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Factors Determining a Safe Level of Public Debt
- Dale Leonard
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1 Dr. Marek Dabrowski Professor, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow Fellow, CASE Center for Social and Economic Research, Warsaw Factors Determining a Safe Level of Public Debt Acknowledgment: The first version of this paper called Determining the Possible Limit of Public Debt and Acceptable Correlation Between Domestic and Foreign Debt (in Russian language) was prepared by the author in October-November, 2013, as part of the project Evolution of Approaches to the Organization of Government Expenditure Funding: Tax and Debt Policies implemented by the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration. Warsaw Moscow, February-March, 2014.
2 Table of Contents: Table of Contents: 2 List of Tables and Figures: 3 Abstract 4 About the author 5 Introduction 6 1. Definitions of Public Debt GFS and ESA-95 Standards General Government Quasi-Fiscal Operations outside GG From the Cash Principle to the Accrual Method Contingent Liabilities Public Liabilities Not Included in the Definition of Public Debt General Comments Pension Liabilities Liabilities of the Public Healthcare Systems Contingent Liabilities Related to Financial Stability Support Other Contingent Liabilities Absolute and Relative Public Debt Measures Absolute Public Debt Measures Relative Public Debt Measures Sources of Public Debt Financing Domestic and External Sources of Public Debt Financing Benefits and Risks of External and Foreign Currency Borrowing Factors Determining Dynamics of Public Debt-to-GDP Ratio The Level of Public Debt and Default Risk Normative Public Debt Ceilings Conclusions for the Macroeconomic Policy 31 References: 32
3 List of Tables and Figures: Figure 1.1: The Public Sector and Its Main Components 8 Figure 1.2: Liabilities and contingent liabilities in GFS 12 Table 2.1: Implicit pension debt in OECD and EU countries, in % of GDP 13 Figure 2.1: Growth of implicit social liabilities in emerging market economies, % of GDP, Figure 2.2 Costs of resolving banking crises, in % of GDP 16 Table 3.1: Gross and net GG debt to GDP ratio, % 18 Table 3.2: GG gross total debt in EU, % of GDP, Table 3.3: Total gross public debt, in % of total revenue, GG, EU and G8 countries, Figure 4.1: Share of domestic debt in the total public debt, EMDE, %, weighted average 23 Table 4.1: Share of debt denominated/indexed in foreign currency in GG total public debt, selected EMDE, %, Table 6.1: GG gross debt-to-gdp ratio during the public debt crises, in % 27 Figure 7.1: Index of fiscal rules in EU member states,
4 Abstract Since 2008, the world economy has been facing consequences of the global financial crisis. One of them is rapid growth in public debt in most advanced economies, which resulted from an overoptimistic estimate of fiscal situation before the crisis, declining government revenue and increasing social expenditure during the crisis, costs of the banking system restructuring, countercyclical fiscal policies, etc. For this reason, many governments are trying to determine a safe level of fiscal deficit and public debt. However, this is not an easy task. There is no single standard of fiscal safety for all economies. Besides, a globalized economy and irregular business cycle make it difficult to find out in which phase of the cycle a given economy is at the moment, while this is essential to assess fiscal indicators. Historical experience shows that default risk may materialize at different levels of public debt, sometimes seemingly very low. In fact, a safe borrowing level is country-specific and depends on many factors and often unpredictable circumstances. However, given the tense situation in global markets, the safe level of public debt is lower than it used to be a decade ago. Another argument for a cautious approach concerns a highly pro-cyclical nature of such measures as the fiscal deficit to GDP or public debt to GDP ratios. Lessons of the latest crises also indicate importance of more accurate estimation of countries contingent fiscal liabilities, particularly of those relating to the stability in the financial sector. If looking into the future, a correct estimation of other contingent liabilities, particularly those related to social welfare systems (implicit debt of the public pension and health systems) are of primary importance in the context of the ageing society and population decline. These liabilities far exceed official statistics on the public debt in some counties. As a result, such statistics does not present an adequate picture of the nation's public debt and actual fiscal burden that will be imposed on the shoulders of the following generations of taxpayers. Key words: public debt, fiscal deficit, fiscal policy, public finance management, general government, fiscal rules JEL codes: E62, H62, H63, H81
5 About the author Dr. Marek Dabrowski, Professor of Economics, CASE Fellow and its co-founder, Professor of the Higher School of Economics in Moscow, Chairman of the Supervisory Board of CASE Ukraine in Kyiv; Former Chairman of the Supervisory Council and President of CASE ( ), Former First Deputy Minister of Finance ( ), Member of Parliament ( ) and Member of the Monetary Policy Council of the National Bank of Poland ( ); Since the end of 1980s he has been involved in policy advising and policy research in more than 20 countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the former USSR, the Middle East and North Africa, as well as in a number of international research projects related to monetary and fiscal policies, growth and poverty, currency crises, international financial architecture, perspectives of European integration, European Neighborhood Policy and political economy of transition; World Bank, IMF and UNDP Consultant; Author of several academic and policy papers, and editor of several book publications.
6 Marek Dabrowski Introduction Factors Determining a Safe Level of Public Debt Financial crises related to excessive state s indebtedness have a long history going back to the very beginning of such organization of societies. They had different forms depending on the degree of monetary and financial system development: lowering silver or gold content in coins (currency debasement), printing paper money not backed by gold/silver reserves or outside the accepted issue norms, refusal to repay the obtained loans or government bonds (classic default), etc. 1 In many instances, the government which is unable to respect its liabilities transfers them to other parts of the financial system, especially to the central bank and commercial banks, through the so-called quasi-fiscal operations (QFO) (see Section 1.2) what leads to currency and banking crises. However, such crises are in fact of budgetary nature, i. e., based on the inability of government to live within its financial means. It is evident that public debt crises have always led to various negative consequences in the economic, social, and political life. The bankrupt government cannot efficiently perform its main functions, i. e., provide public goods. Worse, sometimes it is ready to resort to expropriatory measures against citizens and businesses, violating the basic property rights and economic liberties, in order to get out of the financial hole, which is confirmed by many historical episodes (for example, in France before the 1789 revolution or in Argentina in ). Depending on its particular scenario, default may result in high inflation or hyperinflation, depreciation of national currency, banking crisis, loss of the personal savings, impoverishment of the large sections of society, undermining public confidence in the government, internal political destabilization, decrease in the country's credit rating and its external political prestige for years to come. Repeatability and chronic nature of sovereign debt crises resulted in growing interest of analysts in finding both their real causes and the mechanism of their emergence and crosscountry transmission, the so-called contagion effect. In this paper,, attempts have been made to determine the level of public debt which would help to avoid the risk of sovereign default. Simultaneously, as the public debt of many countries is partly held by non-residents, there is a question of the extent to which external sources of borrowing create an additional risk factor. The above questions has become particularly important after beginning of the global financial and economic crisis in and its subsequent European phase, which started in early 2010 with the de facto Greece s sovereign insolvency. As a result, during just few years, public debt indicators of many developed countries sharply deteriorated and doubts as to their future solvency appeared. 1 The most interesting and comprehensive analysis of the history of financial crises, including public debt crises, is offered by Reinhart and Rogoff (2009).
