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Using Ecological Data as a Foundation for Decision-Making in the USA
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1 Limnetica, 25 (3): (2006) c Asociación Española de Limnología, Madrid. Spain. ISSN: Limnetica, 25 (3): xx-xx (2006) Using Ecological Data as a Foundation for Decision-Making in the USA Michael T. Barbour 1,, Susan Holdsworth 2, and Steve Paulsen 3 1 Center for Ecological Sciences. Tetra Tech, Inc Red Run Blvd., Suite 110. Owings Mills, MD USA 2 Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds. US Environmental Protection Agency Pennsylvania Avenue, NW (4503 T). Washington, DC USA 3 Aquatic Monitoring and Assessment Branch. Western Ecology Division, NHEERL, ORD, EPA 200 S.W. 35th St. Corvallis, OR USA 3 Aquatic Corresponding author. ABSTRACT Using Ecological Data as a Foundation for Decision-Making in the USA Decisions that impact the quality of aquatic systems are being made daily throughout the world based on little or no ecological information (Barbouret al., 2004). Monitoring information, based on scientifically and rigorously tested ecological indicators, is integral to water quality management programs for protecting human health, preserving and restoring ecosystem integrity, and sustaining a viable economy. Under the Clean Water Act of the United States, water quality agencies of the states and tribes are required to conduct monitoring and assessment to address the mandates of the law. However, recent critiques of water monitoring programs have claimed that the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) and State water quality agencies cannot make statistically valid inferences about water quality and the condition of the Nation s waters, i.e., whether they are improving, degrading or remaining the same; furthermore, we lack data to support management decisions regarding the Nation s aquatic resources. The National Wadeable Streams Assessment Program (WSA) was established in early 2004 to answer the question of what is the status of the Nation s waters, and to maximize partnerships among U.S. EPA, States and Tribes, and other agencies to establish a framework to address issues at state and local scales. Ecological data in any form require some measure of translation to be useable by the environmental manager, i.e., a hierarchy exists in the translation process from basic biological data in its rawest form through a series of manipulations in the analysis phase to reporting of the results and interpretation. This nationally focused program is a step towards ensuring adequate monitoring data exist in the future to assess water quality and make sound watershed management decisions throughout the USA; actions are taken to protect and restore water quality that maximize benefits and minimize costs; and sound science forms the basis of making informed decisions regarding our aquatic resource. Key words: Communicating science, biological integrity, environmnetal monitoring, Clean Water Act, stream assessment, reference condition, ecoregion, stressor-response, ecological assesment. RESUMEN Utilizando la información ecológica como base para la tarea de decisiones en los Estados Unidos Diariamente se están tomando decisiones que inciden en la calidad de los sistemas acuáticos basadas en escasa o ninguna información ecológica (Barbour et al., 2004). La información obtenida en programas de gestión, basada en indicadores científicos y basados en indicadores ecológicos, se integra en programas de gestión de la calidad del agua para la protección de la salud humana, la preservación o restauración de la integridad de los ecosistemas y el sostenimiento de una economía viable. Por mandato del Acta sobre el Agua Limpia de los Estados Unido, se han creado agencias a nivel de Estados o regiones para realizar programas de estudio y gestión para cumplir el mandato de la ley. No obstante, recientemente han surgido críticas a los programas de gestión señalando que la Agencia de Protección Ambiental de los Estados Unidos (U.S. EPA) y las agencias de calidad del agua estatales no pueden realizar inferencias estadísticamente válidas acerca de la calidad del agua y de la situación de las aguas de la nación, p. e. si estan mejorando, degradando o permanecen igual. Además, no tenemos datos para apoyar las decisiones de gestión en relación con los recursos acuáticos nacionales. El Programa de Estudio de los Ríos Vadeables (WSA) se estableció en 2004 para responder a la pregunta de cual es la situación de las aguas de la nación, y para maximizar la colaboración entre U.S. EPA, y las agencias estatales, locales y similares para realizar un marco de trabajo que permita establecer los objetivos a escalas estatal y local. La información ecológica de cualquier tipo
2 614 Barbour et al. requiere algunas medidas de traducción para que sea utilizable por los gestores ambientales, p. e. existe una jerarquía en el proceso de traslación desde datos biológicos básicos, en su forma poco elaborada, hasta una serie de manipulaciones en la fase de análisis para los informes de resultados y su interpretación. Este programa enfocado a nivel nacional es un paso para asegurar que existen datos adecuados de gestión a través de todo el país. Se están realizando actuaciones para proteger y mejorar la calidad del agua que maximice los beneficios y minimice los costes a la vez que establezcan las bases científicas para tomar decisiones teniendo en cuenta nuestros recursos acuáticos. Palabras clave: Transmisión del conocimiento científico, integridad biológica, gestión ambiental, Acta sobre el Agua Limpia, información sobre los ríos, ecoregión, factor estresante-tipo de respuesta, estudio ecológico. INTRODUCTION The 21 st century will witness greater attention to water resource restoration, protection, and management. As the global demand for adequate supplies of clean water has escalated, so have concerns about public health and environmental quality (Barbour et al., 2004). There is evidence the increased demands have taken a toll on aquatic ecosystems. Ecological information obtained in the latter half of the 20 th century has uncovered a serious decline in aquatic ecosystem health (Karr, 1995; Master et al., 1998). Decisions that impact the quality of aquatic systems are being made daily throughout the world based on little or no ecological information (Barbour et al., 2004). Monitoring information, based on scientifically and rigorously tested ecological indicators, is integral to water quality management programs for protecting human health, preserving and restoring ecosystem integrity, and sustaining a viable economy. In the United States of America (USA), the Clean Water Act (CWA) of 1972 serves as the regulatory impetus for the restoration and maintenance of physical, chemical, and biological integrity (Fig. 1) as the long-term goal of environmental protection for aquatic resources (Adler, 1995). The sum of these three aspects constitutes the concept of ecological integrity, which is inherent in the water laws of most countries (Barbour et al., 2000). Under the CWA, the states are required to conduct monitoring and assessment to address the mandates of the law. In addition, First Nations, or Native American tribal authorities, have similar jurisdictional requirements as the states (Barbour & Gerritsen, 2006). Therefore, a multitude of water resource agencies exist in the USA to accomplish the stipulated regulations. Recent critiques of water monitoring Figure 1. The Ecological Integrity goal of the US Clean Water Act where Ecological Integrity is a culmination of Biological, Physical, and Chemical Integrity. La consecución de la Integridad Ecológica de la Acta sobre Aguas Limpias de los US es la culminación de la integridad biológica, física y química. programs have claimed that the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) and State water quality agencies cannot make statistically valid inferences about water quality and the condition of the Nation s waters, i.e., whether they are improving, degrading or remaining the same; furthermore, we lack data to support management decisions regarding the
