
The RCP scenario process is the first to explicitly provide land use projections in addition to future emissions pathways for input to global climate models. Because all four participating integrated assessment models, and all receiving climate models, use different characterizations and definitions of land use types and transitions, a harmonization step was necessary. The harmonization was designed to provide a continuous, consistent set of land use inputs for climate models from 1500 through 2100 with a smooth transition between historical data (1500–2005) and future projections (2005–2100) (see Hurtt et al. 2011).
In the GCAM model results, land use is simulated at the 14 region level and land use changes and transitions are not spatially attributed. In this case, the land use was first downscaled to the 0.5° harmonization grid, following the algorithms of the global land-use model (GLM) (Hurtt et al. 2006), preserving GCAM regional land use area totals and generating smooth spatial patterns in the transition from historical to future states. These downscaling algorithms were developed and implemented by the land use harmonization group (Hurtt et al. 2011) and are fully described in Thomson et al. (2010).
3 Results
3.1 GCAM reference scenario
3.2 RCP4.5 stabilization scenario
CO2 constitutes the largest contribution to total radiative forcing in the RCP4.5, followed by CH4, halocarbons, tropospheric ozone, and N2O (Fig. 8). The relative proportion of the non-CO2 components of positive radiative forcing remains constant over time. Increases in activity levels as income and population grow tend to increase emissions; however, since these substances are greenhouse gases, we assume that emissions controls are implemented as the carbon price rises. The net result is that emissions of these gases are roughly constant over time. Sulfate forcing is net negative throughout the century but this influence declines over time largely due to assumed increases in pollution control with income, although there are also indirect sulfur dioxide emissions reductions due to the greenhouse gas mitigation policy (Smith et al. 2005).
3.3 Comparison to the literature
Population in the RCP4.5 (Fig. 10a) is among the lowest of the scenarios considered. There are six EMF 22 scenarios and one CCSP scenario with similar population trajectories to the RCP4.5; however, it should be noted that all of these scenarios were produced by integrated assessment models from the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.6 However, the range in population estimates in 2100 across the 28 scenarios is small; the largest population estimate is only 20% higher than the lowest.
Global GDP (Fig. 10b) varies more significantly across the 28 scenarios. The highest GDP estimate in 2100 is more than double the lowest estimate. The RCP4.5 and the CCSP RCP4.5 marker scenario on which the RCP was based fall in the middle of these estimates. Additionally, the RCP4.5 has slightly higher GDP than the CCSP, as discussed previously.
Cumulative energy and industrial CO2 emissions, as well as the time path of emissions, vary across models (Fig. 10c). Cumulative emissions range from 2043 GtCO2 to 3573 GtCO2 between 2000 and 2100. RCP4.5 falls in the middle of this range with 3010 GtCO2 emitted by the energy and industrial systems over the century. Several reasons exist for differences in cumulative emissions. First, these are only energy and industrial CO2 emissions and do not include land use and land-use change CO2 emissions. The amount of CO2 emitted from the terrestrial sphere is also likely to vary across the 28 scenarios. Second, the models use different climate models and have different characterizations of the carbon cycle. Thus, two models with the same level of cumulative total anthropogenic CO2 emissions may reach different atmospheric CO2 concentrations (see Smith and Edmonds 2006). Next, these scenarios limit radiative forcing to 4.5 Wm−2. Different models may find different contributions of the various gases to radiative forcing due to underlying pollution abatement assumptions.
The time path of emissions also varies across models for a variety of reasons, including (1) differences in reference scenario emissions, (2) differences in the cost of abatement over time, (3) differences in the speed at which capital stock can be replaced, and (4) differences in assumptions about foresight (Fawcett et al. 2009). The RCP4.5 has a slightly different emissions time path than its predecessor, the CCSP marker scenario. These two scenarios have similar cumulative CO2 emissions (RCP4.5 has 3010 GtCO2; CCSP has 3212 GtCO2) but the RCP4.5 has higher emissions in the near term and lower emissions in the long-term than the CCSP. These two scenarios use the same model, and thus the same assumptions about foresight and capital stock turnover. Additionally, they use very similar reference scenarios. One major difference between these two scenarios is the inclusion of biomass with CCS in the RCP4.5. This technology generates net negative CO2 emissions therefore making it cost effective to delay some emissions mitigation until the second half of the century. Thus, we observe higher emissions in the near term in the RCP4.5 and lower in the long term.
