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Rooney had it easier than Lukaku does at United, says Mourinho as strikers face off against their former clubs
Reds boss says Premier League is harder place to play now than it was when Rooney made the same move from Everton to Old Trafford
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Jose Mourinho has suggested that Romelu Lukaku will struggle to match Wayne Rooney's Manchester United achievements, because the Premier League has become a much more demanding competition.
Lukaku has made an impressive start to his United career since arriving from Everton for £75 million (HK$796 million) in July, a day after Rooney made the move in the opposite direction.
The 24-year-old has scored six times in his first six appearances for United, in addition to scoring the goal against Greece in early September that secured Belgium's place at next year's World Cup finals.
He faces a major challenge, though, to match Rooney, who left Everton for United and became their all-time record scorer, with 253 goals during his 13 years at Old Trafford, winning the Champions League once and the Premier League five times.
The former England captain was only 18 when he arrived at United from Everton for £25.6m in August 2004, and Mourinho does not believe Lukaku will have the time to match Rooney's achievements.
The Belgian however did score 87 goals in 166 Everton games.
United's manager also argues that Rooney had an easier job scoring goals at United, because the Premier League was a more attack-minded competition for much of his time at the club.
Mourinho said: "I think Wayne spent probably 10 years of his career in a different Premier League than you have now.
"It was a Premier League where it was easier to score goals, not just because of the difference between the top teams and others but also because of the profile and the tactical interpretation of the competition. I think this Premier League is much more defensive-minded, and much more difficult."
Even so, Mourinho is of the view that Lukaku will continue to benefit from playing in a United side who carry more attacking threat than they did last season.
The United manager is insistent that his team's success or failure will not depend solely on the form of their main striker, pointing out that they only finished sixth in the Premier League last season despite the contribution of Zlatan Ibrahimovic, who scored 28 goals in all competitions.
Ibrahimovic, who is recovering from cruciate knee ligament damage, is likely to play a significant part in the second half of the season after signing a new one-year contract in August, offering Lukaku competition for his place in United's attack.
"It's not just about the striker," Mourinho said. "A striker is very important but last season we had a very good striker for two-thirds of the season and that was not enough to win the title.
"So it's not just the striker. I think that Romelu has a better team than Zlatan had. Romelu's team plays different football and the confidence levels are different and it is a team in the second year of its evolution in some aspects.
"But I think he also deserves credit for that because of the way he plays, the way he is committed, what he does with and without the ball, not just the last touch and the goal but his overall contribution. We couldn't be happier."
Mourinho refused to enter into any debate as to how Lukaku and Ibrahimovic compare.
He said: "I am not going to compare. I think it's very stupid to compare the incomparable. When players are similar, you can compare. When players are so different, there is no point in comparing. I am not going to do that."
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The story of the Hall effect begins with a mistake made. Joseph E. Avron, Daniel Osadchy, and Ruedi Seiler
- Bryan Neal
- 3 years ago
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1 A Topological Look at the Quantum Hall Effect The amazingly precise quantization of Hall conductance in a two-dimensional electron gas can be understood in terms of a topological invariant known as the Chern number. Joseph E. Avron, Daniel Osadchy, and Ruedi Seiler The story of the Hall effect begins with a mistake made by James Clerk Maxwell. In the first edition of his Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, which appeared in 1873, Maxwell discussed the deflection of a current by a magnetic field. He then said: It must be carefully remembered that the mechanical force which urges a conductor... acts, not on the electric current, but on the conductor which carries it. If readers are puzzled by this assertion, they should be. In 1878, Edwin Hall, a student at Johns Hopkins University, was reading Maxwell for a class taught by Henry Rowland. Hall asked Rowland about Maxwell s remark. The professor replied that he doubted the truth of Maxwell s statement and had sometime before made a hasty experiment... though without success. 1 Hall made a fresh start and designed a different experiment, aimed at measuring, instead, the magnetoresistance that is, the change of the electrical resistance due to the magnetic field. As we now know, that is a much harder experiment, and it too failed. Maxwell appeared to be safe. Hall then decided to repeat Rowland s experiment. Following his mentor s suggestion, Hall replaced the original metal conducting bar with a thin gold leaf, to compensate for the weakness of the available magnetic field. That did the trick. A schematic diagram of Hall s setup for examining what is now known as the Hall effect is shown in figure 1. He found that Maxwell to the contrary notwithstanding the magnetic field permanently altered the charge distribution, thereby defecting the galvanometer connected to the lateral edges of the conductor. The transverse potential difference between the edges is called the Hall voltage. The Hall conductance is essentially the longitudinal current divided by this transverse voltage. The discovery earned Hall a position at Harvard. His paper came out in 1879, the year of Maxwell s death at age 48. In the second edition of Maxwell s book, which appeared in 1881, a polite footnote by the editor says: Mr. Hall has discovered that a steady magnetic field does slightly alter the distribution of currents in most conductors so that the statement... must be regarded as only approximately true. Joseph Avron is a professor of physics at the Technion Israel Institute of Technology, in Haifa. Daniel Osadchy is a former student of Avron s at the Technion. Ruedi Seiler is a professor of mathematics at the Technical University of erlin, in Germany. It turned out that the magnitude, and even the sign, of the Hall voltage depends on the material properties of the conductor the gold leaf in Hall s experiment. That made the Hall effect an important diagnostic tool for investigating the carriers of electric current. Eventually it pointed to the concept of positively charged holes as current carriers in solids. So Maxwell, even when he was wrong, inspired fruitful research. The quantum Hall effect A century later, the Hall effect was revived as a source of astonishing new physics. In 1980 at the Grenoble High Magnetic Field Laboratory in France, Klaus von Klitzing was studying the Hall conductance of a two-dimensional electron gas at very low temperatures. He discovered, in essence, that the Hall conductance, as a function of the strength of the magnetic field applied normal to the gas plane, exhibited a staircase sequence of wide plateaus. 