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1 Boletín de Public la Asociación interest in de political Geógrafos philosophy. Españoles A necessary N.º , ethical págs. and regulatory concept for territorial planning I.S.S.N.: PUBLIC INTEREST IN POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY. A NECESSARY ETHICAL AND REGULATORY CONCEPT FOR TERRITORIAL PLANNING Manuel Benabent F. de Córdoba Arenal Grupo Consultor S.L. I. INTRODUCTION Territorial planning is a means of public decision. Its purpose is to organise and regulate land use and deploy infrastructure and facilities in such a way as to improve the quality of life, enhance territorial development and safeguard natural, environmental and cultural resources. A territorial plan, since it is generated in the public sphere, is an expression of political will. If, furthermore, the plan is developed by a democratic administration, it must meet the essential requirements to be expected of any democratic organisation: transparency, objectivity, participation and it must serve the public interest. Of these requirements, this paper refers to the public interest, since this is what we use to justify the content of the plan. The planning process must therefore identify that collective interest. Public interest has the function, then, of justifying the decision and, in turn, it becomes the criterion for the evaluation of alternative proposals. The acceptance of a public interest presupposes that we accept that society is a single whole which shares common ethical values. In reality, the public do not share the same preferences or the same values, and so it is difficult to accept that they share the same interests. The existence of a public interest can, therefore, be questioned. However, the public interest is used to justify the proposals of the plan and the distribution of resources but we do not specify the concept of public interest served by the plan. The purpose of this paper is to examine the concept of public interest and its ethical content on the basis of the different lines of political philosophy which have addressed this question in order to extract some theoretical references which may be applicable to planning and which may also afford us greater awareness in the analysis of plans, the values which they sometimes claim to defend and the consequences of their proposals, since all plans, consciously or unconsciously, have an underlying concept of the public interest. Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles N.º
2 Manuel Benabent F. de Córdoba II. THE CONCEPT OF PUBLIC INTEREST AND ITS JUSTIFICATION The essential question is whether or not there exists a public interest which planners should observe. In the 1930 s, a theory began to arise regarding planning methodology and the public interest was seen as a crucial element to explain the purpose and role of public planning. The concept of the public interest arises from two major lines of liberal philosophical and historical thought, utilitarianism and contractarianism. As well as these lines of thinking, we must also refer to Habermas s theory of communicative action, which introduced a new perspective in the concept of public interest. These philosophies have in common the fact that they consider the public interest to be a means to the achievement of a fairer society, although their different notions of fairness are another question. Utilitarianism proposes that the public interest is the increase of social wellbeing. The utilitarian method does not, however, address the way in which the increased social wellbeing is distributed between individuals and social groups. Utilitarianism uses an aggregatory principle and the question of fairness is seen simply as a matter of the maximisation of collective utility. Such aggregation, though, can mask deep and unacceptable inequalities which, ethically, must be rejected. The contractarian position proposes the application of the principle of distributive equity, trying to go beyond the liberal principle of ensuring equality of opportunity. From the viewpoint of contractarian ethics, equality of opportunity which attempts to neutralise the effects of initial inequalities, whether they be social or natural inequalities, is not sufficient and so it proposes redistributive action to benefit those who are least favoured. In this case, then, the utilitarianist principle of efficiency in the public interest is replaced by the difference principle. Communicative action, replaces instrumental reason with communicative reason. It is through the act of speech that rational communication is produced and, if the speakers rid themselves of their personal interests and act without coercion, that is, if there is an ideal community of undistorted dialogue, through rational communication it is possible to reach understanding and agreement. It is by reason of the best argument, accepted by all, that the public interest emerges. These theoretical conceptions of the public interest allow us to consider it an ethical, non-subjective concept which serves the entire community. This implies that it contains regulatory elements on the basis of which to establish the social conditions which allow people to develop their own life projects. III. THE QUESTIONING OF THE PUBLIC INTEREST In contrast to these lines of thought which consider the public interest to be the active ingredient of public decision making, there are approaches, such as the libertarian-liberal position, Marxism and post-modernism, which reject the existence of a public interest or the idea that the state represents the public interest. This questioning has a profound political effect and, consequently, leads to a critical position towards planning and how planning should be carried out. 382 Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles N.º
3 Public interest in political philosophy. A necessary ethical and regulatory concept for territorial planning The libertarian-liberal position allows no place for the public interest. The philosophical presuppositions of the liberal state are based on the doctrine of natural law. This approach maintains that the rights of man are rights which are not established by human will, but by nature. They therefore pre-date the formation of any social group and this philosophical construct is the basis of the contention that the public powers have the obligation not to interfere in the private sphere. In other words, the only state interventions that can be considered just are those which safeguard individual rights. This approach is based on negative rights. The state, therefore, must protect those individual rights regardless of any consideration of collective wellbeing. As regards Marxist philosophy, the starting point is not the person but society. Society, in this case, means a system of social relations based on production, in which the state is not the result of the public will or of a contract, but an instrument created by society to enable it to meet the needs derived from the modes of production. The state has a dual function. It has, firstly, the technical function of organisation and coordination which regulates the functioning of society and, secondly, political domination. This political domination is a higher function than the concept of the state as a neutral entity or a functional instrument for the development of productive forces. In the Marxist view of capitalist society, there are antagonistic classes whose interests are not only different, but conflicting and the capitalist state protects the interests of the bourgeoisie, which it disguises as the public interest. Its function is to integrate the social classes through ideological action in order to protect the interests of the dominant class and ensure its enduring domination. From this position, the state exercises its role of coercion as well as ensuring the ideological domination of the ruling class. Therefore, there is no public interest, since this is merely an ideological concept whose purpose is to legitimise the established social order. For those lines of thought falling within what has come to be called postmodernism, the public interest does not exist. Postmodernism rejects the cohesion of society and highlights the complexity of social life, the fragmented nature of communities and the variety of the experiences of life. Notions such as objectivity, validity and truth are therefore seen as constituting totalising, homogenising concepts which serve to mask the difference and hide the heterogeneity of society. Postmodern thought highlights the multiplicity of voices and interests and rejects belief in the existence of shared values since the multiple, largely irreconcilable interests found in modern society cannot give rise to a public interest. For postmodernism, there is no monolithic public to represent that public interest, but a society made up of a plural public with many differing voices and interests. IV. THE PUBLIC INTEREST, AN ETHICAL CONCEPT From the above analysis, the existence of philosophical positions averse to the existence of the concept of the public interest can be appreciated, but a subtler analysis might conclude that the libertarian-liberal approach suggests that the public interest would be that which allows commutative justice, that is, free exchange between individuals. In this case, therefore, the minimal state would safeguard such rights. On the other hand, in Marxism, the public interest would not be feasible in a capitalist state, but in a classless state. As regards Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles N.º
