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This morning in my email, I had an update from Ancestry on "How to use religion records in family history" with a link to a downloadable guide.
Ancestry also added a 5-Minute Find on Searching and Using Baptismal Records. The guide is a good basic overview of using religious records, so I'd like to add to it some specifics when researching Irish.
As stated in the guide, frequently religious records pre-date civil registration. In Ireland, this may (or may not) be the case depending on the denomination and locality. Church of Ireland records date back into the 1600s, however over 60% of the records were lost in the fire in 1922 at the Public Records Office. Roman Catholic records start much later, some as early as the late 1700s, but most after 1820. Last week I was working on a client consultation with ancestry in Monaghan where the records for the particular parish started in 1871…7 years after civil registration. Presbyterian ministers were not required to keep records until 1819 although there are some records back into the late 1700s. It's all about locality in Ireland! There were other denominations as well in Ireland, Quaker, Methodist, Baptist, Jewish, but these represent a very small part of the population.
You need to begin your church research in the country where your ancestors emigrated and the guide has some good pointers on how to identify the church or clergyman using City Directories. When you find these records make sure you identify all of the people named in the record, especially the sponsors or witnesses. These are most likely family or close friends who might have come from the same place in Ireland…another key to your ancestral homeland.
When requesting Roman Catholic records, make sure you request all information in the record. It was not uncommon for a priest to ask for proof of baptism prior to marrying a couple. Since the Catholic church considers its records to be private, you'll receive a form from the church when requesting records. If there is information in the register that doesn't have a blank on the form, you're not likely to get it unless you ask for it. When writing to, or speaking with the church, make sure they understand that you are looking for a location in Ireland. Below is a copy of the form from St. Bernard Church in New York for the marriage of Thomas O'Malley and Alice Martin. However, clipped into the register was a letter from the parish priest in Ireland giving Alice's baptismal information, names of her parents, sponsors and the townland in Ireland. Prior to finding this record, the only information I had was Carrickmacross. As it turned out, the townland of Dooah was less than 10 miles away from Carrickmacross, but in another civil and ecclesiastical parish. Had I researched the Alice Martin in Carrickmacross, I would have had the wrong person. Our ancestors would frequently mention the largest town in the area, rather than their specific locality.
Once you know the townland or parish in Ireland, use the General Alphabetical Index to the Townlands and Towns, Parishes and Baronies of Ireland to identify the civil parish. This information has also just been put online by the Irish Genealogical Research Society for free (always good). Once you know the civil parish, you will need to convert this if your ancestors were Catholic. I use either James Ryan's book, Irish Records: Sources for Family and Local History or John Grenham's Tracing Your Irish Ancestors to determine the Roman Catholic Parish and to check the dates for surviving records and their location. Irish Records also provides information on other denominations. Both of these books can likely be found at your Library if they have a genealogical collection, or in my Store under Irish Resources. (Ryan's book is out of print, but used copies are available.)
Once you've identified the parish you can check to see if the records are online at either the Irish Family History Foundation or IrishGenealogy.ie. Also search for the county genealogical society, website or local parish, some of which have additional transcriptions.
Happy Hunting!
Is your Society looking for a speaker for your 2014-2015 program year? I'm available for onsite lectures, all day seminars or workshops as well as webinars on methodology, technology, the Internet and, of course, Irish research.


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Webinar: Q&A with Ken and CarlyDaniel Randa
A couple of weeks ago, SendGrid's email experts Carly Brantz and Ken Apple answered your toughest email infrastructure questions. The conversation sparked many more questions, and they were not able to get to all of them during the webinar. Carly and Ken took some time to respond to the questions they didn't have time to address here.
If you missed the webinar, you can access a recording here.
How do you keep Yahoo (and some others) from deferring your emails from a dedicated IP?
There definitely isn't one easy solution. Email deliverability is a science with proven techniques to prevent failures and improve your delivered rates. If you have the information and tools to manage it, then you can achieve higher return on your email marketing investment in the long run. I would recommend you read our Email Deliverability Guide for more direction on what you can do to improve your deliverability.
If an IP address gets labelled as "spam" by one of the ISPs, is it possible to "recuperate" the reputation on that? Or is it better to switch to a new IP address? Do ISPs also have some sort of score for domain reputation (irrespective of IP addresses)?
Email reputation is based on your IP address. Contrary to popular belief no reputation is just as bad as having a poor reputation. Using a new IP address should be a strategic move to separate mail streams or move from a shared IP to a dedicated one. You can improve your reputation by simply exhibiting good behavior and beefing up on your best practices and then maintaining that over time.
How would you recommend dealing with 3rd party commercial emails? Would you recommend using a separate IP pool for these? This is a requirement for example to be able to get into the ReturnPath certified program, but won't your IP reputation drop like crazy when you only send 3rd party commercial emails over an IP?
The reason that SendGrid and others advise against mailing to third party lists is all centered on permission. A third party list means just that, your company did not get permission, a "third party" obtained the email addresses. Yes, your email reputation will drop, by keeping a separate pool, which ensures that your legitimate email streams will not be affected by the drop which will be difficult to recover from.
What free tools would your recommend using for not-yet SendGrid users to monitor deliverability?
I would recommend using Return Path's Sender Score service at www.senderscore.org to get instant, free information on your email reputation and deliverability.
During the IP "warm up" phase, I guess it's assumed that a lot of emails would land in SPAM instead of inbox since the IP has no/poor reputation. So does getting a lot of your emails land in SPAM work against your IP reputation? How to workaround that problem?
During the warm up phase, if done correctly, you should not set off warning signs to ISPs to block your email. If you make the warmup process a priority and take a conservative approach over the first month, you should not have many of your emails land in spam. The warm up process itself is the workaround to being blocked.
What is the rule for using the same IP address/white label for sending both transactional emails and bulk emails?
Ideally, you would keep the different streams of email separate. Remember Ghostbusters – don't cross the streams! Then, you can ensure that the higher deliverability that comes with transactional messages that are both anticipated and wanted, won't be put in danger. If that isn't a possibility, I would encourage you to try and combine marketing messages within your transactional emails. Ask for referrals, include follow and like buttons or offer a promotion at the end of your messages to include a call to action within the transactional message itself.
We are sending double-opt in confirmation messages on a separate IP address. Once a month we resend a confirmation message to users who are not very active. Occasionally this will trip a "spam trap"; is this going to put us in jeopardy of delivering confirmation messages in the future?
I would advise against mailing to "non-active" users all together. In fact, a good way to get them off of your list entirely is to do a reactivation campaign to ensure that everyone on your list wants to receive your emails. Sending to even one spam trap will instantly set back your reputation and cause deliverability problems. When you send to a spam trap (an email address activated by an ISP to catch spammers), it means you're engaging in email address harvesting (an illegal practice) or your list hygiene practices are poor. Either way, ISPs aren't going to deliver your email.
What is the best way to send Email for maximum deliverbility, Text, HTML or both?
I would always recommend having both. Including a text version if you are sending HTML emails is a good practice for avoiding a spam filter and it also covers you in the case where the recipient cannot view HTML emails.

subset: commoncrawl


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Join us on January 20th from 2:00 pm until 4:30 pm for Ottawa's Annual Pokemon Party for CHEO.
Bring your Pokemon cards to trade with other Pokemon fans across Ottawa - many trading stations will be set-up. Admission also gives you access to the fantastic Kids Kingdom structures and other fun stations for kids - sports station, games room and cupcake decorating among the exciting workstations.
Join us, should be lots of fun!!
Children will be provided a passport and as they circulate through the venu with the activity stations they accumulate stickers and stamps to keep track of where else they need to go.
Station 1: Pokemon magic
Station 2: Tatoo
Station 3: Bow and Arrow
Station 4: Pokemon Pin Bowl
Station 5: Cupcakes
Station 6: Craft
Station 7: Pokemon trainer - eye exercise. & find pikachu
Station 8: AndrewsScience.com
Station 9: Eric Marcotte MAGIC
Station 10: Coloring
Station 11: Pokemon trainer - aiming exercise
Station 12: Pokemon throw
Station 13: Kids Kingdom floor projection game
Station 14: Kids Kingdom inflatable
Station 15: Kids Kingdom structure - find pokemons within the structure
Station 16: Trading Station
Station 17: Pokemon Trainer Certificates
* Food will be available to purchase at the event
Facebook event page : To be updated shortly
Facebook Project page : To be updated shortly
Webpage : To be updated shortly
Story behind Ottawa's Parties for CHEO ...
I am a CHEO cardiology mom and I created Petch Project for CHEO.
Petch Project for CHEO has raised $35,000 thus far and we hope to raise $7000 this year alone for two events both held on January 20th, 2018.
My son, was born October 19th, 2012 with an aeortic valve stenosis - a heart defect. At the young age of 33 days he needed his first and hopefully his last surgery. Over the course of the next 18 years we will be part of the CHEO family - over the course of the next 18 years we hope to raise a total of $171,000 for CHEO.
Every year we raise our objective by $1000 and these events are such a huge sucess that we are ahead of our yearly target by a few years.
Event Info:
The event will be held at Kids Kingdom here in Kanata. I again expect the event to be sold out with over 250 participants - we will have activity stations in the Kids Kingdom daycare space (behind the scenes). My objective is to raise $3000 with this event alone, and if we are lucky to raise a little more that will get us closer to our $7000 annual target amount.
The 6 previous organised events have all sold out. I am building this event in the hopes that all the parents will find good value to their $25 donation and in the hopes to create an event they will want to return to year after year until their little princess out-grows it. Please share this with your friends.
If you have any questions, please feel free to contact me - I will do my best to respond quickly but I have quite a bit on my plate so bare with me :)


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Need someone living in USA or EUROPE to call once to USA company - 5 -- 89638
Bajet $2-15 USD / jam
I need someone from USA or EUROPE to call for USA company global electronics once and tell that products which we have ordered are not received so far, we need delivery to get as soon as possible. Also need to send text message as well. Very easy and fast job.
USA or EUROPE bidders only. Dont bid if you are not from USA or EUROPE
3 pekerja bebas membida secara purata $10/jam untuk pekerjaan ini
Hello, I am working as freelancer for last 4 years. i have done many projects . i have huge experienced as freelancer.. I am very interested in your project. Please come on chat for detail discussion so that I can Lagi
Hi, I live in the USA and I pride myself with doing the job right! Im great over the phone and can navigate to the right person to fulfill the request!