3 Using Ecological Data as a Foundation for Decision-Making in the USA 615 Figure 2. Map of the continental United States, showing ecoregions (a) and jurisdictional boundaries of U.S. EPA regions (b). Mapa de la parte continental del los Estados Unidos mostrando las ecoregiones (a) y las fronteras jurisdiccionales de las regions U.S. EPA. Nation s aquatic resources. These critiques have stemmed from reviews of the U.S. General Accounting Office (2000), thenationalresearch Council (2001), the Heinz Center Report (2002), and most recently, the draft Report on the Environment (EPA, 2003). The primary reasons for this inability to produce adequate reporting of ecological condition are (1) the monitoring
4 616 Barbour et al. designs used by water quality agencies target specific problems or waterbodies, which cannot be aggregated to accurately describe conditions across the country, and (2) the question of comparability among the agencies of the data gathering tools, which, to date, have precluded aggregating data and/or assessments for regional and national scales. THE NATIONAL WADEABLE STREAMS ASSESSMENT PROGRAM The diverse geomorphologic land-forms and climatological regions of the USA underscore the importance of regional specificity in faunal distributions and composition (Barbour & Yoder, 2000). However, the basic premise of a bioassessment approach remains similar across the country. Therefore, a versatile method for sampling, and data interpretation, is needed that will provide some consistency in otherwise disparate areas of rainfall, temperature, and geology (Barbour & Gerritsen, 2006). The National Wadeable Streams Assessment Program (WSA) was established in early 2004 to answer the question posed by the U.S. Congress, that is, what is the status of the Nation s waters. A secondary issue, and perhaps the most important for long-term sustainability, is for the WSA to maximize partnerships among U.S. EPA, States and Tribes, and other agencies by using the best combination of monitoring tools and strategies to answer key environmental questions at national, and regional scales, and to establish a framework to address issues at state and local scales. U.S. EPA s strategy for effectively targeting water quality actions that maximizes benefits and saves costs focuses on four key aspects, i.e., strengthen State programs, promote partnerships, use multiple monitoring tools, and expand accessibility and use of data. The basic framework of WSA builds upon previous large-scale programs, such as the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment program (EMAP) of the U.S. EPA, and uses existing state agency expertise and knowledge of aquatic resources. Randomly generated sampling locations stratified by ecoregion (Level II; see Omernik 1987) and U.S. EPA region (Figs. 2a and b) enables reporting at regional scales. Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) and a strict Quality Assurance Program is used to ensure the highest data integrity for the assessment. The data collection from 600 stream sites in the western USA (U.S. EPA Regions 8-10) over a four year period ( ) complements the sampling of 500 stream sites in 2004 throughout USEPA Regions 1-7 (Fig. 2b). A report to the U.S. Congress is scheduled for December SAMPLING SURVEY DESIGN OF THE WSA The choice of a particular monitoring survey design should be based on the monitoring objectives and ultimate decision process incumbent upon the outcome of the study. Any welldesigned monitoring and assessment program is inherently anticipatory in that it will provide information for present needs and those not yet determined (Yoder & Rankin, 1995). The fundamental challenge, given our inability to sample every lake and stream in the country, is how to select a subset of sites that can be used to infer conditions for all aquatic systems (Hughes et al., 2000). To obtain unbiased estimates of condition, the agencies now often use probability sample surveys. Sites or streams are selected using stratified random techniques such that the collection of sample sites is representative of the resource population of interest. Thus, one can make inferences from the survey results to the entire population. In the USA, streams are identified by resource type, i.e., intermittent, perennial, etc., and further stratified by size to obtain a framework for randomizing the streams to be sampled in the resource population of interest. This design is cost effective in that the entire resource does not have to be sampled only a representative set of streams. This sampling design was developed by EMAP and has been used to assess the ecological status of waters on different scales of basin, statewide, regional, and national levels (Paulsen & Linthurst, 1994; Hughes et al., 2000).
5 Using Ecological Data as a Foundation for Decision-Making in the USA 617 Descriptive Statistics Interpreted Statistics Figure 3. Data analysis process from descriptive statistics to interpretation. Proceso de análisis de datos desde la descripción estadística hasta la interpretación. Answering two basic questions is the goal of the WSA: (1) What percentage of the nation s wadeable streams resource is in good condition? And, (2) What is the relative importance of stressors as evaluated in the WSA? For addressing the first question, information from the stream biota, i.e., the macroinvertebrate assemblage for the WSA, forms the basis of the assessment. The endpoint is based on our knowledge of reference conditions that serve as the basis for deriving relevant thresholds for making condition assessments (Fig. 3). The second question requires that we have information on the key stressors derived from chemical, physical, biological and watershed data, that might be affecting the overall ecological condition of the water resource in various parts of the USA. The estimate of the extent of stressors throughout the water resource along with the relationship between the stressors and biological indicators provide some sense of the cause of degraded waters (Fig. 4). ESTABLISHING REFERENCE CONDITIONS AS BENCHMARKS FOR THE WSA In the USA, we stress the importance of establishing strict criteria on the physical characteristics of catchments and streams to serve as reference sites (Barbour & Gerritsen, 2006). Many individual nations, and the European Union as a whole, have codified the concept of reference condition in legislation aimed at protecting and improving the ecological condition of running waters (Stoddard et al., 2006). However, the selection of reference criteria is often a mixture of data analysis and professional judgment. Reference sites ought to be derived from streams that represent minimally disturbed conditions in each region (Bailey et al., 2004). For the WSA, short-term objectives were established to quickly characterize the background biological expectations of the various regions by using a combination of sampling a select few reference streams provided by the states, use of existing state biological data from