Finally, we compare the carbon price needed to reach 4.5 Wm−2 in the 28 scenarios (Fig. 10d). This price varies significantly across the models, ranging from $55/tCO2 in 2100 to $2141/tCO2 in 2100. RCP4.5 and the CCSP Marker Scenario both fall in the lower part of this price range. Differences in carbon prices can be attributed to differences in reference scenario emissions, and thus the level of abatement required, along with differences in the cost of abatement technologies.
3.4 GCAM-simulation of the four pathways
Differences in emissions by gas between the official RCPs and the GCAM pathways that follow the RCP forcing levels can be attributed to any number of factors. First, GCAM employs different population and GDP assumptions than the other three models. GCAM has the smallest population and the second highest GDP of the four models (van Vuuren et al. 2011a). Second, the four models have different assumptions about technological change and resource availability. Third, the GCAM model uses a terrestrial carbon policy that has a significant impact on land use and land-use change emissions. While each of the models consider abatement opportunities in the terrestrial system, the method of attaining these opportunities differs across the four RCP models. The differences listed here are only a subset of differences between the four models. However, they illustrate an important point; namely, there are numerous ways that a given radiative forcing goal can be achieved. The RCP4.5 is only one possible pathway to stabilization of radiative forcing at 4.5 W/m2.
4 Discussion
The RCP4.5 scenario is intended to inform research on the atmospheric consequences of reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to stabilize radiative forcing in 2100. It is also a mitigation scenario – the transformations in the energy system, land use, and the global economy required to achieve this target are not possible without explicit action to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. However, there are many possible pathways in GCAM and other integrated assessment models that would also achieve a radiative forcing level of 4.5 Wm−2. For example, simulations with GCAM can reach 4.5 Wm−2 even if some technology options, such as CCS or nuclear power, are removed from consideration or even if not all countries enter into an emissions mitigation agreement at the same time (Clarke et al. 2009). Such alternate scenarios have different characteristics – higher emissions prices and different energy system transformations, for example – than the RCP4.5. GCAM can also reach 4.5 Wm−2 under different assumptions of crop productivity growth (Thomson et al. 2010). Changing these assumptions, however, affects the amount of dedicated bioenergy crops grown and the cost of food. Additionally, we have used GCAM to stabilize at 4.5 Wm−2 without a terrestrial carbon policy. In this case, substantial deforestation occurs as land is cleared for bioenergy production. The result is significantly higher land use change emissions, with compensating reductions in energy system emissions. The pathway discussed here and released as RCP4.5 is cost-minimizing, and therefore invokes all available technology options that can cost-effectively contribute to mitigation.
RCP4.5 aims to achieve stable radiative forcing in 2100; however, this does not imply that greenhouse gas emissions, greenhouse gas concentrations, or the climate system are stable. Radiative forcing is stable from 2080–2100 in the RCP4.5, but emissions and concentrations of greenhouse gases continue to vary in the underlying scenario. The application of RCP4.5 in climate models provides a platform to explore the long-term climate system response to stabilizing the anthropogenic components of radiative forcing.
- 1.
Note that the final concentration pathway values for the RCP4.5 were produced in MAGICC version 6 (see Meinhausen et al. 2011).
- 2.
GCAM models emissions at the technology level.
- 3.
GCAM uses the same population estimates for all scenarios. However, we include an energy price feedback effect on GDP. As a result, the introduction of a carbon policy, as in the RCP4.5, results in a slight reduction in GDP from the reference scenario values.
- 4.
526 ppmv is the CO2 concentration from GCAM before harmonization in MAGICC6 (see Meinhausen et al., this issue). The harmonized RCP4.5 CO2 concentration in 2100 is 538 ppmv. However, the total radiative forcing in GCAM prior to harmonization is 4.5 Wm−2 in 2100, but the harmonized RCP4.5 total radiative forcing is 4.3 Wm−2. Thus, using MAGICC6 endogenously in GCAM would allow for slightly higher emissions and slightly lower carbon prices, while still reaching 4.5 Wm−2.
- 5.