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I've conquered a lot of fears over the years, it is in my nature to be adventurous, in contradiction to the shy child that I was. Shy but wanting. But that does not mean that my fears don't exist, I merely appear fearless.
Yesterday my daughter said to me "my friend just made reservations and got on a plane and flew to New York for the weekend, by herself. And suddenly I realized that I could do that."
Freedom is a beautiful realization, isn't it?
Also terrifying, but beautiful. I remember the first time I knew that I was only limited by my own imagination.
A couple times today I felt my throat close with fear. That's when I knew I had work to do. I have to turn the fear into exhilaration. Yes.


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Fifty-six government employees -- including a police officer, a felony court clerk, two corrections officers and 27 school bus drivers and attendants -- were arrested in a scam that used health insurance information to fraudulently obtain prescriptions for the painkiller OxyContin, authorities said Wednesday.
Sixty-two people were arrested in total and all face charges including racketeering, conspiracy to commit racketeering and grand theft, according to the Miami-Dade state attorney's office.
Authorities estimate 130 medically unnecessary prescriptions for OxyContin -- more than 12,000 tablets -- were presented to pharmacies. The drugs have an estimated street value of $400,000, prosecutors said.
OxyContin is a popular painkiller, delivering an instant "high" when it is crushed or dissolved and ingested.
The scam began in January 2003, when six "recruiters" enlisted a group of people, most of them employees of local government, to participate in the ring, according to prosecutors.
Those employees provided their health insurance identification information, and with that information they obtained unnecessary prescriptions for OxyContin from another codefendant, who was a physician, authorities said.
The defendants filled those prescriptions at pharmacies and sold the pills for cash to another codefendant, authorities said.
In addition, prosecutors said, the defendants submitted claims to their insurance companies for reimbursement for the OxyContin prescriptions.
"There can never be an excuse for helping put dangerous drugs onto our streets," said Katherine Fernandez Rundle, Miami-Dade state attorney. "When public employees are a part of the problem and when public medical benefits are used to make the scheme work, these are shameful events. They are also crimes."
Among those arrested, according to authorities, were:
- 17 Miami-Dade County Public Schools bus drivers
- 10 Miami-Dade County Public Schools bus attendants
- Six city of Miami Department of Solid Waste employees
- Five Miami-Dade County Public Schools security officers
- Three Miami-Dade County Public Schools custodians
- Two Miami-Dade County Corrections and Rehabilitation corrections officers
- Two Miami-Dade County Public Schools teacher assistants
- Two Miami-Dade County Transit bus drivers
- One city of Hialeah police officer
- One city of Miami crane operator
- One Miami-Dade County Circuit Court felony clerk
- One Helen B. Bentley Family Health Center driver
- One Miami-Dade County Human Services data entry specialist
- One Miami-Dade County Human Services employee (other)
- One Miami-Dade County General Services Administration employee
- One Department of Children and Families employee
- One former employee of Family Christian Services


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July 22, 2010
THE PEOPLE, PLAINTIFF AND RESPONDENT,v.BRITTANEY DANIELLE MEYER, DEFENDANT AND APPELLANT.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Yolo County, David W. Reed, Referee. Affirmed. (Super. Ct. No. CR TR 08-13652).
The opinion of the court was delivered by: Blease, Acting P. J.
In this case, on review from the Appellate Division of the Yolo County Superior Court, we hold that a person who held a commercial driver's license at the time of violation of a traffic offense, but who surrendered the license, is barred from completing traffic school in lieu of adjudicating the traffic offense pursuant to Vehicle Code section 42005, subdivision (c), notwithstanding that the section refers to the present tense "holds a . . . commercial . . . license . . . ." (.)*fn1
Defendant Brittaney Meyer entered her plea of no contest to the infraction of driving 80 miles per hour on State Route 113, which has a posted speed limit of 65 miles per hour. (§ 22349, subd. (a).) She made a motion to attend traffic school in lieu of entry of judgment on the violation (§ 42005, subds. (a) & (b)), which the court denied on the basis that she had held a commercial driver's license at the time of the violation (§ 42005, subd. (c) ["§ 42005(c)"]) even though she had surrendered it before the motion and held only a noncommercial class C license at the time of the motion.*fn2
She sought review of the order in the Appellate Division of Yolo Superior Court. (Pen. Code, § 1466.) The prosecution did not file an opposition. The Appellate Division issued an opinion, certified for publication (as amended May 26, 2009), that reversed the order.*fn3 Upon the filing of the opinion and record on transfer with this court (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.887(c)(2)(B)), we ordered the transfer of the case for review on our own motion (Rule 8.1008(a)). We shall affirm the order denying the motion.
Section 42005(c) provides, "Pursuant to Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations, the court may not order . . . a person who holds a . . . commercial class C driver's license to complete a licensed traffic violator school . . . in lieu of adjudicating any traffic offense committed by the holder of a . . . commercial class C driver's license." (Italics added.) In an uncodified statement of intent, the Legislature said that it was making numerous changes to the Vehicle Code in order to conform with federal law, which included this prohibition on traffic school for commercial drivers. (Stats. 2004, ch. 952, §§ 1, 31.)
The cross-referenced federal regulatory title provides in pertinent part, "[A] State must not mask, defer imposition of judgment, or allow an individual to enter into a diversion program that would prevent a [commercially licensed] driver's conviction for any violation, in any type of motor vehicle, of a State or local traffic control law . . . from appearing on the CDLIS driver record,*fn4 whether the driver was convicted for an offense committed in the State where the driver is licensed or another State." (49 C.F.R. § 384.226 (2009).) This part of Title 49 is aimed at achieving state compliance with the federal statutory goal of compiling a record of every traffic violation of a commercially licensed driver.*fn5 (See 49 C.F.R. § 384.101(a) (2009).) This is toward the Congressional goal of reducing truck and bus accidents through limiting a commercial driver to a single commercial license (49 U.S.C. § 31302; 49 C.F.R. § 383.1 (2009)) tracked through the CDLIS.
The Appellate Division opinion relied on section 42005(c)'s use of the term "holds." Since this present tense is used in the same sentence regarding the restriction on a court's issuance of an order, and the Legislature could have employed the phrase "held at the time of the citation," the Appellate Division found the statute "more plain[ly] than ambiguous[ly]" was referring only to the latter point in time.
The court did not find any absurd consequences resulting from this interpretation. It acknowledged that it would be possible for commercial drivers to evade the record-keeping purpose of federal law through the surrender of their licenses before the adjudication of their violations, and then reacquire the license after completing traffic school and masking the violation. However, after taking judicial notice of the official California handbook for commercial drivers, the court concluded "the maze of requirements applicable to obtaining a commercial driver's license" made it unlikely that commercial drivers could "easily manipulate" the process. The court also did not believe that people intending a permanent surrender of a commercial license came within the federal objectives that the restriction furthered.
Defendant's opening brief in this court miscomprehends the nature of an order of transfer -- which is for the purpose of reviewing the propriety of a ruling of an Appellate Division -- is devoted to arguing that the decision qualifies for publication.*fn6 She does, however, provide some argument on the merits of the dispute in her reply brief. Since we have undertaken review of the Appellate Department's decision on our own motion, we will not treat the absence of a cogent argument in her opening brief as a species of forfeiture. (Beane v. Paulsen (1993) 21 Cal.App.4th 89, 93, fn. 4; Imagistics Internat., Inc. v. Department of General Services (2007) 150 Cal.App.4th 581, 592, fn. 8.)
As the facts are not disputed, the question before us regarding the interpretation of section 42005(c) is one of law that we review de novo. (Nationwide Asset Services, Inc. v. DuFauchard (2008) 164 Cal.App.4th 1121, 1125.)
If the language of a statute is clear and unambiguous, we do not have anything to construe and consequently do not need to resort to the various forms of indicia of legislative intent. (Rehman v. Department of Motor Vehicles (2009) 178 Cal.App.4th 581, 586 (Rehman).) We agree with the Appellate Division that the use of the present tense in the context of a restriction on the power of the court to order traffic school, in lieu of entry of judgment on the violation, would at first blush seem to refer to the time of the entry of the order. We do not, however, find the failure to employ any form of the past tense determinative, because the Legislature has provided itself a "safety hatch" for inadvertent failures to make explicit provision for that focus. (Veh. Code, § 12 [present tense includes past and future].) We must therefore consider whether this literal application of the words of the statute comports with its purpose. (Rehman, supra, 178 Cal.App.4th at p. 586.)
The amendment to section 42005(c) unambiguously asserts the intent to give effect to federal law. Federal law, in turn, has the declared purpose of improving highway safety through making it easier to identify all traffic violations that a particular commercial driver commits, regardless of jurisdiction or type of vehicle at the time of the offense. The purpose is to identify the "worst of the worst" commercial drivers and ...
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Fuel hooked us up with a preview of the boxing match between Dave Mirra and Brian Deegan. If you don't know who won already, then I won't ruin it; you'll have to catch the premiere on Fuel TV this wednesday, December 21st at 9pm.
"You've probably heard about the epic fight between Brian Deegan and Dave Mirra that took place at Ellismania. Now see the whole boxing match unfold before your eyes on FUEL TV, Wednesday night at 9:00pm. Watch as Dave and Brian go blow-for-blow in a brutal battle of grit and determination."


