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Court Papers
Court Papers
State Police
Lower Saucon Township
The Morning Call
June 24, 2008
A Lower Saucon Township man was charged with aggravated assault for allegedly using a chain saw to attack a friend of his neighbor's on Friday night and sent to Northampton County Prison. Barry A. Werner, 50, of 3784 Old Philadelphia Pike, allegedly hit Adam Selverio in the shoulder with the chain saw after an argument in front of the neighbor's home at 3782 Old Philadelphia Pike, shortly before 10 p.m. Though the chain saw was not on, the blow still cut a 2-inch gash in Selverio's shoulder.
Police: Man banned from strip club assaults dancer
By Patrick Lester, Of the Morning Call
June 22, 2014
An Allentown man banned from Silhouettes Showbar in Coopersburg last week returned to the club Saturday night and assaulted a dancer in the parking lot outside, police said. Thomas E. Cross, 47, of 2421 Allenbrook Drive, showed up at the club at 111 E. Station Avenue on Saturday night and was asked to leave, court papers say. Witnesses said Cross implied that he had a gun before leaving with a dancer, court papers say. Once outside, Cross choked the woman, pulled her hair and hit her in the face, police said.
First Lehigh Board Denies Internal Strife * Court Papers Allege Attempt To Fire Bank's President.
by SUSAN TODD, The Morning Call
July 22, 1998
A member of First Lehigh Bank's board of directors sued his chairman earlier this month in an apparent attempt to prevent the bank's chief executive officer from being fired. What is now being described as a misunderstanding initially led director Stephen Alinikoff to accuse Chairman John H. McKeever of "surreptitiously" trying to remove Wilbur Roat, who has been the Walnutport bank's president and chief executive officer since 1994. Attorneys for Alinikoff of Kingston, Luzerne County, requested an emergency hearing in Lehigh County Court on July 9 where they intended to ask for a preliminary injunction against McKeever, according to papers on file at the courthouse.
Man gets federal prison for energy pricing scam
By Peter Hall, Of The Morning Call
June 17, 2014
A Massachusetts man will serve nearly three years in prison for his role in a Lehigh County energy brokerage that scammed businesses out of hundreds of thousands of dollars. U.S. District Judge Michael M. Baylson on Monday sentenced Michael Mateja, of North Andover, to 33 months in federal prison. He pleaded guilty in December to wire fraud and obstruction of justice. Mateja's attorney, John Waldron of Allentown, said he objected to prosecutors' request that the judge require $819,000 in restitution, calling the estimates of losses incurred by one of the victims exorbitant.
Court papers detail Bucks standoff
By Scott Kraus and Brian Callaway Of The Morning Call
September 19, 2007
Hilda Lambert told police that when she reached the top of her basement stairs Saturday afternoon, she found her husband William holding his gun bag. "What are you going to do with that?" she asked. William loaded a round into his handgun. "It's such a beautiful day," he said, according to court records. "We're going to end this now." Hilda Lambert managed to escape her Perkasie home and call police, but Saturday's events were nowhere near an end. According to police, William Lambert, 40, holed up inside his home at 523 Vine St. and held officers at bay from about 4 p.m. Saturday into Sunday morning, forcing the evacuation of dozens of neighbors.
Lehigh County jury awards $4 million in birth injury suit
By Peter Hall, Of The Morning Call
September 11, 2013
An Allentown obstetrician's negligence caused permanent injuries to Erin McCarthy and her daughter Chloe, a Lehigh County jury found when it awarded $4 million to the Easton woman and her child. Chloe McCarthy, now 4, suffers mild cerebral palsy and neurological injuries as a result of Dr. Garry C. Karounos' failure to perform a cesarean section and continuing with a natural delivery after Erin McCarthy's labor stalled in August 2009, court documents say. Erin McCarthy suffered injuries that rendered her incontinent and unable to work as a result of Karounos' decision, court documents say. The verdict, which is among the largest medical malpractice awards in Lehigh County in recent years, came Saturday after a four-day trial in Lehigh County Court.
Monroe jury convicts man of raping two girls
The Morning Call
May 9, 2007
It took a Monroe County jury less than an hour Tuesday to convict a Bloomsburg man of charges he raped two young girls over a period of several years. James Charles Barnes, 44, was convicted of eight counts of sexual offenses for each girl for a total of 16 counts, said Assistant District Attorney Michael Rakaczewski. Barnes, who is in Monroe County Prison under $100,000 bail, was convicted of rape, involuntary deviate sexual intercourse, statutory sexual assault, sexual assault, endangering the welfare of children, corruption of minors, aggravated indecent assault and indecent assault.
Court papers: Man confessed to killing Bethlehem teen
The Morning Call
March 28, 2007
A man charged with shooting a 15-year-old Bethlehem boy a week before Christmas has admitted to the killing, according to court documents filed Tuesday. Paul Serrano III, 18, admitted to police he shot and killed Kevin Muzila after Muzila answered a knock at the front door of his family's apartment, according to a search warrant inventory filed Tuesday with District Judge James Stocklas of Bethlehem. According to the court documents: During an interview with Bethlehem police last Wednesday, Serrano admitted he shot Muzila with a handgun recovered by police in a Slatington apartment where Serrano had been staying.
Schuylkill drops charges against man in fatal beating
By John J. Moser Of The Morning Call
April 18, 2009
All charges filed in Schuylkill County Court against one of three men accused in last year's fatal beating of an illegal immigrant in Shenandoah were dropped Friday, and court documents indicate he has pleaded guilty in federal court. But it was unclear to what charges Colin Walsh, 18, of Shenandoah has admitted. The county court filings do not say, and there were no filings under Walsh's name in the U.S. Middle District Court. The charges withdrawn were third-degree murder, voluntary and involuntary manslaughter, aggravated and simple assault, reckless endangerment and ethnic intimidation in the death of Luis Ramirez, 25, a Mexican who had lived in the borough for six years.
Court Papers: Suspect Used Code With Buyers, Suppliers * In The Cipher, `Racing Cards' Stood For Methamphetamines, Documents Say.
by PETER NOAH, The Morning Call
April 10, 1998
Norman Berkowitz, owner of 5 Star Collectibles in Allentown, sold marijuana, methamphetamines and cocaine out of his store, using a cryptic verbal code to communicate with his buyers and suppliers, according to court documents. Among his buyers was a Lansdale, Montgomery County, woman who was arrested in October 1996 for possession of drugs, and became a confidential informant for police, police say. The two were among the many characters in the alleged $4 million methamphetamine ring broken Thursday by the state attorney general's office, state and local police.
Schuylkill County company, president admit smuggling to Iran
By Peter Hall, Of The Morning Call
June 12, 2014
A Schuylkill County manufacturer of heavy tools for the steel industry and its president, Helmut Oertmann, have pleaded guilty in federal court to charges they were part of a conspiracy to smuggle goods to Iran. Hetran Inc., based in Orwigsburg, and Oertmann were charged in April with taking steps to conceal the final destination of an $800,000 machine used to shape steel bars for use in the automobile and aircraft industries. The company pleaded guilty Tuesday to conspiring to violate the laws of the United States by shipping goods in violation of a ban on export to Iran.
Police: Bushkill man threatened drug probe informant
By Patrick Lester, Of The Morning Call
June 12, 2014
A Bushkill Township man has been charged with threatening a police informant who has cooperated with a Drug Task Force investigation, authorities say. Dean Tomsic, 53, of 397 Old Allentown Road was charged Wednesday with harassment and making terroristic threats, court papers say. He was arraigned by District Judge James J. Narlesky and sent to Northampton County Prison under $25,000 bail. Investigators say Tomsic left threatening messages on the informant's cellphone, including one when he said, "Yo, brother, you [expletive]
Police: Woman charged $240 for sex at Lower Macungie hotel
By Patrick Lester, Of The Morning Call
June 11, 2014
A 21-year-old Monroe County woman was charged Tuesday with prostitution for meeting for sex at a Lower Macungie Township hotel with an undercover police officer, state police said. Rashea D. Thomas of East Stroudsburg was contacted May 15 by the officer, who was using the website backpage.com, court papers say. After a meeting was arranged at the Wingate Hotel, 4325 Hamilton Blvd., the officer gave Thomas $240 for sex, court papers say. The encounter took place shortly before midnight.
Police: Mom picked kids up from school three hours late, was drunk
By Patrick Lester, Of The Morning Call
June 10, 2014
An Upper Milford Township woman who habitually showed up hours late to pick up her children from Eyer Middle School was charged with drunken driving after police were called to the school during one of her late arrivals, state police at Fogelsville said. Michele M. Godshall, 49, was charged in connection with the May 13 incident at Eyer, 5616 Buckeye Road in Lower Macungie Township, according to court papers. Police say they were called to the school shortly after 6 p.m. on May 13 because Godshall's children were at the school waiting to be picked up. A maintenance worker told an officer that the two children had been waiting since 3 p.m. and that it was the latest of multiple instances when the mother was hours late picking up the children.
Austin Scott wants prison sentence reduced
By Patrick Lester, Of The Morning Call
June 6, 2014
Former Parkland High School football star Austin Scott wants his prison sentence for drug dealing reduced, suggesting in court papers that his prosecution and sentence were the result of his previous celebrity status. Scott's attorney, James Heidecker Jr., this week filed court papers asking that Lehigh County Judge Robert L. Steinberg modify and reduce Scott's sentence of six to 23 months in county jail followed by two years of probation. Steinberg has not yet acted on the Wednesday afternoon court filing.
Woman, 18, charged with prostitution in Lower Macungie
By Patrick Lester, Of The Morning Call
May 16, 2014
An 18-year-old woman was arrested for prostitution Thursday night at a Lower Macungie Township hotel after meeting with a man who turned out to be an undercover police officer, state police at Fogelsville said. Martia Vivian Ge, whose address is not known, met with the undercover officer who set up the 10:30 p.m. meeting at the Wingate Hotel, 4325 Hamilton Blvd., using the website backpage.com, court papers say. After the undercover officer handed Ge $160, two other officers entered the room and arrested Ge. Ge was charged with one count of prostitution.