7 In most of emerging market and developing economies (EMDE) public debt indicators today are not as dramatic as in developed countries. However, the experience of developed countries shows that the unfavorable external shock may quickly deteriorate the situation. Moreover, the history of financial crises in the 1980s and 1990s convincingly demonstrates that the danger of sovereign default in EMDE may occur at much lower public debt levels than in the developed countries. If a considerable portion of their public debt is held by non-residents, their vulnerability to external shocks grows additionally. The aim of this paper is to analyze the acceptable level of public debt and the acceptable proportions of internal and external borrowing based on international experience 2. However, we should start our analysis with definition of the public debt in accordance with present-day international standards GFS and ESA-95 (Chapter 1). Unfortunately, these definitions do not include some large-scale public financial liabilities, especially those related to the public pension systems, public healthcare systems, and implicit public support of the stability of financial, especially banking, systems. These liabilities are analyzed in Chapter 2. At the next stage of our analysis we will deal with different measures of public debt (Chapter 3), sources of public debt financing and their comparative advantages and disadvantages (Chapter 4), as well as the factors that determine the dynamics of public debt to GDP (Chapter 5). In Chapter 6 we will discuss the critical level of public debt at which a risk of sovereign default may occur, and in Chapter 7 the international experience of fiscal rules in respectto the level of public debt. Finally, Chapter 8 offers conclusions for macroeconomic policy. 1. Definitions of Public Debt The analysis of acceptable level of public debt, especially in cross-country comparison, requires its clear and unambiguous definition. Otherwise we will compare incomparable and give ambiguous recommendations. Definitions of public debt in individual countries may differ as result of the tradition/inertia of national methodology, technical problems in collection and aggregation of a certain type of data or a conscious attempt to present the fiscal record of the country in a more favorable way than it really is. In turn, such attempts of creative fiscal accounting are caused by the desire to get around the constitutional and legal limits of fiscal deficit and public debt (see Chapter 7), submit an artificially dressed up fiscal reports to international organizations (for instance, the IMF) or mislead financial investors. The critical elements in the definition of public debt relate to: Entities included into general government The moment of recording government revenue, expenditure and and liabilities Contingent liabilities 2 This paper is a modified and updated version of the report Determining the Possible Limit of Public Debt and Acceptable Correlation Between Domestic and Foreign Debt written in 2013 in the Russian language in the framework of the project of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration Evolution of Approaches to the Organization of Government Expenditure Funding: Tax and Debt Policies. The author would like to express his gratitude to RANEPA for the opportunity to work on this theme. At the same time, the author accepts the sole responsibility for the content and professional quality of this research work and for presented opinions, conclusions and recommendations.
8 1.1. GFS and ESA-95 Standards Two most popular international methodologies of government finance statistics include: GFS Government Finance Statistics of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the version of 2001, modified and supplemented in the subsequent years see GFSM (2013); ESA95 (European System of National and Regional Accounts) see ESA95 (2013). In principle, methodological approaches to the statistics of public finances in both standards are similar. Differences concern technical details that have no direct importance for our analysis (see Bjorgvinsson, 2004). Figure 1.1: The Public Sector and Its Main Components Source: GFSM, 2013, Chapter 2, p. 16
9 1.2. General Government Determination of boundaries of general government (GG) is essential in both methods, despite institutional specifics of individual countries. Exactly these specifics make cross-country comparison of separate GG components either difficult or impossible. For example, the role of the central budget in the federal state is totally different than in the unitary country. The same concerns regional and local budgets, extrabudgetary funds, autonomous state agencies/ units, pension and medical insurance funds, etc. Only the application of the widest possible statistic aggregate, such as GG, makes the cross-country analysis possible. A clear definition of GG limits is also important to prevent creative fiscal accounting. To improve artificially their fiscal indicators (for instance, fiscal deficit and public debt), many governments move some expenses and liabilities off the state budget, to either extrabudgetary funds or different kinds of public agencies and units. In principle, the broad definition of GG should catch all these funds and organizational entities. In accordance with GFS standards (see GFSM, 2013, para. 2.69, p. 16), the GG consists of resident institutional units that fulfill the functions of government as their primary activity, and includes all government units and all nonmarket nonprofit institutional units (NPIs) that are controlled by government units.. It means that GG includes the following components (Figure 1.1): Central/federal government Regional governments/governments of federal entities in case of federal states Local authorities (municipalities, communes, counties, regions, districts, etc.) Pension funds, medical insurance funds, and other social insurance funds at all governmental levels Budgetary units and extrabudgetary funds and organizations at all governmental levels In accordance with GFSM (2013), there is also a broader definition of public sector (PS) which includes all GG units and public corporations. As shown in Figure 1.1, the second category includes nonfinancial public corporations and financial public corporations which, in turn, consist of public deposit-taking corporations except the Central Bank (i.e. commercial banks), other public financial corporations and the central bank of the state Quasi-Fiscal Operations outside GG Despite the broadly defined boundaries of GG, many governments try to get around them by involving the units outside GG in the process of implementing the government policy and its specific goals. As a result, the related state expenditures and liabilities are moved beyond the GG fiscal statistics. Such practices are called in literature as quasi-fiscal operations (QFO). In most cases, QFO are performed by public sector organizations which are outside GG, i.e., the central bank, state commercial banks and other state financial institutions, as well as nonfinancial public enterprises, especially in energy and transportation sectors. The largest potential for conducting QFO lies in the monetary, credit and exchange rate policy of central banks, state commercial banks, and other financial institutions 3. For example, they can grant credits to targeted groups of economic entities, sometimes obviously insolvent at the preferential interest rate (i.e. below market level). Other measures include the support for 3 See Mackenzie & Stella, 1996 for overview of different forms of QFO in public financial institutions.