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On the road again...
This is a really easy but good wreath idea from The Catnap Cottage. I know...what is with my obsession with wreaths lately? I'll stop.
Posted by Aesthetic Outburst... at 9:00 AM
1 comment:
- Jane Flanagan said...
This is such a great one! I love that the ribbon is a little more rugged too. Fabulous!
- December 16, 2009 at 12:31 PM
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


text:
Most people believe that having your fan page working is easy, but once you set it up, you will understand that knowledge is required to make it work. Luckily, you can learn everything you need to know to increase your marketing techniques using Facebook by simply watching a few tutorial videos by Anthony Morrison himself. FanPage Domination goes straight forward and it is easy to understand and the o implement. You do not need to invest saving on ads, you will learn the most secret techniques and strategies to sell whatever you want by simply using correctly your Facebook page.
The structure is organized in sections to cover every concept in an easy to follow way. The first section is about setting up your FanPage, the second section is about creating viral posts, the third section is about making money out of your thank you page, the fourth section is about creating a massive e-mail list and the fifth step is about making money out of your e-mail list. You will not only be able to build a massive fan base, but you will be also able to get a revenue thanks to you thank you page and your e-mail list. If you purchase it, you will also get access to valuable bonuses like an easy to use software to invite people to your fan page, case study videos, student's questions and answers, workshops, and much more. Download it now!


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- Gender: Women
- Item Type: Bustiers & Corsets
- Decoration: Rivet
- Pattern Type: Animal
- Style: Sexy
- Material: Nylon,Spandex
- Material Composition: Leather
- Model Number: EYT9
- Color: Black
- Size: fit XS-M
- Material: Elastic
- is_customized: Yes
- Fabric Type: Woven
- Color Style: Natural Color
Sexy Cool Street Caged Weave Round Plaid Shaping Shaper Leather Harness Body Bondage Skirts Chain Dress
Color: Black,white,Pink
Size: XS-M
Material: Leather
Package content: 1pcs Harness without other accessoriess
Photos Details:
1) Economy shipping usually takes 15 - 30 business days.
2) Item will be shipped within 3-7 business days of cleared payment.
3) We offer China Post Air mail,ePacket,DHL,FEDEX,EMS for shipping and shipping fee is according to the weight of the parcel.
4) DHL,FEDEX,EMS Express service usually need 5-15 business days to reach you.
5) International Buyers Note:
a, Import duties, taxes and charges are not included in the item price or shipping charges. These charges are the buyer\'s responsibility.
b, Please check with your country\'s customs office to determine what these additional costs will be prior to bidding/buying.
6) We accept Alipay here and all major credit cards are accepted through secure payment processor ESCROW.
1) Defective goods must be returned within 30 days from the delivery date. The buyer is responsible for the return shipping fee. We will not reimburse the return shipping fee unless when we have shipped the wrong item.
2) It is important to declare your package as a \'Product for Return\' on the Customs Declaration Form, and also as the commercial value.
3) We reserve the right to refuse any returns for our reasons.
1) Your feedback is extremely important to us.
2) If you are satisfied with our items, please leave us positive feedback. We will leave a positive feedback to you later.
3) Please contact us before leaving a negative feedback. We would try our best to help you solve the problem. Please allow us to reply your email within 1-2 Days.
About Us:
Please contact us via Alibaba message.
You can use the "Ask seller a question" button to contact us.
- Tipo de unidad: unidad
- Peso del paquete: 0.4kg (0.88lb.)
- Dimensiones del paquete: 11cm x 11cm x 5cm (4.33in x 4.33in x 1.97in)
- Tipo de unidad: unidad
- Peso del paquete: 0.4kg (0.88lb.)
- Dimensiones del paquete: 11cm x 11cm x 5cm (4.33in x 4.33in x 1.97in)


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News Sections
Brownstown To Appoint Members To New Planning And Zoning Boards
Updated August 7, 2013 7:22 PM | Filed under: Politics
(BROWNSTOWN) - Brownstown council hopes to soon appoint members to new planning and zoning boards that would oversee Brownstown's newest department.
Councilmen forged ahead with a plan to create a planning and zoning office and regulations during a meeting Monday night at Town Hall.
The next step in the process of establishing something the town hasn't had in its 197 years of existence will involve a meeting with the five councilmen and town attorney Joe Markel.
Have a question or comment about a news story? Send it to email@example.com
1340 AM WBIW, Bedford's Place To Talk. Serving Lawrence and surrounding counties since 1948!
© 2019 Ad-Venture Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved. WBIW.com and Listen Live Powered by HPC


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LEEDS revelled in its status as host city for the two-day Columbia Threadneedle World Triathlon stage.
Excited supporters lined the streets from Roundhay to the city centre, keen to catch a glimpse of friends or family members taking part in the amateur race, to cheer on the elite women's racers, or home town heroes the Brownlee brothers competing in the elite event.
Click above to view our gallery of images taken throughout the day.
VIDEO: Heroic novices celebrate finishing gruelling amateur Leeds Triathlon
Leeds Triathlon: The colour, sweat and tears of joy as Leeds shows off its sporting best


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Almost the Slowest QuiltSunday, March 13, 2011
On Monday, we started making quilts for Christchurch. As a group, we cut gossiped and stitched. I cut strip and strips of blue and green to make something. The something kept changing shape in my mind until I really didn't know what I was making. By the time I got home, I realised that I didn't need to make a new quilt for Christchurch. I had already started one. I started it six years ago.
This is Moni's Wedding Quilt. The blocks are signed, in sharpie, by the guests at the wedding. The blocks had been waiting for me to get around to them. It's all ready to go together in a rail fence pattern.
I have a new idea for the front*. I have a bundle of 0.3m cuts of Amy Butler Fabrics and I'm looking for a pattern. It has to be simple and quick because I don't want to break my momentum in getting this finished. I saw something a few days ago. The title was along the lines of "open doors and window" but I can't for the life of me find it. If you have any suggestions. Please le me know.
Now Moni's house is shaken. Every brick has either fallen off, or been removed as a safety precaution. It's time to get this quilt finished.
*The front was going to be a Tivaevae pattern based on native plants. I managed to complete one of the panels before my shoulders began to groan at the mere thought of if. I was miffed to see a similar quit on the cover of NZ quilter just weeks after I had cut two of the panels out. Looking back I was just ahead of my time.
1 comments
Hi Amy, I'm a friend of Cat's and she has told me that the quilt she sent me was made by you. I just don't know how to thank you... I live just outside of Christchurch and as you would know the last month hasn't been much fun. To recieve a gift made with such thought and love has been humbling and I am so so grateful and appreciate so much the work that went into it. I couldn't send Cat an email for several days after I received as every time I went to sit down and write something I burst into tears. Thank you from the bottom of my heart. With much love and gratitude, Chris KappelleReplyDelete


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June Haver: Hollywood actress who briefly became a nun has died
Actress June Haver, the blonde star of several popular 20th Century Fox musicals such as Irish Eyes Are Smiling (1944), The Dolly Sisters (1945), and Three Little Girls in Blue (1946), and the widow of actor Fred MacMurray, died of respiratory failure in the Los Angeles suburb of Brentwood on July 4. Haver was 79.
With her peaches-and-cream complexion, June Haver (born June Stovenour on June 10, 1926, in Rock Island, Illinois) graced the screen for about a decade, invariably cast as a sort of walking, talking, and singing blonde doll. Haver's movies were usually musicals, in addition to a couple of light comedies (Love Nest, The Girl Next Door) and Henry Hathaway's pleasant, rural-set romantic comedy/drama Home in Indiana (1944), co-starring fellow youthful Fox actors Jeanne Crain and Lon McCallister. (McCallister and Haver would join forces again in the 1948 romantic comedy-drama Scudda Hoo! Scudda Hay!)
June Haver: Fox's 'threat' to pin-up Betty Grable
Initially, June Haver was to have been 20th Century Fox's "threat" to the studio's top peaches-and-cream blonde, Betty Grable, with whom Haver co-starred in Irving Cummings' highly successful The Dolly Sisters. But despite a handful of popular movies to her credit, Haver was never to become one of the studio's top stars. Betty Grable continued to reign supreme well into the early '50s.
Following the unexpected death of her fiance, dentist John Duzik, in 1949, June Haver apparently lost interest in her career. (Ironically, one of Haver's 1949 releases was called Look for the Silver Lining, a musical about Broadway entertainer Marilyn Miller.) In the '50s, Haver starred in only four movies: the musicals I'll Get By (1950) and The Daughter of Rosie O'Grady (1950), and the aforementioned light comedies Love Nest (1951), opposite William Lundigan and with Marilyn Monroe in a small supporting role, and The Girl Next Door (1953), with Dan Dailey.
Leaving Hollywood to become a nun
June Haver was a devout Roman Catholic. After quitting films, she decided to become a nun and entered a convent in Kansas. Several months later, however, Haver left the convent, reportedly for health reasons. Other reports claimed she missed her family.
In 1954, Haver married the recently widowed Fred MacMurray, with whom she had co-starred in the 1945 musical Where Do We Go from Here?. The couple remained married until MacMurray's death in 1991.
In later years, June Haver told San Francisco Chronicle columnist Ruthe Stein that she had no regrets about giving up her acting career, saying that the working actresses of her day "ended up sleeping alone and being very lonely. Their children are writing awful books about them."
Haver also remarked that her two (adopted) daughters had promised never to write a tell-all book about her. She then added. "I told them if they wanted to write about their dad, that was OK."
The 20th Century Fox blondes: Their movies together
At 20th Century Fox, the studio's blonde female stars were at some point in their careers featured in the same film alongside their (potential) predecessors / competitors / successors. Here are a few examples: Alice Faye and Madeleine Carroll in On the Avenue (1937), Alice Faye and Betty Grable in Tin Pan Alley (1940), Betty Grable and June Haver in the aforementioned The Dolly Sisters (photo), and Betty Grable and Carole Landis in Moon Over Miami (1941) and I Wake Up Screaming (1942).
A few more: Betty Grable and Marilyn Monroe in How to Marry a Millionaire (1953), Betty Grable and Sheree North in How to Be Very Very Popular (1955), June Haver and Marilyn Monroe in the aforementioned Love Nest, Marilyn Monroe and Hope Lange in Bus Stop (1956).
June Haver / Betty Grable The Dolly Sisters image: 20th Century Fox.


