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Nr.: Fakultät für Informatik Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg
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1 Nr.: Fakultät für Informatik Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg
2 Nr.: Fakultät für Informatik Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg
3 Impressum ( 5 TMG) Herausgeber: Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg Fakultät für Informatik Der Dekan Verantwortlich für diese Ausgabe: Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg Fakultät für Informatik Postfach Magdeburg Technical report (Internet) ISSN Redaktionsschluss: Bezug: Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg Fakultät für Informatik Dekanat
4 Business Process Modeling: Active Research Areas and Challenges Azeem Lodhi, Veit Köppen, Gunter Saake Technical Report Department of Technical and Business Information Systems, Faculty of Computer Science, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
5 Business Process Modeling: Active Research Areas and Challenges Abstract Technological developments and changes in business process context pose new challenges for effective management of business processes. Business process modeling is one of the most important area in business process management. Business process modeling is used to graphically visualize the operations of a business process for a better understanding and different analyses. These new challenges are also investigated by researchers in business process modeling with different perspectives. In this report, we present active research areas of business process modeling. The active research areas and current challenges help us to outline future research directions in the business process modeling domain. Additionally, we also discuss the business process and detailed business process lifecycle from post execution perspective for a better understanding of business process context. 1
6 Contents 1 Introduction 5 2 Business Process Management Business Process Definitions Business Process Lifecycle Business Process Modeling Research in Business Process Modeling Devising Modeling Languages Integration of Modeling Approaches Integrated Framework Generic Modeling Language Validation and Verification of Business Process Models Enactment of Business Processes Comparative Surveys of Modeling languages Legislations & Environment Service Oriented Architecture and Modeling Other Work in Business Process Modeling Research Directions Inter Organizational Processes & Privacy Concerns Extension of Modeling Languages Adaptation and Customization of Modeling Languages Analytical Modeling Language Structural Challenges of Business Process Models Summary 27 2
7 List of Figures 1 Business process meta model Business process context and management techniques Business process management lifecycle
8 List of Tables 1 Business process lifecycle Business process models for Business-IT alignment Research in business process modeling Research directions and challenges
9 1 Introduction Management of business operations undergoes different trends. Specific terms have been coined to describe the focus of each trend like data oriented approaches (common in the seventies and eighties) and process oriented (in last two decades) [78]. In data oriented approaches, provision of IT support to business functions is a main focus of research, e.g., business data models and database systems. With the maturity of research on data oriented approaches, the focus shifted to higher levels where processes are in the main focus of research to provide services to customers. Methods focusing processes are proposed like process modeling techniques and process management systems, i.e., workflow management systems. Recent technological developments open new horizons for products in different domains. These changes have an effect upon business process management research like satisfying the requirements of stakeholders in new domains. The effect of changes brings up several challenges in business process modeling domain as well. These challenges need to be addressed for better management of business processes. New methods and modeling languages are proposed to address these challenges. Business process modeling is one of the most important methods in business process management. It is used for better understanding of business concerns and communication between stakeholders. Different benefits of business process models motivated researchers for effective usage of business process models in phases of the business process lifecycle [16]. Therefore, it is investigated by researchers in many directions. It is discussed under various topics related to business process lifecycle ranging from adaptation of information systems (communication, modeling the environment, development, and simulation) to business process analysis (improvement and reengineering). Understanding a business process, its context, and techniques are a starting point for business process improvement. We provide several definitions of a business process from literature and discuss a meta model to understand business process context in Section 2. Business process modeling covers a wide area of research and state of the art in this domain is a challenging task. Several state of the art papers exist in the business process modeling domain, but they focus on certain aspects of a business process lifecycle like development and optimization [81]. The purpose of this report is to provide an overview of research in the business process modeling domain. Active research areas of business process modeling are discussed with different perspectives in Section 3. This state of the art helps us in identifying current challenges in the business process modeling domain and provides directions for future research. We briefly discuss the future research directions of business process modeling in Section 4. Section 5 summarizes presented work of this report. 5
10 2 Business Process Management Customers demands are fulfilled by enterprises which do business for several reasons like satisfying stakeholders (executives, employees, and customers), monetary gain, or increase in reputation. We restrict ourselves in this work to business processes in enterprises although business process management is also applicable to governmental institutions, cf. [24]. To maintain the competitive position in the market, enterprises provide new products and services. This trend of competitiveness triggers other enterprises to provide better services in order to keep or strengthen their position in the market. Executives set goals and objectives of enterprises which support the vision of a company. In order to achieve these goals and objectives, business operations are carried out in a specific way. This specific way is called business process and discussed in Section 2.1 by different researchers viewpoints. Different techniques are used for management of a business process during its lifecycle and are discussed in detail in Section 2.2. Business process modeling is briefly introduced in Section 2.3 with two exemplary techniques. 2.1 Business Process Definitions Being central part of organization s operations, different techniques are devised to manage processes like business process management [77, 85], business process reengineering (BPR) [27], or business process improvement (BPI) [28]. There are several definitions of a business process in the literature where authors define a business process in the scope of their management techniques. These definitions are a starting point for understanding the business process and its context for further research in business process management. Hammer & Champy define business processes in the context of business process reengineering [27, p. 35] as follows: A business process is a collection of activities that takes one or more kinds of input and creates an output that is of value to the customer. Similarly, Davenport defines business process from process innovation [18, p. 5] viewpoint as follows:...a structured, measured set of activities designed to produce a specific output for a particular customer or market. It implies a strong emphasis on how work is done within an organization[...]. A process is thus a specific ordering of work activities across time and space, with a beginning and an end, and clearly defined inputs and outputs: a structure for action. 6
11 The above definitions focus on designing business processes with inputs and involved objects, hence outputs can be generated for potential customers. Business process reengineering and business process innovation are in response to a competitive and changing environment, where existing processes are no longer effective. Therefore, processes have to be redesigned from the scratch to address the demands of customers. From the perspective of business process improvement (BPI), Harrington defines business processes in [28, p. 9]: A business process consists of a group of logically related tasks that use the resources of the organization to provide defined results in support of the organization s objectives. In this definition, the resources of organization and related tasks are focused to fulfill organization s objectives. The effective utilization of resources and structure of tasks are important for improvement in product and services. In BPI, specific goals are defined which are supposed to be achieved by process improvement like cost reduction or quality improvement and then these goals are propagated in concrete steps of the processes. Thus, attempts are made to improve existing processes in different aspects. In [85, p. 5], Weske defines a business process from the management perspective with organizational resources as follows: A business process consists of a set of activities that are performed in coordination in an organizational and technical environment. This definition of business processes is related to the management perspective where organizational and technical resources are used for effective execution of business processes. This includes information systems, machines, and effective resource allocation. Several other definitions of business processes and their meta models are discussed in [24, 29]. Here, we describe a business process and its related context for discussion of business process lifecycle phases and research in business process modeling. Customer s demands and events in market enforce enterprise to provide new services or improve the existing ones for customer s satisfaction. This is due to the reason that old services are no longer efficient or do not fulfill new requirements. The changes in markets and customer demands have to be reflected in objectives of enterprise, processes, and correspondingly in the overall organization. Processes are governed by policies where inputs are transformed into outputs through actions performed by resources. Policies are defined by enterprises, markets (like standards), and government (e.g., environment friendly). Based on this description, a new abstract meta model of a business process and its context is represented in Fig. 1. 7