Court papers in will fight have false claims, Karoly says
By Tyra Braden Of The Morning Call
April 19, 2007
Lawyer John P. Karoly Jr. says documents contesting what he claims is his brother's only valid will should remain secret because they contain "absolutely false and wholly fabricated allegations" that could hurt his and other people's reputations. Joining Karoly in his motion filed in Northampton County Court were several others who say they are beneficiaries of lawyer Peter J. Karoly's estate, which includes his Allentown law firm. On Wednesday, Judge F.P. Kimberly McFadden held a hearing to determine whether all documents should remain sealed.
Semmel Uses Age Old Trick On Opponent Kutztown U. Student Served With Court Papers Challenging His Right To Run Against Incumbent
by MARGIE PETERSON, The Morning Call
August 15, 1994
Brian Husowitz, a Kutztown University student cum state legislative candidate, got a lesson in politics this week he won't find in a textbook. That is, you better be old enough to run and if you're not, don't expect your opponent to cut you a break. Husowitz, who announced in June he would run on the Patriot Party ticket against state Rep. Paul Semmel, was served with court papers this week challenging his right to challenge the 12-year Republican incumbent. Husowitz of Breinigsville won't turn 21 until Jan. 2, 1995 -- 32 days after his term of office would begin if elected.
Two accused of rigging electrical meters to steal from PPL
By Patrick Lester, Of The Morning Call
May 16, 2014
Two PPL Electric Utilities customers are facing theft charges after they tampered with the electrical meters on their homes and got free power, state police at Fogelsville said. Diem-Huong Thi Tong, 40, of 5609 Kart Drive, Wescosville, and Carlos A. Santiago-Ramos, 46, of 1604 Bridgeton Road, Breinigsville, were charged last week with felony theft of services and misdemeanor criminal mischief, court papers say. In both cases, the charges resulted from audits done by PPL. Those audits showed many days during which meters showed no power use. Tong is accused of stealing $4,861 worth of electricity, court papers say. Investigators say the meter at Tong's home was rigged with wiring in such a way that Tong could control the meter.
Lehigh County man gets prison in electricity rate bait-and-switch
By Peter Hall, Of The Morning Call
May 13, 2014
Samuel Puleo escaped a harsh prison sentence for his role in a bait-and-switch energy pricing scam that cost businesses across the country hundreds of thousands of dollars. On Monday, U.S. District Judge Michael M. Baylson sentenced Puleo to 30 days in prison followed by six months of home confinement and three years of supervised release. But the 26-year-old Fogelsville man must also repay $818,000 to the companies that wound up with higher-than-expected electricity bills or paid fraudulently earned commissions as a result of the scheme he ran with two other men. Puleo's attorney, Charles Peruto Jr., argued in a sentencing memo to the judge that his client was a passive accomplice in the fraud, although, he conceded, Puleo did nothing to stop it. "His acquiescence in this scheme is most regrettable, especially in light of the fact the people he was trying to impress the most, his parents and his family, about his new-found success are the ones he disappointed the most," Peruto wrote.
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About Nnamdi Asomugha
It has been estimated that the overall size of the current Nnamdi Asomugha net worth reaches as high as 20 million dollars. In addition to this high net worth, it has also been known that his annual earnings are as much as 4 million dollars and this size of money also plays a vital role in increasing the total amount of Nnamdi Asomugha net worth. Nnamdi Asomugha has become famous and rich because of his career as a football player.
He was born in 1981 in Lafayette, Louisiana, but he was raised in Los Angeles, California. When he was studying in high school, Nnamdi Asomugha not only played football, but also baseball. Nnami Asomugha later was studying at the University of California – Berkeley. There, he continued to be active in his football career. Nnamdi Asomugha graduated and earned his degree in Corporate Finance. In 2003, Nnamdi Asomugha was invited to play in the Oakland Raiders team. During the first two seasons in the team, he did not have much time to play, but in 2005 he got more time on the field. Up until 2010, Nnamdi Asomguha showed great performance in the team. Thus, playing in it has added up a lot to the overall amount of Nnamdi Asomugha net worth.
Also, when he belonged to the team, his name used to be included in many best players list in the NFL. Also, as a member of the band, Nnamdi Asomugha was chosen to the All-Pro team four times. Moreover, he was selected to play in the Pro Bowl three times. In 2006 as well as in 2008, Nnamdi Asomugha became a winner of the Most Valuable Player.
However, when he decided to leave the team, he faced hard times. For two seasons, Nnamdi Asomugha was playing in the Philadelphia Eagles team, however, unsuccessfully. One of his most recent teams has been playing for the San Francisco 49ers team, but it also has not been as successful as his time with the Oakland Raiders.
In 2012, Nnamdi Asomugha made headlines in newspapers when he proposed to his girlfriend Kerry Washington. In 2011, Nnamdi Asomugha signed a deal with the Philadelphia Eagles, which was stated to be worth 60 million dollars. Out of those 60 million dollars, 25 million dollars were guaranteed money. He played professional football for 11 seasons and finally decided that he was going to retire in 2013.

subset: commoncrawl


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In the United States more than 200,000 miles of waterways have been modified to trapezoidal-shaped drainage ditches benefiting more than 110 million acres of agricultural land at an estimated cost of $56 billion dollars. Agricultural ditches are designed to remove excess water from fields and prevent flooding onto fields. Often these ditches serve as the collection systems for subsurface drains that are located 3 to 4 ft below the ground surface. This necessitates headwater ditches being much deeper and wider than natural streams. Maintaining the important drainage function of these systems can require expensive maintenance, which removes sediment and disrupts the natural formation of benches, that can have adverse ecological and water quality impacts.
Researchers at the Ohio Agricultural Research & Development Center (OARDC) have developed a new "two-stage" ditch design. The new design has a small main channel at the bottom of the ditch - stage one - and grass-covered "benches" along the sides of the channel - stage two. The main (inset) channel provides some of the service of a natural channel. The benches provide some of the services provided by the floodplains of natural rivers and have water quality benefits. This design has increased drainage capacity so there is less flooding of surrounding farmland. It is also seeing application in urban area as a stormwater management practice.
More than a 100 two-stage ditches have been constructed around the world - in China, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, New Zealand, Ohio, and Scandinavia. Stakeholder satisfaction has been very high. Joint research involving scientists at the OARDC and the University of Notre Dame has shown that the design reduces the export of nitrate-nitrogen from fertilizers into rivers, lakes and streams -- an added benefit that can save farmers money and improve water quality. The practice is an approved USDA-NRCS Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) Agricultural BMP in Indiana and Ohio.
Join Andy Ward, The Ohio State University; and Lisa Brush, The Stewardship Network as they present on this important stewardship topic.
Andy Ward - Professor in the Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University. He has a degree in Civil Engineering from Imperial College, England and degrees in Agricultural Engineering from the University of Kentucky. Andy is a registered Professional Engineer in Kentucky and has 35 years of international experience in the areas of watershed hydrology, stream geomorphology, reservoir sedimentation, modeling hydrologic systems, drainage, soil erosion, water quality, and the development and implementation of techniques to prevent or control adverse impacts of land use changes on water resources, streams and drainage networks. He has pioneered work on two-stage agricultural ditches. He is an advocate of student-centered learning and in his courses he incorporates teamwork, solving real world problems, applying engineering and scientific judgment, and enhancing communication skills. Andy is a co-author of the textbook Environmental Hydrology.
Lisa Brush - Executive Director, The Stewardship Network. Lisa has worked in the environmental field in Michigan for the last fifteen years. She is currently the Executive Director of the Stewardship Network and has been involved with the Network since its inception more than 10 years ago. She has a wealth of experience helping non-scientific people understand scientific issues. For over nine years, as she has built and coordinated The Stewardship Network, she has emphasized effective and meaningful stakeholder involvement in developing and implementing all aspects of this program. She has a M.S. in Natural Resources from the University of Michigan and a B.A. (Science in Society) from Wesleyan University.


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- MaggieJedlickaAsked on June 02, 2016 at 08:20 PM
I'm testing LIVE transactions thru standard PayPal interface. I see on the one time donation screen at PayPal there is the PayPal LOGON prompt, which takes you to a completely new Login Screen, then back to the original PayPal page to effect the donation.
I have see on other PayPal interfaces that the LOGIN and PASSWORD are integrated into the first PayPal page, instead of going off into another page. IOW, the users get 3 screens (a. Initial Page - I'm attaching the screenshot, the PayPal login Page, then back to the Initial Page now with Donate on it) VS. 1 SCREEN if the Login is integrated into that first screen.
It makes a big difference to users, bumping around 3 times verses once.
- JotForm SupportChriistianAnswered on June 02, 2016 at 11:04 PM
If I understand correctly, you want the paypal page to look the same as the page for products? Please see screenshot below:
Unfortunately, that page is only visible if you are selling a product or a subscription. A possible workaround I can suggest would be to uncheck the "This is a donation" option in the payment wizard. Once unchecked, you should see the same page as the screenshot above. However, please note that if you uncheck this option, then the payment might not be classified as a donation in paypal.
- MaggieJedlickaAnswered on June 03, 2016 at 09:12 AM
I did it both ways; with the above option checked ("This is a donation...") and unchecked. Paypal deducted the same fees (since we have signed up with them as a Nonprofit, which we are). So...what's the difference between saying "This is a donation. We are a non-profit organization." and not? Do you know?
- HubersonAnswered on June 03, 2016 at 10:41 AM
When you check the option 'This is a donation ..' the payment is passed to PayPal as a donation, not an amount to be paid for an item/product or the like. Since your PayPal account was created as non-profit, the same rate might still be applied if you leave the option unchecked or not.