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Shantay Legans Chat Wrap
Feb. 5, 2002
On Tuesday, California junior Shantay Legans made a special visit to chat about the Golden Bear men's basketball program and the 2001-02 season. Legans, a 5-10 point guard from Goleta, Calif., is one of the key reasons Cal is making a run at a second consecutive NCAA Tournament berth. If you missed the live chat, here is the full transcript.
Moderator: (2:59 PM ET ) Shantay just arrived and we'll get started in just a couple of minutes.
S.K (Berkeley): Shantay,Has California, the school and basketball program, lived up to the expectations you had before you even started your first college course or basketball game?
Shantay Legans: (3:01 PM ET ) Yes. The school is the best public school in the nation, and it has more than lived up to what I expected. Basketball is always a great experience, and the people around the program have made it even better.
Alex (Berkeley): Hey, Shantay. As a Cal fan, I was particularly impressed with your recent performance at USC. What went through your mind in the several clutch moments you had?
Shantay Legans: (3:03 PM ET ) I wasn't really thinking. I was just playing. Coach drew up a play for Joe, but he was double teamed and threw it back to me. All I could do was shoot.
BearFan in Oaktown: Tell me about your Mom. Is that her at the corner of the court each game waving pom-poms and rooting for the team?
Shantay Legans: (3:05 PM ET ) She comes up to all our games and is usually the first person to be in line to get into Haas. She's never missed one of my games in California since about 5th grade.
John, Danville: You guys are a fun team to watch, and look like you have really good team chemistry. Is the rest of the team like a family to you?
Shantay Legans: (3:07 PM ET ) Yes. I'm one of the older guys on the team since I've been on the team about 2 1/2 years. The younger guys seem like little brothers. I see my team more than I see my family.
Marty (Chicago): Hello Shantay, Describe what it will take for The U. of California to make the NCAA Tournament in your opinion?
Shantay Legans: (3:09 PM ET ) First, we need to keep playing aggressive defense. We've got to get more production on the low block, getting the ball inside, and we need to start making more three-pointers. If we take care of business, we should be fine.
BearFanInPhilly (Mont Clare, PA): Who did you want to play like when you were a kid? And have you ever met that player?
Shantay Legans: (3:11 PM ET ) I always liked John Stockton, but I haven't met him yet. He's one of my favorite players. Even though he's getting a little old, he's still fun to watch.
Shantay Legans: (3:11 PM ET ) Of course, you can't forget Magic Johnson, the best point guard ever.
Eddie Fresno: Shantae, what is it like playing for head coach Ben Braun?
Shantay Legans: (3:13 PM ET ) It's a great experience because he teaches you both on and off the court. He's helped me with my academics and you can always to in to talk to him. I like playing for him.
blue and gold in salt lake city: Shante--Congrats on a great season thus far. Coach Braun uses a small lineup sometimes where you play the 2. How do you like playing the off guard? PS--tell Dennis, Ryan, and Solomon we'll be there for their home finale against USC.
Shantay Legans: (3:16 PM ET ) It's a lot of fun. I get to play with a lot more aggressiveness. I'm more offensive-minded and push the ball more.
Jacobs Brother #1: Tell me about Amit Tamir and what he has brought to the team this year. Has it surprised you?
Shantay Legans: (3:18 PM ET ) Amit is fun to play with. He doesn't really surprise me. He does some things in practice that people haven't seen in games yet. So, he'll still surprise teams down the road with what he can do.
Moderator: (3:19 PM ET ) We got time for just a couple of more questions before Shantay has to head off to practice.
CJ: What's your favorite part of playing in college basketball?
Shantay Legans: (3:21 PM ET ) The school atmostphere. I like the way the fans bind together at sporting events.
CB(Los Angeles): Shantay - as an alum, I just wanted to let you know how proud I am of the team and the way that you guys carry yourselves. As Pete Newell said, Cal alums just want to be proud of their team. And we are. Thank you.
Shantay Legans: (3:23 PM ET ) Thanks a lot. We really enjoy playing in front of all of our fans at Haas.
Shantay Legans: (3:24 PM ET ) Well, I've got to go to practice now to get ready for Thursday's game against Oregon State. Thanks for chatting with me today. Go Bears!
Shantay Legans to Miss USC GameFeb 22 '02
Shantay Legans DiaryMar 12 '01
Basketball Pre-Game ShowTODAY | 6:30pm PTLive
TODAY | 7:00pm PTLive
Basketball Post GameTODAY | 9:00pm PTLive


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|Soul? No thanks. I'll take your wallet!
Since I moved out to SoCal, my wife and I have had the same tradition around this time of going to a U-Pick pumpkin patch for (obviously) pumpkins, and then on up into the mountain to an apple orchard for (again, obviously) apples and cider. The pumpkin patch, Live OakCanyon Pumpkin Patch, has grown more popular and theme-parky over the years. But this past weekend it went over the top.
In the past, the Pumpkin Patch was a quaint, almost side-of-the-road afterthought affair. The fields were mowed down, it was a walk through muddy ground, and the best they offered were wheelbarrows to carry out your spoils. It was cold, dirty, fun work.
It apparently caught on, because they expanded the parking lot into what had been their Christmas Tree groves, and started putting up out buildings. Some temporary games and rides came into being—mostly jumpy-house type affairs. For a buck or two, the kiddies could go play. A few years ago they added a corn maze, which was nice. A bit pricey to wander through, but still fun. The kicker is that you have to find animal signs throughout the maze to get a code for the door out.
|This was the only one of twelve cars actually working.
This year, however, is the first year they've actually charged us admission to come onto the property to spend our money. We had to wait in line for the privilege of coming in. The only upshot I could see is they've adopted Disneyland-style parking guides to direct you to a spot. A smart move to get the people to spend their money just through the front door. They also have a more boardwalk type area with rides and games. They get you by making you buy tickets (about $1 each) and then the rides run between 3 and 8 tickets. With my three sons, I was spending between $9 and $24 to get them on a ride. We're now talking almost Disneyland-style prices!
The boys had a great time, went on some fun rides and bouncy houses. When we were down to our last scattering of tickets, not enough for all the boys, I made the executive decision to shoot at the archery booth. It was a nice choice, although I haven't pulled a bowstring in a couple years. I managed to only flub one arrow (the attendant chided me to make certain it was properly seated on the nock) and then made a nice grouping before I planted three in the bullseye.
But I'm torn.
I get that they want to make money. I'm all for making money. I'd like to make some myself someday. It seems like it makes life easier. I'm not certainly I can embrace the over-commercialization of a U-Pick pumpkin patch simply for the sake of tradition. I haven't fully decided, but I'm certainly torn between what I experienced a decade ago, and the small amusement park that is now the Live Oak Canyon Pumpkin Patch.


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Global Bioplastic Industry 2013-2018: Trend, Forecast, and Opportunity Analysis, January 2014
|英文 167 Pages
商品交期: 最快1-2個工作天內
|全球生質塑膠產業趨勢、預測及機會分析 Global Bioplastic Industry 2013-2018: Trend, Forecast, and Opportunity Analysis, January 2014
|出版日期: 2014年01月01日
|內容資訊: 英文 167 Pages
The global bioplastic industry is expected to witness significant growth and reach an estimated $7.02 billion by 2018. The major forces that are driving bioplastic market are high consumer acceptance, danger posed by climate change, increasing price of fossil materials, and dependence on fossil resources.
Lucintel, a leading global management consulting and market research firm, has conducted a detailed analysis on the bioplastic industry and presents its findings in "Global Bioplastic Industry 2013-2018: Trend, Forecast, and Opportunity Analysis". The wide variety of bioplastic applications under development is a positive factor for growth of bioplastic which also helps to capture market share from competing materials; huge potential lies within the fields of consumer electronics and automotive. On account of new technological developments, bioplastics are moving out of the niche and entering the mass market. Although full market penetration is just beginning, bioplastic materials and products are multiplying continuously. Multinational brand owners such as PepsiCo and Tetra Pak in the packaging market or Ford, Mercedes, Volkswagen, and Toyota in the automotive market have launched or integrated bioplastic products.
Lucintel highlights some of the major challenges likely to be faced by the industry. Bioplastics are generally two to three times more expensive than the conventional plastics. Currently, bioplastic resins cost at least twice as much as petro plastic resins. Price considerations will be the primary determinant for the success of bioplastic market. It is expected that rising petroleum costs will allow some bioplastic resins to be able to achieve price parity with conventional plastics. As crops are used for bioplastic manufacturing, use of hazardous chemicals such as pesticides in land for agriculture production is much common in practice. The use of arable land and edible crops to produce bioplastics is increasingly perceived as an undesirable development that could increase food prices and contribute to food shortages.
The report also describes some of the key industry drivers. Life cycle analysis demonstrates that bioplastics can reduce CO2 emissions by 30%-70% as compared to conventional plastics. This shows a significant reduction in hazardous waste that is caused by oil-derived plastics. Global business is now turning to bio-plastics as governments demand cleaner alternatives to petroleum-based technologies and their reckless emission of greenhouse gas CO2. One metric ton of bioplastics generates between 0.8 and 3.2 fewer metric tons of carbon dioxide as compared to one metric ton of petroleum-based plastics.
Bioplastics are demonstrating impressive growth rates. The strong growth makes way for increasing demand for sustainable solutions in the bioplastic market. Eventually, bioplastics have reached an established position in the number of application sectors from the packaging market to the electronics sector and the automotive industry. Europe and North America remain hot destinations for research and development; they are also important as sales markets.
This unique report from Lucintel will provide you with valuable information, insights, and tools needed to identify new growth opportunities and operate your business successfully in this market. This report will save hundreds of hours of your own personal research time and will significantly benefit you in expanding your business in this market. In today's stringent economy, you need every advantage that you can find.
To make business, investment, and strategic decisions, you need timely, useful information. This market report fulfills this core need and is an indispensable reference guide for multinational materials suppliers, product manufacturers, investors, executives, distributors, and many more that operate in this market. Some of the features of "Global Bioplastic Industry 2013-2018: Trend, Forecast, and Opportunity Analysis" include:


