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Special Order
Product Highlights
Frequency Block: B1: 537.600 to 614.375 MHzA1: 470.100 to 537.575 MHz
Special Order
This item is noncancelable and nonreturnable.
The SRc5P Dual-Channel Slot-Mount ENG Receivers from Lectrosonics consist of two separate receivers built into a single, ultra-compact housing with adapters for video camera receiver slots and for stand-alone use. They can be used when paired with a transmitter & microphone (sold separately) in various environments for ENG (Electronic News Gathering), EFP (Electronic Field Productions) and other audio applications.
Each receiver features Digital Hybrid Wireless technology that provides compandor-free audio quality and compatibility with other wireless systems. The RF performance is stable over a wide temperature range, making the receiver perfectly suited in rough environmental conditions.
The front panel has a menu-driven LCD interface and four membrane switches which are used to view and alter settings. In addition, the LCD window also displays the pilot-tone indicator, diversity activity, RF level, audio level, and transmitter battery status for both receivers.
Furthermore, a built-in spectrum analyzer scans across the tuning range of the receiver and displays a histogram of RF activity across the band. Areas of little or no RF activity are easily recognizable. The two internal receivers can be operated separately and both have switching, antenna-combining diversity, or in tandem with ratio-diversity reception.
Finally, a variety of output adapters and mounting options are available for camera-slot operation. The receivers are powered from an external 7 to 18 VDC source. The SRC5P model provides a 5-pin connector next to the control panel with audio output from both channels in addition to the camera-slot outputs.
|Operating Frequencies
|B1: 537.600 to 614.375 MHz
|Frequency Selection Steps
|Selectable; 100 or 25 kHz
|Type of Receiver
|Dual conversion, superheterodyne
|IF Frequency
Ch.1: 248.450 MHz and 350.000 kHz
Ch.2: 243.950 MHz and 250.000 kHz
|Frequency Stability
|±0.001 %
|Front End Bandwidth
|20 MHz @ -3 dB
20 dB SINAD: 1.0 uV (-107 dBm), A-weighted
60 dB Quieting: 2.2 uV (-100 dBm), A-weighted
|Squelch Quieting
|Greater than 100 dB typical
|AM Rejection
|Greater than 60 dB, 4 uV to 1 V
|Modulation Acceptance
|85 kHz
|Image and Spurious Rejection
|85 dB
|Third Order Intercept
|0 dBm
|Diversity Method
|SmartDiversity phased antenna combining or Ratio Diversity using both receivers for a single audio channel
|FM Detector
|Digital Pulse Counting Detector operating at 250 and 350 kHz
|RF Spectrum Analyzer
|Coarse and fine scanning modes for RF spectrum site survey
|Antenna Inputs
|50 Ohms SMA female connectors
|Audio Output Connectors
Interchangeable D-connector adapters for camera-slot interfaces
Dual TA3 male (mini XLR) balanced output adapter
Balanced output adapter with fixed cables
Front-panel TA5M with two balanced outputs (5P version)
|Audio Output Level
|Adjustable -50 to +5 dBu in 1 dB steps; unbalanced output is 6 dB lower
|Audio Channel Crosstalk
|-80 dB or better
|Front Panel Controls and Indicators
Sealed panel with membrane switches
LCD monitors pilot tone; antenna phase, receiver battery level; transmitter battery status; audio level, RF level
|Audio Test Tone
|1 kHz, -50 dBu to +5 dBu output (bal); 1% THD
|Transmitter Battery Type Selection
|9 V alkaline, 9 V lithium, AA alkaline, AA lithium, NiMH
|Phase Invert
|Audio output phase normal or inverted
|Compatibility Modes
HYB native Digital Hybrid mode
M.3 non-Lectrosonics (call factory)
200 Lectrosonics 200 Series
100 Lectrosonics 100 Series
HYB/TB Digital Hybrid w/ Talkback
M.7 non-Lectrosonics (call factory)
M.6 non-Lectrosonics (call factory)
IFB Lectrosonics IFB
|SmartNR (Noise Reduction)
|Off, Norman, Full modes (available in Digital Hybrid mode only)
|Audio Performance (Overall System)
|Frequency Response
|32 Hz to 20 kHz (+/- 1 dB)
|0.15% (system) typical in Digital Hybrid mode
|Input Dynamic Range
|125 dB (with full Tx limiting)
|Rear Panel Controls
Audio output connectors
External DC input
|Powering and Current Consumption
Min. 7 V to max. 18 VDC; 2.2 W
125 mA at 18 VDC
180 mA at 12 VDC
295 mA at 7 VDC
|Runtime with SRBATTSLED Adapter
|7.2 V, 2200 mAh "L" style battery will typically provide about 11 hours of operation
|Transmitter Battery
|Level Tracking: LCD display with battery icon or timer readout
|Operating Temperature
|-4 to 122°F (-20 to +50°C)
|Dimensions (W x H x D)
|2.68 x 0.72 x 3.52" (68 x 18 x 89 mm)
|7 oz (195 g)
|Packaging Infoycybetuvxdcfxqsbsrudwvruds
|Package Weight
|1.05 lb
|Box Dimensions (LxWxH)
|9.8 x 7.8 x 2.9"


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|19 Dec 2010
minor problem with wolfenstein 09
i'm hoping someone here might be able to help me, and i am able to write this here of course.
due to a disability issue in some 1st person shooters i play i have need to occasionally use a 'god mode cheat' such an occasion has come up with wolfenstein 09, for some reasons their bosses are really hard. i've completed such games as elder scrolls 3 an 4, cod mw1, waw, moh pa without probs but this game has me stuck.
i have windows 7 ultimate, ultimate ud3 motherboard
so if anyone can give me some ideas on god mode it would be greatly apprciated.
freddy z
|My System Specs
|19 Dec 2010
Windows 7 Ultimate x32
here ya go. remember google is your friend
Warning: Alter game files at your own risk and always make a backup copy! First, make a copy of wolf.cfg in the game folder (C:\Users\name\AppData\Local\id Software\WolfSP\base in Windows Vista). Rename it autoexec.cfg, then open it and add this line anywhere:
seta g_cheatsAreOn "1"
When you add one of the following cheats, you have to associate it with a key. For example:
Bind L "god"
This means that if you press the L button you enable God Mode.
For version 1.0 in Windows XP, the in-game console is enabled by creating the file Autoexec.cfg in the "\Program Files\Activision\Wolfenstein\SP\Base" folder (this is the default install path; check your dir for your game). Insert the following string to this autoexec.CFG file:
set com_allowConsole "1"
Save the file, and boot the game. Once you are playing, hold [RIGHT ALT] + [LEFT ALT] and TILDE (the ~ key) to display the console window. Input the cheat desired and press TILDE again to exit the console.
For version 1.1 in Windows XP, you only add the value +set com_allowConsole 1 as a command line parameter to end of the Target form-field in the shortcut to the game's executable. The syntax (using the above default dir example) would be:
"C:\Program Files\Activision\Wolfenstein\ ... \wolf.exe" +set com_allowConsole 1
Here is a list of available commands you can bind to keys using the line above:
|My System Specs
|19 Dec 2010
thanks for your reply, but i have tried both these one is for vista an one fr xp, i couldn't get them to work, i'm thimnking it may not be possiblewith vista option i have no 'wolf.cfg' file and the xp again didn't work
but thanks for your help
freddy z
|My System Specs
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subset: commoncrawl


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The Tempe Chamber of Commerce's Military Affairs Committee (MAC) is proud to host this inaugural "Stars and Strikes Bowling Fundraiser"event.
A portion of proceeds from this evenings event will go back to the MAC to assist us in its mission: "To serve as a proactive voice supporting military personnel in the greater Phoenix area." Each year the Tempe Chamber MAC presents scholarships to outstanding Arizona State University ROTC members in each branch of the military and recognizes outstanding military members of Arizona Guard and Reserve Units.
Single ticket or team lanes are available! Sponsored lane packages are a great way to show your organization's support of this long-standing program. There will be food, drinks, a 50/50 raffle and lots of socializing. At the end of the night, the bowler with the highest score will receive a special gift.
Questions about this event or how to get more involved in the Tempe Chamber Military Affairs committee can be directed to firstname.lastname@example.com.
Main Event Entertainment
8545 S Emerald Dr
Tempe, AZ
For additional event or venue information, please email email@example.com can also reach us at +1 4807364283


