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Systems Biology. Results, Progress and Innovations from BMBF Funding
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1 Systems Biology Results, Progress and Innovations from BMBF Funding
2 Imprint Published by Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Project Management Jülich (PtJ) Jülich Orders In writing to the publisher Project Management Jülich (PtJ) Außenstelle Berlin PO Box Berlin Phone: Fax: Internet: Supervision Contents Dr. Sigrid Grolle, Dr. Gisela Miczka (PtJ), Jülich Edited by Dr. Stefanie Reinberger, Heidelberg Translation Language Services, Central Library, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Layout FOCON GmbH, Aachen Print Bonifatius GmbH, Druck Buch Verlag, Paderborn As of Jülich, Berlin 2008 Photo credits Derichs Kommunikation GmbH, Jülich: Cover picture Further photos and figures are provided from the respective authors (q.v.)
3 Systems Biology Results, Progress and Innovations from BMBF Funding
4 2 preface Preface Systems biology is working Systems biology began well before the turn of the century in the USA and in Japan. Its empirical molecular genetics/genomics roots were more American, its physical chemistry/mathematical biology roots, including non-equilibrium thermodynamics and metabolic control analysis, more European. Hybridization arrays, QPCR, 2-D electrophoresis, chromatography plus 2-D mass spectrometry, and quantitative microscopy enable the quantification of changes in concentrations of molecules and thus represent an additional basis for systems biology. Even if Europe has a historical lead in some of these, the major initiatives in systems biology started in the USA and Japan. There the time was ripe for systems biology whilst Europe was more sceptical with respect to new research and development. This barrier was overcome by the first major coherent systems biology research programme in Europe, which started in The programme was HepatoSys, funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). In the following year, the UK BBSRC and EPSRC funded research centres and doctoral training centres for systems biology. The BMBF then funded four such research centres (FORSYS) in Setting up further funding priorities (QuantPro, FORSYS Partner), BMBF continued to propel German systems biology forward, also by supporting the training of young scientists. At the same time BMBF announced a transnational research programme on microbial systems biology (SysMO) with the Netherlands, the UK, Austria, Norway and Spain. In 2008 many additional systems biology research programmes are now running in Europe, including Germany, where the new funding priority MedSys will fund applied systems biology in medical research. The functioning of living organisms does not only depend on their individual components but also on the interactions between these components, i.e. on dynamic networking. For good reasons, molecular biology focuses on individual macromolecules. One paradox is therefore that systems biology needs to interface actively with molecular biology, which itself shies away from studying interactions and networking. Systems biology also needs to interface strongly with physiology, which itself frowns upon an analytical approach based on individual components. Tuned to the simplest possible systems and linear approximations thereof, mathematics and physics consider biology a mere set of special cases, too complex to resolve. Systems biology needs to integrate and add to these three paradoxical approaches. Quite a number of research programmes throughout the world call themselves systems biology, but do not integrate these three approaches. Some merely calculate theoretical behaviour that may not actually function. Others collect data without interpreting how functions arise from interactions. The BMBF research programmes, and certainly HepatoSys, integrate the three approaches, and with appreciable success. The preparatory committees and the international steering committees worked hard to bring about this integration. The committees had to reject excellent research that lacked integration perspectives, and they insisted on the integration of distinct proposals. Both types of action are unusual in evaluating and advising on scientific research. The paradigm shift effected by systems biology implies that the success of systems biology programmes should be judged by more stringent criteria than the success of traditional research
5 preface 3 programmes. Of course, the research should be excellent, as judged from the discoveries and applications. In addition, the programmes should be distinguished from the traditional research programmes in molecular biology, mathematics and physiology. Research that is excellent in terms of molecular biology but not in terms of mathematics may not be regarded as excellent systems biology. On the other hand, the highest excellence in systems biology may conflict with the paradoxical standards of the two neighbouring disciplines. For the steering committee, this makes life difficult, as the quality of research proposals/reports cannot be assessed from the number of publications in journals with high impact in molecular biology, or in conference proceedings in engineering. Another paradox relates to the involvement of industry in systems biology programmes. The pharmaceutical industry understands why one should look at disease and drug safety from the perspective of networks. However, since systems biology deals with entire networks, the best expertise needs to be engaged; involving too many research groups for the intellectual property to remain exclusive. The pharmaceutical industry will only become involved when research starts to become applicable. Then they plan defined bilateral projects with academic research groups. These kinds of projects are expected for the funding priority MedSys, and may now also become possible for Hepatosys. Systems biology is a matter for large-scale public funding in order to support new application-relevant research programmes in their early phases. BMBF is to be complimented on the important role it has played in the emergence of systems biology. Japan and the USA may have been first to engage in systems biology, but BMBF has now put Europe into a leading position with the first and by far the largest, truly integrated systems biology programmes. The integration of the various disciplines dealing with various aspects of the human cell is of tremendous importance for health, disease and drug effective ness. BMBF has also promoted the standardisation that is absolutely essential for the life sciences and for the silicon human of the future. In addition, it has enabled scientists to make scientific discoveries that could not otherwise have been made. I invite you to study this brochure, and to assess and enjoy the progress made by systems biology in Germany. Systems biology is working, also in Europe. Hans V. Westerhoff Hans V. Westerhoff is AstraZeneca Professor of Systems Biology and Director of the Doctoral Training Centre for Integrative Systems Biology from Molecules to Life (ISBML), Manchester, UK. Furthermore, he is Professor of Molecular Cell Physiology at the Free University Amsterdam and is Chairman of the HepatoSys Steering Committee.