2 With totally unanticipated precision, the successive values of the Hall conductance were integer multiples of a fundamental constant of nature, e 2 /h = 1/( W), irrespective of the geometric details of the experiment or the imperfections of its materials (see figure 2). Von Klitzing was awarded the 1985 Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of this quantum Hall effect (see PHYSICS TODAY, December 1985, page 17), and its precision has provided metrologists a superior standard of electrical resistance. The quantum Hall effect can also be regarded as an appealingly straightforward precision measurement of the fine-structure constant, e 2 /\c, yielding a value of 1/ (270). The alternative of measuring the electron s anomalous magnetic moment does give the finestructure constant with somewhat greater precision. ut that path has required a huge calculational effort more than a thousand Feynman diagrams frought with chances for small mistakes. 3 How can we understand the remarkable precision of Hall quantization despite the imprecise characterization of the experimental materials? Different samples have different impurities, different geometries, and different electron concentrations. Among the theoretical developments spawned by this question has been the recognition that the Hall conductance at the plateaus has topological significance. 4,5 It can be understood in terms of topological invariants known as Chern numbers. After some preliminaries, we explain what Chern numbers are and how they relate to the quantum Hall effect. Laughlin s argument In a 1981 paper, 6 theorist Robert Laughlin put forward an argument to explain von Klitzing s discovery (see PHYSICS TODAY, June 1981, page 17). That argument played a major role in the development of the theory of what has 38 August 2003 Physics Today 2003 American Institute of Physics, S
2 I + + Figure 1. Edwin Hall s 1878 experiment was the first demonstration of the Hall effect. A magnetic field normal to a gold leaf exerts a Lorentz force on a current I flowing longitudinally along the leaf. That force separates charges and builds up a transverse Hall voltage between the conductor s lateral edges. Hall detected this transverse voltage with a voltmeter that spanned the conductor s two edges. come to be called the integer quantum Hall effect, and it deserves to be reexamined a quarter of a century later. (Laughlin also made seminal contributions to the understanding of the fractional quantum Hall effect, discovered in ut that s another story.) His argument goes much of the way toward explaining the unexpected precision of the integral plateaus. ut by our present understanding, it is short by one important step namely, the inclusion of topological quantum numbers. Laughlin considered a 2D electron gas cold enough so that quantum coherence holds throughout. It is then meaningful to speak of a wavefunction describing the system and its Hamiltonian evolution. Laughlin looked at the Hall effect as a quantum pump. He imagined the electron gas confined to a looped ribbon, as shown in figure 3, with a strong magnetic field normal to its surface. The two opposite edges of the ribbon are connected to separate electron reservoirs. Laughlin then introduced a fictitious magnetic flux F threading the loop. The change in this flux drives the pump: Increasing the flux creates an electromotive force (emf) around the ring, which, by the classical Hall effect, results in the transfer of charge from one reservoir to the other. The Aharonov ohm principle tells us that the Hamiltonian describing the system is gauge invariant under flux changes by integral multiples of F 0 = hc/e, the elementary quantum of magnetic flux (see PHYSICS TODAY, January 1986, page 17). Therefore an adiabatic increase of F by a single flux quantum is a cycle of the pump. An easy calculation shows that the charge transported between the reservoirs in one pump cycle, in units of the electron charge e, is the Hall conductance of the system in units of e 2 /h, the quantum of Hall conductance. Therefore, if we can understand the precise quantization of the charge transported in one cycle of Laughlin s pump, we will understand the integer quantum Hall effect. In Laughlin s words, y gauge invariance, adding F 0 maps the system back to itself,... [which results in] the transfer of n electrons. The quantization of Hall conductance is then implied. We must ask, however, why the average transferred charge has to be an integral multiple of e, the charge of the electron. Classically, of course, an electron is either in reservoir A or, but not in both. ut why is that also true in a quantum mechanical system? Admittedly, even in quantum mechanics, a measurement of the number of electrons in a reservoir must be an integer, as must the transported charge. ut in quantum mechanics, consecutive cycles of the pump may transport different amounts of charge. Gauge invariance does require that, after a cycle, the pump is back in its original state. Doesn t that guarantee that the transported charge in different cycles must be the same? The answer is no. Only in classical mechanics does an exact reproduction of a prior state guarantee reproduction n = 2 HALL RESISTANCE (k W ) Figure 2. The integer quantum Hall effect. Plotting the Hall resistance (essentially the reciprocal of the Hall conductance) of a low-temperature two-dimensional electron gas against the strength of the imposed magnetic field normal to the gas plane, one finds a stairlike quantized sequence of Hall conductances very precisely equal to ne 2 /h, where n is the integer that characterizes each plateau. The natural unit of resistance defined by this effect is about 26 kw. (Adapted from M. Paalanen, D. Tsui, A. Gossard, Phys. Rev.. 25, 5566 [1982].) MAGNETIC FIELD (T) August 2003 Physics Today 39
3 Figure 3. Robert Laughlin s 1981 gedanken experiment interprets the integer Quantum Hall effect as a quantum pump. Increasing the flux F that threads the conducting loop by a single flux quantum constitutes a cycle of the pump, transferring a quantized amount of charge between the two reservoirs, A and, connected to the two edges of the conducting loop. The loop is everywhere subjected to a perpendicular magnetic field. A F of the prior measured result. In quantum mechanics, reproducing the state of the system does not necessarily reproduce the measurement outcome. So one cannot conclude from gauge invariance alone that the same number of electrons is transferred in every cycle of the pump. Why, then, is the Hall conductance quantized? To complete the argument, one has to explain why the mean transferred charge, averaged over many pump cycles, is indeed quantized. That s where topological quantum numbers come into play: Chern numbers quantize averages. Adiabatic curvature In 1981, Michael erry discovered that the phase accumulated by the wavefunction undergoing adiabatic evolution has a particular geometric component, now known as erry s phase 7 (see the article by erry in PHYSICS TODAY, December 1990, page 34). To explain what erry s phase is and its significance for the Hall effect, let s take a step back and review the notion of parallel transport in geometry. In 1917, Tulio Levi-Civita developed the modern perspective on the geometry of surfaces based on Karl Friedrich Gauss s earlier work. In the Euclidean plane, there is an obvious notion of parallelism for vectors at different points. ut that s not so on a curved surface, where there is no natural way to compare the directions of tangent vectors at different points. To compare directions, we need the notion of parallel transport. For concreteness and simplicity, let us consider the surface of Earth ignoring its rotation for the moment. The plane of a pendulum s swing defines a direction on the plane tangent to the surface. If the pendulum is moved slowly from one point to another, the propagation of that direction is a realization of parallel transport. On the rotating planet, a Foucault pendulum is an example of parallel transport along a line of latitude. Parallel transport is an intriguing phenomenon, and the Foucault pendulum never fails to fascinate visitors to science museums. John Sullivan has created an interactive Web site that nicely illustrates parallel transport on a sphere. 