10 insolvent banks by the central bank (under the pretext of providing liquidity to them), selling currency at an official exchange rate (in the multiple exchange rate system) to the government and selected groups of enterprises, serving public debt on non-market conditions, etc. However, nonfinancial public enterprises are also often involved in QFO. For instance, state owned energy companies must supply energy and gas at the price rates below their costrecovery level, including buyers in permanent arrears (Paczynski et al., 2009). The same pertains to public transport enterprises (for instance, railway transport) and public utilities enterprises. Several years ago, QFO seemed to be a childhood disease of transition economies and some developing countries, whose scale would gradually decrease (Markiewicz, 2001; BIS, 2003). However, with the start of the global financial crisis of , the popularity of QFO returned in an unexpected location, i.e., in advanced economies, where central banks implemented various non-orthodox measures to stimulate the economy and support the financial system. Among other things, they include the intensive purchase of various types of securities in the secondary market, sometimes of doubtful quality. For instance, the US Federal Reserve System (the Fed) implemented the subsequent rounds of the so-called quantitative easing (QE). Its interventions aimed to improve the liquidity and quality of the assets of commercial banks have led to accumulation of a large stock of mortgage backed securities (see Taylor, 2010). In fact, it was a hidden form of banks recapitalization without the use of budgetary funds. Two large US federal corporations of housing development, Fannie Mae 4 and Freddie Mac 5, also considerably deteriorated the quality of their assets during the crisis, which will require, sooner or later, additional budget support. In turn, the European Central Bank (ECB) was involved in buying treasury bonds of the peripheral countries of the Eurozone, in particular, Greece. As a matter of fact, these operations help to support insolvent governments and potentially insolvent banks (see Dabrowski, 2012). Present-day QFO in advanced economies are associated with the same negative consequences as classical QFOs in developing countries or economies in transition at an early stage of transformation. Firstly, they distort fiscal statistics. Fiscal deficit and public debt are, in fact, higher than officially reported. Secondly, at the stage of getting out of non-orthodox monetary policy measures, central banks may have to admit considerable losses, which means deterioration in the GG balance. Finally, QFO may have inflation consequences (Park, 2012), which means an indirect hidden tax on owners of money balances. 4 See 5 See
11 1.4. From the Cash Principle to the Accrual Method In the previous version of the of IMF GFS dated 1986 (GFSM, 1986), fiscal flows and, as a result, the balance of the government budget or GG (surplus or deficit) were recorded on the cash basis. One of the consequences included a rather widespread (especially in the CIS countries in the 1990s) practice of artificial reduction of government expenditure, deficit, and public debt through building up budget arrears. In the new version of GFS dated 2001 (GFSM, 2013) and in the ESA95 (2013), the cash method was replaced by the accrual method. According to the latter, transactions are recorded when economic ownership changes hands for goods, nonproduced nonfinancial assets and financial assets and liabilities, when services are provided, and for distributive transactions when the related claims arise (GFSM, 2013, para. 3.57). As a result, budgetary arrears do not artificially reduce the fiscal expenditure, deficit and public debt. They become just one of the forms of deficit and public debt financing Contingent Liabilities Another problem in budgetary accounting is related to contingent liabilities arising as consequence of various types of credit guarantees, deposit insurance, other mandatory insurance programs, pension systems, etc. Figure 1.2 provides their overview. The green vertical line delimits the contingent liabilities that shall be accounted in the current public debt statistics and the liabilities that remain outside this statistics until they will be called. In principle, all of the standard contingent liabilities, for instance, government guarantees to export credits or other standard credit programs/schemes are subject to evaluation in accordance with the respective credit risk ratios (calculated on a historical basis) and are registered in the current public debt statistics. Non-standard one-off guarantees whose evaluation on the basis of historical credit risks ratios is impossible remain outside the current public debt statistics 6. The same pertains to implicit contingent liabilities which we will discuss in Chapter Public Liabilities Not Included in the Definition of Public Debt 2.1. General Comments Despite serious efforts to clarify the definitions of public debt in GFS 2001 and ESA95, many government liabilities remain outside the public debt statistics as illustrated in the right part of Figure 1.2. In formal terms, they belong to the category of contingent public liabilities, either explicit contingent liabilities that have one-off non-standard nature and are not that easy to evaluate in terms of risk of their discharge (see Section 1.5), or implicit contingent liabilities 7. 6 However, one-off budgetary guarantees, provided to admittedly insolvent borrowers, should be immediately registered as public debt. 7 According to Polackova (1999), explicit government liabilities result from legislation or contract. Implicit liabilities are kinds of moral obligations of government that reflect public and interest-group pressures.
12 Figure 1.2: Liabilities and contingent liabilities in GFS Source: GFSM, 2013, Chapter 7, p. 45 The GFS 2001 method recommends preparing separate statements on explicit contingent liabilities, not included in the current public debt statistics, and on implicit liabilities of the state pension system (GFSM, 2013, Chapter 7). ESA95 standards did not contain a similar recommendation. As a result, most of contingent liabilities remained outside the public debt statistics. International statistic databases (for instance, of the IMF, World Bank or Eurostat) have not taken them into account yet. However, the situation is changing. Following the GFS 2001 methodology, EU adopted new standards, ESA2010 (2013), in May 2013 which also require separate statements on implicit liabilities of the state pension system (ESA2010, 2013, paragraph and the next ones). Moreover, changes in the pension system which influence the level of future implicit public liabilities shall be reflected in the statistics of public debt (see Section 2.2). It worth to notice that some contingent public liabilities, especially implicit ones, are very large, sometimes exceeding the official public debt. In particular, this concerns implicit liabilities in the public pension system, public healthcare system, and financial sector.
13 2.2. Pension Liabilities Unfunded pension liabilities originate from the specific design o public pension systems based on implicit intergenerational contract: pensions of current pensioners are funded by pension contributions or taxes paid by currently employed people (the Pay-As-You-Go or PAYG system). Those who pay pension contributions/taxes today expect that the next generation of workers/taxpayers will fund their pensions after they retire. As a result, a substantial implicit pension debt of the unfunded pension scheme is created. In some OECD and EU countries it was estimated at the range between 75% and 300% of GDP (Table 2.1) in the 1990s and 2000s, when projected benefit obligation (PBO) and indexed benefit obligation (IBO) methods were used (see Eichhorst et al., 2011, p ). In many cases these figures considerably exceeded the level of official GG gross debt (see Chapter 6). Table 2.1: Implicit pension debt in OECD and EU countries, in % of GDP Country Chand & Jaeger (1996) Kune (1996) Holzmann et al. (2004) Belgium 101 Canada 94 Denmark 117 France Germany (West) Greece 245 Hungary 203 Ireland 78 Italy Japan 166 Lithuania 155 Luxembourg 219 Malta 234 The Netherlands 144 Poland 261 Portugal Romania 256 Slovakia 210 Slovenia 298 Spain 129 Sweden 131 UK US 106 Comment: The calculations of Chand & Jaeger (1996) and Kune (1996) were based on the PBO method, the calculations of Holzmann et al. (2004) on the IBO method (see above). Source: Eichhorst et al. (2011), p. 82 Deutsche Bank (2013) estimates the growth in public pension liabilities by % of GDP for Brazil, Russia and China, and up to 150% for Turkey and South Korea in the period of (Figure 2.1). These estimation were based on another method, net present value (NPV) of future spending increase. The negative growth of population in many countries and growing life expectancy result in constant growth of future pension liabilities. These tendencies can be compensated by increasing retirement age, elimination of pension privileges for certain sectors and professional groups, raising labor market participation rate (especially for women), encouragement of legal migration, improvement of pension contributions payment discipline and decreasing average pension to average wage ratio, i.e., replacement ratio. Despite the
