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The state has not just fixed markets, but actively created
- Terence Gilmore
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1 The state has not just fixed markets, but actively created them THE ENTREPRENEURIAL STATE Mariana Mazzucato
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5 THE ENTREPRENEURIAL STATE Mariana Mazzucato
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9 Contents Acknowledgements Preface Introduction and summary Recommendations From invisible hand to modern myths Beyond market failures National systems of innovation The US entrepreneurial state Lessons for the UK Final thoughts on risk-taking in innovation: who gets the return? Conclusion Notes 117 References 137
11 11 Acknowledgments I am grateful for funding from the Open University and the European Community s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/ ) under grant agreement N (Finnov Project, I received excellent insights and comments from Dasha Ivkina, William Lazonick, Paul Nightingale and Alan Shipman, and research assistance from Oner Tulum and Christina Bermingham. All opinions, and errors, remain my own. Mariana Mazzucato June 2011
13 13 Preface Innovation policy in Britain has become tired and is in need of refreshing. This pamphlet by Mariana Mazzucato, currently Professor in the Economics of Innovation at the Open University, and soon to be the new RM Phillips Chair in Science and Technology Policy at the University of Sussex, is therefore a timely and important contribution to what is a necessary debate. Over the last two decades, if not longer, the British Government has defined its role in economic policy as working to ensure a macroeconomy and infrastructure that is conducive to private sector activity, only intervening where there is a supposed market failure; beyond that it leaves the job of wealth creation to the market. Up to a point, that works. But, as this pamphlet shows, opportunities are being missed if recent developments in innovation literature, economic theory in general, and experience from elsewhere in the world are not also drawn on in setting UK policy. The first insight, described in chapter 3, is that networks and connections really matter. This is not a surprise to those involved in the growing discipline of complexity and behavioural economics, but it is a fact that does not yet lie at the heart of UK economic policy. We understand that there is value in a cluster, and we support the building of business incubation units in science parks, but we do not fully accept the responsibility of government continually to foster horizontal links between existing institutions in order to create a flat structured national system of innovation in every discipline. The second insight is that even where the network exists, it takes a nimble, interventionist, knowledge-hungry state to catalyse them into action. If it is in the public interest for innovation to occur, there is a role for the public sector to require it to happen, rather than sitting back and hoping it
14 Preface will happen of its own accord provided the conditions are right. Countries playing economic catch-up are able to do this relatively easily by having government strategies that copy what has happened elsewhere in the world. At the frontiers of knowledge, the role of government is harder to comprehend. This pamphlet draws on the experience of the USA in particular to show that innovation is far more likely to happen when it is commissioned via a multitude of contracts for particular advances or technological solutions, rather than by for example providing tax credits for general research and development, or badgering the banks to lend more to certain parts of the economy. This is not so much nudge as necessity. And scale matters. The political danger is that in an era where governments and to a degree the public believe the state has got too big, any talk of an interventionist approach in growth policy will be intellectually filed under the same heading as the failed policies of the 1970s. But this is not about hand-outs to unproductive national champions, nor is it Keynesian demand management. It is about looking at what works and making it work for the UK. The complexity economist W Brian Arthur in his recent book The Nature of Technology talks about technology in a functional way as a means to a purpose, and about innovation as the combination and Darwinian-style evolution of complementary technologies. 1 Radical change occurs when a new underlying principle is invoked in order to solve the technological problem being considered when more conventional solutions have failed. We hope that this pamphlet will, in its own way, provoke a radical change in the understanding of the role that government can play in economic policy. We hope to spark a conversation about what the state can do to use its power to specify the problems it wishes to solve through technological advance and innovation, thereby ensuring that those advances are able to take place.
15 15 In summary, we say we want a more entrepreneurial economy. That doesn t necessarily require the state to withdraw, but to lead. Kitty Ussher Director of Demos June 2011
17 17 Introduction and summary Across the globe we are hearing that the state has to be cut back in order to foster a post-crisis recovery, unleashing the power of entrepreneurship and innovation in the private sector. This feeds a perceived contrast that is repeatedly drawn by the media, business and libertarian politicians of a dynamic, innovative, competitive private sector versus a sluggish, bureaucratic, inertial, meddling public sector. So much so that it is virtually accepted by the public as a common sense truth. For example, in his budget speech of June 2010, a month after taking office, the Chancellor, George Osborne, stated that the public sector was crowding out the private sector, providing an additional justification beyond the need to reduce the deficit, for a relative contraction of the state. Both in the documentation that supported that emergency budget, and subsequently, the Coalition Government has repeatedly called for a more balanced economy, with private activity taking up a greater share of the total than has previously been the case. The Prime Minister, David Cameron, adopted a more polemic tone in a speech given to the Cardiff Spring Forum in March 2011 when he promised to take on the enemies of enterprise working in government, which he defined as the bureaucrats in government departments. 2 This is a rhetoric that fits with the Government s broader theme of the Big Society, where responsibility for the delivery of public services is shifted away from the state to individuals operating either on their own or by coming together through the third sector. And it is not a view that is unique to the UK Government. The Economist, which often refers to government as a Hobbesian Leviathan, 3 recently argued that government should take the back seat and focus on creating freer markets and creating
18 Introduction and summary the right conditions for new ideas to prosper, rather than taking a more activist approach. 4 The established business lobby groups have long argued for freedom from the long arm of the state, which they see as stifling their ability to succeed through the imposition of employee rights, tax and regulation. The right-wing Adam Smith Institute argues that the number of regulators in the UK should be reduced to enable the British economy to experience a burst of innovation and growth. 5 In the USA, supporters of the Tea Party movement are united by a desire to limit state budgets and promote free markets. While business as a whole may not see the virtues of anything that does not have a clear and positive impact on its bottom line, and nor arguably should it, there is a danger when a general desire to reduce the size of the state translates into weak and non-ambitious economic policy. When that happens, we are all losers: policy is not as effective as it could be and the potential to create greater prosperity is not fulfilled. This pamphlet argues that there is a real danger of that happening in the field of innovation policy, greatly limiting its impact on economic growth. The view of the current government shared by its predecessor is that the role of the state in spurring innovation is simply to provide the conditions for innovation to flourish. 6 The UK Government states that if it invests in skills and a strong science base, ensures a strong legal framework within an amenable macroeconomy, and supports entrepreneurial clusters, then the market will do the rest through the incentive of the profit motive. The evidence presented in this pamphlet challenges this minimalist view of the state in the field of economic policy, arguing that a far more proactive role is required. The case that is made in these pages is that the role of the government, in the most successful economies, has gone way beyond creating the right infrastructure and setting the rules. It is a leading agent in achieving the type of innovative breakthroughs that allow companies, and economies, to grow, not just by creating the conditions that enable innovation. Rather the state can proactively create strategy around a new