12 influences Enterprise defines Objective changes Market Demand defines achieved by provided in has Policy Input governs provided into Business process generates Output consumes Customer performs Resource Figure 1: Business process meta model We further elaborate the meta model of Fig. 1 to provide more details on involved elements of business processes and relation with management techniques. Customers demand products or services for consumption in their own context. The major changes in customer s demands and market have to be reflected in objectives of the enterprise. Changes in markets are because of certain events, for example, legislations imposed by government, new standards defined by groups of enterprises, or demands of certain items due to certain reasons like environmental conditions. Different aspects of such changes are addressed in research and we discuss them in Section 3.8 and Section 4.3. In Fig. 2, we show a meta model with more details of involved elements in business processes and its related techniques for management of business processes. An objective of the enterprise is realized in processes which itself can be composed of different activities. Resources perform operations in these activities according to a specific set of rules to transform inputs into outputs. These specific sets of rules are defined by the enterprise in accordance with other policies. Inputs, activities, processes, rules, outputs, policies, and resources provide the operational view of a business process. Resources of business processes are further divided into different types, such as, humans, machines, and organizational structures. These different resources collaborate with one another to complete the execution of business processes. These details and management techniques are shown in the Fig. 2. Focusing particular entities of Fig. 2, different perspectives are provided in models such as control flow, cultural environment (employee s collaboration), and organizational perspective (resources usage, branches). Business processes are supported by workflow management systems which automate business processes [85, p. 50]. 8
13 influences Enterprise defines Objective changes Market Demand defines Policy governs achieved by Business process Improvement Tech. improves provided in has Reengineering redesigns automates Workflow Sys. part of Input provided into Activity generates Output Customer performs consumes Resource kind of Human Machines Organizational unit Figure 2: Business process context and management techniques An efficient process step or an overall performance improvement requires evaluation of business processes after execution. Similarly, the feedback from customer and changes in market are also analysed to devise a strategy for improvement or redesign of business processes. We further discuss these concepts in the following subsection. 2.2 Business Process Lifecycle Different techniques are used in a business process lifecycle for effective management of business processes. Business process management (BPM) is a cyclic methodology in which business processes are investigated in several perspectives during its phases. Business process lifecycle consists of several phases like plan, design, implement, execute, evaluate, analyse (post execution) and recommend. This business process lifecycle is recursive, which means that each phase can have similar phases during its lifecycle. The business process lifecycle with entry points of different business process management (BPM) techniques is shown in the Fig. 3. Entry points of business process management techniques (such as BPR or BPI) into phases depends on the context and usage of those techniques in enterprises. Activities carried out in business process management phases with respect to its techniques are briefly discussed as follows. In the planning phase, analysts define which business processes are required to per- 9
14 BPR starting point Recommend Plan Design BPI starting point Analyse BPM Implement Evaluate Execute Figure 3: Business process management lifecycle form in order to achieve the desired objectives, like providing products and services. In this phase, objectives and goals of a business process are described in detail. Therefore, processes are conceptualized in this phase and design characteristics are specified at an abstract level. The desired output of a business process is also defined in this phase. From process improvement and change management perspective, a detailed plan is prepared about the changes to be carried out in business processes. These changes are due to process improvement or accommodating the new requirements. The scope and kind of changes are defined like which operations, organizational elements, and procedure should be changed. The target (TO-BE) design characteristics are provided to the design phase. Planning phase is also a starting point for the business process reengineering where processes are conceptualized from the scratch. However, the domain knowledge of experts and knowledge about previous processes creep back in. In the design phase, different aspects of processes are considered in detail. Business processes are analysed in different perspectives like functional (which activities), behavioral (conditions, parallel, and iterations), organizational (where and by whom), and informational (requirements to perform) [16]. In this phase, different involved elements are explicitly specified like inputs, operations, conditions, flow of process, and resources. The target values of different objects are also specified for the evaluation phase. Therefore, a detailed design model is prepared for implementation phase. From the process improvement and change management viewpoint, the target design characteristics are investigated in detail. The impact of changes on other objects is evaluated by analyzing it in different perspectives. Afterwards, the required changes and modifications are specified in the design model. 10
15 Once business processes are designed then these are implemented in an organization. The transformation from design to implementation is dependent on the description of language and granularity level of models. For efficiency, business processes are supported with information technology (IT). The implementation phase of business processes with IT can have similar phases of BP lifecycle because business needs and requirements have to be mapped into IT services to provide the IT support. Activities carried out for Business-IT alignment are further discussed in Section 3. Before execution, the enactment of processes is carried out. Enactment of processes means that resources are allocated to process operations and thus an execution environment is created. Business processes are executed in order to fulfill the requests of customers (internal and external). Different instances are executed through a business process based on a defined event. Resources carry-out operations on inputs and transform the input into outputs. In this way, business processes are executed in enterprises. The execution of business processes is recorded with the help of information systems. Information systems are used for evaluation, analysis, and controlling of business processes. Controlling part is used to manage business process which includes measurement, monitoring and analysis of business process to make changes in real time. After execution, the processes are evaluated for performance analysis. Customer and market demands are compared to the generated output. Different quantitative and qualitative measurements are made in this phase like statistics and process mining [75]. The actual values of objects are compared with the target values and the planned process behavior is compared with the actual behavior. The post executional analysis of business processes uses the results of evaluation phase and analyse the performance of business processes in a broader context. The achievement of enterprise s objectives are analysed from customer, process and organizational performance aspects. In this phase, AS-IS process model is built from execution logs (data perspective) to understand the current execution of business processes. In case of discrepancies between plan and target values or behavior, the deficiencies in business processes are investigated. Different analyses are carried out to find root causes of problems identified in this phase. The post execution analysis of business processes is a starting point for business process improvement techniques. The identified deficiencies are tried to be avoided in further executions. The purpose of this phase is to define the objective for planning phase in order to carryout the changes for improvement in subsequent phases. Therefore, in recommend phase the TO-BE concept is prepared. In this way, business processes are improved. For overall view of business process lifecycle, we summarize business process lifecycle phases in Table 1 with possible inputs, actions, and outputs. 11
16 Table 1: Business process lifecycle Phase Activities Input Action Output Plan Process identification Enterprise business objectives, change or improvement objective Design Detailed design of business process Brief business process description, objectives, policies, org. info, output of plan phase Implement IT implementation, Output of design simulation, and phase (detailed design deployment model) Execute Execution Defined event, instance execution request Evaluate Measure and monitor Execution logs and other details Analyse AS-IS analysis, finding deficiencies Recommend Defining change/ improvement objective Performance statistics, execution details Deficiencies, areas for improvement or change Process identification, goal definition of BP, defining desired output, defining scope and kind of changes Defining inputs, procedure, rules, resource allocation, role mapping, and required changes IT services, simulation, enactment and deployment of business process Execution of business processes Taking Q&Q measurements, Comparison of plan and actual values AS-IS analysis, comparisons, mining, root cause analysis Defining the change or improvement objective Abstract BP description, design characteristics, plan for changes, To-Be design characteristics Detailed design model for implementation Ready to execute environment Output result, product or service Statistics about performance of business objects Deficiencies, areas for improvement, new changes TO-BE concept and objective for changes 12