6 4 contents Contents Preface Hans V. Westerhoff 2 Contents 4 Progress and Innovation through Systems Biology G. Miczka 6 HepatoSys Systems Biology of Liver Cells HepatoSys - Systems Biology Studies of Liver Cells (Introduction) U. Heisner 10 Robustness of the Drug Detoxification Metabolism in Liver Cells M. Reuss, J. Bucher, U.M. Zanger 12 A Circuit Diagram for Biotransformation K. Mauch 14 High Tech for Liver Cells M. Athelogou, G. Schmidt, F. Owen 16 The Endocytosis Transport Network/System M. Zerial, J. McCaskill, A. Deutsch 18 Iron Network J.G. Reich, M. Muckenthaler, M. Hentze 20 Central Data Management H.-P. Fischer, D. Bannasch 22 Liver Cells in Culture J. G. Hengstler 24 Feedback for Liver Regeneration U. Klingmüller, S.Dooley, J. Timmer 26 Liver Regeneration A Unique Phenomenon D. Drasdo, S.Höhme 28 HepatoNet - Modelling the Liver Metabolism H.-G. Holzhütter, K. Hübner, S. Hoffmann 30 FORSYS Centres of Systems Biology FORSYS Research Units on Systems Biology (Introduction) B. Regierer 32
7 contents 5 Targeting Parkinson s Disease R. Baumeister, E. Schmidt 34 The Cell s Suicide Programme R. Eils 36 On the Track of Molecular Synergisms W. Weckwerth 38 Microbes and Men A Complicated Coexistence M. Naumann, R. Poltz 40 QuantPro Quantitative Analysis for the Description of Dynamic Processes in Living Systems QuantPro Quantitative Analysis for the Description of Dynamic Processes in Living Systems, (Introduction) Y. Pfeiffenschneider 42 Biomarkers for Potato Breeding P. Geigenberger 44 Transport Systems in the Liver U. Pehl 46 The Light Processing Network D. Osterhelt, M. Ueffing 48 SysMO Systems Biology of Microorganisms SysMO Systems Biology of Microorganisms (Introduction) M. Heidelberger 50 Lactic Acid Bacteria in Comparison U. Kummer, B. Kreikemeyer 52 Stress in Bacteria V. Martins dos Santos 54 Clostridium acetobutylicum a Response to Dwindling Crude Oil Reserves P. Dürre, A. Ehrenreich 56 ERASysBio 13 Countries Coordinate their Funding Activities V. Simons 58 Data and Facts on Funding for Systems Biology in Germany E. Stüttgen 59
8 6 Progress and Innovation through systems biology Progress and Innovation through Systems Biology In all societies, innovations form the basis for progress and development. Innovations ensure continuous growth, prosperity and international competitiveness. The Federal Government s High- Tech Strategy for Germany is therefore specifically promoting research fields with a high innovation potential. This also includes the relatively young discipline of systems biology. After the widespread introduction of the methods of molecular biology in medicine and biology, systems biology is regarded as the second key technology for achieving progress in the life sci ences. At the same time, it forms the basis for exploiting new innovation potential in the knowledge-based bioindustry. What is systems biology? In the past, the individual research disciplines in the life sciences primarily focused on investigating process flows down to the molecular details. In a descriptive approach directed at achieving high quality and molecular details, a wealth of data was generated concerning single cell components or functions. However, the interaction of these molecular structures is highly dynamic and is controlled by cross-linkages with all cellular hierarchies. In order to understand such a biological system as a whole, it is necessary to have a quantitative understanding of the processes taking place in it. This is the starting point for systems biology. The aim of the systems biology research approach is to understand the behaviour, the dynamics of a biological system, for example a metabolic pathway, a cell organelle or - in the distant future - a whole cell or organism in its entirety. This requires the linkage of all molecular biology data from the level of the genome, through the transcriptome and the proteome, up to and including the metabolome, the analysis of interaction patterns and also data integration with the aid of mathematical methods. A basic prerequisite for systems biology approaches is therefore the interdisciplinary collaboration of researchers from the fields of biology, chemistry, medicine, computer science, mathematics, systems science and also engineering. The heart of the systems biology research approach is an iterative process between laboratory experiments and mathematical modelling. The result of this process is an optimised mathematical model describing the behaviour of a given biological system in a defined environment. This thus facilitates predictions about the behaviour of the system under the influence of internal and external factors. What is systems biology? Systems biology is characterised as the quantitative analysis of dynamic interactions between the components of a biological system with the aim of understanding the behaviour of the system as a whole and enabling predictions of its behaviour to be made. To this end, mathematical concepts are applied to biological systems so that an iterative process takes place between laboratory experiments and computer modelling. Benefits of systems biology With its new concept, systems biology has the potential to radically change the life sciences and to provide completely new findings for biomedical research and for biotechnology in industry and agriculture. Working with models and computer simulations offers the opportunity of proceeding in a targeted manner. Instead of looking for the proverbial needle in a haystack, the most probable processes can be calculated and experiments tailored accordingly. Systems biology thus offers the opportunity of raising knowledge of dynamics and the interaction of vital functions to a completely new plane and of exploiting new potential for innovation in medicine, the pharmaceutical industry, the chemical industry and the biotechnology industry. The application of computer models may in future, for example, serve to find new targets for treating diseases or forecasting possible side effects of new active substances. Drug development will thus become more effective and safer and, moreover, permit animal experiments to be restricted to a minimum. In the same way, biological applications can be specifically optimised, for example increas-
9 Progress and Innovation through systems biology 7 ing the productivity of cell systems for certain systems and also the development of novel synthesis techniques. First applications are already beginning to emerge in the ongoing research projects. Support measures implemented by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research Systems biology requires altered research structures in science and industry, new cooperation models and a new quality of interdisciplinary and interindustrial collaboration in a national and international framework. The Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) recognised this at an early point and is reacting to these constraints. As part of the Federal Government s High-Tech Strategy, it is undertaking a selective expansion of systems biology support measures and the establishment of relevant research and funding structures on a national and international level. These measures are being taken within the context of lines of action planned or implemented by the federal states, the Helmholtz Association, the Max Planck Society and other research and funding organisations in this field. Back in 2001, BMBF initialised funding of this innovative research field in Germany with its call for proposals for Living Systems Systems Biology. The resulting pilot project Systems Biology of the Liver Cell - HepatoSys has now developed into a nationwide network of expertise which also enjoys international recognition. The support programme Research Units of Systems Biology- FORSYS created the decisive basis for systems biology in Germany. The establishment of the four FORSYS centres in Freiburg, Heidelberg, Magdeburg and Potsdam in 2007 improved the situation for systems biology, with respect to both structure and content. The FORSYS centres ensure that the interdisciplinary collaboration essential for systems biology is available under the same roof, and that there is a local concentration of research expertise that also provides training opportunities for young scientists. The support measure announced in 2007 Partners for Research Units of Systems Biology FORSYS Partners further strengthened systems biology in Germany. This support measure consists of two components. The FORSYS Cooperations provide support for a transfer of know-how between the existing FORSYS centres and partners from academia and industry and lay the foundation for the establishment of further competence nodes for systems biology in Germany. The FORSYS Young Investigators Groups give young scientists the opportunity to conduct independent research and thus to exploit their creative potential. Peter Gruss, President of the Max Planck Society The systems biology research approach in the life sciences will have a decisive influence on progress in biology and medicine. The support measure Medical Systems Biology MedSys announced early in 2008 focuses on the application potential of systems biology for medicine and drug development. Apart from academic research groups, it therefore primarily targets corporate research departments in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, which are concerned, among other things, with the development of patient-related tools for diagnosis and treatment or the application of systems biology approaches for increasing the efficiency of clinical trials. Systems biology also plays a not inconsiderable part in the support measure on the topic of BioEnergy 2021 Research on Utilising Biomass announced at the beginning of The Systems Biology for Bioenergy module will fund research projects that contribute towards optimising crops as energy plants. The discussion is currently focusing on further research measures including the expansion of the methodological and technological basis for systems biology, for which the foundation was laid by the research priority Quantitative Analysis to Describe the Dynamic Processes in Living Systems Quant- Pro that started in In addition, attention is also being paid to exploiting the potential of systems biology research for other fields of application (e.g. for health in ageing).