- MaggieJedlickaAnswered on June 03, 2016 at 10:56 AM
That is my take as well. So..if I uncheck "This is a donation..." in the PayPal Wizard, I get the ONE page, where my users can do EVERYTHING and they are not bounced around to 3 different screens, which as you know in a lot of cases, people GIVE UP because its too cumbersome. There's no "harm" as we pay same fees to PP as NP. Do you know... are these "canned" webpages via the JotForm wizard are setup by PayPal or does Jotform design them with PayPal? (this will be my last ?).
- JotForm SupportWelvinAnswered on June 03, 2016 at 12:19 PM
When you are redirected to Paypal, everything that happens there is part of Paypal. It's not a thing that Jotform can change. That is their way of processing payment.
You may also consider using Paypal PRO payment. To accept payment by credit card in the form without going to Paypal payment page.
- MaggieJedlickaAnswered on June 03, 2016 at 01:07 PM
Thanks for the explanation. You guys are wonderful to work with...!


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No matter how difficult they find climbing the stairs in their home, some people are put off investing in a stairlift because they assume their staircase is too narrow to accommodate one.
That's particularly the case if only one person in the household would use the stairlift, while others continue to access the stairs in the usual way. Staircases in older properties, or traditional terraced houses, tend to be quite narrow, but the good news is that Acorn stairlifts are designed to fit almost any situation.
Firstly, our stairlift rails – made from slim but extremely strong aluminium – are designed to be as unobtrusive as possible. Acorn stairlifts use a single shielded rail, unlike some of our rivals who still use a more industrial-looking and intrusive double rail system.
The Acorn stairlift rail is mounted securely to the stairs, positioned close to the wall on either side of the staircase, whichever side best suits the situation. The rail occupies only a small part of the staircases' full width, meaning other people can continue to use the stairs without fear of knocking into it or having to tread carefully to one side.
Mounted on the rail is our Acorn stairlift carriage – the chair which carries you up and down the stairs – with the same slimline carriage design used on our stairlifts for both straight and curved staircases. When the stairlift is not in use, the seat, arms and footrest of the carriage can all be folded up vertically, keeping them neatly out of the way and maximising its space-saving capability.
When folded up in this way, the front edge of the carriage sits just a touch over 12 inches (31cm) from the wall on a straight stairlift and just an inch more (33.5cm) on a curved staircase. A range of other options and modifications are available to maximises space saving, depending on the individual circumstances of the installation.
Acorn also supplies an innovative 'sit-stand' stairlift. As its name suggests, this modification allows the user to either sit on the carriage in the conventional manner or use the lift while standing upright and using the robust additional handrails for extra support. This option is ideal if you find it difficult to bend at the knees or if the stairlift will be used by more than one person and whose needs differ.
While we cannot give a 100% guarantee that your stairs will be suitable for a stairlift, it is extremely rare that our experienced Acorn home surveyors and installation engineers come up against a situation which defeats them. Since every staircase is different, the only way to know what type of Acorn stairlift would best suit your situation is to book a free, no-obligation home survey.
Our surveyor will not only advise on your made-to-measure Acorn stairlift solution, but will also provide a comprehensive quote. It will have no hidden extras – what we quote is what you pay – and it will be valid for up to 12 months, giving you plenty of time to make up your mind.
The key thing is not to assume your stairs are too narrow and then struggle on in pain and discomfort, when an Acorn Stairlift could instantly remove that daily strife and give your life a lift.
To order a comprehensive Acorn Stairlifts brochure, including Dr Hilary Jones' DVD guide to buying a stairlift, or to arrange a free, no-obligation home survey, just call free on 0800 073 9775 today.


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Leadership Is Doing the Right Things; Management Is Doing Things Right
can create an environment where people want to
maximize their successes. One way of doing this is
framing the future for them though a vision
statement. However, without a leader
communicating the message in a relevant and
meaningful way, a vision statement is worth less
than the paper it's written on.
When communicating your vision, start by describing
the present situation. This is where you are now.
Acknowledge efforts, actions and contributions by
individuals and teams.
Be prepared when describing the current situation to
pre-empt negative reactions from the team. For
example, if you know there is anger over a new travel
policy, acknowledge it. In order to take the audience
on a journey – you need to prove that you are well
aware of where the business is today, both the good
and the bad.
Next, describe a desirable future position. This is
where you want the company or group to be, or what
you want to achieve. Make sure you include a time
frame – 6 months, 2 years, 10 years or beyond.
Also, include both rational and emotional elements to
describe the future. The rational could be the size of
the organisation, sales targets, or the numbers of
countries in which you operate. The emotional
elements inspire people's feelings, pride, and sense of
accomplishment. They also can appeal to teamwork,
values, or other altruistic intentions. A good vision
message will touch both the hearts and minds of your
The last part of your message should detail the
method of achieving the vision. This is the 'how we
are going to get there' part. Talk about the broad
strategies that will move the business from the existing
position to the aspiration.
Some audiences need more detail - particularly those
key teams or individuals who will be accountable for
the execution of strategies. Explain the core actions,
critical success factors, achievement points and dates.
This is where you need...
Please join StudyMode to read the full document


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Bill Analyser
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Terms & Conditions


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Mamta Kulkarni Biography
Mamta Kulkarni was born in a Marathi-talking family, and inhabited Yari Road, Versova, Andheri West, down with two sisters, Mithila and Moulina. Nothwithstanding Mamta's Marathi articulation, and her insufficiency to talk familiar English. Kulkarni made her presentation through the Tamil film Nanbargal which was coordinated by Shoba Chandrasekar.
Mamta Kulkarni made her Bollywood debut with the 1992 motion picture Tirangaa. In 1993, she featured in Aashiq Awara that won her a Filmfare Lux New Face Award. She went ahead to emerge in numerous respected movies, for example, Waqt Hamara Hai (1993), Krantiveer (1994), Karan Arjun (1995), Sabse Bada Khiladi (1995) and Baazi (1995).
Assets appeared to change when Rajkumar Santoshi, in whose prior motion picture Ghatak: Lethal (1996) she had a cameo outside in a tune, give her a role as the female lead in his 1998 motion picture China Gate, a savage redo of Seven Samurai. All things considered, things did not go as arranged. Relations in the middle of Santoshi and the performing artist soured, and bits of gossip started flowing that Kulkarni was dropped from the motion picture, and reestablished when criminal Chhota Rajan interceded for her benefit. While the motion picture was at long last discharged, it was additionally a tremendous lemon. Also, the main melody in the motion picture, the thing number Chamma, was picturised on Urmila Matondkar, despite the fact that Kulkarni had fabricated her notoriety with such numbers. To make an already difficult situation even worse, the tune ended up being a chartbuster, significantly expanded Urmila's fame and was even utilized as a part of Baz Luhrmann's Moulin Rouge!. She work Chhupa Rustam: A Musical Thriller, Censor in 2001.
Enraged at the unforeseen development, Kulkarni lashed out at Santoshi, blaming him for cutting her screen time on the grounds that she had denied his advances. Santoshi denied all gossipy tidbits joined with the motion picture, and the matter was given a calm interment. In any case, this turned out to be the final knockout to Kulkarni's profession. She just showed up in a modest bunch of motion pictures after that, and new offers went away. She quit motion pictures after her the 2002 film Kabhie Tum Kabhie Hum. In this year, she additionally lives up to expectations in Divine Temple Khajuraho.
Amid her vocation, she was offered movies with Mithun Chakraborty, Ajay Devgan, Bobby Deol, Shahrukh Khan, Sanjay Dutt, Akshay Khanna, Salman Khan, and Anil Kapoor. She turned down numerous enormous movies, for example, Sapoot, Agnaary, Mr and Mrs Khiladi, Bandahan, Aunty No.1, Dulhe Raja, Davaa, Shikari, Hogi Pyar Ki Jeet and Kareeb on the grounds that her part was not extensive.
Kulkarni picked up acclaim in the wake of posturing topless for the front of Stardust, a prominent Indian film magazine, in September 1993. She was charged under India's numerous profanity laws, and wound up under assault from both progressive religious gatherings and ladies' gatherings. The plain performer lashed out at dissenters, calling them wolves in sheep's clothing.
Mamta was at last indicted in July 2000, and fined Rs. 15,000. In any case, this brought about yet another debate in light of the fact that she showed up in court in a burqa to sidestep picture takers, which prompted demise dangers and challenges from the nearby Islamic group. In any case, she was held guiltless by the Bombay High Court in January 2004. In 1997, she was allegedly paid an extensive add up to perform at a private capacity by an official from Bihar, who was later captured after examinations concerning the Fodder Scam case. Kulkarni was cross examined, yet she precluded any learning from claiming the lawmaker's predecessors. Mamta additionally did couple of films in Kannada, Tamil, Telugu, Bengali, and Malayalam.
Off Screen Work
TV show
Mamta is presently living as a profound lady. Well known Indian TV show Bigg Boss drew nearer Mamta to be a challenger in its Season 7 however Mamta won't.
Individual life
Kulkarni wedded 52-year-old Goswami, behind an involved acquaintance, when he was in jail in Dubai. She was dealing with her spouse's lodging business in his nonappearance. As indicated by the buzz, the performer has as far as anyone knows grasped the Islamic religion in the wake of tying bunch with Vicky Goswami on May 10. Instantly, the dubious performing artist was accepted to have settled in Nairobi, Kenya, with her spouse. She settled in New York from 2005.