4 Manuel Benabent F. de Córdoba postmodernism, the fragmentation of society is not a definitive argument in favour of the non-existence of a public interest and, for these purposes, it could be said that democratic societies share moral values which have brought them a certain coherence and without which coexistence would be impossible. The day-to-day reality in our plural, western societies is that there exists mutual tolerance and harmonious coexistence, although this is at times unstable and difficult. Gender, race, religion, class and wealth differences can mean that the ultimate aims of individuals may not be shared, but it is nevertheless necessary to share some common intermediate objectives in order to carry out our life projects, without which a plural society could not exist. Health, education, political independence, stable social institutions, etc., are just some of these intermediate objectives over which people, despite their different aims, may be in agreement and which may be called the public interest. If there is a common aspect to the different philosophical conceptions which accept the existence of a public interest, it is that the public interest is a means to the achievement of a fairer society. The public interest is not a set of static values, ideals and principles of society. On the contrary, the public interest is variable, contingent and the result of the needs of society, of the objectives laid down at any given time by society, which cannot, on the other hand, be limited to the internal objectives of a given community or society, but rather, it refers to the objectives laid down by society within the wider framework of the globalised world we share. In the same way, the public interest is also a commitment over time. It requires both the short and long term implications of decisions to be carefully pondered and the future perspective must be included in the considerations which lead to the definition of common interests. V. THE PUBLIC INTEREST, AN OPERATIVE CONCEPT IN PLANNING The question resides in how to elaborate that public interest. The imperfections of our current democratic system means that the public interest is not the expression of the social and political process, as one of the deficiencies of democracy is that political pluralism does not reflect social pluralism. There is pluralism in contemporary society, but it is corporate and is therefore a fiction. Organised, predominant interests replace the common good. For these reasons, in this corporate society, there cannot be common aims since participation or democratic representation is passed through the filter of interest groups or corporations and it is difficult to construct a public interest. This is why we must advocate an intensification of democracy, a model of participatory democracy, and trust in the rules of democratic play. The public interest would thereby be the result of a socio-political debate on the objectives and priorities of society. If we conclude that the public interest can only be the result of the ordering of real priorities through a socio-political process free of special interests, we could agree that planning procedures, as a method of political decision, should incorporate the appropriate mechanisms to make it possible for it to reflect the public interest. 384 Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles N.º
5 Public interest in political philosophy. A necessary ethical and regulatory concept for territorial planning The utilitarian concept, together with the rational comprehensive method that has dominated planning practice until relatively recently, resolves this problem. The consideration of all of the viable alternatives and the application of economic analysis allow the public interest to be clarified. The method will bear out the rationality of the proposal and the analysis of the costs and benefits will identify the best proposal. In this way, the greatest aggregate utility becomes the public interest. The contractarian approach represents a change of tack. Attention centres on the least favoured members of society. The difference principle is translated into distributive planning. The essential proposals of such plans are attention to run-down neighbourhoods, to housing problems, to people on low incomes, to public transport in the outskirts of urban areas, to the balanced provision of facilities in the city and urban systems, etc. They aim to guarantee a series of primary goods through the application of a territorial perspective. That is, there is a general, commonly-applied basis which guarantees equality for all and a subsequent differential treatment in the distribution of certain goods in order to aid the least favoured, thereby achieving the principle of distributive justice applied to the public interest. Public participation is not a consubstantial element of either the utilitarian or the contractarian approach. The planning method on which both approaches are based could, in an extreme case, forgo participation. Both are exclusively founded on the work of experts upon which the political decision is, in part, based. The communicative approach is a change in the orientation of the planning method. The crisis of the rational comprehensive planning method and, therefore, of the preponderance of experts, the only agent in the planning process, opens up the way for a participatory model in which the social agents construct knowledge through discourse. Unlike rational comprehensive planning, which presupposes perfect, objective information, in the communicative approach it is assumed that the knowledge is intersubjective. The right of everyone to have his or her opinions taken into account and the transparency of the deliberations are the means by which to arrive at shared solutions which represent the public interest. The emphasis is therefore on the procedure, on the manner in which the consensus is constructed. In short, in the three lines of thought analysed, an operative approach to the concept of the public interest appears to be feasible. VI. CONCLUSIONS The analysis of the main philosophical theories which have, directly or indirectly, addressed the question of the existence of the public interest reveals conflicting positions regarding the concept. The existence of the public interest is questioned by certain philosophical lines of thought which argue the impossibility of consensus, either because of the different interests of individuals (postmodernism) or because the division of society into antagonistic classes (Marxism) make such consensus impossible, or because there are no interests other than private interest and any interference justified on the basis of a public interest goes against individual liberties (libertarian liberalism). This questioning is backed up by powerful reasoning of which we are aware, but for us, the public interest forms a consubstantial part of the essence of political discourse and should Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles N.º
6 Manuel Benabent F. de Córdoba be rejected if it renounces any attempt to evaluate and justify the actions of government. That is to say, the public interest does exist as an ethical concept which is necessary as a guide for political action and which, therefore, can be put forward as an argument for decision-making in the planning process and, consequently, in its empirical evaluation. Therefore, we can state that it is also an operative concept through which actions can be justified and policies which further or hinder the public interest can be identified. The public interest can be determined in different ways under the different philosophical currents but, basically, it is constructed either by examining the results (consequentialism), as in the cases of utilitarianism and contractarianism, or by examining the procedure, as in the theory of communicative action. The construction of the public interest from the consequentialist perspective does not require public participation as the basis of its fundamental presuppositions; however, public participation is essential in the theory of communicative action. For us, the identification of the public interest must be demonstrable and evaluable on a case by case basis. The public interest does not emanate from the actions of the state simply because that state is democratic, but because the action can demonstrate that it reflects the public interest. The plan, as an instrument of government action for territorial organisation and development is an appropriate framework for the expression of the public interest, since it is in the plan that the different options open to the territory can be addressed and its decisions affect all of the inhabitants equally. The identification of the public interest constitutes one of the basic premises of democratic planning, for which reason its objectives and the consequences of its decisions must be explicit. Whether the planning method, as it exists today, allows the construction of the public interest is quite another question, but that is something that requires reflection elsewhere. 386 Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles N.º
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text:
CASA Story #1: Josh Kelchner
Before Josh and his younger siblings were taken into foster care, Josh Kelchner played parent to his sisters and brother while his mother succumbed to drug and alcohol addictions. After the children were taken into foster care, Josh did everything he could to try to keep his family together. But it almost wasn't enough.
CASA Story #2: Dashun Jackson
As a boy, my three sisters and I suffered about every form of abuse you can imagine. When I was 13, we were all removed from our home. After that, I bounced around, from a children's emergency shelter to an aunt's house, then back to the shelter. Without knowledge or the power to speak up, I felt like a victim. A year and a half later, I met my CASA volunteer. And everything changed.
