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The most controversial topics in Wikipedia: A multilingual and geographical analysis
- Betty Jewel Baker
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1 This is a draft of a book chapter to be published in 2014 by Scarecrow Press. Please cite as: Yasseri T., Spoerri A., Graham M., and Kertész J., The most controversial topics in Wikipedia: A multilingual and geographical analysis. In: Fichman P., Hara N., editors, Global Wikipedia: International and cross-cultural issues in online collaboration. Scarecrow Press (2014). The most controversial topics in Wikipedia: A multilingual and geographical analysis Taha Yasseri1,2, Anselm Spoerri3, Mark Graham1, and János Kertész4,2 1 Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom Department of Theoretical Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary 3 School of Information and Communication, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA 4 Center for Network Science, Central European University, Budapest, Hungary 2 We present, visualize and analyse the similarities and differences between the controversial topics related to edit wars identified in 10 different language versions of Wikipedia. After a brief review of the related work we describe the methods developed to locate, measure, and categorize the controversial topics in the different languages. Visualizations of the degree of overlap between the top 100 list of most controversial articles in different languages and the content related geographical locations will be presented. We discuss what the presented analysis and visualizations can tell us about the multicultural aspects of Wikipedia, and, in general, about cultures of peer-production with focus on universal and specifically, local features. We demonstrate that Wikipedia is more than just an encyclopaedia; it is also a window into divergent social-spatial priorities, interests and preferences. 1. Introduction Value creation in electronic collaborative environments is rapidly gaining importance. Examples include the Open Source Software project, applications for social network services and the paradigmatic case of Wikipedia. The latter is especially suited for scientific research as practically all changes and discussions are recorded and made publicly available. This provides a unique opportunity to study the laws of peer production, the process of self-organization of hierarchical structures needed to make such a system efficient and the occurring regional and cultural differences. One of the challenges is to understand the emergence and resolution of conflicts in peer production. While the common aim in the collaboration is clear, unavoidably differences in opinions and views occur, leading to controversies. Clearly, there is a positive role of the conflicts: if they can be resolved in a consensus, the product will better reflect the state of the art
2 then without fighting them out. However, there are examples, where no hope for a consensus seems in sight then the struggle strongly limits efficiency. The investigation of conflicts in Wikipedia can contribute not only to the understanding of the mechanisms of peer production but also to that of the nature of the conflicts itself. What are the dynamics of the emergence of a conflict? What are the main elements of the escalation? How are the camps structured? What are the main techniques of reaching consensus? These are all general questions, which can be studied in detail by using Wikipedia data. In addition to that, the presence of different editions of Wikipedia in different languages, allows us to investigate all the mentioned research questions at the global scale and cross-lingually, aiming at understanding universal and local features of the conflicts. Cross-cultural comparisons of contested and controversial topics, provides us with a detailed and naturally generated image of the priorities and sensitivities of the editors' community of the specific language edition. Our interest in this study is mainly of a socio-political nature. By using and comparing 12 different language editions of Wikipedia, we were interested in cultural differences and similarities and we investigate whether Wikipedia is a multicultural forum or there are strong linguistic-group-dependent features. Here we employ visualizations to assist us in disentangling this multivariate issue. It turns out that on the one hand Wikipedia as a unifying tool brings divergent groups of individuals closer to each other, on the other hand there are still specific characteristics to be understood only based on localities and cultural differences. One approach to this issue is to investigate the effects coming from geographical locations of controversial topics in different language editions of Wikipedia. There is an increasing body of literature on Wikipedia conflicts; for a recent review see Yasseri and Kertész (2013). The first problem to solve is to create an automated filter to identify controversial articles that works independently of all the languages of Wikipedia. While there are lists of controversial topics and Lamest edit wars in Wikipedia provided by editor communities, it has been argued that those lists are neither complete nor exclusive (Sumi 2011a) As such, there have been several efforts to introduce quantitative algorithms to detect and rank controversial articles in Wikipedia (Kittur et al. 2007, Vuong et al. 2008, Sumi et al. 2011a,b). Here a compromise between efficiency and accuracy is called for. Among the one-dimensional measures that can be computed, the one developed by Sumi et al. (2012) turns out to be one of the most reliable ones (Sepehri Rad and Barbosa, 2012). Using this measure, detailed studies of the statistics (Sumi et al., 2011), dynamics and characteristics of conflicts in different versions of Wikipedia (Yasseri et al., 2012a) were carried out. In this work, we use the same methodology to locate and rank the controversial articles and then compare their topical coverage and geographical locations (where possible) across different language editions. Previous work on topical coverage of contested articles in English Wikipedia (Kittur 2009) has reported that Religion and Philosophy are among the most debated topics. However, this study doesn't give more detailed information about the individual articles with high level of controversy and not a comparison between different language editions either. The detection methods used by Kittur et al. are based on the Controversial Tags assigned by editors to the articles, which evidently does not include all the really debated articles and is hard to generalise to language editions beyond English (Sumi et al. 2011b). Apic et al. (2011) also took the user tagged articles in English Wikipedia into account and calculated a dispute index for each country based on the number of tagged articles linking to the article about the country. They show that this index correlates with external measures for
3 governance, political, and economical stability, such that the higher the dispute index is the lower the stability. 2. Methods In this section, we briefly describe the controversy detection methods and the visualization methods used to present the results. 2.1 Controversy detection method and topical categorization We quantify the controversiality of an article based on its editorial history, by focusing on reverts, i.e. when an editor undoes another editor s edit completely and brings it to the version exactly the same as the version before the last version. To detect reverts, we first assign a MD5 hash code (Rivest RL, 1992) to each revision of the article and then by comparing the hash codes, detect when two versions in the history line are exactly the same. In this case, the latest edit (leading to the second identical revision) is marked as a revert, and a pair of editors, namely a reverting and a reverted one, are recognized. A mutual revert is recognized if a pair of editors (x, y) is observed once with x and once with y as the reverter. The weight of an editor x is defined as the number of edits N performed by him or her, and the weight of a mutually reverting pair is defined as the minimum of the weights of the two editors. The controversiality M of an article is defined by summing the weights of all mutually reverting editor pairs, excluding the topmost pair, and multiplying this number by the total number of editors E involved in the article. This results in the following: where Nd/r is the number of edits for the article committed by reverting/reverted editor. The sum is taken over mutual reverts rather than single reverts because reverting is very much part of the normal workflow, especially for defending articles from vandalism. The minimum of the two weights is used because conflicts between two senior editors contributing more to controversiality than conflicts between a junior and a senior editor, or between two junior editors. And finally the topmost reverting pair is excluded to avoid overestimating the editorial war dominated by a personal fight between two single editors. The explained measure can be easily calculated for each article, irrespective of the language, size, and length of its history. 2.2 Visualization of topical overlaps The searchcrystal visualization toolset will be used to visualize and identify Wikipedia pages that are highly contested in multiple languages. Similar to a bullseye display, searchcrystal maps the Wikipedia pages contained in all the language lists that are being compared to the center of the display and the number of lists that contain the same page decreases toward the periphery of the display. searchcrystal consists of several complementary views: the Category, Cluster, Spiral and List View (Spoerri, 2004a; 2004b; 2004c). Each view helps the user explore specific aspects of the overlap structure between the lists being compared. The Category View groups all the pages that are contained in the same combination of lists and shows how many pages are included in which specific combinations of languages. At
4 its periphery, star shaped icons with a single color represent the specific lists being compared. Each list is assigned a unique color and the number inside a star shaped icon indicates the number of pages in the list; the text label next to the star shaped icon indicates which language is used as a crystal input. The interior of the Category View consists of circular icons whose colored sectors indicate which specific lists contain the same page. The size of a circular icon indicates how many pages are contained in a specific combination of lists. At the edge of a circular icon, the two pages with the highest list positions are also shown. The Cluster View shows how the individual Wikipedia pages are related to the lists being compared. In this view, the star shaped icons at the periphery act like magnets that pull a page icon toward them based on the page s list positions (Spoerri, 2004a). Thus, the position of a page icon reflects the relative difference between the page s positions in the lists that include it. Further, pages are mapped into the same circular ring if they are contained in the same number of lists. The closer a page is placed toward the display center within a ring, the higher the average of its list positions. A page icon has multiple visual properties to help the user determine how many and which specific lists contain the page and the page s average position in the lists. The shape of a page icon indicates the number of lists that contain the page and the colors indicate which lists. The size of a page icon reflects the average position of the page in the lists that contain it. The greater the size and the stronger the color saturation of a page icon, the higher up it is placed in the lists. Thus, both the position of a page icon inside its designated ring and its size and color saturation indicate whether a page is highly placed in the lists that include it. The page title is displayed next to a page icon, but it can be truncated to prevent titles from overlapping. The Spiral View places all pages sequentially along an expanding spiral. As for the Cluster View, pages that are included in all five lists are located in the center ring. The icons for pages that are contained in the same number of lists are placed consecutively along the spiral and in the same concentric ring. Title fragments are displayed in the radial direction to make effective use of the white space in the spiral layout (Spoerri, 2004b). The Spiral View, which can be rotated, makes it possible for you to rapidly scan a large number of pages and their titles. 2.3 Geographic data In order to determine the geographic coordinates of Wikipedia articles, we drew upon the efforts of the Oxford Internet Institute s geographic article parser (see Graham 2011 or The data were all taken from 2012 Wikipedia data dumps and we searched for coordinates in every article (if an article had a coordinate in any language edition, we assigned that same coordinate to the equivalent articles in all other languages. We improved the quality of our coordinates by doing things like eliminating or fixing erroneous coordinates and making sure to remove irrelevant coordinates (Wikipedia actually contains a lot of coordinates for extra-terrestrial entities like lunar craters! 1). We also excluded articles that are essentially indexes of places from our geographic dataset as they tell us little about any particular parts of the world (e.g. articles about events, monuments, towns etc.). We thus reduced the dataset to all articles with four or fewer sets of coordinates, and used the coordinates that appear most frequently (if all coordinates appeared once, we used the first set). 1 E.g.