14 political unpopularity of all these measures, their adoption seems necessary to avoid the potential sovereign default. Figure 2.1: Growth of implicit social liabilities in EMDE, % of GDP, Comment: Blue columns mean the growth of public pension liabilities, grey ones the growth of liabilities in the public healthcare system see Section 2.3. Source: Deutsche Bank (2013) Some pension reforms help stabilizing the level of implicit contingent liabilities in the unfunded pension scheme. We mean the transition from the defined benefits system to the system based on individual accounts where the amount of future pensions depends both on the total amount of pension contributions paid by a future pensioner and on the size of pension fund available at time when pensions are paid (the defined contribution system). Certainly, in the world of population ageing the second system leads to constant reduction in the replacement ratio. On the other hand, a strong incentive is created to increase the number of contributors to pension fund by increasing the retirement age and elimination of pension privileges. In fact, future public pension liabilities can be hardly considered as contingent. Their probability of becoming called is not lower than in case of explicit public debt instruments (for instance, treasury bonds). Their estimation is also possible as future demographic forecasts and pension legislation are known although some methodological problems should be resolved in the field of statistics of national accounts and public finance (see Lequiller, 2004). Absence of future pension liabilities in the official statistics of public debt results in the considerable distortion of the latter. There are countries like Russia where explicit public debt remains on a very low level, but the implicit debt of the public pension system is much higher. Worst, absence of public pension liabilities in the statistics of public debt creates negative incentives in the area of penion reforms. In the 1990s and 2000s, several transition economies (Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Macedonia, Baltic countries, Kazakhstan and others) replaced to replace part of PAYG system with the mandatory fully funded pension system, so-called second pillar operated by private pension funds. Part of mandatory pension contributions has been redirected to individual saving accounts of future pensioners. The inevitable result of
15 this reform was the growing deficit of traditional, unfunded segment of the pension system, the growing official GG deficit and debt, despite the decrease in future implicit pension liabilities. When the fiscal situation in many countries sharply deteriorated due to the global financial crisis, they decided to reverse pension reforms and transfer liabilities of the pension funds back to the PAYG system. Such measures were taken by Argentina, Hungary and Poland, and to a lesser extent by other countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) (see Barbone, 2011; Jarrett, 2011). The official statistics of GG deficit and debt in accordance with GFS 2001 and ESA95 standards has improved but implicit pension liabilities have increased again. However, under the conditions of new reporting standards, ESA2010, such practices of creative fiscal accounting will be at least partially reflected in the current fiscal statistics Liabilities of the Public Healthcare Systems Implicit fiscal (intergenerational) liabilities also exist in the public healthcare system (unfunded health liabilities). The mechanism is similar to the public pension system, though the amount of contingent liabilities is more difficult to estimate for many technical reasons. Present-day taxpayers pay mandatory contributions to public medical insurance funds or general taxes (the exact system of funding public healthcare services is less important here), but most health services will be required in the last years of their life. The negative demographic trends and population ageing contribute to increase of the hidden debt. The technological progress in medical services and the related growth in their costs is an additional factor contributing to growth of future public healthcare system liabilities. Available estimates of implicit public healthcare liabilities look worrying: in many cases they exceed the implicit pension liabilities (see Section 2.2). For example, Medearis & Hishov (2010) estimate them for EU countries and the US within the range from 20% (Hungary) to over 500% of GDP (Luxemburg). It is interesting to notice that liabilities in the US public healthcare system (which has a limited coverage) exceed 200% of GDP. In many EU countries, the situation is even worse than in the US: in Denmark, France, the Netherlands and Spain they exceed 200% of GDP, in Poland and Sweden 300% of GDP, and in Finland, Ireland and Slovakia - 400% of GDP. According to the IMF assessments quoted by Deutsche Bank (2013), the NPV of increase of liabilities in the public healthcare system in EMDE between 2011 and 2050 will also be considerable. It will amount to 30 50% of GDP in South Africa, Russia, Turkey, Brazil and Mexico, over 50% of GDP in Poland and over 100% of GDP in South Korea (Figure 2.1). On the example of Poland we can see the discrepancy between the methodologies of both analyses. However, despite these differences, the size of future implicit liabilities of public healthcare systems remains serious in almost all of the countries. They need reforms aimed at limiting the growth of expenses in these systems and abuse of rights to state-funded medical aid, introduction of partial copayments for services of these systems, elimination of various group privileges in insurance contributions, etc. (see Clements et al., 2011).
16 2.4. Contingent Liabilities Related to Financial Stability Support The functioning of commercial banks operating on the basis of the fractional reserve banking system results in banking crises from time to time. To avoid banking panic, collapse of the entire country s financial system, spreading the crisis to other countries (contagion effect) and adverse shock to the real economy, governments often have to support loss-making banks by replenishing their capital. Sometimes, several years later, these expenditures can be, at least partly recovered by receipts from privatization of banks nationalized during the crisis. The adverse fiscal consequences of bank crises are usually considerable, which is confirmed by the comparative historical analysis of Reinhart & Rogoff (2009, p ). Figure 2.2 represents the IMF's estimate of the bank crises expenses in the 1980s and 1990s, i.e., before the wave of financial crises of in Asia, Russia, CIS and Latin America the global financial crisis that started in Figure 2.2 Costs of resolving banking crises, in % of GDP Source: Polackova (1999) The consequences of the last global crisis were very serious for public budgets of many countries, especially the US, UK, Iceland, Ireland, Spain, Cyprus, Latvia, and Slovenia. As the banking system rehabilitation in the EU is far from completion, the list of countries that have to provide considerable budget support to the banking system may increase. Based on this experience, we may speak about the future public liabilities related to the government s responsibility for the stability of the banking system and other financial institutions. Most of them have implicit and contingent nature. There are also examples of explicit contingent liabilities, especially those related to the deposit insurance system. In
17 theory, such system shall be self-funded (from banks' contributions). However, in case of a large-scale crisis, the funds accumulated in the deposits insurance system are often insufficient and the government has to provide additional support. The example is the recent disastrous experience of Ireland: in autumn of 2008 the government, in fear of banking panic, provided 100% guarantees for all the deposits. Looking back, this decision was a great mistake (see Honohan et al., 2010), which resulted in the growth of Ireland's public debt by almost 100% of GDP (see Table 3.2). The amount of contingent liabilities related to the functioning of the banking system depends on many factors such as bank assets to GDP ratio (the higher it is, the more potential liabilities can emerge), structure of the banking sector (the concentration of banks increases the risk of a systemic banking crisis), its owbership structure (state ownership increases the risk of crisis; the same pertains to private ownership if bank is involved in related lending), quality of banking legislation, regulation, and supervision Other Contingent Liabilities Besides the liabilities related to financial system support, there are also other kinds of implicit public liabilities. They may result from an inefficient system of fiscal federalism (i.e., expectations of federal government s bailout of regions and municipalities), natural monopolies and other infrastructural enterprises (especially in public sector), the necessity to eliminate consequences of past QFO (see Section 1.3), etc. (see Polackova, 2009). 3. Absolute and Relative Public Debt Measures Both absolute and relative public debt measures are used in macroeconomic, fiscal, and financial analyses. Cross-country public debt analyses use relative measures (see Section 3.2) as it is necessary to take account on different size of economies and different currencies in which the national public debt is recorded. In most cases, absolute public debt measures serve internal budget control and monitoring. They are also used in the system of national accounts to illustrate various financial and inter-sectoral flows and balances. Besides, they serve as a numerator to calculate relative public debt measures Absolute Public Debt Measures In cross-country public debt analyses, the basic category is the total gross debt of general government. In accordance with GFSM (2013, para ), gross debt consists of all liabilities that require payment or payments of interest and/or principal by the debtor to the creditor at a date or dates in the future. This includes debt liabilities in the form of SDRs, currency and deposits, debt securities, loans, insurance, pensions and standardized guarantee schemes, and other accounts payable. Thus, all liabilities in the GFSM 2001 system are debt, except for equity and investment fund shares and financial derivatives and employee stock options. Debt can be valued at current market, nominal, or face values. The indicator of the total gross debt of GG illustrates the total public indebtedness, regardless of the particular GG segment where it occurred. This is the only possibility to carry out crosscountry comparative analyses, without the necessity of considering the constitutional and institutional specifics of public finance systems in individual countries.