CASA Story #3: Laura
Long before my feet touched Iraqi soil—before I even joined the United States Marine Corps—I was a veteran of a long war for survival....
Read an article about Laura and Sally in the American Legion's magazine.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
- Anguilla
- Antigua
- Argentina
- Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao and St. Maarten
- Belize
- Bahamas
- Bolivia
- Brazil
- British Virgin Islands
- Canada LLP
- Canada RCGT
- Cayman Islands
- Chile
- Colombia
- Costa Rica
- Dominica
- Dominican Republic
- Ecuador
- El Salvador
- Grenada
- Guatemala
- Haiti
- Honduras
- Jamaica
- Mexico
- Montserrat
- Nicaragua
- Panama
- Paraguay
- Peru
- Puerto Rico
- St Kitts
- St Lucia
- St Vincent and the Grenadines
- Trinidad & Tobago
- United States
- Uruguay
- Venezuela
- Albania
- Armenia
- Austria
- Azerbaijan
- Belarus
- Belgium
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Bulgaria
- Channel Islands
- Croatia
- Cyprus
- Czech Republic
- Denmark
- Estonia
- Finland
- France
- Georgia
- Germany
- Gibraltar
- Greece
- Hungary
- Iceland
- Ireland
- Isle of Man
- Israel
- Italy - Bernoni
- Italy - Ria
- Kazakhstan
- Kosovo
- Kyrgyzstan
- Latvia
- Liechtenstein
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Macedonia
- Malta
- Moldova
- Monaco
- Netherlands
- Northern Ireland
- Norway
- Poland
- Portugal
- Romania
- Russia
- Serbia
- Slovak Republic
- Slovenia
- Spain
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Tajikistan
- Turkey
- Ukraine
- Uzbekistan
- Press releases
- China ranks 14th in Grant Thornton Global Dynamism Index 2015
- Diverse boards in India, UK and US outperform male-only peers by US$655bn
- Robust financing environment key driver for investment in Mexico
- Singapore ranks 1st in the world in Grant Thornton's Global Dynamism Index
- UK foreign investment driven by economic stability and robust technology
- Russia offers good technology and an improving financing says global business growth index
- Economic growth and strong workforce boost Indonesia's position in global business growth environment index
- Strong growth and dynamic workforce boosts India's ranking in global business growth environment index
- Technology investment and a strong financing environment boost France's ranking in global business growth environment index
- Business-friendly regulation and a strong workforce make Australia a prime entry point for APAC
- Strong financing environment confirms attractiveness of Brazil, says global business growth environment index
- Singapore, Israel, Australia top business growth environment index
- US$250bn in overseas real estate investment driven by gut feeling rather than data
- Paul Raleigh named global leader for growth and advisory services
- Grant Thornton named one of the 50 'World's Most Attractive Global Employers'
- M&A activity strengthening
- Hotels 2020
- Women in business 2015 results
- OECD BEPS project faces uphill battle in reducing business scepticism on intergovernmental tax action
- Global private equity report 2014/15
- Mining M&A expected to double as market elements align
- New Grant Thornton firm in Belize
- Businesses in mature markets break investment inertia
- Good CSR makes good business sense
- 2013
- 2012
Major European powers disagree on road map
On the eve of Europe Day (9 May), new research from the Grant Thornton International Business Report (IBR) reveals that businesses in France and Germany, the eurozone's two biggest economies, are a world apart in their views on the bloc's future.
IIRC consultation draft welcomed
Grant Thornton welcomes the release of the IIRC's consultation draft of the International Integrated Reporting framework. The framework creates the foundations for a new reporting model which will enable a business to provide a concise communication of how it creates value over time.
Businesses in mature markets break investment inertia
New research from the Grant Thornton International Business Report (IBR) indicates that businesses in mature economies are betting on future growth, finally releasing their cash reserves and beginning to invest again. This comes as global business optimism, spurred on by improving order books, is up to its highest level since early 2011. The investment mood change is welcome evidence of businesses deciding that now is the time to lay the foundations for growth.
Mature markets set to start investing
• Co-investment opportunities considered key to attracting LPs • New LP relationships will dominate one-in-five new funds • Fundraising sentiment improves among GPs worldwide • Dividend recap volumes set to increase as LPs push for distributions
Global research into cloud security widens
Seeing the increased trend in cloud computing, Grant Thornton's Forensic investigation team in the Netherlands have joined a European led consortium to address the security issues surrounding the cloud.
Rise in numbers of women in business
To mark International Womens Day 2013 on 8 March, new research from the Grant Thornton International Business Report (IBR) reveals that globally, more women are making it into senior management roles than at any time since 2010.
Cross-border M&A activity up by a fifth
Grant Thornton's International Business Report (IBR), a quarterly global business survey in 44 countries, finds an increased appetite for cross border acquisitions as demand is at its highest level since 2008. Despite the political and economic events of the past twelve months, planned cross border M&A is driving acquisitive growth increasing by 56% since 2008 and 18% in 2012.
Few businesses seek lower corporate tax rate
A survey of more than 3,400 businesses in 44 economies finds that 67% would not relocate their business to another country for any level of reduction in their corporate tax rate.
BRIC growth wobbling on shaky foundations
New research from Grant Thornton's International Business Report (IBR) reveals that businesses in the fast-growing BRIC economies increasingly view under-investment in national infrastructure as a major constraint on their ability to grow.
Skills shortage epidemic weighs on growth
Businesses around the world are reporting a skills shortage epidemic that is weighing on growth prospects, according to new research from the Grant Thornton International Business Report (IBR).


text:
Teachers, trainers, and students are really swell people. I know this is true because I have been all three. The teachers and trainers are usually underpaid and overworked, and most students are just trying to make it through school with the best grades possible. So when I discovered an app that would make life easier for all three groups I was thrilled. The app is called Reflector
Reflector app icon
But, there is good news, bad news, and good news.
Good news. This app allows the user to project what they are doing on an iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch onto a Mac (or PC) and from there onto a wall or projector screen so everyone in the room can see it.
As an example, there is an excellent educational app called How My Body Works (TMO Review) This app works in 3D to teach the functions of the body from the inside out and costs around US$10 with the in-app purchases.
One teacher with one iPad, a Mac, and the Reflector app can upload the educational app, use Reflector to project in real time what he or she is doing on the iPad onto the Mac, and with the aid of any digital projector, project that image on a wall or projector screen.
Students can use it make classroom presentations if the classroom computer has Reflector installed. Trainers can efficiently teach staff how to use specific applications in group settings. Think about nurses in hospitals and how many of them now use iPads when making rounds.
So now that everyone thinks this is pretty cool, comes the bad news.