The 50 EJ/yr of bioenergy is from dedicated bioenergy crops only. An additional 120 EJ/yr of bioenergy from waste products (including crop residues, pulp and paper mills, and municipal solid waste) and 8 EJ/yr of traditional bioenergy are consumed in the RCP4.5. The amount of dedicated bioenergy crops produced is sensitive to assumptions about crop productivity improvements (see Thomson et al 2010).
- 6.
The EMF 22 study included two variations of MiniCAM and the SGM model. The CCSP included MiniCAM.
Funding was provided by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science through the Integrated Assessment Research Program. The authors wish to thank the many scientists and collaborators involved in the planning and development of the RCP process, and especially the AIM, MESSAGE and IMAGE modeling teams for time devoted to scenario review and coordination. We also thank Dr. Yuyu Zhou and three anonymous reviewers for helpful improvements to earlier versions of this paper.
Open Access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
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text:
Pages: 508
Publisher: Titan
Release Date: 25th February 2016
Edition: UK paperback, review copy
Other Titles by this Author: The Near Witch, The Archived, The Unbound, Vicious, A Darker Shade of Magic
Kell is one the last magicians with the ability to travel between parallel universes, linked by the magical city of London. It has been four months since a mysterious obsidian stone fell into his possession and he met Delilah Bard. Four months since the Dane twins of White London fell, and the stone was cast with Holland's dying body back into Black London.
Now Kell is visited by dreams of ominous magical events, waking only to think of Lila. And as Red London prepares for the Element Games – an international competition of magic – a certain pirate ship draws closer. But another London is coming back to life. The balance of magic is perilous, and for one city to flourish, another must fall…
A Darker Shade of Magic was one of the most pleasant surprises from last year so I was really looking forward to A Gathering of Shadows, but I was a little disappointed.
My biggest complaint about this novel was the lack of Lila. She was hands down my favourite character in the first book and I was so looking forward to getting to know her better, but she just wasn't in it enough. Most of the chapters were focused on Kell and that were kind of boring for most of the novel. I feel terrible saying that, but compared to Lila, Kell just wasn't nearly as interesting in A Gathering of Shadows; Lila's sass and high adventure just trumped Kell's moodiness and angst over and over again.
After the events at the end of book one, Kell tied Prince Rhy's life to his to save him and saved the kingdom, but the King and Queen no longer trust him so there's a fair bit of whining from Kell until the tournament. The lack of action meant the book felt slow – which for a 500-page is tough to get through. I found myself skimming a lot whereas in book one I was savouring VE Schwab's writing – maybe a case of second book syndrome? Or was it just me?
Thankfully, when we were with Lila, there was a lot of drama and adventure to be had! When we left Lila, she was leaving Red London in search of a pirate ship, but instead she Alucard and his crew, privateers to the crown. Though we didn't get to know many of the other crew members, Alucard played a big part in the novel and I kinda fell in love with him a bit. He's secret, often unreliable, a super-strong magician and a bit too charming or his own good. I loved the easy banter between him and Lila and the friction his presence caused when they were back in Red London for the tournament.
I was quite disappointed by A Gathering of Shadows and I had to force myself through it, but I love Lila and Alucard enough to come back for the final instalment. Plus, that cliffhanger was just mean.
Thanks to Titan for the review copy.


