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German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, 70569 Stuttgart, firstname.lastname@example.com Siemens AG, Energy Sector, Renewable Energy Division, E R STE, Hugo-Junkers-Str. 15-17, 90411 Nuremberg, email@example.com
A solar field with SM1 can deliver the required design thermal power to run the power plant on nominal load at design point conditions
The solar share is the ratio of the total annual solar heat and the total annual used
heat of the power plant.
Selected solar-hybrid power plants for operation in base-load as well as midload were analyzed regarding supply security (dispatchable power due to hybridization with fossil fuel) and low CO2 emissions (due to integration of thermal energy storage). The power plants were modeled with different sizes of solar fields and different storage capacities and analyzed on an annual basis. The results were compared to each other and to a conventional fossil-fired combined cycle in terms of technical, economical, and ecological figures. The results of this study show that in comparison to a conventional fossil-fired combined cycle, the potential to reduce the CO2 emissions is high for solar-thermal power plants operated in base-load, especially with large solar fields and high storage capacities. However, for dispatchable power generation and supply security it is obvious that in any case a certain amount of additional fossil fuel is required. No analyzed solar-hybrid power plant shows at the same time advantages in terms of low CO2 emissions and low levelized electricity cost (LEC). While power plants with solar-hybrid combined cycle (SHCC® , Particle-Tower) show interesting LEC, the power plants with steam turbine (Salt-Tower, Parabolic Trough, CO2 -Tower) have low CO2 emissions.
Analyzed solar-hybrid power plants (a) SHCC® Solar tower with solar-hybrid combined cycle and pressurized solid media thermal energy storage; (b) Salt-Tower Solar tower with steam turbine and molten salt as heat transfer medium and for thermal energy storage; (c) Parabolic Trough with steam turbine and with thermal oil as heat transfer medium and molten salt thermal energy storage; (d) CO2 -Tower Solar tower with steam turbine and pressurized gas receiver (CO2 ) and pressurized solid media thermal energy storage; (e) Particle-Tower Solar tower with solar-hybrid combined cycle and with solid media particles as heat transfer medium and for thermal energy storage; and (f) CC conventional fossil-fired combined cycle as reference plant
Methodology for system simulation (a) work flow of simulation software and (b) operation mode and operational strategy
Annual results for the solar-hybrid power plants (a) solar share in base-load operation; (b) solar share in midload operation; (c) specific CO2 emissions in base-load operation; (d) specific CO2 emissions in midload operation; (e) LEC and solar LEC in base-load operation; and (f) LEC and solar LEC in midload operation
Break-even point for carbon trading cost (a) break-even point for base-load operation: SM3, 15h storage capacity, specific life cycle fuel cost 25 €/MWhth ; (b) break-even point for midload operation: SM3, 15h storage capacity, specific life cycle fuel cost 25 €/MWhth ; (c) break-even point for base-load operation: SM3, 15h storage capacity, specific life cycle fuel cost 50 €/MWhth ; and (d) break-even point for midload operation: SM3, 15h storage capacity, specific life cycle fuel cost 50 €/MWhth
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A man was driving in Fort Wayne, Indiana, with his baby in the back seat when another car pulled alongside, with three men in it. The men opened fire on the man's car, hitting it just a foot away from the baby.
Luckily, no one was injured. The shooters were eventually captured.
From an article:
The driver told a NewsChannel 15 photographer that he was sitting in his car with his baby when another car pulled up and someone inside opened fire. The man and his child did not appear to be injured. According to NewsChannel 15 crew on the scene, the baby appeared to be three to six months old.
"They hit the side that my son was on and the bullet was like about a foot from hitting his door," the driver said.
It is not completely clear where the actual shooting took place, but the man who said he was shot at as he was turning onto Colonial Avenue off of Anthony Blvd.
"After the shots were fires, I tried to ram their car and tried to get away from the scene," the driver said.
Police told WANE they saw the suspects' car in the area shortly after they responded to the shooting. A short pursuit ensued and police chased the suspects to the Twin Oaks apartment complex where the suspects' car crashed into a carport.
Police said three people ran out of the car. All of them have been arrested..

subset: commoncrawl


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Suraj Samtani
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Rebelling Reality
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Kennett Square, PACare for horses & livestock/farm animals
Philadelphia, PACare for cats, dogs & other domestic/companion animals
As a board-certified veterinary surgeon, I see clinical surgical appointments, perform surgery at the Ryan Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, and teach small animal surgery to veterinary students. My clinical interest focuses on cutaneous wounds and reconstruction with specific expertise in regenerative medicical therapies. I have a specific interest in cell-based therapies and hope that my research focus in this field will lead to the development of novel approaches to improve healing of various organs/tissues in my veterinary patients as well as humans.
The goals of the Volk laboratory are to understand regulatory mechanisms governing dynamic interactions between cells and their surrounding extracellular matrix in the wound healing-fibrosis-cancer progression triad and to apply this knowledge to develop innovative regenerative and oncologic therapies for veterinary and human patients.
Rak Gregory D, Osborne Lisa C, Siracusa Mark C, Kim Brian S, Wang Kelvin, Bayat Ardeshir, Artis David, Volk Susan W IL-33-Dependent Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells Promote Cutaneous Wound Healing. The Journal of investigative dermatology 136: 487-96, 2016.Han Ziying, Bart Stephen M, Ruthel Gordon, Vande Burgt Nathan H, Haines Kathleen M, Volk Susan W, Vite Charles H, Freedman Bruce D, Bates Paul, Harty Ronald N Ebola virus mediated infectivity is restricted in canine and feline cells. Veterinary microbiology 182: 102-7, 2016.Shen Yu-I, Song Hyun-Ho G, Papa Arianne E, Burke Jacqueline A, Volk Susan W, Gerecht Sharon Acellular Hydrogels for Regenerative Burn Wound Healing: Translation from a Porcine Model. The Journal of investigative dermatology 135: 2519-29, 2015.Glennie Nelson D, Yeramilli Venkata A, Beiting Daniel P, Volk Susan W, Weaver Casey T, Scott Phillip Skin-resident memory CD4+ T cells enhance protection against Leishmania major infection. The Journal of experimental medicine 212: 1405-14, 2015.Brisson Becky K, Mauldin Elizabeth A, Lei Weiwei, Vogel Laurie K, Power Ashley M, Lo Albert, Dopkin Derek, Khanna Chand, Wells Rebecca G, Puré Ellen, Volk Susan W Type III Collagen Directs Stromal Organization and Limits Metastasis in a Murine Model of Breast Cancer. The American journal of pathology 185: 1471-86, 2015.Miedel Emily L, Brisson Becky K, Hamilton Todd, Gleason Hadley, Swain Gary P, Lopas Luke, Dopkin Derek, Perosky Joseph E, Kozloff Kenneth M, Hankenson Kurt D, Volk Susan W Type III collagen modulates fracture callus bone formation and early remodeling. Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society 33: 675-84, 2015.Sebastian Anil, Iqbal Syed A, Colthurst James, Volk Susan W, Bayat Ardeshir Electrical stimulation enhances epidermal proliferation in human cutaneous wounds by modulating p53-SIVA1 interaction. The Journal of investigative dermatology 135: 1166-74, 2015.Wormser C, Mariano A, Holmes E S, Aronson L R, Volk S W Post-transplant malignant neoplasia associated with cyclosporine-based immunotherapy: prevalence, risk factors and survival in feline renal transplant recipients. Veterinary and comparative oncology : , 2014.Ud-Din Sara, Volk Susan W, Bayat Ardeshir Regenerative healing, scar-free healing and scar formation across the species: current concepts and future perspectives. Experimental dermatology 23: 615-9, 2014.Volk Susan W, Shah Shalin R, Cohen Arthur J, Wang Yanjian, Brisson Becky K, Vogel Laurie K, Hankenson Kurt D, Adams Sherrill L Type III collagen regulates osteoblastogenesis and the quantity of trabecular bone. Calcified tissue international 94: 621-31, 2014.