10 8 Progress and Innovation through systems biology Apart from national commitments, the Federal Research Ministry is also involved in the development of European support measures for systems biology. For example, in 2006 as part of the ERA-Net ERASYSBIO, the transnational support measure SysMO (Systems Biology of Microorganisms) was agreed jointly with six European partners. Funding of the transnational collaborative projects began in 2007 and due to the success of these projects will be continued beyond The Federal Research Ministry is also involved in planning a large-scale European project on the Systems Biology of the Metabolic Syndrome that is scheduled to be launched in The strategy paper Systems Biology in the European Research Area was published in April 2008 by ERA-Net ERASYSBIO as a basis for the further harmonisation of funding policy for systems biology in Europe. Schematic representation of the iterative cycle of experiment and modelling in systems biology. Karl-Heinz Maurer, Henkel KGaA Düsseldorf Bilateral support measures for Medical Systems Biology were started with Slovenia in Other cooperative projects are planned with Austria from spring Furthermore, another European support measure for systems biology is under preparation as part of ERASYSBIO, which is receiving major support from Germany and the UK. With these support measures, BMBF is pursuing the goal of specifically streng thening national research and funding priorities in the field of systems biology by international networking and of promoting cooperation between systems biology centres, which are at the moment mainly located in the Netherlands, the UK and Germany. Systems biology is becoming increasingly important in Henkel research in terms of the technological application and control of microorganisms, and in the long-term, in order to establish in vitro test systems on the basis of skin cells. We use systems biology approaches to optimise the efficiency and quality of microbial fabrication processes for technical enzymes. We look at microorganisms that colonise our bodies and use methods from systems biology to work on the influences that the growth and formation of relevant metabolites have as a result of specific principles. In the long-term, we want to use the basic principles of the systems biology of skin cells in tissue models and cell cultures to develope alternative methods to replace animal experiments.
11 Progress and Innovation through systems biology 9 Summary With its early and comprehensive support for systems biology, BMBF has helped Germany to establish a leading position in this important research field that has great future potential. The total BMBF funding of systems biology is 37 million per year for national and international support measures. The aim of the BMBF s coordinated research and funding measures is to support the establishment of the research infrastructure required for systems biology together with major actors in Germany and Europe. It is taking up central research fields and topics which are of major significance for progress in the life sciences and for exploiting new innovation potential and contributes significantly to the training and encouragement of young scientists. In this way, the competitiveness of Germany will be sustained in the field of the life sciences and cooperation between academic and industrial research specifically promoted. Practical applications of the systems biology research approach are already foreseeable in the fields of biotechnology and medicine. Since 2004, the first companies mainly small and mediumsized enterprises (SMEs) have already become involved in this research as pioneers in systems biology. The increasing maturity of systems biology is manifested in the growing number of research partners from the pharmaceutical industry, the biotech industry and other sectors who recognise opportunities for the medium- and long-term development of new areas of business. Gisela Miczka, Projektträger Jülich (PtJ) On the Internet: Fascination Systems Biology Dr. Vytaute Starkuviene-Erfle has been head of the Young Investigators Group Screening of Cellular Networks since autumn 2007, which is part of the VIROQUANT centre in Heidelberg. She spoke about her enthusiasm for systems biology and the excellent opportunity to work in such a research centre. When did you become interested in systems biology? It was during my time as a postdoc at EMBL in Heidelberg. I had established high-throughput assays for studies on trafficking mechanisms in mammalian cells. In doing so, I began to understand the significance of being able to analyse many components at the one time instead of concentrating on single proteins, which is what I was familiar with from my earlier work. So that s why I decided to orient myself in the direction of systems biology. What is so fascinating about systems biology? Systems biology throws light on a specific issue from all sides both from the level of the gene and the protein right up to the effects in the system and vice versa. It accounts for a wide variety of factors in this process, and can be expanded to areas where classical biology was not admitted in the past, such as biophysics, bioorganic chemistry or even quantum physics. This gives us an overall picture of what s going on it doesn t just show us how a single protein behaves, but rather how the whole system or at least a part of it behaves. That s absolutely fascinating. Systems biology has the potential to help us understand every system, every organism in its entirety and complexity at some point in time. At the moment, we ve only just begun, but the process of getting to this stage alone is very captivating. What does it mean for you to head a Young Investigators Group in the VIROQUANT centre? As soon as they have penetrated the host cell, viruses become involved in a number of cellular processes and therefore influence the entire system of the cell. VIROQUANT investigates these processes and this information is what attracts me. In the BIOQUANT building in Heidelberg, I work side-by-side with virologists and cell biologists, as well as with mathematicians, bioinformaticians, and modellers. We have lively discussions and our cooperations are extremely fruitful. This is the only way that systems biology can really function well. I believe that my research benefits from this to a large degree and I hope that I too can contribute a great deal.
12 10 HepatoSys HepatoSys Systems biology studies of liver cells With its call for proposals for Living Systems Systems Biology in 2001, the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) gave the go-ahead for the funding of systems biology in Germany. HepatoSys a national network of expertise for research into liver cells was initiated in Today, HepatoSys is the largest systems biology consortium working on interdisciplinary principles anywhere in the world. The liver is the central metabolic organ in vertebrates and is in many respects a very special organ. Each day, it synthesises, converts or degrades more than 10,000 substances and thus contributes to the utilisation of food and purifying the body of metabolic products, drugs, alcohol and other harmful substances. As the largest gland in the body, in 24 hours it produces almost a litre of bile and thus assists the body s digestive system. The organ serves to store glucose and vitamins and also produces vital proteins such as the blood clotting factors. The liver is furthermore characterised by its unique ability to regenerate itself almost completely after damage by injury or toxic agents. Hepatocytes express more genes than most other types of tissue in the mammalian organism. They therefore have a very wide range of enzymes and metabolic networks. Othmar Pfannes, Genedata AG Basel In the decades to come we will see many innovations that are based on systems biology research. These novel products and processes will have a global impact on our way of life. Information and communication technology in particular will have to solve enormous challenges, but also benefit from very promising business opportunities. As a growing company with global focus, Genedata concentrates on establishing a strong position in this emerging systems biology based market. The Hepatosys project is a key element in this strategy. The HepatoSys network of expertise investigates regeneration, differentiation, endocytosis, detoxification and the iron metabolism in liver cells. To this end, experimental research teams from biology, chemistry, pharmacology and medicine work hand in hand with representatives of theoretical physics, mathematics and with computer scientists and engineers. The long-term objective is to create a model for predicting vital processes in the liver, which would represent an enormous increase in knowledge for medicine and pharmacology. Drugs can be developed more efficiently and economically with the aid of such tools. In silico models open up new possibilities of individualising treatments and significantly reducing the number of animal experiments in drug development. No content without structure the development of HepatoSys During the first funding phase of the HepatoSys consortium from 2004 to 2006, attention was initially focused on creating a functioning infrastructure. Today, more than 40 teams work in HepatoSys in the four regional networks of detoxification, iron metabolism, endocytosis and regeneration in addition to the two platforms of cell biology and modelling using comparable cells according to jointly agreed lab protocols.