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My last post was originally a Facebook post I typed on my phone while laying in bed, mind racing. It was recieved so well I decided to make it a poem. I'm no poet…. enjoy.
We live in a society that ridicules and insults intelligence,
where cool kids poke fun and mock the smart kids.
Where adults shame those who dare question the boundaries of the world around them
and express their deep seeded desire for understanding the conundrum.
These same people jump on Facebook
to post and text, not knowing that it took
leaps, bounds, imagination, ingenuity, and risks,
from the theory of gravity, to the laws of quantum physics.
The culmination of man's achievements at their feet,
all so they can bat their eyes, and send that tweet.
Now I'm not saying you need to know quantum physics
to operate a phone or to watch Netflix,
but the attitude we hole at large is deplorable,
regrettable, unfortunate, shameful, dire, and miserable.
But a shift is coming.
A minority brewing with desire and uncapped passion,
scientifically literate and ready for their unmasking,
driven to understand, learn, filled with desire
to keep moving forward, a hunger that won't expire.
We know what "progression" means, and understand that
if we are to move forward, we cannot look back.
We have to let go old ways, old thinking must break,
for it stagnates progression and we repeat our mistakes.
I can't tell you when it will happen,
I can only tell you we're here,
standing strong, poised, and staunch
trust me, it's near.
Expect to see a push for change,
for discovery and to explore,
the farthest of Horizons from our cosmic shore.
And I promise it's worth it,
this change is for the best.
It's most effective from within,
and the wisest can attest.
So if you feel it, you know it,
and want to stand,
we're here in growing numbers,
with extended hands.
Inhale deep, with spirits elevated,
scream IM SICK OF SEEING IGNORANCE CELEBRATED.


text:
- License: Free for commercial purpose
- Homepage: Saint Patrick Day Art
- Author: VectorArtBox.com
- Category: Holiday Clipart, Miscellaneous
- Tags: guinness, st. patrick's day
- Date: March 14th, 2011
- Format: AI 10
Downloaded: 1491 times
Saint Patrick Day Art. Take a fan from most popular Irish fest in the world. Free vector design art with rainbow, clouds, stars, leprechaun hat, pot of gold, clovers, shamrocks and of course most popular Irish beer – Guinness! You can use this vector freebie to create wallpaper, background for your need, posters, banners, flyers, greeting cards . I hopes it will help you to create really eye catching graphics. Good to use as a background or single units. Saint Patrick's day – most popular Irish festival in the world. It is celebrated on March 17 each year. It is believed that everyone on this day may be an Irishman. Traditionally on this day parades are held. St. Patrick's Day supposed to drink at least a glass of liquor in any Irish bar: on this day all the bars are Irish, and all the musicians – the Irish. Symbols of this day are the Leprechaun and shamrock. In the evening, fireworks and fireworks. Celebration is always held in the unrestrained joy.
I'm using Adobe Illustrator to create all my vectors, Other Graphics Software (Such as Corel Draw or Freehand) can be used for editing files, but I can't guarantee that everything will be 100% correct.
I'm sharing my Vector Images for free, and if you like it please tweet me, live a comment and rank this illustration.
Find more related vector graphics - Saint Patrick's day symbols


text:
Exploring Southern Georgia
A visit to south-central Georgia is like a trip into another world. There you'll find the legendary Okefenokee Swamp, lush forests, beautiful gardens as well as unique towns and museums worth exploring.
There are wonderful RV parks in the area. Consider looking into the towns of Valdosta, Waycross, Thomasville and Tifton for places to use as your home base during your stay. You'll find that the weather in the area is generally mild and most roadways are amenable to RV travel.
A visit to the Okefenokee Swamp is a visit to the largest peat-based black water swamp in North America. Visitors might enjoy exploring the swamp via a boat tour. The swamp park also has a nature center, beautiful gardens and its own railroad.
In Waycross you can explore the Okefenokee Heritage Center. This museum / conference center includes historic buildings, a railroad depot, a Native American exhibit and an art gallery. Next to the Heritage Center you'll find Southern Forest World Museum which offers a look into the history of forestry in the area.
Be sure to visit Thomasville which was designated as a Great American Main Street City in 1998. It is home to many historic buildings and the "Big Oak". The Big Oak is a large tree that is over 325 years old. The downtown area offers unique shops, restaurants and restored Victorian homes.
With a broad variety of things to see and do, there is virtually something for everyone in this unique part of the United States.
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text:
CB Richard Ellis has formed an alliance for a new office in Croatia, in response to growing international interest in the Eastern European country. Vlatko Dubravica and Arn Willems will head up the new office, which will provide the following business services for commercial and residential real estate: Investment, Industrial, Office and Retail Agency; Corporate Services, Consultancy & Research.
Andreas Ridder, Managing Director of CB Richard Ellis in Central & Eastern Europe, commented: "We entered this relationship in response to increasing interest from international investors and tenants in Croatia and particularly in Zagreb."
Mike Strong, Chairman of CB Richard Ellis in EMEA, commented: "The new office in Croatia is a complimentary link to CB Richard Ellis' Central and Eastern European and Global network; we are now well placed to advise our international corporate clients who are expanding in the area."
Source: CB Richard Ellis


text:
Por favor ingrese los datos del formulario y envíelo para contactarlo y atender cualquier duda.
Please fill the data on the form and send it to contact you and answer any question.
Producing products and services of software of human resources of the highest quality with avant-garde technology adapted to the needs and requests of the national and international market, achieving the confidence and safety of our clients.
Know more about our quality policy Read more
We will be glad to answer any question


text:
New Football Manager 2015 Features Fail To Impress
With the official release on the 7th of November for Football Manager 2015, SEGA have included several new features and improvements into the popular franchise. Known for its realistic simulation of the football/soccer managerial world, Football Manager 2015 includes over 600,000 players and staff within its database and is the first game to integrate Twitch TV Livestreaming. Most returning players to the series will already know what to expect, and this new particular game doesn't include any vast changes as expected away from a redesigned interface that aims to increase the accessibility of harder-to-find areas. Instead, SEGA have included much more detail for players to explore and add to their stratagems when becoming a manager of their favorite teams. Veterans of the franchise may find the new interface frustrating, especially after years of learning and mastering the now defunct older system, and unfortunately this is something that can't be adjusted in the settings.
Firstly, and very briefly, there are the usual graphic and visual improvements of the game with the main interface now incorporating a responsive sidebar instead of the old tedious method of searching through several drop-downs to reach the screen you wish. The 3D match engine has also been overhauled to provide more detail to player movements along with the addition of weather and stadiums to provide a much more realistic experience for players to explore.The new interface will increase accessibility through the menus.
The largest in-game addition to the franchise will allow managers to access the training ground themselves to train players specifically. This new dimension of the game will also allow managers to take time to earn coaching badges and increase their own attributes to get more out of their players and ensure positive results for the fans and owners. This brand new feature provides more detail towards specific coaches, highlighting their unique personalities and coaching styles that you can explore before making the decision of hiring them for your team. This will give players much needed control over the development of their players and their performances during matches.


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Jeff Koons' Heavy Heart Makes Public Debut
A heavy heart isn't always a bad thing, not when you're Jeff Koons. The artist's one-and-a-half ton metallic heart makes its debut this week at the Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art. Ellen Gamerman has the details. Photo: Wesley Hitt for WSJ.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
... I ... well a heavy heart isn't always the bad thing at least when you're Jeff Koons ... the August one and a half ton metallic card making its public debut this week ... at the Crystal bridges Museum of American art in Bentonville Arkansas ... but getting the heart in place with no easy feat in joining me now ... this article to read Puerto delinking between how are you ... I know you could tell me about this ... so this is all for a thousand times ... I'm it's it's names and getting in places he mentioned was an Brielle ... operation cents each ... it was and ... rolled outside and see him too big and it's great to fit inside an easy and I'm created and and outdoors ... and then very carefully and especially designed trolley that ... came down from your I'd moved into place in the rest in the restaurant at the museum ... and a team from Germany ... that fabricate scans of service and installs them ... traveled over separately to install the high ... end now Jeff Koons is now the most expensive living artist right now that's right amazing what you ... this works go for the day well last fall one of those blue dogs sold for nearly sixty million dollars more than fifty million dollars ... so that was a record for Henman and it does ... put him in ... this unique position of being the most expensive ... last week I ate at auction now was alive and ... befitting ECM what that means is ... that he's a better destination he's become ... at the museum celebrity and Crystal bridges has been trying to attain a firm's culture since the twenty oh ... wow and this is really in its industry kept forming around this what does this do for the museum ... I just love that I mean they ... the hull ... that it becomes a place for people propose ... where to take down a penny per sales ... no flat they wanted to be a destination and an avid self and they're kicking off with a Valentine's Day dare where ... everyone will see this herd suspended over the restaurant and kind of gadget ... of the full view of any they want in some ways to ... add a tad ... bit of a mascot for the museum for part of me see ... is a lot with the price again ... the price well that this is made condition of five the last time when sold at auction was two thousandseven it went for about twenty three ... dollars twenty million dollars on while the twenty three million reasons


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The Drakkengard Dynasty
In the 41st Millennium, there is only profit…
Hail, m'lords! Welcome to the locus of your accomplishments. This is where the scribes shall record the events that you've gone through, the people you meet, and even the details of yourselves that are logged within the Imperial Databases.
This is the official account of the adventures of the Drakkengard Dynasty. May the Emperor shine his light upon you all.