8 It shows how a vector can be transported parallel to itself and yet point in a different direction at the end of a round trip. That s what happens with the Foucault pendulum after 24 hours. Only at the poles and on the equator does the pendulum point in the same direction as it did 24 hours earlier. The failure of parallel transport for closed paths is a hallmark of intrinsic curvature. In modern geometry, the local curvature of a surface is defined as the angular mismatch after the traversal of an infinitesimal closed loop, divided by the loop s area. This notion of curvature extends to a wide range of other situations. In particular, it lets us introduce curvature into quantum mechanics. Consider a quantum Hamiltonian H(F,q) that depends on two angular parameters. The parameters play a role analogous to the spherical coordinates on Earth s surface. Suppose that the Hamiltonian has a nondegenerate ground state at energy zero. Let e ia +c(f,q) denote the ground state. We are free to choose a as we please; it is the analog of the pendulum s initial direction. Consider now a closed loop in the parameter space. If the parameters are varied slowly, we can use the timedependent Schrödinger equation to transport the ground state. The failure of parallel transport around a closed loop is measured by erry s phase. In this case, the local adiabatic curvature K of the bundle of ground states in the parameter space, defined as the limit of the erry phase mismatch divided by the loop area, turns out to be K = 2 Im ] F c+] q c. (1) Hall conductance as curvature The Hall conductance can be thought of as a curvature. To see why, we identify the two angular parameters on which the Hall-effect Hamiltonian depends. One of them, F, is associated with the emf that drives the Hall current in figure 3. The second parameter, q, is related to the ammeter that measures the Hall current. More precisely, q is chosen in such a way that the Hall current takes the form: I = c] q H(F,q). One can treat both F and q as angular parameters because, by gauge invariance, the Hamiltonian is periodic in both, with period F 0. If F varies slowly and the ground-state energy is independent of F (and strictly below that of the first excited state), the Schrödinger equation gives c+i+c = \ckf (2) for the expectation value of the Hall current, where K is the adiabatic curvature given by equation 1. Equation 2 gives a linear relation between the expectation value of the Hall current and the driving emf, F /c, generated by the time-varying flux tube that threads the loop. The Hall conductance is therefore \c 2 K. That relation establishes the geometric interpretation of the Hall conductance as curvature. Ludwig oltzmann is reputed to have said that elegance is for tailors. The geometric interpretation of the Hall conductance as curvature is clearly elegant. ut is there more to it than elegance? There is: Geometry links the Hall conductance with topological invariants. Topology, therefore, is our next topic. Chern numbers Geometry and topology are intimately related. Let us recall this relation in the familiar setting of surfaces. A remarkable relation between geometry and topology is the formula by Gauss and Charles onnet: 1 21 (3) 2p K d A = ( g ). S The integral is over a surface S without a boundary, like the torus in figure 4, and K is the local curvature of the surface. Therefore, K da is the angular mismatch of par- 40 August 2003 Physics Today
4 Figure 4. The Gauss onnet formula (equation 3) is illustrated here by a toroidal surface with one handle. The local curvature K is positive on those portions of the surface that resemble a sphere and negative on those, near the hole, that resemble a saddle. ecause g, the number of handles, equals one, the integral of the curvature over the entire surface vanishes. One can make Shiing-shen Chern s quantum generalization of the Gauss onnet formula plausible by considering the angular mismatch of parallel transport after a circuit around the small red patch in the figure. allel transport around the small loop enclosing the area da. The left side of the Gauss onnet equation is geometric and not quantized a priori. ut the right side is manifestly quantized; the integer g is the number of handles characterizing the topology of S. (For the torus in figure 4, g = 1.) So, if we change K arbitrarily by denting the surface so long as we do not punch through new handles the quantized right side of equation 3 does not change. The Gauss onnet formula has a well-known modern generalization, due to Shiing-shen Chern. The Gauss- onnet-chern formula applies not only to the geometry of surfaces but also to the geometry of the eigenstates parameterized by F and q. It looks exactly like equation 3, except that K is now the adiabatic curvature of equation 1, and the surface S is a torus parameterized by the two fluxes F and q. The right-hand side of the Chern s generalization of equation 3 is still an integer. Indeed, it is the so-called Chern number. ut there is a difference: It is not necessarily an even integer, and g can no longer be interpreted as a tally of handles. ut if the Chern number doesn t count handles, why does it have to be an integer? One can see why by considering the failure of parallel transport around the little loop in figure 4. The loop can be thought of as the boundary of the small red inside area, but also as the boundary of the outside area that makes up the rest of the toroidal surface. The phase mismatch of parallel transport can then be calculated as an integral of the curvature either over the inside area or the outside area. And the two integrals must agree up to an integral multiple of 2p. The difference between them, divided by 2p, is the Chern number. As one shrinks the small red area to zero, one readily sees that the Chern number is given by the integral in equation 3. The Chern number is topological in the sense that it is invariant under small deformations of the Hamiltonian. Small changes of the Hamiltonian result in small changes of the adiabatic curvature and therefore, one might think, in a small change in the Chern number. ut because the Chern number is an integer, it can t change at all if it has to change continuously. We conclude, therefore, that a graph of the Chern number must have plateaus. ut then, how does the Chern number change from one plateau to the next? Large deformations of the Hamiltonian can cause the ground state to cross over other eigenstates. When such a level crossing happens in a quantum Hall system, the adiabatic curvature K diverges and the Chern number is no longer well defined. Transitions between Chernnumber plateaus take place at level crossings. Returning to Laughlin s argument, we now see that, in fundamental units, the Hall conductance and therefore the average charge transport in Laughlin s gedanken experiment are Chern numbers. That explains why the transported charge, averaged over many pump cycles, is quantized. And thus it explains the surprisingly precise plateau structure discovered in 1980 by von Klitzing. The Hofstadter model The glory of Chern numbers in the Hall effect emerges from a theoretical model investigated in 1976 by Douglas Hofstadter, 9 three years before the publication of his widely read book Gödel, Escher, ach: An Eternal Golden raid. The model, which was first analyzed in the 1950s by Rudolph Peierls and his student P. G. Harper, describes independent electrons on a 2D lattice, acted on by a homogeneous magnetic field. The model is interesting for several reasons. First, its rich conjectural scheme was experimentally realized in 2001 by Christian Albrecht, von Klitzing, and coworkers in a 2D electron gas in a superlattice potential. 10 The experiment verified the remarkably detailed Hofstadter-model predictions of David Thouless and coworkers. 