17 2.3 Business Process Modeling Business process modeling is considered as the first and the most important step in BPM [77]. Business process modeling is used to visualize operations of a business process for better understanding and analysis. Being graphical nature of business process models, they are used as a medium of communication between stakeholders (e.g., executives, developers, and employees). Business process modeling has increased the ability to understand business processes and to make rational decisions for organizing activities in a traceable and understandable way [15]. Various elements and different stakeholders are involved in business processes. They have distinct demands and expectations from business process models. For example, executives want a holistic view of their enterprise, process owners require not only a holistic view but details of business processes. These details involve the structure of processes, operations carried out in these processes, and characteristics/attributes of involved objects. Similarly, the operational managers want further details of business processes and performance related information. Representing all details of involved elements in one model will make the model very complex for comprehension. Therefore, different models are proposed in literature to fulfill the requirements of stakeholders in business process lifecycle. Depending on the purpose of modeling, business processes are represented at different levels of granularity and in different perspectives. In a perspective, particular details of processes are considered like organizational culture, organizational structure, functional perspective (operational details) as discussed in [16, 38]. This enables the stakeholders to focus on certain relationships and elements related to a business process. Some research work in business process modeling domain is discussed in Section 3. Two approaches exist for modeling the business processes. One approach is a topdown approach and other is bottom-up. In a top-down approach, expert proposes the model that how business processes should be executed. It starts from an overall process, by considering it as a black box and then this black box is broken down into more details (like activities, tasks etc.) until all details are specified. In contrast to a top-down approach, the bottom-up approach starts documenting the details at a lower level, i.e., how the functions are executed at an operational level. After getting this information, functions are combined to make activities. Activities connecting other activities build processes. In this way, the whole business process model is built. Being started from lower level details, this approach gives you a detailed insight on processes and their executions. Mostly in business process improvement, the bottom-up approach is used as it helps to identify deficiencies in actual executions. The top-down approach is used for business process reengineering [12]. 13
18 3 Research in Business Process Modeling Continuous development in technologies and ever increasing demands of customers for efficiency and improvements in services keep business process modeling an important research area. This is due to the fact that business process models are used for easy communication and they provide insights about their processes with other management methods. Several modeling methods, techniques, and hundreds tools exist for process modeling. Kettingler et. al. stopped at 72 methods and 144 tools for their comparative study in [26]. Similarly, one PhD student is reported to stop at a count of 3000 process modeling techniques [52]. Selection of a particular modeling technique is very important for success of a modeling goal. The research work in business process modeling can be discussed with respect to changes in business domain and accommodating these changes in business processes during its lifecycle. Different modeling languages are devised to address the aspects of processes in different phases of BP lifecycle. One of the most important is to support business process with information technology. Therefore, most of the work in business process modeling domain is for Business-IT alignment. The steps carried out in Business-IT alignment are similar to the BP lifecycle phases as discussed in Section 2.2. Different models are used in Business-IT alignment which fulfills different objectives of phases like communication, mapping business requirements to IT services, simulation, automation (workflow), controlling, analysis, and improvement. Table 2 shows the steps and corresponding models used for business-it alignment. Models of one phase are transformed into other models to accommodate the needs of other phases. The issue of transformation of models is further discussed in Section 3.5. In planning phase, managers and experts discuss operations of enterprise which can be partially or fully automated. Models with graphical notations are often used for understanding and communication like Event-driven Process Chains (EPC) [63], Flow charts [30], Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN) [8], and Use case diagrams [7]. Several variants of modeling languages are proposed for business-it alignment like Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagrams [7] or Petri nets [50]. Simulation of business processes is carried out to validate and verify the business process design. Validation and enactment of business processes are discussed in Section 3.5 and Section 3.6 respectively. There is lack of business process model for evaluation, analysis, and recommendation phase of lifecycle which is discussed in Section 4. We further discuss the research work in business process modeling domain with challenges and researchers contributions to address those challenges in the following sections. 14
19 Table 2: Business process models for Business-IT alignment Phase Activities Stakeholders Models Plan Requirement elicitation Managers, domain Flow chart, EPC, experts, IT manager Use case, package Design Mapping requirements into technical services Domain experts, IT team DFD, ER diagram, UML Diagrams like class diagram Implement Coding, simulation, enactment, IT team, managers UML diagrams, and deploy- BPMN, Petri nets ment Execute Execution, logging IT team, employees BPEL Evaluate Measurement and Process owners and Statistics Monitoring Managers Analyse Performance analysis, Managers and process Charts, key perfor- business analysis owners mance indicators Recommend Defining improvement Managers, process BPMN, Flow chart objective owners, executives 3.1 Devising Modeling Languages New ideas (products) and technological developments increase demands of users towards business process models. These developments also expose the inabilities of modeling languages, and thus enforce researchers to incorporate the new concepts in modeling languages to fulfill their demands. Different new modeling languages are proposed and extended to satisfy the requirements of users. Business process models are extended to represent the involved business elements with more details like legislations, risks, or involved roles. Similarly, successful modeling techniques of other domains are also applied in business process modeling like Petri nets [50] were applied in workflow management [67]. Several other extensions of Petri nets are also proposed to apply them more effectively in business process domain like Workflow nets [68], Object Oriented Petri nets [47], and Attributed Petri nets [21]. BPMN [8] are also devised to provide graphical notations for communication between business and technical users. The BPMN core set of elements focuses on the control perspective [49] while extended set of elements attempts to address other perspectives like organization (roles using swim lanes) [53]. 15
20 3.2 Integration of Modeling Approaches Most of the papers on comparison of business process modeling techniques suggest that a single technique of modeling is not sufficient and propagate the combination of modeling techniques [13, 17]. The reasons behind such motivations are to use the strong characteristics of modeling languages in phases. In [17], authors suggest to combine the graphical (flow charts) and tabular techniques to increase the understanding and improving the communication between stakeholders in business process models. In [20], authors maps and merge different modeling constructs of one language to another language for integration of process models for the purposes of system configurations. Similarly in [46], authors combine the object oriented and workflow modeling techniques for the purpose of business process reengineering. However, integration of different models faces some problems like models at different level of details (coarse and fine granularities) and perspectives are mixed with one another [20]. This causes misunderstanding and confusion in minds of stakeholders. Despite these problems and challenges, integration of modeling approaches is still an interesting research topic and discussed with further details in few case studies like in a recent paper [13], where authors use flow charts( [30]) and integrated definition modeling (IDEF0 [1]) language to model the business processes of a banking institution. 3.3 Integrated Framework Different views and models are built to fulfill requirements of stakeholders. Mostly, these views or models are taken in fragmented parts and can not collaborate or efficiently used with one another [19]. Like models that are developed for a particular phase would not be reused or easily converted for usage into other phase. Similarly, when views are created as needed basis in the absence of an integrated framework, then consistency challenges arise as certain assumptions and dependencies are not explicit [9]. These issues support the misconception that process modeling is an overhead and less optimally used in enterprises [20]. The problems encountered in integration of modeling approaches can be addressed by the introduction of an integrated framework of modeling. Motivations for an integrated modeling framework are discussed in [9,10,19]. In [19], authors suggest the need of ERP-style integration of business process model to provide a consistent and coherent picture of enterprise operations from multiple perspectives. In comparison with fragmented parts of a model, the integrated framework ensures the sharing of consistent and common concepts through central repository [9]. The different views of models can be developed using a generic modeling language which is extendable by adding attributes 16
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JC's BBQ sits squatly amidst low slung splendor on Saratoga Ave just south of Williams St. Inside a very confusing menu hangs precariously over the prep area.
I decided on the chicken and rib combo dinner and for 10.00 got two wonderfully moist and flavorful pieces of chicken and three tender pork ribs, a bowl of pinto beans, garlic bread(toss it) and salad. Lots of food for the money. Lots of GOOD food for the money.
No frills. Worth a stop if you are in the hood.