Mamta Kulkarni Profile
Name: Mamta Mukhund Kulkarni
Other name: Mamta Kulkarni, Rani, Mamata Kulkarni
Born: April 20, 1972
Birth Place: Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Star Sign: Aries
Profession: Actress
Citizenship: Indian
Language: Hindi, Marathi, English
Religion: Hindu
Mamta Kulkarni Bra size/Measurements
Height in Feet: 5 Feet 2 Inches
Weight in Kilograms: 58 kg
Body Measurement and Size:36-26-36 inches
Bra Size: 36B
Bra Cup Size: B
Waist Size: 26 Inches
Hip Size: 36 Inches
Feet/Shoe Size: 8
Dress Size: 6
Eye Color:Brown
Hair Color: Brown


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Real Estate search firm Estately compiled data on common fears held by Americans in order to determine which state is the scariest. Taking into consideration statistics on occurrences likebears, shark attacks, hurricanes, spiders, murders and creepy clowns available for hire, Florida jumped up to No. 1 on the list. In fact, Florida's so awesomely terrifying, it came in first place in three of the categories: shark attacks, hurricanes and tornadoes.
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IRVING - Christus Health, who decided to consolidate their headquarters earlier this year is now ramping up hiring. Locally, the Christus Health headcount will skyrocket from 70 employees to more than 1,000 by second quarter 2013. Two job fairs have already been held to hire more than 600 employees.
Christus previously had four corporate offices, two in Houston and one each in San Antonio and Irving. The company is now renovating a 210,000-sf space at 919 Hidden Ridge Dr. in Las Colinas, formerly occupied by Verizon Communications. By moving to Irving, Christus estimates that $60 million will be saved over ten years in leasing expenses, travel costs and from increased productivity.
With 32 hospitals, Christus Health is the largest non-profit healthcare provider in Texas and the tenth-largest private healthcare provider in the nation. The company has annual revenue of about $5 billion and employs 30,000 in seven states and Mexico.
For more information about Christus Health's headquarter relocation, see previous News Talk Texas.
Read more at D Magazine.
Our twice-weekly e-newsletter provides a quick overview of Texas real estate markets. Because your time is valuable.


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Please feel free to contact us with any comments, questions or suggestions.
The National Bureau of Revenue and Regulatory Officials (NBRRO) was established to provide an education forum for the interchange of ideas among state and local business licensing officials. Presently, this is done through two basic means: an annual two day conference and a bi-annual update (newsletter form).
It is recognized that some officials deal solely with revenue raising; other are exclusively regulatory officials, and many do both. Great effort is made to provide helpful material at the conferences and in the newsletter to all licensing officials.
Our 29th Annual Conference will be held in Washington, DC from July 10th-12th 2013. The conferences are designed to provide substantive information regarding a variety of issues that affect local licensing officials from around the country, regardless of whether you are involved in regulatory issues, occupational taxation issues, or both.
Currently, national certification of revenue and regulatory officials has two levels. The first is based on job experience and training. It is in place. The second, still under development, will require rigorous examination to demonstrate expertise in the licensing field. Both will require continual training to maintain the certification. It is planned to work hand-in-hand with state or area organizations to fulfill the training requirement. The purpose is to provide designations recognized by government employees and licenses that the individual has achieved a level of knowledge and training in business licensing that qualifies the person for the position and will prove beneficial in the performance of licensing functions.
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In neurons, the polarized distribution of vesicles and other cellular materials is established through molecular motors that steer selective transport between axons and dendrites. It is currently unclear whether interactions between kinesin motors and microtubule‐binding proteins can steer polarized transport. By screening all 45 kinesin family members, we systematically addressed which kinesin motors can translocate cargo in living cells and drive polarized transport in hippocampal neurons. While the majority of kinesin motors transport cargo selectively into axons, we identified five members of the kinesin‐3 (KIF1) and kinesin‐4 (KIF21) subfamily that can also target dendrites. We found that microtubule‐binding protein doublecortin‐like kinase 1 (DCLK1) labels a subset of dendritic microtubules and is required for KIF1‐dependent dense‐core vesicles (DCVs) trafficking into dendrites and dendrite development. Our study demonstrates that microtubule‐binding proteins can provide local signals for specific kinesin motors to drive polarized cargo transport.
While kinesin motors selectively move into axons, kinesin‐3 and kinesin‐4 can also target dendrites. Microtubule‐binding protein doublecortin‐like kinase 1 (DCLK1) provides local cues to steer polarized movement of kinesin‐3 into dendrites.
Twenty‐three members of the kinesin subfamily are able to transport cargo in living cells.
Kinesin‐3 (KIF1) and kinesin‐4 (KIF21) family members target both axon and dendrites.
DCLK1 associates with a specific subset of microtubules in dendrites.
DCLK1 is required for KIF1‐mediated dense‐core vesicle trafficking into dendrites.
Neurons are highly polarized cells that have morphologically and functionally distinct processes called axons and dendrites. To establish and maintain this polarized morphology, efficient targeting mechanisms are required to facilitate compartment‐specific cargo delivery. In several model systems, it has been demonstrated that microtubule‐dependent kinesin and dynein motors are critically involved in polarized transport and sorting of specific cargo between axons and dendrites (Kapitein & Hoogenraad, 2011; Rolls, 2011). In mammals, a total of 45 kinesin genes have been identified and the majority of kinesins are abundantly present in the brain (Hirokawa et al, 2009). These kinesin motors have diverse functions. For instance, members of the kinesin‐1, kinesin‐2, kinesin‐3, and kinesin‐4 families are generally thought to function as motors for vesicular transport in neuronal cells (Hirokawa et al, 2009). On the other hand, members of the kinesin‐8 and kinesin‐13 subfamilies are microtubule‐depolymerizing kinesins that use their catalytic activities to regulate microtubule dynamics (Walczak et al, 2013). Neurons are especially vulnerable to defects in microtubule‐based processes: Numerous kinesin motors and their regulators have been implicated in a wide array of neurological and neurodegenerative disorders (Franker & Hoogenraad, 2013; Millecamps & Julien, 2013). However, little is known about the precise role of different kinesin motors in axon and dendritic cargo trafficking.
The specific organization of the neuronal cytoskeleton is critically important for guiding intracellular cargo transport. Microtubule arrays extend along the length of both axons and dendrites, and microtubule‐based motor proteins use these cytoskeletal structures to transport cargo to the desired location. Most neuronal microtubules do not emerge from a central microtubule organizing center and their relative orientations vary in axons and dendrites (Stiess & Bradke, 2011; Yau et al, 2014). Whereas axonal microtubules are organized such that the plus‐end is oriented outward from the cell body, dendrites exhibit a mixed microtubule polarity containing both minus‐end‐ and plus‐end‐out microtubules (Baas et al, 1988). In several model systems, it has been demonstrated that kinesin‐1 motors specifically target the axon, whereas the minus‐end‐directed dynein motor sorts cargo to dendrites (Nakata & Hirokawa, 2003; Zheng et al, 2008; Kapitein et al, 2010a). However, considering that plus‐end‐out microtubules are also present in dendrites, it remains unclear whether kinesin family members can also drive cargo transport into dendrites.
Not only the specific microtubule organization in neurons, but also local cues on microtubules may provide selective transport routes for polarized cargo sorting. Axon selectivity appears mediated by specific properties of stabilized axonal microtubules, as treatment with the microtubule stabilizing agent paclitaxel results in non‐polarized targeting to both axons and dendrites (Nakata & Hirokawa, 2003; Witte et al, 2008; Kapitein et al, 2010a). Moreover, there are several lines of evidence showing that specific posttranslational modifications (PTMs) can control microtubule‐based transport in neurons (Janke, 2014). For instance, kinesin cargo transport is somewhat sensitive for microtubule polyglutamylation, and PTMs influence the motile properties of kinesins on reconstituted microtubules (Ikegami et al, 2007; Sirajuddin et al, 2014). Microtubule‐associated proteins (MAPs) and other microtubule‐binding proteins are strongly compartmentalized in neurons and have also been shown to control kinesin motor activity (Atherton et al, 2013). For instance, doublecortin (DCX) and doublecortin‐like kinase 1 (DCLK1) interact with microtubules and have been implicated in microtubule‐based transport processes (Tanaka et al, 2004; Liu et al, 2012). However, the role of specific microtubule‐binding proteins in regulating polarized cargo transport in neurons has not been investigated.
In this study, we systematically determined which of the 45 kinesin family members can translocate cargo in COS‐7 cells. We next tested which "cargo translocating" kinesins can drive polarized transport in hippocampal neurons. We found that none of the kinesin motors selectively targets dendrites and that only five members of the kinesin‐3 (KIF1A/B/C) and kinesin‐4 (KIF21A/B) families can drive transport toward both the axon and dendrites. Moreover, we found that microtubule‐binding protein doublecortin‐like kinase (DCLK1) specifically localizes to dendrites and is required for kinesin‐3‐dependent cargo trafficking into dendrites. We propose a model in which DCLK1 at the microtubule surface represents a local regulatory mechanism for KIF1‐mediated dendritic cargo transport.