13 HepatoSys 11 The other side of the fence The important results, laboratory regulations and background information are made accessible to all members of the network by means of central data and knowledge management. The second funding period started at the beginning of Until 2009, all activities are focused on result-oriented research. The project is monitored by an international panel of high-calibre experts who provide valuable stimulus for further developments. Hepato- Sys is steered by a project committee consisting of the coordinators and representatives of the networks and platforms. The project committee takes up the recommendations of the steering committee and is responsible for implementing the milestone planning. The project committee coordinates the interdisciplinary collaboration, organises the dates and keeps itself informed of the scientific progress made in the consortium. In order to handle the wide range of organisational tasks, the project committee has a central project management unit. In addition, each network and platform has its own local project management. There is a very high level of knowledge transfer in the HepatoSys consortium due to the interdisciplinary collaboration and the numerous external cooperation. A steadily increasing number of companies are joining the association. This development is encouraged by the fact that the regional networks are located at important bio technology sites throughout Germany. For example, the regeneration network has its main sites in Freiburg and Heidelberg in the immediate vicinity of the worldfamous hospitals in Heidelberg and Freiburg and also close to BioValley e.v., an association bringing together industrial companies and research institutions in Germany, France and Switzerland. The detoxification network maintains close contacts with the process engineering industry in the Stuttgart region. The iron regulation network collaborates closely with the Charité university hospital in Berlin and the Heidelberg university clinic. The network of expertise is also very well known outside Germany. In 2006, HepatoSys attracted international attention as the organiser of the first Systems Biology of Mammalian Cells (SBMC) conference. At the beginning of 2008, the Health Programme of the European Union granted funding for a HepatoSys project devoted to studying cancer of the liver. This project, which will be starting in October 2008, means that the HepatoSys network of expertise is extending its activities on the European level. Author: Dr. Ute Heisner Systems Biology of Liver Cells - HepatoSys Central Project Management Institute for Physics, University Freiburg Phone: +49(0)
14 12 HepatoSys Robustness of the Drug Detoxification Metabolism in Liver Cells Compensation for genetic polymorphisms and environmental influences in degrading xenobiotics in the liver Humans and animals are subjected to permanent exposure to different kinds of xenobiotic substances, including plant toxins, medicinal drugs, and environmental poisons. In vertebrates, the liver has the task of making these substances water-soluble and thus preparing them for excretion. In hepatocytes, this process consists of a complex sequence of reaction steps (biotransformations) that are catalysed by an extensive enzyme system, in particular by the cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP450). Caused by a number of variations in genetic make-up, so-called genetic polymorphisms, and as a result of illness or environmental factors such as the intake of food and drugs, these enzymes exhibit a pronounced interindividual variability in their expression and functionality, in other words in how much of the effective enzyme is available in the cell. So that the metabolism of xenobiotic substances progresses smoothly, it must be robust compared to the individual factors of influence. Robustness is a central concept in the systems-theory analysis of networks. It describes how well a system can compensate for disturbances that have either been caused internally, for example as a result of mutations, or externally, for example through environmental influences. Experimental and theoretical groups within the HepatoSys Competence Network are working on our project, which aims to mathematically model and simulate the detoxification metabolism of drug substances. As part of this project, we are studying how the large variability of the CYP450 system is compensated. In the liver, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases are responsible for the degradation of xenobiotic substances. Here, the percentage distribution of different CYP450 agents is shown. The metabolic network structure For the characterisation of the catalytic properties of the CYP450 system, we chose dextromethorphan, a cough suppressant, and propafenone, an anti-arrhythmic agent as model substances. In order to identify the CYP450 variants involved in converting these substances, we first conducted activity measurements of recombinant enzymes. On this basis, we established the topological structure of the metabolic system: it is a multi-reactive system in which individual isoenzymes have an overlapping substrate specificity. Model structure of the drug detoxification metabolism of the substrates dextromethorphan (DTM) and propafenone (PPF) for the phase I metabolites and CYP450 enzymes involved in the complete isoenzyme model (left) and in the reduced model (right). Both of the model substrates were degraded by a number of enzyme variants. This redundancy is extremely important for the robustness of the system. It increases the number of possible degradation pathways and reduces the risk that the loss of an individual CYP could endanger the functional performance of the degradation. This becomes clear through a comparison with a reduced model in which each reaction step is only realised by the most active master isoenzyme. In this case, the loss of an individual enzyme would have a more drastic effect on the degradation of xenobiotic substances. In order to identify the parameters of the mathematical model, we conducted experiments on microsomal fractions, membrane-limited vesicles from human liver tissue, in which CYP450 agents were anchored. We determined the formation rates of the degradation products for different starting
15 HepatoSys 13 The inter-individual differences in the CYP isoenzyme concentration is reflected in the half-life for substrate degradation. The example shows the simulation profiles for two different livers. concentrations of the model substrates - individually or in combination. On the basis of these data, model parameters such as the maximum enzymatic degradation rate were estimated with the aid of what is known as an evolutionary algorithm. The results show that the parameters - comparable with the interindividual differences in CYP concentrations and activities - may vary strongly in the isoenzyme model. Despite high variable parameters, a constant good adaptation was achieved, which can be interpreted as the maintenance of the functionality of the drug detoxification metabolism. Robustness with respect to inter-individual variability Using model simulations of substrate degradation, we investigated how well protected the CYP450 system is against inter-individual variability. In order to do so, we selected the data of 150 individual isoenzyme concentrations in the liver cell from a comprehensive liver bank and inte grated them into the reaction kinetics in the model simulations. The following is true of the robustness of the metabolism of drug substances: the smaller the deviations of the half-lives of the substrate degradation, the more robust the system. It was shown that the complete isoenzyme model exhibited a lower variance of half-lives than the reduced model, which lacked isoenzymes that appeared to be less important but were critical for redundancy. The redundancy of the