19 19 high growth area before the potential is understood by the business community (from the internet to nanotechnology), funding the most uncertain phase of the research that the private sector is too risk-averse to engage with, seeking and commissioning further developments, and often even overseeing the commercialisation process.. In this sense it has played an important entrepreneurial role. Of course there are plenty of examples of private sector entrepreneurial activity, from the role of young new companies in providing the dynamism behind new sectors (eg Google), to the important source of funding from private sources like venture capital. But this is the only story that is usually told. Silicon Valley and the emergence of the biotech industry are usually attributed to the geniuses behind the small high tech firms like Facebook or the plethora of small biotech companies in Boston or Cambridge in the UK. Europe s lag behind the USA is often attributed to its weak venture capital sector. Examples from these high tech sectors in the USA are often used to argue why we need less state and more market: to allow Europe to produce its own Googles. But how many people know that the algorithm that led to Google s success was funded by a public sector National Science Foundation grant? 7 Or that molecular antibodies, which provided the foundation for biotechnology before venture capital moved into the sector, were discovered in public Medical Research Council (MRC) labs in the UK? Or that many of the most innovative young companies in the USA were funded not by private venture capital but by public venture capital such as through the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) programme? Lessons from these experiences are important. They force the debate to go beyond the role of the state in stimulating demand, or the role of the state in picking winners in industrial policy, where taxpayers money is potentially misdirected to badly managed firms in the name of progress, distorting incentives as it goes along. Instead it is a case for a targeted, proactive, entrepreneurial state, able to take risks, creating a highly networked system of actors harnessing the
20 Introduction and summary best of the private sector for the national good over a mediumto long-term horizon. It is the state as catalyst, and lead investor, sparking the initial reaction in a network that will then cause knowledge to spread. The state as creator of the knowledge economy. It cannot be called new industrial policy because it is in fact what has happened, though in a hidden way to prevent a backlash, over the last three decades in the development of the computer industry, the internet, the pharma biotech industry, and many more including today s nanotech industry. 8 None of these technological revolutions would have occurred without the leading role of the state. It is about admitting that in many cases, it has in fact been the state, not the private sector, that has had the vision for strategic change, daring to think against all odds about the impossible, creating a new technological opportunity, making the large necessary investments, and enabling a decentralised network of actors to enable the risky research, and to allow the development and commercialisation process to occur in a dynamic way. This pamphlet draws together recent academic literature to make new policy conclusions. In doing so it presents a very timely contribution to the debate around deficit reduction in the UK and elsewhere. And in passing, it confronts headon some issues that have come to be taken for granted by mainstream policy makers, such as the usefulness of data on patenting and R&D expenditure as proxies for wealthcreating innovation. The part played by the small firm in creating growth is also put under scrutiny as is the role of venture capital. This is not a pamphlet about innovation policy. Many themes on that general topic are missing here: the skills gap, diffusion of existing innovations, procurement and deployment. It is about the entrepreneurial role that the state has played in different innovation contexts, leading rather than following. Thinking out of the box, defining new radical technologies and the associated eras (the knowledge economy), rather than just reacting to them. Understanding this lesson forces us to rethink what the state brings to
21 21 the ecology of the business-government partnerships so discussed today. The main task is to unpack the role of the state in fostering radical growth-enhancing innovations, and so to make recommendations that would not only improve the effectiveness of economic policy but also ensure that the limited taxpayers money that is available is more effectively spent. The fear is that without understanding the proactive role required of government for an effective economic policy, the UK economy will fail to achieve its potential at precisely the time when economic dynamism is most necessary. The report is structured as follows. Chapter 1 sets the scene by summarising the academic framework regarding the debate around growth; whereas a generation ago, technological advance was seen as something that was externally given, there is now extensive literature to show that actually it is the rate, and direction, of innovation that drives the ability for economies to grow. This provides the justification for increased focus on the role that government can play to facilitate precisely that innovation, while at the same time exploding some of the myths that abound in Westminster, the European Commission and Washington about what actually drives innovation and growth. Specifically, it draws on recent academic literature to show that targeting resources towards R&D spend, patenting or small firms in isolation misses the point and that similarly waiting for venture capital to do all the heavy lifting is likely to be futile. Chapter 2 describes the importance of the government s role in investing where the private sector will not, in the most uncertain risky areas. But rather than understanding this through the usual lens of market failures, the concept of entrepreneurial risk-taking is introduced. The public sector has indeed fulfilled an important role in undertaking the most risky research, even when that research was not basic. Private sector examples are provided from the pharmaceutical and biotech industries where it has been the state, not the private sector, that has created economic dynamism. Risky research
22 Introduction and summary is funded by the publicly funded labs (the National Institutes of Health or the MRC) while private pharma focuses on less innovative me too drugs and private venture capitalists enter only once the real risk has been absorbed by the state. And yet make all the money. In industries with such long time horizons and complex technologies, it is argued that return-hungry venture capital can in fact sometimes be more damaging than helpful to the ability of the sector to produce valuable new products. Chapter 3 argues that it is only by creating a so-called national system of innovation built on sharing knowledge that the necessary, if not sufficient, conditions start to be established. An example is drawn by comparing and contrasting the two examples of Japan and the Soviet Union. It then develops the concept of the entrepreneurial state where not only is there a fully functioning national system of innovation, but this system is catalysed by proactive, flexible, decentralised action on the part of government. Chapter 4 examines aspects of the recent industrial policy history of the USA, and shows that despite common perceptions, the US state has been extremely proactive and entrepreneurial in the development and commercialisation of new technologies. Four examples the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR), orphan drugs and recent developments in nanotechnology are used to illustrate this point. Chapter 5 provides some reflections that are relevant to the situation faced by the UK at the moment, with policy recommendations for the development of green technology, and technology, generally. Green technology has the potential to become the next technological revolution, but as no other technological revolution has simply been nudged by the state, it is unrealistic that this one can be without the type of large scale (though decentralised) investments that have been made in the case of other important new technologies. And finally, chapter 6 concludes with some reflections on the implications of the concept of the entrepreneurial state for the debate around fairness and distribution.