Roughly half of the kinesin motors can transport cargo in living cells
The 45 kinesin superfamily members consist of N‐kinesins, C‐kinesins, and M‐kinesins and are organized into 14 families named kinesin‐1 through kinesin‐14 (Fig 1A) (Lawrence et al, 2004; Hirokawa et al, 2010). We first determined which kinesin members can function as motors for active cargo translocation in COS‐7 cells. To test for kinesin motor motility, we made use of our previously developed cargo trafficking assay where FRB‐FKBP heterodimerization triggers the coupling of kinesin motors to an artificial cargo after the addition of the rapamycin analogue (rapalog, Fig 1B) (Hoogenraad et al, 2003; Kapitein et al, 2010b). We used stationary peroxisomes as cargos for the read out of the activity of a particular kinesin motor and followed their movement using live‐cell imaging. Peroxisomes were labeled by expressing PEX‐RFP‐FKBP, which is a fusion construct of PEX3, a peroxisomal membrane‐targeting signal, the red fluorescent protein (RFP) and FKBP12, a domain that can be bind to FRB in the presence of rapalog (Kapitein et al, 2010b). Kinesin constructs were truncated to contain the motor domain and at least one coiled‐coil domain (MDC) for dimerization, and fused with FRB and GFP (Fig 1A). Together, 45 KIF‐MDC constructs were generated, of which the KIF27‐MDC construct was toxic to the cells and therefore omitted from our analysis. In COS‐7 cells co‐transfected with PEX‐RFP‐FKBP and KIF‐MDC‐GFP‐FRB constructs, most peroxisomes were immobile and displayed a perinuclear distribution (with a radius ~10 μm near the cell center) before rapalog addition (before, Fig 1C). Treating these cells with rapalog revealed three possible outcomes for the peroxisome distribution; a robust accumulation over time of peroxisomes at the cell periphery (such as KIF1C) or no cargo translocation (such as KIF3B) (after, Fig 1C, see also Movie EV1). The kinesin members were defined as a "cargo translocating" when the peroxisomes moved over a distance of at least 5 μm from their initial position within 30 min after rapalog treatment (Appendix Figs S1 and S2). We found that 23 members of the kinesin superfamily were able to transport peroxisomes in COS‐7 cells, of which all are N‐kinesins (Fig 1E, Appendix Figs S1 and S2). The cargo translocating kinesins displayed various average dispersion speeds (Fig 1F, Appendix Table S2; note in this analysis that the average dispersion speed does not reflect the actual velocity of a particular motor but is the average speed with which a particular motor translocates cargo from cell center to cell periphery). It should also be noted that truncated kinesin construct that failed in this assay either does not translocate cargos in living cells or misses critical element needed for cargo movement. In contrast, kinesins identified as cargo transporters do not necessarily transport endogenous cargo under physiological conditions. Thus, using the inducible cargo trafficking assay we found that roughly half of the kinesin superfamily members are able to translocate cargo in living cells.
A subset of kinesin‐3 and kinesin‐4 subfamily members drive cargo transport in both axons and dendrites
We next determined which kinesins can drive polarized transport in hippocampal neurons focusing on those members that transported cargo in COS‐7 cells. Fully differentiated hippocampal neurons (stage 5) expressing PEX‐RFP‐FKBP, KIF‐MDC‐GFP‐FRB, and blue fluorescent protein (BFP), to visualize neuronal morphology, were imaged at 14 days in vitro (DIV14) (Fig 2A). At this stage, hippocampal neurons in culture have clearly morphologically distinct axon and dendrites, which can be further discriminated by immunostaining for the axonal marker Tau and dendritic marker MAP2 (Dotti et al, 1988; van Spronsen et al, 2013b). Consistent with previous results (Kapitein et al, 2010a), the addition of rapalog to neurons coexpressing PEX‐RFP‐FKBP and KIF5B‐MDC‐GFP‐FRB induced a rapid burst of peroxisomes from the cell body into the axon (Fig 2A). No peroxisome movement was observed toward dendrites after KIF5B‐MDC‐FRB recruitment (Fig 2A). Measuring the PEX‐RFP‐FKBP intensity changes in axons and dendrites over time directly demonstrated that KIF5B predominantly drives transport into axons (Fig 2B, see also Movie EV2). Kinesins were considered to target dendrites if an increase in the intensity was observed in at least two dendrites in ≥ 50% of the analyzed cells (Fig 2C). All tested kinesin motors drive robust cargo transport into the axon but none of the members selectively target the dendrites (Fig 2C). However, some kinesin members of the same family displayed different targeting preferences. We found that five members of the kinesin‐3 (KIF1A, KIF1B, KIF1C) and kinesin‐4 (KIF21A and KIF21B) subfamily target peroxisomes to both axons and dendrites (Fig 2A–C, see also Movie EV2), indicating that these five kinesin motors can drive non‐polarized cargo transport in neurons. Interestingly, other members of the kinesin‐3 (KIF13A, KIF13B, KIF16B) and kinesin‐4 (KIF4A, KIF4B) subfamilies selectively drive transport into axons (Fig 2C). These results indicate that highly homologous members of the same subfamily display distinct targeting preferences.
Axon‐selective transport has already been observed in developing neurons directly after neuronal polarization (Jacobson et al, 2006). We next tested whether KIF1C and KIF21A drive non‐polarized cargo transport during the early stages of neuronal development. Hippocampal neurons with developing neurites (stage 2/3) expressing PEX‐RFP‐FKBP, KIF‐MDC‐GFP‐FRB, and blue fluorescent protein (BFP) were imaged at DIV2 (Fig 2D). While KIF5B‐MDC‐GFP‐FRB predominantly targets cargo into the longest neurite, KIF1C‐MDC‐GFP‐FRB and KIF21A‐MDC‐GFP‐FRB drive transport toward all neurites (Fig 2D). Quantification revealed that KIF1C and KIF21A target at least two neurites in ≥ 90% of the analyzed cells (Fig 2E). In the majority of the KIF1C‐ and KIF21A‐expressing neurons, peroxisomes accumulate in all neurites (Fig 2F). Together, these findings suggest that KIF1 members of the kinesin‐3 and KIF21 members of the kinesin‐4 subfamily drive non‐polarized cargo transport in both developing and differentiated neurons.
DCLK1 is required for KIF1‐mediated cargo transport into dendrites
Although we found no kinesin to selectively drive dendritic transport, our data showed that some KIF1 and KIF21 family members were able to target dendrites. These results suggest that dendrite specific cues may exist that facilitate kinesin‐dependent cargo distribution in dendrites. Several classical MAPs and other microtubule‐binding proteins are restricted to a specific neuronal compartment, and there are several lines of evidence suggesting that kinesin activity is controlled at the level of the microtubule‐motor interface (Atherton et al, 2013; Franker & Hoogenraad, 2013). An important challenge is thus to identify microtubule‐binding proteins that contribute to the dendritic targeting of KIF1 and KIF21 members. In cultured neurons at DIV14, we first determined the distribution of various MAPs that were previously reported to be present in dendrites. MAP1A and MAP1B were present in axons and dendrites at roughly equal levels, while MAP2 and DCLK1 were preferentially concentrated in the somatodendrite region (Fig 3A). Consistent with previous studies (Huber & Matus, 1984; Shin et al, 2013), the quantification of the relative ratio of fluorescent intensity in dendrites and axons revealed that MAP2 and DCLK1 are highly enriched in the dendrites (Fig 3B).
We next determined whether these MAPs are involved in KIF1‐dependent cargo transport. We used MAP1A, MAP1B, and MAP2 shRNAs based on the previously published sequences to perform knockdown experiments in neurons (Szebenyi et al, 2005; Kapitein et al, 2011; Tortosa et al, 2013) in combination with the KIF1C‐inducible cargo trafficking assay. Three shRNA sequences were designed against DCLK1, and each reduced protein levels by ~80% as revealed from both immunostaining and Western blot analysis (Fig 3C–F), indicating an effective knockdown for all DCLK1‐shRNA constructs. Depletion of DCLK1 did not affect DCLK2 protein levels (Fig 3E), suggesting specificity of the DCLK1 knockdown. We next analyzed the axon and dendritic trafficking of KIF1C‐bound peroxisomes in control and MAP‐depleted neurons (Fig 3G and H). In control neurons, ~85% of the cells displayed both axonal and dendritic targeting of KIF1C. While MAP1B and MAP2 depletion did not and MAP1A only mildly affect the distribution of KIF1C‐transported cargoes (80–90% and 60% of cells with axon/dendrite targeting, respectively), DCLK1 knockdown markedly reduced the number of cells with axon/dendritic targeting to ~25% (Fig 3H). Instead, in 60% of DCLK1‐depleted neurons displayed, KIF1C now selectively targeted the axon (Fig 3G and H). At the same time, DCLK1 knockdown does not affect KIF21 and KIF5 targeting (Fig 3H). These results suggest that DCLK1 is required for KIF1‐mediated cargo transport into dendrites.
KIF1 proteins drive dense‐core vesicle transport in neurons and are critical for dendrite morphology
We next determined whether DCLK1 is required for the endogenous KIF1 cargo transport. It has been suggested that KIF1 family proteins mediate dense‐core vesicle (DCV) trafficking (Zahn et al, 2004; Barkus et al, 2008; Lo et al, 2011). Indeed, KIF1A‐GFP labeled both motile and static DCVs, as marked by fluorescently tagged neuropeptide Y (NPY) (Fig 4A–C, see also Movie EV3). NPY‐mCherry‐positive DCVs were transported into both axons and dendrites and moved with an average velocity (1.4 ± 0.9 μm/s) and run length (3.74 ± 3 μm) comparable to previous reports (Lochner et al, 2008). The NPY labeled DCVs also contained the secretory proteins brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (Fig 4D and E) but did not coincide with the dendritic membrane protein Transferrin Receptor (TfR) (Fig 4F and G). In addition, the average velocity and run length of DCVs and TfR vesicles are markedly different (Fig 4H and I), suggesting that these two populations of vesicles are transported by different motors.
We next determined whether KIF1 is required for DCV cargo transport into dendrites. We generated KIF1A, KIF1B, and KIF1C shRNAs (collectively named KIF1 shRNAs) and performed knockdown experiments in combination with live‐cell imaging of NPY‐GFP. To specifically visualize NPY‐GFP entries into dendrite, the proximal dendrite was first photobleached and directly after imaged with fast acquisition (Fig 4J). Kymographs were used to quantify the number of NPY‐GFP entries and their dynamics (Fig 4K). In KIF1‐depleted neurons, the number of NPY‐GFP entries into the dendrite is strongly reduced compared to control cells and KIF21 knockdown neurons (Fig 4L). Knockdown of KIF1A or KIF1C strongly decreased the number of dendritic NPY‐GFP vesicles, while depletion of KIF1B did not affect NPY‐GFP trafficking (Fig 4L). The dendrite selective transport of Transferrin Receptor (TfR) vesicles was not altered in KIF1‐depleted neurons (Fig 4M and N). These data indicate that KIF1A and KIF1C are required to drive DCVs into dendrites.