text: After years of playing Jackson USA and ESP I grew tired of the availability of 7's that weren't signatures or just plain out ugly. I decided a few years back to try the Dellinger 7, then the dellinger 7 m3's and found that I really enjoy what Caparison had to offer. I thought I had hit my end game guitar, then 2015 NAMM happened. I had a bit of preemptive knowledge of this model thanks to my good friend Fred Brum... I however didn't expect it to turn my entire world on it's ear. Here's what blew my mind... Immediately upon picking up the TAT SP 7 I fell in love. I've owned probably 20+ Caparisons over the years and I felt like this was cumulatively everything I loved about all of them in a single guitar. I've since unsubscribed from the gear exchange, my ebay/shopping/gearwhoring habits have basically went away (beyond amps!). Yes, it is that good... Complete end-game guitar! The first thing I noticed is the familiar neck profile. It feels strikingly similar to my Dellinger 7's m3's and FXWM 7's but that is where the similarities end. The compound radius felt like more like what I grew up on (Jackson USA). This is one of many reasons I couldn't ever find myself satisfied with ESP's offerings. the 27 fret neck is simply absurd and as I said before it's like a love-child of everything I've loved about all of the Caparison guitars I've owned. Since I tune down an entire step, I lose nothing having the extra frets. The body contours and overall shape of the instrument is what really gets me. It is comfortable playing in any position and feels more inviting than the dellinger 7's. It feels less like a super strat with rigid edges and is simply the most comfortable guitar I've owned. Overall it's hard to explain this and it's completely subjective, but if you had one in your arsenal to compare I'd be willing to bet you would prefer the TAT to the Dellinger. I will however say that the 2015 Dellinger models have also been refined quite a bit - I just happen to prefer thru necks. They also made these far more comfortable than the previous 7 m3 model. The electronics in it are surprisingly good. I wasn't the biggest fan of the ph-7b/n set in the Dellingers. They sounded and felt like they were missing something to me. This also is very subjective, but I truly have no desire to change a single thing about this guitar. The pickups have it in all the right places and I fear I'd be disappointed with anything else in there. I actually felt this way about my snowstorm 7 m3 when I changed it to black winters. Different isn't always better. The range of the tonal options completely blew me away, though I had thought I'd never use the phase adjustment switch. I was wrong, so wrong it's nearly bothersome. I constantly find myself on my clean channel playing riffs in split phase positions. The available tones are simply beautiful. I cannot say enough good things. I've never been one to want crazy figured woods or any of that nonsense. I find the finish on these to be classy and tasteful. There's a certain amount of prestige involved with simplistic beauty and they've obviously nailed it with these. I have the first one in Trans Spectrum Black. The Blue one that was at NAMM and Fred Brums red one had a very regal appearance. An ever-so-slight blue haze on the red ones and a bit of purple haze on the blue model when tilted in the light. The black models have a slight hint of blue and green in the clearcoat.... They might be too simple for some, but I personally would take something like this over something over the top. All in all I can't say enough good things about the TAT SP 7 or it's 2015 counterparts. The quality of the fretwork and overall construction is unmatched. I couldn't find a single flaw and wouldn't expect to. Caparison makes some of the finest guitars on the planet and they keep getting better every year. On a side note, I was incredibly impressed with the business end of Caparison. Whole-heartedly I feel I can say that they are not out to make themselves into a giant business. Of course any business must be profitable, but they're more focused on getting the guitars into the right hands and making refinements that the end users are after. When you buy a Caparison, they want you to be completely satisfied with it. They care about where they end up rather than the initial transaction. No hype, No nonsense, just satisfaction that you've purchased one of the best guitars money can buy. All in all I was incredibly impressed with the business model they execute... (I was interested in opening a small shop in the Milwaukee area - after a lengthy conversation with the director, I left the table more impressed with Caparison than any other company I had spoken with at NAMM.) I've never found myself this impressed by an entire line of instruments... Let alone the company standing behind them!


text:
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Make yourself at home in one of the 66 air-conditioned rooms featuring refrigerators and flat-screen televisions. Complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected, and cable programming is available for your entertainment. Private bathrooms with shower/tub combinations feature complimentary toiletries and hair dryers. Conveniences include desks and coffee/tea makers, as well as phones with free local calls.
Take advantage of recreation opportunities including an outdoor pool and a 24-hour fitness center.
A complimentary hot/cold buffet breakfast is served daily.
Business, Other Amenities
Featured amenities include a 24-hour business center, express check-out, and complimentary newspapers in the lobby. Free self parking is available onsite.


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Again I apologies for the non SU products here, but my scrapping buddies came round the other day, and this was the only crafting I had time for. I had fancied showing them how to use some mixed media techniques for a while and we experimented with stencils, stamps, gel medium and wax. Just a title and some enamel dots here and there, and I think this one is finished :)
Thursday, 25 June 2015
Friday, 19 June 2015
Birthday .... part 2
So the afternoon turned to evening and my party "Cocktails and a Sausage" began :) It was great to see friends and family, some of whom I had not seen in a while, and one of my surprises was that Craig and Robyn had arranged a Mixologist for the evening. So the cocktails were delicious, he was super helpful and made lots of non alcohol ones too. Craig was a star in the kitchen as always, and there were plenty of sausages to go round LOL.