6 618 Barbour et al. Figure 4. Example of inferences that will be drawn from the probability sampling to answer the basic questions of the WSA. Ejemplo de inferencia que puede se dibujado desde el muestreo probabilístico hasta responder preguntas básicas de la WSA. their ecoregions, and consensus-based decisions regarding appropriate indicators and endpoints. The short-term process to establish reference conditions for the WSA is based on the use of reference sites across the country and entails the following: Use a combination of sampling (this field season) at targeted reference sites that are derived from state data, analysis of existing state data where appropriate, and consensusbased decisions of expected values of selected endpoints (also derived from state databases and expert knowledge). Select approximately 10 best reference sites to be sampled this year for each ecoregion (Level II), based on recommendations obtained from state databases. Selection of sites within an ecoregion will also consider some stratification by certain characteristics, such as elevation, catchment size, etc., where possible. Convene a technical expert workgroup to develop a consensus-based framework for background from existing state and federal programs. Use results from the subset of reference sites sampled this year in combination with other appropriate data and information to aid in establishing supportable benchmarks for the assessment. Results from sampling the small subset of 10 sites/ecoregion with the same methods will enable our developing a notion of range and variability within a small subset of least disturbed sites, and assist in identifying other candidate reference sites from within the random sample survey. This population of reference sites is considered to be minimal and insufficient for full calibration of indicators, but is intended for approximations of benchmarks for endpoints, given the coarse reporting unit of Ecoregion Level II. To supplement this information, we used existing state and federal data, where possible, to help develop a framework for expectations of ecological conditions. The Technical Expert Workgroup will meet on several occasions to discuss the best approach to develop a framework for assessment. Part of the discussions was devoted to indicators and endpoints that will form the basis of the assessment for the final report. COMMUNICATING THE SCIENCE FOR DECISION-MAKING To answer the questions set forth for the WSA, reporting or communicating the results and recommendations is the underpinnings of the entire study. Effective communication of assessment re-
7 Using Ecological Data as a Foundation for Decision-Making in the USA 619 Land Use Source(s) Biological Response Figure 5. Conceptual relationship of human activities or land use, stressors, and response indicators (D. Allan, personal communication). Relaciones conceptuales de las actividades humanas o uso del suelo, factores perturbadores y indicadores de la respuesta de dichos efectos (D. Allan, comunicación personal). Figure 6. Hierarchy of data manipulation and translation from basic biological data to making informed decisions. Jerarquía del procesado de los datos y su transferencia desde datos biológicos básicos hasta la toma de decisiones teniendo en cuenta dicha información. sults is critical to making scientifically sound and socially meaningful decisions (Preston et al., 2004). The model for translating the scientific findings into useable information for decision-makers relates objectives, measurable attributes (indicators), and testable hypotheses that help answer the assessment s questions (Stevenson et al., 2004). Three fundamental categories of variables should be communicated to environmental managers: response, stressor, and human activity variables (Fig. 5). Response variables are measures or indicators of the valued ecological attributes that are directly related to management goals, program objectives, and ecosystem services (Stevenson et al., 2004). Response variables are similar in concept to assessment endpoints as defined by Suter (1990). Stressors are the physical, chemical, and biological factors that affect responses. Human activity variables describe the spatial and temporal extent of human activities in a watershed, as well as their intensity (Stevenson et al., 2004). Stevenson et al. (2004) point out that the response, stressor, and human activity categories of variables are fundamental because of their roles in managing ecosystems. Human activities produce the contaminants and habitat alterations (stressors) that affect valued attributes. Decision-making by environmental managers is to control stressors, which is necessary to restore or protect valued attributes. Understanding stressor-response and stressorhuman activity relationships enable management
8 620 Barbour et al. Ridge margin of error 12% margin of error 5% Valley margin of error 8% North-Central Appalachians margin of error 11% Western Appalachians margin of error 12% Pledmont margin of error 13% Good Marginal Poor Insufficient data Coastal Plain margin of error 22% Figure 7. Example of a graphical display illustrating how ecological results will be summarized and communicated in the WSA report. Ejemplo de presentación gráfica ilustrando como los resultados ecológicos pueden ser resumidos y comunicados en un informe WSA. of human activities to restore and protect ecosystems. Most decisions are binary: a resource, or portion thereof, is in good condition or not; a site has exceeded criteria or not; a site has been degraded or not (Barbour & Gerritsen, 2006). In some cases, a decision requires classifying a site or waterbody into one of several categories, such as exceptional, good, limited resource waters, etc. (e.g. Yoder & Rankin, 1995). However, ecological data in any form requires some measure of translation to be useable by the environmental manager. There is essentially a hierarchy in the translation process that the scientist must use to move from basic biological data in its rawest form through a series of manipulations in the analysis phase. This process articulates, through bioassessment currency that has been calibrated for the water resource, a foundation for making decisions relevant to the ecological status or restoration (Fig. 6). In the WSA reporting, graphical displays are used to illustrate the condition of the resource by ecoregion and USEPA region (Fig. 7). Without a powerful communication format, we will fall short of our goals. FUTURE DIRECTIONS OF ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT IN THE USA The purpose of this paper was to convey how ecological assessment was progressing in the USA and how we are formulating an approach to adequately describe the condition of the Nation s water resources. A nationally-focused program, called the Wadeable Streams Assessment, is the center of a major collaborative effort among a multitude of State and Federal agencies to obtain the answers to critical questions such as the condition of our aquatic resource and the relative composition of stressors affecting that resource. From this effort, a framework exists for future directions to encompass the following: We have adequate monitoring data to assess water quality and make sound watershed management decisions throughout the USA.