23 23 Taken together, the pamphlet paints a fuller understanding of the public sector s centrality to risk-taking and radical growth fostering technological change. It builds a very different picture of the state from that envisaged by present economic policy, which denies it any leading role in innovation and production, and that of conventional industrial policy, which unduly downplays its scope for pioneering and promoting new technologies. In contrast, it describes scenarios where the state has provided the main source of dynamism and innovation in advanced industrial economies, pointing out that the public sector has been the lead player in what is often referred to as the knowledge economy an economy driven by technological change and knowledge production and diffusion. Indeed, from the development of aviation, nuclear energy, computers, the internet, the biotechnology revolution, nanotechnology and even now in green technology, it is, and has been, the state not the private sector that has kick-started and developed the engine of growth, because of its willingness to take risk in areas where the private sector has been too risk-averse. In a policy environment where the frontiers of the state are now being deliberately rolled back, that process needs more than ever to be understood so that it can successfully be replicated. Otherwise we miss an opportunity to build greater prosperity in the future.
25 25 Recommendations This is a summary of the main recommendations: Reduce government spending on direct transfers to small firms, such as small business rates relief and inheritance tax relief. This is a cost saving. If the Small Business Research Initiative (SBRI) is enhanced, as the government has indicated, it must be done in a way that focuses on how to get SMEs to spend money on new technologies. To do so, it will need to increase the size of the project financing that it administers (too diluted currently), and concentrate on firms that prove they will spend on innovation. This is cost neutral. Abandon initiatives to establish a UK patent box (a preferential tax regime for profits arising from patents), which would not increase innovation and according to the Institute for Fiscal Studies would in time lead to greater taxpayer costs. This is a cost saving. Review R&D tax credits with a view to ensuring that firms are held accountable for actually spending the money on innovation, and failing that, shift away from blanket R&D tax credits to free up resources towards direct commissioning of the technological advance in question. This is a potential cost saving. Enterprise zones, that give regulatory or taxation advantages to firms in a certain area, are a distraction as they do not cause innovation to happen that would not have taken place elsewhere. Best to use the money in other ways. This is a cost saving. When successful, a part of the return from investments made with significant public support should be returned to government. This is a potential cost saving.
26 Recommendations Use these freed-up resources to engage in a massive expansion of the Technology Strategy Board, structured in line with the model of the US DARPA to directly enable innovation (research, development and commercialisation) through a bottom-up government-directed network of agencies, in line with recommendations of the Confederation of British Industry (CBI) in It also requires more transparency about funding decisions and clearer auditing of performance so that failing performance areas are cut off. This would increase expenditure. Adopt a more proactive interventionist approach to green technology innovation, drawing on the UK s specific strengths. This would increase expenditure. The time any private equity investment must be held before the gains from sale can be exempt from capital gains tax, should be raised in the UK to at least five years (currently only two, previously ten in 2002). This would help prevent the take the money and run in green tech, which has characterised investments in biotechnology companies, most of which remain product-less. This is a cost saving. Short-termism is especially problematic in contexts in which radical technological change is needed and the reason why venture capital and other forms of private equity are not playing a leading role in green technology. Given the lack of private investments, the UK government should step up and increase its green budget. The Green Investment Bank is not enough. This would increase expenditure.