Bad news. The instructions for installing the app suck. There is no other word for it. Whoever wrote them assumes, if they thought about it at all, that anyone who will be using the app understands the internal operation of their iOS device. Well guess what. Most of us don't and the instructions leave out two key elements, without which you will never get this app to work. And yes, I did tell them that and they thanked me for sharing.
Good news. I could get all huffy, but that means that the people who could really benefit from using this app won't be able to, so my humble self will now give you the step-by-step instructions for setting it up.
Download the app to your Mac. A single use license is US$12.99, a multi-pack of five licenses is $54.99. You only have to install it on your Mac. There isn't a corresponding app for your iOS device because you don't need one.
Open the app on your Mac. The only way you will know it is open is that you will see it as the active app in your tool bar.
Menu bar
On your Mac, with the Reflector app as your active app, choose Reflector > Preferences and put a check mark next to Use my Mac's name and click the Done button. Of course, if you are making a presentation somewhere and using some other Mac, be sure to change this preference for that presentation.
Reflector preferenes
Select your device of choice. By-the-way, you can project more than one iOS device on screen if needed. For instance, if you wanted to show how iTunes works on two different devices.
The first step is to double tap your home button quickly until the hidden dock listing all the apps you have open appears. Scroll left to right with your finger as far as you can go, until you get to the end and see this:
Air Play button
That round button is the Air Play button. Tap it, and you get a screen similar to the following. What you get will depend on which device you are using but you will see the name of the AirPlay name you selected within the Reflector app preferences. Highlight that one -
Select the Air Play button
As soon as you do the mirroring submenu will open. Swipe to turn it on.
Mirroring submenu
The instant you turn Mirroring on, your device will be displayed on your desktop and via the appropriate attachment cables, projected to a wall or projection screen. If you then project a second device, they will position themselves side by side.
iPhone reflected on screen
Every action you take on your device will automatically be projected. It is such a great training tool.
To exit, go back to the hidden dock, access the AirPlay button and turn off mirroring.
The next time you want to use Reflector you will have to turn the mirroring back on.


text:
From 14 Things Before I'm Fourteen
5. Finish my year's worth of science before I finish my year's worth of schedules
Goal accomplished! Well, I did know that out of my fourteen things, this one would indefinitely be completed, because I had barely any science left.
Don't get me wrong. I didn't work so quickly because I love science. Quite the opposite. Science is more one of my "Oh, great. Time to do science," subjects. To be done, but disliked. However, I slogged away, doing twice as much I needed every day.
I finished appromixametly 6 weeks early.
Hurrah, hurrah, science is done! It's almost holidays!


text:
020 7625 4424
Commercial ParalegalCommercial Practice Group
Direct Telephone: 020 7644 7268 Direct Fax: 020 7644 7290 Mobile: N/A email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Sarah joined JPC in July 2010 as a legal secretary. She is now paralegal in our commercial property department and is currently studying with CILEx Law School to become a legal executive.
Sarah assists the other fee earners within the commercial property department. She has experience in dealing with commercial leases, various licenses (including alterations and assignments) and short term lending matters.
Sarah appreciates that clients like to be kept up to date throughout their transactions and aims to communicate fully with the client to meet their requirements. She is organised and approaches matters methodically to ensure matters are dealt with efficiency.
Sarah regularly visits the cinema and theatre. She has a passion for photography and enjoys fine dining.
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text:
Track Record Management: Exactly What You Need To KnowWhat is reputation management? It is protecting the image of your company. When your business has a good reputation, you get more business because your customers will spread the word about you. So, managing your business reputation is very important. This article will go over some ideas that help you improve your reputation management.
To bolster your reputation, follow up to make sure customers are satisfied. This is more true of larger businesses. They need to feel like they matter to you. You may want to try automated systems to follow up on their purchases. Also, attempt asking for feedback on their most recent purchases.
Create a mailing list. Make signing up for your mailing list fast and simple. To help bolster you mailing list offer a coupon or other incentive to encourage signing up. As an added bonus, you can increase your mailing list by offering a coupon for referrals. This can be a free small product or a cost saving coupon.
If you make a mistake, apologize quickly. Most people realize that everyone is human and mistakes do happen. If you are able to rectify the mistake do so quickly and address it on your website or social media site. If you are unable to rectify the mistake, apologize and go on with your business.
Do not allow yourself to get upset with someone publicly has a problem with you. The best way to handle this is by offering them some type of solution. This will show anyone who is looking that you are willing to go the extra mile to make your customers happy.
If your business is listed on a rating site that allows business owners to respond, make sure that you take advantage of this. Whether the feedback you are given is good or bad, you should respond to it. Thank people who have nothing but praise and offer something to those that are unsatisfied.
Never have a public argument with a member of your audience. This is a great way to show people that you are not concerned with their needs. Whenever there is a public disagreement with a business and an individual, the company is usually made out to be the bad guy, so be careful.
Always keep an ear to http://www.reports.iupui.edu/redirect.aspx?url=http://videoslog.americansnowcontrol.com in the online social media networks. People talk a lot about businesses on these sites. You can fix the negative situations more quickly if you notice them as they arise. That keeps your reputation strong.
Do not ask site owners to remove information about you just because it is a bit unflattering. People are entitled to their opinions and you don't want anyone to think that you believe the opposite. There is a chance that petitioning site owners to remove opinionated statements will backfire on you.
Think carefully before sharing http://petroglobalnews24.com/2017-03-17-servicemaster-global-holdings-inc-serv-upgraded-by-zacks-investment-research-to-hold/ over the Internet. This can be used against you in the future. Even if social media accounts are accessed by just a few people, you still need to be careful.
When you are on your social media pages, make sure that you try your best to sound as real as possible. Trying to sound too corporate or too casual will only make you come across as a big phony. It is best to find some middle ground that allows you to act more natural.
If you want to improve the reputation of your company, consider getting more involved with your community doing volunteer work. Consumers like companies that take simply click the next document . By donating your time or money to your local community, you are putting a positive spin on your company's reputation, and customers will see that.
Respond as quickly to complaints and concerns as possible. The sooner you fix a problem, the lesser of a problem it becomes. If you wait until a customer has complained across the Internet, it may be too late. Show your customers how much you care to keep them coming back.
You are probably now aware of the fact that reputation management is something you can get into with the right information. It just takes you having the drive to do well with it all, and the right kinds of facts. You will do well if you just stay patient and try hard at it.


text:
Students in the botanical garden
August 19, 2010
More than 20 high-school students participate in the Mosholu Preservation Corporation summer youth employment program in the Bronx, New York City. While they devote most of their time to tree stewardship and maintaining public parks, they also participate in a number of other learning activities. For example, students participate in a course on tree identification and pruning, and canoeing with the Bronx River Alliance. Today the students visited the New York Botanical Garden to see good examples of greening and landscaping. Jennifer Beaugrand, who organizes this summer program with student mentors, hopes that young people will learn some ideas about plants and landscapes in the NYBG and implement these ideas in their own communities.