Ph.D. University of Pennsylvania, 1998V.M.D. University of Pennsylvania, 1995B.A. University of Pennsylvania College of Arts and Sciences, 1991


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Has US Shale Gas Reduced CO2 Emissions?
- Mae Carr
- 3 years ago
- Views:
1 Has US Shale Gas Reduced CO2 Emissions? Examining recent changes in emissions from the US power sector and traded fossil fuels October 2012 Dr John Broderick & Prof Kevin Anderson Tyndall Manchester University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL A research briefing commissioned by This report is non-peer-reviewed and all views contained within are attributable to the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of researchers within the wider Tyndall Centre.
2 Contents 1 Executive Summary Introduction Is shale gas substituting for coal in the US energy system? Power sector composition Trends in the international trade of US coal Changes in US CO 2 emissions Method 1: Relative efficiencies of US power stations Method 2: Power sector fuel switching taken in aggregate Econometric approaches to estimating substitution Impact on CO 2 Emissions Outside of US Conclusions References Reproduction of Table 3 Trends in generation by fuel source
3 1 Executive Summary Since 2007, the production of shale gas in large volumes has substantially reduced the wholesale price of natural gas in the US. This report examines the emissions savings in the US power sector, influenced by shale gas, and the concurrent trends in coal exports that may increase emissions in Europe and Asia. Electricity generated by the combustion of natural gas is generally considered to have a lower emissions intensity per unit electricity than that generated by burning coal. The relative lifecycle carbon footprint of gas produced by hydraulic fracturing is contested and at present there is a shortage of independent primary data. However, trends in the absolute quantities of CO 2 emissions from combustion are less problematic and no less important when considering the implications of the US shale gas boom. US CO 2 emissions from domestic energy have declined by 8.6% since a peak in 2005, the equivalent of 1.4% per year. Not all of this reduction has come in the power sector where shale gas has had most impact, and not all of the fuel switching has been due to the low price of gas. This report quantitatively explores the CO 2 emissions consequences of fuel switching in the US power sector using two simple methodologies. The analysis presented is conditional upon its internal assumptions, but provides an indication of the scale of potential impacts. It suggests that emissions avoided at a national scale due to fuel switching in the power sector may be up to half of the total reduction in US energy system CO 2 emissions. The suppression of gas prices through shale gas availability is a plausible causative mechanism for at least part of this reduction in emissions. However, the research presented here has not isolated the proportion of fuel switching due to price effects. Other studies note that between 35% and 50% of the difference between peak and present power sector emissions may be due to shale gas price effects. Renewable and nuclear electricity incentivised by other policies has also accounted for some of the changes in grid emissions. We estimate that their increase in output appears to have been about two thirds of the increase in gas generation. There has been a substantial increase in coal exports from the US over this time period ( ) and globally, coal consumption has continued to rise. As we discussed in our previous report (Broderick et al. 2011), without a meaningful cap on global carbon emissions, the exploitation of shale gas reserves is likely to increase total emissions. For this not to be the case, consumption of displaced fuels must be reduced globally and remain suppressed indefinitely; in effect displaced coal must stay in the ground. The availability of shale gas does not guarantee this. Likewise, new renewable generating capacity may cause displacement without guaranteeing that coal is not burned, but it does not directly release carbon dioxide emissions through generation. The calculations presented in this report suggest that more than half of the emissions avoided in the US power sector may have been exported as coal. In total, this export is equivalent to 340 MtCO 2 emissions elsewhere in the world, i.e. 52% of the 650 MtCO 2 of potential emissions avoided within the US. 2
4 A similar conclusion holds for peak to present trends. The estimated additional 75 million short tons 1 of coal exported from the US in 2011 will release 150 MtCO 2 to the atmosphere upon combustion. If added to the US CO 2 output from fossil fuel combustion, the reduction from peak emissions in 2005 would be 360 MtCO 2, i.e. a 6.0% change over this whole period or less than 1% per annum. This is far short of the rapid decarbonisation required to avoid dangerous climate change associated with a 2 C temperature rise. 1 The US Energy Information Administration statistics record coal traded in short tons equivalent to 2000lbs, slightly lighter than both the metric tonne (2205lbs) and the long ton (2240lbs) used in the UK Imperial system. Units are taken directly from the original data source for ease of comparison and review. 3
5 2 Introduction The production of unconventional gas from shales, tight sandstones and coal beds promises to have a substantial impact on global energy systems in the coming decades. At present, the use of hydraulic fracturing as a production method is well developed only within the US fossil fuel industry. In the last few years, wholesale prices have fallen substantially as gas produced from shales and other unconventional reserves has become available in high volumes (Rogers 2011). The gas industry and its supporters claim that this growth in indigenous gas supply is positive from both energy security and climate change perspectives as it displaces imported gas or indigenous coal (Kuhn & Umbach 2011; Lovelock 2012). Considering the wide abundance of unconventional gas resources and their presence in high demand economies, such as North America and China, there are many energy policy makers, commentators and researchers who suggest that this supply will contribute to decarbonisation, with various qualifications (Helm 2011; The Economist 2012). However, having posed the question Are We Entering a Golden Age of Gas? in last year s World Energy Outlook (2011) the IEA reported that this scenario would likely result in 3.5 C warming, well beyond what is generally regarded as dangerous climate change. This lead their Chief Economist, Dr Fatih Birol, to clarify that "We are not saying that it will be a golden age for humanity -- we are saying it will be a golden age for gas" (Harrabin 2012). In our previous research report (Broderick et al. 2011), we concluded that, in absence of wider policies, increasing production of any given fossil fuel was likely to result in an additional atmospheric burden and greater risk of dangerous climate change. Demand for energy of all kinds is growing and, as a scarce and essential resource, energy inevitably constrains the rate of economic growth. If new supply becomes available then there is a downward pressure on energy prices with a consequent rise in its consumption. In the case of shale gas, any putative benefit from the lower emissions intensity of natural gas over coal is therefore likely to be partially or fully negated through a rise in the consumption of fossil fuels as a whole. Climate change is an issue of absolute and not relative emissions, and any analysis that fails to respond to such an agenda risks seriously undermining action to mitigate emissions. Building on such a system-level and scientifically-informed framing of climate change, this briefing considers the latest energy, trade and emissions statistics from the US and addresses empirically the impact of shale gas on absolute emissions. The following questions structure the research presented in this report: 1. What has been the impact of shale gas on other fuels in the US? a. Has it displaced coal in the power, domestic or industrial sectors? b. Has the price of coal altered? c. Have imports and exports of coal changed? d. How has it interacted with other sources of gas? e. Have imports and exports of gas changed? 2. What has been the impact of shale gas on US CO 2 emissions? 4