5 3. Results We have calculated the controversiality M for all the articles available in 10 different language editions of Wikipedia based on the data dumps we downloaded in March The selected language editions span a wide range in terms of the number of articles and active editors: English, German, French, with more than 1 million, Spanish, with more than 500 thousand, Persian, Czech, Hungarian, Arabic, and Romanian with more than 200 thousand, Hebrew with 142 thousand articles. The potential editors and readers of these language editions have a much extended geographical distribution and that enables us to investigate the disputed titles and topics at the global scale. Different selections of the lists of M scores are available at to download. In Table 1, the top10 lists of the most controversial articles with highest M's are provided. By looking at the titles, already a rough impression on the topical coverage of the editorial wars in each language can be gained. For example, Jesus appears in among the top-10 in English, German, French, and Czech Wikipedias. Religion, Politics and Geographical places seem to be the common fields of editorial wars in all editions, however with local effects: far-right politics and nationalism in Hungarian, current Iranian political figures in Persian, Sex and Gender related topics in Czeck and football clubs in Spanish Wikipedias are evident examples for these localities. We demonstrate and analyse these overlaps at the level of article titles in the next section. Figure 1 Word Cloud made of the titles of the 1000 of the most controversial articles in the 10 language editions under study.
6 Table 1 Top-10 most controversial articles in each language edition of Wikipedia. Titles in italic are literally translated; the rest are the titles of the sister articles in English Wikipedia. en George W. Bush de fr es cs Croatia Ségolène Royal Chile Homosexuality Anarchism Scientology Unidentified flying object Club América Psychotronics Muhammad 9/11 conspiracy theories Jehovah's Witnesses Opus Dei Telepathy LWWEe Fraternities Jesus Athletic Bilbao Communism Andrés Manuel López Obrador Homophobia Global warming Homeopathy Sigmund Freud Circumcision Adolf Hitler Newell's Old Boys Jesus United States Jesus September 11 attacks Muhammad al-durrah incident FC Barcelona Moravia Jesus Hugo Chávez Islamophobia Race and intelligence Minimum wage Christianity Rudolf Steiner God in Christianity Nuclear power debate Homeopathy Augusto Pinochet hu ro Alianza Lima ar Sexual orientation change efforts Ross Hedvíček Israel fa he FC Universitatea Craiova Ash'ari Báb Chabad Atheism Mircea Badea Ali bin Talal al Jahani Fatimah Chabad messianism Hungarian radical right Disney Channel (Romania) Muhammad Viktor Orbán Legionnaires' rebellion & Bucharest pogrom Ali Lugoj Egypt Mahmoud Ahmadinejad People's Mujahedin of Iran Criticism of the Quran Vladimir Tismăneanu Syria Tabriz Benjamin Netanyahu Jewish settlement in Hebron The Mortimer case Hungarian Farright Craiova Sunni Islam Ali Khamenei Daphni Leef Romania Wahhabi Ruhollah Khomeini Gaza War Jobbik Traian Băsescu Yasser Al-Habib Massoud Rajavi Beitar Jerusalem F.C. Polgár Tamás Romanian Orthodox Church Arab people Muhammad Ariel Sharon Gypsy Crime Hungarian Guard Movement Ferenc Gyurcsány's speech in May Lebanon War B'Tselem 3.1 Overlapping lists and the patterns To be able to compare the disputed articles at the title level, we needed to transform all the topics to English. To this end, we have used the Wikipedia inter-language links created and modified by editors and automated robots. We replaced all the titles by the corresponding title in the English Wikipedia. However, in a few cases, there was no article about exactly the same topic in English Wikipedia and so we kept the original title. The searchcrystal visualization toolset is used to first visualize the overlap between these language groupings: 1) English, German, French, Spanish; 2) Czech, Hungarian, Romanian; 3) Arabic, Persian, Hebrew. Next the overlap between these language groupings is visualized to
7 identify Wikipedia pages that are highly contested in multiple languages. An interactive version of searchcrystal can be accessed at and a screencast provides a quick overview how the visualizations were created at In Figure 2, the overlap structure between the most contested Wikipedia pages in English, German, French and Spanish is visualized using the Category View: the Homeopathy and Jesus pages are contested in all four languages; 7 pages are contested in three out of the four languages and, for example, Anarchy and Socialism are two most contested in the English, German and French language versions of Wikipedia; 34 pages are contested in two out of four languages. Examining the icons that represent the pages only one of the four languages, 67 of the 100 most contested pages in English are not contested in the other three languages and English has the most pages (33%) that are also contested in one or more of the other languages. Figure 2 Category View of the overlaps structure of the most contested Wikipedia pages in English, German, French and Spanish. In Figure 3, the Cluster View is used to visualize the overlap between the most contested pages in Czech, Hungarian, and Romanian and it uses a Fisheye transformation to visually emphasize the pages that are contested in at least two languages (Spoerri, 2004c). Specifically, it shows that the Wikipedia page about Google is contested in Czech, Hungarian, and Romanian, but its triangular icon is placed away from the center and this indicates that this page is not one of the most contested pages in the respective languages. Further, 6 pages are contested in at least
8 two languages: The Holocaust and Romani People pages are highly contested in both Hungarian and Romanian since their icons are placed closer toward the center; the Jesus page is contested in Czech and Romanian, but more so in the Czech Wikipedia since its icon is placed closer to the star-shaped icon that represents the Czech input list of most contested pages. Figure 3 Cluster View of the overlap structure of the most contested Wikipedia pages in Czech, Hungarian and Romanian (the flag next to the input icon indicates that there are two Romanian Wikipedia pages with URLs that are identical to other pages). In Figure 4, the Cluster View visualizes the overlap between the most contested pages in Arabic, Persian, and Hebrew and it also uses a Fisheye transformation to visually emphasize the pages that are contested in at least two languages. 3 pages are contested in all three languages and the Gaza War page is the most contested page and its triangular icon is placed quite close to the display center, which indicates that this page is quite highly contested overall, and since its icon is placed closer to the Hebrew and Persian (Farsi) star-shaped input icons and further away from the Arabic input icon, this indicates that the Gaza War page is most contested in Hebrew, a little less so in Persian and less so in Arabic.
9 Figure 4 Cluster View of the overlap structure of the most contested Wikipedia pages in Arabic, Persian and Hebrew. Altogether 8 pages are contested in two of the Arabic, Persian and Hebrew language versions of Wikipedia: the Muhammad page is very highly contested in both Arabic and Persian; the 2006 Lebanon War page is highly contested in both Hebrew and Persian. Located in the top right corner of the overlap display, a TagCloud panel shows the relative frequency of the categorical topics that are most contested for Arabic, Persian and Hebrew, political and religious topics represent the two most contested topics. As a next step in the visual analysis of the most contested pages in the different language versions of Wikipedia, the unique pages contained in the three language sets can be compared with each other. searchcrystal makes it possible to use drag & drop operations see screencast for demonstration of how this can be done to compute the overlap structure between the set of English, German, French and Spanish pages (350 unique pages), the set of Czech, Hungarian and Romanian pages (291 unique pages) and the set of Arabic, Persian and Hebrew pages (286 unique pages), as shown using the Category View in Figure 5. There are 7 pages that are contested in all three language sets, where the Israel and Adolf Hitler pages are the most highly contested pages that are contained in all three language sets. 41 pages are contested in two of the three language sets, where the Jesus and Jehovah s Witnesses pages are the most highly contested pages that are both contained in the English, German, French Spanish language set and the Czech, Hungarian, Romanian languages set.
10 Figure 5 Category View of the overlap structure of the most contested Wikipedia pages in the three sets of languages (blue = English, German, French, Spanish; red = Czech, Hungarian, Romanian; green = Arabic, Persian, Hebrew). As shown in the star-shaped input icons, there are350 unique English, German, French and Spanish pages; 291 unique Czech, Hungarian and Romanian pages; and 286 unique Arabic, Persian and Hebrew pages. The Islam and Muhammad pages are the most highly contested pages that are both contained the English, German, French Spanish language set and the Arabic, Persian, Hebrew languages set. Roughly 10% of the pages in each language set are also contested in another language set. The TagCloud panel shows that pages related to political topics represent the largest group of contested pages in the union of all three language sets, followed by pages related to geographical / countries and religious topics, respectively. In Figure 6, the Spiral View visualizes the overlap structure of the individual pages contained in the set of English, German, French and Spanish pages, the set of Czech, Hungarian and Romanian and the set of Arabic, Persian and Hebrew pages.
11 Figure 6 Spiral View of the overlap structure of the most contested Wikipedia pages in the three sets of languages (blue = English, German, French, Spanish; red = Czech, Hungarian, Romanian; green = Arabic, Persian, Hebrew). A Fisheye transformation is used to visually emphasize the pages that are contained in at least two language sets. As described in more detail in Section 2.2, the closer a page icon is placed toward the display center within a ring, the higher the average of its list positions; the greater the size and the stronger the color saturation of a page icon, the higher up it is placed in the lists. The Spiral View can be rotated so that the titles can be read more easily and so the angle of an icon with respect to the display center does not encode the relative difference between the list positions in the sets being compared as is the case in the Cluster View. The Spiral View is designed to make it easy to see the ranking of the pages in terms of their average list positions and the number of language sets that contain them as well as to ascertain whether the pages contained in more than one language set are highly contested pages are not. The Israel, Adolf Hitler, The Holocaust, God, Atheism, Europe, Evolution pages are contained in all three language sets, and the pages Israel, Adolf Hitler, The Holocaust and God are highly contested in all the language sets since their triangular icons are placed close to the center of the display and their sizes and color saturations are close to the highest possible values. The Jesus, Islam, and Muhammad pages are very highly contested in two of three sets of languages since their icons are placed closest toward the display center within the ring that contains pages that are contained in two of the language sets.