18 However, analysis of the debt of individual GG segments, for instance, federal or central government, federal entities (states, provinces, regions), municipalities, pension or other social funds may be useful for internal purposes (especially for budget monitoring and control). Analysis of the debt of individual GG units makes particular sense under the conditions of clear delimitation of fiscal powers and responsibilities, for example, when the federal government does not bear any formal or actual responsibility for the debts of federal entities and municipalities (the case of US and Canadian federal models - see Bordo, Markiewicz & Jonung, 2011). In such circumstances the information about the federal debt is meaningful both for analytical purposes and for financial markets. If there is no such clear delimitation of responsibility, financial markets will assume the implicit federal/ national responsibility for the public debt on a sub-national level. Table 3.1: Gross and net GG debt to GDP ratio, % Source: IMF World Economic Outlook, October 2013 Country Net debt Gross debt Brazil Great Britain Germany Canada Italy Norway Saudi Arabia USA France South Africa Japan Beside the total gross debt, the fiscal statistics uses the indicator of GG total net public debt. In accordance with GFSM (2013, para ), it is calculated as gross debt minus financial assets corresponding to debt instruments. These financial assets are: monetary gold and SDRs, currency and deposits, debt securities, loans, insurance, pension, and standardized guarantee schemes, and other accounts receivable. The statistics of the gross and net debt differs substantially in some countries as follows from Table 3.1. It relates to large official creditors (Japan) or countries that produce oil, natural gas or other natural resources, and are able to form sovereign wealth funds. This second group includes Norway and Saudi Arabia. The statistics of net debt shows a more balanced picture as it takes into account financial assets along with liabilities. However, statistics of net public debt causes a lot of statistic problems and does not always give the complete picture of current and future sovereign solvency. This relates to various quality of the public financial assets and various degree of their liquidity. In particular, the problem of insufficient quantity and liquidity of assets may related to government loans. It is worth to consider here the experience of Russia in 1990s that inherited from the USSR not only public debt but also financial claims to many countries of the former socialist camp and developing countries, especially to Cuba, Mongolia, Vietnam, many Arab and African states. These debt claims, as of March 1, 1993, were estimated by the Ministry of Finance
19 of the Russian Federation at USD148.8 billion (Duma, 2003). I.e., on the paper they exceeded the amount of debt of the former USSR. However, the actual recoverability of these loans was extremely low and did not exceed 10%. Many countries, including Russia, China and India, do not have internationally comparable statistics of the total net public debt. The IMF World Economic Outlook statistic database as of October, 2013 contained this data only for 97 countries out of the total number of 189. Absolute measures of both gross and net debt are usually reported in the national currency. Liabilities in foreign currency are converted into national currency at an official exchange rate. These components of the total public debt may be undervalued in the countries that do not have convertible currency Relative Public Debt Measures Relative public debt measures give a possibility of cross-country comparison, as well as qualitative evaluation of the amount of debt burden. The most popular measure is the ration of gross or net debt to GDP. It helps to compare the amount of public debt of the country to its economic potential. However, this indicator is far from being perfect. First, as follows from historical analyses, the debt to GDP ratio is not the only factor that determines the level of fiscal and financial risk of the country. I.e., public debt crisis may occur at different levels of public debt to GDP ratio (see Chapter 6). Secondly, this measure is strongly pro-cyclical, i.e., it decreases in boom years and grows in time of recession or slowing growth. For instance, Table 3.2 presents the rapid increase of GG gross debt-to-gdp ratio in EU countries in the period of as the consequence of global financial crisis. The pro-cyclicality relates to the construction of the indicator. In boom phase, fiscal balance improves and this contributes to decrease or slower growth of public debt (numerator). On the other hand, the nominal GDP (denominator) grows faster. Besides, in countries which borrow in foreign currency the amount of public debt denominated in national currency (numerator) decreases as result of its appreciation. In the conditions of financial crisis and recession, all these trends work in the opposite direction. Moreover, some contingent public liabilities, not included in the statistics of public debt (see Chapter 2) may be in demand in the crisis conditions and may lead to increase in the nominal public debt. In particular, this relates to implicit guarantees of the banking and financial system stability. As a result, the ability of public debt to GDP ratio to predict the risk of debt crisis and provide assessment of country s macroeconomic and financial stability is limited. The attempts to eliminate its drawbacks may go in different directions: Expanding the definition of public debt by including part of contingent liabilities (see Chapter 2). Comparison of the nominal public debt (numerator) to some potential GDP (denominator) instead of actual one to weaken the factor of pro-cyclicality. Replacement of GDP by another macroeconomic aggregate, for instance, total GG revenue (actual or potential).
20 Table 3.2: GG gross total debt in EU, % of GDP, Country EU Eurozone Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden UK Comment: yellow color indicates IMF's preliminary estimate Source: IMF World Economic Outlook database, April 2013 All these proposals are not easy to implement. It would require a radical restructuring of public finance statistics not just in a single country but at the level of international standards. At the same time, even their successful implementation would not completely resolve the problems of indicators pro-cyclicality. For example, most of existing methodologies of estimation of potential GDP are based on filtering past GDP trends and their extrapolation. However, the future trajectory of GDP growth may substantially differ from past trends (due to limited regularity of business cycles). In turn, the amount of GG revenue also depends greatly on business cycle, which was demonstrated in years of market boom of mid 2000s and subsequent global financial crisis (see Dabrowski, 2012). As a result, the dynamics of changes in the public debt to revenue ratio (Table 3.3) does not differ much from the dynamics of changes in public debt to GDP ratio (Table 3.2). Nevertheless, potential revenue of GG is taken into account by financial investors in their decisions. This factor can explain the still tolerable attitude of financial markets to the large gross public debt of Japan (very low VAT rates, which may be increased at any time) and the
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On Condensing the Bibliography
For awhile, I was becoming increasingly jittery regarding the size of my Amazon bibliography. It's far too big, packed with far too many individual short stories, many of which just weren't selling while others hogged the spotlight. I worried too that new people coming to my author page after reading STRINGS (you have read it, haven't you? Well you should... /shamless plug) would be a little too overwhelmed by the selection of stuff there. Sometimes less is more. And since I do have more work coming out over the next several months, it was only going to get worse.