Thursday, 18 June 2015
Birthday ....
I'm afraid I haven't had a chance to do any Stampin Up samples this week, I have been very busy with friends and family celebrating my up coming birthday. Saturday was an amazing day from start to finish, my husband had a few surprises up his sleeve for me, and there we're a few happy tears from feeling so loved :) Had an fabulous afternoon tea with my more sensible friends, Craig was a star and waited on us like queens, we had scones from Elaine, a huge Black Forest trifle from Kathy and Teresa made me an Alice In Wonderland pocket watch and white rabbit cake! here are a few photo's :)
Monday, 8 June 2015
Cherry On Top ....
Cute cherry on top birdhouse, just a different way to display these versatile papers, there are at least half a dozen of the papers that are very "birthday themed" and then loads with fresh versatile patterns.
Saturday, 6 June 2015
Cherry On Top paper stack ....
Another item I was able to gain in pre-order was this cute paper stack. Stampin Up have started to produce their paper stacks in 6"x6" format which is even better for me, as a scrapbooker 6x6, 8x8 and 12x12 are standard so it is nice that SU have brought their stacks in line. I have a few projects to show you using the papers but firstly just wanted to show how many patterns are in this stack .... and this is not all of them !
I love that they coordinate with some of the old and some of the new colours :)
I love that they coordinate with some of the old and some of the new colours :)
Monday, 1 June 2015
You've Got This ....
So it's launch day tomorrow and what better stamp set to start off with than "You've got This". I love this set it comes with a large background stamp which enables you to stamp the grungy worn looking background and then follow with a beautifully detailed delicate flower. I can see lots of uses for this set, I will be using the background in my grungy scrapbook layouts and I also think the flower alone would be beautiful for those who enjoy colouring, what will you use yours for?
|On the card on the right I heat embossed the flower in black.
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The Speedy Rewards MasterCard does double duty. You'll earn extra Speedy Rewards Points on top of your base points at Speedway, which means you'll get more Speedy Rewards for the items you purchase. You can redeem those points for gas, food and more1 — all with no annual fee!2
Use the points calculator to see how much you could be earning today!
When you get your new credit card, go to www.firstbankcard.com/speedway and log in to your credit card account to merge your Speedy Rewards Account. Or call 1-800-643-1948 for help. Once you've merged accounts, your Speedy Rewards Mastercard is the only card you'll need.
Once you're issued your Speedy Rewards Mastercard, a Speedy Rewards Account will be established for you. You'll need to register this account at www.speedyrewards.com.
Note that in order to redeem your points, you must register your Speedy Rewards Account.1
Do both with the Speedy Rewards® Secured Mastercard®. Learn more.
Please see the Summary of Credit Terms for important information on rates, fees, costs, conditions and limitations.
1For the Credit Card rewards program, see the Rewards Terms and Conditions in the Summary of Credit Terms. Visit www.speedyrewards.com for the Speedy Rewards Program terms and conditions, including information on point redemption, restrictions and your Speedy Rewards Account. Fuel and other discounts are not available in all states. Certain rewards may not be available at all locations at all times. Continue to use your Speedy Rewards each month and your points will never expire. However, after 9 months of inactivity your points will expire.
2For additional information about Annual Percentage Rates (APRs), fees and other costs, see Summary of Credit Terms.
Cards are issued by First Bankcard®, a division of First National Bank of Omaha, pursuant to a license from Mastercard International Incorporated. Mastercard and the Mastercard Brand Mark are registered trademarks of Mastercard International Incorporated.


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Character: Ethan Gold
Kua: Forge
Quest Difficulty: Beginner Capture
Plot Requests?: Nothing really, just ready to start out on my journey!
Makeshift fishing Rod
3 Nest Balls
Lum Berry (10/10)
Custap Berry (5/5)
Aguav Berry (5/5)
Rindo Berry (5/5)
Yache Berry (5/5)
Chople Berry (10/10)
Occa Berry (5/5)
Passho Berry (5/5)
Shuca Berry (5/5)
Charti Berry (5/5)
Roseli Berry (5/5)
Sitrus Berry (10/10)
Sophie the Growlithe (Nest Ball; Disciplined), Level 5, 25/25HP
Jawsmine the Gible (Nest Ball; Disciplined), Level 1, 13/13HP
Abras are so cute!