6 3. What has been the impact on CO 2 emissions outside of the US? What are the implications of global energy trends and international climate policies? 3 Is shale gas substituting for coal in the US energy system? In April 2012 mild weather conditions reduced total demand for electricity in the US, with natural gas prices simultaneously falling to a ten year low. As a result, the proportion of electricity generation from gas was only fractionally below that of coal, an unprecedented situation. Figure 1 US power generation by fuel source, EIA (2012) Recent statistics presented by the US EIA show a number of trends in the relative consumption and prices of coal and gas. The following figures and analysis have been assembled from data within the Annual Energy Outlook 2012 (EIA 2012a), Quarterly Coal Report June 2012 (EIA 2012e), Short-Term Energy Outlook June 2012 (EIA 2012f) and the Electric Power Annual 2010 (EIA 2011). It is first worth reviewing the gas supply data, trends and credible expectations, and assessing the impact of shale gas production upon them. 5
7 U.S. shale gas production has increased 14-fold in 10 years annual shale gas production trillion cubic feet Antrim Barnett Fayetteville Woodford Haynesville Marcellus Eagle Ford Source: EIA, Lippman Consulting (2010 estimated) Howard Gruenspecht, U.S. Canada ECM, Dec Figure 2 Trend in US shale gas production volume Total US natural gas production declined over the period 2001 to 2005, from 55bcf/day to 52bcf/day (1.6bcm/day to 1.5bcm/day), but subsequently grew strongly as shale gas wells came online in large numbers (Figure 2, above). Figure 3 illustrates this increase in absolute terms, pro-rating EIA shale production figures for processing losses and displaying the simultaneous reduction of non-shale gas production and net imports to the US. This suggests that shale gas availability has not only substituted for coal in the US energy system but also other sources of gas. There is no physical or chemical reason to preferentially consume shale gas in one end use or another because of its chemical composition. It is not superior for home heating, power generation or petrochemical production; the major gaseous constituent, methane, can be fed directly into conventional natural gas distribution networks. 6
8 Relative value, indexed to 2001 Figure 3 US Gas production and imports Indexing gas production to 2001 levels (Figure 4) illustrates the relative decline in imports as total gas consumption increases from 2006 onwards Indexed Gas Volumes Dry gas production Net Imports Net Imports as % of consumption Consumption Non shale gas production Figure 4 Indexed gas volumes The most recent production statistics are not yet validated but 2011 gross shale gas production was reported at 66bcf/day (1.9bcm/day) and further increases are expected in coming years. The latest EIA Annual Energy Outlook (AEO) Reference Case (EIA 2012g) is based on shale gas increasing from 23% in 2010 to 49% of US production by In absolute terms, this would be over 25tcf (710bcm) total annual production, shifting the US from being a net gas importer to a net exporter of approximately 5% of its production by
9 $/mmbtu Over the last decade, US absolute natural gas consumption has grown nearly 10%, from 22 trillion cubic feet in 2001 to 24 trillion cubic feet in This rise is predominantly due to increased consumption in the power sector as described below in Section 3.1. The wholesale gas price has not proceeded on a simple trajectory. Having peaked in 2005 and 2008 at around $9/MMBtu 2, it fell back to less than half this price in 2009 and has continued as a low level since. At the time of writing, September 2012, the Henry Hub natural gas spot price is just below $3/MMBtu. This is partly due to the scale and productivity of US shale plays and partly the high value of oil fractions present in the output of some shale plays which reduces the effective price of associated gas 3. The largest decline in the gas price has been since 2008 which may suggest that the financial crisis and economic downturn has played a part. However, the price of coal has steadily increased over this same time period at an effective rate of 6% p.a.. In the medium term, 2012 US gas prices are below average replacement costs so are not expected to remain so low (EIA 2012g). However, the delinking of oil and gas prices in the US market is expected to persist out to 2035, along with a decline in coal mine productivity (EIA 2012g) US Fuel Prices Natural Gas Henry Hub Spot Price Cost of Coal Delivered to Electric Generating Plants Figure 5 US Fuel prices 2001 to Natural gas is typically traded in British thermal units (Btu) MBtu representing a thousand Btu and MMBtu a million. 3 Liquid hydrocarbons produced from these impermeable rock strata are termed light tight oil (LTO) to distinguish them from shale oil which requires heat treatment to liberate the oil. Of formations that produce predominantly gas rather than oil, the produced gas can be described as wet or dry. Wet gas has a higher proportion of heavier, longer chain hydrocarbons such as ethane, propane and butane that can be condensed to liquids. Such gas has a greater commercial value than dry gas that is almost exclusively methane. 8
10 3.1 Power sector composition Turning to the issue of substitution, there has clearly been a shift in the primary fuel mix in the US power sector. From 2005 to date, the proportion of electricity generated from gas has increased from 18.8% to 24.8% whilst the proportion generated from coal has declined from 49.6% to 42.2% (Figure 6). During this time, there has been a substantial relative and absolute growth in wind electricity, whilst hydroelectricity and nuclear power have remained approximately static. Total electricity consumption has steadily increased, rising by 9% over the decade, save for a decline (Figure 7). The rapid shift to gas has been facilitated by the fact that the US gas fuelled generators were previously operating at very low capacity factors 4 ; Hultman et al (2011) report that 35% of capacity of combined cycle gas turbines (CCGT) was used in 2008, compared to a 30% capacity factor for open cycle gas turbines (OCGT) and 70% for coal plant. As such the US energy system has been able to substantially fuel switch and increase gas consumption in advance of the construction of new plant. For comparison, in 2010 CCGT plants operated in the UK at a 61% capacity factor, down from a peak of 69% in 2008 due to recent capacity additions, and coal plants at just 41% (DECC 2011). Figure 6 Electricity generation by fuel source 4 Capacity factor is defined by the EIA as the ratio of the electrical energy produced by a power plant for the period of time considered, to the electrical energy that could have been produced at continuous full power operation during the same period. Load factor is often used synonymously for example in the DECC Digest of UK Energy Statistics. 9