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Train Aachen → Düsseldorf
Duration 1h10 - From $26
Aachen - DüsseldorfThe average travel time between Aachen and Düsseldorf is 1h27 minutes. The quickest route is 1h10 minutes. The first train leaving Aachen is at 04:13, the last at 19:39. There is an average of 34 trains a day between Aachen and Düsseldorf, leaving approximately every 30 minutes.
#1 distributor of train tickets and rail passes
The simplicity of one-stop-shopping
European experts
Aachen, discover the old caroligian's capital ! Aachen, the old city where Charlemagne is burried, is the most western city of Germany, at the frontier between Belgium and Netherlands. It is a 260 000 inhabitants city and it provides a lot of walk and heritage to discover. Learn more about Aachen
On the cutting edge of modernity
On the cutting edge of modernity Located along the river Rhine, Düsseldorf is one of Germany's economic centers. Home to 3.2 million people, this beautiful city can sometimes be overlooked as a place for business and not fun. And while there are no famous castles or cathedrals here, there are modern marvels destined to become historic in the future. But first, a glimpse into the past. The Old Town or Altstadt, was almost destroyed during World War two but you wouldn't know it. Rebuilt according to historic plans, the area is now a popular shopping spot and on weekends, it turns into what's known as the "Longest bar in the world." Within a half-mile, find nearly 260 drinking holes, coffee shops and brewing houses. Stop in for a taste of "Altbier" – a top-fermented dark beer. This is where the "old" stops in Düsseldorf. The city has been transformed into a modern metropolis with architecture to match. There's no need to scour the city for these superb structures. Just head to Media Harbour. Showcasing world-class architects like Frank Gehry, it has become a meeting point for architecture connoisseurs from all over the world. Learn more about Düsseldorf


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Vakje per week pattern last Friday as the pattern given was an alphabet and I don't really like them much. Hopefully they will have something I do like this Friday! Instead I worked on last week's Friday freebie which when you last saw it looked like the photo above.
You can find the pattern here
I'll see you Friday with the next freebie!
I first started this blog due to "popular demand" for me to to share my cooking and quilting results in blog form as it was easier for friends and people who know me to see what I'm up to, especially compared to just an image hosting site. Now I blog because I enjoy sharing what I do and hope that I do in some way inspire people to try new things out as well.
Wednesday, 31 May 2017
WIP Wednesday
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text:
Police in Hastings are investigating a complaint that a 16-year-old girl with cerebral palsy was verbally abused in a shop.
She twice selected goods in a St Leonards shop but failed to realise she did not have enough money to pay for. She was then verbally abused.
The incident happened at the lower end of London Road, St Leonards, between 5.30pm and 6pm on Friday, April 17 when the victim tried to buy some sweets.
She was left shaken and upset by the vehemence and nature of the remarks directed at her, police said.
Anyone who recalls seeing or hearing the incident is asked to email firstname.lastname@example.com or phone 101, quoting serial number 898 of 19/4.


text:
Gadaffi Pitches Heated Bedouin Tent in Paris
Libyan dictator Moamar Kadhafi brought a camel, 30 virgin body guards and a heated tent along with him for his five day stay in Paris.
A heated Bedouin tent is erected for the guests of Libyan leader Moamer Kadhafi in Paris. Kadhafi is on his first visit to France for more than 30 years, sparking protests from rights groups and criticism from the government's own human rights minister. (AFP/Stephane De Sakutin)
Fausta has more on the heated tent controversy.
Gaddafi is in safe hands while in Paris.
These virgins can kick a$$…
The Libyan leader's female guards are trained to kill. (Daily Mail)
More trained killers…
Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi's female bodyguards are seen while Gaddafi visits the Louvre Museum in Paris December 13, 2007. (REUTERS)
Nidra Poller has the scoop from Paris.
No Pasaran! describes the grand reception by the Intelligencia.
30 Virgin Bodyguards Escort Muammar Gaddafi Into Paris
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Believe it or not, intelligence is a quality which really helps an individual to adapt to any kind of work environment. The trail blasters are not only those who think out of the box but also those who are daring enough to come up with extraordinary ideas which contribute to the well-being of society in the long run.
There are bound to be gaps between what academia offers to that of the requirements of an industry. Industry is evolving all the time. Its needs and requirements change according to consumers' needs. Hence, adaptability is paramount if any industry (offering products and services) wants to remain relevant. This is where the intelligence of an employee comes into play. Routine jobs should be left to those who are not daring enough to take any responsibilities.
Qualifications have their importance but when presented with challenges which need to be tackled immediately, intelligent employees who can see the relationship inherent in a problem will boldly proceed to solve it. The world has witnessed people without high or no qualifications setting a benchmark for others to follow. Armed only with intelligence, boldness and foresight, these people have contributed tremendously to the betterment of mankind. Academia assists an individual to set the path of his future development. It does not guarantee worldly success in an individual's life.


text:
For eight years, local residents have advocated for a transformation of the Flushing Avenue Triangle between 59th Street and 59th Avenue, which over the years gradually became a parking lot for auto repair shops.
The state-owned property is in the middle of an industrial area with little green space. Local elected officials worked with community members and state agencies, and succeeded in getting the state Department of Transportation (DOT) to beautify the site.
"I'm thrilled DOT will be moving forward with this beautification project," Councilwoman Elizabeth Crowley said. "Just a little green space can go a long way."
The triangle will soon be landscaped with trees and a new, five-foot fence around the property surrounded by a gate, new sidewalks and planting. They expect to begin work during the upcoming planting season, which runs from October 1 to December 15.


text:
The sound of their hooves, the dust the excitement was an amazing experience! I have done several paintings of that event and wanted to work one up that was larger. I invite you to watch as this 24x48 painting comes to life.
|The composition sketched in.
|I begin working in the background dust and horses.
|Jasmine was "helping" me.
"Sound of Freedom"


text:
Gayl Jones
Gayl Jones was Voted the #49 Favorite Author of the 20th Century
Gayl Jones Jones was born in Lexington, Kentucky. Her father was a restaurant cook and her mother, who wished to be a writer, was a housewife.
Gayl grew up in a storytelling family, her grandmother wrote plays for her church, and her mother made up stories to entertain the children and other family members. Although described as painfully shy, many of Jones's elementary school instructors recognized her writing skills and encouraged her talent to grow.
Jones is a graduate of Connecticut College, where she received her BA degree in English. While attending the college she also earned the Frances Steloff Award for Fiction. She then began a graduate program in creative writing at Brown University, studying under poet Michael Harper and earning an MA and a Doctor of Arts.
Jones's 1998 novel The Healing was a finalist for the National Book Award.
Jones was voted one of AALBC.com's 50 Favorite Authors of the 20th Century.
Are you the author profiled here? Email us your official website or Let us host your primary web presence.
Tell us how much you like Gayl Jones.


text:
It makes me smile to know that I've finally broken through the weight loss plateau I've experienced a few months ago. I have broken down the invisible wall!
I am again starting to lose weight although now I have toned down my exercises and focused on doing stuff in the kitchen. I don't know if that change affected the plateau I was experiencing.
The reason why I toned down exercising is because I've been experiencing migraines lately probably due to my poor sleeping habits. I personally want to remedy that before I go back to exercising.
My body is looking for the sweat though and I can feel that I'm not at my optimum level. So exercise should still be the key ingredient and I'll go back to that.


text:
Lots of American Express cardholders have been targeted for the iTunes offer: Spend $5 at iTunes, get $5 back. A co-worker of mine told me that he currently has a large gift card credit on his iTunes account, and that he was unable to take advantage of the $5 statement credit offer because iTunes did not allow him to pay with a credit card when he had a gift card credit on his account. If you're experiencing this problem, here is a way around it:
- Create a second iTunes account or use a friend's/relative's account.
- Add your American Express card as the preferred payment method for the iTunes account.
- Open up iTunes on your computer. Go to the iTunes store, log out, then log in with the secondary account credentials.
- Make a purchase of at least $5. Your item will download onto YOUR iTunes library, since you're doing this from your computer.
- Once the purchase is made, remove the payment information from the account, log out, and log back in with your primary iTunes account information.
- Enjoy a $5 statement credit from American Express.
Before you do all of this, you'll of course have to sign-up for the offer by logging into your American Express account and clicking "save" next to the $5 iTunes offer. With the new American Express offers site you can also take advantage of these offers by syncing your account to Twitter, Facebook, and other social media platforms.
Subscribe via email for more points, miles and free travel