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|The Resistless Hour Awaits by Dan May
Once upon a time, things were very different for me in that regard. Like a lot of people -- especially when they're still young -- I cared about being liked and accepted above all else. I still insist on being liked and accepted by the people I allow to become close to me, but I am a lot pickier as far as how I go about making connections these days. It's quality over quantity all the way.
It occurs to me that I've been outgrowing more and more of my friends as a result. A little at a time, but steadily all the same.
You know how it goes. You take up with people at a point in your life when you're in a certain state of mind -- lonely, angry at the whole world because you're not getting everything you think you're entitled to. You're probably even initially attracted to them because they're like you and have the same outlook on life. Then you evolve. You start figuring things out. You grow up a little and start realizing that sometimes you're the problem. You learn how to make better choices and form better quality relationships as a result. You slowly but surely begin to "get it".
Then you look at some of the people you were closer to during the darker days when you weren't as self aware and you can clearly see that they haven't been making the same progress you have. In fact, they're in the exact same place they used to be. They're still mad at the whole world. They still think their unhappiness and dissatisfaction with life are everyone else's fault. You stop thinking they're as cool as you used to think they were and you start pulling away, probably without even realizing it at first. Then one day they do or say something so out of line you can't justify continuing the relationship anymore. And you realize you don't actually care. You may even realize that you haven't really cared for some time now.
This has been occurring in my life a lot over the past six or seven years. My natural evolution paired with a couple of life-altering events (like Seth's hospitalization and near death a few years ago) have really changed my priorities, especially socially. I've ended or marginalized a lot of different relationships -- with online friends I was once pretty close to, with family, with business associates. I've run into people from my past that I was once super close to and been jarred by the way their lack of personal evolution makes me wonder what I even used to see in them.
I'm just not the same anymore, so I suppose it bothers me that they are. They say "you've changed" without even bothering to conceal the disappointment in their voices. I say "and you haven't" in a tone that conveys just as much disappointment... not to mention boredom.
And then there's the way the removal of such people from my life leaves this... vacuum behind. But it's a vacuum that quickly fills itself with relics and ideas related to the person in some way, shape, or form. I find myself picking these relics up from time to time, turning them over in my hands, and studying them. I've always been an introspective person, so once a particular relationship is over, I like contemplating what it taught me about what I do and don't like about people and relationships. What I find beneficial or unacceptable. How the experiences I had with that person helped me grow as an individual. Seth and I can (and do) talk for hours about this sort of thing. It's like our therapy.
I guess I don't mourn dead connections so much as I perform autopsies on them. Then I recycle the salvageable parts and turn them into characters or stories. That process is very natural for me. It is therapeutic and intellectually stimulating as well. In a way, it almost makes having had to deal with certain people or experiences worthwhile.