isoenzymes therefore represents a decisive factor for the compensation of individual differences. A variety of possible applications That the CYP450 system represents an extremely diverse and robust chemical defence system is not new. The advantage of systems biology analyses lies in the fact that many different conditions can be simulated with the models created. In the future, this could help us to gain a better understanding of the circumstances under which the robustness of the system is no longer sufficient to perform an adequate detoxification, or to simulate the degradation of new substances under different conditions in early phases of drug development. Furthermore, we want to link other systems biology model assemblies, which contain the gene regulation of the CYP450 enzymes, or relevant aspects of the central carbon metabolism of the cell, and thus achieve a comprehensive modelling and simulation of the degradation processes of drug substances in the liver cell. Authors: Prof. Matthias Reuss is Director of the Institute of Biochemical Engineering at the University of Stuttgart. His research interests include systems biology and its possible applications for biotechnology and medicine. Phone: +49(0) Dipl.-Ing. Joachim Bucher studied process engineering at the University of Stuttgart and is currently completing his Ph.D. at the Institute for Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, in the field of systems biology. Phone: +49(0) Prof. Ulrich Zanger is head of the research field of Molecular and Cell Biology at the Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology in Stuttgart. For the last 20 years, he has been working on drug metabolism and genetic polymorphisms. Phone: +49(0)
16 14 HepatoSys A Circuit Diagram for Biotransformation Dynamic flux analysis of the central metabolism in human hepatocytes The enzyme system of the central metabolism plays an important role in the functioning of an organism. It supplies energy equivalents that make it possible for vital processes to occur and it also allows the biotransformation of endogenous and foreign substances so that these can be eliminated from the body. The mathematical description of this enzyme system represents a decisive basic principle for predicting the dosage of medications. The objective of our research project is therefore to create a type of circuit diagram that quantitatively records the transformation of the components involved in the central metabolism. Coordinated by Insilico Biotechnology AG, Stuttgart, a team of chemists, biologists, engineers, and computer scientists analyse the activities of the central metabolism and integrate the data into a computer model before they simulate the behaviour of the metabolism with the aid of supercomputers. results reflect the actual situation at a selected point in time. For this purpose, researchers at the Institute of Biochemical Engineering in the University of Stuttgart apply an ingenious procedure which involves briefly treating hepatocytes that have been quickly separated from the medium with water at a temperature of over 90 degrees Celsius. This inactivates enzymes ensuring that the metabolites are not degraded further. With the heat treatment, we simultaneously achieve a cell disruption that releases intracellular metabolites. Following this, colleagues in the Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, determine the amount of metabolites in the samples. In order to do so, they combine gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. The highly sensitive measuring procedure does not just guarantee a precise determination of the metabolites; it also allows the detection of isotopes, which are labelled compounds that only differ from unlabelled compounds by their mass numbers. In this manner, it is also possible to investigate conversions in parallel metabolic pathways. Metabolic network of human hepatocytes (circles symbolise metabolites, enzyme-catalysed reactions are represented by rectangles). From the modelling and simulation environment, precise mathematical equations for the components are formulated, evaluated and compared with experimental data. Following metabolic pathways We have already succeeded in integrating a few hundred enzyme-catalysed reactions and more than 400 metabolites, in other words the degradation products and intermediate degradation products of biochemical metabolic processes, into the model system. In quantifying intracellular metabolite concentrations, it is essential that the metabolism of cells be stopped immediately after sampling. This is the only way of ensuring that our The determination of intracellular metabolite concentrations requires precise analysis. A combination of high-pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry is, for instance, used for this purpose.
17 HepatoSys 15 For example, we use glucose labelled with 13C carbon atoms and trace the distribution dynamics of the heavy isotope in the glucose degradation products. Computer simulations on the basis of these studies then allow us to calculate metabolic fluxes in parallel pathways and reaction cycles. Using this method, we succeeded for the first time in determining the production rates of NADPH - an important cosubstrate for medication degradation in the liver - in hepatocytes using the pentose phosphate pathway. We now know that NADPH is not a limiting factor for the application and disposal of therapeutic agents. Metabolic dynamics after the administration of medication During the first project phase in the period 2004 to 2006, the focus was on the analysis of stationary metabolic fluxes in the central metabolism of hepatocytes. On this basis, we will direct our attention in the second phase from 2007 to 2009 to the metabolic dynamics after the administration of cholesterol-lowering drugs. The aim is to describe the effect of these therapeutic agents mechanistically on a metabolic level and to predict the influence of the medication dosage. We want to know how the enzymes involved control the production of cholesterol and how side effects can be avoided. Furthermore, we are interested in the effect the substances have in people with different genetic backgrounds so that we will be able to take steps towards creating individualised treatments. In this way, we are making an economically relevant contribution to reducing the amount of time and the high costs involved in studies that aim to determine the appropriate medication dosage. In cooperation with other partners in the Network Detoxification from the Stuttgart group involved in HepatoSys, we are working on a model system which can be used to predict the optimum dosage of medication using a computer. The first step requires experiments for recording the dynamics of the central metabolism after the administration of the active ingredient and then imaging them using the computer. Since the kinetic parameters for the majority of the enzyme reactions involved are unknown, we use sophisticated estimation Computer simulation of the time course of selected metabolites after excitation of the system by a sudden reduction in the external nutrient concentration. procedures known as evolution strategies in order to determine the unknown parameters. The results previously obtained with this procedure are encouraging. With one of the first dynamic models, we thus succeeded in achieving good agreement between the simulated and measured metabolite concentrations. This model is available to HepatoSys project partners so that further models can be incorporated. Author: Klaus Mauch is co-founder and CEO of Insilico Biotechnology AG Phone: +49(0) Projectpartners involved: Insilico Biotechnology AG (Klaus Mauch), Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology (Ute Hofmann), Institute of Biochemical Engineering in the University of Stuttgart (Klaus Maier, Anja Niebel, Gabriele Vacun, Matthias Reuss).