subset: commoncrawl


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US Tax System Review
US Tax System Ranks 32nd out of 34 OECD Countries
Tax Foundation, a US-based taxation think tank, has recently published its rankings of the tax systems of 34 countries. Out of the 34 countries, which form the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), US is ranked at an abysmally low, 32. Only two countries are ranked below the US -- Portugal and France.
The study has ranked the countries' tax systems on the basis of five key criteria: corporate taxes, consumption taxes, property taxes, individual taxes, and international tax rules. The US has scored low on almost all key accounts. Let's look at some of the key factors as to why the US is ranked so low.
High corporate tax: US corporate tax rate of 39.1 percent is the highest among all the developed countries of the world. Only Japan is ranked below the US in this category, with all the other countries scoring higher than the US.
Worldwide taxation: US is one among the only six OECD countries to have a worldwide taxation system. This means US companies have to pay an additional global tax on their foreign income. Among all the countries, US is at the bottom when it comes to worldwide taxation.
Complex corporate tax code: The United States corporate tax code is very complex when compared to OECD countries. As per the OECD average, it takes 52 hours to abide by the corporate income tax laws. On the other hand, the time needed for such compliance in the US is 87 hours.
Property taxes: The US has also scored low when it comes to property taxes. One of the key reasons is the high amount of estate taxes and the complicated structure of state and local property taxes.
Individual taxes: In this category, what went against the US is the highest top marginal tax rate, which is 39.6%. Also, individuals have to pay double tax on capital gains and dividend income. Compared to other categories, US is slightly better off in this category at 26th rank.
As per the Tax Foundation study, Estonia is ranked at number 1 when it comes to internationally competitive tax systems. New Zealand is ranked at number 2. In particular, the study cites the example of New Zealand, which has put in efforts to improve its tax systems. In the past few years, New Zealand has reduced both its corporate tax and the highest marginal tax rate systems.
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WASHINGTON — A report to Congress released Friday concluded that the Bush administration's defense of the National Security Agency's domestic spying program was not as "well-grounded" in the law as the White House claimed.
The report by the nonpartisan Congressional Research Service is the most comprehensive analysis yet of legal arguments for President Bush's authorization of warrantless eavesdropping in the U.S.
The findings probably will fuel the heated debate over the NSA program as Congress prepares for hearings on it as early as next month, liberal and conservative legal analysts said.
The report's authors conclude that, based on what is now known about the secret NSA operation, "it appears unlikely" that a court would find that Congress had given Bush the authority to initiate such a program.


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Reviewed By Brian R (Sunnyvale, TX) Reviewed for a 2009 Pontiac G8 —2/12/2011 9:31 AM
Great fit with little mod. Haven't had a chance to drive aggressively yet but will do so shortly.
There are no customer reviews for this product
Reviewed By Fileno A (Redmond, WA) Reviewed for a 2013 Audi S4 —3/20/2017 11:11 AM
Good directions make this an easy install even for a guy who hasn't worked on cars for the last 25 years. Things to know: the bridge is tight and so are the slots for the pads. Prior to bed in, knocking (not under braking)may occur. Less grabby than the OEM brakes. Track day in two weeks will tell the tale of the tape.