12 3.3 Topical Coverage of conflict Whilst comparing the titles to locate the overlaps, one realises that there are many articles with slight differences in the title but very similar contents in two or more language editions. Our visualisation method is not capable of capturing these similarities. Therefore we have categorised all the articles in top-100 lists into 10 rather coursed categories based on their primary categorical tags in Wikipedia and also human judgements about their contents. The 10 categories and the topics each of them includes are described in Table 2. Although at the first glance, these 10 categories might look insufficient to cover all the 1000 categorised articles (100 most controversial articles in 10 languages), but interestingly, there have been only 26 articles out of 1000, which didn't match any of these 10 categories. This indicates a high level of similarities in different language lists at the topical level. The aggregated populations of the categories for all the 1000 articles are depicted in Figure 7. Politics-related articles exceed one quarter of the whole population and in addition to geographical places and Religion cover more than half of the most controversial articles. Culture-related articles including, literature, authors, printed and public media, movies and animations, entertainment and music industry, although ranked 8-10 according to the relative population. However putting all these categories together, it goes beyond 10% of the sample. Table 2 The topical categories for the controversial articles. Category A B C D E F G H I J Topics Politics, Politicians, Political Parties, Political Movements and Ideologies Geographical locations, Countries, Cities, Towns Religion, Cults, Beliefs History, Historical Figures Sex and Gender, Health, Human Rights, Environment, Social Activism Science, Technology, Internet, Web Sport Clubs, Sport People, Sport Events Literature, Journals, Journalists, Authors, News Papers, Languages Movies, TV Channels, TV Series, Theatres, Actor, Directors, Animations Songs, Singers, Music Genres, Music Events Short Name % 25 Politics 17 Countries Religion History SexGenderHealthRace 7 Science 6 Sports 4 Literature 4 Movies 3 Music
13 Figure 7 Population of the topical categories of the 1000 most controversial articles in 10 different language editions. Categories are described in Table 2. Although this pattern is universally the same in all language editions to some good extent, but there are also interesting localities and deviations from the overall norm in each edition. In Figure 8, populations of the topical categories are shown for each language editions. The predominant examples of anomalies are 1) Category G (sport) in Spanish Wikipedia, 2) Religion, Geographical places and History in Arabic, Persian and Hebrew, 3) Science and Technology related topics in French and Czech and finally 4) Music and Entertainment in Romanian Wikipedia. Figure 8 Category population separated for each language edition, showing the deviations from the universal topical patterns. 3.3 Geographical distribution of conflict As mentioned earlier, articles on geographical places, countries, cities, towns, etc, are among the most populated conflict categories. Moreover, many of articles which are not directly about places are geotagged and therefore are linked to a geographical location. Therefor in
14 could be enormously helpful to make geographical maps of the controversial articles, based on their geotags. When mapping the geographic dispersion of conflict, we see an interesting amount of difference between the different language versions of Wikipedia. Some of the smaller language Wikipedias have a high-degree of self-focus in their articles that are characterized by the greatest degree of conflict (see also the work of Hecht 2009). Note, for instance, the geographic focus of conflict in the Czech and Hebrew Wikipedias in Figures 9 and10 (with the top-five locations of conflict labeled on both maps). Even when looking at large languages that are primarily spoken in more than one country, we are able to see that a significant amount of self-focus occurs (as can been seen in the maps of conflict in Arabic and Spanish in Figures 11 and 12). However, interestingly, the Middle East often seems to be the exception to this rule. The Spanish and Czech (as well as all languages in our sample apart from Hungarian, Romanian, Japanese, and Chinese) include articles in Israel as some of those characterised by the greatest amount of conflict. Figure 9 Map of conflict in Czech edition of Wikipedia. Size of the dots is proportional to the controversy measure M.
15 Figure 10 Map of conflict in Hebrew edition of Wikipedia. Size of the dots is proportional to the controversy measure M. Figure 11 Map of conflict in Arabic edition of Wikipedia. Size of the dots is proportional to the controversy measure M.
16 Figure 12 Map of conflict in Spanish edition of Wikipedia. Size of the dots is proportional to the controversy measure M. Also, worth noting is the fact that we see differences in the geographic topics that generate the most conflict. The articles in Japanese that generate the most conflict are not only all located in Japan, but are also all educational institutions. The Portuguese articles that generate the most conflict are similarly all located in Brazil (the world s largest Portuguese-speaking nation), with four out of the top five conflict scores being about football teams. Within our sample, we actually only see the English, German, and French (shown in Figure 13) Wikipedias with a significant amount of diversity in the topics and patterns of conflict in geographic articles: indicating a less significant role that specific editors and arguments play in these larger encyclopaedias.
17 Figure 13 Map of conflict in French edition of Wikipedia. Size of the dots is proportional to the controversy measure M. 4.Conclusion In this article we have focused on two aspects of conflict. First we explored the overlaps between tthe most contested articles in different languages. Second, we mapped out the geographical localities of the controversial articles based on their content. The comparison of the contested articles in multiple languages has demonstrated that there are controversial topics, which are present in several regions and in Wikipedias in many different languages. In particular, the different languages are grouped into three sets: 1) English, German, French, Spanish; 2) Czech, Hungarian, Romanian; 3) Arabic, Persian, Hebrew. The articles Israel, Adolf Hitler, The Holocaust and God are highly contested in all the three language sets and the Jesus, Islam, and Muhammad articles are very highly contested in two of three sets of languages. Major religions and religious figures as well as articles related to Anti-Semitism and Israel are highly contested in multiple languages and cultures. These topics are mostly reflected are few political, historical and religious pages of general interest. A somewhat larger category is formed by the controversial articles which occur on a regional scale like those related to Eastern European history or local conflicts. However, somewhat surprisingly, most of the controversies are language dependent. Yet English is a notable exception and the English Wikipedia occupies a unique role. The language s status as a lingua franca, means that English Wikipedia ends up being edited by a broad community beyond simply that have the language as a mother tongue (Yasseri et al. 2012b, Circadian). As a result, it is expected that globally disputed themes are often represented in this Wikipedia. Already in the top-ten list of conflict articles we see such items as Jesus, Anarchism or Race and intelligence. The regional character of some conflict articles is reflected in the geographic locations mentioned in the texts. By visualizing these locations we can identify both those which appear to
18 have cross-linguistic resonance (Arab-Israeli conflict), and those of more narrow interest such as the Islas Malvinas ( Falkland island ) article in the Spanish Wikipedia. The present visualization supported research focused on a static picture as obtained from the statistics of conflict articles in different Wikipedias. The controversiality measure M is, however, a dynamical quantity; it enables to follow the temporal evolution of conflicts (Yasseri et al. 2012a Conflict, Török et al. 2013). It remains a future task to combine the techniques used here with the study of those dynamic aspects. 6. Acknowledgment We thank Robert Sumi, András Kornai, András Rung, Hoda Sepehri Rad for discussions and computational support. Maps are created based on a dataset of geolocated Wikipedia articles prepared by Mark Graham, Bernie Hogan, and Ahmed Medhat. 7. References Apic G, Betts MJ, Russell RB (2011) Content Disputes in Wikipedia, Reflect Geopolitical Instability. PLoS ONE 6(6): e Ba-Quy Vuong, Ee-Peng Lim, Aixin Sun, Minh-Tam Le, Hady Wirawan Lauw, and Kuiyu Chang. (2008) On ranking controversies in wikipedia: models and evaluation. In Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining (WSDM '08). ACM, New York, NY, USA, Graham, M Wiki Space: Palimpsests and the Politics of Exclusion. In Critical Point of View: A Wikipedia Reader. Eds. Lovink, G. and Tkacz, N. Amsterdam: Institute of Network Cultures, Hecht, B.and Gergle, D. (2009). Measuring Self-Focus Bias in Community-Maintained Knowledge Repositories. Proceedings of the International Conference on Communities and Technologies (C&T 2009), pp New York: ACM Press. Kittur, A., Suh, B., Pendleton, B. A., & Chi, E. H He says, she says: Conflict and coordination in Wikipedia. In CHI 2007, San Jose, CA, Kittur, A., Chi, E.H., and Suh B What's in Wikipedia?: mapping topics and conflict using socially annotated category structure. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '09). ACM, New York, NY, USA, Rivest RL (1992) The md5 message-digest algorithm. Internet Request for Comments : RFC Sepehri Rad, H., Barbosa, D.: Identifying controversial articles in Wikipedia: A comparative study. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration, WikiSym 12. Linz (2012) Spoerri, A. (2004a). Visual Editor for Composing Meta Searches, Proceedings of the 67th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Information Science and Technology (ASIST 2004), volume 41, issue 1, pp Spoerri, A. (2004b). RankSpiral: Toward Enhancing Search Result Visualizations, Proceedings IEEE Information Visualization Symposium (InfoVis 2004), p. 18. Spoerri, A. (2004c). Coordinated Views and Tight Coupling to Support Meta Searching, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Coordinated & Multiple Views in Exploratory Visualization (CMV 2004), pp Spoerri, A. (2007a). Visualizing the Overlap between the 100 Most Visited Pages on Wikipedia for September 2006 to January First Monday, Volume 12, Number 4 (April 2007). Spoerri, A. (2007b). What is popular on Wikipedia and why? First Monday, Volume 12, Number 4 (April 2007). Sumi, R., Yasseri, T., Rung, A., Kornai, A., and Kertész, J Characterization and prediction of Wikipedia edit wars. Proceedings of the ACM WebSci'11, Koblenz, Germany (June 2011). Sumi, R., Yasseri, T., Rung, A., Kornai, A., and Kertész, J. Edit wars in Wikipedia. IEEE Third International Conference on Social Computing (SocialCom), Boston, MA. pp (October 2011). Török J., Iñiguez G., Yasseri T., San Miguel M., Kaski K., Kertész J. (2013) Opinions, Conflicts and Consensus: Modelling Social Dynamics in a Collaborative Environment, Phys. Rev. Lett., 110,
19 Yasseri, T., Sumi, R., Rung, A., Kornai, A., and Kertész, J. Dynamics of conflicts in Wikipedia. PLoS ONE 7(6): e38869 (June 2012a). Yasseri T., Sumi, R. and Kertész, J., Circadian Patterns of Wikipedia Editorial Activity: A Demographic Study, PloS ONE 7(1), e30091 (2012b)
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text:
Jerry Seinfeld: Lady Gaga is a 'Jerk'
Jerry Seinfeld isn't such a fan of Lady Gaga's – and he's not afraid to voice his opinion!
The 56-year-old comedian was irked that Gaga, 24, headed to his private box at a recent Mets game after being swarmed by photographers and flipping the bird throughout the game.
"This woman's a jerk," Jerry said in an interview with NYC's WFAN radio. "I can't believe they put her in my box that I paid for. You give people the finger and you get upgraded? Is that the world we're living in now?"
"I don't know what these people think or how they promote their careers," he said. "I'm older, I'm 56…I'm not one of these 'all publicity is good' people….Get an act�"rhinestone bikinis and giving people the finger?" Jerry continued. "She is talented, I don't know why she's doing this stuff."
"You know, you take one 'a' off of that, you've got gag," Jerry concluded.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Last Wednesday I art directed and styled a food shoot for photographer Doug Todd. We shot arepas for a restaurant, Caracas, on East 7th street in Manhattan. Mark, Doug, and I got there around 8:00 a.m. just as the prep chefs started their day. Ilsa, the chef, arrived soon after, then the owners Gato and Maribel.
|La Sureña: Grilled chicken, chorizo, and avocado slices served with chimichurri, a classic Veneuelan sauce.
|De Pollo: Grilled chicken breast, caramelized onion, and cheddar cheese.
|La Del Gato: Guayanés cheese, fried sweet plantains, and avocado slices. Gato hightly recommends this one.
|La Pelua: Seasoned shredded beef with cheddar cheese.
|De Pabellon: Shredded beef, black beans, sweet plantains, and aged cheese.
|Reina Pepiada: Chilled chunky chicken and avocado salad, perfect for summer.
It was a long day — creating small sets, hovering over food, overseeing all details. Making food look good for the camera is a small magic act, but it helps when everything tastes so good. Some shots were difficult because the corn cakes and the assembly are very delicate. Everything was absolutely delicious, especially the ceviche. My favorite arepa was La Pelua — seasoned shredded beef with cheddar cheese. Ilsa patiently made everything for the shoot as we needed it, including the tostones.