Students near a Giant Redwood (Sequoiadendron giganteum)
Observing a riverbank restoration project near the Bronx River
At the Rockefeller Rose Garden


text: This Worth Century Series 12.5" fastpitch glove features a Woven Connector web with custom-fit, adjustable pull back strap. Made from full-grain steerhide leather shell, leather palm and finger back linings, and USA tanned pro lace, makes this a perfectly fitted for the hand and wrist of a fastpitch player. Additionally, PORON XRD palm and index finger padding have been added to drastically reduce ball impact to your hand.


text: Back To Homepage Testimonials At Kings III, we value service to the customer above all else, but you don't have to take our word for it- see what our customers have to say about us. People are singing our praises: "I should let Kings III sell you their products and pricing, but the services they provide have proven to be an excellent value for our company. They have come through for us in tight situations and I have the utmost confidence in them." Anita Jackson, Mid-America Apartment Communities "As a Property Manager, the safety of our tenants in the event of an elevator entrapment, coupled with the reliability of the emergency communication system, is a top priority. We recently took over a property where an emergency elevator communication system needed to be put in place immediately. I contacted Kings III and explained the necessity of having the system installed as soon as possible. Kings III understood the issues at hand and the need to move quickly. Their team had the job complete the following morning." Cindy Gowen, CB Richard Ellis "The real sale for me was the reporting and conversation recording ability. This is definitely a system I recommend for our properties throughout for cost savings and liability concerns." David Stauber, Transwestern "Our Kings III technician fixed both problems in our elevators. He is informative about the issues, able to address and repair them and communicates well with the business office. He is an asset to the Kings III team!" Patti Gladding, Tennis Club McLonghlin Condo "Very fast turnaround time and the part was under warranty so no charge to me. Thanks!" Jennifer Benner, Greystar - Green House "Kings III is the preferred provider for Bell Partners when our communities need an emergency elevator and/or pool telephone service. We have used Kings III for several years now and are extremely pleased with their level of service, professionalism, expertise, and product availability. Kings III works directly with our communities to ensure they have the right level of service to meet the needs of the residents, while offering extremely competitive pricing. Our communities, residents, and owners love the peace of mind and security that Kings III provides on a consistent basis. I would recommend Kings III to any community considering their services." Heather Craig, Bell Partners Inc "When dealing with a modern installation in a 46-year-old building, the challenges are endless. Our Kings III technicians got the install completed by their combined knowledge and pure persistence." Robert Mastrippolito, Islander Club of Longboat "We are a current customer of Kings III of America Inc. using their service for our pool-side emergency phones at approximately 43 locations. We are very comfortable recommending Kings III as a primary choice for emergency communications. From installation to maintenance and monitoring Kings III has proven to be an extremely reliable vendor. The response times are very quick and customer service is outstanding. Using Kings III we have realized a substantial saving over previous vendors. Each of our locations is charged one low monthly fee for maintenance, warranty, and service of the equipment eliminating any surprise repair or replacement cost. When you consider value, liability protections and service, Kings III is an excellent choice. They are a great partner, one we would recommend to anyone in the market for emergency communication services." William Castillo, Case & Associates Properties "I would like to take the time to thank one of your customer service representatives, Tina. A visitor for one of the residents was trapped in the elevator and she stayed on the phone with her until help arrived. She should be commended for her outstanding customer service." Carol Sauter, Esquire House Condominium Association "Kings III's state of the art system and 24-hour monitoring provides our team as well as our tenants with the comfort, safety and reliability necessary in the event of an elevator entrapment. It is comforting to know that if a question or concern ever does arise, the Kings III team is always available and ready to help." Maria DeSimone, Ivy Realty "Kings III provides full maintenance, warranty and service of our equipment; therefore, there are no surprise repair or replacement costs so I find it easy to budget for. I have also realized a substantial savings by using Kings III. It gives me peace of mind knowing that I am meeting all my emergency phone requirements in the most professional, productive and economical manner." Sue Mied, Lincoln Property Company "Kings III has never once failed to exceed our expectations with their wonderful technicians and great customer service." Lauren Eigen, REI Real Estate Services, LLC "Kings III's state-of-the-art system and 24-hour monitoring provides our tenants with the comfort, safety and reliability necessary in the event of an elevator entrapment. In todays hectic world, it is reassuring to know that if a question or concern ever does arise, the Kings III team is always available and ready to help without delay." Bea Green, Mainstreet Real Estate Services "Their services are unmatched. Kings III's attention to detail, industry leading equipment and top of the line services gives me the assurance that our tenants and owners will receive the best care possible, if ever necessary. Recently I had an insurance inspection and the inspector gave us two thumbs up and said that is the most missed and neglected item in a building. He commended us on having Kings III and their professional staff literally at our fingertips." Becky Pincheon, Paramount Real Estate Services


text:
Ethical Hacking LiveLessons
English | Audio: aac, 44100 Hz, stereo | Video: h264,
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learning style.
click on link to the post


text:
Thursday, February 4, 2010
Ugggggghhhhh....; or, How to Make Homemade Pedialyte
Anyway, I'm starting to feel better. I think I got it all out of my system. Still, it's left me feeling a little depleted and my stomach isn't totally settled. I'm eating yogurt right now - got to get those probiotics to work. But if I've learned anything from all my reading and from motherhood, it is that avoiding dehydration is the most important thing when you're having....issues.
In the past, I've always just gotten a Gatorade for myself or my husband when one of us gets a bout of this stuff. For my son, I run out and buy some Pedialyte. Pedialyte is expensive, though. A bottle of the stuff can run anywhere from three to six bucks. What's even in Pedialyte? I've tasted it. It's like watered down, salty Kool-Aid. How can it cost so much? Part of me wonders if the high price isn't a form of extortion: a desperate parent of a child that's vomiting or dealing with bout of diarrhea will just hurry and buy the stuff, no matter the cost. Even the generic, store brand Pedialyte replicas are around two to four dollars. Not cool. But, the stuff is good for a reason - it rehydrates and replenishes little bodies better than plain water. So what's a frugal mama to do?
Not too long ago, I came across a recipe (from a pediatrician, no less) on how to make your own Pedialyte. I guarantee you have all the essential ingredients at home. To make your own Pedialyte, just mix 4 cups of water, 1/2 teaspoon of salt, and 2 tablespoons of sugar. You can also add 1/2 tsp. of Jell-O powder to give it a little flavor. I don't think it makes much of a difference, but it might make it a bit more appealing to a kid (colored water is always more interesting, right?). That's it - your own Pedialyte for pennies.