11 Million kwh 4,000,000 Electricity Consumption - All Sectors 3,500,000 3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000, , Figure 7 Electricity consumption all sectors A breakdown of natural gas consumption illustrates how the power sector has been the dominant source of growth in gas consumption (Figure 8). This trend began before both the large-scale production of shale gas and the recent price crash, and may therefore have other determinants. Regulations to address SO 2, NO x and mercury emissions, in addition to cooling water and ash disposal, have also contributed to the relative preference for new investments in gas generating capacity over coal (Elmquist 2012; US EPA OAR 2012). For instance, in ,200MW of new gas fired capacity came on stream, representing 84% of net new capacity added to the US grid; the same year witnessed 585MW and 636MW net of coal and oil plant respectively being retired (EIA 2012c; table 1.4). This trend is expected to continue in the future, with more than twice as much new planned capacity for gas in 2011 and 2012 than coal, and very little coal capacity to be added to the US grid beyond 2013 (EIA 2012c; Table 1.5). As a result, the proportion of electricity generated by natural gas is expected to increase further, from 24% to 28% by 2035, under the AEO Reference case, despite the share from renewables growing from 10% to 15% (EIA 2012g). Electricity generation from coal is lower in all of the AEO scenarios, however, a small number of the scenarios envisage absolute increases in power generation from coal by 2035 if economic growth is high, gas recovery is low or trends in the price of coal reverse. 10
12 Absolute Consumption (MMcf) Natural Gas Consumption by Sector Residential Commercial Industrial Electricity Figure 8 Natural gas consumption by sector During the last decade the US economy has continuously reduced its emissions intensity of economic activity. Simultaneously, the structural shift towards a service based economy and increased efficiency have reduced the energy intensity of economic activity. These relative changes are illustrated in Figure 9. A separation of emissions intensity and energy intensity from 2007 onwards can be discerned that might be associated with changes in electricity generation and reductions in wholesale gas prices (the divergence of purple and sky blue lines below). 11
13 Figure 9 US Energy and emissions intensity trends The outlook for future price and resource trends is somewhat uncertain, indeed the EIA has recently reported that it expects the trends in gas prices and coal consumption to reverse during 2012 (EIA 2012f). This is expected to result in a 2.8% increase in emissions in Estimates of Technically Recoverable Resources (TRR) for US shale wells have also been substantially revised down in the 2012 AEO against the 2011 AEO as new geological and well productivity data have become available. The total shale gas TRR has fallen from 847tcf to 482tcf (Table 14, p57 of AEO 2012). The largest absolute reductions relate to the Appalachian (441tcf to 187tcf), Arkoma (54tcf to 27tcf) and Permian (67tcf to 27tcf) basins, whilst Western Gulf basin estimate has nearly trebled from 21tcf to 59 tcf. However, due to the economic considerations that determine actual production from TRRs, the overall future production expectation is itself highly uncertain. The AEO therefore considers a range of possible scenarios for Expected Ultimate Recovery (EUR) alongside TRR. Anticipated production in 2035 varies from 9.7tcf in the lowest case to 20.5tcf in the highest with the Reference scenario including 13.6tcf of shale gas (Table 19 of AEO, p62). This is against 2011 production of approximately 7.3tcf. Nevertheless, these volumes are all of a sufficient scale to be internationally relevant and in all cases the EIA anticipates the US to be a net exporter of gas in This will have ramifications for producers and consumers of gas and coal internationally. 12
14 4 Trends in the international trade of US coal As noted previously, climate change is an issue of absolute and not relative emissions. Consequently, if a shift from coal to gas is to contribute to climate mitigation, the displaced coal must not be burned elsewhere within the US economy or overseas. In considering the repercussions for coal production of increasing shale gas extraction, the first statistics of interest are total coal production, as displayed below. It can be seen that there was a decline associated with the economic downturn but a subsequent stabilisation and then upturn in recent years. Absolute consumption in the power sector shows a similar trajectory but with a marked divergence in The ultimate fate of this displaced coal consumption must be accounted for if the role of shale gas in mitigation is to be understood. Figure 10 US coal production, consumption and export As can be seen from the figure above, the net US trade position for coal has changed substantially in the last five years. Figure 11, below, disaggregates this data to provide greater clarity on how US coal imports and exports are changing. Coal imports to the US have declined continuously since 2008 whilst exports have risen markedly 5. Latest data indicate that just 2 million tons of coal was imported to the US in the first quarter of 2012, 5 The graph below illustrates data on a quarterly rather than annual basis which must be borne in mind when considering the numerical units. 13
15 down 25% from the last quarter of 2011 (EIA 2012e). Against this, gross quarterly exports rose to 28.6 million tons, indicating a net export of over 26 million tons of coal. Figure 11 US coal exports and imports 2005 to 2012 The market for this US coal is increasingly seen to be Europe and Asia (EIA 2012d). These two regions together make up 76% of US coal exports and have shown rapid growth since 2009; for example, UK imports of US coal rose to 7 million tons in 2011 and the Netherlands rose to 11 million tons. The EIA (2012e) identifies general upward trends in coal use abroad and disruptions to supply in Australia, Indonesia and Colombia, making the US an attractive source. Within Europe, rising gas spot prices in combination with low permit prices in the EU ETS meant that there was a substantial incentive to generate electricity from coal plants rather than gas. Bloomberg Industries estimates that in the second quarter of 2012, European coal fired plants returned a profit of 16.3 per MWh, up from 9 a year earlier, whilst gas plants only just broke even (Katakey et al. 2012). 14
16 Figure 12 Destination of US coal exports, Source: US Energy Information Administration (2012) 5 Changes in US CO 2 emissions US CO 2 emissions from energy, excluding those from international aviation and shipping, have declined 8.6% from a peak in 2005, the equivalent of 1.4% per annum over this period. Over the same period annual emissions from coal have declined 308Mt (14%), whilst gas increased 121Mt (10%) in With additional reductions in oil consumption, total fossil fuel emissions in 2011 were 516MtCO 2 lower than in Figure 13 US CO 2 emissions from energy by fuel source 15
17 These trends cannot be readily dissociated from changes in economic activity. There was a marked dip due to the downturn, but it is notable that emissions fell again This fall was in part due to a slight reduction in total electricity generation in and increases in absolute quantities of hydro and wind generated electricity 6. The EIA expect the divergence of sectoral emissions growth, from coal to gas, to intensify further in 2012, before stronger economic growth in 2013 will lead to increases emissions across the board. However, there are unmistakeable differences between trends in energy sources as Figure 14 below illustrates. U.S. Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions annual growth 9% 6% 3% 0% -3% -6% -9% -12% Forecast -15% All fossil fuels Coal Petroleum Natural gas Source: Short-Term Energy Outlook, June 2012 Figure 14 Recent changes in energy related CO 2 emissions There is sufficient US data to provide a provisional estimate of domestic CO 2 emissions reductions attributable to the displacement of coal by gas in electricity generation. The most up-to-date, but still provisional, data for shale gas production have been derived from submissions of EIA-23 forms presented in the U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Proved Reserves report (EIA 2012g). It is assumed in our analysis that figures in Table 3 of EIA 2012g are recorded as gross withdrawals i.e. gas volume before the removal of non-hydrocarbon gases and losses from processing. These have been converted to dry gas production figures (i.e. gas fit for transmission, distribution and combustion) by assuming losses at the mean rate for all gas sources derived from the annual national figures in the August 2012 Monthly Energy Review (EIA 2012c). Based on these assumptions, shale gas production grew 48% from 2008 to 2009 and again from 2009 to To estimate a figure 6 This is discussed further on page 19, see also (EIA 2012c). 16