4 Second, the only known way of computing the Hall conductance in Hofstadter s model is with Chern numbers. Third, the model provides a dazzling structure built of Chern numbers. The thermodynamic properties of the 2D electron gas in Hofstadter s model are determined by three parameters: the magnetic flux, the temperature, and the chemical potential, which fixes the electron density. The most interesting case, shown in figure 5, occurs at zero temperature. The figure, sometimes called Hofstadter s butterfly, is the model s phase diagram. It represents all the thermodynamic phases of the 2D electron gas that emerge as one varies the chemical potential and the magnetic field. Unlike the phase diagrams of simple thermodynamic systems that have only a few phases say liquid, solid, and gas the Hofstadter model has infinitely many different phases. Each phase is characterized by its integral Hall conductance, and all integer values are allowed. These different Chern integers are represented in the figure by different colors. The figure was made using the equations of Thouless and company. 4 How is it that something as simple as the Hofstadter model 9 turns out to generate such a magnificently complex structure? The cause is, as is so often the case in physics, the phenomenon of frustration. Frustration occurs here because two different area scales are in competition. One characteristic area is the unit cell of the superlattice in Albrecht s experiment. The other area scale is F 0 /, associated with the unit of quantum flux. The character of the problem changes according to whether or not the two areas are commensurable. We say they are incommensurable when their ratio is an irrational August 2003 Physics Today 41
5 Figure 5. The Hofstadter butterfly is a fractal phase diagram of Douglas Hofstadter s model of a quantum Hall system in a periodic potential. Each of the infinite number of phases is characterized by the Chern number of its Hall conductance and displayed with a different color. The horizontal axis gives the chemical potential, which determines the electron density. The left side corresponds to zero electron density. The vertical axis, indicating magnetic flux though the system, goes from zero at the bottom to one flux quantum per unit cell of the crystal lattice at the top. At higher fluxes, the phase diagram repeats periodically. Warm colors indicate positive Chern numbers; cool colors, negative numbers. Only on the extreme left and right do we see white spaces, which indicate Chern number zero. (Adapted from D. Osadchy, J. Avron, J. Math. Phys. 42, 5665 [2001].) number. Hoftstadter s 1976 paper begins by asking how the irrationality of a parameter could possibly affect an experimental outcome. Any such effect would seem to require infinite experimental resolution. The moral of the Hofstadter model is that commensurability has stable, experimentally realizable consequences in fractal-like structures. Rough experiments can resolve gross features like the large butterfly wings. Increasingly finer experiments eventually resolve finer and finer structures the tiny wings at the smallest energy scales. eyond elegance Elegant results sometimes come at a price, and that is the case here: For the Chern-number theory to apply to the quantum Hall effect, a number of restrictive physical conditions must hold. We have mentioned only a few of them here. (Much of what we know thus far about the theory can be traced from references 11 and 12.) And we have omitted an interesting, alternative topological interpretation of the Hall conductance by an analog of the Chern number that arises in the context of a new branch of mathematics known as noncommutative geometry. 5,13 The geometric and topological ideas developed in the context of the quantum Hall effect have had an impact on an emerging direction in mesoscopic physics quantum pumps. 14 These pumps are quantum dots that can transport individual charges or spins between reservoirs. 15 Here too, the transported charge can be related to an analog of the curvature. 16 So far, we have barely mentioned the fractional quantum Hall effect. In 1983, Horst Stormer, Daniel Tsui, and coworkers at AT&T ell Laboratories discovered that, in 2D electron gases confined at very high-quality semiconductor interfaces, the Hall conductance develops plateaus at simple fractional values of the Hall conductance. That unexpected discovery required a revision of the quantum Hall paradigm to a new theory in which electron electron interaction plays a central role. For his theory of the fractional quantum Hall effect, 11 Laughlin shared the 1998 Nobel prize with Stormer and Tsui (see PHYSICS TODAY, December 1998, page 17.) Laughlin s 1983 theory of the fractional effect has evolved into a large body of knowledge. 17 Chern numbers do not play a role in that theory. ut topology does (see the article by J. K. Jain in PHYSICS TODAY, April 2000, page 39). A topological field theory based on the work of Chern and James Simon plays a significant role in recent formulations of the theory of the fractional quantum Hall effect. We thank Fred Jegerlehner, Steve Lipson, Uri Sivan, and David Thouless for helpful comments. This work is supported by the Technion fund for the promotion of research and by grants from the European Union, the German Research Community, and the Swiss National Science Foundation. References 1. E. H. Hall, Am. J. Math. 2, 287 (1879). 2. K. von Klitzing, G. Dorda, M. Pepper, Phys. Rev. Lett. 45, 494 (1980). 3. T. Kinoshita, M. Noi, Phys. Rev. Let. 90, (2003). 4. D. Thouless, M. Kohmoto, M. Nightingale, M. den Nijs, Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 405, (1982). 5. J. ellissard, A. van Elst, H. Schultz-aldes, J. Math. Phys. 35, 5373 (1994); J. Avron, R. Seiler,. Simon, Commun. Math. Phys. 159, 399 (1994). 6. R. Laughlin, Phys. Rev. 23, 5632 (1981). 7. M. V. erry, Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A 392, 45 (1984). 8. See 9. D. R. Hofstadter, Phys. Rev. 14, 2239 (1976). 10. C. Albrecht et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 147 (2001). 11. M. Stone, ed., The Quantum Hall Effect, World Scientific, Singapore (1992); D. J. Thouless, Topological Quantum Numbers in Nonrelativistic Physics, World Scientific, River Edge, N.J. (1998). 12. M. Aizenman, G. Graf, J. Phys. A 31, 6783 (1998). 13. J. Madore, An Introduction to Noncommutative Differential Geometry and Its Physical Applications, 2nd ed., Cambridge U. Press, New York (1999). 14. D. Thouless, Phys. Rev. 27, 6083 (1983); Q. Niu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 1812 (1990). 15. M. Switkes, C. Marcus, K. Campman, A. Gossard, Science 283, 1907 (1999). 16. P. rouwer, Phys. Rev. 58, (1998); J. Avron, A. Elgart, G. Graf, L. Sadun, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, (2001). 17. S. Girvin, in Topological Aspects of Low Dimensional Systems, A. Comtet, T. Jolicoeur, S. Ouvry, F. David, eds., EDP Sciences, Cambridge, Mass. (1999); J. Fröhlich, U. Studer, E. Thiran, in Fluctuating Geometries in Statistical Mechanics and Field Theory, F. David, P. Ginsparg, J. Zinn-Justin, eds., Elsevier, New York (1996). 42 August 2003 Physics Today
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All Lunch Special Sandwiches are served with House Made Chips and Pickled Cucumber.
Double-Smoked Bacon, Lettuce, Tomato, Homemade Aioli, Marbled Rye.
1⁄4 LB Burger Patty, Stout Caramelized Onions, Swiss Cheese.
Blackened Salmon, Fennel-Apple Slaw, Arugula.
White Meat Chicken, Dried Cherries, Candied Walnuts, Celery, Red Onion, Lettuce and Tomato.
Ask your server for details.
12" Personal Pizza, Red Sauce, Shredded Mozzarella.
*Add Pepperoni for $1


text:
How is everyone doing?
Hi everyone! I have been gone for awhile, and I am wondering how were your holidays? How is the new year treating you all? Many things have been happening in my life, the only good news is, I am almost "Managed". Meaning my blood sugars are on target 8 out of 10 times and my Specialist says I am finally on track to being in the Managed category. Now if I could lose weight and keep it off it would be great. How are You all? I have missed you all!!