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Due to the introduction of digital technology and continues development of the marketing channels there is need of active participation and integration of all the resources for getting the maximum benefit out of it. Integrated marketing is the way to meet these needs. It does the work of synergizing the various resources like online marketing and traditional marketing and provides an efficient delivery channel to communicate the message to the targeted people.
The online marketing channels will be communication through emails, RSS feeds, Website display, Pop Up advertisements etc.
The traditional medium will be print media like newspaper, magazines, bulletin boards, hording etc., the electronic media like Advertisement on television, Radio, FM channels etc. and the direct marketing through sales persons etc.
Browse the definition and meaning of more terms similar to Integrated Marketing. The Management Dictionary covers over 7000 business concepts from 6 categories.
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Landscape and ornamental trees are an important part of human life. They provide shade and beauty around homes, schools, markets and shopping areas, places of work, along streets and highways, in city parks and other areas. They also help conserve energy and the quality of air, water and soil.
Many conifers are important landscape and ornamental plants and fulfil
many functions in landscape design. Virtually all countries have some level
of nursery industry, which offer for sale planting stock, including conifers,
for landscape and ornamental purposes. Small-scale nursery operations are
often an excellent opportunity for small business or family run enterprise.
Trees have been used as ornamental plants since the earliest of times. More than 4 000 years ago, the Egyptians wrote about trees being transplanted with a ball of soil around their roots. Some trees were moved up to 2 400 km by boat. In Greece, Theophrastus (370-285 BC) and Pliny (AD 23-79) gave instructions for tree planting and care. Many books on the care of trees and woody shrubs have been written since those early times.
During the Middle Ages, botanical gardens contained primarily plants of medicinal importance and fruit and nut trees. Later, the gardens of private estates contained many exotic plants introduced via trade and travel. Many of these gardens are now public and are great sources of information and recreation.
By the early 1700s, trees were being planted with some frequency in the cities and estates of Europe. During the early settlement of North America, trees were cut to make room for farms and communities. During the late 1700s, however, trees were being planted in town squares. Unfortunately, after the trees were planted, few received care, except perhaps those on large estates. As settlers migrated west into the open prairies, they planted seeds of fruit trees and other trees to shelter their homes from high winds.
In the early 1900s, national research institutes in Europe and North America began to study fruit and forest trees and by the 1950s, these institutes began working on problems associated with landscape and ornamental trees. The need for this research was accelerated with the introduction of several major pests and disease, which caused serious problems with both forest and ornamental trees (e.g. Dutch elm disease, Ophiostoma ulmi and white pine blister rust, Cronartium ribicola). Experiment stations, botanical gardens, arboretums and some large plant nurseries have long been involved in the introduction and evaluation of landscape materials that are able to tolerate the rigours of the urban environment. These events led to the development of the science of arboriculture, the planting and care of trees and other woody plants (Harris 1976).
Ornamental trees provide a basic contact with nature and heighten pleasure in human surroundings. Their value is difficult to quantify in economic terms but some of the aesthetic benefits they can provide are:
Trees can have significant effects on the microclimate of areas of heavy human population. They absorb heat as they transpire, provide shade that reduces solar radiation and reflection can reduce or increase wind speed and can increase fog precipitation and snow deposition (Harris 1976). Trees can have a significant beneficial effect on the cost of winter heating and summer cooling of buildings. They break up urban "heat islands" by providing shade. It has been estimated that the shade provided by strategically placed trees near a residential home can reduce air conditioning costs by 30-50 percent and trees planted as windbreaks around buildings can reduce winter heating energy use by 4 to 22 percent (Ciesla 1995, Sampson et al. 1992).
Many conifers are used as ornamental and landscape plants. Desirable characteristics of plants selected for this purpose include foliage colour and density, overall form, growth rate (both fast- and slow-growing plants may be desired) and ability to grow and survive under a wide range of climatic and soil conditions. Some species with relatively restricted natural ranges, suggesting that they are not adaptable to wide range of conditions, have become popular plants for landscape and ornamental purposes in many parts of the world. A classic example is the Colorado blue spruce, Picea pungens, which occurs in mid- and high-elevation riparian zones in the states of Colorado, Utah, south-eastern Idaho and Wyoming, United States. The unusual blue-grey colour of its foliage has made it a highly desired landscape and ornamental tree and its ability to grow under a wide range of conditions, despite its limited natural range, has allowed it to be widely planted across Europe and North America.
Genetic variability within species is another desirable trait in trees and plants used as ornamentals. Many conifer species have one or more distinct varieties. Varieties are considered to be one step below the species level in the taxonomic hierarchy (e.g. Cupressus arizonica var. glabra) and are characterized by having distinct characteristics of foliage or form but are inseparable at the species level. Varieties appear in nature, are genetically stable and reproduce from seed (Harrison 1975). For example, Juniperus communis, a tree found in boreal and cold temperate forests of the Northern Hemisphere, has eight recognized varieties based on foliage and form characteristics (Vidalokovic 1991) (Table 3.1). Cultivars are mutations or distinct forms of plants, initially found in nature, and propagated asexually by cutting or grafting with the objective of maintaining those characteristics for a saleable plant (Harrison 1975). Cultivars are not part of the classic Linnean taxonomic hierarchy. Cultivar names have been developed by the nursery industry to reflect the characteristic of the plant, the location where it was discovered, its discoverer, etc., but are not always latinized. Examples of cultivar names include "Blue Pacific, Gold Splash, Erecta, Pyramidalis, Weckii." Cultivariants are cultivars, which appear somewhat different from their vegetative parents due to propagation from non-typical foliage (Harrison 1975).
Table 3.1
Varieties of Juniperus communis and their characteristics
|Prostrate form up to 1 m high,
shoots ascending, needles up to 15 mm long, often directed upwards.
A dense alpine shrub, more or less globose, up to 2.5 m high. Needles 5-12 mm long, sharply pointed.
Prostrate form with broad foliage, 1.7-2 mm wide, fruit globose and flat topped.
Shrub up to 1 m high with slender branches. Needles 7-10 mm long, less curved and thinner than montana.
Prostrate shrub with branches up to 1 m long. Needles thick; 10 mm long and 2.2 mm wide, sickle formed, sharply pointed with a blue-white band above.
Very prostrate, 20-50 cm high, branches densely arranged, branchlets short. Needles ascending along the shoot, 4-8 mm long, 1-2 mm wide.
Similar to montana but with less curved needles, 1-1.2 mm wide, fruit globose, rounded at the top and containing only one seed.
First order branches horizontally spreading while others are pendulous.
|Canada, northern United States.
Algeria, Italy (Sicily and Appenine Mts,) S.E. Europe, Crimea, Caususus.
Japan (Mountains on islands of Hokkaido and Honshu).
Europe (Alps, Carpathian and Sudeten Mts, Yugoslavia in Gorski Kotar
and Dinaric Alps, Macedonia).
Mountains of northern California, Oregon and Washington, United States
Europe (Alpine and subalpine regions, often in peat bogs), North Asia,
North America.
Japan (Mountains of Hokkaido and Honshu Islands).
Source: Vidakovic (1991)
Many species of the genus Juniperus have a large number of recognized varieties and cultivars, which are popular landscape materials. They range from low, prostrate forms that are popular for borders, edging and ground cover, to small trees with pyramidal or columnar forms. In addition, there are cultivars with variegated yellow and green foliage. The same is true for the species of the genus Chamaecyparis, especially C. lawsoniana, which has over 200 recognized cultivars based on tree form and foliage colour (Vidakovic 1991). This species was once a major component of a large nursery and landscape industry in the Pacific north-western United States until a virulent root pathogen, Phytophthora lateralis, appeared in the nurseries where this species was being grown during the late 1930s and destroyed the viability of this species as a landscape material in the Pacific north-west (Hepting 1971). Blue spruce, Picea pungens, has 38 described cultivars, many of which (e.g. Argentea, Glauca, Koster, Moerheim and Thomsen) have a foliage colour that is a more distinctive silver-blue than is normally seen in natural forests of this species (Vidakovic 1991).
Dwarf conifers, which may be less than a meter high when mature, are
a valuable group of landscape materials. They can be either varieties or
cultivars and can appear in a wide range of genera and species. They are
popular in rock gardens, around garden pools, in small, formal gardens
and as ground cover plants (Welch 1979). In any given location, exotic
conifers are often popular landscape materials. This is especially true
of people interested in growing plants who prefer to have something "new
and different." Many North American conifers, such as Picea pungens,
which has already been mentioned, Thuja occidentalis (see textbox)
and Chamaecyparislawsoniana have become popular landscape
and ornamental trees in Europe.
"Arborvitae", which means "tree of life", in Latin is a common name for Thuja occidentalis, a tree found in eastern Canada and the United States. The name is said to have been given to this species by the king of France during the early sixteenth century.
The name originates from the French expedition into Canada led by Jacques Cartier, which led to the discovery of the St. Lawrence River. During the expedition, the members of Cartiers team were affected by scurvy. Friendly natives they encountered along the way gave them a decoction believed to be made from an extract of the foliage of this tree. Believing themselves to be cured by the extract, in gratitude they carried specimens of this tree back to France.
It is in this way that the first North American tree may have been introduced into Europe, where it soon found favour as an ornamental (Harlow and Harrar 1950).
Members of the genus Abies are popular coniferous ornamentals because of their conical growth, v-shaped crown and dark green foliage and are widely used in Europe, North America and Asia. Widely used species include A. alba (Europe), Spanish fir, Abies pinaspo, Greek fir, Abies cephalonica, Algerian fir, A. numidica, A. cilicica of Asia Minor, Nordmann fir, A. nordmanniana. Popular Asian species are A. firma, A. homolepis, A. veitchii, and A. koreana. In the United States, A. concolor, A. grandis, A. amabilis, A. magnifica and A. procera are popular ornamentals. Many dwarf forms are available for rock gardens and ornamental purposes (Tang-Shui Liu 1971).
Norfolk Island pine, Araucaria heterophylla, is widely used in many tropical areas as a landscape plant, especially in the Hawaiian Islands and the Philippines (Ntima 1968) . It is popular because of its symmetry and regular whorls of branches. Among other areas, it is commonly planted along Australias East Coast (Boland et al. 1984) (Fig 3.1).
Figure 3.1: Araucaria columnaris is widely used as a landscape tree in the tropics (Lanai City, Lanai, Hawaii, United States).
The purpose of any landscape is to look pleasing to the eye. Landscapes can be attractive if they consist of only conifers or a mixture of conifers and broad-leaved trees but tend to have a greater year round appeal if they include a portion of conifers. This is especially true in temperate climates where most broad-leaved species are deciduous. Some special uses of conifers in landscape design are described in the following sections.
Foliage effect
Conifers are desirable trees to plant because of the varied foliage colours that they have to offer. These range from different hues of green, grey or blue to exotic golds or silvers. The purpose of different foliage colours in a landscape is to create interest and variety. Too much green, while restful to the eye, can become tiring and uninteresting (Rushforth 1987). A number of conifers, such as Picea pungens, Cryptomeria japonica and Cupressus arizonica have foliage with a blue cast. Others, such as Abies concolor, have foliage with a distinct grey-green colour. Still others, such as Taxus baccata, Tsuga canadensis and Pinus radiata have a deep green foliage colour. A number of cultivars have golden or yellow coloured foliage. Several conifer genera, Larix, Pseudolarix, Metasequoia and Taxodium, can add fall colouring to a landscape.
Specimen and character trees
The purpose of a specimen or character tree is to have a shape or form that will be attractive to look at throughout the year. They can be used in a variety of different situations including marking the edge of a vista or characterizing a particular space. The size of a specimen tree must be in relative proportion to its surroundings. If the space available is tall and narrow, a tree with a pyramidal or spire-like crown is most suitable. A large, open space would be the perfect setting for a large, multi-stemmed Cedrus libani. However, this tree would not work well in a small area because of the massive sizes it is capable of achieving (Rushforth 1987).
There are a number of examples of the effective use of specimen or character trees. Several cultivars of Cupressus sempervirens, which have a columnar form, have been introduced into Italy where they line roadsides or accent large estates and castles. This tree has been so widely planted in the region of Tuscany that it has become an integral part of the character and charm of this beautiful and enchanting region (Fig 3.2). Similarly, the umbrella-like crown form of Pinus pinea has been used with great effectiveness to line streets and major arteries leading into Rome (authors observation). In southern Brazil, the umbrella-like crown of Araucaria angustifolia, an indigenous species, appears in parks, golf courses and along roads and is an integral part of the landscape of this region (Ciesla 1986) (Fig 3.3).