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Featuring elven tiaras, ear cuffs and all manner of Celtic Renaissance headdress for weddings and magical times
Year End Refer a Friend Contest & Sale ~ $50 Gift Certificate!!
I have had a lot of fun with my new Thyme2dream Facebook Page this year- thank you to everyone who joined!! Now as this year draws to a close, Im aiming to reach 500 fans before the start of 2010 and I decided to make it fun by adding a contest and sale to the festivities!
THE SALE: I still have my Fairy Merry Christmas Sale section open and here is a coupon good for an additional 20% off. Just enter YERAF09 when you check out at Thyme2dream ArtFire now through Dec 31st for 20% off your entire order. NOTE: THIS IS ONLY AVAILABLE IN MY ARTFIRE SHOP (gotta love ArtFire coupons for making it simple;)
THE CONTEST: Entering is simple~1st, fan Thyme2dream on Facebook (if you havent already) THEN, tell a friend about my Facebook page, ask them to fan it AND leave your name in a comment on one of the recent posts on my wall... ie "Flora Fairy referred me"
You each get your name in a drawing for a $50 Gift Certificate good towards anything in my ArtFire shop! The more friends you refer the more times your name is in the drawing...;-)
Drawing will be held January 1st, so all comments til then will count
4 comments:
- Laane said...
I don't like facebook. One reason is that it's never possible to erase what is written (by you, about you, etc etc.)
But I'll tweet about it.
Your jewelry is awesome!
Happy new year!!
Are you aware that your settings here at the site don't allow people to participate with name and url, only those with a google account and open ID?
- December 29, 2009 at 4:57 AM
- Thyme2dream said...
Thanks Laane...Im planning to have a blog contest of some sort sometime soon as well to include the folks who dont have FB. Ive been focusing on Facebook because it is so easy and convenient for me to use, but I know not everyone is on there.
I will check the settings- I didnt know that- Im still a relative newbie to the inner workings of a blog- I can do a post, but thats about it!! Thanks for the tip:)
- December 29, 2009 at 10:43 AM
- A L J Augustine said...
I know this may seem forward, but I'm new to beading and I LOVE the fae/fantastical/fairytale genre and I would love to know if there is any way that you can send/sell directions on how to make your earcuffs and 1 of your rings. They would be for my sole amusement of trying to accomplish such a skill and I think they are so divine that I would make it for myself to wear...it doesn't have to be any of the creations that you are selling, it can be the directions to a start out one, one that you first started making, one that you are no longer selling...do you think it is possible?
- January 7, 2010 at 9:55 PM
- Thyme2dream said...
Thanks for asking! A tutorial of some of my stuff is on my to do list for this year- but its a hard process for me..I dont really know how I do it, I just start twisting and there it is, lol. Hopefully I will get time in a few weeks to sort it out and get something written..stay tuned here, I will be sure to post about it when I do:)
- January 7, 2010 at 11:37 PM


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The Alibi's 2005 Last Minute Gift Guide
Time's a-wastin'. Get off your fat, lazy keister and start slappin' some plastic.
Can you hear that sound? It's the unnerving tick of your internal clock, warning you that the holidays are quickly approaching. Thankfully, the Alibi has once again busted its swollen hump to dream up multiple fool-proof shopping plans designed to make this holiday season as easy as possible for our beloved readers. In the words of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, "don't panic!" In this year's Last Minute Gift Guide, we've divided up our fair city into manageable geographic chunks so that you can complete your shopping and still have plenty of time left over for slurping eggnog and ogling cute elves (of the gender of your choosing).


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Student Opportunities
RIT and the College of Engineering Technology actively explore and develop exciting partnerships with industry leaders who readily support our vision to provide students with the very best in experiential learning. RIT's cooperative education opportunities with companies across all industries provide our students with vibrant, dynamic work environments to directly apply what they are learning in the classroom to the real-world of work—all while earning competitive salaries in the marketplace! These experiences also help students to solidify their career paths as they are able to get a true flavor for what working in their chosen field would be like upon graduation. Students in our college are especially sought after by industry's best—not only for co-op employment but for permanent hires! Among some of our college's top recruiters are companies like Boeing, Intel, Lockheed Martin, Cisco, Raytheon, Disney World/Disney Land, Harrah's Hotels, MGM Grand, Waldorf Astoria, Heinz, Kraft Foods, and Nestle to name a few!
For more information on RIT's cooperative education programs, please visit the Office of Cooperative Education & Career Services.


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Here's a summary of the major steps in the process of switching your school to Google Apps for Education.
The domain may be pretty obvious, but you have some options that allow you to fit the needs of your district. You'll need to decide on a single domain or multiple domains to help with work flows. It might be that the decision has been made for you, and all you have to do is go on to Step 2.
Probably the simplest step. Register your domain and verify domain ownership.
The most obvious organization is probably students, teachers, and administrators. You might also decide to segment the students based on grade level or teachers based on campuses. You can reference the best practices to determine the structure that is best for your district.
Now we're getting into the stuff techs were made for. You'll have some decisions to make about how you want to get mail delivered. Will it need to all go through a legacy server or will the content be coming through Google? Maybe you'll have some users routed one way and others another. You'll need to think through the architecture of your current mail delivery system to decide which system you'd prefer.
Creating the users is the step that worries most people. Depending on the size of your district, you could be trying to migrate hundreds of thousands of accounts into the new system. You have a few options. Manual is available, although it's probably not what you're looking forward to. You can also upload up to 500 users at a time through CSV's. You have access to the Google Apps Directory Sync that will use information that already exists, or you can use a provisioning API that will allow users to be created programmatically. You might even find it best at this point to use a Google provisioning partner to take over this process.
The biggest thing you have to decide at this stage is if you'll be setting up the classrooms or allowing teachers to create their own. Google does offer an API that can help with the process, or again, you might opt for a 3rd party option. Often 3rd party developers have more expertise in customizing an API for different organizations, and they can save time because they have a lot of the work done already.
You'll need to decide if it will be better for your users to authenticate straight to Google or to go through the district in order to coordinate with other services you have set up. Either route is possible and Google Apps for Education is integrated with a wide array of existing software.
The last thing you'll have to decide is how much baggage are you letting users bring with them. If you're currently using IMAP, Microsoft Exchange or even Lotus Notes you can migrate all of your previous messages (and in some cases contacts and appointments) to Google Apps for Education.
Decide the amount of data you need transferred. While there's no risk in moving data there is a time, bandwidth and cost factor. A Google for Education partner, like Coolhead Tech, can move the data for you and make recommendations on where to draw the line on what goes and what stays.
Overall the process pretty straightforward, and you're walking down a path others have trod before. You'll have access to plenty of best practices to help you make choices that are right for your school or district. Google Apps for Education will help your students, teachers, and administrators in ways they didn't imagine possible. Congratulations, you get to make that happen!
CoolheadTech can help you with the implementation of Google Apps for Education. Contact us today about how our Google Apps experts can help you.