18 16 HepatoSys High Tech for Liver Cells Automated image analysis of endocytosis As part of the HepatoSys initiative, the Endocytosis Network (EndoSys) focuses upon analysis of endocytosis and its influence on signal transduction using systems biology. The members of the consortium, for instance, investigate the formation of vesicles (cell compartments enclosed by the cytoplasmic membrane with which membrane proteins or nutrients are ingested into the cell), and how the vesicles are transported within the cell. These investigations produce large quantities of very heterogeneous image data, such as two- or threedimensional microscopic images of hepatocytes and their components, as well as simulated image data of different biological processes. Relevant parameters for investigation are simultaneously determined using both experiments and simulations. As the technology partner of the HepatoSys network, Definiens AG Munich has the task of generating automated image analysis so as: to enable these heterogeneous datasets to be combined; to generate parameters from the experimental image files; and, conversely, to produce simulated images from the experimental measurements. Originating from the idea of mapping elementary mechanisms of human perception simply and naturally into an image analysis process, Gerd Binnig and his team developed Definiens Cognition Network Technology. It is based upon the concept of information processing through cognition networks. This image analysis process involves generating semantic networks that describe objects. In simple terms, a cell, for example, is represented together with its properties such as size or shape, and these attributes are linked hierarchically ( the cell is large, elongated and granulated ). These hierarchies are then in turn linked and they collectively form a network - the cognition network. Considering the example of a liver cell, imaged with the aid of a confocal microscope, the network has the following structure: the lowest level contains pixels as objects, which are combined on the next higher hierarchical level to form larger units such as cell nuclei, endosomes and cytoplasm; these are further combined into objects representing individual hepatocytes, which are finally combined into groups of liver cells. This procedure can be further continued, for example, by combining clusters of cells into organs and organs into organisms. If the necessary data is not present in a single image, it is possible to relate the contents of several images. Metadata such as measurement information can also be utilised. From the image to the parameter and simulation and back again Cognition Network Technology can be used to analyse both image data (e.g. three-dimensional images of hepatocytes) and results from modelling and simulations (e.g. the modelling of endocytotic processes). In the case of microscopic images, information is recorded such as the following: Image analysis of three-dimensional (confocal) pictures of a hepatocyte based upon Definiens Network Technology (red: cell nucleus; blue: marker; green: cytoplasm; yellow: cell boundary for the membrane representation; image data: Steven Dooley). Recognition technology the segmentation and classification of individual hepatocytes, cell nuclei, vesicles, endosomes and cytoplasm; the detailed description of hepatocytes and their contents; the quantitative description of the mutual relations between the objects involved, such as the distance of endosomes from the cell nuclei. In simulations like those involving vesicles during endocytosis, point coordinates are available which describe the image e.g. its extent and orientation in space. Similarly, data from
19 HepatoSys 17 Image analysis of three-dimensional (confocal) pictures of hepatocytes (white: individual endosomes; magenta: cell nuclei; green: cytoplasm; image data: Marino Zerial). experiments and statistical analyses can be used to compile simulated images. Since information from real and simulated images and also experimentally-obtained data can be processed at one common level, these different types of information can be interconverted e.g. information from a confocal image can be converted into experimental data in order to produce a simulation. Experiment, modeling and simulation can be linked in this way and the parameters resulting from the analysis can be used to optimise experiments and models. developed by Definiens are used to analyse these data sets, to record them quantitatively and to extract information from them. The algorithms, which were first developed for small volumes of data, can then be adapted to the requirements of large volumes of data. Benefits of this approach using Cognitive Network Technology include: good transferability and high precision in applying the image analysis approach to a large number of image files; full-automation; user-friendly software that is easy to operate; and an implementation that is flexible and adapts easily to changing usage patterns. The algorithms that Cognition Network Technology employ for image and table analysis will in future also be used to investigate other cell types. Authors: Dr. Maria Athelogou, is senior research scientist with Definiens AG and is concerned with project management and image analysis. Phone: +49(0) Image analysis of three-dimensional simulated image data. The figure shows a time sequence from the development of vesicles during a simulation. Each individual vesicle is represented by a different colour. In the Definiens image analysis platform, images are automatically generated from the point coordinates of the simulated vesicles and then analysed via Cognition Network Language (CNL) rules (Simulation: J. S. McCaskill). Dr. Günter Schmidt is senior research scientist at Definens AG and addresses issues of software development and image data analysis. Phone: +49(0) Large volumes of data and various types of cells In order to investigate the endocytotic processes in liver cells, Endocytosis project partners have developed assays that have to be performed in extensive screening programmes, thereby generating large quantities of data sets. The algorithms Owen Feehan concentrates on software development and image data analysis. Phone: +49(0)
20 18 HepatoSys The Endocytosis Transport System Molecular switches control material transport inside the cell Endocytosis is a central cellular process in which membrane components and dissolved substances are taken up by the cell surface. In this process, the cell membrane folds around the object thus forming vesicles which transfer their cargo to a set of intracellular membrane compartments that constitute the endosomal transport system. Depending on the purpose, the endocytosed cargo, it is either recycled or degraded within the cell. Endocytosis controls processes such as nutrient uptake, protein transport within the cell and the signalling response to growth factors and hormones. Diseases such as Alzheimer s, asthma or viral and bacterial infections have been associated with defects in this transport system, which makes endocytosis important and interesting from a biomedical perspective. To date, the mechanisms underlying endocytosis remain largely unexplored. At present, there is no possibility of predicting the course of endocytosis under different physiological and pathological conditions. Within the general frame of Hepato- Sys, the aim of the EndoSys network is to analyse endocytosis and its influence on cellular signalling networks by a systems biology approach, focusing on liver cells. The ultimate goal is to develop both specific mathematical models and a general simulation platform. This will serve for a quantitative prediction of endocytotic processes and signal transduction in hepatocytes under predefined physiological or pathological conditions. Simulation platforms for endocytosis In systems biology, the analysis of endocytosis in liver cells presents us with entirely new challenges. Current studies demonstrate that molecular reactions as well as changes in transport and shape in cellular compartments such as endosomes are closely coupled. The necessary integration includes chemical activities on several spatial levels - starting with individual molecules, via supramolecular processes, up to the dynamics of compartments, such as protein sorting by vesicle budding and finally the entire cell. In order to improve our understanding of these processes, within the EndoSys network at the Ruhr University in Bochum we are developing a novel hierarchical simulation platform. Complex objects for example, collections of proteins at the molecular level and surface elements of vesicle membranes at the next higher level are regarded as a hierarchy of container systems. The individual containers are loaded with molecular structures of the next lower level. The simulation therefore bridges the gap between molecular processes such as the interaction of proteins on the vesicle membrane and the dynamic processes on the level of complete endosomes, for instance for the processes of membrane deformation, membrane fusion and protein exchange. For the first time, a systematic and molecular-based simulation platform has been established combining the chemical kinetics and physical self-organisation of structures for a spatially and temporally resolved investigation of cellular processes. This method will be of major importance for future computer-based studies of endocytosis in liver cells in systems biology but the simulations can also be systematically adapted to many different problems. Primary mouse hepatocytes with endosomes under the microscope. Early endosomes are stained green, late endosomes red and the cell nuclei glow blue. New organisation principle To gain a full understanding over and above this, we must also unravel interested in the precise molecular mechanisms underlying endocytotic material transport. To this end, at Dresden University of Technology we have translated the molecular switches that regulate the transport between early and late endosomes into a system of partial differential equations. These can be used to represent, for example, the concentration of typical key regulatory proteins Rab5 for early endosomes, Rab7 for late endosomes as a function of time and position on the vesicle membrane.
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text: Hi I just recently upgraded to Snow Leopard on my Mac Book. There was no issues except for mySQL wouldn't Work. Did a quick search for the issue and found the simply solution to upgrade to mySQL 5.1. In my haste I download and installed this without backing up my older DB's in mysql 4.1. Of course now I have a fully function mySQL 5.1 and my old db's hopefully still in the mysql4.1 folder on my mac book. I have know Idea how to copy or import these into mysql5.1. I have limited experience using the terminal on a MAc but have managed to find the old 4.1 folder in the mySQL folder. Anyone know where to start???

subset: commoncrawl


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Ireland secured an incredible 3-wicket victory over England in Bangalore, India today in a group B match of the ongoing World Cup 2011. A record-breaking innings of 113 off 63 by Kevin O'Brien helped Ireland to successfully chase down England's big total of 327 runs.