So I took down all but four of my current offerings (Dust, Vermin, Devil Riders and Phantasmic Flashes remain up for $.99), and divided all of them up into two collections of 9 stories each. The first one, WICKED BREW, just released for $2.99. The second one, AT THE END OF THINGS, will release in the second week of November, all just in time for Christmas shopping! From this point on, I plan to release two more indie-produced shorts. One of them is the conclusion to the "Taste" trilogy called "Love Feast" and the other is a short story from the POV of Kali, one of the more mysterious characters in STRINGS (which you would probably really love to read after you read the novel... okay, I'm done plugging). The way I envision my future for short stories is that I plan to still keep writing them, but I will be trying to find homes for them in magazines and anthologies again. This is namely as a way to try to change the level of exposure I'm getting in light of the whole published novel thing, but also because I actually do kind of miss the challenge of submitting to and interacting with publishers. It's a good way for me to make sure I'm not becoming lazy. So while you may be seeing fewer of my short stories on Amazon, you will hopefully be seeing them appear elsewhere, and I will update everyone as to when and where those things will be happening. And as rights to those stories become available after their publishing runs, I will assemble them into more collections and anthologies for folks to download and enjoy.
And speaking of anthologies, I'm getting off to an AWESOME start with things by being invited to contribute to the upcoming ghost story anthology WRAPPED IN WHITE by Sekhmet Press! They just released the hugely successful WRAPPED IN RED anthology featuring stories of the vampire persuasion. I'm so excited about this.
And speaking of anthologies, I'm getting off to an AWESOME start with things by being invited to contribute to the upcoming ghost story anthology WRAPPED IN WHITE by Sekhmet Press! They just released the hugely successful WRAPPED IN RED anthology featuring stories of the vampire persuasion. I'm so excited about this.
And the Winner Is...
Back in September I set up a logo contest for my forming publishing imprint, Pseudonym Press, and I got some wonderful entries! After letting people convene and vote, a clear winner emerged. Congratulations to Rachel Madsen! A final draft of the logo is currently in progress, but you can see the winning entry here. I can't wait to see everything up and running and the logo gracing the cover of COLT COLTRANE AND THE LOTUS KILLER. Which brings me to...
Robots, Dames, and Murder in the City of Angels
The Kindle release of COLT COLTRANE is still on track for 11/22. Print will likely follow in January, though I plan to keep everyone posted. I'm very excited to bring this story out into the world and plan to have a launch party on Facebook on 11/23, where I will be giving away all kinds of prizes, including copies of the book, signed prints by the cover artist and much more! Anyone who showed up to the party for STRINGS back on 10/26 knows that these things can be a chaotic blast. If you're on Facebook, you definitely want to come to it.
So those are the haps that are happening in the ever busier world of AMD. I must now dive back into my manuscript for the follow-up to STRINGS, which is going pretty damn well I have to say. The response I've been getting from the book has been very positive so far, and it has been galvanizing me to make the sequel even better. I'm looking forward to hitting the road in the coming months to spread the word on the book and to meet readers from all over.

subset: commoncrawl


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Setting The Scene For Success In DivorceA court can grant leave or permission to a person who has custody of a minor child to remove the minor child from the current jurisdiction to live in another jurisdiction.Learn about the difficulty for the custodial or non-custodial parent.read more
Considerations when choosing a LawyerOne thing to look for in a lawyer is if there expertise matches what you are looking for. If you are looking for a divorce lawyer it is safe to say that you will want to find somebody who has experience in that field. This will suit you much better than searching for lawyers who concentrate on personal injury. When you find a lawyer that is experienced in what you are interested in, you will then be able to move forward with confidence. read more
Who Decides Interstate Custody Disputes? We live in an increasingly more mobile society and a society with a divorce rate that exceeds 50%. As a result, there are more custody disputes, and they have frequently become interstate custody disputes. read more
American Bar Association - Search the American Bar Association site for family law information.
Association of Certified Family Law Specialists (ACFLS) - Family Law Specialists in California
FamilyLawCourts.com - A site that explains why family law courts by design, exist to generate income, and should not be the first place to turn, when seeking a divorce.
Free Advice.com - Website with general legal information to help people understand their legal rights in 100 legal topics including family law.
NOLO.com - Browse NOLO.com's site for information on child custody and support information. This site includes a law center, A comprehensive FAQ area, and information on how to do your own research on statutes and cases.
Legal-Help-USA - Professional legal aid from a nation-wide team of expert lawyers that provide help and assistance with all legal family law related issues. Reportedly there will be a referral to lawyers in your area offering sound legal help for Less Than $1 per Day. This site is otherwise known as www.child-support-custody.com.
Legal Resource Center - Repository of free forms, free software and free information related to the law and legal profession.
LegalZoom - LegalZoom uses the latest technology to help you prepare legal documents online. Once you complete a questionnaire, your documents will be prepared within 48 hours. They reportedly review documents and file them with the courts at no additional cost.
Public Service Law Referral via ABA - In non-criminal or "civil" cases, you do not have the right to a free lawyer. There are many legal aid and pro bono programs in communities in the U.S. which provide legal help for those of limited income-to-poor status. People with income below the federal poverty guidelines are generally eligible for free legal help through these programs. Please visit this American Bar Association website for information on free legal service and those federal poverty guidelines.
US Dept. of Justice - Pro-Bono Program for Immigrants - This site is a part of the Pro Bono Program. It is directed toward helping women and men through the immigrants rights organizations, the INS, Bar Associations, law schools, and other groups to improve the level and quality of pro bono representation before the Immigration Court and the Board of Immigration Appeals.
Womans Divorce - Website provides divorce advice and help for women. This site covers the divorce process, with information on child custody, child support, separation and mediation, as well as advice for coping with your emotions and starting over.
Womans Law - WomensLaw.org was founded in February 2000 by a group of lawyers, teachers, activists, and web designers interested in seeing the power of the Internet work for more disadvantaged people and specifically for survivors of domestic violence. They pulled together their experiences and resources and launched this website in October 2001.


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Log-in to the ACS Members area
- Invalid login attempt, please try again.
The Grand America Hotel
17 October 2018 by Jessica BarrieIf you're looking to create memories that last a lifetime, then The Grand America Hotel is the place for you. Located in the heart of Salt Lake City, it's bespoke rooms, restaurants and excellent setting make it an impressive stay for all.
The Peninsula
10 October 2018 by Jessica BarrieThis elegant spa hotel offers stunning 360° views over Paris as well as being ideally located in the heart of the city on famous Avenue Kléber.
Air Charter Service in top 30 of Sunday Times Top Track 250 list
10 October 2018 by Glenn PhillipsLeading aircraft charter specialist, Air Charter Service, has been placed 29th in The Sunday Times Grant Thornton Top Track 250 list.
Air Charter Service called into action in Hawaii again
26 September 2018 by Glenn PhillipsFollowing the destruction caused by Hurricane Lane in Hawaii last month, Air Charter Service's Texas office was called into action.
Private jets versus sports cars and supercars
25 September 2018 by Claire EllisOur growth and wellbeing are increasingly dependent on how we choose to travel. Since a crossover between jets and cars will take years to hit the mainstream, here's what you need to know before deciding whether to invest in a private jet or a sports car.