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Dragon city hack is a new working tool for getting unlimited amount of gold, food and gems by just a click of a button. dragon city is the fastest growing games in facebook up to date where you can manage to create your own city of dragons, the idea of this game is to collect and bread powerful dragons.
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text:
Last night I'd had enough of sitting around. When I got back from the gym I got the excellent news that the people buying our couch were coming to get it that night! We got the Captain's parent's old super comfy sectional when they moved to a smaller house. It was huge and weirdly brown/pink plaid but we loved it. We could both completely stretch out and there was room for kitties and blankets and books and whatever else we vegged out with. But again, huge. We specifically had to look for houses with big family rooms-huge. Our current house has a long narrow family room and eventually I got tired of having to walk sideways by the couch with a basket of clean clothes, cleaning supplies, christmas decorations, etc.
So we used the magic of Craigslist to find a loving home for our beloved sectional. Last night it moved to it's new house and we moved a recliner and a smaller couch in it's place. I can't believe how big the room looks now. Of course the cats immediately claimed the chair for themselves so once again, the Captain and I are squeezed onto a smaller couch.
Then (I know! Two activities in one night!) with our couch money burning a hole in our pockets we FINALLY went to the cell phone store and got our phones upgraded. The Captain hates cell phones and only uses his for emergencies, and I really liked my original phone so we never upgraded. Four years later, we decided it was time. We both got plain, no frills flip-phones (although mine plays music) AND The Captain decided we could spring for a cheap texting package. I feel so fancy! And behind the times. But mostly fancy.
Tonight when I get home I can walk by my couch with my arms spread wide and text someone. It's a wild party life I lead here people.
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
1 comment:
- Girl from Pennsylvania said...
I am with you on the phone deal. I have a phone that does a whole bunch of crap. Know what I use it for? To call people. It has MP3, walkman capabilities, camera, video, blah blah blah. I picked it bc it was red.
Red is my favorite color.
- March 3, 2009 at 9:31 PM
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text:
|Image courtesy of ready.gov.
|Image courtesy of ready.gov.
A little about National Preparedness Month
National Preparedness Month was established in 2004 by the Federal Emergency Management Agency as part of the Ready Campaign to encourage Americans to prepare for emergencies and disasters. The campaign promotes preparedness in homes, schools, organizations, businesses, and communities. The Ready website provides a plethora of information including how to build disaster kits and ways that individuals and communities can get involved in the campaign. The website has a variety of checklists available for families, pet owners, seniors, and people with disabilities.
Citizen Corps offers tips and resources for individuals and communities for successful preparedness programs.
Ready Kids has resources such as checklists, story books, quizzes, games, and additional information for kids, parents, and teachers.
Readiness and Emergency Management for Schools is a website by the U.S. Department of Education's Office of Safe and Drug-Free Schools to provide support, resources, grants, and training for local educational agencies and institutions.
Ready Rating is an American Red Cross program which provides businesses, schools, and organizations with tools, resources, and information necessary to respond disasters and other emergencies.
What's in your disaster kit? What are your must-have items for your family in the event of an emergency?
Disclosure: I was not compensated for this post. All opinions expressed are my own.