27 27
29 29 1 From invisible hand to modern myths The view of the current UK Government regarding its role in stimulating innovation is to create an environment where the private sector can flourish. A growth review by the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS) and HM Treasury said it is to provide the conditions for private sector growth and investment. 10 The core of the BIS and Treasury plan outlines the way that government must be limited, reducing red tape and bureaucracy so the private sector can get on with what it does best: investing, innovating, employing: A new approach to growth requires a new attitude in Government. Government on its own cannot create growth. It is the decisions of business leaders, entrepreneurs and individual workers which build our economy. What the Government can do is provide the conditions for success to promote a new economic dynamism harnessing our economic strengths, removing the barriers which prevent markets from supporting enterprise, and putting the private sector first when making decisions on tax, regulation and spending. 11 In a special report on the world economy The Economist stated: A smart innovation agenda, in short, would be quite different from the one that most rich governments seem to favour. It would be more about freeing markets and less about picking winners; more about creating the right conditions for bright ideas to emerge and less about promises like green jobs. But pursuing that kind of policy requires courage and vision and most of the rich economies are not displaying enough of either. 12
30 From invisible hand to modern myths This view is also espoused by some progressive academics, who argue that the state is limited to: Creation of the conditions for innovation accepting that the state will have a vital role in ensuring that market conditions reach the just right balance which will spur innovation and that adequate investment is available for innovators. 13 This is the view that justifies little more of government than correcting market failures through investment in basic science, education and infrastructure, for example. This is not a new debate, but it is one that benefits from a greater understanding of the academic literature on the role of innovation in creating economic growth. More than 250 years ago, when discussing his notion of the Invisible Hand Adam Smith argued that capitalist markets left on their own would self-regulate, with the state s role being limited to that of creating basic infrastructure (schools, hospitals, motorways) and making sure that private property, and other institutions such as trust, were nurtured and protected. 14 His background in politics and philosophy meant that his writings were much more profound than the simple libertarian economics position for which he is usually acknowledged, but there is no escaping that he believed that the magic of capitalism consisted in the ability of the market to organise production and distribution without coercion by the state. Karl Polanyi, the acclaimed sociologist of capitalism, has instead shown how the notion of the market as self-regulating is a myth from the historical beginning of markets: The road to the free market was opened and kept open by an enormous increase in continuous, centrally organized and controlled interventionism. 15 In this view, it was the state which imposed the emergence of the market. John Maynard Keynes believed that capitalist markets, regardless of their origin, need constant regulation because of the inherent instability of capitalism where private business investment (one of the four categories of spending in GDP) is extremely volatile. The reason it is so volatile is that far from
31 31 being a simple function of interest rates or taxes, 16 it is subject to animal spirits the gut instinct of investors about future growth prospects in an economy or specific sector. 17 In his view this uncertainty creates constant periods of underinvestment, or overinvestment, causing severe economic fluctuations due to the multiplier effect (whereby an increase or fall in spending is propagated throughout the economy by subsequent rounds of the fall or increase). Unless regulated by increased government spending, falls in spending can lead to the emergence of depressions, a fact of life before Keynes ideas found their way into post-second World War economic policies. More recently, Hyman Minsky focused on the financial fragility of capitalism, the way that financial markets cause periodic crises to occur due to cycles of expansion, exaggerated expectations and credit formation, followed by retraction, causing bubbles to burst and asset prices to collapse. He too believed that the state had a crucial role in preventing this vicious cycle from happening, and for growth to follow a more stable path. 18 Keynes and Minsky focused on the need for the state to intervene in order to bring stability and prevent crises, certainly a pressing issue in today s circumstances. The pamphlet focuses on the role of the state in allowing private and public organisations to interact in such a way that new knowledge is produced and diffused throughout the economy to allow structural change and growth. But to understand the dynamics of such investments it is fundamental first to better understand different perspectives on the theory of economic growth, and the role of technology and innovation in this process. Where does growth come from? While growth and the wealth of nations has been the lead concern of economists since Adam Smith, in the 1950s it was shown by Moses Abramovitz and Robert Solow that conventional measures of capital and labour inputs could not account for 90 per cent of economic growth in an advanced industrialised country such as the United States. 19
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Premier Inn London Putney Bridge
3 Putney Bridge Approach
The Putney Bridge Premier Inn is conveniently situated 1 minute walk away from Putney Bridge London Underground Station and a short walk away from Putney BR Station. Chelsea football ground is just 2 stops on the District line and Fulham football ground is just a short walk from the hotel.
Putney Bridge Premier Inn offers everything you need for a good nights sleep in their spacious bedrooms with king sized beds en-suite bathrooms with full size bath and power shower, spacious desk area, hair dryers, air- conditioning/heater units, direct dial telephones, flat screen TVs with Freeview. Family rooms consist of 1 double bed, 1 sofa bed and 1 rollaway bed. The hotel is located outside the Congestion Zone and has on-site parking available at an additional cost. Guests can enjoy their meals and drinks in hotel's restaurant and bar.
· Twin rooms will normally be 2 double beds, however in some circumstances this maybe a double bed and a single or a sofa bed. · Family rooms are a maximum of 2 adults and 2 children under the age of 16 years. A cot can be added at no extra charge, but the hotel must be made aware in advance.· Breakfast times may vary by hotel; however, standard times are 7.00am – 10.00am on weekdays and 7.00am – 11.00am at weekends. · Check in is from 2pm onwards and check out is 12pm on the day of departure. Early check in is at the discretion of the hotel.
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Royal Garden Hotel
2-24 Kensington High Street
The 5-star Royal Garden Hotel in leafy Kensington, London, boasts panoramic views of Kensington Palace & Gardens, Hyde Park and London's skyline. Combining the utmost in luxury with an unsurpassed level of service, this contemporary hotel boasts 394 comfortable and stylish rooms, including 17 magnificent suites.
With 3 bars and 2 award-winning restaurants you'll be spoilt for choice when it comes to dining. The elegant and relaxed Park Terrace offers modern British cuisine and an extravagant afternoon tea service. While the renowned Chinese restaurant Min Jiang offers fine dining with stunning vistas over Hyde Park from the 10th floor. For those looking to relax and unwind, venture to Bertie's Bar or visit the fitness, health and beauty spa.
With excellent transport links to all major London airports, the bustling West End and major London attractions just 10 minutes away and the shopping districts of Kensington, Mayfair and Knightsbridge close by, the Royal Garden Hotel is perfectly positioned to experience the London way of life.
Hilton London Kensington
179–199 Holland Park Avenue
Expect a warm welcome at the Hilton London Kensington hotel, located in the leafy district of Holland Park, just 30 minutes from Heathrow Airport and with excellent transport links into central London.
Enjoy the relaxed atmosphere of this contemporary Kensington hotel amid the fresh, bright decor of a guest room with WiFi access, a mini-bar and LCD flat-screen TV.
This stylish hotel in Kensington also provides family-friendly accommodation, adjoining rooms and accessible rooms. Car parking and a 24-hour Concierge desk is available.
Savor a delicious buffet breakfast in the chic WestEleven Restaurant. Meet with friends in the Avenue Bar & Lounge, or enjoy a freshly brewed coffee while surfing the web. Keep fit in our LivingWell gym and relax in the sauna and steam room.
Holiday Inn Express London Hammersmith
120–124 King Street
Holiday Inn Express London Hammersmith is in a great location in West London, within Zone 2 of the Underground network and within easy reach of world-class shopping, entertainment and tourist districts. The Tube station is just a 10 minute walk from the hotel and provides direct connections throughout London and west to Heathrow Airport.