3 replies
WELCOME BACK Mickie! Great news to hear of your Diabetes becoming more managable!
Continued blessings to you and yours!
I am glad that I am able to talk to all of you again. I have been running to football and volleyball practices and games and trying to keep up with my 15 year old. If this doesn't help me lose weight nothing will. I hope all is well as we head into another holiday season.
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I know my mother loves me, but I sometimes wonder why she cooks food that she knows we don't like. She's always sticking little green bits or big brown pieces into our food, even though I tell her I don't like coloured bits and pieces in my food. She says that I don't have to eat them, but I mustn't complain; I'm allowed to push them to the side of my plate.
When mum gives me a choice about what I can eat so that she can cook it, I always tell her I want makaronia. I love makaronia, whatever shape and size they come in. I've had long thin makaronia, long thick makaronia with holes in the middle, long wide makaronia with no holes, shell-shaped makaronia, twisty-ties, bowties, spirals, wheels, short thick tubes and trumpet-shaped makaronia, makaronia the size of rice grains, alphabet makaronia, number makaronia... the list goes on. If I go to the supermarket with her, she lets me choose whatever shape makaronia I want, and I always choose a different one each time. But she always warns me: "Are you sure about what you're buying, because you're going to have to eat it, and I don't want to throw away good food and money." So I always make sure to buy something I'd like to eat because she'll make me eat it anyway. My favorite makaronia are the multi-coloured ones.
When Mum's in the kitchen cooking, she doesn't like being bothered, so I go and watch a DVD or play on my computer until she's finished. When the makaronia are ready, she tells me to come into the kitchen because it's time to eat. I get my fork and cup, and fetch my tea-towel. Then I wait until she brings me the plate to the table. (I'm only six and my hands are like buttered fingers.)
But when the makaronia come to the table, they never look like the makaronia I chose. I can hardly see them swimming in the gunk she cooked them in. Sometimes there's an oily red sauce covering them which leaves me with a moustache; other times they have yellow fluffy bits that make stringy lines when you pick them up with a fork. Today they had little green strips and soft brown things in them, even though I've told her a million times I don't like green and brown things in them. And she put them in the oven - makaronia only come out of a pot (sometimes I think dad is right when he says she can never cook the same meal twice).
Whenever I tell her that I just want plain makaronia, she says I can't have them just plain boiled. "Why?" I ask her. "Because," she says, people don't eat them that way, you have to put something on them, otherwise it's like eating just plain bread." When I tell her that we eat Chinese makaronia just plain as they are, she reminds me: "Only when we go to London," and then she says "Well, I've cooked now, and that's all there is to eat, unless you want to cook something else yourself." When I tell her I don't want the green and brown things, she says I can just push them onto the side of my plate, and eat just the makaronia. At times like this, I wonder why she bothered to cook the makaronia with all those other bits if she knew I was simply going to push them to the side of the plate and eat just the makaronia. She may as well have cooked just some red, white and green makaronia, and it would have looked the same as this carbonara stuff she says she made.
My recipe for makaronia is really simple: just boil your favorite pasta shapes, drain them in a colander, and sprinkle some grated cheese over them on your plate. She only lets me eat them like this when she makes a brown crumbly oily sauce for makaronia that dad likes. She never eats it herself, which is extremely rare for my mother: she eats everything.
Anyhow, the makaronia tasted really good. I ate the whole plate (except for the green and brown things). I told her afterwards that they were really good. "Mama, who taught you how to cook makaronia in the oven?" I asked her. "I found a recipe on the internet, dear," she told me. So that's what she's been doing for hours on the computer: learning how to cook makaronia.
To make carbonara pizza, you need:
500g thick'n'holey pasta shapes (trompetini work very well)
2-3 tablespoons of oil
5-6 strips of bacon, chopped small
1 large onion, chopped small
2 cloves of garlic, minced
I tomato, pureed
1 green bell pepper chopped into short thin slivers (optional)
400g chopped mushrooms (canned ones work well in this dish)
200g double cream
100g grated cheese (Cretan malaka worked very well here)
ground pepper (salt is unnecessary)
Boil the pasta till al dente - it will be cooked twice, so it doesn't need to be boiled thoroughly. Drain it well, then place it in a deep baking tin. Put it aside until you cook the 'filling'.
Heat the oil in a pan and cook the bacon on moderate heat. When it has lost its uncooked colour, add the onion and garlic, and let it cook with the bacon for 2-3 minutes. Then add the ground pepper, mushrooms, tomato and pepper, and let the mixture cook for five minutes on moderate heat to blend well.
Pour the bacon mix over the cooked pasta, spreading it well to cover all the tin. Then pour the cream into the tin and mix again. Sprinkle the grated cheese over the pasta and put the tin in the oven. Cook for half an hour, until the cheese takes on a golden brown colour.
Serve it immediately (the cheese goes hard otherwise) with a tomato salad, which is the only pizza ingredient missing from this pasta dish, which otherwise looks and smells like pizza; The next time I made this, I added some thin slices of tomato on top of the grated cheese, so that the cheese didn't dry out - and it looked and smelled even more like a pizza.
©All Rights Reserved/Organically cooked. No part of this blog may be reproduced and/or copied by any means without prior consent from Maria Verivaki.
Stir-fry noodles
Stir-fry beef
Blue dragon
Octopus stew
Tuna pasta
Mussels sauce
Yeastless pizza


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- Instructions for use:
- - Glide the wand over lips
- - Layer over lip color for a more intense look
- - 5.04ml/ 0.177fl.oz.
Kevyn Aucoin's lipgloss is enriched with Sunflower Seed, Castor and Lanolin oils that help protect and moisturize for a silky-smooth pout. The patented applicator is designed to make it feel like you're using your fingertips, ensuring a precise look. This light-pink hue has a subtle shimmer and sheer finish.
- Formulated with enriching vitamins - Silky smooth finish that's never greasy or slippery - Also available in:Bloodroses, Janelline, Neottiana, Tulapina
Product Code: 650456
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Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
155 Majorca Ave, Suite 209 Coral Gables FL 33134
Metered parking right outside the door.
Come in for a consultation! The cost is applied to your first treatment. You will get all your questions answered by Dr Ward and his staff, and you will feel comfortable knowing that he is the right person to help you achieve the results you desire!
7 Days a Week
8:00 a.m.-6:00 p.m.
We accept Visa, MasterCard, and American Express. Payment is due prior to any treatment.
BOTOX Cosmetic is a purified, natural protein that is superficially injected into muscles in order to relax them and reduce the appearance of fine lines, furrows, and wrinkles in your face.