text:
Methods for Measuring Greenhouse Gas Balances and Evaluating Mitigation Options in Smallholder Agriculture pp 119-134 | Cite as
Quantifying Tree Biomass Carbon Stocks and Fluxes in Agricultural Landscapes
This chapter presents methods to quantify carbon stocks and carbon stock changes in biomass of trees in agricultural landscapes. Specifically it assesses approaches for their applicability to smallholder farms and other tree enterprises in agricultural landscapes. Measurement techniques are evaluated across three criteria: accuracy, cost, and scale. We then recommend techniques appropriate for users looking to quantify carbon in tree biomass at the whole-farm and landscape scales. A basic understanding of the carbon cycle and the concepts of biomass assessment is assumed.
KeywordsAboveground Biomass Carbon Stock Tree Ring Agricultural Landscape Belowground Biomass
6.1 Introduction
Typical precision for various quantification uses
End user
Potential uses
Typical precision
National governments
Reporting to the IPCC
Development of National Appropriate Mitigation Actions
Carbon trading between governments and businesses
±10 to 20 %
Development organizations
Promotion of low emission agricultural development
The ubiquity and use of trees in agricultural landscapes is significant for smallholder farmers' livelihoods and modifying local climate (van Noordwijk et al. 2014), but it also contributes to global climate change mitigation (Nair et al. 2009, 2010). Even when planted at low densities, the aggregate carbon accumulation in trees can help fight climate change because of the large spatial extent covered (Verchot et al. 2007; Zomer et al. 2014). Such trees are estimated to accumulate 3–15 Mg ha−1 year−1 in aboveground biomass alone (Nair et al. 2010), a non-trivial amount when compared to other carbon sinks such as soil. Simultaneously, trees diversify diets, reduce soil erosion, and expand market opportunities for smallholder farmers (Van Noordwijk et al. 2011). Thus, trees in agricultural landscapes offer opportunities to mitigate climate change and improve smallholder livelihoods (Kumar and Nair 2011). The synergy between climate adaptation and mitigation through trees in agricultural lands is now receiving explicit attention (Duguma et al. 2014).
Despite the significant advances in assessment methods, quantifying carbon stocks and fluxes at different spatial scale is still challenging. Although National Forest Inventories (NFIs ) are supposed to provide such guidelines, they are well developed only in the Northern hemisphere. Most NFIs also do not include trees outside forests (TOF) and until recently TOF have been poorly defined (de Foresta et al. 2013; Baffetta et al. 2011). Hence sampling designs that can be consistently applied to both forests and TOF are lacking while ideally national biomass estimates should include carbon estimates of both forests and TOF. Most NFIs (except Sweden and Canada) do not include explicit TOF categories (de Foresta et al. 2013).
The dearth of consistent methodology and a new interest to integrate trees in farming systems in global biomass assessments (de Foresta et al. 2013) is catalyzing efforts to generate data on biomass and carbon specific for trees on farmland. This, however, comes with the challenge to rapidly develop and standardize methods for biomass assessment, obstacles in the forestry community has been grappling with for decades. Forest-based methodologies can be adapted for some applications. However, TOF present unique issues. To begin with, tree stands in agricultural landscapes typically show irregular shapes when compared to those in more dense forest stands. The geometry of tree stands on farmland is particularly plastic, sensitive to local environmental conditions (Harja et al. 2012), and human management (Dossa et al. 2007; Frank and Eduardo 2003). Tree management (pruning, coppicing, lopping, etc.) may violate assumptions of the available allometries, which were developed based on physiological relationships (e.g., mass and diameter at breast height (DBH)) observed in forests and plantations (Kuyah et al. 2012a). The impact of local edaphic conditions on tree growth combined with the diversity of uses and agroecological conditions complicates the construction of a coherent database to represent carbon and biomass estimation equations (BEMs) for farmland trees. The consequence is a scarcity of data and a fragmented understanding of the role trees on farms may play in climate and development discussions.
With more attention paid to farm forestry, agroforestry, and expansion of the agricultural frontier in many countries, quantification of biomass in trees in agricultural landscapes is receiving greater attention. There is a growing interest in the assessments of carbon stocks and sequestration for carbon monitoring and reporting needs, but also as a way to evaluate agricultural interventions (Thangata and Hildebrand 2012). In the following sections, we discuss general considerations of measurement accuracy, cost, and scale when quantifying and discuss the two predominant quantification approaches for biomass and carbon in trees on farms.
6.2 Accuracy, Scale, and Cost
Accurate estimates of changes in C stocks are required and uncertainties should be reduced as much as is practical (IPCC 2003). Yet, uncertainty depends strongly on scale and the costs of high accuracy plus high spatial resolution must be weighed against the benefits of farmer incentive schemes that need such information, as opposed to cheaper solutions that meet accuracy targets by spatial aggregation, e.g., to a 1 km2 scale (Lusiana et al. 2014). Methodological limitations and random as well as systematic errors associated with quantification of biomass of trees on farms guarantee uncertainties in estimates. A large degree of uncertainty exists in estimations of C stocks and fluxes at the local, regional, and global scale. Some of the uncertainty results from the lack of consensus on definitions, inconsistencies in methods, and assumptions leading to widely differing results even among similar studies (Sileshi 2014). These variations are mainly a result of lack of a common framework for sampling. Uncertainty in C estimation should be addressed to establish the reliability of estimates and provide a basis of confidence for decision-making, particularly where comparisons (e.g., with baseline results) are involved. Identified uncertainties can be quantified through statistical methods such as error propagation (Chave et al. 2004). Uncertainties in biomass quantification result from six primary sources in the quantification process: (1) the level of detail in the method used, (2) the complexities of the systems and landscapes being modeled, (3) sampling error, (4) measurement error, (5) model errors, and (6) the inconsistency in estimating and reporting biomass components (Chave et al. 2004; IPCC 2003). Available biomass and carbon estimates for trees on farms vary considerably and associated measures of uncertainty in the estimates (e.g., standard errors and confidence intervals) are often not reported.
Comparison of approaches and techniques in terms of scale, cost, and accuracy
Destructive sampling
Limited to small area
Most accurate
Allows upscaling
Cheap once equations are developed
Relatively accurate
High resolution at tree level
Cheap once the lab equipment exists
Very accurate if individual rings are easy to read
Missing rings, wood anatomy, wedging, etc.
Remote sensing
Variable (high to low resolution)
High-resolution data are still very expensive
Relatively accurate depending on the indices of method used
For low resolution there is blended information that reduce farm-level assessment
The cost of carbon quantification depends on the method chosen, a choice that is determined by the scale of measurement and desired level of accuracy. The methods presented here vary in their degree of robustness, allowing for trade-offs between accuracy, cost, and practical viability for smallholder systems (Table 6.2). The key is to determine information that can be obtained at relatively low cost but still produces estimates within an acceptable level of accuracy. Destructive measurements are known to be costly in terms of resources, effort, and time, and are not permitted for rare or protected species. Modeling with BEMs is therefore an expedient way of estimating carbon both from field inventories or remote sensing. Obtaining field inventories is expensive, slow, and impractical in large areas. Ground-based measurements of tree diameters are therefore often combined with predictive models to estimate carbon stocks in small areas that can be upscaled. The costs on field inventories and analytical methods are greatly influenced by the sampling design used and the minimum number of measurement required for a particular method. For both modeling with BEMs and remote sensing, costs can be greatly reduced and efficiencies of labor and time achieved by adopting multipurpose sampling sites or procedures. For example, the sites could be designed to take measurements for carbon quantification, and also provide data for biodiversity analyses or assessment of vegetation and soil properties. An example is the Land Health Surveillance Framework, designed to cost-effectively enable measurement and monitoring of carbon in a given landscape over years (Vågen et al. 2010). Regarding the models, simple power-law models with DBH alone are less expensive to develop and use compared to parameter-rich models. This is because DBH measurements can be easily obtained at low cost compared to specialized equipment required for height or crown area measurements. Remote sensing can greatly reduce the time and cost of collecting data over large areas, particularly for highly variable, widely spaced, and hard-to-access areas (Wulder et al. 2008). However, remote sensing approaches such as airplane-mounted LiDAR instruments are still too costly and technically demanding. And while remote-sensing instruments can estimate proxies that can also be converted into biomass using statistical models; additional expenses will be incurred on field data for calibration/validation, which are also prone to errors. This is because there is no remote-sensing instrument that can presently measure tree carbon stocks directly (Gibbs et al. 2007).
6.3 Quantification of Five Carbon Pools of Representative Plots
Tree biomass can be estimated using direct (destructive) or indirect (non-destructive) approaches (Pearson et al. (2005) or GOFC-GOLD (2011) for methods, models, and parameters widely used). Direct methods require felling of trees and weighing the component parts. Destructive sampling provides the best data for building BEMs, generating inventory for estimating biomass, and providing requisite information for validating indirectly estimated biomass (Brown 1997; Gibbs et al. 2007). By contrast, indirect methods (e.g., BEMs and remote sensing) use readily measurable proxies, such as DBH, crown area, or vegetation indices that are then converted into biomass based on statistical relationships established by destructive sampling (Brown 2002; Bar Massada et al. 2006). Unfortunately, most algorithms and regressions relating remotely sensed data to biomass increase precision, not accuracy. Therefore, it is important to make ground measurements to increase the accuracy of BEMs and remotely sensed data.
Cost considerations require that estimates of carbon stocks and stock changes on farms and landscapes be based on representative samples from land uses and covers and measurement of proxy variables rather than quantifying biomass on every farm or pixel and destructive sampling of trees, respectively. Indirect measures and statistical models only approximate biomass with a precision subject to the representativeness of the models to local conditions. That latter consideration is particularly salient for smallholder situations in tropical developing countries. Models have largely been constructed on data not collected in the tropics and little in Africa (Hofstad 2005; Henry et al. 2011) and even fewer data and BEMs are available for trees on farms. Applying equations to data with size range beyond the one that was used in building the equations can lead to high levels of bias and poor estimates of biomass. Biomass—and carbon—estimates by indirect methods will therefore always be inaccurate. Qualitatively, at least, the direct linkage between tree architecture, as modified by farm management, and fractal branching models that generate allometric equations suggests ways to make adjustments where major branches or parts of the crown are missing from trees (Hairiah et al. 2011; MacFarlane et al. 2014).
6.3.1 Selecting Plots
Quantification at farm and landscape scales requires extrapolation from data gathered from relatively small plots to larger areas. Extrapolation is necessary because it is prohibitively expensive to measure every tree on every farm or throughout the landscape. With stratification, we aim to quantify the biomass and carbon at a few representative locations and then use data on the frequency of their occurrence to calculate total biomass at larger spatial extents. It is therefore critically important that the sample is representative of the larger area and farm/landscape features of interest and an estimate of the frequency of occurrence of the feature of interest is possible (Brown 1997). A stratified random sampling approach can be employed to guide sample selection ranging from remote sensing to household surveys. For building BEMs, a randomized pre-sample of trees can be generated from an inventory with respect to a stratified diameter class and trees for destructive sampling chosen through a blind selection without tree species association. For inventories, stratification by topographic features, management influence, and age classes are likely to produce more homogenous strata from which sample units could be selected. Age is essential particularly where lifecycle analysis is involved. In rotational plantations this is easy to implement, but in many land use systems derived from natural vegetation by selective retention of trees (e.g., shea or baobab trees in many savanna systems), regeneration pattern need to inform the sample selection. In systems with "internal regeneration," similar to natural forest with a gap renewal cycle, the age of the most frequent tree diameter class can be used to reconstruct a time-averaged carbon stock at the land use system level (Hairiah et al. 2011). We refer you to Chap. 2 of this manual and the references therein to determine an appropriate method for stratifying the sample. The remainder of this discussion assumes the availability of representative plots and knowledge of the relative distribution of different features or land use classes in the geographic space of interest.
6.3.2 Measurements of Proxies for Tree Biomass
Tree biomass is estimated from ground-based inventory data, remote sensing, or a combination of the two. Researchers and project developers tend to rely on BEMs, which calculate tree biomass based on easily measured dimensions based on the idea that standard relationships occur such as the diameter to mass or height to mass (West 2009) or root-to-shoot (Cairns et al. 1997; Mokany et al. 2006). Because of the variations in tree characteristics among ecological conditions, particularly in agricultural landscapes, and the need to account for biomass in all plant parts, it is ideal to use locally developed equations or develop BEMs at a local scale (Henry et al. 2011). Where local BEMs are not available, there are two other options. First, volume equation and inventory data arising from commercial interest valuing the stock of wood resources in forests may be available in many developing countries (Hofstad 2005; Henry et al. 2011). However, this approach provides data primarily on merchantable wood, leaving out components such as branches, twigs, and leaves, yet in some species these components constitute a significant amount, about 3 %, of the total aboveground biomass (Kuyah et al. 2013). The second option is to use the pantropical models (e.g., Chave et al. 2005). However, these are broadly derived, based on a large dataset and stratified by region or climatic conditions. The definition of climatic regimes is not intuitive and direct application of these models could give biased estimates if applied across the board, particularly in agricultural landscapes where trees face multiple stresses (Kuyah et al. 2012a; Sileshi 2014).