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Arctic and Subarctic Ocean Fluxes: ASOF is an international program on the oceanography of the Arctic and Subarctic seas and their role in climate. ASOF focusses on ocean fluxes of mass, heat, freshwater, and ice in the Arctic and Subarctic oceans.
More about this initiative:
Blue-Action contributed to
25-27 April 2018, 16th ASOF-ISSG Meeting and Workshop, LOCEAN, Sorbonne Université, Paris (FR)


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from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
- n. Any of several weeds of the genus Bidens of the composite family, having yellow flowers and barbed achenes that stick to clothing or fur. Also called sticktight.
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- n. A plant, the beggar's ticks.
from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English
- See beggar's ticks.
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. A bookname for the more showy species of Bidens.
from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
- n. any of several plants of the genus Bidens having yellow flowers and prickly fruits that cling to fur and clothing
Sorry, no etymologies found.
Sorry, no example sentences found.


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Reality Tidbits – Monday
Crystal Bowersox who was a popular runner-up in season 9 of American Idol has come out as bi-sexual on Twitter. The mother of one new single was called Coming Out For Christmas. (Source: On Top Mag)
Kate DeAraugo winner of Australian Idol, has lost 42 kgs this year after gastric band surgery. (Source: Woman's Day)
The lawsuit against Elle Macpheson's billionaire husband has now been dropped. It was related to a helicopter crash where a person was killed. (Source: Who Mag)
Terry Bivano from WAG Nation and her husband rugby league player have introduced their daugther Azura to Australia through OK Magazine. (Source: OK Mag)
Mumbrella list their top 7 television flops of 2013 and four of them were reality TV shows. (Source: Mumbrella)
Not a fan of Scott Disick who is the partner of Kourtney Kardashian and is seen on their reality shows in sometime not an unflattering light. However it is very sad that both his parents have died within three months of each other. His mother died in October after a long illness and his father just recently. They were both only 63. (Source: Daily Mail)
Brandi Glanville from Real Housewives of Beverly Hills is not only being accused of being an alcholic but also a racist. (Source: Daily Mail)
As expected Rachel Zoe is a size zero two weeks after giving birth. (Source: Daily Mail)
Matt Corby to headline the Australia Day concert in Canberra. (Source: Canberra Times)
Jay Mohzr an alleged comedian makes a crack about Project Runway All Stars host Alyssa Milano's weight after having a baby. She hits back and apologises after realising what a dick he is. (Source: Entertainmentwise)
Time Magazine have done a list on Seven Reality TV shows to hate watch. It is a US article but includes The Bachelor and Couples Therapy. (Source: Time Mag)
Geordie Shore star Vicki admits to assault. She hurled her shoes at someone in a bar. Apparently this incident saw her suspended from the show though I suspect she will be back. (Source: Yahoo 7)
Difficult to imagine the Jamie Oliver is only 38, but he has his head firmly on his shoulders in this interesting and revealing interview as he spruiks his new TV show. (Source: Daily Mail)
Masterchef contestant Rishi gives his tips for plating good food. (Source: Daily Mail)
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59 comments
- 1 brain dead dave { 01.11.14 at 6:22 pm }
Thanks ah , I've got the link at#5 happening but haven't actually checked #47. I just know that the Corleone family have got nothing on the Grillos.
- 2 Littlepetal { 01.11.14 at 6:30 pm }
Thanks gices. I found the photo.
- 3 brain dead dave { 01.11.14 at 6:33 pm }
I was gonna say, Littlepetal,just imagine Dolly Parton with short black hair and a suntan and you're there.
Glad you've seen them both now.
- 4 all happening { 01.11.14 at 7:01 pm }
I thought I was having a senior moment with my links. Phew !!!
- 5 Mittens { 01.11.14 at 9:51 pm }
Gices (thanks Littlepetal and BDD) is there anything on tonight aside from the Paradise?
ALso who has been watching the Peep Show reruns. I also heard Bad Teacher was good but haven't seen it yet myself.
JJ has been in top form recently as have her weird courtroom cast of crazies. How horrible was the dad who punched his son.
- 6 brain dead dave { 01.11.14 at 10:04 pm }
Depends if you're a night owl…I'm doing some CSI's till 48 hrs on One starts at 11.55. The The Kids Are Alright with the mighty The Who on 10 at 12.55.
Rage goes retro tonight so perhaps there'll be 60's and 70's stuff on there and if I make it til Ziggy Stardust at 2.oo on Ch 9 , I'll be doing well.
So if you like good music, it's a great night.
- 7 Mittens { 01.11.14 at 10:17 pm }
Oh good on the Rage but it will be on rec.
I have lots of 60s and 70s on CD but the visual trip down memory lane will be good. I'll bet a few here will enjoy it.
I like CSI but have seen them all. I prefer the original.
Will check out the others too.
Thanks BDD.
- 8 Izobel2 { 01.11.14 at 10:45 pm }
I watch 48 hours. Love my true crime. Imagine when all the shows start again soon. How exciting!
I'm watching Midsomer Murders at the moment.
- 9 Mittens { 01.12.14 at 12:20 am }
Yes, Izobel, I just watched the Paradise and recd Midsommer.
Did you watch dancing on ice? I wish I could glide around like that to good music.
I will rec 48 hrs too.


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Water's Edge Restaurant was founded in 1980 by Marika & Stuart Somerstein. They had a vision of creating a five star, elegant restaurant with the magnificent Manhattan skyline as a backdrop. Located in Long Island City on a barge in the East River, the restaurant began to set a standard for exceptional cuisine and service.
As a few years past, captivated by the breathtaking panoramic views of the Manhattan Skyline, more and more people were asking about private parties, Weddings, Bar Mitzvahs & Corporate events.
In 1986, Water's Edge had major renovations done, giving it it's upper level for all your banquet & private party needs. Along with its eclectic menus and extraordinary service Water's Edge was coming into it's own as one of the up & coming premier "on the water" locations for private events.
Water's Edge was now presented with another obstacle, how to make it more convenient for guests to reach us. In 1990, Water's Edge introduced its Water Taxi. This convenient & complimentary service allowed guests in New York City to be picked up at the 34th Street pier and brought to our front door, giving manhattanites the magical beginning to a marvelous dining experience and "the" reason to come to Queens.
In 1999, Water's Edge acquired the Luxury Yacht, M/V Marika. Docked in front of the restaurant, Marika is available for all social & corporate parties. The beautifully appointed, bi-level M/V Marika is fully equipped with luxurious restrooms, a fully stocked commercial kitchen, state of the art sound system and dance floor. The 90 foot vessel is available for events up to 149 guests.
Even today, 25 years later, Water's Edge Restaurant is still a constant destination for travelers and New York natives searching for the ultimate in exceptional service, extraordinary cuisine and views that can definitely not be duplicated.