So I whipped up a batch of this stuff for myself this morning (like I'd want to go to the store and buy some Gatorade anyway). And you should know, all the while I thought groggily, "I should share this on the Parsimonious blog". I even took a picture of the concoction (with the "just-in-case" bowl behind it). Do you feel the love? It is February, after all.
7 comments:
- Nisha said...
THANKS!!!! I'm going to remember this post is on here and refer to it if needed!
- February 4, 2010 at 2:55 PM
- Momma Curls said...
I was curious about the ingredients in pedialyte and found this website that lists ingredients: http://www.livestrong.com/article/345895-what-ingredients-are-in-pedialyte/ .
One thing they specifically mention is that using table sugar "can worsen diarrhea in children by pulling water into the intestine, increasing the volume of diarrhea and the loss of nutrients." But they use different forms of sugar. Just FYI.
- March 6, 2012 at 9:40 AM
- Heather said...
That is a good point, Momma Curls. I'm sure you could use a different form of sugar (like granulated fructose? Xylitol? Honey? I don't know.).
I'm just thinking that when you're in a pinch, a couple tablespoons of sugar isn't going to exacerbate the diarrhea problem that much (I'm no doctor, so take my thoughts for what they're worth). I know when people have stomach issues, they'll get some 7Up, which is LOADED with sugar. Maybe that's what the article was warning about more -- turning to sodas that might feel good in an upset stomach but that can do more damage than good.
I did get the recipe from a pediatrician (you can find the recipe in the book Baby 411 by Dr. Ari Brown) who must have taken the whole sucrose thing into account, but still published it. This recipe has worked and helped me and my family.
Thanks for the comment!
- March 6, 2012 at 10:52 AM
- My happy pills said...
Don't use honey in kids under 2 years of age, they can't process in and could get botulism as a result.
- December 25, 2012 at 9:45 AM
- Darlene said...
Get some probiotic Acidophilus at the health food store (refrigerator section). I could only afford the ones with 4 probiotics plus the acidophilus in them (single and out of work), but I've used this on myself, my kids from the time they are infants and kids I babysat (with parents permission). Works a treat!
As soon as intestinal problems (of either sort) rears its ugly head, Adults and older kids should take 3 capsules. For younger kids/babies, open one capsule up, put onto a tsp of applesauce - you can stir it in a bit so it's not so dry on top. The powder tastes mild and creamy and I've never had an infant/child refuse it.
If one dose doesn't do the trick in 15 minutes, take a second. In 16 years of doing this, we've never had to have more than 2 doses, and in that time, I can only remember 3 times someone needing more than 1 dose of this.
It's worked for stomach virus, food poisoning, changing water - what ever gets one chained to a bathroom or bucket.
You can't overdose on this as it's the same bacterias found in Yogurts and other cultured foods, just a LOT more of them.
- May 25, 2013 at 7:53 PM
- Jason Jampol said...
Or you could purchase Wubba Water, an organic electrolyte drink for kids. No synthetic dyes, no artificial flavors, colors or preservatives, less than 2 grams of sugar/serving and comes in 12 oz bottles. www.wubbawater.com. Also avail on Amazon. Oh, and tastes great!
- March 24, 2016 at 9:43 AM
- Unknown said...
This recipe saves money, is SO easy & really works! It is very soothing (I prefer to drink it warm) & has helped my family avoid dehydration due to a nasty stomach flu that has gone through our household. Thanks so much for posting :)
- February 7, 2017 at 7:06 AM


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Category: Israel
Review of a Kosher Big Mac
Technically, there is no such thing as a "kosher" Big Mac. Jewish dietary law says that you can't mix cheese and meat. The meat on this hamburger is molesting this cheese off the bun. I've had thousands of Big Macs throughout my life and was instantly able to taste the difference. For how dry it was, it could've been helped if the entire thing was drenched in thousand island dressing like an enchilada. I powered through the rest of it while wondering what the cardboard content was in this meal. It's like eating a sandwich made of boxes.
Maccabee Lager Beer
Eilat to Petra
For the first time in my life, I spent the night outdoors. No tent, no sleeping bag. Just my hood wrapped tight to my head while clutching my backpack in fear of midnight thieves. The Red Sea had light waves that would echo. There were beer bottles and trash everywhere but I found a nice clean patch of sand that looked habitable. It was definitely possible for me to get a room somewhere, but I decided that I wanted to conquer this rite of passage as a traveler. In order to prepare for this ordeal, I drank a 64 ounce bottle of beer. Instead of 40's, they sell 64's in Israel. It was a good idea because I woke up every once in a while to take a piss and make sure that I wasn't murdered in my sleep.
Israeli borders are stricter than normal so they even had hours in which you could cross. From my recollection, the border between Israel and Jordan was open from 9AM to 8PM. I arrived a little too late the night before so this was the reason for my beach camp. What morning brought was absolute horror. My skin was covered in spots. At that point, I was sure that I contracted some crazy unknown disease by sleeping so close to the Red Sea. This cursed body of water inflicted me with a scourge that caused me to feverishly regret my decision to be bold. I fucked up.
Luckily, I later learned that they were just sand flea bites. Nothing major. Symptoms result in itchy spots that last a few days. I spent those days scratching myself like a meth addict.
The walk from the beach to the border was around 4 miles. By 10AM, the sun was bright while the chill of the morning swiftly changed. It became very apparent that I was in the middle of the desert.
Israel's gateway into Jordan was as routine as other border crossings I've made before. My process was a little friendlier and easier to get through than the one I encountered in the airport. When I finished showing my documents and getting my belongings scanned, the process was repeated a short 50 feet away on the Jordanian side.
Exiting the building, there were a large group of taxis waiting with people yelling for my business. I ignored all of them and walked right by. Aqaba was only 10 miles away and for some reason, I was determined to walk. Within a mile, I heard a siren from a guard tower while someone fired off a shot. Screw that. I wasn't looking to get shot so I stopped immediately. In the guard tower, a man started waving at me and told me to go back. Not in a mood to argue with someone with a sniper rifle, it seemed wise to go back. Reluctantly, my only choice was to take a cab where they knew I had no options. $50 Jordanian dollars which equaled $75 American. Instead of going to Aqaba and dealing with finding more transportation issues, this guy would take me all the way to Petra.
Through the ride, it was pretty civil and he even bought me a coke. When we got to Petra, the cab driver demanded a tip and became very offended when I pointed out that I paid $50 JOD for my ride. I asked if I could take his picture and he responded with "fuck you".
The Holy Land
It was around 5AM when I got through customs in Israel. This overnight flight from Riga, Latvia had me completely drained. This teenage girl decided to recline her seat into my lap throughout the flight. An airline designed for people in the northern Baltic region of Europe shouldn't have such limited legroom.