Winning the toss, England captain Andrew Strauss decided to bat first and his batsmen proved his decision true with their sensible batting. After a 91-run opening partnership between Strauss and Pietersen, England's middle order built on the momentum given by the openers. Pietersen played a good innings of 59 off just 50 balls. Strauss' 37-ball innings came to an end when he was played on by Dockrell on 34.
Trott and Bell added 167 runs for the third wickets. Trott missed his hundred just for 8 runs, while Bell fell on 81. Despite having a good platform given by the top order batsmen, England's lower middle order failed to score quickly in the slog overs. After 50 overs, England could score 327 runs, losing 8 wickets.
In reply, Ireland did not have a good start as they lost Porterfield's wickets in the first ball of the innings. At one stage, Ireland was struggling at 111 for 5, leaving Kevin O'Brien and Alex Cusack in the wicket.
Kevin and Cusack then pulled the string for Ireland, contributing 162 runs off just 103 runs for the sixth wickets. Kevin literally steamrolled the English bowling attack with his magnificent innings. Here, it is noteworthy that he made the record for fastest hundred in World Cup by reaching three figures in 50 balls.
Cusack missed the half-century just for 3 runs, but his 58-ball innings played a big role in Irish victory. Later on, Mooney's unbeaten 33 off 30 balls ensured Ireland's triumph.
Among the English bowlers, only Graeme Swann could show some resistance, picking up 3 wickets for 47 runs.
Kevin O'Brien was man of the match for his extraordinary innings.


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Read this tip to make your life smarter, better, faster and wiser. LifeTips is the place to go when you need to know about Free Blogs and other Blogging topics.
One way blog hosts are able to provide free blogging is through paid advertising. You get to host your blog for free, but in exchange, you agree to let the host place paid advertisements alongside your blog content. Ideally, the ads will be targeted--or of interest--to your blog audience. Bloggers visiting your site will see the ads and click-through to the advertiser's site. Offering free blog hosting is also a deliberate marketing strategy that goes something like this: If you start a blog using free hosting and stick with it, chances are you'll eventually tire of the limitations of the features and administrative tools available with the free service. Once you reach that tipping point, you'll upgrade to a fee-based hosting package that includes more features and greater flexibility. Voila! The blog host now has a new paying customer!
|Guru Spotlight
|Sherril Steele-Carlin


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Moctezuma's Gig Harbor
4628 Pt. Fosdick Dr. NW
Gig Harbor, WA 98335
Sunday – Thursday: 11am – 10pm
Friday – Saturday: 11am – 11pm
Happy Hour: Daily: 3pm – 7pm & 9pm – close
Sunday: All Day!
Reservations are only available for parties of 8 or more guests (based on availability.)
Questions or Comments? We'd love to hear from you!


text: On the last trail run the CDL would not lock, after some trail side investigation it was determined that the best action was to jumper the CDL indicator switch so the axle lockers would work and complete the day. After living in denial for a couple of weeks I tore into it, the transmission relay (where the pin 7 mod is done) failed the FSM test, opened it up and there was a burned trace on the board. Two of the relays were desoldered and removed, they tested good, the burned trace bridged and the relays soldered back on. It now passed the test and works good. With the circuit testing good why did the trace burn? There had to be a big load somewhere else, so time to test under the truck. We tested the motor and the resistance readings didn't match the spec in the FSM, put power to it and no run. Pulled the motor off from it's most inconvenient location on top of the transfer case and were greeted by the wonderful smell of the smoke that had escaped, damit. The rear bushing in the motor had failed and bound the motor causing it to overheat and burn up. The only way it's available from Toyota is a whole unit at a price that puts a big dent in the budget, anybody have a used transfer case, actuator or motor they want to part with? All of the locker circuits are protected by one 30amp fuse, in this case allowing enough power to toast it. A better plan may be to have separate fuses or self resetting breakers on each locker circuit. We also weren't impressed with the breather setup and will be changing that.


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Friday, February 28, 2014
NEW VIDEO: Rick Ross Ft. French Montana & Diddy "Nobody"
After a teaser the other day, and letting go the full album stream for Mastermind, Ricky Rozay has let go the official music video for his single "Nobody" featuring French Montana and containing an heavy Biggie sample.
The visual opens up with audio and clips from the shooting Ross experienced this past year, before going into Diddy's opening words of which there is footage (and we recently found out this was real life Diddy yelling at someone-- we don't know who, though). In the visual Ross spits while he's being questioned by the cops, which is mixed in with close-up clips of Rozay and Montana, as well as a back-lit lady. At the same time, we see another storyline with a shooting going down.
Check it out above.
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Related Information for Deorro DEORRO (Formerly known as TONIC), a Los Angeles native who grew up in West Covina, is one of the top young upcoming producer/DJs in the music industry. At the age of 14, DEORRO began his DJ career by playing at local gigs and house parties. By the age of 17, DEORRO was already producing his own tracks. A few years later, DEORRO was considered a Soundcloud sensation and sold out international events in Australia twice under the name TONIC. His unique style of fusing P.. read more


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Goat Cheese and Pine Nut Stuffed Eggplant
Time needed
10 min preparation + 20 min cooking
Serving Size / Yield
8 rollups
- 1 lg. eggplant, sliced lengthwise (into about 1 inch wide by 5-6 inch long by 1/2 inch thick strips) and seeded drained (for at least two hours)
- 1 log goat cheese, softened
- 1 C. pine nuts
- 1 Tbs. parlsey
- salt, to taste
- pepper, to taste
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After salting and draining the eggplant, wipe of excess salt. Place the slices on a large cookie sheet.
Heat a small dry skillet and plce the pine nuts in. Toast for 2-3 minutes or until browned on both sides (don't burn). Remove from heat and allow to cool.
Once the pine nuts have cooled, mix them in a bowl with all the ingredients except the eggplant. Once combined, allow to sit.
Preheat the oven to 375 degrees and bake the eggplant for 15-20 minutes or until the eggplant is flimsy but not overcooked. Allow to cool completely.
Roll some cheese mixture into each eggplant and skewer with a toothpick to keep closed. Serve cold.
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Tuesday, December 20, 2011
Bon Iver, Lianne La Havas @ Massey Hall, Toronto (December 6, 2011)
Bon Iver @ Massey Hall: photo by Michael Ligon
The second show I'd gone to this month was the first show of a two-night stint put on by Bon Iver at Massey Hall on December 6. As it seems with me over the last several years, I've not put too much effort into exploring much new music. I haven't totally ignored new music but rather have been really selective. As a result, I've caught on to some artists a little late. I'd only given Bon Iver's debut album Forever Emma Forever Ago cursory listens in the past and I'd liked what I'd heard but still hadn't been compelled to listen to it too often. I'll admit, my choice to buy a ticket to the Bon Iver show was purely on the current popularity of the group and perhaps I should see what all the fuss is about. I am glad to say that Bon Iver did make an indellible mark on me that night.