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Personal care catalog Volume 22
64 page full color 5 1/2" X 8 1/2" catalog. Shows retail prices with no company name. Add your business name and have your own company catalog for your customers.
Coconut Moroccan oil pomade is refreshing to scalp, perfect for good styling and is easily washable. Its Formulated to retain moisture, nourish hair roots, repair damaged hair, control thining of hair and is anti dandruff. Regular use will give perfect healthy hair.
4 oz. M-P243
Sign up for our Newsletter and you can receive a 6-email lesson on how to get more customers.


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According to George Osborne his budget will ensure the richest will pay five times more tax through a cap on reliefs, taxes on high end property transactions and presumed better behaviour.
All of these revenues are highly variable year to year, unlike the minimum annual sum £10,000 Osborne has gifted to the highest earners by cutting the 50p rate. This is unlikely to be fiscally neutral as he claims.
But in any case, the half a billion Osborne thinks these measures would raise is derisory, and as such, a sign of his clear approval of those economy-wrecking Masters of the Universe in the world of financial services who are mostly keeping their telephone number salaries and pensions, unlike those who serve us in the public sector.
The ONS shows gross property wealth in 2010 amounted to 4.35 trillion. Much of this value is actually land - or location - value. Yet Stamp Duty, Business Rates and Council tax barely touch this and these charges fall disproportionately on the least well off. Properties in the highest banding for Council Tax for example, are charged only three times more those in the lowest.
Property owners and property speculators will always say a silent thank you to taxpayers for the underlying and uplift in the value of the land they own when projects such as Crossrail are announced and then created. Property prices in London and parts of the South can be as much as two thirds land value or even more, as a result.
Eleanor Firman, Chair of the Labour Land Campaign says:
"It is unfair that workers wages are taxed, pensions are taxed, business is taxed, goods and services are taxed but land wealth is not taxed.
"By reforming property taxes and shifting taxes from wages and production onto land and other natural resources (including oil, airwaves and airport landing slots) we could reverse the current economic decline and relieve those unfairly bearing the brunt of austerity.
"The wealth that arises from our collective use of these resources should be reclaimed for investment in our public services. This is far fairer than the current system that lets this unearned income to accrue to those who didn't create it.
"Applying an Annual Land Value Tax on land and other natural resources, will allow new businesses to be able to afford to set up all over the UK as marginal costs to businesses will be reduced and workers are left with more to spend."


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Illawarra Mercury sponsorship requests
For 160 years the Illawarra Mercury has been passionate about our community and are proud to support many local charities, sporting groups, cultural and arts events. Over the past 12 months we have assisted with in excess of $1,000,000 in sponsorship support, provided to various recipients, including:
- Cancer Council's Relay for Life
- Kidzwish
- Highlights on Mental Health campaign
- Illawarra Women in Business
- Greenacres Mountain 2 Mountain Challenge
- Illawarra Hawks
- Wollongong Wolves
- Spring into Corrimal
- Viva La Gong
- Camp Quality Convoy for Kids
- International Women's Day
- Merrigong Theatre/IPAC
- and we have been a proud sponsor of the Illawarra Academy of Sport since 1985.
If you wish to request sponsorship support from the Mercury the application form must be completed by clicking here.
Sponsorship applications are considered equally, based on the Mercury's sponsorship objectives as outlined here. There is a genuine audited cost to the Mercury for sponsorship support which limits the number of sponsorship's undertaken. Therefore, unfortunately we are not able to assist with every request we receive, even if the request fits within our sponsorship objectives.
Please note: Applications must be received 3 months before the date of your activity or event. Also, it may take up to 4 weeks for your application to be assessed. A response will be sent to you once your application has been evaluated.


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Mahesh Babu's "1 Nenokkadine" is continuing to perform poorly at the Indian box office.
"1 Nenokkadine" released on 10 January amid huge expectations from fans. But the film failed to live up to the hype, with many giving negative reviews about its content. The Mahesh Babu starrer raked in ₹8.40 crore share at Andhra Pradesh box office on the first day, but its business witnessed a huge drop from the second day.
The Sankranti holidays have not given any respite to "1 Nenokkadine" with the film's performance continuing to decline. The psychological thriller earned around ₹2 crore share on the second and third day bringing the weekend collections to ₹12.40 crore.
"1 Nenokkadine" is estimated to have earned approximately ₹3.25 crore AP share from day 4 and day 5 together, according to AndhraBoxOffice website. Its 5-day collections is estimated to be around ₹15 crore, which is reportedly poor for a film which has been made on a budget of ₹70 crore.
However, "1 Nenokkadine" has been performing well at the overseas box office. Mahesh Babu, who has a good fan following in the US, has once again proved that he is the undisputed king of box office in the country. "1 Nenokkadine" embarked on a fantastic start in the US with the film grossing $946,552 (₹5.82 crore) from 105 screens in its opening weekend. [Note: The US numbers are gross figures]
"Telugu film #1Nenokkadine has embarked on a glorious start in USA. Opening wknd: $946,552 [₹ 5.82 cr]. Some screens yet to report," film critic and trade analyst Taran Adarsh.
The Mahesh starrer has outperformed Tamil films "Jilla" and "Veeram" in its first weekend at the US box office. While "Jilla" fetched $192,858 (₹1.19 crore) from 69 screens, "Veeram" minted $201,101 (₹1.24 crore) from 67 screens.
Directed by Sukumar, "1 Nenokkadine" has Mahesh Babu and Kriti Sanon in the lead roles. The other cast members include Nassar, Anu Haasan, Sayaji Shinde, Pradeep Rawat and Kelly Dorji. Mahesh's son made his debut as a child artiste in the film.