My directions to the hostel from the airport were saved on my smartphone but were impossible to understand once I was actually there. Combined with my fatigue and irritated state, it was a huge disappointment when I finally got there and find that it was closed until 9AM. I was 3 hours early. I had to kill 3 fucking hours. Maybe I can go use the internet at McDonalds. Nope. The closest one I could find seemed like it was burned down. It's sign out front was in perfect condition, but after getting close enough to see the actual restaurant, it seemed like a bomb was recently detonated.
After a few laps around the surrounding blocks of the hostel, a guy in his upper 30's approached me almost out of nowhere and told me that he saw me on the plane from Riga. I was easily recognizable in a place where Asians are rare and nobody but myself is carrying a large camping backpack.
Toms Rozenbaums. A prodigal Jewish son returning to his homeland. Something of a heritage trip for him to see the homeland of his people. Currently on holiday from his job as a yachtsman on international seas. After a red eye flight, Toms' idea of a refreshing morning would be to go for a swim in the Mediterranean ocean at the crack of dawn. The sky was still a dark blue from the sun rising behind us. Further along into the sea, the light faded into darkness. Since he felt that he could trust me, he asked me to watch his belongings
I sat on the rocks that surround the beach and drifted in and out of consciousness. Warm rays of sun heated my back as I sat hunched over my bag with Toms' things at my feet. My mind would imagine the countless wars and historical events that would happen where I currently was. Tel Aviv felt almost spiritual, but not enough to bring me back to believe in Christianity. The events that transpired here over the years only affirmed that God doesn't exist.
Toms was on his way to Jerusalem the next day so I followed in order to get one step closer to Petra. My plan was to go down to Eilat and cross over into Jordan. The road from Tel Aviv to Eilat went through Jerusalem anyway. A world famous city that I would've regretted not seeing if I was in the area.
Like many places in Israel, security was on another level that I was ever used to. Young pretty girls wearing military fatigues were wielding M-4 rifles. Maybe around 19 years old, they are enlisted into compulsory military service to defend their country. Their beauty was almost as lethal as their weapons while they stood watch on street corners. A noticeable blue set of eyes would stand out against their dark uniforms. The serious nature in which they took their jobs was an admirable trait. Other kids at that age would only be firing weapons like this in video games. Really astonishing to consider from what I was used to.
There was a hostel that I researched based on Hostelworld that was charging around 12 dollars per bed. In a crowded market, the building had only one route of access in between a couple food vendors and a drug store. It was quite busy in this area that was located right outside the old city. I walked up to a group of older men who were drinking and one of them claimed that he was employed by the hostel. A perfect stranger could have been just as much help in this situation. When I presented my proof of reservations, he basically took my word for it and brought me to a large hall that reeked of unwashed towels. Instead of beds, there were camping pads laid across every foot of this large hall. Despite the amount of open air space, the odor seemed to hang in the air and the circulation was inept. We had to be careful not to step on someone else's luggage or sleeping bag while walking in between the pads to find an open spot for me to sleep on. There are refugee camps I've seen on National Geographic that had better conditions.
Reluctantly, I left my bags there and went off with Toms to view the old city. Since it was the beginning of Passover, many beers were not available for sale due to the way they are brewed. I don't think "kosher" beer exists. Instead, there was a sale on some really nice Passover wine that we purchased and drank out of paper bags. Toms had some Latvian friends from home that currently lived in Jerusalem and we met them at a cafe. Lolita Tomsone , who is a language teacher, has been residing in Jerusalem for a few years now. Cheerfully spirited, she regaled us with tales of the terrorism and high tensions in this old city. Palestinian and other terrorist bombings were commonplace during the previous few years.
Lolita learned of my conditions at the hostel and invited me to stay on her couch as well. I was glad to accept. Toms and Lolita asked me for permission to speak in their native language of Latvian. Not to be rude or to exclude me, but to practice the language she loved. It was a rare occurrence to meet another Latvian in the country of Israel and they wanted to speak in their native tongue. The rest of the night was spent absorbing the culture with flowing wine and cigarettes.
That evening, I slept on a comfortable couch in a clean living room with a blind dog that howls on command. At Lolita's house, we had a late dinner and continued to take in more wine as well. My kind host invited her friends as well and we all shared in food and wine.
The bus to Petra left from the central station and I was determined to walk there. I've accomplished a few long hikes in places like Portugal and Turkey with all of my stuff and this would literally be a walk in the park. There was a large park between Lolita's house and the bus station that didn't take long at all.
About 5 hours on a bus headed south, I caught a glimpse of the famous Dead Sea. Levels of salt concentration that could enable a person to float easily in the water.
Eilat was a tiny resort village that sat at the northern tip of the Red Sea. Most remembered for a leader of Jews splitting it in half with a stick so that he can organize a mass immigration. This place was not what I was expecting in my mind. Mid-rise hotel buildings with a mall and a food court. The beach itself was littered with garbage and leftover drink cups.


text:
|When we question the Brownlow, we question our existence.
Is this a wake?
Is anyone still awake?
Tonight is the dullest production I can remember. It's so drab and earnest. No colour. No movement. Barely any cringe. I'm even bored. I NEVER GET BORED ON BROWNLOW NIGHT. What has happened to me?
Am I?
I'm starting to question everything.
Back to reading votes. Round 12 and Bont moves to 10. Parker no votes stays on 14. Dustin Martin moves to 11. Dangerfield moves to the lead on 17. He had 47 possessions that day. But you can only get 3 votes a game.
Round 13 read by Mick Molloy. Luke Parker still getting shitloads of votes.
Cut to a tribute to Paul Couch.
Tonight's Brownlow is a wake.


text:
Business Owner Admits To Failing To Pay Taxes To IRS
LAREDO, Texas - Leticia Reyna has entered a plea of guilty to failing to pay over employment taxes to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), announced United States Attorney Kenneth Magidson.
According to the written plea agreement filed in the record of the case, Reyna admitted she and Jorge Montemayor operated Professional Skilled Services Inc., a home health care business that provided basic skilled care. She acknowledged that in her role as president, she had authority to conduct financial transactions on behalf of Professional Skilled Services Inc. and exercised signatory authority on the company's bank accounts. The indictment had alleged Reyna was required to collect, truthfully account for, and pay over employment taxes to the United States which include federal income tax, Social Security and Medicare taxes.
As part of the plea, Reyna admitted she knowingly and willfully failed to pay over to the IRS approximately $48,562.44 of federal income and FICA and Medicare taxes withheld from the taxable wages of employees of Professional Skilled Services Inc., for the fourth quarter of 2008. Reyna admitted that had different business expense and personal choices been made, funds would have been available to pay these taxes.
A sentencing date has not yet been set. She faces a statutory maximum penalty of five years in prison and a $250,000 fine. She was permitted to remain on bond pending the sentencing hearing.