Everyone is different, so times will vary, but usually, Botox injections take about 1 to 2 weeks for you to really see your best result, and they usually last about 3 months. We will go over this in more detail during your consultation.
Juvederm and Voluma are hyaluronic acid (a naturally occurring polysaccharide found in our skin) based smooth gels ("fillers") injected into the face at different tissue levels that are used to instantly smooth out skin wrinkles and folds, correct age related volume loss in the cheek area, and help create a more youthful look.
Our practice uses several different types of fillers like Juvederm and Voluma for different goals and needs. Each one lasts a different amount of time ranging anywhere from 6 months to 2 years. Again, we will go over this in more detail during your consultation.
Kybella (deoxycholic acid) is an amazing new product that is really hot right now. It is the first and only FDA-approved injectable treatment that is used in adults to improve the appearance and profile of moderate to severe fat below the chin (submental fat), also called, "double chin."
Not really. Everyone is different, and it depends on where you are injecting. Sometimes we use a numbing cream to block out any pain. Once in a while you might feel a small, sharp pinch, but its not bad.
Laser stands for: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Laser therapies are medical treatments that use focused light. Laser light is a very special kind of light. Unlike most light sources, it is tuned to very specific wavelengths. This allows it to be focused into powerful beams which, depending on the wavelength of light used, will interact with various parts of your skin to do some amazing things like remove your hair, remove your tattoos, remove your skin blemishes and sun spots, remove scars, remove unsightly veins, remove burn marks, improve skin texture, decrease pore size, improve wrinkles and furrows, tighten and rejuvenate your skin, and help restore the youthful appearance you are looking for.
The simple answer is that it depends on what you are wanting to achieve with your treatment. In general, the better your result, the deeper and more aggressive the treatment. Superficial treatments like hair removal may not hurt in some areas at all, while in other areas, it may feel like a rubber band snapping your skin. We use a cooling machine to help alleviate any little bit of pain you might start to feel. With some deeper skin rejuvenation treatments that yield the most stunning results, we use numbing creams before we start, so pain is minimal.
We will go over this in detail during your consultation, but again, the answer is that it depends on what you are getting done. Most treatments can be done during your lunch hour and you can go right back to work looking like you just lost 5 years, or they can be done after work and you can go to an event that evening looking refreshed and youthful. With other treatments, you might need to take a day off, and with some deeper treatments like facial rejuvenation, you might need to take a week or two off while you heal completely, but the results are stunning and you don't need to go under the knife!
Good question. Here are some things to consider when looking around to see what practice you want to go to:
At Elite Aesthetics, we work hard with you to achieve the look and results that you want, with little or no pain or down time.
Our goal is to achieve a result that makes people wonder how you got to look so good, without anyone knowing you had any procedures or treatments done.
We take a comprehensive, educational approach to skin care, health and rejuvenation.
We carry top of the line skin care and protection products that we use and sell right here in the practice.
Who is doing the procedures? At Elite Aesthetics, Dr Ward, not an aesthetician or nurse, does all the laser and injectable procedures himself.
Patient safety is a top priority, and we always have your comfort in mind.
Close follow up by Dr Ward to make sure you are pain free, healing well, and are obtaining the results you need is very important; you can call Dr Ward any time for any concerns.


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Paris: Reality TV star Kim Kardashian West was held at gunpoint in her Paris hotel room by masked men dressed as police officers.
The "Keeping Up With The Karadashians" star, who has been in Paris for the Fashion Week, is unharmed physically, reported E! online.
"Kim Kardashian West was held up at gunpoint inside her Paris hotel room this evening, by two armed masked men dressed as police officers. She is badly shaken but physically unharmed," her representative said.
It is not yet clear whether she was robbed in the incident Sunday night.
It's unclear where her children- three-year-old daughter North and nine-months-old son Saint, have been during that time.
Her husband Kanye West abruptly left the stage at Meadows Music & Arts Festival in Queens mid-song on Sunday night, telling fans, "I'm sorry, I'm sorry. Family emergency, I have to stop the show.


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Friday, July 8, 2011
Ten Things to Know About Me!
10. I love reality TV shows - give me The Real Housewives of (insert any) County over 60 Minutes any day!
9. My favorite place to shop is Target. Where else can you buy peanut butter, a cute dress, cilantro, and a pretty binder, all in the span of 15 minutes?
8. You would never guess this about me, but I love NASCAR. My husband and I have been to the Daytona 500, the Coke Zero 400, and we are looking forward to going to Homestead in November for the last race of the season! Go #99!!!
7. Although ice cream in most any flavor is great, mint chocolate chip has been my all time fave since I was a little kid.
6. I am a very picky eater, although I have gotten better as I've gotten older! But...I still order my cheeseburgers PLAIN!
5. I am an only child. However, I like to think that I have learned to share by now!
4. In the 11 years that I have been a teacher, I have always taught third graders! It's such a fabulous grade to teach!
3. I am interested in taking photographs, making my house and classroom pretty, and creating organizational systems.
2. My favorite place to be is on a beach (Pass-a-Grille, preferably) with a book.
1. My family means the world to me - my husband (Greg) is the best, and my two kids (Ben and Eva) are adorable and funny and I love them very much!
7 comments:
There is nothing better or more relaxing than the beach and a good book. :-)ReplyDelete
I eat plain cheeseburgers too! Thanks for joining in my linky party!ReplyDelete
Go Fourth! With Mrs. Owens
I heart the beach too! Would love to move to Cali one day! I am a new follower thanks to the linky party! Stop by my blog, follow me & find out about my 200 follower giveaway :o)ReplyDelete
Peace, Mel D
Oh the Places We'll Go
I'm so glad I found another 3rd grade blog! I put you on my Sqworl list!! http://sqworl.com/zgdzajReplyDelete
Thoughts of a Third Grade Teacher
- AnonymousJuly 15, 2011 at 12:22 PM
Hi! I am new to 3rd grade and I am excited to have found veteran 3rd grade teachers to learn from. Thank you for your willingness to share. I am trying to open your documents, but they are not opening!ReplyDelete
Hey Anonymous...I hope you come back! I re-uploaded my Teacher Resources using Scribd. Hopefully, that does the trick. Please let me know!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousAugust 1, 2011 at 9:43 PM
Sadly, I am a reality show junkie too!! :)ReplyDelete


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( 9:30 am to 6:00 pm IST, Mon to Sat )
There are currently no vacancies available for "Asp.net Developer" in Jalgaon
If you are interested for future opportunities please Post Your Resume
ASP.NET Developer ( 2 - 6 yrs)
Posted on 21 days ago
Intelact Business Solutions
RS 3,50,000 To 6,00,000 p.a. Mumbai
Job Title: ASP.NET Developer Experience: 2 years Salary: 3.5 Lacs to 6 Lacs Location: Worli Job Description: We are looking for an 2-5 years of ASP.NET - MVC 4/5 developer that will be able to develop and support ex...