Our Hammersmith city centre hotel is fully air-conditioned and offers modern accommodation at value-for-money rates. We pride ourselves on offering all the facilities you need for a great stay.
Wi-Fi is free of charge and available throughout the hotel and guests will have access for one device per room, for the duration of their stay.
Melia White House London
Albany Street
Regents Park
Located in central London, next to the beautiful Regents Park, within close proximity to Oxford Circus and Camden Town. It is in the prestigious Regents Park area, has excellent transport links, through buses, tubes and trains, including Euston and Kings Cross St Pancras train station.
After a recent refurbishment, guests can now have a more pleasant and unique experience when staying in London. This 4-star deluxe hotel has 581 rooms, 2 restaurants and a bar with a terrace; a fitness centre and an executive lounge.
Holiday Inn Express London Chingford
5 Walthamstow Avenue
Holiday Inn Express hotel in London Chingford offers affordable accommodation in a great location for exploring the UK's Capital.
Bedrooms at our hotel all benefit from air-conditioning, en-suite with power shower, smart 32-inch flatscreen TVs – and a few little extras to make your stay a pleasure.
There is also a Great Room lounge where you can enjoy a evening meal, licensed bar and meeting facilities!Wi-Fi is now free of charge and available throughout the hotel and guests will have access for one device per room, for the duration of their stay. Our free Wi-Fi is ideal for surfing the web, checking email and using social media, while our Enhanced Access is available for guests who want more bandwidth or to use multiple devices and starts from just £5 for 24 hours.If you decide to drive to our London Chingford hotel you will find our ample car parking at no extra cost!
Our Chingford hotel is located in East London just minutes from the North Circular Road and within easy reach of London landmarks such as the new Olympic Park.
Easy to travel to and from Walthamstow Central tube station with several buses (97, 215, 357), within 30 minutes you can be in central London.
Ambassadors Bloomsbury
12 Upper Woburn Place
Ambassadors Bloomsbury is a luxurious 4-star hotel conveniently located in the centre of London. Local places of interest include Euston Station, University of London and British Library. Other points of interest are London Senate House Library, University College London (UCL) and St. Pancras International Terminal.
Make yourself at home in one of the 100 air-conditioned rooms featuring LCD televisions. Your room comes with a memory foam bed. Complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected, and satellite programming is available for your entertainment. Conveniences include laptop-compatible safes and desks, and housekeeping is provided daily.
Copthorne Tara London Kensington
Scarsdale Place
The Copthorne Tara Hotel London Kensington is an elegant contemporary four-star hotel in prestigious Kensington, located two minutes' walk to High Street Kensington underground station, making exploring easy. The hotel offers well-appointed and comfortable guest rooms. Guests can sample the authentic Singaporean, Malaysian and Chinese cuisine at Bugis Street, traditional pub fare at the Brasserie Restaurant & Bar or relax with a delicious drink at West8 Cocktail Lounge & Bar.
The hotel's facilities include the business centre 24 hours a day, fully equipped fitness room, gift shop, theatre desk and Bureau de Change.
With ample onsite parking outside the London congestion charge zone and excellent transport links via Heathrow Airport, the hotel is the perfect location for business or leisure stays. The hotel is within close proximity to the shops of High Street Kensington, Knightsbridge and Westfield London, Olympia Conference Centre, Royal Albert Hall, Kensington Palace and Hyde Park.
Standard Rooms are 21.2 sq.m. and include complimentary WiFi, safe deposit box, LCD Satellite TV, A/C, Hypnos bed, coffee making facilities, large window with London views.
Hilton London Olympia
380 Kensington High Street
After a busy day in the vibrant city of London, retreat to the Hilton London Olympia hotel. This centrally located hotel boasts 405 guest rooms and suites. Unwind in 20 sq. meters of contemporary space in a guest room. Watch a movie on-demand or catch up on work with WiFi in your room.
Meet with friends for cocktails amid the bustle of London in the Society Bar & Restaurant at the hotel. Start each day fresh with breakfast at Society Restaurant. Sip specialty coffee and choose from a selection of sandwiches, pastries and cakes at Costa Coffee. Rejuvenate at the complimentary fitness center or run laps on the jogging track in Kensington Gardens.
Located in close proximity to Kensington Olympia underground station and with on-site car parking available.
Thistle City Barbican
Central Street
Thistle City Barbican is one of the few London City hotels with 463 bedrooms, Located just off the City Road, we have 10 on-site parking spaces available at an additional charge; Whether you're here for business, the ballet, Beethoven or simply a short break in London, our Otium Health & Leisure Club has all you need to relax and unwind. Kings Cross & Euston Underground Stations are only a few minutes away from Old Street Train Station.
Andaz Liverpool Street Hotel
40 Liverpool Street
Located next to Liverpool Street Station and adjacent to Shoreditch, the 5-star boutique hotel Andaz London Liverpool Street - a Concept by Hyatt boasts 267 stylish guest rooms and suites, 7 restaurants and bars, free WiFi and a 24-hour Health Club.
The spacious and modern rooms have a flat-screen TV, iPod docking station, luxurious bathrobes with exclusive Plantation-London toiletries, free non-alcoholic minibar with juices and snacks
Dining options range from casual dining in Eastway brasserie to traditional English pub food in the George Pub to authentic Japanese cuisine in Miyako. Guests can also enjoy a drink in Catch Champagne Bar & Lounge.
Andaz London Liverpool Street - a Concept by Hyatt is just 1 miles from The Tower of London and St Paul's Cathedral, and bordering vibrant and creative Shoreditch with its array of boutiques, markets and nightlife hotspots. It offers easy access to central London with famous Oxford Street only a short 7-min Tube ride away.
Marriott Kensington
147c Cromwell Road
Experience the London Marriott Hotel Kensington where style with substance resonates throughout.