9 Using Ecological Data as a Foundation for Decision-Making in the USA 621 Actions are taken to protect and restore water quality that maximize benefits and minimize costs. Sound science forms the basis of making informed decisions regarding our aquatic resource. REFERENCES ADLER, R. W Filling the gaps in water quality standards: Legal perspectives on biocriteria. In: Biological assessment and criteria: tools for water resource planning and decision making. W. S. Davis and P. P. Simon (eds.): Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida. BAILEY, R. C., R. H. NORRIS & T. B. REYNOLD- SON Bioassessment of Freshwater Ecosystems: Using the Reference Condition Approach. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, Massachusetts. 170 pp. BARBOUR, M. T. & J. GERRITSEN Key features of bioassessment development in the United States of America. In: Biological Monitoring of Rivers: Applications and Perspectives. G. Ziglio, M. Siligardi, and G. Flaim (eds.): John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Chisester, England. BARBOUR, M. T., S. B. NORTON, K. W. THORN- TON & H. R. PRESTON Laying the foundation for effective ecological assessments. In: Ecological assessment of aquatic resources: linking science to decision-making. M. T. Barbour, S. B. Norton, K. W. Thornton and H. R. Preston (eds.) 1: Pensacola, Florida. USA. BARBOUR, M. T., W. F. SWIETLIK, S. K. JACK- SON, D. L. COURTEMANCH, S. P. DAVIES & C. O. YODER Measuring the attainment of biological integrity in the USA: A critical element of ecological integrity. Hydrobiologia, 422/423: BARBOUR, M. T. & C. O. YODER The multimetric approach to bioassessment, as used in the United States. In: Assessing the biological quality of freshwaters: RIVPACS and other techniques. J. F. Wright, D. W. Sutcliffe, and M. T. Furse (eds.): Freshwater Biological Association, Ambleside, UK. THE H. JOHN HEINZ III CENTER FOR SCIENCE, ECONOMICS, AND THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION The state of the nation s ecosystems: measuring the lands, waters, and living resources of the United States. The Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. U.K. 270 pp. KARR, J. R Protecting aquatic ecosystems: clean water is not enough. In: Biological assessment and criteria: Tools for water resource planning and decision making. W. S. Davis and T. P. Simon (eds.): Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida. HUGHES, R. M., S. G. PAULSEN & J. L. STOD- DARD EMAP-surface waters: a multiassemblage, probability survey of ecological integrity in the U.S.A. Hydrobiologia, 422/423: MASTER, L The imperiled status of North American aquatic animals. Biodiversity Network News (Nature Conservancy) 3:1-2, 7-8. NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL Assessing the TMDL Approach to Water Quality Management. Committee to Assess the Scientific Basis of the Total Maximum Daily Load Approach to Water Pollution Reduction. Water Science and Technology Board. Division on Earth and Life Studies. National Research Council. National Academy Press. Washington, D.C. 109 pp. OMERNIK, J. M Ecoregions of the Conterminous United States. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 77(1): PAULSEN, S. G. & R. A. LINTHURST Biological monitoring in the environmental monitoring and assessment program. In: Biological Monitoring of Aquatic Systems. S. L. Loeb and A. Spacie (eds.): Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida. PRESTON, R., J. CULP, T. DEMOSS, R. FRY- DENBORG, E. KENAGA, C. PITTINGER & N. SCHOFIELD Translating Ecological Science. In: Ecological assessment of aquatic resources: linking science to decision-making. M. T. Barbour, S. B. Norton, K. W. Thornton, and H. R. Preston (eds.): Pensacola, Florida. USA. 248 pp. STEVENSON, R. J., R. C. BAILEY, M. HARRASS, C. P. HAWKINS, J. ALBA-TERCEDOR, C. COUCH, S. DYER, F. FULK, J. HARRINGTON, C. HUNSAKER & R. JOHNSON Designing Data Collection for Ecological Assessments. In: Ecological assessment of aquatic resources: linking science to decision-making. M. T. Barbour,
10 622 Barbour et al. S. B. Norton, K. W. Thornton & H. R. Preston (eds.): Pensacola, Florida. USA. 248 pp. STODDARD, J. L., D. P. LARSEN, C. P. HAW- KINS, R. K. JOHNSON & R. H. NORRIS Setting expectations for the ecological condition of running waters: the concept of reference condition. Ecological Applications, 16(4): SUTER II G. W Endpoints for regional ecological risk assessments. Environ. Manag. 14: U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGEN- CY Draft Report on the Environment U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, D.C. U. S. GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFFICE Water Quality: Key EPA and State Decisions Limited by Inconsistent and Incomplete Data. GAO/RCED General Accounting Office. Washington, D.C. 57 pp. plus appendices. YODER, C. O. & E. T. RANKIN Biological criteria program development and implementation in Ohio. In: Biological assessment and criteria: tools for water resource planning and decision making. W. S. Davis and T. P. Simon (eds.): Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida.
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Flower Bridge Small Emerald
Available in a variety of different colors, the round Flower Bridge planters can be mixed and matched to add brilliant bursts of color to your balcony picket fence chain-link fence or old-fashioned rod-iron railing. The planters include spacers which are used to hang the planters straight and prevent the pot from moving around. It's never been easier to give your space a little green. Or red yellow blue purple...."
Polyethylene. Wipe clean. Fits standard railings up to 2.75" wide. Planters will not fit on deck railings. Overflow outlets at the bottom of the planter allow a 1.5" space to act as a reservoir. Made in Holland.Country of Origin: NL
Material: Polyethylene
Care: Wipe clean.
Customer Reviews
- Reviews

subset: commoncrawl


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The stage is set to host a confluence of exciting business opportunities, world-class technologies and enthusiastic participants from across the globe, to converge on a single platform. These four days of the 9th IndiaMART AMTEX 2014 Exhibition from 25th to 28th July 2014 will undoubtedly be a gateway to the world of opportunities. Adding edge to the advantage, the potential that Delhi & NCR region presents is sure to take the prospects of the region Northwards. Let's get geared for growth!
About Organisers
"Triune Exhibitors Pvt. Ltd., is a professionally managed company with over a decade of experience & expertise in organizing International Trade Fairs in India. Masterminded by core team of experts, the group has emerged as a leading name for development of International Trade Fairs in India.
Triune's growth record is impressive. The year 2013 closed with a record 34 International Exhibitions as Organisers. Triune has a legacy of organizing mega events like AMTEX (Asian Machine Tools), PLASTASIA (Plastics and Allied Products), ELASIA (Power, Electrical & Industrial Electronics). Triune has also institutionalized International Trade Fairs like Printing & Packtech, Food & Bakerytech, Agri & Floratech, Autoshow, Automationasia, India Connect , Chemical & Rubber.
Triune's rapport with leading Trade and Industry Associations, Chambers and International Trade Fair organizers enable them to cater to the National and International business fraternity by organizing World Class Trade Fairs.
Triune's events are at the forefront of their fields, combining market expertise and professionalism with dynamism and creativity, to deliver real business benefits for all participants. A strong network and excellent relationship with Government Bodies and Trade Associations add to the growing success of Triune in industry sector.