The investigation resulting in the charges against Reyna was conducted by IRS - Criminal Investigation and FBI. Assistant United States Attorney Elizabeth R. Rabe is prosecuting the case.


text:
Forecast verification
The Met Office has been producing and verifying short-period (up to five to seven days ahead) forecasts for every tropical cyclone since 1988. Verification of the performance of the global model in predicting tropical cyclone tracks has been routinely published on a monthly and seasonal basis during that time.
The links below show the forecast verification for all tropical cyclones during the last few seasons. The 'Observed and forecast tracks' links show forecast tracks for individual tropical cyclones accompanied by comments on the Met Office global model performance. The 'Seasonal verification reports' links show the global model's performance over the season as a whole. The 'Forecast error graphs' links show the long-term trend in track forecast errors since 1988 for various ocean basins as well as comparisons between the Met Office model and other forecasts.
For verification statistics from seasons earlier than those presented here please email firstname.lastname@example.com. For information on current tropical cyclones go to the Tropical cyclones warnings and guidance page.
Observed and forecast tracks (includes currently active seasons)
|Southern Hemisphere 2018-19
|Northern hemisphere 2018
|Southern hemisphere 2017-18
|Northern hemisphere 2017
|Southern hemisphere 2016-17
|Northern hemisphere 2016
Seasonal verification reports (produced after the end of each season)
|Southern hemisphere 2017-18
|Northern hemisphere 2017
|Southern hemisphere 2016-17
|Northern hemisphere 2016
|Southern hemisphere 2015-16
|Northern hemisphere 2015
Tropical cyclone tracking and forecast verification method
The method used to track tropical cyclones and verify forecasts in Met Office models is available in this publication:
Heming, J.T., 2016. Tropical cyclone tracking and verification techniques for Met Office numerical weather prediction models. Meteorological Applications.
Last updated:


text:
Common mallow can be rather small to look like a small bush depending on its environment.
Teaching Reading Comprehension to Students with Dyslexia
Eileen Bailey
Special Education Expert
Reading comprehension is frequently very difficult for Students with dyslexia.
They are challenged by word recognition; they may forget a word even though they have seen it several times. They may spend so much time and effort in sounding words out,
they lose the meaning of the text or they may need to read a passage over and over
to fully understand what is being said.
An in-depth report, completed by the National Reading Panel in 2000,
provides a look at how teachers can best teach students reading comprehension.
This skill is considered essential, not only in learning to read but also in lifelong learning.
The panel held regional public hearings with teachers, parents and students
to help form an understanding of what was required in making sure students
had a solid foundation of reading skills.
Reading comprehension was listed as one of the five most important skills in developing reading.
According to the panel, there were three specific themes within reading comprehension
that were discussed:
a) Vocabulary Instruction
b) Text Comprehension Instruction
c) Teacher Preparation and Comprehension Strategies Instruction
Vocabulary Instruction
Teaching vocabulary increases reading comprehension. The more words a student knows,
the easier it is to understand what is being read. Students must also be able to decode
unfamiliar words, that is, they must be able to derive the meaning of the word
through knowledge or similar words or through the surrounding text or speech.
For example, a student can better understand the word /truck/ if they first understand the word /car/ or a student can guess what the word /truck/ means by looking at the rest of the sentence, such as The farmer loaded hay in the back of his truck and drove away.
The student can assume that the truck is something you drive,
thereby being like a car, but is bigger since it can hold hay.
The panel found that using a variety of methods to teach vocabulary
worked better than simple vocabulary lessons. Some of the successful methods included:
Ø Using computer and technology to aid in vocabulary instruction
Ø Repetitive exposure to words
Ø Learning vocabulary words prior to reading text
Ø Indirect learning of vocabulary,
for example using vocabulary words in a number of different contexts
Ø Learning vocabulary in both written text and oral speech
Teachers should not rely on a single method of teaching vocabulary,
but instead should combine different methods to create interactive
and multi-faceted vocabulary lessons that are age-appropriate for the students.
Text Comprehension Instruction
Text comprehension, understanding what the printed words mean as a whole
rather than understanding individual words, is the basis of reading comprehension.
The panel found that, "comprehension is enhanced when readers actively relate the ideas represented in print to their own knowledge and experiences
and construct mental representations in memory." Further, it was found that
when cognitive strategies were used during reading, comprehension increased.
Some of the specific reading comprehension strategies that were found to be effective are:
Ø Teaching students to monitor their understanding of the material as they read
Ø Having students practice reading comprehension skills as a group
Ø Using pictures and graphics to represent the material being learned
Ø Answering questions about the material
Ø Creating questions about the material
Ø Determining the structure of the story
Ø Summarizing the material
As with vocabulary instruction, it was found that using a combination
of reading comprehension strategies and making lessons multisensory
was more effective than using a single strategy. In addition, understanding that strategies
may change depending on what is being read was important.
For example, reading science text may require a different strategy than reading a story.
Students who are able to experiment with different strategies
are better equipped to determine which strategy will work for their current assignment.
Teacher Preparation and Comprehension Strategies Instruction
In order to teach reading comprehension, teacher must, of course, be knowledgeable
of all of the components of reading comprehension. Specifically, teachers should receive training
in explaining the strategies to students, modeling thinking processes,
encouraging students to be curious about what they are reading, keeping students interested
and creating interactive reading instruction.
There are two main approaches to teaching reading comprehension strategies:
Direct Explanation – Using this approach, the teacher explains the reasoning and mental processes used to make text meaningful. Teachers can explain that reading and understanding text
is a problem solving exercise. For example, when summarizing what has been read,
a student can play the part of a detective, looking for important information in the text.
Transaction Strategy Instruction-This approach also uses direct explanations of the strategies
used in reading comprehension but includes class and group discussions on the material
in order to develop a deeper understanding of the material.
Teaching Children to Read: An Evidence-Based Assessment of the Scientific Research
Literature on Reading and Its Implications for Reading Instruction, 2000,
National Reading Panel, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Government http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/nrp/smallbook.cfm
You can TCR specialist and language dictionaries that are spontaneously accessed.
I can Turbo Charge Read a novel 6-7 times faster and remember what I've read.
I can TCR an instructional/academic book around 20 times faster and remember what I've read.
Introduction to Turbo Charged Reading YouTube
A practical overview of Turbo Charged Reading YouTube
How to choose a book. A Turbo Charged Reading YouTube
Emotions when Turbo Charged Reading YouTube
Advanced Reading Skills Perhaps you'd like to join my FaceBook group ?
Perhaps you'd like to check out my sister blogs:
www.innermindworking.blogspot.com gives many ways for you to work with the stresses of life
www.ourinnerminds.blogspot.com take advantage of business experience and expertise.
www.happyartaccidents.blogspot.com just for fun.
To quote the Dr Seuss himself, "The more that you read, the more things you will know.
The more that you learn; the more places you'll go."