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Double homemade patty served with lettuce, tomatoes, pickles, onions, and mustard
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Our homemade patty served with lettuce, tomatoes, pickles, onions, and mustard.
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text:
Gerard Manley Hopkins is, in a letter from 1880, asking a friend what he thinks of Wagner:
This is a barbarous business of greatest this and supreme that that Swinburne and others practice. What is the thing that has been? The same that shall be. Everything is vanity and vexation of spirit. (Penguin, p. 194)
Hopkins was a wise man. Many echo Ecclesiastes but few mean it. Hopkins had an answer to this problem, the one I would expect, as evident in the title of this 1888 sonnet-plus:
That Nature is a Heraclitean Fire and of the Comfort of the Resurrection
Cloud-puffball, torn tufts, tossed pillows | flaunt forth, then chevy on an air-
built thoroughfare: heaven-roysterers, in gay-gangs | they throng; they glitter in marches.
Down roughcast, down dazzling whitewash, | wherever an elm arches,
Shivelights and shadowtackle in long | lashes lace, lance, and pair.
Heraclites reduced all things to fire. Water is fire; clouds are fire. Hopkins is turning to a Classical source to find remind himself that all is vanity.
Delightfully the bright wind boisterous | ropes, wrestles, beats earth bare
Of yestertempest's creases; | in pool and rut peel parches
Squandering ooze to squeezed | dough, crust, dust; stanches, starches
Squadroned masks and manmarks | treadmire toil there
Footfretted in it. Million-fuelèd, | nature's bonfire burns on.
But quench her bonniest, dearest | to her, her clearest-selvèd spark
Man, how fast his firedint, | his mark on mind, is gone!
The editor tells me that "parches" are "flat cakes of mud from wheels, etc." – never would have guessed that. The imaginative paradox is bold here, with nature's fire demonstrated by a rainstorm, by mud, air, water, and earth. Man is the center of Nature, her "dearest," yet he too is just a spark, soon extinguished.
This was probably a bad place for a break since "gone" will rhyme with "shone" below. I find the alliteration of Hopkins so overpowering that I never notice his rhyming. I do not think I remembered that he rhymed so consistently. But his rhymes are pretty ordinary. It is everything else that is new.
Both are in an unfathomable, all is in an enormous dark
Drowned. O pity and indig | nation! Manshape, that shone
Sheer off, disseveral, a star, | death blots black out; nor mark
Is any of him at all so stark
But vastness blurs and time | beats level. Enough! the Resurrection,
A heart's-clarion! Away grief's gasping, | joyless days, dejection.
In the letter to Robert Bridges that includes this sonnet, Hopkins says its subject is also that of a sermon which will be "put plainly," unlike the poem which is "not at all so plainly," but once he hits "Enough!" the content becomes more conventional, returning to the Catholic Church. I would not call Hopkins a heretic – the idea is ridiculous – but some of the paths by which he reaches orthodox opinion are very much his own.
Across my foundering deck shone
A beacon, an eternal beam. | Flesh fade, and mortal trash
Fall to the residuary worm; | world's wildfire, leave but ash:
In a flash, at a trumpet crash,
I am all at once what Christ is, | since he was what I am, and
This Jack, joke, poor potsherd, | patch, matchwood, immortal diamond,
Is immortal diamond.
The last line has three stress marks, on "Is," "im-," and "dia-." Adjacent stresses are standard with Hopkins ("Jack, joke," "patch, match-"). Or maybe "diamond" is an "outride," more of Hopkins's own private prosody.
To follow Newman, many kinds of assent have been imaginatively supported by Hopkins's unusual mortal trash, at this point saved from the wildfire by his friend Bridges, not ash yet. Some of the assent has been religious of the Christian kind, other of the literary.
If, more sensibly, you would like to read the poem without my interruptions, it is at the Poetry Foundation.