1.Lathes & CNCs
2.Machining Centres
3.Electric Discharge Machines
4.Hydraulic, Mechanical & Pneumatic Presses
5.Shearing and Bending Machines
6.Metal Forming Machine Tools
Visitor's Profile:
AMTEX exhibition holds tremendous significance for all levels in manufacturing organizations – be it CEO's & entrepreneurs, senior executives, corporate planners & strategists, manufacturing managers & executives, shop-floor engineers & technicians, agents & dealers, spanning industries such as:
2.Automobiles & Auto Components
3.Capital Goods
5.Earth Moving Equipments
6.Electrical & Electronics
7.Infrastructure Sector
8.Material Handling
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sunday, day 334
i'm working on more projects, the results of which you'll see later in the week!!
monday, day 335
ace decided to keep watch from colbys light chain today. :-)
tuesday, day 336
tonight after dinner we went to look at christmas lights. theres a neighborhood of gorgeous homes near us with several cul-de-sacs in a row, and most of them are decorated beautifully. this one had its lights set to music. we sat there for 20 minutes and watched the whole show.
wednesday, day 337
i scavenged pinecones from my inlaws' yard in houston last week and spray painted them orange and teal. the orange doesnt pop as much as i'd like, but i still like them.
thursday, day 338
every year my friends lauren and april and i exchange gifts. april (whos an art teacher) has always been, well, artsy. lauren and i just jumped on the crafty artsy bandwagon a couple years ago, and so its kind of become "the thing" to make something for each other. i got this idea off pinterest. they're earring holders; you just hook them thru the burlap. i dont have pierced ears, though, so when i get around to making one for myself, it will be art on the mantle.
friday, day 339
saturday, day 340
this week we have a 2 christmas parties, then we're going to my inlaws to celebrate with them for a couple days. will you be traveling or staying put this year?


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The team defeated Yorrack the Strong, taking him prisoner, along with one of his henchmen spellcasters and a bandit man-st-arms. They also met a 'being' with a slug tail instead of legs and an extra set of arms. This being sounded intelligent and tried to verbally pass itself off as a demon from the abyss. Torvold the Other expressed immediate doubts about this claim. After a bried discussion with this so-called demon he laid the entire plot for the horrific mutations at Yorrack's feat, claiming the Bandit chief was responsible for everything. Then he escaped through a secret door, covering his retreat with a batch of Chaos Glorp, constructed of the remains of humans who appear to have been in the final stages of Troll Blood Fever.
A few moments of questioning Yorrack (who the 'demon' did not appear to know had been taken alive btw…), showed a different tale. According to Yorrack, the 'being' was once a human wizard named Caleus Wetiqor. It was Caleus' idea for the raids. He needed money and supplies for his experiements. It was also Caleus that performed the experiments – trying to perfect the process to turn himself into the 'demon' he has become. He completed the process on himself over a month ago and since then Yorrack and his men have been in fear of him. It was Caleus that was the real leader of everything…..
Caleus, to cover his escape even further, left a note for the team to find, which said the Troll Blood Fever was caused by mixing the two fungui used to create light in the caves and breathing in the fumes they give off. Yorack and his men (both living and dead) have contracted the fever. According to them, Caleus was giving them an antidote. They have a little on them and Kane can tell it's different from the cure Torquin had in his notes. Someone made it without using Troll Blood as its base product, so it's more of a blocker than a cure. Anyone taking it will cease the advance of the disease, but it will not cure it.
So the team has a few things to work out:
1. Caleus has gotten away. Whether he is a demon or not – Is the team going to find him?
2. The Otyughs are (hopefully) still in Torquin's cave system. Eventually they are going to get hungry and leave the caves in search of food…. and there is a great deal of sheep, shepherds, farms, and farmers in the surrounding countryside.
3. The team still does not know how the bandits (Caleus or Yorrack) were getting tips on the caravans from Bellingthorne of the Township of The Weeping River. Finding this out will take a visit to one of maybe both of these places to investigate. Granted, it's not as important now, but a bandit intelligence network only needs a bandit crew to be back in business……
4. If Caleus was responsible for the fever and the mutation constructs, he must have needed a lab or ritual chamber. The team has not found anything like that. Questioning Yorrak and his men cast no light on the whereabouts. They never saw him perform whatever rituals created the terrors. So where is the lab?
5. The Town of Bellinthorne, the Salt Mine Caves, and the Outpost are all growing in population… and in refuse and waste products. The team knows where a Gelatinous Cube is living in the moors to the west. Gelatinous Cubes can be handy… and multiply by being divided and then fed so they grow…
6. The Outpost is out of Troll Blood, and now that the team knows the cause of the fever and can stop it, there are still people who have contracted the disease and may die from it if not cured.
So there are six different options the team can take, and I have preparations for all of them. However we're only playing for one more night so there's no expectation to get them all done. Is there any particular item or interest you guys have for what you'd like to close out or leave behind? What's the legacy the Thorne Guard wants to leave behind for this adventure?
Oh… and are you going to get Tprvold any slaves?


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The alarm sounded, and the first reaction of the staff at Avalon Nursing and Rehabilitative Center on Stokes Street was there was a fire. With 32 patients in the facility, they rushed to investigate. But they didn't find flame or smoke. Rather, water was streaming from the ceiling, and soon paneling started coming down.
At the same time Saturday afternoon the alarm was triggered at the Fire Department. Apparatus from more than one station was dispatched.
Patients in their beds and wheelchairs were wheeled through a couple of inches of water to the dry wing of the building. Meanwhile, another crew quickly tracked the problem to a burst water pipe on the third floor near a window that was a crack open.
For a moment it looked like a daunting situation. Would the water have to be shut down, might electrical systems have been compromised; would there be heat; might the patients have to be relocated?
But the situation was quickly under control. Water was restored. The heat and power weren't lost. And while the cascade made for a mess and adjustments in dinner as the kitchen was affected, it wasn't any more serious than that.
"Now it's the cleanup," said Avalon owner David Kowalik on Sunday morning.
The episode was the most notable during a string of harsh winter days starting Thursday as winds gusting to 60 MPH at Conimicut Point dumped more than 14 inches of snow on the city. The second punch were temperatures falling below zero over the weekend.
The third punch, Warwick Fire Chief and emergency management officer James McLaughlin feared Sunday, could be this week when temperatures climb above freezing.
"When it gets warmer you're going to get water main breaks," McLaughlin predicted. He was right.
Students at Toll Gate High School got an unexpected Monday off shortly after arriving to school when a pipe burst near the auditorium around 7:15 a.m. Administrative secretary Catherine Bonang said that water had flowed into the auditorium and band rooms.
As a result, tonight's originally scheduled school committee meeting has been moved to Warwick Veterans Junior High School for Wednesday night instead. Bonang said that school would be reopened tomorrow on schedule and that she will be sending a waiver request to RIDE so that Toll Gate students don't have to make the day up prior to leaving for summer vacation.