BEMs require the measurement of tree dimensions such as DBH, basal area, height, or crown dimensions. Presuming measurements are conducted with care, accurate biomass estimates are best obtained by measurements of each parameter. However, certain measurements (e.g., height) are difficult to obtain accurately in the field by non-destructive methods and hence including this parameter in models may introduce error into the biomass estimates, by a mean of 16 % (Hunter et al. 2013). Furthermore, complete datasets are in many cases not necessary to provide a reasonable estimate of biomass because inclusion of all parameters only moderately increases the accuracy of the total estimate. For example, inclusion of DBH alone provided an estimate within 1.5 % of the actual biomass measured in an agricultural landscape of Western Kenya (Kuyah and Rosenstock in review), which agrees with most studies (Cole and Ewel 2006; Basuki et al. 2009; Bastien-Henri et al. 2010). Given the complexities and potential errors in measuring other parameters (i.e., difficult terrain or dense foliage when measuring height), the need for specialized tools (e.g., hypsometer or clinometer for height), or destructive measurements (e.g., wood density), the use of DBH alone appears cost-effective and robust for most purposes (Sileshi 2014).
Field measurements and remote sensing generate estimates of aboveground biomass. Though most of the carbon in trees is contained in aboveground biomass, a significant fraction can be found in the four other major carbon pools: belowground biomass, litter, deadwood, and soils. Soil carbon is discussed in Chap. 7 (Saiz and Albrech this volume) and thus we restrict this brief discussion to the other three pools. For almost all applications, belowground biomass will be estimated by allometric relationships based on DBH or prescribed root-to-shoot ratios. We are quite skeptical of the accuracy of general root-to-shoot ratios for estimation of belowground biomass as the growth patterns are sensitive to water availability and may range from 10:1 in moist conditions versus 4:1 in arid conditions (IPCC 2003). Recent destructive experiments suggest that DBH may be a better predictor than root-to-shoot ratio for trees on farms but again require inventories to establish DBH. Global studies show that belowground biomass (BG) is isometrically related to aboveground biomass (AG) (Hui et al. 2014; Cheng and Niklas 2007); i.e., BG = a(AG). If one can correctly estimate 'a', we believe estimating BG from AG using allometric method may be better than using shoot-to-root ratios.
Consideration of litter and deadwood deserve unique attention for trees on farm. Litter might be assumed to be in equilibrium with growth and thus ignored in biomass estimation especially on farmland. Deadwood might also be treated in the same way given most will be collected for firewood or in slash and burn agriculture, fire will consume most of it. A case can be made that the relative limited size of these pools justifies such treatment for most cases, especially when considering decadal timescales. In cases when litter and deadwood need to be estimated, measurements using small nested plots or an independent sampling design will be required. For litter, the information collected is total mass per unit area but for dead wood, depending on the size, one can measure total mass or estimate volume that can be used for mass calculation if wood density is known (Pearson et al. 2005, 2007).
6.3.3 Calculating C Stocks and Fluxes
Until now, we have been discussing the quantification of biomass stocks in a small plot area. Oftentimes, however, researchers and project developers are more interested in the change in carbon, accumulation or loss, with various practices or land use change. So here we consider methods to quantify rates of change in woody biomass.
Time-Averaged Carbon Stock for Different Land Uses
Annual Changes: Growth Rates, Dendrochronology, Repeated Measurements
Though rarely quantified, examining annual changes in biomass carbon in trees on farm is important when calculating whole-farm GHG balances, that is, when calculating the global warming potential or global warming intensity of the system. Unfortunately, the growth rates of tropical tree species are only known for a small sample of commercially viable timber species and the remaining knowledge gap greatly limits the ability to map or model carbon stock changes. There are typically few options to gain information about annual stock changes in the absence of published growth rates: repeated measurements, biomass expansion factors (BEFs), and dendrochronology.
Repeated measurement of the same tree species is an option to create information on growth rates or annual changes in carbon stocks. Repeated measurements must be cautious to return precisely to the same tree/stand and the same measurement of the tree. Because repeated measurement relies on exact locations to document what can sometimes be small changes, this method is sensitive to observational and measurement errors as well as anomalies in growth patterns on the tree selected. Furthermore, repeated measurements can typically only be performed on a limited number of trees. Thus again, tree selection, to account for heterogeneity and minimize sampling artifacts, is critical. Though not without uncertainty, repeated measurement do provide a non-destructive approach to quantify short-term changes in carbon stocks.
BEFs are another approach of using exiting stand volume data from previous forest studies to assess carbon density. BEF bundles two aspects, a conversion of volume to mass and an inclusion of ignored trees foliage, small branches not accounted in commercial volume assessment. The BEF is a conversion factor that calculates biomass based on traditional commercial volume data (Brown 1997).
The use of dendrochronology is an emerging field of application of tree ring for biomass assessment for individual tree growth. The method is based on the formation of annual rings in many tropical trees in areas with one distinct dry season. Often, this seasonality induces cambial dormancy of trees, particularly if these belong to deciduous species (Brienen and Zuidema 2005). Annual tree rings provide growth information for the entire life of trees and their analysis has become more popular in tropical forest regions over the past decades (Soliz-Gamboa et al. 2010). It is demonstrated that tree-ring studies is a powerful tool to develop high-resolution and exactly dated proxies for biomass accumulation over time in individual trees (Mbow et al. 2013). In addition to annual increment of biomass, tree-ring analysis helps characterize climate–growth relationship between tree growth and rainfall in certain periods of the year and how this translates into tree productivity information that is central to carbon sequestration assessment (Mbow et al. 2013). Basically the use of such method implies the application of allometric models on diameter over bark on individual rings measured during the tree lifetime (Gebrekirstos et al. 2008). Important information can be collected using tree ring: (1) growth rate—average annual diameter increment-of-individual species to reconstruct long-term growth of trees and estimate productivity of trees; (2) age–diameter relationships which are required in carbon projections; (3) limiting factors of tree growth such as long time drought or severe fires.
6.3.4 Scaling to Whole-Farms and Landscapes
- 1.
Land use/cover transition matrix in proportion for each zone by spatial analysis
- 2.
Frequency of each zone by spatial analysis
- 3.
Total area of the target area by spatial analysis (expressed in hectares)
- 4.
Carbon stock of each system component calculated from the plot level measurements, allometric equations, and statistical analysis (expressed in Mg C ha−1)
- 5.
Changes in the C stock for each transition by multiplying each cell in the matrix by the difference in the time-averaged C stock for each transition/conversion by the conversion factor (depending on plot size; expressed in Mg CO2 equivalent ha−1)
- 6.
Annual changes in C stock for each transition by dividing changes in C stock by the length of the study period (expressed in Mg CO2 equivalent ha−1)
- 7.
Total annual emission and total sequestration and net changes of C stock in the landscape (expressed in Mg CO2 equivalent ha−1)
Because the principal scaling approach relies on similarity-based relationships (e.g., allometric equations) that are scale invariant, the same steps are equally relevant for whole-farms or landscapes, irrespective of the spatial extent. Furthermore, since the results are expressed in CO2 equivalent ha−1 it is possible to integrate these measures with those from other GHG sources and sinks such as soil carbon or trace gas emissions from soils.
6.4 Additional Sources of Information
Annotated key sources of information
Brown S (1997) Estimating Biomass and Biomass Change of Tropical Forests: a Primer. (FAO Forestry Paper—134). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy
This report describes multiple methods for estimating biomass density, including one of the first comprehensive descriptions of methods for destructive biomass estimation. The report includes biomass estimates for different tropical countries based on forest type and climate. Supplementary tables report wood density for different tree species across tropical Asia, America, and Africa
West PW (2009) Tree and Forest Measurement. 2nd edition. Springer, Heidelberg, Germany
The primary audience for this book is undergraduate forestry students, practicing foresters, and landholders. As such, it introduces the techniques of tree and forest measurement with particular attention paid to non-destructive (allometric) approaches. This book provides a step-by-step description of how to measure trees as well as their component parts and then scale to the stand or population
One hundred years of tree-ring research in the tropics-a brief history and an outlook to future challenges. Dendrochronologia 20:217-231
This article describes the history of tree-ring analysis in the tropics. Tropical dendrochronology is hotly debated primarily because the consistent intra-annual temperatures of tropical systems do not produce the same tree-ring pattern we observe in temperate tree-rings. Worbes discusses the progress in and applications of tropical tree-ring research. One such application that we would like to highlight is the potential to use tree-rings to evaluate individual tree growth and thus track biomass accumulation through time
Mbow C, Chhin S, Sambou B, Skole DL (2013) Potential of dendrochronology to assess annual rates of biomass productivity in savanna trees of West Africa. Dendrochronologia 31:41-51
This article describes the application of dendrochronology to assess biomass in individual savanna species in Southern Senegal. The materials and methods section provides a comprehensive description of the steps involved. Note that the destructive sampling was implemented in this study and may not be suitable for some situations
Gibbs HK, Brown S, Niles JO, Foley JA (2007) Monitoring and estimating tropical forest carbon stocks: making REDD a reality. Environ Res Lett 2:13
Using REDD (reductions in emissions from deforestation in developing countries) as a backdrop, this review paper discusses a range of methods available to estimate national-level forest carbon stocks using both ground-based and remotely sensed measurements of particular forest characteristics which can be converted into estimates of national carbon stocks using allometric relationships. This is the first article to report a complete set of national-level carbon stock estimates
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The sansalvamide A (San A) scaffold is a promising structure for the development of novel cancer therapeutics. We have used the San A scaffold to produce 7 compounds that are cytotoxic to pancreatic and colon cancer cell lines at nanomolar concentrations. The San A derivatives are of particular interest because they do not share structural homology with other classes of marketed cancer therapeutics, they appear to inhibit an established target (Hsp90) at a novel site, and they are significantly more potent than the drugs currently available for the treatment of colon and pancreatic cancer. Known Hsp90 inhibitors interact with the N-terminal domain whereas our compounds are unique in that they target the C-terminal domain and block the binding of inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 2 (IP6K2). It is the overall goal of this project to develop a novel chemotherapeutic agent based on the San A scaffold. It is our hypothesis that analogs of San A with even greater potency and selectively can be synthesized by modifying key structural features identified in our preliminary studies.
The specific aims are to: a) Identify the binding site at the C-terminus of Hsp90 and design a potent second-generation lead candidate compound, b) Identify the key cellular targets and their role in San A's cytotoxic effect, and c) Identify the key cellular targets and their role in San A's cytotoxic effect.
Cancers have continued to evolve new mechanisms of action that make them resistant to most known chemotherapeutic agents. Consequently, there remains a serious and immediate need for the development of antitumor agents that target drug-resistant cancers. The goal of this project involves using conformational based design to synthesize potent new anticancer agents that act via binding to the C-terminus of Hsp90 thus inhibiting the binding of inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 2 (IP6K2). Current lead compounds show promise for binding to this novel site and show potent cytotoxicity (nanomolar) as well as differential selectivity for cancer over normal cells. Through the proposed structural studies of our lead compounds with their biological targets combined with synthesis and in vivo studies, we anticipate generating a new class of therapeutic agents that may be useful in treating cancers.
|Wang, Yao; Koay, Yen Chin; McAlpine, Shelli R (2017) How Selective are Hsp90 Inhibitors for Cancer Cells over Normal Cells? ChemMedChem 12:353-357
|McConnell, Jeanette R; Alexander, Leslie A; McAlpine, Shelli R (2014) A heat shock protein 90 inhibitor that modulates the immunophilins and regulates hormone receptors without inducing the heat shock response. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 24:661-6
|Ramsey, Deborah M; McAlpine, Shelli R (2013) Halting metastasis through CXCR4 inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 23:20-5
|Kim, Seong Jong; McAlpine, Shelli R (2013) Solid phase versus solution phase synthesis of heterocyclic macrocycles. Molecules 18:1111-21
|McConnell, Jeanette R; McAlpine, Shelli R (2013) Heat shock proteins 27, 40, and 70 as combinational and dual therapeutic cancer targets. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 23:1923-8
|Kim, Seong Jong; Ramsey, Deborah M; Boyer, Cyrille et al. (2013) Effectively delivering a unique hsp90 inhibitor using star polymers. ACS Med Chem Lett 4:
|McConnell, Jeanette R; Rananaware, Dimple P; Ramsey, Deborah M et al. (2013) A potential rhodium cancer therapy: studies of a cytotoxic organorhodium(I) complex that binds DNA. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 23:2527-31
|Ramsey, Deborah M; Amirul Islam, Md; Turnbull, Lynne et al. (2013) Psammaplysin F: a unique inhibitor of bacterial chromosomal partitioning. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 23:4862-6
|Kim, Seong Jong; Lin, Chun Chieh; Pan, Chung-Mao et al. (2013) A structure-activity relationship study on multi-heterocyclic molecules: two linked thiazoles are required for cytotoxic activity. Medchemcomm 4:406-410
|Singh, Erinprit K; Ramsey, Deborah M; McAlpine, Shelli R (2012) Total synthesis of trans,trans-Sanguinamide B and conformational isomers. Org Lett 14:1198-201
Showing the most recent 10 out of 22 publications