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A brand new rule has been created which introduces a "discovery plan". This is a document created by the parties which will set out things such as the scope of discovery, timelines for service of Affidavits of Documents and names of persons to be examined. There is no prescribed form for the discovery plan, so precedents will have to be developed. This rule presumes a level of cooperation between counsel which may or may not exist. The aim of the rule is to make the process of documentary and oral discovery more streamlined and efficient; however, it could result in a new area of dispute between parties. It could be especially difficult in cases involving self-represented litigants to come to agreement on the elements of the discovery plan. If there is no discovery plan, a judge on a motion can refuse to grant the relief sought; for example, on an undertakings motion, the court could refuse to order the undertakings be complied with if there is no discovery plan. It would seem prudent to "paper the file" if counsel is unable to come to an agreement on the discovery plan, so that at least there is proof that an attempt at complying with the rule was made.
Although the discovery plan aims to make discovery more efficient, it is possible that it increases cost, at least in the short term, as counsel develop a standard practice for the discovery plan.


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The City of Livermore's Purchasing Division is part of the Finance Department.
We strive to process and procure items and services in a timely and efficient manner and do our best to make sure the equipment and service is delivered as promised at the Best Value for the City. Our goal at all times is to obtain the best value for the City, attain the maximum value for each tax dollar while meeting the needs of the City departments and divisions.
The goals of the Purchasing Division are:
Ethical Purchasing Standards Policy
As approved under the City's Administrative Regulation #33.0, Ethical Purchasing Standards Policy, by our City Manager;
Public procurement is a public trust. Our policy is to ensure that all purchases are made fairly and openly, without bias, prejudice, or in an arbitrary manner. The City of Livermore requires that all employees adhere to the following ethical guidelines:
A. Employees must make purchases objectively, without prejudice or bias. Employees must declare a conflict when an organization is to be selected for contract award that employs him or her, is about to employ him or her, or his or her family member or partner.
B. Employees must avoid unfair practices and must act impartially and with the highest degree of integrity to foster public confidence in City government when making purchases on behalf of the City.
C. Employees must conduct himself or herself in a courteous and professional manner with the City's vendors.
D. Employees must not personally accept gifts of a value greater than $25 from any actual or potential supplier or contractor.
E. Employees must choose vendors that provide the City with the Best Value, as defined in the Livermore Municipal Code, Section 2.68.040.
F. Upon receipt of goods or services, employees must review the product or service to ensure that all aspects of the order (prices, quantities, specifications, etc.) have been met as agreed upon.
G. Employees must give all vendors an equal opportunity to present "as equal" products.
In 1995, the National Purchasing Institute (NPI) established a program designed to recognize organizational excellence in public procurement. The Achievement of Excellence in Procurement® (AEP) is awarded annually.
This prestigious award is earned by those organizations that demonstrate excellence by obtaining a high score based on standardized criteria. The criteria are designed to measure innovation, professionalism, productivity, e-procurement, and leadership attributes of the procurement organization.
The City of Livermore's Purchasing Division is the recipient of the Award for Achievement of Excellence in Procurement® in 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 & 2016!
The City's Purchasing Division has won this prestigious award twelve times since 2004!