18 for 2011 production, growth of 40% from 2010 is assumed. The resulting amount is in accordance with the estimates illustrated in Figure 56 of the most recent AEO (EIA 2012a, p61). Building on these estimates two simple methods of calculating avoided emissions due to fuel switching are described below. The first reviews the relative emissions intensities of US generating stations and assumes that all shale gas produced substitutes for coal. This provides a theoretical upper bound for avoided emissions. The second method takes a base case of a static fuel mix and deducts actual emissions from electricity generation as a sectoral whole. This method allows for shale gas to substitute for other sources of gas. 5.1 Method 1: Relative efficiencies of US power stations Assuming that all new shale gas production is combusted in marginal electricity generating powerplants (CCGTs operating at 45.9% efficiency, Hultman et al. 2011, Table 5) then it is possible to estimate both the emissions from the combustion of the gas and the anticipated quantity of electricity generated. If this electricity is assumed to have otherwise been generated by average US coal powerplant (33.9% efficiency, Hultman et al. 2011) then an estimate of potential CO 2 emissions avoided is possible, as well as the equivalent mass of coal not combusted. These calculations are presented below. Table 1 Calculation of direct fuel switching emissions reductions Year Gross Withdrawals from Shale Gas (MMcf) Emissions from shale gas combustion (MtCO2) Potential Electricity from shale gas (TWh) Equiv coal energy input for same electricity (TWh) Equiv emissions from coal (MtCO2) Equiv mass coal short tons) Equiv Emissions avoided (MtCO2) ,663, ,460, ,286, , ,355, ,004 2,957 1, For comparison, 2010 US total figures Total gas production (MMcf) Total gas CO2 (Mtonnes) Total electricity consumption (TWh) Total gas consumption for electricity (MMcf) Total coal CO2 (MtCO2) Total fossil fuel Power sector coal emissions consumption (Mst) (MtCO2) ,577,211 1,265 3,755 7,680,330 1, ,601 There are a number of points to note from this analysis. Firstly, a coal to shale gas switch in electricity generation may at most have led to domestic US emissions reductions of 580MtCO 2 in 2011; this is ~10% of total US fossil fuel CO 2 emissions and the same order of magnitude to the total reduction in energy emissions from the 2005 peak. However, the estimated volume of shale gas produced in 2011 is only slightly lower than the total volume of gas burned in electricity production. Therefore, in combination with the trends illustrated in Figure 3, it is reasonable to conclude that other gas imports, as well as coal, are being displaced in the power sector, or that shale gas is also being used in other sectors such as industry and domestic heating. Similarly, the fuel switch estimated here is equivalent to 44% of 2011 coal consumption. Although 2011 had relatively low coal consumption, it is still comparable to the highest recent year (2007, 1045 million short tons burned in power sector). As a result, the quantity 17
19 of avoided emissions due to fuel switching calculated here is almost certainly an overestimate. Caveats This analysis does not account for: Anything other than the availability of shale gas driving or supplying the fuel switch from coal to gas e.g. climate policies such as the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative covering 10 states on the eastern seaboard ( Fugitive methane emissions of either fuel at any point in the electricity supply Other lifecycle energy consumption and CO 2 impacts Changes in demand for electricity resulting from relative price changes The actual heat content of coal and composition of coal displaced / exported. Heat content of coal by unit mass varies substantially by coal type, a uniform central figure of kgco2e/kwh (DEFRA 2010) is used here. 5.2 Method 2: Power sector fuel switching taken in aggregate Alternatively, emissions reductions can be estimated from an assumed baseline, in the manner of carbon offset calculations performed under the UNFCCC Clean Development Mechanism. In effect we assume that the same quantity of electricity would have been generated in the years after shale gas availability ( ) but with the fuel mix in the period before shale gas availability ( ) and compare emissions output. Emissions intensity of US electricity production had been stable from 2001 to 2005 at around 660 to 670 tonnes CO 2 /GWh, with a slight fall to approximately 644 tonnes CO 2 /GWh in 2006 and Further year on year reductions then occurred from 2007 onwards. Figure 15 US Grid emissions factor 18
20 If we assume a baseline of the grid emissions factor averaged over the three years prior to large scale shale gas production (2005 to 2007) is extended 2008 to 2011, then we have a counterfactual emissions trajectory for electricity generation. Table 2 indicates that emissions would remain at approximately 2400 MtCO 2 per annum if electricity consumption was as recorded but the fuel mix remained static. Subtracting actual emissions from this baseline provides an estimate of emissions avoided in the power sector over this period presented as the shaded area in Figure 16 below. Table 2 Grid emissions reductions from baseline CO2 from electricity generation (MtCO2) 2,417 2,359 2,426 2,374 2,159 2,271 2,166 Consumption of electricity (GWh) 3,660,969 3,669,919 3,764,561 3,732,962 3,596,865 3,754,493 3,726,163 Emissions intensity of electricity (tco2/gwh) Mean emissions intensity electricty (tco2/gwh) 649 Baseline emissions power sector (MtCO2) 2,423 2,335 2,437 2,419 Avoided emissions in power sector (MtCO2) Potential max emissions reduction coal to gas switch in electricity (MtCO2) Potential Electricity from shale gas (GWh) 227, , ,175 1,004,018 Figure 16 Avoided emissions, baseline method The resulting potential avoided emissions are calculated to be between 50 and 250 MtCO 2 per annum, rising significantly over this period. For 2011, this is less than half the headline figure of 516Mt reduction 2005 to 2011 cited for the US economy as a whole. Clearly, not all of the reduction in US emission output has occurred within the power sector, reductions in other sectors, such as domestic heating and transport, accounting for the other half. 19
21 This method implicitly accounts for the substitution of gas imports and domestic gas production unlike that in Section 5.1. However, potential emissions reductions calculated for either method do not account for any substitution by shale gas in sectors other than electricity e.g. in industrial processes. The estimates shown in Table 2 are less than the emissions reductions calculated by the method in Section 5.1, suggesting that it would be physically possible for shale gas price effects to account for all of the fuel switch were it substituting for coal alone. However, this does not appear to be the case from the trends in gas imports shown in Figure 4, above, and electricity generation from oil outlined in Table 3, below. Potentially avoided emissions are calculated for the grid as a whole so large scale changes in electricity generation from renewable or nuclear sources are also captured. As outlined in Section 3.1, the changes in these sectors are smaller than the shift from coal to gas combustion. Table 3 (below, and reproduced for clarity on p28) quantifies this shift in terms of the difference between electricity generated in recent years and a baseline. Reductions are also seen in petroleum consumption, with very small increases in nuclear and hydro when summed across the period to account for inter-annual variation. The cumulative increase in generation from gas is