Figure 3.2: Extensive plantings of columnar cultivars of Cupressus sempervirens in the Tuscany region of Italy has given the landscape a special character.
Shelter, screening and backcloth plantings
Shelter plantings are usually designed to protect adjoining areas from effects of wind or frost. The subjects they protect can range from other plants, to homes or greenhouses. Protection may take one of two forms, either overhead protection with overstory plants or side protection. In many open, arid regions of the world, where there is a frequent occurrence of high velocity, desiccating winds, various drought tolerant species of Juniperus are often used in combination with other broad-leaved trees as windbreak or shelterbelt plantings. Screening is similar to providing shelter, except that the objective is to shut out a particular intrusion such as an unsightly industrial facility. Plantings can also be used for visual screening or to trap dust and debris. While not particularly effective at screening out sounds, they can reduce the perceived sound because the source is no longer visible. The objective of backcloth planting is to display a plant or other item to best effect. Many attractive plants are best displayed when placed against a dark background. Conifers with dense, dark green foliage are best suited for this purpose (Rushforth 1987).
Figure 3.3: Planting of Araucaria angustifolia along a golf course, Curitiba, Brazil
Conifers can make very useful hedges. Ideal requirements for a hedge plant is that it will grow on a wide range of soils, be easily trimmed to the right size, be evergreen, make an effective barrier throughout the year, not need too much trimming and be fully hardy and pest and disease resistant. The hedge should also be quick to establish, which in practice competes with the need for not too frequent trimming. Many species of the family Cupressaceae are excellent materials for hedges (Rushforth 1987). In Kenya and other eastern and southern African countries, the Mexican cypress, Cupressus lusitanica, has been widely used for ornamental hedges and living fences around homes in rural settings designed to keep out free ranging livestock, wildlife and human intruders (authors observation). Unfortunately, the viability of this species has been reduced by the recent introduction of a destructive insect, the cypress aphid (Ciesla 1991). In eastern United States, Tsuga canadensis is a popular hedge species (Rushforth 1987).
Christmas trees are an important seasonal commodity in countries where Christianity is the predominant religion and the birth of Jesus Christ is traditionally celebrated with a colourfully decorated tree in the home. Production and sale of Christmas trees is a multi-million dollar industry. Christmas trees are harvested from natural forests or trees grown in plantations established specifically for Christmas tree production. A number of commercial Christmas tree growers now offer customers the opportunity to select and cut their trees. In the United States, special permits may be obtained to harvest a Christmas tree in selected areas on public lands (National Forests or public lands administered by the Bureau of Land Management).
The tradition of a Christmas tree inside the home is generally associated with the Christian celebration of the birth of Jesus Christ. However, the tree used as a symbol of life, is a tradition much older than Christianity and is not exclusive to any one religion. Long before there was a Christmas celebration, Egyptians brought green palm branches into their homes on the day of the winter solstice as a symbol of lifes triumph over death. Romans adorned their homes with evergreens during Saturnalia, a winter festival in honour of Saturnus, their god of agriculture. Druid priests decorated oak trees with golden apples for their winter solstice celebrations. In Europe, during the Middle Ages, the Paradise tree, a conifer hung with red apples, was the symbol of the feast of Adam and Eve held on 24 December.
The first recorded reference to the Christmas tree dates back to the sixteenth century. In Strasbourg, France, families both rich and poor decorated fir trees, Abies alba, with coloured paper, fruits and sweets. At this time, the first retail sales of Christmas trees were also made, usually by older women, who would sell trees harvested from nearby forests. This tradition gradually spread throughout Europe.
By now a well-established European tradition, Christmas trees were introduced to the United States by German settlers and by Hessian mercenary soldiers who fought in the revolutionary war. In 1804, American soldiers stationed at Fort Dearborn, the present day location of the city of Chicago, cut trees from the surrounding forests and brought them to their barracks at Christmas. Charles Minnegrode first introduced the custom of decorating trees at Christmas in Williamsburg, Virginia in 1842. In 1851, Mark Carr hauled two ox-driven sleds loaded with trees harvested in the Catskill Mountains of New York State to the streets of New York City and opened the first retail lot for Christmas tree sales in the United States.
A German also introduced Christmas trees into Canada. In 1781, General Von Reidesel planted the first Christmas tree in Quebec. The custom spread during the Victorian period, although it was limited to the middle class. After 1920, the practice began to appear in large cities but in the rural areas of Canada, decorated trees did not become a familiar sight until the 1930s .
Many conifers are popular Christmas trees and preference varies with location. Local climatic conditions also affect the kind of trees that can be grown. The following sections highlight some of the more popular species, their desirable and undesirable characteristics (Hill 1989, Chapman and Wray 1979).
Characteristics that define a good Christmas tree include:
|1. Needle colour -
|Christmas trees should have a rich, dark green or blue-green colour. Trees with thin or chlorotic (yellow) foliage are especially undesirable.
|2. Needle retention -
|Needles should remain on a tree for a long time after they are cut.
|3. Needle sharpness -
|Needles should be relatively soft and easy to handle.
|4. Branch thickness -
|Branches should be capable of supporting Christmas ornaments but not so thick that it is difficult to hang ornaments. Branches should be sufficiently durable to tolerate shipment.
|5. Odour -
|Foliage should have a pleasant fragrance and be free from pungent odours.
|6. Overall form -
|Trees should be conical in form and with sufficient foliage and branch density to appear full crowned.
|7. Growth -
|Growth should be sufficiently rapid to produce an attractive tree of saleable size in 7-10 years.
Abies spp.
The pleasing fragrance, colour, form and exceptionally long-needle retention after being cut, of the true firs make them highly prized Christmas trees both in Europe and North America (Tang-Shui Lui 1971).
Balsam fir, Abies balsamea, occurs naturally over a large area of eastern Canada and portions of north-eastern United States and is one of the most popular Christmas trees. It has a pleasant fragrance, a deep green needle colour and needles that are retained for a long time even in warm, dry rooms. In Canada, many balsam fir Christmas trees are still harvested from natural forests and shipped long distances to the United States, Mexico, Venezuela and Germany. Balsam fir is also a popular plantation grown Christmas tree. The southern balsam or Fraser fir, Abies fraseri, is closely related to A. balsamea and is endemic to the high mountain regions of the southern Appalachian Mountains (United States), and is also highly favoured as a Christmas tree.
Several western North American species of Abies are also popular Christmas trees. White fir, A concolor, is found in California and south-western United States where it is a popular regional Christmas tree. It has long needles (up to 4 cm) which are a grey-green colour. This tree has a relatively slow growth rate and trees cannot be harvested until they are at least 10 to 12 years old. Grand fir, A. grandis, is well known for its fragrant foliage and is widely grown in Christmas tree plantations where it is often sheared. Noble fir, A. procera, is considered a premier Christmas tree both in Europe and North America. This tree is native to north-western United States and adjoining portions of Canada and is widely planted in Christmas tree plantations. Noble fir tends to have an open crown, stout branches and luxurious, green needles. It is a popular tree for hanging large ornaments.
The Caucasian fir, Abies nordmanniana, of southern Europe is the principal species grown for Christmas trees in Denmark (Hansen et al. 1997). A. alba is also a popular Christmas tree in Denmark and other European countries.
Picea spp.
The spruces are considered traditional Christmas trees, especially in Europe but have several undesirable characteristics, primarily poor needle retention. The foliage of several species also has pungent odours, which are unpleasant when brought into a home.
Norway spruce, Picea abies, was one of the first trees to be used as a Christmas tree in Europe and still remains a popular choice. This species has been introduced into the north-eastern parts of North America where it is widely planted for a number of purposes including Christmas trees. Its needles are dark green; the tree has a good natural form and requires little shearing. Its one serious weakness is poor needle retention.
White spruce, Picea glauca, a native of the North American boreal forest, has several desirable features including good form, slender branches and a grey-green needle colour. Although slow growing, it does well in plantations. Unfortunately, white spruce has poor needle retention and the foliage has an unpleasant odour when crushed.
Red spruce, P. rubens, another tree native to eastern North America has dark green foliage. It has good form but, like most spruces, suffers from poor needle retention. It is not widely grown because it generally takes 20-30 years to reach a saleable size. Black spruce, P. mariana, another component of the North American boreal forest, has very short needles. This tree is harvested for Christmas trees and often spray painted various colours for a speciality market. Colorado blue spruce, P. pungens, has an excellent blue-green needle colour and good form but has very sharp needles which makes this tree difficult to decorate.
Pinus spp.
Many species of pines are popular Christmas trees. They are particularly suitable for trees grown in plantations because of their relatively fast growth rates.
In the United States the Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris, is an extremely popular species. This native Eurasian pine was introduced into North America as a potential timber species with disappointing results. However, this tree responds well to shearing which results in a Christmas tree with a dense, conical crown and can be grown in cold climates. Because of its extensive natural range, there is considerable variation in form, growth rates and needle colour of this species, and provenance is an important criteria in selecting seedlings for Christmas tree production. Some forms are subject to fall yellowing which reduces their marketability as a Christmas tree. Ironically, this tree, which is so popular in North America, is not used as a Christmas tree in Europe.
Pinus nigra, another European species, is grown on a small-scale in the United States for Christmas trees; however, there is limited demand for this species. Needles are a rich green colour and growth rate is rapid that trees must be sheared in order to ensure good form. Undesirable characteristics include needles that are long and stiff and the presence of thick, stiff branches, which makes handling difficult.
Eastern white pine, Pinus strobus, is a highly favoured tree in eastern North America. It has needles with a uniform bluish-green colour, which remain on the tree for a long time after cutting. This species also has a rapid growth rate and must be sheared to ensure good form and foliage density. Unfortunately, it has somewhat brittle branches and does not lend itself well to long-distance shipping.
Radiata pine, Pinus radiata, is the most widely planted of all pines and has several characteristics that make it a desirable Christmas tree. It is fast growing and has rich dark-green foliage. It is not suitable for planting in cold climates, dry climates or climates with a summer rainfall pattern. Virginia pine, Pinus virginiana, is a tree native to portions of south-eastern United States. This tree has become a popular Christmas tree locally because it responds well to shearing. Other pines, which have been used as Christmas trees (primarily in the United States), include Pinus resinosa, P. thunbergiana, P. banksiana, P. rigida, P. taeda and P. echinata.
Pseudotsuga menziesii
Douglas fir is a popular Christmas tree, especially in western North America where it is native. It has all of the qualities desired in a Christmas tree. Needles are about 1 cm long and needle colour varies from grey-green or blue-green to deep green. Needle retention is good in warm rooms. Response to shearing is good, resulting in a more symmetrical tree with dense foliage. Its growth rate is relatively slow and more than ten years are required to produce a saleable tree. Douglas fir is the most popular Christmas tree in north-western United States and is gaining popularity in other markets as well.
Other species
Eastern red cedar, Juniperus virginiana, is a locally important species in south-eastern United States where it is grown in plantations. Further north, the foliage tends to take on a purplish cast during winter, which reduces its desirability for Christmas tree use. Cupressus arizonica, a species with blue-green foliage, is becoming a popular Christmas tree in south-eastern United States.
In southern Brazil, Araucaria angustifolia is a popular Christmas
tree (Reitz et al. 1979). A. columnaris, a species native
to New Caledonia (frequently referred to as Norfolk Island pine, A.
heterophylla) is widely planted as a Christmas tree in the Hawaiian
Islands (USA) and has been exported to the Pacific coastal regions of the
United States as a novelty Christmas tree (Little and Skolmen 1989).
The United States is a major producer of Christmas trees with an annual harvest of about 35 million trees during 1993-96. Most trees are harvested for domestic use. Christmas trees are grown in all 50 States on a total area of about 400 000 ha. The principal Christmas tree producing-states are Oregon, Michigan, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, California and North Carolina. Most Christmas trees are produced in plantations although some are still harvested from natural forests. There are about 15 000 Christmas tree growers in the United States and over 100 000 people are employed either full time or part time in this industry .