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Specimen Products is a unique custom guitar and amp shop located on Chicago's West Side.
In this clip, Specimen founder Ian Schneller shows Guitar Shop TV his hand-built Little Horn speakers, which are exceptionally efficient yet also have a funky vintage look to them. These are smaller versions of the speakers Specimen Products created for Carnegie Hall. Schneller also shows off the 48 "hornlings and hornlettes" that Chicago multi-instrumentalist Andrew Bird played through these in his "Sonic Arboretum" performance at the Guggenheim Museum in New York. The speakers are handmade of recycled newspaper and, believe it or not, dryer lint. Check out Specimen's impressive line of unique guitars and amps on specimenguitars.com, they are really something special!


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Crimson allows you to attach multiple addresses to a single People record. For example, you could have a home address, work address, and a seasonal address listed in one person's record. The address that's selected as the Primary Address will be the one that appears in search results, profiles/call sheets, Crimson reports, FEC reports, etc.
In Crimson's People search, you have the option to search for all addresses instead of just the Primary Address. Take the following steps to do so:
- After you've entered all of the search criteria in the People search, open the Contact filter and click the Search All Addresses toggle to enable it.
**Please note, by selecting Search All Addresses, the same donor may appear multiple times in the results if they have multiple addresses associated with their People record, and the search criteria that you've entered also applies to the secondary address(es).
For example, if you search for a donor who has a home address and a work address and enable the Search All Addresses toggle, he/she will appear twice in your results for each of the different addresses.
- The records will appear multiple times for each address they have listed in their People record in the Crimson, as well as in the , but the People record will only appear once when you select the Full Profile/Call Sheet or options.


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Signed First Edition
The acclaimed author, whose recent novel of suspense Losing Faith was declared "startling…a well-crafted story" (Kirkus Reviews), takes you on a gripping psychological thrill ride in this electrifying tale of a millionaire who will go to deadly lengths to get what he wants.
Jonathan Caine is a true master of the universe—a currency wizard with a trophy wife, a penthouse condo with a view of the Statue of Liberty, and the desire for more—when his world comes crashing down, spiraling him into a relentless fall from grace. Devastated, Jonathan returns to his hometown to care for his ailing father and attend his twenty-fifth high school reunion, where he becomes reacquainted with former prom queen Jacqueline Williams. Back in the day, Jackie didn't even know Jonathan existed. Now she is intrigued by the man he has become. But their budding relationship has problems, not the least of which is Jackie's jealous and abusive husband. Jonathan is determined to learn from his mistakes, but is he capable of complete transformation? Or will a shocking temptation test his desire for redemption beyond anything he could have imagined?