more than double the increase from wind, although the increase from wind is itself substantial. Table 3 Trends in generation by fuel source (Data: EIA 2012 Monthly Energy Review Table 7.2b, red indicates reduction, only major fuel sources shown, collectively 99% of generation) Year Electricity Net Generation From Coal, Electric Power Sector Coal baseline generation Electricity Net Generation From Petroleum, Electric Power Sector Petroleum baseline generation Electricity Net Generation From Natural Gas, Electric Power Sector Natural Gas Electricity Net 2007 baseline generation Generation From Nuclear Electric Power, Electric Power Sector Nuclear baseline generation Electricity Net Generation From Hydroelectric Power, Electric Power Sector Hydro baseline generation Electricity Net Generation From Wind, Electric Power Sector Wind baseline generation 2005 Total 1,992,054 1,986, ,482 79, , , , , , ,379 17,811 26, Total 1,969,737 Change against 59,708 Change against 734,417 Change against 787,219 Change against 286,254 Change against 26,589 Change against 2007 Total 1,998,390 baseline 61,306 baseline 814,752 baseline 806,425 baseline 245,843 baseline 34,450 baseline 2008 Total 1,968,838-17,890 42,881-36, ,372 58, ,208 14, ,096-13,283 55,363 29, Total 1,741, ,604 35,811-43, ,006 96, ,855 6, ,506 5,127 73,886 47, Total 1,827, ,990 34,679-44, , , ,968 15, ,455-7,924 94,636 68, Total 1,714, ,857 26,223-52, , , ,225-1, ,141 56, ,704 93,421 Cumulative increase , , ,005 34,750 40, ,456 As Figure 3 describes, imports and conventional domestic production of natural gas have been declining during this period, so it is not unreasonable to assume that the increase in shale gas production has contributed to this shift. However, it is important to note that Method 2 does not isolate the price effect of shale on the power sector, nor any simultaneous change in emissions in the non-power sector e.g. chemical and manufacturing industry. In conclusion, this method is less likely to overestimate potential avoided emissions than the direct fuel switch method presented in Section 5.1 by allowing for internal substitution in the gas market. However, it captures the power sector as a whole, within which the growth in wind generation and the impact of other policies are significant. 20
22 5.3 Econometric approaches to estimating substitution A further means of calculating the scale of the shift from coal to gas is to estimate the short term price elasticity of fuel substitution, i.e. the comparative change in consumption of a fuel expected for a given price change. Econometric models are used to identify statistically significant relationships in data sets and estimate elasticities. These values can then be used to make inferences about other parts of the economy where the fuel switching relationship is unclear. The EIA (2012b) has used this method to analyse price and consumption data, at a fine spatial and temporal scale, within the US power sector. It was found that relationships are, on the whole, weak due to a range of confounding but important factors such as available capacity, technical characteristics of generators, and environmental regulations. The EIA (2012b) found substantial regional variations with the elasticity estimates most robust for the Southeastern states but insignificant for Texas and the Midwest. However, this method is recognised within the energy economics literature and offers a causative insight that the methods 1 and 2 above do not. Two recent studies are worth noting. Lu et al. (2012) use a regional econometric model calibrated with data from to analyse the reduction in emissions from 2008 to They estimate that just over half of the observed decrease in emissions from the power sector in this period (215 MtCO 2 ) could be attributed to the reduction in gas price, the remainder predominantly due to the economic downturn. Afsah and Salcito (2012), using the EIA s mean national estimate of the substitution elasticity of coal to gas of 0.14 (2012b), calculate that coal s relative price increase of 109% from 2006 to 2011 could have increased relative gas consumption by 15%, equivalent to 89 million MWh of electricity displacement. They note that this figure is just 35% of the total reduction in coal fired electricity generation in this period. The remaining reduction in coal burned in the power sector is attributed to regulations, energy efficiency/demand management, improving cost-competitiveness of renewables, the recession and NGO campaigns. In total they estimate that 50Mt of CO 2 reduction from 2006 to 2011 was due to price effects, including the small shift from oil to gas in the power sector. In conclusion, econometric methods suggest a means of identifying price effects within a system of multiple policy and economic drivers, however a full appraisal of these methods is beyond the scope of this report. 6 Impact on CO 2 Emissions Outside of US If shale gas has caused displacement of US coal consumption in the power sector then emissions are only reduced in net terms if that coal is not burned elsewhere or at another time. Coal exported to countries with growing economies and without an effective emissions cap is likely to represent an increase in emissions. Exports of coal to uncapped economies with growing demand for energy are assumed to contribute directly to increased emissions as they serve to reduce effective fuel prices and thereby increase demand. This case is stronger against a background of rising fuel consumption. Global energy consumption trends, illustrated in Figure 17Figure 17, suggest 21
23 that despite a small reduction in oil and gas consumption from 2008 to 2009, there is no long term indication of demand for coal or gas abating. Indeed data from the BP Statistical Review (2012) shows that coal is the fastest growing fossil fuel in recent years, increasing by an average of 3.8% per annum 2005 to 2011 resulting in a total increase of 25% over this period. Figure 17 Global energy consumption, data from BP Statistical Review (2012) It is therefore reasonable to consider emissions from the non-us combustion of displaced US coal as part of the consequences of fuel switching in the US power sector. Wherever displaced US coal is combusted, in the absence of polices to force fossil fuel substitution there will be an absolute increase in global emissions and hence a reduced probability of avoiding the 2 C characterisation of dangerous climate change. Table 4 estimates the displaced volume of US coal by deducting a baseline average of mean exports in the period from total net exports in the period 2008 to Whether or not these exports are entirely due to shale gas or wind displacing coal from the US power sector cannot be demonstrated in this way. However, the calculations in Section 5 show that the mass of coal exported is less than the potential for displacement in the power sector; a position supported by the timing of respective emissions and production trends. Comparing the scale of avoided emissions due to fuel switching in the power sector to the emissions implicit in coal exports suggests that more than half of the potential emissions avoided may be displaced outside the US. We suggest that 75 million short tons of coal exported from the US in 2011 may be due to displacement, implicitly adding 154 MtCO 2 to the atmosphere upon combustion. 22
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Particular benefits: transfer of an asset previously available for use by a director or employee: example
Section 206(3) ITEPA 2003
A company buys a yacht for £75,000 on 6 April 2003, which is its market value at that date.
The company remains its owner but makes it available for the sole use of a director and his family throughout 2003/2004.
In the same year the employer spends £3,400 on insurance, fuel, maintenance, servicing and mooring charges.
The director does not pay the company anything for its use.
On 6 April 2004 the company sells the yacht to the director for £37,500 when its open market value is agreed to be £50,000.