Previous studies showed that DCVs causes dendritic growth by the release of peptide neuromodulators (Horch & Katz, 2002; Lazo et al, 2013). Recent results suggest that DCLK1 is also involved in dendrite development (Shin et al, 2013). Indeed, we found that depletion of endogenous DCLK1 in DIV10 neurons affected the complexity of the dendritic branching and total dendritic length (Fig 4O–Q). This phenotype is very similar to the reduced dendritic complexity observed in KIF1 deficient neurons (Fig 4O–Q). Thus, together these data suggest that the DCLK1/KIF1‐dependent trafficking of DCVs is required for proper dendrite morphology.
DCLK1 regulates dense‐core vesicle transport into dendrites
To further determine the precise role of DCLK1 in DCV trafficking, we depleted endogenous DCLK1 in DIV14 hippocampal neurons and analyzed the trafficking of NPY‐GFP into dendrites. The number of dendritic NPY‐GFP entries is strongly reduced in DCLK1 knockdown neurons compared to control cells (Fig 5B and C, see also Movie EV4). The impaired DCV trafficking phenotype was partly rescued by expression of an shRNA‐resistant form of full‐length DCLK1 (Fig 5B and C). TfR receptor vesicle trafficking was not altered in DCLK1‐depleted neurons (Fig 5D and E). These results indicate that DCLK1 is required to drive DCVs into dendrites.
DCLK1 contains two C‐terminal "doublecortin" microtubule‐binding (MTB) domains and an N‐terminal kinase (KD) domain (KD) (Fig 5A). To determine which DCLK1 domain is required for DCLK1 function, we cotransfected neurons with DCLK1 shRNA and C‐ or N‐terminal deletion mutants: DCLK1(ΔKD)‐GFP (RNAi‐resistant DCLK1 without a kinase domain) and DCLK1(ΔMTB)‐GFP (RNAi‐resistant DCLK1 without the microtubule‐binding domains). In DCLK1‐depleted neurons, expression of DCLK1(ΔKD)‐GFP, and not DCLK1(ΔMTB)‐GFP, rescued the dendritic DCV trafficking defects (Fig 5B and C). In addition, DCLK1(MAP2)‐GFP (RNAi‐resistant DCLK1 where the MTB of DCLK1 is replaced with the MTB of MAP2) did not rescue the DCLK1 phenotype (Fig 5B and C). Together, these results suggest a critical role for the DCLK1 MT‐binding domains in DCV trafficking.
DCLK1 preferentially associates with dynamic microtubules
DCLK1 controls DCV transport into dendrites, but little is known about the expression and distribution of DCLK1 in differentiated neurons. In contrast to transient DCX expression in newly generated and immature neurons (Francis et al, 1999; Gleeson et al, 1999a), DCLK1 is present throughout hippocampal development and maintained in more mature neurons (Fig 6A). Immunocytochemistry of mature hippocampal neurons at DIV14 with DCLK1 antibodies revealed a marked somatodendritic staining (Fig 3A and B). High‐resolution images showed that DCLK1 strongly colocalizes with microtubules in dendrites (Fig 6B). Due to the high microtubule density in dendrites, we cannot unambiguously separate individual microtubules. We moved to COS‐7 cells where the microtubule array is rather sparse and individual microtubules can be distinguished. In COS‐7 cells, DCLK1‐GFP is excluded from the stable (detyrosinated) microtubule population, labels dynamic microtubules along their length and accumulates in long stretches near the microtubule ends at the cell periphery (Fig 6C). Similar results were obtained by expression of DCLK1(ΔKD)‐GFP in COS‐7 cells (Fig 6D). The ability of DCLK1 to associate with dynamic microtubules was further confirmed by simultaneous dual‐color live imaging of DCLK1‐GFP and TagRFP‐EB3: EB3 labels the growing microtubule plus‐end of DCLK1‐labeled dynamic microtubules (Fig 6E). These data are consistent with recent in vitro studies, where DCX was shown to recognize a subset of microtubules and is able to associate with growing microtubule ends (Bechstedt & Brouhard, 2012).
Proper microtubule polarity in DCLK1‐depleted dendrites
How does DCLK1 control KIF1 cargo transport into dendrites? DCLK1 interacts with microtubules and may indirectly affect DCV trafficking by changing microtubule polarity in dendrites. We first tested for stable and dynamic microtubule markers. Western blot analysis revealed that DCLK1 depletion does not affect the levels of total, acetylated and tyrosinated tubulin (Fig 7A). Neurons expressing DCLK1 shRNA and stained for EB3 as a marker of dynamic microtubules (Jaworski et al, 2009) showed that the characteristic comet‐like microtubule plus‐end pattern was slightly increased in the soma and dendrites (Fig 7B–D), suggesting that DCLK1 may have a role in regulating microtubule dynamics. We next tested whether DCLK1 controls the organization of mixed microtubules in dendrites. Control neurons show an anti‐parallel microtubule organization with GFP‐MT+TIP comets growing toward the soma (retrograde, plus‐end‐in) and dendritic tips (anterograde, plus‐end‐out) (Fig 7E). In DCLK1‐depleted neurons, the GFP‐MT+TIP comets grow in opposite directions similar to control cells (Fig 7E and F). To elucidate in more detail the orientations of dynamic and stable microtubules, we use live‐cell imaging of GFP‐MT+TIPs in combination with laser‐based microsurgery (Yau et al, 2014). Analyzing the growth direction of GFP‐MT+TIP comets after laser severing revealed that the mixed microtubule orientations in dendrites are of roughly equal ratio in both control and DCLK1 knockdown neurons (Fig 7G and H). Together these data suggest that DCLK1 is not critically involved in microtubule organization in dendrites.
The N‐terminal region of DCLK1 associates with the motor domain of KIF1
Previous studies have shown that DCX and KIF1A directly interact and form a ternary complex with microtubules (Liu et al, 2012). Here we tested whether DCLK1 can associate with KIF1 family members (Fig 7I–K). Constructs encoding biotinylated and GFP‐tagged full‐length DCLK1 (DCLK1‐GFP‐bio) and HA‐tagged truncated KIF1 (KIF1A‐MDC and KIF1C‐MDC) were transiently expressed in HEK293 together with the protein biotin ligase BirA. Biotinylated DCLK1 proteins were isolated with streptavidin beads and further analyzed by Western blotting. DCLK1 specifically pulled down truncated KIF1A and KIF1C (Fig 7I), indicating that DCLK1 associates with the motor domain/coiled‐coil region of KIF1 family members. Deletion of the KIF1A coiled‐coil region showed that DCLK1 is able to associate with a single motor domain (Fig 7J). Full‐length KIF1A was used as a positive control. By expressing the N‐terminal domain (DCLK1(ΔKD)‐GFP) and C‐terminal domain (DCLK1(ΔMTB)‐GFP) regions, we mapped the KIF1‐binding region of DCLK1 (Fig 7K). While the C‐terminal kinase domain was not able to interact with KIF1A, the microtubule‐binding region bound to KIF1A (Fig 7K). Together, these data indicate that the N‐terminal region of DCLK1 associates with the motor domain of KIF1 and suggest that DCLK1 at the microtubule surface controls specific kinesin‐mediated cargo transport into dendrites.
In this study, we demonstrate that KIF1 and KIF21 family members can drive cargo transport into both the axon and dendrites. The dendrite targeting of KIF1 is regulated by the microtubule‐binding protein DCLK1. DCLK1 is a close homologue of doublecortin (DCX), which is mutated in X‐linked lissencephaly and double‐cortex syndrome (Gleeson et al, 1999b). The N‐terminal domain of DCLK1 is almost identical to DCX and associates with microtubules (Kim et al, 2003). In contrast to DCX, DCLK1 remains expressed in developing and mature neurons. We found that DCLK1 labels dendritic microtubules and is required for KIF1‐dependent dense‐core vesicle (DCV) trafficking and dendrite development. The results suggest a model in which DCLK1 at the microtubule surface represents a regulatory signal for enhancing KIF1 motor activity in dendrites.
Polarized cargo transport is controlled at the microtubule‐motor interface
Probing polarized transport of endogenous transport carriers is challenging because cargos typically have different types of motors attached, precluding direct determination of the active motor type that is driving polarized transport. In this study, we used an inducible cargo trafficking assay to test for targeting properties of all 45 known kinesin family members. Here we found that roughly half of the kinesin superfamily members we evaluated are able to translocate cargo in living cells. This does not necessarily mean that other kinesins are not able to transport cargo in living cells. By creating truncated kinesin constructs it is possible that some of the kinesin family members are non‐functional due to incorrect protein folding or that they are missing critical components of the native motor complex. Moreover, kinesins identified as "cargo translocators" do not necessarily transport endogenous cargo in living cells. For instance, KIF21A, which is named a "cargo translocator" in our study has been shown to be a suppressor of microtubule growth (van der Vaart et al, 2013) while its function in cargo transport is not documented.
Consistent with in vitro studies, we found that the kinesin members have different transport characteristics. Even kinesin members within the same subfamily have different transporting properties and targeting preferences suggesting that primary sequence conservations and structural similarities do not necessarily account for similar motor functions. We found that none of the kinesins selectively target dendrites and only five members of the kinesin‐3 (KIF1A/B/C) and kinesin‐4 (KIF21A/B) families drive transport into both the axon and dendrites. The data are largely consistent with experiments in fixed neurons where the axonal and dendritic accumulations of some of the major kinesin members were quantified (Huang & Banker, 2012). Nevertheless, some motors, such as KIF21A, target the dendrites when bound to cargo. It is also important to note that in this study, we evaluated which kinesins mediate selective transport from the cell body into axons and/or dendrites. Previous data have shown that while most kinesin family members hardly drive transport from the cell body into dendrites, some of them can induce bidirectional motility of cargo that is already present within dendrites (Kapitein et al, 2010a). These data indicate that a select team of kinesin and dynein motors establishes the initial cargo sorting from the cell body to the dendrites, whereas other motors can assist in cargo motility once the vesicle is inside dendrites. Moreover, dynein has also been shown to mediate dendrite selective cargo transport over minus‐end‐out microtubules (Kapitein et al, 2010a). It is very likely that dendritic transport selectivity is achieved by cooperative actions of KIF1 and dynein motors. Future studies on polarized cargo transport should investigate the role of different motor combinations.