Featuring well-designed accommodations complemented by intuitive service, our hotel's Kensington location is close to Gloucester Road and Earls Court Underground Stations and Victoria Train Station so guests enjoy easy access to Central London and Heathrow Airport.
From our 4-star hotel's convenient location guests can easily walk to the Natural History Museum, Royal Albert Hall and High Street Kensington shopping; and will find themselves just two Underground stops away from London's Knightsbridge retail district and the renowned Harrods department store.
Our contemporary designs include a stunning seven-story atrium, where on-site dining at The Atrium Restaurant features tantalizing classic American cuisine and the popular Atrium Bar serves favourite drinks and fare.
Travelodge London Kings Cross Royal Scot
100 Kings Cross Road
Conveniently located a short walk from Kings Cross and St Pancras International stations, this hotel is an ideal option for those seeking accommodation in one of London's most exciting areas.
Kings Cross is home to the famous British Library and many stylish bars and restaurants. This thriving transport hub provides excellent links to all areas of London, other major UK cities and Europe.
All rooms feature a comfy king size bed with four plump pillows and a cosy duvet. Our on-site restaurant and bar serves breakfast and tasty evening meals.
Travelodge London Aldgate East
6-13 Chamber Street
The Aldgate East hotel is a stone's throw from skyline icons the Shard and the Gherkin, and around the corner from from the Tower of London.
You'll be in the heart of London's East End, with Tower Bridge within walking distance and stylish Whitechapel and colourful Brick Lane close by. Or hop on a bus for the shops and attractions of the rest of London.
Travelodge London City Road
1-23 City Road
Conveniently close to several transport links, this picturesque hotel is located in the heart of London and is within easy reach of some of London's best attractions such as the West End which is famous for its shopping, restaurants and theatres.
You'll find trendy Shoreditch within walking distance of the hotel and the magnificent Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park is just a short journey away, along with iconic landmarks such as St Paul's Cathedral and the Tower of London just under 2 miles away.
Holiday Inn Express London Wandsworth
Riverside West Smugglers Way
A modern hotel near Wandsworth Town station with free Wi-Fi and easy access to London attractions The hotel offers comfy, modern rooms and free Wi-Fi, a 3-minute walk from Wandsworth Town station and one stop from Clapham Junction. Trains travel to Waterloo in central London in about 15 minutes. The hotel is a 45-minute train ride from Gatwick Airport (LGW), and just over an hour from Heathrow Airport (LHR). Guests are within easy reach of major London attractions such as Buckingham Palace and the Tower of London. Sports fans can get to football matches at Stamford Bridge by bus in under 25 minutes, or take a 10-minute Tube ride from East Putney station to Wimbledon for the tennis in summer. To stretch your legs, head to huge Battersea Park, less than two miles from the hotel. Guests can fill up with the Express Start Breakfast, which includes scrambled eggs, sausages and baked beans. You can relax with a cold beer in the modern lounge and bar, or grab a tasty pizza.
Holiday Inn London West
4 Portal Way
The hotel is located in Park Royal, a four-minute walk from North Acton Underground station on the Central line, in London's zone 2, with Central London just 15 minutes away and Heathrow Airport 12 miles away; it is the perfect place to stay for visiting London.
The hotel is in Park Royal Business Park, one of the biggest in London with over 1,200 businesses. Hop on the tube to visit top attractions such as Buckingham Palace & St. Paul's Cathedral or if you are in town to see your favourite singer, Wembley Stadium & Wembley Arena are also 3.6 miles away.
Relax in our open lobby whilst enjoying a Starbucks coffee and you can stay connected with complimentary wireless internet.
Millennium Hotel London Knightsbridge
17 Sloane Street
United Kingdom
Perfectly positioned in the heart of one of London's most prestigious districts, the 4-star deluxe Millennium Hotel London Knightsbridge combines modern elegance with an exclusive Sloane Street location. With 222 guestrooms, the award winning Cantonese restaurant Le Chinois, classic Lebanese cuisine at Tangerine Cafe and Bar, our Knightsbridge hotel is ideal for a luxury sightseeing city. Surrounded by world famous boutiques, including Harrods, Harvey Nichols, Louis Vuitton, guests can enjoy an extravagant shopping mecca on their doorstep. For those looking to see the sights, take a stroll through nearby Hyde Park, explore Victoria and Albert Museum, or catch a music concert at the Royal Albert Hall.
Travelodge London Edmonton
3 Smythe Close
Edmonton Green
United Kingdom
The hotel is conveniently located down the road from Edmonton Green tube station, a short train journey away from the bustling Capital.
There is plenty to do here too; both Tottenham Hotspur Football Club's White Hart Lane stadium and the Bush Hill Park Golf Club are only about 2 miles away and there are some outstanding outdoor spaces such as the 2012 Olympic venue, Lee Valley Regional Park.
All rooms feature a comfy king size bed with four plump pillows and a cosy duvet. Guests can enjoy a wide variety of food and drink choices within easy walking distance from this hotel.
*Please note the hotel doesn't have a Bar Cafe. A breakfast box will be provided for each guest.
Radisson Blu Portman London
22 Portman Square
United Kingdom
Located in the heart of the West End, and walking distance to Oxford Street, Hyde Park and Marylebone the hotel is perfectly situated for Wembley and all London Football venues, in the heart of Oxford and Bond Street for shopping.
This stylish 4 star hotel is within minutes of key visitor attractions such as Buckingham Palace, Madame Tassauds and major West End theatres.
Excellent access from both Heathrow and Gatwick conveniently located between Marble Arch and Bond Street Tube Stations.
272 rooms offer a range of comfortable rooms all with air-conditioning, free high speed Wi-Fi, tea and coffee services and mini bar. Use of the gym and sauna is complimentary, as are the fantastic views over London! The Portman Grill and Bar serves British classics with a London twist whilst using the best of fresh produce. The Grill is open for breakfast, lunch and dinner.