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In my experience one needs at most a night's rest to recover. Maybe the sample of Himalaya is just old?
Try sniffing at your other scents, and report back.
Thread: Can a Nose be Worn Out?
OK so this week has been a cologne sampling week. Saturday I smelled at least 15 samples before finding a bottle of M7. Sunday I wore the M7 and much later in the evening after it had worn off I sampled some GIT. Monday I wore some Serge Lutens Ambre Sultan in the morning and in the evening reapplied a spray. That brings me to my problem. I'm trying my Himalaya tuesday and I can't really smell it. It's not a spray, it's a sample to dap. When I put my wrist (point of application) up to my nose I can barely smell it after 5 minutes. Is it that my nose is worn out or is it that Himalaya is not just working on my skin well?
In my experience one needs at most a night's rest to recover. Maybe the sample of Himalaya is just old?
Try sniffing at your other scents, and report back.
Scent overload....it's like wine tasting overload. You can just smell/taste so many before your olifactory system/palate gets dulled and shuts down. So with wine one usually has bland bread or crackers between glasses to clear the taste palate. You need to do the same with scent. The trick I learned is to stick your nose in a can of coffee beans between testings. Clears the scent memory wonderfully well.
I'm assuming that the Himalaya was the only scent you sampled on Tuesday? If so then sense overload should not be a factor. It would have been a factor on Saturday, in fact i'm betting the M7 doesn't quite smell like you thought it did on Saturday, but close enough for you to enjoy it. M7 is quite the powerhouse anyway. The sample of Himalaya is weak for you. Douse your wrist with it.
I do believe my nose has been worn out. I have no desire right now to sample any more frags. I've been going back to tried & true favorites recently, which are pre Basenotes. I'm sure this is just a phase, though
"Wait...is David Bowie really God?" - Penelope Garcia
I remember the first time I started wearing fragrances, I couldn't wear them daily. I could not enjoy the fragrances fully if I wore them everyday. It was like 24 hour olfactory fatigue... Nowadays, either I've gotten used to that or my nose does not get 'worn out' as easily, I just wear them daily.
Edit:I remember that I needed a 2 to 3-day recovery phase to recover fully from the olfactory fatigue. So I would use a fragrance on one day, and once more 2-3 days later.
I'm not sure whether it's this(continuous olfactory fatigue), or my taste has changed, the fragrances I used to like don't smell the same anymore...
Yeah I think it may be that the samples are old. I got them from Aedes.com which seemed to be a very reputable dealer, but when the fragrance is in the vials you only smell the alcohol. When I put it on my skin, their is a little bit of top notes, but the fragrance dies quickly afterwards (45 minutes). No real midnotes, no basenotes. However when other people are wearing colognes I smell them instantly and can sense the notes strongly. Dissapointing because I was really anxious to try some good Creed samples. But at least my Serge Lutens samples have turned out good. Hopefully my L'Artisan samples will as well. Thanks to all for help.
I think I know what you mean. In some respects subtle fragrances are better this way than stronger ones. Your nose (or at least my nose) gets adjusted to wearing the fragrance, and although others might be able to smell it, you can't.
It is kind of like working in a really noisy room. After a while you don't notice the noise, but everyone else does not understand how you live with "all that racket!"
I've found that I have been able to pick up on the subtle fragrances through the day, albeit inconsistently, while strong ones I often can't smell through the day.
In rotation: YSL PH HC, Devin, Aramis 900, Halston 1-12, CdNIM, Helmut Lang Cologne, et al.


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Siena Mezzo Wine Credenza with Wine Refrigerator
Siena Mezzo Wine Credenza with 28 Bottle Touchscreen Wine Refrigerator
Let impassioned Italian design steal your heart. Leave it to Italy's finest craftsmen to make you fall in love with furniture. This premium-quality wine credenza is hand-made from tulip and walnut hardwoods, then hand-stained in rich walnut with patina applications. Accented with solid brass hardware.


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When the work you do every single day has a crucial impact on the lives of others, every effort, every detail, and every second matters. This shared culture of passion, integrity and dedication pulses through Cedars-Sinai, and it's just one of the many reasons we've achieved our fifth-consecutive Magnet designation for nursing excellence. From working with a team of world-class healthcare professionals to using state-of-the-art facilities, you'll have everything you need to do something incredible—for yourself, and for others. Join us, and discover why U.S. News & World Report has named us one of America's Best Hospitals.
Cedars-Sinai's Emergency Department (ED) has immediate openings for Registered Nurses to work 12 hour nights.
The ED has 51 patient beds and a 7-space Fast Track. Our Level I Trauma Center with Level II Pediatric Trauma Center, Pediatric Critical Care Center, On-Site Laboratory, STEMI Receiving Center, Stroke Receiving Center, Satellite Blood Bank and Paramedic Base Station is open 24 hours a day, seven days a week available to all people in need. The ED is staffed by a multidisciplinary team of emergency medicine experts dedicated to providing comprehensive, leading-edge emergency care to a diverse adult and pediatric population.
The Registered Nurse assumes responsibility and accountability for the application of the nursing process and the delivery of patient care for the emergency patient population.


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Lehman Senior VP Warned Auditors About Repo 105
If there is one hero in the Lehman examiner's report, it may be Matthew Lee. He's the Lehman senior vice president who warned the firm's auditors about an accounting device, known as "Repo 105,'' that allegedly made Lehman's balance sheet look smaller than it really was.
Here's the examiner's description of Lee:
"In May 2008, a Lehman Senior Vice President, Matthew Lee, wrote a letter to management alleging accounting improprieties;82 in the course of investigating the allegations, Ernst & Young was advised by Lee on June 12, 2008 that Lehman used $50 billion of Repo 105 transactions to temporarily move assets off balance sheet and quarter end.
The next day on June 13, 2008 Ernst & Young met with the Lehman Board Audit Committee but did not advise it about Lee's assertions, despite an express direction from the Committee to advise on all allegations raised by Lee. Ernst & Young took virtually no action to investigate the Repo 105 allegations. Ernst & Young took no steps to question or challenge the non disclosure by Lehman of its use of $50 billion of temporary, off balance sheet transactions. Colorable claims exist that Ernst & Young did not meet professional standards, both in investigating Lee's allegations and in connection with its audit and review of Lehman's financial statements."
An Ernst & Young spokesman declined to comment on the report.
"[Lehman] was telling the public they reduced the balance sheet, but not telling them they were doing so by unartful means." Lee said in an interview with the examiner, according to the report. "Lehman "had way more leverage than people thought; it was just out of [the public's] sight"


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I've been to two conferences this year. First was the NECRWA, which took place near Boston. This was a fast-paced weekend full of sessions on craft, marketing and the publishing world. Being my first 'major' conference, it took me almost the entire weekend to get in the groove of things…figure out the flow. And then it was time to leave. I met some great people, even someone from the tiny town I live in. Go figure! She's since joined the writing group where I'm a member.
The following weekend I attended NESCBWI's conference with, if I remember correctly, 600+ people. Large compared to the previous conference. I was still reeling from the last event that stepping out of my comfort and into the throngs of people came easily. I volunteered, met people. Attended information sessions…met people. Joined people at dining tables without feeling like an intruder…met people. So you see, the on-going theme here is you meet a lot of people. Be open to it, embrace it.
I'm very excited about the new friendships I made during these conferences. Meeting other writers, people in you exact position, puts you in good company where MS, MC, protag, query and other words/acronyms are the norm.
This brings me to prior-planning.
Had I looked at all the conference schedules, I would've realized the RWA conference in Atlanta was in July. In Atlanta!! Right at the end of my trip down south to pick up my kids. In the same state. Did I mention Atlanta! I'd already rescheduled my flight plan twice, I couldn't do it again for three people, just so I could attend the conference, which I'll be missing by two days.
I'll be a mess that weekend, an hour away from fabulous sessions, writers, publishers and agents. My brain will surely be somewhere else. So this is where I say, "PRIOR PLAN." If you're going on a trip to visit family, check the area for conferences before making your flights. If I had, I'd be RWA-Atlanta bound.
At least there's next year. 🙂


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erotic romance, erotica romance new release, new adult contemporary romance, rock star contemporary romance, rock star erotic romance, rock star erotica, rock star romance
Check out Book 1 of the Rock Me series – Rock Me : Wicked. I think this has been my best work yet! If you loved the Billionaire's Son series, you WILL love this book. It is much longer than my previous titles (3-4 times longer) and the scenes are so sexy! You will not be disappointed. Promise 🙂
Alex Lavigne would always be the one who got away. Now 10 years later, Lena's dreams are haunted by x-rated fantasies starring the sexy hunk who has since become lead guitarist for the wildly popular band, Cold Fusion.
Alex's world is turned upside down…
When Lena reenters his life, she rocks his whole world. He'll do whatever it takes to hold onto her.
Their passions explode beyond their most wicked imaginings. But is that enough to overcome the many obstacles standing in their way?