The amount of the benefit chargeable in 2003/2004 for the yacht being available for the director's use is:
|Annual value of the use of the yacht (£75,000 x 20%)
|Running expenses
|Chargeable benefit 2003/2004
The chargeable benefit arising from the transfer of the yacht to the director on 6 April 2004 is:
|Market value of yacht on 6 April 2003
|Less amount taxed as benefit 2003/2004
|Less amount paid by director
|Chargeable benefit 2004/2005
If the market value had been £60,000 instead of £50,000 on 6 April 2004 the chargeable benefit for 2004/2005 would have been:
|Market value of yacht on 6 April 2004
|Less amount paid by director
|Chargeable benefit 2004/2005
This is because the amount chargeable (Section 206(3) ITEPA 2003) is:
the higher of
- the market value of the asset at the date of transfer or
- the market value of the asset when first made available for the private use of a director or an employee, except for 2015/16 and earlier those in an excluded employment, less the aggregate amount of the cost of the benefit during the period when it was provided as a benefit
- any sum paid by the individual receiving the asset to the person transferring it.
See EIM21650.


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Japan's Church of Misery have two features that not only set them apart from their stoner-metal peers but make them, quite bluntly, more enjoyable than most. One is their knack for groove. The band's sound comes from nothing else but tracking the footsteps of Black Sabbath, paraphrasing the Brits' churning doom rock and sculpting it into a mash of pure, um, well, groove. The drums, with Sabbath-like swampy, swinging tempos — hear drummer Junji Narita's jazzy and constantly moving temperament — set a backdrop for guitarist Tom Sutton and bassist Tastu Mikami to craft viciously catchy lines. They dart around Narita, playing riffs that sound like they've been cherry-picked from their favorite '70s rock records. In addition to Sabbath, Cactus, Cream and Blue Oyster Cult could all be reference points.
For the majority of the CD, the band stays at a slow creep, although they'll find ways to lodge in a burner. The band's vocalist, Hideki Fukasawa, ain't your typical howler, and he growls damn-near indecipherable lyrics. Church of Misery's second interesting feature is their lyrics. The guys obsess on the morbid — namely serial killers, a motif they've used since their earliest demos when each song's lyrics were based around a famous killer (even including newsreel sound bits in the songs!). The words don't factor much into the band's overall sound — since no one understands what the hell Fukasawa's saying anyway — but it does fit into the overall concept of the band's far-out, if peculiar, metallic blues rock.
Kent Alexander writes about music for Metro Times. Send comments to firstname.lastname@example.com.


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President Obama will be spending $ 65 million to launch a Madison Avenue style ad campaign to prettify the American War in Vietnam. This is a part of the Pentagon's longterm plan to dispel the "Vietnam Syndrome" and otherwise wash the brains of most of the public who believe the war in Vietnam to have been a major mistake. The Pentagon and the war planners are fearful that the Vietnam Syndrome continues to be an impediment to this Nation conducting a Never-ending war in service to the Military-Industrial Complex. And Mr. Obama is an unindicted co-conspirator.
David Swanson
Wars exist because lies are told about past wars.
When President Obama escalated the war on Afghanistan, he revived virtually every known lie about the war on Iraq, from the initial WMD BS to the "surge." While Americans remain unfathomably ignorant about the destruction of Iraq , a majority says the war shouldn't have been fought. A majority says the same about the war on Afghanistan. This is, pretty wonderfully, impeding efforts toward a U.S. war on Syria or Iran.
The new wars were supposed to cure the Vietnam Syndrome — that public reluctance to support mass murder for no good reason. The Pentagon is now turning to the source of the disease. The war in most need of beautification for Americans, the military has decided, is the war the Vietnamese call the American War.
Most people in the United States have no idea that this was, like all other recent U.S. wars, a one-sided slaughter — in this case, of 3.8 million Vietnamese men, women, and children. But most Americans know the war was awful, even on the side of the aggressor. The Vietnam Syndrome (popular opposition to wars) still frightens war makers.
Obama is usually opposed to any "looking backwards," as doing so might involve prosecuting criminals for their crimes. But, making a big exception, he is dumping 65 million of our dollars into prettying up the war on Vietnam.
SOURCE: http://www.warisacrime.org/


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Weddings & Special Events
Ridge Creek Golf Club and Event Center is located in Dinuba, California centrally located between Visalia and Fresno and surrounded by a championship golf course, mountain vistas, vineyards and orchards.
Picture your perfect Central California Valley wedding or special event at Ridge Creek Dinuba Golf Club.
We offer several venue locations perfect for your next event, large or small. With a variety of menu selections to fit your needs, our Executive Chef and professional catering team can create a fully-customized approach to your next event.
We cater to a variety of special events including but not limilted to:
- Weddings Ceremony/ Receptions
- Reunions
- Birthday Parties
- Graduation Parties
- Celebration of Life
- First Communion
- Quinceaneras
- Holiday Parties
- Corporate Training/Events/Luncheons
From simple to elaborate, allow our professional staff at Ridge Creek Dinuba Golf Club cater to your needs and customize a perfect event that will create lasting memories.
NEW! Ridge Creek Indoor Event Center
The Central Valley's Premier, Full Service
Wedding Venue
Let your wedding dreams and imagination run wild, in our new Event Center. A fully enclosed, indoor space with large panormaic windows allowing for natural light and breathtaking views of the Central Valley, lush landscaping and gorgeous sunset.
Capacity 100- 325 dining.
Included in your room rental are three beautiful Chandeliers with color changing sparklings LED lights, our basic lighting, full white draped ceiling, tables, house linens in choice of black, white or ivory, Chiavari chairs, linen napkins in choice of color. Plateware & Serveware included. Setup, clean-up and 5 hours are included.
Customized Menu Options and Beverage Packages available. No outside catering.
The Event Center includes Air conditioning, heating and bathrooms.
*Upgraded Linen, Decor Packages and additional event rental available.
Event Lawn Ceremony Site
Ridge Creek offers a picturesque ceremony site on the Event Lawn immediately adjacent the Event Center with the Sunset as your backdrop.
Event Lawn Ceremony Site Includes:
Use of our Gazebo, white garden chairs, and use of our public announcement system (with an iPod connection).
Your Rehearsal Ceremony is also included.
Decor upgrades are available.
Outdoor Event Patio (*maximum capacity 100)
Overlooking the lush golf course and the central valley, Our Patio hosts up to 100 guests and is available for private events through fair weather months. It is the perfect location for a small, intimate gathering. The Patio includes cooling misters, ceiling fans, tables and chairs. Patio Heaters are also available for evening events or during cooler weather months.
Included is setup and clean-up, tables, house table linens in choice of black, white or ivory, chairs, linen napkins in choice of color are included in the rental fee, along with 5 hours for your event.
East Ceremony Site
Ridge Creek offers a second ceremony site designed for Patio Receptions (maximum 100 ppl) The East Ceremony Site is located adjacent to the Golf Shop and a short walk to the Patio. This site offers excellent views of the course.
Included is the our Arch, chairs with sash, and use of our public announcement system (with an iPod connection).
Your Rehearsal Ceremony is also included with your ceremony site. Don't forget to ask us about hosting your rehearsal dinner at our restaurant.