Elsewhere on Monday, City Hall suffered a burst pipe, which resulted in significant water damage occurring in multiple offices and departments. As a result of the damage, the Building Department, City Council Office, Community Development, MIS Department, Personnel Department, Planning Department and the Tax Assessor's Office will all be moved temporarily into John Greene Elementary School located at 69 Draper Ave.
"Crews are currently onsite setting up the temporary facility," a release reads. "Constituents are advised that certain departments may have limited availabilities during this time. Full capabilities are projected for the start of business Wednesday morning."
The release indicated that there is not yet a timeline on when the City Hall Annex building, which was also damaged, will be reopened, as "damages are still in the assessment process."
Overall, McLaughlin said there were no major incidents attributable to the spate of winter weather. Under mutual aid and a mayday call from a trapped firefighter, Warwick firefighters responded to a fire that destroyed three Providence apartment buildings early Saturday morning. McLaughlin called the fire treacherous and, given the circumstances, thought there was the potential for more serious injury and loss of life. Nine were injured, including the firefighter who while searching for people was trapped when a roof collapsed.
The department rescued a swan offshore from Arnold's Neck whose wing was frozen to the ice. McLaughlin said the crew used a sled, equipment used by the dive team for ice rescues, to reach and then free the bird.
McLaughlin termed the storm and penetrating freeze that followed as "very, very quiet" in terms of fire department calls.
By and large, he said, people stayed off the road Thursday enabling plow crews to open up roads. High winds made the work all the more challenging as drifting snow filled in roadways that had been cleared.
Ward 5 Councilman Ed Ladouceur cited that problem in several locations on Warwick Neck. He found constituents understanding of conditions and said the Department of Public Works did a "good job." He thought the on-road parking ban was followed, allowing plow crews to do their job.
DPW Director Richard Crenca called the drifting snow a "constant battle" on Friday, especially on Kirby Avenue on Warwick Neck and Industrial Drive near the airport. Crenca said 54 city and 18 private plow crews worked the storm.
"They were out there 24 hours straight," he said. "They did a really good job."
This was Crenca's first major storm since taking control of the department and he's discovered on thing already.
"I wish at times the public had a little more patience," he said. "They see a plow early in the storm and think it's not going to come back. My only pet peeve is that I wish they would give us time to finish our jobs."
McLaughlin termed the acquisition of fiberglass red poles used to locate fire hydrants as a good investment. Some hydrants might otherwise be lost in drifts or waves of snow from plows. McLaughlin said the department also took the precaution of hauling its marine #2 boat that is on a trailer and could be launched in the event of an emergency on the bay. He acknowledged launching it could be problematic since boat ramps and marinas are frozen in.
I saw on WPRI that the actual Mayor, Avedisian, whose office was not flooded, moved with his people to Greene Elementary anyway. What a guy! Avedisian 2016!


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Dinamic interference with Arab (man and woman) and English (woman) radiophone locution's.
great !
So unique. A true gem.
omg, thank you for sharing this...
fascinating -- thanks!
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All Items > Music > Dragon's Crown Original Soundtrack
Dragon's Crown Original Soundtrack
|Order Here!
|The soundtrack of "Dragon's Crown" created by Atlas and Vanillaware has appeared!
■The soundtrack of "Dragon's Crown" Preview
It's the majestic fantasy spun by Hitoshi Sakimoto.
Now, the day-to-day adventures that unfold with a powerful world view are being revived with this music!
The original sound track of "Dragon's Crown", the highly popular 2D action fantasy RPG, is finally on sale!
The sound track of "Dragon's Crown" that has created a beautiful and powerful world has finally appeared!
In addition to the entire 56 compositions of Hitoshi Sakimoto, used in this game, we have recorded and arranged as a bonus sound track for your enjoyment, the performance of Yu Kanai, the pianist, renowned for his powerful playing at the 2015 Piano Restaurant with the 4ster orchestra.
The jacket has been created by Vanillaware.
In addition to the countless beautiful illustrations, the booklet which has a many as 12 pages, offers the comments of Mr.Kamitani and Sakimoto of Vanillaware!
It is a gorgeous 3-disc set, a must-have for Dragon Crown fans!
■Tracklist:3-disc set, with the entire 58 compositions.
D1-01 Dragon's Crown
D1-02 Title Theme
D1-03 Ancient Temple Ruins
D1-04 Encounters
D1-05 Dragon's Haven Inn
D1-06 Old Capital
D1-07 The Beginning of the Trial
D1-08 City Street
D1-09 Wallace's Underground Labyrinth
D1-10 A Decision has to be Made
D1-11 Adventurers Guild
D1-12 Bilbaron Subterranean Fortress
D1-13 Fighting Off the Fierce Attacks
D1-14 Castle of the Dead: Catacombs
D1-15 The Quiet Residence
D1-16 Ghost Ship Cove
D1-17 The Threat of Swarms
D1-18 Forgotten Sanctuary
D1-19 Unavoidable Clash
D1-20 Victory
D2-01 World Map
D2-02 Mage's Tower
D2-03 Shadow of the Throne
D2-04 Castle
D2-05 Lost Woods
D2-06 Variant Eyes
D2-07 Canaan Temple
D2-08 Ancient Temple Ruins - Route B
D2-09 Full of Sorrow
D2-10 Wallace's Underground Labyrinth - Route B
D2-11 Appearance of Evil
D2-12 A Moment of Rest
D2-13 Bilbaron Subterranean Fortress - Route B
D2-14 The Fight with Reinforcements
D2-15 Lost Woods - Route B
D2-16 The Labyrinth Hideout
D2-17 Castle of the Dead: Catacombs - Route B
D2-18 Those that Threaten Life
D2-19 Annihilation
D3-01 Colosseum
D3-02 Ghost Ship Cove - Route B
D3-03 Morgan's Magic Item Shop
D3-04 Mage's Tower - Route B
D3-05 Mystery and Sadness
D3-06 Forgotten Sanctuary - Route B
D3-07 Fierce Fight
D3-08 Lucain's Tower
D3-09 Old Capital - Route B
D3-10 Decisive Battle of Roaring Flames
D3-11 Memories to be Told
D3-12 Looking for the Ancient Crown
D3-13 Returning Home
D3-14 The Triumphant Return of the Hero
D3-15 The Normal Ending
D3-16 The Ending Theme
D3-17 The True Complete Ending
D3-18 City Street - Piano Ver.