The use of truncated kinesin constructs in which the cargo‐binding domain and most of the tail region is deleted, revealed that the motor domain and first coiled‐coil region are sufficient to drive polarized cargo transport in neurons. These results demonstrate that selective cargo trafficking can be controlled at the level of the microtubule‐dimeric motor interface. However, additional regulatory mechanisms are likely to be involved. For instance, our results showed that all truncated transporting kinesins are able to drive robust cargo trafficking into the axon, indicating that the regulatory factor for selective cargo sorting at the axon initial segment is absent in this trafficking system. Moreover, it has been clearly demonstrated that some kinesins, such as KIF11 (Eg5) and KIF17 which in our assay are selectively targeting the axon, are present in dendrites (Ferhat et al, 1998; Guillaud et al, 2003). Thus, it is very likely that additional motors, adaptor proteins, or signaling factors present on endogenous transport carriers provide additional levels of regulation (Ou et al, 2010; Farias et al, 2012; Watanabe et al, 2012; van Spronsen et al, 2013a). Indeed, several studies report that additional kinesin‐3 regulatory mechanisms exist that involves the interaction of tail domain (Hammond et al, 2009). Therefore, mimicking endogenous neuronal cargo transport by recruiting additional regulatory complexes to transport carriers will be a major challenge for future work.
DCLK1 is required for DCV trafficking and dendrite development
Dendritic growth and branching is associated with polarized secretory vesicle trafficking (Horton et al, 2005; Ye et al, 2007; Quassollo et al, 2015). Here we show that neurons lacking DCLK1 or members of the kinesin‐3 family (KIF1) fail to develop proper dendrite morphology. These data are consistent with the dendritic phenotype observed in neocortical pyramidal neurons of mice after in utero electroporation of DCLK1 shRNAs (Shin et al, 2013). We also found that DCLK1 regulates dense‐core vesicle (DCV) transport into dendrites. DCVs are generated at the Golgi and then trafficked before they are secreted at the plasma membrane (Kim et al, 2006). Previous studies showed that DCVs are essential for proper neuronal development by the release of their peptide neuromodulators (Horch & Katz, 2002; de Wit et al, 2006; Schlager et al, 2010; Lazo et al, 2013). Our data suggest that the DCLK1 controls dendritic outgrowth and branching by controlling KIF1‐dependent DCV trafficking. It is tempting to speculate that the dendritic DCLK1 depletion phenotype is caused by DCV mistargeting and the subsequent reduction of secretory events in developing dendrites. This is consistent with previous observations that increased retrograde transport of DCVs and accumulation of NPY, Sema3A and BDNF in the cell body reduces dendritic outgrowth (Schlager et al, 2010). At early stage of neuronal development, DCVs are coupled to KIF1 and dynein via cargo adaptor protein Bicaudal‐D‐related protein 1 (BICDR‐1) and this motor–adaptor complex is responsible for coordinating bidirectional DCV transport (Schlager et al, 2014). This indicates that various molecular mechanisms exist that control DCV trafficking to ensure temporal and spatial regulation of secretion events. Our data suggest that DCLK1 is particularly involved in dendritic targeting of DCVs.
Regulation of KIF1 transport through interactions with DCLK1
How does DCLK1 control KIF1‐dependent cargo transport into dendrites? DCLK1 interacts with microtubules and may provide local control of KIF1‐mediated vesicle trafficking into dendrites. Several lines of evidence support this model. First, we found that DCLK1 is present in developing and mature neurons and preferentially associates with a specific subset of microtubules. These data are consistent with a recent study, where pan‐DCLK antibodies predominately stained the somatodendritic compartment of cultured hippocampal neurons (Shin et al, 2013). We also found that DCLK1 does not affect microtubule polarity in dendrites, which suggests that the impairments in dendrite targeting caused by DCLK1 knockdown are not a result of a change in microtubule orientation. Second, we show that the microtubule‐binding domain (MTBD) of DCLK1 associates with the KIF1A and KIF1C motor domain. The results are similar to the reported binding regions of DCX and KIF1A (Liu et al, 2012). Testing the functional effect of the purified MTBD on microtubule binding and KIF1 motility will be required to fully explore our model. Third, we found that DCLK1 is required for KIF1‐mediated cargo transport into dendrites. Previous studies showed that lack of DCX decreases the run length of KIF1A motors and its associated cargo in axons of young neurons (Liu et al, 2012). The observed decrease in run length correlated with a decreased affinity of ADP‐bound KIF1A motor domain to microtubules in the absence of DCX. It has been hypothesized that DCX reduces KIF1 detachment from the microtubules after completion of its ATPase cycle and therefore promotes cargo transport. Combined with our neuronal trafficking data, these results suggest that DCX family members promote KIF1 motor function. We propose that KIF1 motor activity may be locally enhanced in specific neuronal compartments where DCX family proteins are enriched. In our case the preferential association of DCLK1 with dendritic microtubules may provide local control over KIF1 activity into dendrites. In this way, microtubules decorated with DCLK1 promote KIF1‐mediated vesicle trafficking into dendrites, and possibly exclude trafficking of cargo carried by other motors. However, upon knockdown of DCLK1 we did not observe dendritic targeting of KIF5 family members. Therefore, DCLK1 is not an excluding factor for—at least—KIF5. This "exclusion" mechanism may however exist for other kinesin family members.
The action of DCX family proteins is distinct from the many other regulatory mechanisms that control kinesin motor activity at the microtubule‐motor level (Schlager & Hoogenraad, 2009; Janke & Kneussel, 2010). DCX binds to the pockets between protofilaments at the corners of four αβ‐tubulin dimers and stabilizes 13‐protofilament microtubules, suggesting that DCX family proteins can somehow dictate or "measure" protofilament number (Fourniol et al, 2010; Bechstedt & Brouhard, 2012). In addition to enhancing KIF1 activity by direct binding with DCLK1 at the microtubule surface, DCLK1 may also influence the microtubule lattice structure and indirectly facilitate KIF1 motor domain binding. Identifying the unique dendritic microtubule features that promote DCLK1 binding is a key challenge for future work.
Highly compartmentalized neurons need efficient regulation machinery to ensure proper delivery of cargo to appropriate destination. Understanding the molecular mechanism of transport is of critical importance since numerous motors and their regulators have been implicated in a wide array of neurodegenerative disorders such as Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis (Franker & Hoogenraad, 2013; Millecamps & Julien, 2013). Growing evidence suggests that microtubule‐associated proteins may regulate motor protein transport. Here we show that DCLK1 promotes KIF1‐mediated cargo trafficking into dendrites. Our study demonstrates that microtubule‐binding proteins can provide local signals for specific kinesin motors to drive polarized cargo transport in neurons. In analogy to the previously coined "tubulin code" (Janke, 2014), the specific distribution of microtubule‐associated proteins may form a "MAP code", in which microtubule‐binding proteins regulate the activity of specific kinesin family members (Liu et al, 2012).
Materials and Methods
Ethics statement
All animal experiments were performed in compliance with the guidelines for the welfare of experimental animals issued by the Government of The Netherlands. All animal experiments were approved by the Animal Ethical Review Committee (DEC) of Utrecht University.
Antibodies and reagents
The following antibodies were used in this study: rabbit anti‐DCLK1 (Abcam, cat#ab31704), rabbit anti‐DCLK2 (Abcam, cat#ab106639), chicken anti‐MAP2 (Abcam, cat#ab5392), goat anti‐MAP1A (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, cat#sc8969), goat anti‐MAP1B (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, cat#sc8970), goat anti‐DCX (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, cat#sc8066), mouse anti‐β‐III‐tubulin (Sigma‐Aldrich, cat#082M4845), mouse anti‐α‐tubulin (Sigma‐Aldrich, cat#T‐5168), rabbit anti‐detyrosinated tubulin (Millipore, cat#AB3201), mouse anti‐acetylated tubulin (Sigma‐Aldrich, cat#T7451), rat anti‐tyrosinated tubulin (Abcam, cat#ab6160), and rabbit anti‐EB3 (Stepanova et al, 2003). For details, see Appendix Supplementary Materials and Methods.
DNA constructs
To generate truncated kinesin (MDC) constructs for the cargo trafficking assay, the first coiled‐coil regions were identified in the protein structure of kinesins using COILS prediction software. Next appropriate sequences were inserted into pβactin‐GFP‐FRB and/or pβactin‐HA‐FRB vector. The DCLK1 expression constructs were a kind gift from Shigeo Okabe (Shin et al, 2013; NM_019978). The following sequences were targeted by shRNAs used in this study: DLCK1 sh#1 (5′‐AGGTGGAATGGTATCCAAT‐3′; NM_053343.3), DLCK1 sh#2 (5′‐GCACGTTAAATCATGGTTG‐3′; NM_053343.3), and DLCK1 sh#3 (5′‐CTGAGACCCTTAATGTTAC‐3′; NM_053343.3). For details, see Appendix Supplementary Materials and Methods.
Primary hippocampal neuron cultures, transfection, and nucleofection
Primary hippocampal and cortical cultures were prepared from embryonic day‐18 (E18) rat brains and transfected using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) or the Amaxa Rat Neuron Nucleofector kit (Lonza), respectively. For details, see Appendix Supplementary Materials and Methods.
Live‐cell imaging and laser‐induced severing
Simultaneous dual‐color time‐lapse live‐cell imaging and TIRFM was performed on a Nikon Eclipse TE2000E microscope with Coolsnap and QuantEM cameras (Roper Scientific). Neurons were maintained at 37°C with 5% CO2 (Tokai Hit). A Teem Photonics 532‐nm Q‐switched pulsed laser is used for laser‐induced severing. The FRAP experiments were performed on a spinning disk microscope system using the ILas2 system (Roper Scientific). For details, see Appendix Supplementary Materials and Methods.