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Captains Bar Lounge - Excellent service right at the doorstep of your luxury East Stand seats Under the Bridge Lounge - Available for selected fixtures. Experience this unique, cool venue for a special occasion.
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As official Match break partners to Chelsea FC we offer 100% official tickets to all 2018/19 home matches.
Selected for location and quality our inclusive hotel options will ensure you wake up fresh, ready to experience all London has to offer.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
You start with your basic ingredients that you may even have in your pantry....well except for the ground beef & the milk:)
2 pounds ground beef
1 (1ounce) packet dry onion soup
1/2 C Italian bread crumbs - fresh or dry...it's up to you
1/4 C milk
1/4 C All Purpose flour
2 Tablespoons vegetable oil
1 (10.75ounce) can Cream of Mushroom Soup
1 (10.75ounce) can Golden Mushroom Soup
1 (1ounce) packet McCormick dry Au Jus mix
3/4C beef broth
You will start by mixing the ground beef, dry onion soup, breadcrumbs & milk in a bowl. Next you will need to make 8 patties but to make this easier on myself I score the meat into 8 sections before making into patties.
Then I will roll them into 8 balls just to assure that they are generally the same size
Now for the fun part! The squishing
You could do it between 2 pieces of parchment paper but I found it just as easy to do it with my hands. Once the patties are all made the next step will be to brown them quickly. That's where the oil & flour come in. Heat oil in large fry pan & lightly dip both sides of patties in flour.
When you get all 8 of your patties browned it's time to pyramid them in the slow cooker.
Aren't they pretty:)
Once all the "hard work" is done it's time to mix together the gravy that you will have when they are done. Mix in a bowl the soups, dry au jus mix and beef broth. Tada!! Instant gravy!
You will cook them in slow cooker on low 4 to 5 hours or until the beef is done. If you wanted you could add your favorite potatoes to the slow cooker 2 hours before expected end time. I know opening the lid breaks the cardinal rule but trust me....with this it does not make a difference.
Here is the end result...
Wait for it...
OK...now (but please excuse my china)


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RCA Publishes Revised Halachic Health Care Proxy with Guidelines
News Headlines
RCA Mourns Death of Rav Aharon Shteinman, zt"l
Between Rome and Jerusalem: Reflections on 50 Years of Nostra Aetate
Between Rome and Jerusalem: Reflections on 50 Years of Nostra Aetate
The Rabbinical Council of America Challenges Charlottesville Moral Equivalency
The RCA Condemns Charlottesville Violence and Bigotry
Aug 10, 2009
-- In the midst of a national debate over the escalating costs of healthcare, especially in the last years of life, and recognizing the increased lobbying by various hospitals and health care providers to take over decision-making processes at the end of life, the Rabbinical Council of America today published its newly-revised Halachic Health Care Proxy.
The legally-binding Proxy allows one to appoint one's designated representative, empowering that agent to make medical decisions regarding continued treatment in case one is unable to communicate one's wishes appropriately. Morevoer the Proxy is fully in accord not just with civil law, but with Jewish law and tradition.
The RCA's Health Care Proxy was written by a committee of experienced lawyers, doctors, health care professionals, and rabbis. It enables the signer to appoint such an agent (or "proxy"), as well as an alternate agent, in addition to appointing a rabbi and alternate rabbi.
The document does not stipulate particular treatments or situations, and does not attempt to anticipate medical conditions or responses that may arise. Few people are able to anticipate such detailed developments that may or may not occur many years in the future. By designating trusted parties to act in one's stead in case one is personally unable to do so, one allows for reasonable decisions by one's agent, in consultation with an informed rabbi, under all situations.
Besides the Halachic Health Care Proxy itself, the RCA has today also issued a Guidelines document that further reviews the need and the considerations that make the Health Care Proxy so important in the current social, cultural, and economic climate.
As an added benefit, and thanks to the Community Services Department of the Union of Orthodox Congregations of America (the OU), the Health Care proxy can be conveniently registered online, at no cost, with the U.S. Living Will Registry, for instant access in case of need. A wallet size card is also provided.
In issuing its Proxy, the leadership of the RCA urges every individual to have his/her Health Care Proxy form properly completed and duly registered. The RCA's Halachic Health Care Proxy (with the relevant Instructions and Guidelines) can be viewed, downloaded, and printed out, by visiting the homepage of the RCA's website at www.rabbis.org. The forms are also available in hard copy from the RCA.
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What to say in an alcohol intervention?
|What to say in an alcohol intervention?
We have tried and true formulas
Customized for each family
|Professional Intervention works with a 98% success rate for over 20 years of interventions
Are you at your Wits End with addition disturbing the peace of your life?
It is time to call Wits Inn 949-292-2000
I'd love to change the world, but I don't know what to do. Do I leave it up to you?
Addiction is a progressive Dis-Ease,
it continues to get worse, never better.
What to say in an alcohol or drug intervention?
If at all possible get a professional to facilitate the alcohol intervention or your best intentions could turn into the same old thing.
The addict could just feel like you are nagging again.
Before meeting with the suffering addict or alcoholic, you must have a rehab (selected & payment arrangements made) We present them with a done deal. No delays.
Intervention alone does little to nothing.
You can't talk a person out of addiction.
It's like teaching the pig to sing.
Treatment is the vital next step, and it is best to immediately follow the intervention with a rehab admission the same day.
What to say in an alcohol intervention? 949-292-2000
|Change your thinking to change your life
You can not talk someone out of being addicted.
The counselor facilitates an intense family meeting.
Gets the intervention party completely organized.
We all agree when we feel ready.
We know what each of us will say in the alcohol intervention, and how to say it.
And what is not to be said
We decide who speaks first, next, and last.
Hence, we learn that when the intervention is over, we keep the stimuli very low key.
Therefore we limit conversation and get the person out the door without a fuss.
We prearrange an appropriate ride to the airport, a driver rather than a family member who may elicit any feelings.