D3-19 World Map - Piano Ver.
(C)ATLUS (C)SEGA All rights reserved.


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on til Jan 6th
The Sheriff's Mistletoe Law by Nita Wick
The Christmas Angel by Nita Wick
Christmas by Dick Bruna
Evergreen by Richard Taylor
iRejoice by Lawson W Murray
A Highlander for Christmas by Jamie Carie
One December Night by Melissa Tagg - currently FREE for download
and a lovely story! {see pinterest board}
A Mediterranean Christmas by Jean-Michel Hansen
Christmas Kisses by Julie Kavanagh
A Very Holly Christmas by Sheila Roberts
A Cup of Christmas Tea by Tom Hegg
Annnnd.... Next up ?
Variety adds some Christmas reading spice!
Some great children's storytime reading recommendations I found today - perfect for a first Christmas with my grandson at 1 1/2!
Check them out HERE


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Mysterious charges appeared on my paypal account last month. Luckily they were small and I caught them early. One of the postal employees was telling me that her Paypal account was being used by someone to buy $3000 dollar jewelery etc. and that her bank account had gone into overdraft from all the Paypal charges. This led me to wonder if you can remove your bank account from the available 'instant' funding sources Paypal automatically draws from.
and.. You can!
- Login to Paypal
- Click through My Account > Profile > Financial Information > Pay List > Set Available Funding Sources
- Deselect bank accounts and only leave one credit card.
That's it,
The benefit is no hassling with the bank about fraudulent charges.
Sure enough, when I asked the lady at the post office about her passwords, she used the same password on ebay and paypal and it was a combination of her dogs name and another word. Always use some random numbers in your password and use different passwords!


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The presence of Valentino Garavani, founder of the brand that bears his name, created quite the buzz at the Valentino haute couture show Wednesday. Well-wishers made a beeline to his front row seat, beside longtime partner Giancarlo Giacommetti.
Now that Maria Grazia Chiuri and Pierpaolo Piccioli design the line, we asked Valentino's opinion of the label's direction. "I like it very much," he replied. "It is keeping the mood and spell of Valentino and that is very important."
Also on scene were the VVIP fashion pack including editors Anna Wintour of Vogue Magazine, Glenda Bailey of Harper's Bazaar and Carine Roitfeld of CR Fashion Book, formerly of Paris Vogue.
Among others in the audience were siblings Nick and Sophie Simmons, having just arrived from Los Angeles and spending the day attending haute couture shows. "It's been a great day," Sophie said. (Their parents are Gene Simmons of KISS and Shannon Tweed.)


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More and more people have recently celebrated Halloween.It is a day of various evil: dead, vampires and witches.It so happened that on the eve of the holiday people applied makeup.You can choose what will be the make-up for Halloween.
vampire - it's quite common option.You can turn to professionals that in minutes will create a new image.Despite this, many of the fair sex prefer to apply their own makeup.So, in this article you will learn how to make a vampire make-up at home.
First step: preparation of the work area
Before you put makeup on your face, it is necessary to prepare.Wash the skin with your favorite cleanser.Then wipe the face tonic or lotion that you use every day.
Next, apply a thin layer of moisturizer that suits your skin type on.Allow to soak well.Then proceed to the next step.
Second step: applying foundation
Surely everyone knows what should be a vampire.Makeup involves the creation of white people without a blush.To create the foundations you need a conventional pharmace
Mix bulk ingredients in equal proportions, and add a few drops of glycerin.Then use a normal warm water and bring the makeup to a creamy consistency.
thin layer apply the resulting composition to the skin with a brush.You can also use your own fingers.Remember: the thinner the layer is applied, the longer it will last your makeup on Halloween.The vampire will look as natural bases for a uniform distribution in the skin.When the mass is dry, you can proceed to the next step.
Vampire: eye makeup
To highlight the eyes, you'll need dark decorative pencils and shadows.Also it is necessary to keep on hand a red lip liner.
Draw an arrow on the movable century.The lower part of the eye is also necessary to highlight the black.Connect the arrow of the upper and lower part.Then take the dark shadows and cover their upper eyelid.The lower part of the eye is also possible to emphasize the shadows.This will make them more expressive and more gloomy.
Dark Shadows is necessary to underline a silvery color.Also here you can apply the white opaque shade that perfectly be combined with the base and complexion.The inner part of the eye, move the red decorative pencil.This manipulation did look terrible.
How to make the look more realistic vampire?Eye makeup is veiled, if you make up lashes color ink.It can be red, green or white.It all depends on your attire.
Lip Makeup
lips What is the vampire?Make-up should be bright and juicy.The ideal situation would be the red color with black elements and additional lines.Create lip contour using a black pencil.The inner surface of the mouth do the bright red.The corners of his mouth swipe bloody stains and drops.Circle created by drawing with black.
If you plan to consume food or beverages at the festival, it is necessary to make a lasting makeup.The best option is to choose the appropriate lipsticks and pencils.In the absence of such means, use a little trick.
After applying a thin layer of powder makeup cover it.Do this lightly.Try not to smear the paint application.After that, re-apply the color to the desired areas and let the paint dry.
Here and ready to make a vampire.Photos of the completed image, you can see in this article.But something is missing.Of course, this optional accessory.
They can be purchased in specialty stores.To save money, you can show imagination and everything to do with his hands.
Each vampire teeth should be.If you bought a consignment accessory after reading the manual fix it in your mouth.In the case where the props created yourself, you will need regular plastic forks and scissors.Carefully cut the inner teeth at the device and breaks the handle.The resulting item must be inserted between the upper jaw and lips.If a product has a sharp areas, they must be cut off or seal.Otherwise, you may damage the delicate skin in the mouth.
on eyebrows can be pasted red color feathers that will make your image magical.If you do not want to do that, just emphasize hairs black pencil.
Conclusion Now you know how to create a desired image at home.Try to apply the appropriate make-up a few days before the holiday.In this case, you nabete hand and make a perfect make-up vampire for Halloween.
Have a good Halloween!


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The title of this week's show is an ancient Roman saying I first learned in high school. Roughly translated, it means: "Someday we'll look back on this and laugh." Which is pretty much how I felt immediately following WarTron Application Day...
[ Download mp3 - 22 MB ]
00:58 - "Solomonian"
01:49 - So, about the WarTron Game application process...