Author contributions
JL designed and performed experiments, analyzed data, and wrote the manuscript; JJ and LCK gave advice throughout the project and edited the manuscript; and CCH designed experiments, coordinated the study, and wrote the manuscript.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Expanded View
Movie EV1 [embj201592929-sup-0002-MovieEV1.zip]
Movie EV2 [embj201592929-sup-0003-MovieEV2.zip]
Movie EV3 [embj201592929-sup-0004-MovieEV3.zip]
Movie EV4 [embj201592929-sup-0005-MovieEV4.zip]
We thank Prof. Shigeo Okabe for sharing DCLK1 constructs. This work was supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO‐ALW‐VIDI, LCK; NWO‐ALW‐VICI, CCH), the Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter ((FOM) CCH), which is part of the NWO, the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMW‐TOP, CCH), the European Research Council (ERC) (ERC‐starting, LCK; ERC‐consolidator, CCH). JL is supported by International PhD Projects Programme of Foundation for Polish Science (studies of nucleic acids and proteins—from basic to applied research) cofinanced by the European Union Regional Development Fund. JJ is supported by Polish National Science Centre Sonata Bis grant (2012/07/E/NZ3/00503) and the Foundation for Polish Science "Mistrz" Professorial Subsidy.
FundingNetherlands Organization for Scientific Research
- © 2016 The Authors


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We don't know what direct mail lists Ryan's letter is going to, but he must hope it is a group of people who have not followed the news for the last six months -- or have incredibly short memories.
Here's what Ryan falsely claims the Darling recall is all about:
With the future of Wisconsin on the line, Senator Darling insisted that state government workers pay a modest portion of their pension and health care benefits and in doing so, she's incurred the wrath of the Left who have vowed to make an example out of her.That, of course, has nothing to do with the battle going on in Wisconsin. The public employee unions agreed to pay the added health care and pension costs that Walker asked for. But that wasn't enough.
Walker refused to accept that -- refused to even meet with the unions or engage in any negotiations. Instead, he and the Republican leadership rammed through a bill that essentially killed public employee bargaining in the state. Its clear intent is to kill off the unions once and for all.
That -- not the demand that public workers pay more of the tab for health care and pensions -- is what light the prairie fire, sparked massive demonstrations in Madison for months, and ignited the recall effort.
Alberta Darling, as a co-chair of the Joint Finance Committee, has her bloody fingerprints all over the union-busting bill and the state budget that does so much damage to working people and their families, with massive cuts to education, health care, and more.
Darling, once seen as a moderate Republican, has backed Wallker's right-wing agenda right down the line.
Ryan knows that, of course.
And so, we hope, do the voters.
His hope -- and Darling's -- is that the gullible people who get his lying piece of mail don't know the truth and pull out their checkbooks.
The fat cats and corporate special interests already know what's going on and have given record amounts of money to Darling. Ryan hopes to con some small donors into giving, too.


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Could there be any question about it? The Lamborghini LP560-4 Spyder is coming! When? That is a completely different topic
Could there really be any question about it? The Lamborghini LP560-4 Spyder is coming! When? That is a completely different topic. Considering how well the Lamborghini Gallardo Spyder has done, it stands to reason that its successor, the LP560-4, will go top-less too.
The new Lamborghini LP560-4 made its debut at the Geneva Motor Show last month, and last week showed up at the New York Auto Show. The 5.2 liter V10 powered 'bomber' produces 560 hp using all four wheels to put that power to the tarmac, explaining the new name. A sprint from stand-still to 100 km/h should take you no more than 3.7 seconds, 0- 200 km/h in just 11.8 seconds and its top-speed is 325 km/h.
Taking into account the development time of a roadster (Aston Martin expects the DBS Volante will take at least 18 more months to finalize), we really can't say when the Lambo LP560-4 Roadster will make it to the market. But Luuk from Autogespot.nl (more pictures after the link) has taken it upon himself to give us a glimpse of what this Spyder could look like.


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Health Properties of Cucumber
This summertime vegetable has a large amount of health properties and benefits for your body, especially because of its high amount of water. Its calorie content is very low, which is why people who are on diets often eat it. It is also refreshing and has a lot of nutrients. Find out the main health properties of cucumber in the article below.
Cucumber Facts
This is a food with a low calorie content and low amounts of carbohydrates. It has a good amount of fiber, as well as vitamins A, B, C, and E. It is a great source of water and a 100 gram amount has only 13 calories and 97% of it is liquid.
In regards to minerals, cucumbers are a vegetable that is very rich in potassium, iron, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium.
You can eat them raw in salads, many people cut them into slices and sprinkled with salt to get rid of the bitter taste a little bit. It is also very common to eat cucumbers pickled in vinegar or oil. In salads, you can eat them grated, as well as an ingredient in sandwiches. For example, in Spain, cucumber is known as one of the ingredients that makes up a typical dish: gazpacho (with tomato, pepper, garlic, and olive oil).
They say its native to India, but this is uncertain. It has been grown in West Asia for 3 thousand years and it was probably brought to Europe by the Romans. It belongs to the same family as watermelon, melon, and pumpkin. Although people say its a vegetable, cucumbers are a fruit in reality.
What Are Cucumbers Used For?
The great nutritional value of cucumbers make it a "super food" and beneficial for your health in general. These are some of the benefits that cucumbers give you if you eat them frequently:
- Health properties of cucumbers for your skin: Cucumber skin is used in various esthetic treatments because this part of the vegetable is where the caffeic acids, ascorbic, and vitamin C are found in the highest concentrations. They help keep your skin healthy, relieve irritation, and reduce inflammation. For that reason, cucumber can be applied directly to your skin and is a "classic" in the collective image of spas and beauty treatments for your eyes. Cucumbers also help fight diseases like eczema and psoriasis. And not just cucumber skin is good when used externally, but it can also be consumed in a smoothie by grating it and adding a little bit of water and the juice from half a lemon to clean and cleanse your body.
- Properties of cucumbers for your tissues: One of the ingredients of cucumbers is silica, which has a lot of health benefits. This is a mineral with the ability to strengthen the connective tissues of your body or in other words, your muscles, ligaments, tendons, cartilage, and even your bones. It helps keep your skin healthy, which is why it is found in many creams for acne treatment and skin diseases.
- Properties of cucumber for the cardiovascular system: It has good amounts of magnesium, fiber, and potassium. These three components help reduce blood pressure.
- Properties of cucumber for digestion: If you have digestive problems like frequent acidity or stomach bloating, don't hesitate to eat cucumber because it will give you fiber, water, potassium, and magnesium, which are all found in its skin.
The other advantages of eating cucumbers:
- It is an amazing diuretic because it is almost completely composed of water, which makes it recommended for getting rid of excess fluids, as well as fat, from the body
- It is good for balancing uric acid levels and recommended for people that have hypertension or fluid retention (which happens to your ankles)
- It is very rich in cellulose, which is why you need to chew it correctly to prevent indigestion
- It is a good repairer for the mucus in your intestines, which also makes it very good for protecting your stomach
- Has little energy in the form of calories, which helps you keep vitality and also lowers the amount of fat
- It helps get rid of toxins in the body
- It keeps your defenses in a good state because of its content of B complex vitamins (specifically B3, B5, and B9), carbohydrates, fat, and "good" protein
- It protects you from colds because of its vitamin C content. It also helps injuries heal
- It slows down skin and cell aging because of its A, C, and E vitamins
- It is a powerful protector of the toxins found in food and the environment
Contraindications of Cucumbers
We don't recommend eating cucumbers, a fruit that is very healthy and with few risks, in some cases. For example, because it has an ingredient called cucurbitacin, it causes indigestion and stomach gas, which is why people that are susceptible to suffering from this disease should reduce their consumption of this fruit. Other people can also have allergies to some ingredients in the cucumber and their tongue, throat, or mouth can get swollen.
If you consume it in excess, cucumber can cause dehydration because of its powerful diuretic properties. However, there are not many cases in which this contraindication happened. You would need to eat a few kilos of cucumber in a day to suffer a shortage in the levels of water in the body.
Images courtesy of Stacy Spensley, Karen and Brad Emerson, Windell Oskay, Andy Melton, theilr, natalycolodi, Peter Oelschlaeger and liz west.


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Of the world without
Beguiled I stay awake
Minutes drag fingers that rakes
In waking hence I stay
Sleep is such taken from me
Dappled by shadows
Eyes staring I breath
The breeze that was kind to me
Stole into the room from crevices
On my warm face caressed it did
With sweetened Lilac air, fondled I be
Images of meadows of endless visage
Daisies, Bluebells, Joined in prayer
Crops of dandelions here and there
Like opals of an April dawn.
A sudden breath I draw with a smile
As thousands blooms of Narcissus
On a grassy slope not far away I see.
Light be sipped from the worldly cup
With straws of sunflower meads
Till light dwindles and a haze breeds
Which feeds off the colors make the sky bleed
As the globe of fire falls into the murky seas
Shades, I cry what is this I see
Shadows feeding upon my dream.
Vile little creatures with grim faces they be
Killed not, nor driven could they be
Once dusk has settled gone is but my dream
To the depraved shadows keep
Thus brood I in mood foul trying to sleep
But taken I am not under the siestas wings
Left to wander the road pass the gates
In the isle of my minds winding paths
Till light of dawn would I meet
Fidget and frown, creases run my brow
Sweat runs rivulets in nooks of body
Twist of self upon my king-sized bed
Beads of anger escapes to rents the nights shield
Still time creeps to no ends of which I can feel
Faces that mock, forms like wraiths
Mixing mud in my sanity
Still time drags its feet most gauntly
Edge of night I try and find, found it could not be
Frustration comes to limbs of...


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