For more information, packages, menus and to schedule a tour of the venue
please contact the Sales and Marketing Director by submitting your request using our Information Request Form


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Trials on TV?
Post Reply
Re: Trials on TV?
I wish so too! But the problem I see is that Rugby League is the lifeblood of Fox Sports. Fox Sports use the money they get from Rugby League to show other top flight sports.tiger_one wrote:Maybe the new NRL Commission will endorse our own dedicated NRL TV channel.
Geez - if the AFL can do it - we sure deserve it too!
More people who like Rugby League already have Foxtel, compared to people who like AFL, so they are using Fox Footy as a way of bringing those AFL fans to Foxtel.
If they set up an NRL channel, it'll basically be same viewers switching over from Fox Sports to a more expensively run channel just for Rugby League, whilst also hurting Fox Sports at the same time.
Gee its grouse at hardware house!
- tigersrule4life
- Member
- Posts: 2565
- Joined: Sun 27 Feb, 2011 9:00 am
Is anyone going to record the trials agianst eels and roosters??
Post Reply


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Festive Party Attire That You Can Actually Wear Beyond New Year's
There's nothing like a packed December calendar to make you want to splurge on a gold sequined dress…only to have it sit untouched until next year's holiday-party circuit. (Don't even get us started on ugly Christmas sweaters.) These items bring the seasonal cheer—but still transition into your regular wardrobe without a hitch.
RELATED: 8 Foolproof Cold-Weather Outfits to Throw On When Going Outside Is Hard Enough
Bow-Front Jumpsuit
A dusty teal feels seasonally apt without being too on the nose. Wear it now with metallic heels and statement earrings, then in January with a blazer and boots.
Anthropologie ($168)
Velvet Blazer
Once upon a time, a velvet smoking jacket was reserved solely for occasions like sipping hot toddies by a holly-strewn fireplace. Thankfully, it's since become an everyday staple (but still makes a great accompaniment to winter cocktails).
14th & Union ($47)
Shimmery Wrap Dress
OK, we couldn't resist a little sparkle, especially when it's on a groovy '70s-inspired silhouette (the decade that's so hot right now). Just stick to a neutral color palette—aka no red or forest green—so as not to veer into tinsel territory.
Zara ($60)
Pearl-Embellished Sweater
Look, we both know you wore that ironic reindeer jumper exactly once. Next time, opt for more tasteful embellishments that won't become wasted space in your dresser.
Rag & Bone ($595)
Metallic Heels
Today, they're party-ready dancing shoes. Tomorrow, they're the perfect way to spice up your all-black uniform.
Call It Spring ($64)
Satin Jacket + Trousers
Like a Santa suit, only, you know, flattering. And after the holidays, you have two new separates to pair with whatever you like.
Leith jacket ($48) and pants ($42)


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Life Policies: Countrywide (formerly Premium Life) Assurance Company policies: what action to take
If you come across a policy issued by Countrywide, you should first consult IHTM20603 to work out which scheme you are dealing with. Then:
- If you think you are dealing with the Asset Protection Plan you should refer the file to the Actuarial Team immediately.
- If you think you are dealing with the CTT or IHT Mitigation Plan you should refer the file to Litigation immediately.
- If you are satisfied that you are dealing with neither scheme you should deal with the matter in accordance with any other specific instructions in this section of guidance.
- If you are unsure you should consult the Actuarial Team for advice immediately.


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4751 Square Lake Drive, Palm Beach Gardens, FL
$ Click for current price
3 BEDROOMS | 3 (2 full, 1 half ) BATHROOMS | 2909 SQUARE FEET
- Follow This Home!
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Property Description
Exquisite key West style home directly on Square Lake with full southern exposure. This 3BR home is move-in ready. It has wood kitchen cabinets, granite counters, wood floors and also has a Den/Office/Theater that could be an in-law suite. The master has huge closets and a Florida Room overlooking the pool and lake! The house is situated on 1.47 Acres with lush green landscaping that gives you complete privacy. The pool has great water features a slide and a complete screened enclosure. Square Lake is right in the heart of Palm Beach Gardens and does not have an HOA so bring your boat o…


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Two weeks ago, Tacoma Stars forward Mark Peterson, who had just joined the U.S. National soccer team for the final game of a six-match collegiate tour, was dragging himself off the field following a 1-1 tie with Penn State.
"He's dead," national team head Coach Alkis Panagoulias said. "I did it purposely. He can hardly breathe."
Panagoulias realizes that to get his group ready for the second-round qualification matches for the World Cup, he has to get his players retrained from the indoor season. The U.S. team plays two qualifying-round games in the next week.
"One weakness I feel we have is the adaptation from the indoor game to the outdoor," Panagoulias said. "It's a very fast transition in a short period of time."
Despite having played nine exhibition matches already this year, the players on the national team will only be together as a unit for one week before their qualifying-round game Wednesday at St. Louis against Trinidad and Tobago.


text:
ERIC Number: ED171600
Record Type: Non-Journal
Publication Date: 1976-May
Pages: 65
Abstractor: N/A
Reference Count: N/A
On the Effectiveness of the Discovery Approach as a Teaching Method for Population Education. Population Education Research Utilization Monograph Series Number 1, Part 2.
Arellano-Reyes, Ma. Felicitas; Villanueva, Carmelita L.
Research is reviewed on the effectiveness of the discovery approach in teaching population education at the elementary and secondary levels. The discovery approach is a key teaching strategy in curriculum developed by the Filipino Population Education Program (PEP). PEP curricula cover the following content areas: demography, determinants and consequences of population growth, sexuality and human reproduction, and family planning. Among the research findings are that the discovery approach is more effective than traditional expository teaching methods in 1) bringing about learning, retention, and transfer; 2) stimulating critical thinking; and 3) developing positive attitudes toward teachers and subject matter. Effectiveness of the discovery approach depends to some extent on teacher and student competence, administrative support, and compatibility of teaching methods in the units into which discovery-approach population education materials are integrated. Suggestions are given for achieving maximum effectiveness in areas of teacher competence, flexibility of time, administrative support, and integration of curriculum. The report concludes with 19 abstracts of research papers and monographs on the use and effectiveness of the discovery approach. (AV)
Descriptors: Comparative Education, Critical Thinking, Curriculum Development, Discovery Learning, Educational Strategies, Elementary Secondary Education, Foreign Countries, Integrated Curriculum, Literature Reviews, Population Education, Questioning Techniques, Relationship, Skill Development, Student Attitudes, Student Characteristics, Success, Teacher Characteristics, Teacher Effectiveness, Teaching Methods
Publication Type: Reports - Descriptive; Information Analyses
Education Level: N/A
Audience: N/A
Language: English
Sponsor: N/A
Authoring Institution: Population Center Foundation, Rizal (Philippines). Information and Research Utilization Div.
Identifiers - Location: Philippines


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Welcome to Ranking Empire. I am taking a "wild" guess and assuming you are here to learn the tips and tricks on how to build a website and make sure it ranks well. Pretty accurate guess ? OK, maybe I already knew this.
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