text: Hello. I have a huge problem. For several weeks now ever since I upgraded to Windows 10, whenever I try to torrent something, my Laptop is crashing and getting the blue screen of death, caused by driver ntoskrnl.exe+14f4d0. I searched and tried several fixes but it still didn't solve the problem. This is only happening when I'm using any torrent software. It never happened before when I had Windows 7 and now it's driving me crazy. Below should be the .zip folder, hope someone can help me fix this problem, thanks!


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What you see-write in a book.
Rev 1:19"Therefore write the things which you have seen ..." This book is a compilation of a variety of personal life experiences, spiritual applications to everyday situations, and scriptural teachings that the Lord has given author Gordon Lang to share with the Body of Christ. It is his hope that, within the pages of this book, the reader will find encouragement in the face of past experiences, spiritual insight for their present-day life, and a source of confidence to face whatever the future may hold.
Romans 8:28"And we know that all things work together for good to those who love God, to those who are called according to His purpose." This verse has given Lang cause to rejoice at times when God has blessed him beyond his wildest dreams. It has been his solid foundation in times of bitter disappointment and overwhelming grief. The reader is invited to join Lang in both extremes of his personal experience.
Luke 12:27"Consider the lilies, how they grow ..." Jesus often used illustrations from everyday life in order to teach His disciples spiritual truths. He still does the same today. Come with Lang as he shares a few of the profound lessons that He has taught him through some of life's most ordinary situations.
Hebrews 4:12"For the word of God is living and active, and sharper than any two-edged sword ..." Far from being irrelevant to today's society, God's word still contains the answers to life's most compelling situations. Rejoice with Lang as he researches the immutable truths of the Word-looking for satisfaction to share with those that hunger and thirst after righteousness.


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New Cork manager John Meyler has gone with an experimental selection for this evening's Munster senior hurling league clash against Limerick.
The game in Mallow marks the start of both teams' 2018 campaigns and the Munster champions show just two members of the side which lost out to Waterford in last August's All-Ireland SHC semi-final - Daniel Kearney and Mikey Cahalane, whom both came on as substitutes in the defeat at Croke Park.
All Stars Mark Coleman and Patrick Horgan are among 11 members from the loss to the Deise men last summer to be named on the bench for this evening, while eight of the Rebels U21 side which lost the Munster final to Limerick are down to start.
Throw-in at Mallow is at 5pm.
Cork (Munster SHL v Limerick): Patrick Collins; Sean O'Donoghue, David Griffin, Conor O'Sullivan; Chris O'Leary, Tim O'Mahony, Darren Browne; Daniel Kearney, Dean Brosnan; Brian Lawton, Robbie O'Flynn, Eoghan Finn; Robert O'Shea, Michael Cahalane, Jack O'Connor