Joined URPG 1/28/2017!
Competitive Showdown player
I have been a part of this section since day 1. I have not even gone on a run yet.
Character: Allison Cross
Kua: Chasm
Quest Difficulty: Beginner
Plot Requests?: Anything. My character is maximum edge.
Items: Petaya Berry 5/5 (SP. ATK. +)
Lum Berry 5/5(Status Recovery)
Yache Berry 5/5 (Ice Resist)
3 Dusk Balls
1x Onmyo Hongbao (Red Package): +3 to a team's levels from Wheel of New Beginnings
Team: Finnegan the Rockruff
(Dusk Ball)
Level 5
Echoed Voice, Rest, Sleep Talk, Snarl, Substitute, Frustration, Return, Facade
Fire Fang, Thunder Fang, Sucker Punch
Last edited by Jack; 05-19-18 at 10:10 AM.
Character: Kaiko Taisu
Kua: Chasm
Current Number of Badges: none. First badge go!!
Plot Requests?: Kaiko has met an older guy called Kenjiro, who is possibly trying to mentor/bet on her battle against Hero King Hamada. She's flooded the marketplace of a town, and not gotten along with anyone in chasm very much so far. This is a chance to make enemies, or earn some friendly respect!
Also, Marill is ready to evolve again (I think?) and Scraggy is very new to the team- maybe he'll earn a nickname during this fight!
3/5 Wacan Berry,
3/5 Pecha Berry,
3/3 Sitrus Berry,
1/1 Silver Berry,
3 Net Balls
2 Dusk Balls
Azu the Marill ((ready to level up into Azumarill!))
Level: 24
Current HP: 80/90
Origin: Squall Kua Starter
Level Up Moves: Aqua Ring, Aqua Tail, Bounce, Bubble, Bubble Beam, Charm, Defense Curl, Double-Edge, Helping Hand, Hydro Pump, Play Rough, Rain Dance, Rollout, Slam, Splash, Superpower, Tackle, Tail Whip, Water Gun, Water Sport
Moves Taught: Dive, Surf, Whirlpool, Waterfall
Ball: Nest Ball (Pragmatic)
Holding a Silver Berry
Fiyuro the CarvanhaLevel: 12
Current HP: 33/44
Origin: Squall Kua beginner Catch Quest
Level Up Moves: Agility, Aqua Jet, Assurance, Bite, Crunch, Focus Energy, Ice Fang, Leer, Poison Fang, Rage, Scary Face, Screech, Swagger, Take Down
Moves Taught: Dive, Surf, Whirlpool, Waterfall
Ball: Net Ball (Disciplined)
Scraggy ((un-nicknamed))
Level: 6
Current HP: 27/27
Origin: Chasm Kua Beginner Catch Quest
Level Up Moves: Brick Break, Chip Away, Crunch, Facade, Feint Attack, Focus Punch, Head Smash, Headbutt, High Jump Kick, Leer, Low Kick, Payback, Rock Climb, Sand Attack, Scary Face, Swagger
Moves Taught: ---
Ball: Net Ball (Neutral)
Up to six Pokemon, with their current HP, level and Pokeball included.
Last edited by Lychee; 06-04-18 at 09:31 PM.
Character: Dictator O'Malley
Kua: Heaven
Quest Difficulty: Beginner
Plot Requests?: Dictator needs someone tough to get them to harden up a bit! Don't be afraid to yell at them and be kinda mean.
Team: Lyra the Eevee - 25/25 HP, level 5, Nest ball


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What are the practicalities of juggling working from home childcare?
Many people set up a business after having children but how does it affect you?
Many people quit the nine to five routine as they start a family or as mum thinks of returning to work and looks for ways to juggle family and income.
Working at home is not an alternative to childcare, although it is an attractive proposition for new mothers. There are a few golden rules. Make sure there are adequate alternative carers for the children. The choices include having a full-time nanny or a nanny share that allows the child to stay at home but gives you the space to work. Other options include childminders and nurseries.