Key Skills : asp.net development,asp.net,mvc,ado.net,asp.net developer,mvc developer
Asp.net Developer ( 3 - 7 yrs)
RS 9,00,000 To 12,00,000 p.a. Pune
Job Title DotNet Developer - Pune No of Vacancies 2 City Pune, Maharashtra, India Description Skill set required: ASP.NET, MVC, C#, SQL Database, HTML and Knowledge on Webservices (REST, SOAP). Excellent in coding using C#xcellent...
Key Skills : asp.net developer,asp.net,.net developer,html
Asp.Net Developer ( 5 - 10 yrs)
RS Not disclosed Mumbai, Pune
Overview of business area or project: Business focus on the delivering firm's macroeconomic, microeconomic and thematic Research. Primary capabilities covered: Content Creation & Distribution, Content rules & entitlements and Search, Taxonomi...
Key Skills : asp.net,angularjs,sql server,webapi,webservices,soap,mvc,asp.net developer,web developer
Asp.net Mvc Developer ( 1 - 3 yrs)
Optiquall Solutions
RS Not disclosed Pune
Role: Software Developer Experience: 1+ Years Job Type: Full Time Job location: Pune Opening: 2 Qualification : MCA, MCS, BCA , B.E,B.Tech ,MCA ,M.Tech Key skills: Asp.Net, C#.Net,MVC 4/5, MSSQL,Angular JS Job Descriptio...
Key Skills : asp.net mvc,entity framework,javascript,angular js,css3,html5 developer,ajax,asp.net developer,asp.net,software...
Asp.Net Developer ( 1 - 5 yrs)
Sanveo Technology
RS 1,00,000 To 3,00,000 p.a. Virar, Maharashtra
Good Knowledge of Asp.NET web framework. Knowledge of .NET languages (e.g. C#, Visual Basic .NET) and HTML5/CSS3. Sql Procedure and Function. MVC knowledge will be added advantage.
Key Skills : asp.net developer,asp.net,mvc
asp.net developer ( 3 - 5 yrs)
sd solution
RS Not disclosed Mumbai
Job Description • Should have strong experience in Net MVC • Should be Expert in Angular JS 1.6 • Should handle direct Client interaction • 3+ years' experience with Winforms, Webforms and C#. • 3+ years working with SQL Se...
Key Skills : asp.net,asp.net developer,dot net developer
ASP.NET Developer ( 3 - 5 yrs)
Kitron Consultancy Private Limited
RS 3,00,000 To 4,00,000 p.a. Mumbai
Reports to: General Manager | Technology development We are seeking a .NET developer responsible for building .NET applications using MVC pattern. Your primary responsibility will be to design and develop these layers of our applications, an...
Key Skills : asp.net (mvc and angular),asp.net developer,asp.net
Hiring for ASP.NET Developer ( 6 - 7 yrs)
Impact HR & KM Solutions
RS 1,00,000 To 3,00,000 p.a. Nashik
Angular js, (6 months min exp) Responsibilities and Duties Angular js, mssql, api Required Experience, Skills and Qualifications Angular js, mssql, api Job Type: Full-time
Key Skills : angular js,asp.net developer,asp.net,angularjs,mssql
Immediate Hiring for Asp.net Developer ( 0 - 1 yrs)
Sumanabh Software Pvt. Ltd.
RS 1,00,000 To 2,00,000 p.a. Pune
the .Net Developer designs, modifies, develops, writes and implements software programming applications and components; supports and/or installs Software applications and components; works from written specifications and per-established Guidelines...
Key Skills : c++,mvc,c#,asp.net,vb.net,javascript,angularjs,web technologies,database,c,asp.net developer,java script
Urgent Requirement Asp.net Developer, C# Programmer ( 0 - 2 yrs)
Vertex Systems
RS 90,000 To 3,00,000 p.a. Virar
Urgent Requirement Asp.net, C# Programmer
Key Skills : c#,asp.net,javascript,jquery,sql server,asp.net developer,c# programmer


text: Okay, I've got the VF-1J Stealth Type w/ Super Strike parts, the YF-19 w/ Fold Booster thingie, and the SV-51. Gonna grab the 1/48 VF-1 Armor Parts Low Visibility Urban Camo set from BBTS for my VF-1J also. I'd like to grab one or two others, 'cause I do love these guys, but I can't tell the difference between the various VF-1s--A, J, S, etc. Then there's the VF-0 also. Is there any difference between them besides the color schemes?


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STOS Buddy is a program which is designed to tell you everything there is to know about STOS in one convenient package. You can download version 1, which includes the full source code, from the following link:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/ybdzk6zuacv9u ... e.zip?dl=0
STOS Buddy Features:
A collection of various STOS basic program listings and related media, with the ability to add new ones with relative ease. Currently there are 97 individual STOS programs added.
Full syntax highlighting for STOS listings, including all STOS commands and 15 of the most popular extensions.
Tool-tip descriptions of each of those commands when you hover your mouse cursor over them.
A massive help file, which includes the following:
Full STOS manual, tutorials and related articles.
Full documentation for 31 STOS extensions. Including the FIRST EVER (as far as I know) fully converted STOS 3D Manual.
Almost 750 STOSSER Diskzine articles from all issues 1 to 29. Everything but the most irrelevant articles(contacts, ads etc.) were included.
42 articles from the Much STOS Gigazine disks 1 and 2.
33 articles from the STESTOSTerone Diskmag disks 1 to 4.
All the diskzine articles had their formatting fixed and were spell-checked as much as possible. This took a LONG time.
Also, when the mouse cursor is hovered over a STOS or extension command, pressing the F1 key will take you right to the section of the documentation that deals with that command, be it in the STOS manual or the relevant extension documentation.
Other features:
You can export fully syntax-highlighted program listings as an HTML file, but note that the HTML file will be quite large as it has to include all of the colour formatting information.
You can view a full list of all STOS commands and extension commands the program recognises, along with their descriptions. Look in the Help menu.
STOS Buddy was written in Visual Basic.net. All source code is included.
STOS Buddy V1 is not a completely finished product. There are likely to be some bugs and/or errors. It contains a LOT of information and you may spot silly mistakes, e.g. with STOS command descriptions.. It would be helpful if you could let me know if you see anything wrong.
Also, there's a whole lot more STOS programs out there that need to be added to STOS Buddy. I'll add more as time goes by. You can also add your own.
You need to have the .net framework v2 to run the program, which pretty much comes with all modern Windows PCs these days.
Have fun.