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Find the Best Plan in Your Area
Find The Right Dentist For You
According to a recent collaborative study conducted by Harris Interactive and Health Day, nearly 45 percent of Americans are either "extremely" or "very worried" about the rising cost of healthcare, which includes prescription medications and dental care.
"Forty-four percent is a huge number of worried citizens and underscores the biggest concern about our healthcare system, which is, 'How will America pay for it? said Humphrey Taylor, chairman of The Harris Poll.
The survey, which was conducted just a few days before President Obama signed a bill to overhaul the current healthcare system, found that the majority of concerned respondents blamed insurance companies and drug manufacturers for the skyrocketing cost of medical services.
Officials with the Harris poll also noted that healthcare costs are rising considerably faster than inflation or average wages, and that they are beginning to eat into the country's gross domestic product. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, each citizen spends approximately $7,681 per year on healthcare-related services.
Those in search of inexpensive dental coverage may want to look into discount dental plans, which can save up to 60 percent compared to traditional insurance plans.
For more information on discount dental plans call 1-888-632-5353
© 2010 Brafton Inc.
The materials and articles published on DentalPlans.com are for informational purposes only. Although DentalPlans.com strives to be accurate and complete, the information is provided without liability for errors. DentalPlans.com does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the information, text graphics, links, or other items contained on DentalPlans.com.
DentalPlans.com expressly disclaims liability for errors or omissions in these materials and DentalPlans.com makes no commitment to update the information on DentalPlans.com.
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Mobile process monitoring with the new Viscom app
SMT Hybrid Packaging, hall 4A, stand no. 122
With the newest vVision release, Viscom offers an intelligent software solution for mobile devices. This brings even greater versatility to the inspection of electronic assemblies. The user is given an overview of the widest range of key figures from his production process and can retrieve information about products faster than ever.
The Viscom app transforms the smartphone into a future-oriented tool in the sense of Industry 4.0, Smart Factory and Big Data handling. This mobile application delivers the results from each Viscom inspection system equipped with the coming vVision 2.4 software.
With the new app, key variables like throughput and performance can be monitored with the utmost convenience. Now everyone involved in production – from line supervisors to production managers, quality and business management – can gain insight into relevant processes more quickly and conveniently to develop solutions together with complete flexibility.
The Viscom app is primarily designed for Android and iOS operating systems for smartphones and tablets. However, the app also can be installed on a Windows PC. After logging in, the user is shown an overview of the entire production output of its PCB assembly lines. This includes the number of inspected electronic assemblies, real defects detected and more.
The data presented can easily be filtered by product and time period. The required data are provided on a local Viscom server at the manufacturing company. A great deal of specific information, like first pass yield, parts per million (PPM) rate and defects per million opportunities (DPMO) rate, is available in an instant. Values and their statistical correlations are displayed in closer detail on various charts, such as Pareto diagrams for defects, sorted according to their frequency.
The user can scan the barcodes of the electronic assemblies with the smartphone camera. The Viscom app promptly displays inspection results and defects that have already been verified. Additionally, a returned product with its entire history can be precisely identified immediately.
Overall, the Viscom app brings significant added value to quality assurance while increasing transparency in internal company coordination and logistics.


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Hyde Park Massage About Us
Hyde Park Massage has been a trusted source of effective body work and massage therapy for many years. I pride myself on providing practical knowledge and helpful recommendations, committed to offering long term relief for a range of physical and psychological ailments.
The Hyde Park Massage Mission
I believe that therapeutic touch, when professionally applied in one of its many established forms, has the power to restore and activate the healing potential present within each individual. Our certified massage therapists have provided beneficial results that range from restoring mobility to those suffering with physical ailments, to helping clients overcome debilitating stress related conditions.
Dedicated and Professional Massage Practitioners
I'm qualified and a caring massage practitioner, and have been extensively trained in various treatment techniques from both Eastern and Western disciplines. I'm licensed to provide massage therapy to the people of Tampa and surrounding areas.
Massage Therapy to Treat Any Condition
Through the years, Hyde Park Massage has adapted many therapy techniques to meet the various needs of our clients in Tampa and surrounding areas. I provide therapeutic services that range from treatment for physical ailments due to sports injuries, accidents and ongoing degenerative conditions, to massage therapies that are designed to treat a broad spectrum of psychological issues brought on by trauma or the strain of day-to-day living.Get in touch with us
Massage Therapy Adapted to the Individual
Hyde Park Massage welcomes clients of all ages and adjusts massage therapy treatments according to an individual's specific condition, physical limitations and personal needs. Therapeutic massage is provided in a safe, non-invasive and relaxing setting so that the people of Tampa and surrounding areas can get the most out of their visits.
Please call to speak to me, a qualified massage practitioner, to schedule a consultation and for answers to any questions you may have.


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Doe Deere has created a makeup line that has revolutionized the way that we wear makeup. Her line specializes in bright vibrant colors that bring out the beauty in everyone. Lime Crime is quickly spreading all over the world as people discover the wonderful pigmented shades that make this brand so unique. It's hard to go to a store and get a lime green lipstick that actually looks lime green and isn't some kind of a gloss that only gives you a hint of color.
Doe Deere is also an entrepreneur. She had a dream of making a makeup line that was truly her. She started out young playing with her mother's makeup and then moving on to her own. She felt that certain ways of being dressed demanded beautiful colors on her face as well as her body. This is why she created Lime Crime. So everyone could explore and enjoy her love of bright vibrant colors. It's no wonder she's been as successful as she is. Since releasing Lime Crime, which started as an Etsy site, her brand has gone global. People all over are flocking to her site to purchase these beautiful cosmetics because they do have a dream filled with color.
Doe supports our want to be ourselves and be as different as we want to be. She doesn't think that we should have to follow fashion rules because fashion is the choice of the individual. You can make everything you wear as personal to you as possible and it shouldn't be some rule for you to follow. She encourages us to express ourselves through whatever clothing or makeup makes us feel pretty. She had a very simple dream; make a makeup line that isn't based on what's popular, but rather the freedom of self expression.
Doe also urges us to take the idea behind her makeup line and bring it into everything to do with our fashion and how we see ourselves. There is no reason we can't mix patterns, have to have normal hair color, or must dress our age. Each and every one of us has a right to dress and make ourselves up how we feel best expresses us. Lime Crime just helps us along the way to this freedom of expression. The line is also animal cruelty free, so we can look great and feel great about doing it at the same time. Doe is truly an inspiration to up and coming entrepreneurs giving the message that you can make it, even if your idea doesn't follow what is "normally" acceptable.


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|Today's (not so) green smoothie: banana, blueberries, spinach, lemon and chia seeds.
Since I read The China Study (the best book in the world!) I've become so interested in the scientific side of health and nutrition. I recommend this book to anyone who is remotely interested in taking control of their own health, and especially anyone affected by disease. It's a game-changer. And really, these days, who doesn't know someone who is?! My copy is getting loved over and over again, and that in itself makes me happy. I love spreading the word.
And seeing articles like these remind me that there is no "right" answer or "perfect" way to live. But doing whatever you do consciously makes a hell of a lot of difference.