The Royal Hawaiian
21 September 2018 by Jessica BarrieSince 1927 the Royal Hawaiian Luxury Collection Resort has bought a new era of luxurious resort travel to Hawaii.
What food can be ordered on a private jet flight?
20 September 2018 by Jessica BarrieWhen you fly on a private jet every tiny detail is tailored to make your flight as enjoyable as possible, and that includes your food. Join Air Charter Service to explore how.
Are VR flight simulators the future of pilot training?
17 September 2018 by Claire EllisFlight simulators have been used to train pilots for more than 80 years. In that time, there have been many breakthroughs in aviation technology. Now virtual reality (VR) is about to usher in a whole new era of professional pilot training, with far-reaching consequences for the aviation industry.
Air Charter Service opens Swiss freight operation
13 September 2018 by Glenn PhillipsThe Geneva office of global charter experts Air Charter Service, has launched a cargo department, adding to the operation's private jets and group travel divisions in the Swiss city.
Top 5 airports for Private Jets in and around Charlotte
13 September 2018 by Claire EllisOne of the luxuries of private jet travel is being able to choose where you land. For your next visit to Charlotte, we have listed the top 5 private jet airports in and around Charlotte.
The most interesting and unique hotels in the world
5 September 2018 by Claire EllisFrom a 13th-century castle and private French Polynesian atoll to an iconic African architectural landmark and rugged Arabian hideaway, explore some of the world's most unique hotels with an ACS private jet charter.
ACS hails World Cup as busiest single sporting event in company's history
21 August 2018 by Glenn PhillipsLeading aircraft charter provider, Air Charter Service, has said that the 2018 FIFA World Cup was its busiest ever event, with almost 350 separate bookings across all five of its divisions during the month long tournament.


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This morning, one of my moms at work came in with just her baby son (two older daughters were at camp or running amok in the streets or something). For the first time since I've met him, he wasn't in his stroller, and he was wide awake. I reached to hold him, and mom was hesitant. Apparently, he FREAKS out when just about anyone but her holds him. Not only did he reach for me, but he nuzzled me, and would have gone to sleep if she hadn't needed to leave.
He LOVED me! He cuddled me, hugged me, played with my necklace and my hair, and smiled and smiled and smiled.
When I met him for the first time, he was asleep, and I told him that we were going to be best friends, and he didn't even know it yet.
Today, he apparently remembered what I told him. 🙂
Oh Nicholas . . . you and me forever, baby. 🙂
"Martha and Nicholas. Best friends for life."


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A paleo recipe thread (please contribute)
View Single Post
Wed, Sep-21-05, 12:16
Senior Member
Posts: 1,998
Plan: life without bread
Stats: 150/130/130
Progress: 100%
Location: Pennsylvania
roasted chicken and veggies
Roasted Chicken with Vegetables:
2 split chicken breasts, bone-in, with skin
assorted veggies (vidalia onions, shallot, carrots, celery, mushrooms, potato, etc)
olive oil
salt and pepper
oil, salt, and pepper the chicken, place it on a rack in a pan, and roast it in a foil tent for an hour at 325
take the chicken out, place the veggies in the pan and hit them with oil, salt, and pepper; place the chicken rack over the pan
put your rack and pan back in the oven, remove the foil, bake for another 30 min
broil for 10 min to get a nice crispy skin
Some of the chicken fat falls down on to the veggies and makes them extra delicious. And the chicken skin is great. YUM!
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swap_vert expand_moreBat Packs
Baseball Batsexpand_more
Training Bats
Training Bats are intended to enhance and improve your baseball or softball game. These bats have a variety of shapes, sizes, and purposes. Training bats include fungo bats, one-hand trainer bats, and weighted bats. These bats should only be used to better your game at home or on the practice field and should not be used against live pitching. Use our Training Bat Resource Guide to get up-to-date on the most Frequently Asked Questions regarding Training Bats. For more help selecting a Training Bat, visit our Training Bat Reviews or check out Swing Tracking Devices.
Bat Pack Bat Pack Marucci Maple Blem and Rawlings VELO Ash Wood Baseball Bats: MCMBLEM and PA271 $139.99
Bat Pack Bat Pack Rawlings VELO Ash and Rawlings BIG STICK Birch Wood Baseball Bats: PA271 and PAI13B $79.99
Bat Pack Bat Pack BamBooBat Bamboo and Brett Bros Maple Wood Outfield Fungo Bats: HBBW34 and BBOFUNGO $79.99
Need Help Finding a Bat?
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Bat Coach
Answer a short series of guided questions to see bat recommendations created just for you.
What Our Fans Are Saying
As always Just Bats remains the best web site to view bats and compare brands not to mention the best prices ANYWHERE!
Vassalboro, ME


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The Society for the Promotion of Education and Learning announces its collaboration with the Center for Hellenic Studies of Harvard University. A memorandum of understanding agreement was signed by the President of the SPEL Professor George Babiniotis and the Professor of Classical Philology of Harvard University and Director of the Center for Hellenic Studies, Professor Gregory Nagy, on Thursday, January 17, 2013 at the Word and Art Auditorium of the Books' Archway.
An initial goal of the collaboration is the further development of learning tools and disciplines related to the use of technology in the study of humanities. This is an area in which the CHS specializes and has already achieved distinction through the development (in the United States and Greece) of innovative methods on the use of digital technology in education/training. SPEL will collaborate with the CHS for the implementation of this technology and shall explore pioneering methods in the Arsakeia Schools (Athens, Thessalonica, Patras, Ioannina, Tirana).
Parallel to that, the life-long learning projects implemented through the Society for the Promotion of Education and Learning University with the collaboration of academics of the CHS in the US and Greece.
Finally, the partnership aims at supporting research projects and other activities related to education and Greek culture.


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Even Duke the Mascot Needs to Learn!
Even Duke needs to learn.
While Southwestern Oklahoma State University students have been taking end-of-semester finals tests on the Weatherford campus, the university's live Bulldog mascot has undergone two surgeries caused by his love of snooping around and getting into things he shouldn't be doing.
On December 5, Duke ingested a 10-foot cotton rope similar to a ski rope. The result was not pleasant. Caretaker Rita Hays took Duke to local veterinarian Dr. Mark Hoffman and the 4-year-old mascot underwent surgery on December 7.
After that surgery, Duke was not his old self and just moped around. Turns out that Duke was allergic to the stitches. So, Duke had to return to Dr. Hoffman for a second surgery on December 14. After the second surgery, Duke was feeling a lot better and was scheduled to be released on December 15.
"Duke is a mischievous dog," Hays said. "It's no secret that he is an obsessive chewer."
Duke should have a good Christmas. Even though he will have to stay in a crate until Christmas Eve, the stitches from his second surgery will be removed on Christmas Eve.
Hays said Duke might be getting a few Christmas presents this year but one will definitely not be any ropes.


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Welcome to Amicus Recruit
Welcome to the Amicus Recruit website.
On the site you will find a brief introduction about Amicus Recruit and our team, which will give you a good insight into our values and the way we approach our work.