Canada is another major Christmas tree producer with an annual production
of about 4 million trees valued at US$38-45 million. Approximately 50 percent
of Canadas Christmas trees are exported, with the United States being
the largest market. In 1994, some 2 million of Canadas total export of
2 118 500 trees were exported to the United States (Table 3.2). Other countries
receiving large numbers of Canadian Christmas trees were Panama, the Netherlands
Antilles, Venezuela and Bermuda. Unlike the United States, most Canadian
Christmas trees are harvested from natural forests (primarily Abies
balsamea) but the number of Christmas tree plantations is on the increase.
The Province of Quebec is Canadas biggest producer of Christmas trees
followed by Ontario, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and British Columbia (Fig
3.4). Canada also imports about US$3 million in Christmas trees annually
from the United States (National Forestry Database Program 1996).
Table 3.2
Christmas tree production, exports and imports
Canada, 1993-94
exported (000)
4 188
4 257
38 429
45 479
2 057
2 118
24 734
25 548
3 262
3 109
Source: National Forestry Program DataBase (1996)
In Europe, Christmas trees were first produced while thinning undergrowth. Although this may still be the case in a few occasions, the bulk of the Christmas tree production is produced in specialised plantations. Denmark is the leading producer of Christmas trees in Europe. In 1994, the Danish
Christmas industry had an income of approximately US$110 million (green
foliage and trees) accounting for about one-third of the countrys total
forestry income (Hansen et al. 1997). In the Århus Forest
District, for example, 36 percent of total receipts were derived from the
sale of non-wood forest products, including Christmas trees. In Denmark,
Christmas trees are almost exclusively produced on very intensively managed
plantations (Munk Plum P. 1998, personal communication). Germany is also
a major Christmas tree producer. Hartwig (1977) estimated the share of
decorative greens and Christmas trees together at 0.4 percent of the total
value of receipts from sales of forest products.
Figure 3.4: Christmas tree production in Canada by Province 1994.
Mexico has recently become a major market for Christmas trees. Over
a two-year period, Mexican Christmas tree imports virtually doubled (Table
3.3) and by 1993, Mexico imported over US$6 million in trees, 95 percent
of which came from the United States, primarily the Pacific north-western
States (Oregon and Washington). The remainder is imported from Canada.
Noble fir, Abies procera, accounted for 60 percent of the sales
because of its longer needle retention. Pseudotsuga menziesii and
Abies balsamea were also important. Some vendors attempted to market
Pinus sylvestris, but Mexican consumers, because of its sharp needles,
did not favour this species. Domestic Christmas trees are available from
the states of Mexico, Michoacan, Durango and Chihuahua. However, the most
significant problem facing this sector is the scarcity of specialized Christmas
tree growers. A few Christmas tree plantations exist and their numbers
are growing, especially in the states of Puebla and Mexico. Statistics
on Christmas tree production and consumption in Mexico do not exist at
present (USDA 1995).
Table 3.3
Mexican imports of Christmas trees, 1991-93
2 300
3 100
2 338
2 650
3 400
4 000
5 900
6 838
5 900
6 200
10 092
Source: USDA (1995)
Bonsai is a technique for retaining the essential growth form of a tree but reducing it to pocket size. Many species of conifers are used in bonsai, which can be cultivated either outdoors or indoors (Rushforth 1987).
The word "bonsai" has its origins in China where it was derived from two words, bon, meaning a tray or pot and sai, meaning a plant (Stowell 1966). Bonsai literally means a plant or tree growing in a tray or pot. The practice of growing trees in pots can be traced to Egypt about 4000 years ago. The purpose of planting trees in pots at that time was for mobility. The Greeks, Babylonians, Persians and Hindus subsequently adopted this practice.
The first records of growing small trees in pots are from China during the Tsin era (third century BC). On the tomb of Zhang Huai, the second son of the empress Tang Wu Zeitan, there is a figure of a woman carrying a bonsai in both hands. Later, during the Tang dynasty (618-907 AD) and the Song dynasty, public records refer to a man who "had learned the art of creating the illusion of immensity enclosed within a small space and all this contained within a single pot." During this same period, Buddhist monks are said to have carried the pen-tsai (trees taken from natural surroundings and replanted, just as they were, in ornamental pots) throughout the Far East.
Bonsai, as it is known today, originated in Japan. The first references
to bonsai began to appear in Japan between the twelfth and mid fourteenth
centuries. There is a famous scroll of the Buddhist monk, Honen, which
is decorated with bonsai and dates roughly from the twelfth century. The
period of Edo (1615-1867) was a period of growth in interest of colourful
trees grown in trays. The bonkei were landscapes on trays and bonsai
trees grown in pots. The well-to-do classes in Japan gradually developed
an attachment for bonsai and the trees they succeeded in growing took pride
of place in their homes. Soon the cultivation of bonsai as a hobby spread
through all of Japans social strata, with the last to adopt the practice
being the poorer classes. Today, bonsai culture is practised throughout
all of Japan.
There is an old Japanese tale about a sage who explained his smooth and youthful features by his devotion to bonsai. When he contemplated his work, he could not grow old because "while flowers may fade in winter, in his home they were always in bloom".
Bonsai is an inward image, a symbol of eternity. It is said to abolish time and reflects the harmony between man and nature and heaven and earth (Samson and Samson 1986).
Bonsai first began to appear in Europe in the fourteenth century when it was introduced by travellers to the Far East but was largely forgotten by the eighteenth century. This art form enjoyed a renaissance in Europe during the nineteenth century when several serious essays appeared on means employed by the Japanese to develop dwarf trees (Samson and Samson 1986).
The cultivation of bonsai was first brought to North America by Japanese immigrants, many of who settled along the Pacific Coast (Stowell 1966).
Bonsai is a three dimensional, living form of art. Through special techniques and the application of the principles of design, plants are developed into objets dart. Bonsai is something of nature evoked in miniature and is meant to communicate the idea of a windswept tree clinging to a rocky crag; an ancient rugged pine that has survived years of wind, sun and rain or a group of such trees or of some lovely distant landscape. Bonsai should never appear grotesque or unnaturally distorted; it should simply reproduce nature in miniature. Bonsai differs from ordinary potted plants in that woody or somewhat woody plants are always used. The growth is trained and controlled so as to produce a miniature tree. Bonsai is an aesthetic use of horticultural material, an abstraction of nature on a reduced scale (Stowell 1966).
In every bonsai, one should find the shape of the triangle (Fig 3.5). Bonsai joins heaven and earth and becomes a concrete allegory by leading humans along the pathway of spiritual values. Four main groups of bonsai are recognized (Samson and Samson 1986).
Figure 3.5: A Juniperus
procumbens bonsai in the shakan style (Photo taken at the Bonsai Nursery,
Denver, Colorado).
1. Group 1 - A single trunk
|Chokkan -
|The formal upright style where the tree grows upward toward the sky.
|Shakan -
|The trunk bends and may do so to the extent of being semi-cascade.
|Kengai -
|A cascade style, plunging downwards.
|Bankhan -
|The trunk winds around itself like a twisted cord.
A number of sub-styles are derived from these four basic styles.
2. Group 2 - Multiple stems from a single root
|Sôkan -
|A double trunk.
|Kabudachi -
|Multiple trunks grouped around a single root.
|Kôrabuki -
|Multi-trunked style.
|Ikadabuki -
|Straight line style; a horizontal trunk forms the stump.
|Netsunagari -
|Sinuous style with several trunks growing from a single sinuous root.
3. Group 3 - Multiple trunks or Group plantings
|Sôju -
|Twin trunks.
|Sambon-Yôse -
|Three trunks.
|Gohon -Yôse -
|Five trunks.
|Nanahon - Yôse
|Seven trunks.
|Kyûhon - Yôse -
|Nine trunks.
|Yôse - Ue -
|More than nine trunks.
|Yomayori or Yomayose -
|A natural grouping.
|Tsukami - Yôse -
|Clustered group style - multiple trunks springing up from the same place.
4. Group 4 - These are not bonsai in the strict sense but are miniature landscapes, grass plantations and seasonal plants.
Bonsai can be propagated from seeds or seedlings, cutting, layering or grafting. Techniques have evolved over many years, which allow the grower to change the height and direction of the trees growth and in some cases to dwarf the foliage of the tree. Trees selected for bonsai are kept small by pruning of new growth, root pruning and limiting growing space. While there are certain classic or traditional forms that can be followed, the rule of thumb for a personal bonsai is "if you like the way it looks, its a good bonsai".
A popular misconception about bonsai is that the trees are always old. In actuality bonsai can be any age. Years are not a factor that relates to quality in bonsai. There are techniques in the development of bonsai that can give a young tree a much older appearance (Stowell 1966).
Both broad-leafed trees and conifers are used in bonsai. Because bonsai should look like mature trees in miniature, commonly used species typically have small leaves or needles so that the trunk, branches, twigs, leaves and roots will be in scale in overall composition (Stowell 1966).
A large number of conifers of the families Cupressaceae and Pinaceae
are good candidates for bonsai (Table 3.4). Initially this art form was
confined to Asian species. However, as it became popular with western cultures,
it was learned that a number of European and North American species also
lent themselves to this form of cultivation. Members of the genus Juniperus
are especially popular for bonsai because they are relatively easy to care
for and are especially popular with beginners.
Bonsai exist in nature. They are commonly seen on high mountains or in rocky places were there is little or no soil. Other factors, which may cause natural bonsai, are chronic drought, wind, avalanches or heavy browsing. The first bonsai trees were taken from the natural environment. To remove a tree from its natural habitat, part of the roots were cut over a period of two to three years, usually in the spring. The removal of naturally occurring bonsai was an art form in itself. However, this practice is forbidden today in many places (Samson and Samson 1986).
Today, bonsai are sold and cultivated in many parts of the world. Many large cities have at least one organization for bonsai enthusiasts (Stowell 1966). In addition to Japan, bonsai clubs are found in North America, most western European countries, Australia, Brazil, New Zealand and South Africa.
Bonsai can be purchased in either speciality shops or sometimes in stores,
which sell gardening supplies. In some countries, bonsai can be purchased
in street markets. A small, young bonsai, in a simple pot, can sell for
as little as US$ 20. Larger, more elaborate bonsai can sell for US$1 000
and up. Some dealers sell 6 to 8 cm starter plants for approximately US$
Table 3.4
Some conifers used for bonsai
|Ginkgo biloba
|Chamaecyparis obtusa
Cryptomeria japonica
Juniperus chinensis
Juniperus procumbens
Juniperus rigida
Juniperus sargenti
|Juniperus virginiana
Thuja occidentalis
|Cedrus spp.
Larix decidua
Picea jezoensis
Picea orientalis
Pinus parviflora
Pinus pumila
Pinus thunbergiana
|Picea abies
Pinus montana
Pinus nigra
Pinus sylvestris
|Picea glauca
Picea mariana
Pinus flexilis
Pinus ponderosa
Pinus rigida
Pinus strobus
|Taxus cuspida
Sources: Menage 1975, Samson and Samson 1986, Stowell 1966, Yashiroda 1960, Bonsai Nursery Inc., Denver, Colorado, USA.
Topiary is the creation of sculpture out of a living, growing plant. Species used as a basis of this art form need to be able to withstand repeated clipping. Ideally, they are tough and hardy evergreen plants. Several conifers are used in topiary. One especially popular species is Taxus baccata, which is particularly desirable because it is slow growing and requires less trimming to achieve the desired shape.
In topiary, plants can be trimmed to make a variety of forms, ranging from pocket battleships, animals or regular cones suitable for very formal gardens (Rushforth 1987).
Figure 3.6: Bonsai, Pinus parviflora, for sale in a street market in Hefei, Anhui Province, China.
Some conifers can be used as houseplants and some species survive indoor conditions quite well. This is the only practical means of growing tropical conifers in temperate climates although not all conifers will tolerate indoor conditions well.
The Norfolk Island pine, Araucaria heterophylla, is a tree widely used for indoor culture. Other species of Araucaria can also be grown indoors. The cultivar "Goldcrest" of Cupressus macrocarpa is often sold as a houseplant as are juvenile forms of several species of Pinus (e.g. P. canariensis or P. pinea) (Rushforth 1987).
1/. According to Little and Skolmen (1989), most of the Araucaria planted in the Hawaiian Islands is actually Araucariacolumnaris, a closely related species indigenous to New Caledonia.
2/. Information in this section was obtained from the National Christmas Tree Association (NCTA) of the USA via the World Wide Web at: http://christree.org/dir/US.IA.SweaCity.htm.
3/. The Christmas tree comes to Canada, at http:// www.chin.gc.ca/christmas/sap intro.htm
4/. Data obtained from the National Christmas Tree Association (NCTA) via the World Wide Web.
5/. Data obtained from the Danish Forestry Research Institute, Copenhagen at http://www.fsl.dk/.


text:
Milan Historic Locations
The following historic locations are located in Milan, Tennessee. Please select a historic place in Milan to view detailed information including address information, historical signifiance, and much more.
Tennessee Historic Places
|Browning House
E of Milan on Milan Army Ammunition Plant
Milan, TN
Single Dwelling
|Union Central School
Union Central Rd.
Milan, TN
|US Post Office
382 S. Main St.
Milan, TN
Post Office
Tennessee Historic Places


text:
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