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JAPAN'S cabinet approved the pact on Friday.
It will allow intelligence sharing in such areas as missile defence, North Korea's nuclear weapons program and other regional security matters.
It has already been approved by South Korea and is to be signed in Tokyo later on Friday.
The pact reflects mutual concerns that more cooperation is needed to enhance security readiness, and is seen as a breakthrough in ties between the two neighbours.
Japan ruled the Korean peninsula as a colony for several decades until the end of World War II in 1945, and Seoul has often been wary of Japan's postwar military development.
Read more: http://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/world/japan-s-korea-sign-first-pact-since-wwii/story-e6frfkui-1226412179401#ixzz1zAYUuyVv


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Ruthie Low Table Lot 61 Contemporary Coffee Tables Horne Contemporary Coffee Tables in your computer by clicking resolution image in Download by size. Don't forget to rate and comment if you interest with this wallpaper.
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Contemporary coffee tables. There are many designs of one-of-a-kind coffee tables: Fish tank coffee tables, black natural leather coffee tables, mosaic coffee tables, bamboo coffee tables, large footrest coffee tables, L shaped coffee tables, clock coffee tables, waterfall coffee tables, fire pit coffee tables, and also many more. And when you look for an unique table you definitely want to remember what features you desire it to do. It's not just something to check out. It's better if it in fact does something to! Three of one of the most popular features are storage, lift top,
Back To Contemporary Coffee Tables


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Stefanos Tsialis
Stefanos Tsialis has been the chief conductor and artistic director of the Athens State Orchestra since 2014. In his four years in office, despite difficult circumstances, he has managed to increase audiences by more than 40 per cent.
In the 2017/18 and 2018/19 seasons, Stefanos Tsialis has been reinvited to work with the Qatar Philharmonic, the Slovenian Philharmonic Orchestra, the South Westphalia Philharmonic, the Thessaloniki State Symphony Orchestra, the Hamburg Symphony Orchestra, the Saarland State Orchestra and the Thuringian Philharmonic in Gotha. Moreover, he will be conducting ensembles such as the Nuremberg Philharmonic, the Dortmund Philharmonic and the City of Muenster Philharmonic Orchestra. For several years, Stefanos Tsialis has also been involved in performing and recording film music. He speaks eight languages.
In September 2018 he has been invited to conduct the opening concert of the 10th anniversary season of the Qatar Philharmonic with Srauss' 'Domestica'.
Stefanos Tsialis has worked with over 80 orchestras in many EU countries as well as in Canada, Cuba, Russia, South Africa, Turkey and the USA. They include the Montreal Symphony Orchestra, the Copenhagen Philharmonic Orchestra, the Qatar Philharmonic Orchestra, the MDR Radio Symphony Orchestra in Leipzig, the Hamburg Symphony Orchestra, the Berlin Symphony Orchestra, the Stuttgart Philharmonic, the Nuremberg Symphony Orchestra, the Tonkünstler Orchestra in Vienna, the Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra, the Aarhus Symphony Orchestra, the Stavanger Symphony Orchestra, Staatskapelle Weimar, the Philharmonic Orchestras of Teatro Comunale di Bologna and Teatro Massimo Bellini, the Haydn Orchestra in Bolzano and the George Enescu Philharmonic Orchestra in Bucharest.
In addition to his engagement in Athens, Stefanos Tsialis is regularly invited to perform with the Qatar Philharmonic Orchestra, the Hamburg Symphony Orchestra, the Thuringian Philharmonic and the Thessaloniki State Symphony Orchestra.
He was born as the son of a Danish mother and a Greek father in Hermoupolis (Greece) in 1964. After studying piano at Thessalonica New Conservatory and musicology at Copenhagen University, he went on to graduate with distinction from Vienna Academy of Music as a conductor and répétiteur, and attended masterclasses with, amongst others, Leonard Bernstein, Vaclav Neumann and Rolf Reuter.
After his first engagement as assistant conductor and director of studies at Meiningen State Theatre, in 1996 Stefanos Tsialis received a scholarship from the Richard Wagner Foundation. From 1997 to 2004, he was chief conductor of the Central German Chamber Philharmonic, while from 2001 to 2004 he was also a permanent guest conductor of the Berlin Symphony Orchestra. He subsequently returned to Meiningen State Theatre as principal conductor and deputy general music director from 2005 until 2009. From 2009 to 2013, he was the chief conductor and artistic director of the Thuringia Philharmonic in Gotha.
In his operatic work, Stefanos Tsialis has collaborated with directors such as Peter Konwitschny, August Everding and Christine Mielitz. Developing a repertoire of 60 works, he has conducted a host of operas including Elektra, Salome, Wozzeck, Jenufa and Mona Lisa.
In 1995 he conducted the German premiere of Mikis Theodorakis's opera Medea in Meiningen. This was to be the start of a long working association with the composer. Today, Stefanos Tsialis is regarded as one of the leading interpreters in the world of his countryman's work.
Stefanos Tsialis has performed at many prestigious festivals, such as the Flanders Festival, the Handel Festival in Halle, the Tivoli Festival in Copenhagen, the Athens Festival, the 'Braunschweig Classix' Festival and the Hamburg Music Festival.
Stefanos Tsialis has recorded CDs for the Genuin and Centaur labels. He has also appeared in television and radio recordings for German public broadcasters ARD, Deutschland Radio Kultur, MDR and NDR as well as broadcasters in Greece, Italy, Romania and South Africa.
In 2019 he will issue a recording with Skalkottas's compositions with "NAXOS" company.


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- Reversing Racial Discrimination Claims Is Difficult, but Not Impossible
- June 10, 2014
- Law Firm: Goldberg Segalla LLP - Buffalo Office
Despite the heightened scrutiny given to reverse racial discrimination claims, it is difficult but not impossible to prevail under the right circumstances.
Recently, Christopher Barrella, a white lieutenant with the police department for the Village of Freeport in Long Island, New York, obtained a jury verdict in his favor in his racial discrimination case against the village and its mayor, Andrew Hardwick. Barrella was awarded $150,000 in lost back pay, $1 million in lost future pay, and a punitive damages award of $200,000 against the mayor for a total of $1.35 million. Barrella successfully claimed that he was not promoted to chief of police despite being more qualified and scoring higher on the promotion exam than the minority candidate who was promoted to the position by Hardwick. The case was litigated in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York before Judge Arthur D. Spatt, who entered judgment in the case on May 28, 2014.
There was some evidence presented that Hardwick did not consider Barrella, a 23-year veteran of the department, for the position and did not even interview him before deciding to promote the minority candidate. Barrella's attorneys argued that Hardwick demoted several white officers and forced others to retire so that he could replace them with less-qualified minority candidates.