Consequently, setting the attitudes of the family members and intervention participants.
Rise above thinking you're bad and we're good, so you have to listen to us, or we will do something wrong to you.'
The intervention party gets all our heads together in unity knowing the addict is sick and suffering and everyone is hurting and disturbed by this sad illness. We are here to help.
The interventionist guides the family down deep into their feelings, down to the point where they can even make an apology to the addict about something that they wish they had done differently in the relationship.
In conclusion, a shift in thinking is all that is necessary for the person to say yes, "I'll go to treatment."
Our odds of having a successful intervention vastly improve as the presenting party also shifts their individual and collective thinking.
Professional intervention means getting to say things to the addict and to each other that many families take to their grave, without ever having expressed the power of the relationships.
Each person in their own way takes a few seconds to say that they care about the well-being of the addict or alcoholic.
Such as... "I am your Father and I have wanted the best for you since before you were born."
It's natural and right to do this intervention.
Everyone involved is changed and enlightened by the experience
Maybe give a little tear, then we take the addict with us and transport them to the rehab, introduce them, show them around, and tuck them in.
Family intervention done without a professional present can often turn into running up on the addict, maybe at the wrong time of day, with "hey we love you, go to rehab, or we will have to cut you off."
The addict talks you out of it, as usual,
or you may get angry and no one gets what they want or need out of this type of confrontation. Even with the best intentions, it 's hard to be mindful in a situation with people you love.
Being as thoroughly prepared as possible takes experience.
What to say in an alcohol intervention? 949-292-2000
We do the intervention when the person wakes up. (Whatever time is their usual morning) We go in before they get high or stressed and angry from the events of their day.
Prepare the night before the Alcohol Intervention
You have composed your letter, and we have analysed and rehearsed our approach. After all of this, we get started on logistics.
First get a rolling on wheels, easy to move suitcase.
Next pull together some of what they will need in treatment.
They probably only need about a week's worth of clothes. Get the bag somewhat packed for them the night before the intervention. If the clothes are dirty or you don't want to disturb their things buy them the things they need to travel so all loose ends, we can think of, are tied up. As a result, it is all arranged and easy allowing them to leave with the professional.
Some people need to have some say so in the planning we must allow for this with some choices.
Intervention is a rescue.
No matter what is said, they want help. Addicts dream of being a regular person with healthy lives.
At least they want the consequences to stop. They want to believe you care and there is hope
Discuss and Know where things like their glasses, computer cords, medications, their essential belonging are. Organization is key.
The intervention party needs to talk it out and come up with all of the reasons the 'guest of honor' is likely to say as to why they can't possible go to treatment today. Work together to make a clear path for them to go to rehab, right now within the next few hours.
Together as a unit know today is the day. A high percentage of people confronted in the family intervention say "I will go in a couple of weeks, I will go to out patients, I will cut down, I go to AA on my own, I don't want you to spend the money on rehab, or I will switch to beer and cut out the vodka. As soon as I get this job, as soon as I get a divorce, as soon as I get married, when the baby comes, I get more money then I will be OK.
Have a professional interventionist with you to plan and present this therapeutic love filled event then take the client into treatment that very day.
Call now for intervention and rehab referrals
You don't have to face this as an armature councilor
Get professional help!
Wits Inn Referrals 949-292-2000
Of course, no charge for the phone assessment
What to say in an alcohol intervention? 949-292-2000
If you are thinking of free treatment for indigents it's tough to have an intervention. You will have to come up with some plan that includes the person themselves calling at a particular time everyday (they must make the call themselves - you cannot call them) to the Salvation Army or another Charity type placement. Their are multitudes of addicts and alcoholics trying to get a bed at the Saly with no money. The person wanting the bed has to personally get in line for the next available spot. The standard set up is the prospective client calls daily at the same time and must not be late with their call or they lose their place in line. Waiting list are generally about 6 to 12 weeks long. Thereby to have an intervention and have to wait a long time for the admit is very difficult. If the addict is physically addicted to alcohol, opiates (heroin - pain medications), or benzodiazepines (anxiety or sleep medications Xanex, Adavan, Klonopin) and need a medical detox, they must have medical help or they will have to keep using until they get it. They could die in withdrawal.
If you have to use public services, look up www.salvationarmyusa.org and asked their advice.
What to say in an alcohol intervention? 949-292-2000
There is lots of difference between public and private rehab services.
Our referral services and interventions private pay or paid by private health insurance.
What to say in an alcohol intervention? 949-292-2000


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The Easy Openings: Play vs 1.d4 and 1.Nf3
In today's post, I would like to present a video that will interest many chess players who struggle with their opening repertoire as black or just need an easier and simple to follow setup to get a good position out of the opening. In my latest post, I covered a very innovative variation in the main line of Ruy Lopez for black. Nevertheless, it only works after 1.e4 and I suspect many of you still wonder how to play against 1.d4 and 1.Nf3. The typical answer of many strong players is just to develop fast and avoid any complications. Yet, without a proper understanding of the positional ideas, that can easily prove a difficult task. In the present video, you will find some useful ideas and easy to follow plans on how to handle 1.d4 and 1.Nf3 as black. Enjoy!
If you want to follow the analysis attentively you should maximize the broadcast window: Click on the YouTube icon or "Full screen" on the bottom right.


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The ephemeral flower,
that delicate rose,
a fragrant lovely bud,
must sometime fall;
each tender petal
a foundation,
laying a new pathway
velvet and sparkling,
through the thorns,
with the dew of the new dawn
reflecting the glory
of the rising sun
and melting away,
leaving a lasting memory
a shining place
in the beating heart
which for just a moment
feels like a burning hole . . . .
A simple poem in memory of Mary Boyce, young mother, wife, daughter, sister, friend, teacher . . . She passed away today . . . and will be sorely missed.
Rest in Peace, Mary . . . your painful burden is lifted . . . June 25, 1971 - May 25, 2012