05:47 - it's kind of a funny story
11:46 - a brief diversion to Carpathia
12:59 - on accepting more than 20 teams
20:36 - cold hard facts
23:47 - The End
Tell us we're wrong on the Internet! E-mail firstname.lastname@example.com or post a comment at snout.org/podcast .
Music: instrumentals from "Code Monkey" and "You Ruined Everything" by Jonathan Coulton
[ Subscribe to SnoutCast / iTunes link ]


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'excellent' for us
To the Editor:
Somehow, a molehill has turned into a mountain. The mountain loomed larger when the (Gaylord Community Schools) Board of Education members asked a question about fees paid for administering grants. The boards should ask questions. However, the mountain is out of proportion to the question asked. Perhaps the lack of questions and understanding in the past is why issues remain today The issue of fees in education has been in existence in the past in our state and in other states.
When federal monies come into a state, the state education departments allot administration fees before any monies reach the districts. Money needs to be managed and programs need to be supervised. There are federal guidelines for this purpose.
When I taught and administered a Title I grant in New Hampshire, I received a teacher's salary and additional fees for writing, supervising, evaluating and meeting with auditors. I was required to work five days both before and after the regular teachers' contracted days to accomplish some of this work. In addition to those 10 days, much of the supervision, meeting with parents and administrators, continual evaluation and documentation and reporting took place on a daily basis over and above my actual teaching. The person who conducted this work previous to me was the director of special education, who also received fees for administration over and above his regular salary, as well as a secretary who received a portion of her salary from Title I funds.


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|Cup of tea for one.
This week has been a week of catch up, sewing wise. Monday was St Patrick's day, and for me that meant a glorious day off work. Yes, even working part time does not take away from the joy of a bank holiday when your husband is at work! The weather wasn't great, St Patrick couldn't decide whether to turn over the stone or not. Not sure what that actually means, something to do with the change in the weather. So Monday was spent reading, the new Agatha Raisin if you are interested, and catching up with my Bee Blessed blocks, having a cup of tea and marks and spencer macaroon and chatting to Ronald, our head. (sorry about the bad photo Ronald, photo of a photo)
|Ronald in his St Patrick's Day hat
February Bee Blessed blocks were a heart set in a white frame. My first one was perfect but the main body of the heart only measured 9.25 in not 9.5 in. That will teach me to put my glasses on. Apart from that it was a perfect heart. Heart numbers 2 and 3 both thankfully looked good too.
March Bee Blessed blocks were Pippi Longstocking, based on the character Little Pippi Longstocking from the books of the same name. Swedish books written in 1969. (isn't google great?) These were to follow along loose guidelines set by Judith, the centre square to be 8.5 in and 2 in squares set around. A sort of free form patchwork I always think. The sort of thing I like, no awkward points and not too many rules. But rules are there for a reason. Pippi mark 1 had a too small dress, or so I thought. Pippi mark 2 was bald, I cut the top of her head off. Pippi mark 3 had her hair growing in the wrong direction. Pippi mark 4 had legs that were wider than her dress. Pippi mark 5 and 6 were just grand but were really recycled earlier Pippi prototypes.
I really enjoyed making these little folks, in fact I had to post then straight away or I would have been tempted to keep them. I have been making Bee Blessed blocks most months from the end of the summer and some I feel have worked better than others. Maybe it is I am getting better, or maybe it is because I am less and less trying to use up old fabrics and I am beginning to build up a very small stash of new fabrics. I think it shows.
I have also made a start on the rugby quilt, I seem to have been banging on about this for ages, but finally I have made a start and completed 5 disappearing 4 patches, and numerous piled up ready to cut and disappear.
|anyone for hopscotch?
Next on the agenda are my spider's web squares for Sarah in the Modern Irish Scrappy Bee. I am looking forward to making these. I have never tried this before and I think it will be fun. I have my grey ash Kona and am ready to go.
Something I had promised I would do this week was make a start on my Whole Lotta Bag for Hazel. I had forgotten to buy some vilene though and it was needed from the word go, so Kilroot it is tomorrow for that and piping cord. ~We have plans to go away and she would like to take her bag with her.
One last finish this week is 3 of the 4 little jumpers for Barnardo's Barney Bear. Barnado's are running a campaign with libraries for knitters to knit a jumper for Barney Bear. These will be sold at a later date and the makers all entered into a raffle for a Kindle fire. The jumper knits up really quickly, or it does if you opt for the vest style rather than the raglan sleeve version. Call into your local library for details and a free pattern if you are interested.
|jumpers for Barney Bear


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We were very lucky to have Maria's grandma come and share the traditions of her Kaw Indian Heritage. She shared the dressing of the tribes at their festivals and showed how they made many things and how much work is put into making the clothing, jewelry, and tools. It was fun to see Maria dress up in her Kaw clothes and then she dressed Owen up in boy clothes and showed the whole class how to dance to the beat of the Indian drums.
We finished up this fun visit with a real Native American Storyteller! Maria's great Aunt shared stories from their tribe and told the students how each story and Native American tale taught a lesson.
It was a really fun and educational time! Thank you ladies for sharing your heritage with us!


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The third annual "Goofy Golf Ball Drop" at Holly Ridge Golf Club will be held at noon Sept. 17.
The third annual "Goofy Golf Ball Drop" at Holly Ridge Golf Club will be held at noon Sept. 17. Up to 3,000 numbered golf balls will be dropped onto Holly Ridge's driving range from a little red helicopter. The owners of the three golf balls that land closest to the pin (without going into the hole) will be awarded cash prizes of up to $5,000 for 1st place, $2,500 for 2nd place, and $500 for 3rd place, with a combined maximum prize of $8,000. All proceeds will benefit the Audible Local Ledger, a registered non-profit 501(c)3 affiliate of the Massachusetts Radio Reading Service. Tickets for golf balls are $10 each or 3 for $20. A purchase of $100 or more qualifies you for a "two-for-one" greens fees coupon redeemable at Holly Ridge Golf Club in Sandwich. For more information or to purchase golf ball tickets, call the Audible Local Ledger at 508-539-2030 or 508-539-6762 or email firstname.lastname@example.com. Golf ball tickets may also be purchased at the Holly Ridge Golf Club in Sandwich, the Cape Cod 5 Cents Savings Bank in Mashpee and Lujean Printing, 4507 Route 28 in Cotuit.