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At the moment Nevada rancher Cliven Bundy is fighting the mammoth federal bureaucracy at the Bureau of Land Management. BLM strongmen showed up to confiscate Bundy's cattle, charging that he hasn't paid grazing fees for the use of federally controlled public lands.
Bundy sees it a different way.
His family has had cattle grazing there since the 1800s; there was no BLM then. For much of modern time, the U.S. Grazing Service managed such practices on public range lands. In 1946 the Grazing Service and the General Land Office were folded into BLM.
The hammer came down, however, in 1976, when a Democrat-controlled U.S. House and Senate passed the Federal Land Policy and Management Act. This, perhaps more than any other political move, opened the door for the current far-left policy comprising myriad regulations and restrictions dominating not just federal land uses but also private land uses in the U.S. today.
The 1976 bill preserves federal land ownership policy except for the condition that "disposal of a particular parcel will serve the national interest." The bill upended most enabling legislation that allowed states to enter the union.
For Bundy, the big problems seem to have begun during the era of President Bill Clinton. At that time, grazing rules changed because of a tortoise now listed as "threatened" in the Endangered Species hierarchy. The desert tortoise, specifically the population in the Mojave, was designated threatened in 1989 by California and 1990 by the feds.
Having reviewed a lengthy report posted on the BLM website, I came to the conclusion the tortoise probably isn't really threatened. There are a number of reasons I believe this—they're just about impossible to count but there are still enough to document mortality from causes like hunting. Ravens prey on the tortoises, and existing landfills attract those birds in abundance. Disease made its way to the population, probably because people returned captive pets that weren't so cute once their droppings grew in proportion to the size of the "pet".
The desert tortoise, in my opinion, was one of several means for the government to solidify control on vast amounts of land. Now much of that same land is being used for solar projects.
When you install a massive solar project, you basically have to do so on via what amounts to a clearcut approach. People would shriek at the idea of clearcutting a forest. A desert—not so much, although the installations have a definite sizable impact on sensitive ecosystems. Solar installations are ideal in many situations; I am firmly against the erection of vast solar fields.
As I pointed out in a previous column, the imprint left by Bundy's cattle is minuscule compared to solar installations, recreation, and certain other uses the government seems fine with.
The grazing fees may be the tactic feds are using to go after Bundy, but I think the issue goes deeper than that. The feds are demonstrating the iron grip they have on more than 80 percent of the land in the state of Nevada. With a Democrat in the White House, and Democrats controlling the Senate, there is no way the BLM is going to be reined in by anything other than a notable public outcry.
The outcry appears to be gaining momentum. Republicans would be smart to seize the opportunity the dustup between the feds and the rancher offers. Local control works best for the people, and that control will never happen unless Republicans take the matter on for reform.
"The federal government has seized Nevada's sovereignty … they have seized Nevada's laws and our public land. We have no access to our public land and that is only a little bit of it."
Even worse, the federal government in a striking display of illegal arrogance, established a First Amendment zone to corral protesters supporting Bundy. That action is more in line with a paradigm in a communist country rather than a free Republic. BLM's "zone" is a near-unforgivable assault on the First Amendment.
In times past, there were attempts to wrest land from the federal fist and return it to the states, and such efforts continue today. The American Lands Council has an excellent video explaining why states need control of their own land and how citizens are disadvantaged when federal ownership is excessive as it is in Nevada and some other Western states.
Utah Republican Ken Ivory who serves in the state's House of Representatives is an outspoken proponent of returning federal lands to the states in accordance with the enabling legislative agreements in place for many territories when they agreed to or sought statehood. Many of those agreements promised to transfer title of public lands to the states. That ended with Democrats' bill in 1976.
Why did the Obama administration decide to make an example of Cliven Bundy? That's anyone's guess, but Obama has been dead set on large solar facilities and he is also a big proponent of a dominant federal government holding sway over any and all issues to do with states' rights. He also counts a number of corporate allies in solar and new energy and in the far left enviro money camp.
Bundy should be familiar with federal oppression, considering his Mormon ancestry. People of that faith were assailed physically and via federal propaganda for their religious beliefs and the federal government was a weapon turned against them. By the time railroads were cutting a swath across the West, land worked by Mormons was taken over if the railroad needed it. By the time Gov. Mitt Romney (R-Mass.) ran for the presidency, anti-Mormonism was a current running through media coverage and some pundits said things they would be too cowardly to say about any other faith.
It is curious that Sen. Harry Reid, Nevada Dem and Democrats' appointed leader in the Senate, who calls himself a Mormon, had never been targeted for such insults.
BLM exacerbated a dispute with a rancher and now the situation has become so volatile, someone could get hurt again. People have already been hurt according to media accounts.
BLM's overreach is just another in a very long line of examples of a federal government bent on control and "transformation" of the Republic at all costs.
What I can definitely say is that Cliven Bundy has the cojones most of us wish we had. He is standing up for his heritage and his way of life. If he lived in Pakistan or China, Democrats would probably be cheering him.
Facebook page for Darin Bushman, Piute County (Utah) commissioner/updates on Bundy
Nevada officials blast feds
American Lands Council
Federal land grab in Nevada aids solar projects, ensnares rancher
(Commentary by Kay B. Day/April 11, 2014)
Day on the Day is an indie blog dependent on private support. Please use the PayPal link in the right column to make a small donation if you can. Follow us on Twitter @TheUSReport.


text: Emma Thompson – being a perfect mum and career woman can't be done Celebrity news News & Gossip 0 Oscar winning mum of two believes a lot of compromise has to be made for ideal family life Emma Thompson has suggested that no woman can have possess both a perfect career and be a flawless mother, reports the Daily Mail. Emma argues that the only way to juggle both successfully is to hire help, which is something she's adamant she won't do."You can't be a great mum and work the whole time necessarily; those two things aren't ideal," Emma said in her interview with Good Housekeeping magazine."We have an awful lot to work on and to debate about in relation to our working lives, because it isn't working for a lot of people, particularly for a lot of women."The only way you can have it all is by delegating all the running of the home to other people - which I don't ever want to do... So you do it yourself, and it takes time and energy and effort. And if you give it the time, it's profoundly enjoyable."Emma is mum to 10-year-old Gaia and adopted mum to 23-year-old Tindyebwa Agaba. She and husband Greg Wise, also an actor, take turns to work, so one of them is always with their daughter. By Matt Fricker 0 Comments Share Like this article? Showing of Uh-oh! You need to be logged in to do this... Sign In Sign Up Load more posts Write a comment


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Jessica Lowndes quotes and sayings
I'd love to collaborate with Drake. I think he's awesome.
Jessica Lowndes quotes
- I love pampering myself, so going for a massage or getting a mani-pedi makes me feel instantly better. When my nails are done I feel so much better - it's the little things that make me so happy, and you literally feel polished.
- Heartbreak has definitely been a big inspiration for me. You can write about a bad situation and just feel so much better afterwards. For me it's very therapeutic. But love in general - even when it's good - is always very inspiring.
- I can't get enough of London! I love all the picnic benches, the old-school phone booths and parks in the middle of the city.
- I live a healthy lifestyle and I crave healthy food. I love porridge - I have bizarre cravings for it. I love it with brown sugar and bananas, and I'm a huge fan of cinnamon - I put cinnamon on everything. I also have a sweet tooth and I don't like to deprive myself. I think everything in moderation is the key.
- I like guys who are honest and funny. Looks come and go; I want to be 65 years old and laughing with my husband.
- My mom is my best friend in the entire world. She is so cool and so inspiring. I've always been able to be open with her and talk to her as a friend.
- There's just so many things I wanna do. At the end of the day, I wanna be happy.
- I hate when people have food in their mouths and they don't swallow before they talk. Like, they store it in their cheek when they talk to you. It drives me nuts.
- I definitely love the smoky eye, and when I do that, I like to do a nude lip so it draws attention to your eyes.
- I got an agent when I was 16 up in Vancouver, Canada.


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Walpole Woodworkers
Walpole is the only fence company that controls the entire woodworking process from forest to finish. This means that we personally take charge of every aspect of the work, from the careful selection of the lumber, to the milling, crafting, design and ins
From family friendly trips with kid friendly activities to local plumbers lawyers, spas, and contractors. Judy's Book has millions of listings and reviews for the best and not so great. Whether you're looking for a specific business or just trying to discover great places we make it easy. We're a family oriented site focusing on bringing trusted reviews and recommendations to moms and others. Green and Sustainable places are becoming more relevant to Judy's Book users, have a favorite place? Write a review and tell users why it's Green!


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Today we will have a look at how we can include vegetation in our playspaces to enhance play and learning as a part of our series on how to create an irresistible play space for children.
We are vegetationally challenged at preschool. This was us, three years ago just before we moved in:
Just one big blank slate of grass. The task ahead is to add plantings to break up the space into natural play areas; to add shade; to create intimate spaces and to extend our edible garden.
My green-thumb director takes individual children into the neighbouring bushland to search for seedlings to transplant into our own garden. The kids even get to name their own trees! We also take small groups of children to local nurseries to pick out seedlings and herbs to nurture.
So lets go and have a look at what we can do in our own backyards and play spaces to make them irresistible places for children to play:
By adding trees to a play space you can improve the aesthetics, provide shade; clean the air; create natural screens; add character; give children a place to climb; to swing from; to create cubbies and can also spark children's imagination and creativity.
This preschool has worked around existing trees in the environment to make them an amazing feature:
With shrubs or mid level plants you can create natural barriers, hiding spaces, wind breaks or a dense backdrop for secluded play. Hide toy animals in foliage or thow over some sheets to make a cubby.
In The Outdoor Playspace Naturally, Sue Elliot has some great tips on planting for play value. She recommends you consider the 'playability' of plants, and include those that are:
- fast growing
- easy to maintain
- resilient
- native species
- appeal to the senses
- uncomfortable to the touch
- poisonous
- irritate the skin
Edible Gardens
Secret Places, Wild Spaces
Children love exploring nooks and crannies. Child sized spaces offer privacy or a place to pause in the great outdoors.
Look at what you can do with brush screening and plantings:
You can plant sunflowers to form a cubby or enclosure (You might like to read How to build a sunflower house).
This inspiring play space in Melbourne has incorporated a magical Hush Garden, where children can get away from the main group:
And a Garden Teepee is surprisingly easy to create using plantings of passionfruit vines or climbing beans.
Wild spaces just scream discovery and adventure and ignite the imagination:
A sensory garden is suitable for any sized preschool play space or backyard:
If the only way is up, vines such as flowering passionfruits are ideal:
If you would like some ideas on what to plant in a sensory garden, this seems like a comprehensive resource: School Playground Designers.
Small spaces
Don't let size stop you! Look at this nifty idea:
If you enjoyed this post, you might also enjoy:
Read the Full Series
This post is a part of a series on how to create irresistible outdoor playspaces for children. You can start reading this series here. I hope you enjoy it and feel free to share ideas that have inspired or worked for you in the comments section.
Tomorrow: Just add animals, insects and creatures.


text: It's that time of the year again… Girl Scout Cookie season!! And so, in celebration, I'm posting two recipes I'd LOVE for someone to try out and let me know how they go. Sadly I am not in a place to really bake right now but when I'm back in a kitchen where I can you bet your FB Feeds will be littered with mouth watering test cupcakes!