We have outlined all the benefits of joining us as a locum, and the advantages of using us to recruit experienced social workers.
We have also included the comments of some of our clients and locums, in order for you to gain a feel for why people return to us again and again to find or fill vacancies.
If you would like any more information please just get in touch. One of our experienced and trained consultants will be happy to talk through any questions you have.
If you are interested in locum or permanent work you can submit your details online - we will then contact you to discuss your requirements in further detail.


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Obamas in DC at the Hay Adams Hotel
The Obama family has moved to DC! Although they are not quite in the White House, they are temporarily staying across the street at the Hay Adams Hotel. The hotel has a long DC history. Open since 1928, the Hay Adams was renovated in 2001 by DC designer Thomas Pheasant. The traditional-styled rooms overlook the White House, Lafayette Park, and St. John's Church. See more hotel photos below the jump…
The Obamas had requested the Blair House, the government official guest residence across Pennsylvania Avenue from the White House, where presidents-elect often stay before taking the oath of office. But the Bush administration said that the Blair House is booked through Jan. 15. We think the Hay Adams is a good temporary place for the Obamas.
Click here to visit the hotel's website. Read the Washington Post's coverage by clicking here and the Huffington Post's by clicking here.
Thanks to AT DC reader Amy for sending us great information!
[Photos via the Hay Adams Hotel website.]


text: In October of 2009 we had peaked at 10.2%, since then we have lost additional 153,000 jobs. Now the February unemployment is at 9.7%. There has been a rumor around Wall Street that the real unemployment number is around 16.8% (I donât is it a rumor or the fact), and I know at the end of last year they did some adjustments where they wrote off a number of people and thatâs how the number got lower (they still donât have jobs but they are not in the numbers). What pisses me off is that we are being lied to on a constant basis about these economic announcements. (Thatâs why we should ignore the noise and look at charts and price action) What do you guys think?


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Jan 23, 2011
Delta Montreal hotel: nothing fancy but great location and packages for girls
Last month, still glowing from a hot tub-sauna-and-manicure splurge followed by an afternoon spent in a heavenly bed, I ran into my neighbour Claudia, and told her: "I'm just back from trying out the girls' getaway package at the Delta Montreal".
With a quizzical look on her face, she immediately asked:
"Sounds fun, but… what IS this getaway package, anyways?"
I explained to her that it's a little-known secret whereby you book a hotel through the Montreal's official website, and – boom! – they give you an envelope filled with coupons for discounts and freebies.
Not all coupons are created equal, of course: my personal favourite is the one that lets up to four girlfriends get their make-up done for free at the Dior boutique at The Bay department store – which, for those who don't know, is Canada's answer to Bloomingdale's. I also hope to use, as soon as possible, the one that gets you a free dish at Toqué!, one of the city's top tables – they just did a bit of reno there so that people can now eat at the (refitted) new bar, which has made the restaurant more fun and casual.
For my package, I chose to stay at the Delta Montreal – a four-star hotel with a five-star location for shoppers. It's literally a block and a half away from The Bay, which, in turn, is linked to tons of other great stores via the underground city, such as the ones at the Eaton Centre mall (four stores in there offer discounts to girls on a getaway, including Levi's – nice!). I also liked the fact that the Delta has a pool, a hot tub and a full-service spa, very handy when the weather gets chillier and you want to just ride an elevator to your pampering session.
475 President-Kennedy Avenue
tel. (514) 286.1986
Cava restaurant, by same owner as Milos: 10 reasons to love it
I'm all the way in São Paulo, Brazil, off to eat some great sushi in a few minutes, so I'll keep this short and simple....
1- It's better-looking and more elegant than big brother Milos
2- There's a very decent selection of cheeses (I counted 11 in the display)
3- The young maître d' from Bordeau LOVES his job and it shows
4- The young cook from Montreal that I met loves his job too! And yes, it shows.
5- The aged sirloin is deliciously charred on the outside, perfectly cooked, delicious.
6- The lentil salad with smoked salmon is the best I've had in a long time
7- Valet parking! Amazing! Love it.
8- They have Pata Negra, and it's a pretty damned good one
9- The crème caramel is better than most served at French joints
10 - EnRoute magazine voted it one of the 10 top new restaurants in Canada
5551, av. du Parc, Montréal
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Client Resources
Are you in need?
HOPE can help!
Call us! We are here to help. Please give us a call at 321.765.4984
You can call us at 321.765.4984 and we will help you through the application process. Please be able to provide an ID and Proof of Residency for Seminole County, FL.
Fun, informative and helpful. We try to make every experience a special one. Watch our video to learn a little about us….


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The ODARA is the result of a collaboration between the Ontario Provincial Police Behavioural Sciences and Analysis Section and the Research Department at Waypoint. It was created from research on nearly 600 cases from OPP and municipal police records. The ODARA is easy to score, either from documents alone, or from documents plus an interview with a female client who is the victim of the offender's most recent domestic assault. A police record check is always advised. The ODARA can be scored reliably, and has been validated in several jurisdictions. It is the first empirically developed and validated domestic violence risk assessment tool to assess the risk of future domestic assault, as well as the frequency and severity of future assaults. For all of these reasons, the ODARA is an important part of efforts to promote a coordinated, cross-sector response to violence against women.
ODARA 101: The Electronic Training Program is an interactive e-learning program for assessors to learn to use the ODARA any day of the year and at any time that fits their schedule. The program consists of five chapters: Introduction, Learning Modules, Practice Cases, Certification, Special Features. The learning modules cover the research background and validations of the ODARA, as well as the detailed scoring instructions for each item. Practice cases are provided in video and written formats, with the correct scoring explained. The program takes 4-6 hours to complete, depending on individual learning styles and preferences. This project has been made possible by a grant from the Ontario Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services.
Please contact us contact us for more information. To register, fill out the license request form.


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more polaroids to celebrate! :)
these were taken at arramanches-les-bains in normandy.
- the path to recovery was not easy: 3 walk-in clinic visits, 6 hours in total waiting to be seen by the doctor, $ at the pharmacy, and waking up all itchy with hives at 3:55 am only to discover that you are allergic to your antibiotics.
- but, besides my phlegmy cough (harhar, excuse me) i am ready to go back to work tomorrow.
- i know, what's one more day, i should just stay home, but i miss work and my head is tired of my pillow.
- if you haven't seen she's just not into you, watch it, despite poor reviews. i thought it was cute.
- and i think i have a new girly crush on justin long. teehee.
my dears, i hope you all have a good weekend.


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Capable and experience offer professional services to prepare a FINAL accounts of small and medium size company. If you have not yet prepared accounts due to any reasons can avail our services. Without preparing accounts you will be DARK do not know that your company in profit or loss.
We can prepare accounts of your company on CONTRACT basis or retainer ship basis and later inform where your company stands.
Even offer to submit your monthly SALES TAX return via e-filing if you have not a proper arrangement or accountant.
Charges will be determine after the study of your business capacity.
Interested firm please contact
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Paid services provided by companies and individuals
(advertisements relevant to Linux / Open Source only).
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