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When Anna Cowin became chairman of the Lake County School Board late last year, she was determined to keep order in the court.
Granted, we Lake Countians tend to be a noisy bunch, especially when elected officials dare to reach deeper into our pocketbooks at tax time. But are we so unruly that it is necessary to have written permission to speak at a public meeting?


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Andorra la Vella
Hotel Plaza Andorra
Travelzoo Staff
Why We Love It
- It's well placed for shopping in Andorra la Vella
- The picturesque old town is within walking distance
- The hotel has a restaurant & a contemporary cafeteria
- There is a spa with a sauna, a Jacuzzi & a hammam
Map & Directions
There are a number of international airports within around 200 kilometres of Andorra. These include Barcelona in Spain and Toulouse in France, and bus services connect these to Andorra la Vella. Alternatively, expect to pay in the region of 250-300€ for a taxi from Barcelona Airport. Car parking at the hotel costs 22€ per day.


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The Wrestling Epicenter Store is ONLINE!
Purchase all your wrestling merchandise RIGHT HERE!
Submitted By
James Walsh on
After two weeks out due to technical issues, The Interactive
Interview came back with a bang - a two for one show, with two TNA superstars
- important for two very different reasons.
Lollipop is famous most recently for going topless on
an TNA broadcast, something that other TII guests AJ Styles and Bob
Ryder recently denounced. However, Lolli defended herself well, and spoke
about her past, present and future in great depth.
Our second guest was Head Official Rudy Charles. Rudy,
the man formerly with the largest sideburns in pro wrestling (except maybe
Rico...) spoke about his job within TNA, a move to WWE, plus how to get started
as a referee and much more.
-- When she was younger she watched wrestling with the
family, and make it a date to watch the wrestling. She went a few years without
seeing it, before getting back into it recently.
-- Jake 'The Snake' and Hulk Hogan were here main influences,
in addition to the Rock n Roll Express.
-- In terms of female talent, she likes watching Lei
Lani Kai, one of her trainers. The others were Chase Stevens, Bully Douglas
and Ron Harris.
-- Lolli also works for USA Championship wrestling, and
she said that was how she got into NWA-TNA. She was told they needed dancers,
so she applied and was offered a permanent spot! She's been there since August,
but she's under no formal contract.
-- It is one of her goals to be called to work in the
ring (properly, not just cat fights) should she be asked, as she'll be willing
and ready.
-- The fans gave her her name. Jeremy Borash said use
a Lollipop to show your uniqueness from other dancers. She did, and all the
fans called her "the lollipop girl" and it's stuck with her ever since.
-- If she could wrestle anybody, it'd be Molly Holly
because she's a "great wrestler", or Lita/Trinity because of their highflying
-- The idea of wrestling against male superstars wouldn't
be one she would reject, but it hasn't been discussed yet.
-- <b>The Incident</b> where her breasts
were ripped out and exposed on TNA pay per view was brought up. It was 100%
scripted, and she found it to be "an entertaining segment of the show". After
thinking about it, she is a team player and she loves what she does, so it's
just something that has happened. When she got backstage, everybody was
supportive - some were shocked, but everybody was supportive.
-- We then played word association with such names as
Vince McMahon, the other top female wrestlers in the industry, the X-Division,
Vince Russo and more.
-- Lolli then has comments to her supporters and the
people who reacted negatively to her most recent work on TNA.
-- To wrap up the interview, Lollipop explains that she
doesn't know much about WrestlingVixxxens, so she wouldn't comment about
that, but if Playboy ever approached her she'd consider doing it. In addition,
she's single!
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Carytown/Museum District:Butchers, Bakers, & Beyond
Visit intimate bistros, bustling lunch spots with Southern favorites, and specialty food retailers featured in national magazines while passing through quirky Carytown and exploring the charming Museum District. We visit spots such as Belmont Butchery, Sugar & Twine, 10 Italian Cafe, Ellwood Thompson and more.
Both Sides of Broad
This tour combines the best of both sides of Broad Street in the heart of Monroe and Jackson wards, with several stops at some of First Fridays' favorite spots, including on occasion, Rappahannock, Pasture, Saison, Mama J's, Perly's, Comfort, Lemaire, J Kogi, Greenleaf's Pool Room and more.
Church Hill: From Spies to Pies
Church Hill has a storied past and its future looks brighter than ever with a revitalized culinary scene that includes many national press favorites. Depending on the day, we'll stop in at WPA Bakery, Liberty Public House, Nile, Union Market, Dutch & Company, Sub Rosa Bakery, Proper Pie, The Hill Cafe and other worthy spots.
Scott's Addition: Makers' Mark
This route showcases this gritty city neighborhood that is exploding with the energy of makers of all sorts including brewers, coffee roasters, restaurateurs, food manufacturers, farmers market vendors and artisans alike.
Shockoe Bottom/Church Hill:Shock & Awe
Come along on this 1.5 mile walking tour of Richmond's oldest neighborhoods as we sample specialties at several distinctive, local eateries and get a taste of the architectural and historical richness of Richmond.
Email email@example.com to set up a private tour for your group of 8+.
UR Here: Eating on the Avenues
Join us along Libbie and Grove avenues in the city's West End near the University of Richmond for a leisurely afternoon of sauntering, sampling, and shopping in an area chock-ful of food and wine worth savoring. Less than 1 mile of walking on this route.
Email email@example.com to set up a private tour for your group of 8+.
VCU: Alternative Eats
More fun than college, this tour walks through VCU's vibrant and Victorian (and victorious!!!) Monroe Park Campus with a pop over across Broad into Carver on occasion.
Shockoe Slip: Capital of Cuisine
This area was once an international trading post and we'll sample plenty of international flair along our 1.4 mile route. Richmond has played a central role in American history and has the history, architecture and natural features to prove it.
Email email@example.com to set up a private tour for your group of 8+.
Southside Saunter
This new tour heads south of the river to Westover Hills, Forest Hill and Woodland Heights where spots such as Kitchenette, Outpost, Laura Lee's, Cafe Zata and WPA Southside beckon to folks on both sides of the James. Note, this tour starts at 1:30 p.m.
Below you will find a list of our upcoming tours.
You may click on the tour name for more information or email us or call us at 804-840-5318 with questions.


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Lisa Malott is a freelance prop stylist and photo stylist based in Central Florida and offers styling services for clients in Tampa, Orlando and other areas throughout Florida and the Southeast.
Please get in touch. We look forward to helping you with your project.
Mailing Address:
PO Box 2599, Lakeland, FL 33806