Opening the show was a young new UK artist named Lianne La Havas [even spelling out her name in full], a slender, petite young thing wearing dark boots, tights, a white skirt, and a glittery black top, who strolled onto stage to her mic with her guitar. Thanking the crowd profusely throughout the night in her thick British accent, toasting the crowd with tea, and singing songs about love, breakups, and old boyfriends, her jazz-inflected pop songs sounded like a mix between the soulfulness of Adele and the starkness of Tracey Thorn. La Havas displayed a competent grasp of the guitar that complemented her soulful, melodic songs well. I will be a monkey's uncle if she does not hit it bigger in the music scene next year. She's set to release her debut album early next year.
This being the first night of a two night stint, it's easy to overlook that Bon Iver had just played Toronto at the dreaded Sound Academy this past August to promote the self-titled 2nd album which came out this past June. Regardless of how well that show went, I'd imagine that many a Bon Iver fan breathed a sigh of relief when the Massey Hall shows were announced. It was an ecstatic audience response that great Bon Iver's Justin Vernon and his 9-piece band as they strolled on to the stage. What I found apparent of the set overall was, although they've frequently been categorized as indie-folk by the music press, Bon Iver do come across much more musically ambitious. Like Vernon jokingly said on stage, "Stop calling us an acoustic rock band." Added to the usual drums, guitar, bass on stage was other instrumentation like violin, baritone saxophone, and trombone. Bon Iver may start from a basis in folk-rock, Appalachian and American influences, but also showed a willingness towards sonic experimentation which reminded me of Wilco. What was almost more interesting to me was Mr. Vernon's vocal range which could go from a falsetto-toned vocal on one song, then to a bluesy, ragged drawl on the next. The man[ie. Justin Vernon] I'd read about who'd apparently for the first album had sequestered himself in a log cabin in the woods after a broken-up relationship to write the songs for the first album, turned out to be quite chipper during this show, infusing bits of humorous banter between songs throughout the night.
Musically, highlights included the solo-performed, desolate-sounding "re: Stacks", and the group sing-a-long- and hand-clapping on main set closer "Skinny Love". But for me the I just about shed a tear on the encore closer "The Wolves (Act I and II)" on which Mr. Vernon encouraged the audience to sing-a-long repetively with the lyrics "what might have been lost". Such a beautiful conclusion to a wonderful show.
Photos: Bon Iver, Lianne La Havas @ Massey Hall, Toronto (December 6, 2011)
Posted by Michael at 12/20/2011 11:40:00 pm
Labels: Bon Iver, concert, Lianne La Havas, Massey Hall, NXNE. Toronto
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U.S. stock-index futures trekked higher on Monday, and the Dow industrials aimed to open at a fresh record and beleaguered technology stocks looked set to kick off trade in the green.
The indicated U.S. gains follow strength across global equities, as European and Asian benchmarks move higher.
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Dow Jones Industrial Average futures rose 75 points, or 0.4%, to 21,408, while S&P 500 futures added 8 points, or 0.3%, to 2,439. Nasdaq-100 futures shot up 40.75 points, or 0.7%, to 5,724.75.
Early moves bolster expectations that the Dow industrials will open above the all-time closing high of 21,384.28 hit Friday, the 21st record for 2017.
The S&P 500 index finished less than a point higher Friday and flat for the week.
On Friday, the Nasdaq Composite fell 0.2% (http://www.marketwatch.com/story/us-stocks-set-to-fight-for-positive-ground-housing-data-ahead-2017-06-16), extending a rough patch for the tech sector. A bounce for tech stocks at the open Monday would follow a second-straight weekly loss. Leading the way higher on Monday, shares of Apple Inc.(AAPL) and Amazon.com Inc.(AMZN) were up around 1% in thin premarket trading.
Investors are likely to keep tech stocks in focus this week (http://www.marketwatch.com/story/tech-selloff-remains-a-concern-after-fed-hike-tepid-economic-growth-2017-06-17), amid concerns the sector could start to drag down the broader market (http://www.marketwatch.com/story/tech-selloff-remains-a-concern-after-fed-hike-tepid-economic-growth-2017-06-17), given the Federal Reserve has indicated it will tighten policy and economic data has failed to inspire.
Economic docket: New York Fed President William Dudley is scheduled to speak at a business roundtable in Plattsburgh, New York, at 8 a.m. Eastern Time. Later in the day, Chicago Fed President Charles Evans is slated to give a speech to the Money Marketeers of New York University (https://moneymarketeers.org/upcoming-events/#!event-list) at 7 p.m. Eastern.
There are no top-tier economic data on the calendar for Monday.
Stocks to watch: Shares of Boeing Co. (BA) could be active after the aircraft maker said more than 10 customers have committed to buying its 737 Max 10 airplanes (http://www.marketwatch.com/story/boeing-says-it-already-has-customers-for-single-aisle-jetliner-the-737-max-10-2017-06-19). It made the announcement at the 2017 Paris Air Show on Monday. Among the orders, General Electric Co.'s(GE) plane-leasing unit GECAS, signed an order for 20 of the planes.
Read:Boeing sees big gap in the market for a revamped jetliner--but won't rush in (http://www.marketwatch.com/story/boeing-sees-big-gap-in-the-market-for-a-revamped-jetliner-but-wont-rush-in-2017-06-19)
Alphabet Inc.'s(GOOGL) Google Inc. announced a four-step plan to fight terror, among them using technology to spot extremist and terror-related videos, in a blog post Sunday (https://blog.google/topics/google-europe/four-steps-were-taking-today-fight-online-terror/).
Europe inspires: While Asian stocks kicked the week off higher, even more robust gains were seen for European stocks on Monday. The French CAC 40 index rose 0.9% after French President Emmanuel Macron's pro-Europe Union party and its centrist ally saw a decisive victory in parliamentary elections (http://www.marketwatch.com/story/macrons-party-on-track-for-dominant-win-in-french-parliament-2017-06-18). The Stoxx Europe 600 was up about 0.6%.
The FTSE 100 index added 0.5%. U.K. officials will be meeting with their Brussels counterparts on Monday to start talks over Britain leaving the European Union. Meanwhile, in what police are calling a terrorist attack, a van rammed into a crowd near a mosque (http://www.marketwatch.com/story/one-dead-several-injured-after-car-rams-crowd-in-finsbury-park-london-2017-06-19) in North London, leaving one person dead and several injured.
Other markets: Oil prices were higher (http://www.marketwatch.com/story/oil-prices-kick-off-the-week-with-a-move-down-2017-06-19), while the dollar held steady. The pound firmed up ahead of those Brexit talks (http://www.marketwatch.com/story/pound-steady-with-brexit-talks-due-to-kick-off-2017-06-19). Gold prices slipped $4 to $1,252.40 an ounce.
(END) Dow Jones Newswires
June 19, 2017 07:41 ET (11:41 GMT)