The choice will be very personal and often dictated by where you live. But always look for flexibility. Working from home often means lean spells with little work and then hugely pressurised weeks where every deadline converges.
Having a little flexibility will mean that you are not paying out for the lean times but have help for the busy moments. It may also lessen the guilt of farming your child out if he or she is at home whenever possible. Having children at home can also mean more pressure for your partner, who may have to take over mealtimes or bathtimes as you face a deadline. They may have had a hard day at work themselves and keeping the balance is difficult.


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LAS CRUCES, N.M. » Karl Benson is confident the Western Athletic Conference's status as a "one-bid league" is temporary.
"This is a one-year anomaly," the WAC commissioner said Thursday. "We'll be back producing two or three NCAA Tournament teams next year."
But for the moment, with the WAC's national profile dropping significantly this season, either New Mexico State or Boise State will likely be the conference's lone representative in the NCAA Tournament when the brackets are released tomorrow.
Third-seeded NMSU, the tournament host and defending champion, faces the fourth-seeded Broncos today in the WAC tournament final at the Pan American Center. Tip-off is set for 3 p.m. Hawaii time.
While NMSU reached the NCAA Tournament last year, the Broncos haven't qualified for the NCAA Tournament since 1994.
The Aggies, who swept the regular-season series against Boise State, will again have the backing of a raucous crowd at the Pan American Center as they seek a title repeat after knocking out second-seeded Nevada 75-63 in the semifinals last night.
Boise State last reached the final in 2005 as the eighth seed and advanced last night by eliminating top-seeded Utah State.
"I think it'll be another grind-it-out game," NMSU coach Marvin Menzies said. "I think it'll be another one that goes the distance with two heavyweights slugging."
The Aggies survived last night's meeting with Nevada despite letting a 13-point lead evaporate in the second half. With NMSU up 57-44, Nevada guard Brandon Fields scored all 10 of his points in a 17-4 run and tied the game at 61-61 with his second 3-pointer with 4:21 left.
Freshman Herb Pope then triggered a 13-2 spurt, giving the Aggies the lead for good with a tip-in and adding a short jumper in the lane and a dunk moments later. He finished with a career-high 18 points on 8-for-12 shooting and grabbed 13 rebounds as the Aggies controlled the boards 52-25.
"Rebounding was just phenomenal," Menzies said. "My guys were warriors and I'm just proud of them for answering the call."
Nevada was led by All-WAC guard Marcelus Kemp's 19 points, and coach Mark Fox conceded that the Wolf Pack's run of NCAA Tournament appearances will end at four.
"I don't feel like our season's over," Fox said. "I think we deserve to be in postseason play, but it's going to be a difficult 48 hours until we find out."
The WAC has gotten multiple NCAA bids in 23 of the last 24 years, and the league's performance in nonconference play figures to be a key to rebounding from this year's slide.
"I think it comes down to the top teams have to win some signature games," Fox said.
"I thought we played with a greater sense of urgency tonight," BSU coach Greg Graham said. "We set the tone early and made them come after us."
BSU guard Matt Bauscher went 5-for-6 from 3-point range and tied forward Reggie Larry for game-high honors with 23 points and Boise State won a matchup of the nation's top two shooting teams.
Utah State guard Jaycee Carroll, the WAC Player of the Year, went 6-for-12 from 3-point range and finished with 20 points in his final WAC game.


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Thursday 1/23
Navigate with Map and Compass Workshop
• You never know when being able to find your way around without a GPS could come in handy.
6 p.m. • Outdoor Chattanooga, 200 River St. in Coolidge Park,
(423) 643-6888, outdoorchattanooga.com
Friday 1/24
Henry Cho
• This funny Korean-American by way of Knoxville (the Southern accent kind of gives it away) makes a triumphant return to The Catch.
7:30, 9:30 p.m. • The Comedy Catch, 3224 Brainerd Rd.
(423) 629-2233, thecomedycatch.com
Saturday 1/25
Shakespeare Chattanooga Reads: "A Midwinter Night's Dream"
• Come experience The Bard as you likely never have done before. A talented group of local actors tackle the classic comedy.
2:30 p.m. • Grace Episcopal Church, 20 Belvoir Ave. (423) 622-2862,