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In physics, mass–energy equivalence is the concept that the mass of an object orsystem is a measure of its energy content. For instance, adding 25 kilowatt-hours(90 megajoules) of any form of energy to any object increases its mass by 1microgram (and, accordingly, its inertia andweight) even though no matter has been added.
A physical system has a property called energy and a corresponding property called mass; the two properties are equivalent in that they are always both present in the same (i.e. constant) proportion to one another. Mass–energy equivalence arose originally from special relativity as a paradox described by Henri Poincaré.[1] The equivalence of energy E and mass m is reliant on the speed of light c and is described by the famous equation:
Thus, this mass–energy relation states that the universal proportionality factor between equivalent amounts of energy and mass is equal to the speed of light squared. This also serves to convert units of mass to units of energy, no matter what system of measurement units used.
If a body is stationary, it still has some internal or intrinsic energy, called its rest energy. Rest mass and rest energy are equivalent and remain proportional to one another. When the body is in motion (relative to an observer), its total energy is greater than its rest energy. The rest mass (or rest energy) remains an important quantity in this case because it remains the same regardless of this motion, even for the extreme speeds or gravity considered in special and general relativity; thus it is also called the invariant mass.
On the one hand, the equation E = mc2 can be applied to rest mass (m or m0) and rest energy (E0) to show their proportionality asE0 = m0c2.[2]
On the other hand, it can also be applied to the total energy (Etot or simply E) and total mass of a moving body. The total mass is also called the relativistic mass mrel. The total energy and total mass are related by E= mrelc2.[3]
Thus, the mass–energy relation E = mc2 can be used to relate the rest energy to the rest mass, or to relate the total energy to the total mass. To instead relate the total energy or mass to the rest energy or mass, a generalization of the mass–energy relation is required: the energy–momentum relation.
E = mc2 has frequently been invoked as an explanation for the origin of energy in nuclear processes specifically, but such processes can be understood as convertingnuclear potential energy in a manner precisely analogous to the way that chemical processes convert electrical potential energy. The more common association of mass–energy equivalence with nuclear processes derives from the fact that the large amounts of energy released in such reactions may exhibit enough mass that the mass loss (which is called the mass defect) may be measured, when the released energy (and its mass) have been removed from the system; while the energy released in chemical processes is smaller by roughly six orders of magnitude, and so the resultingmass defect is much more difficult to measure. For example, the loss of mass to an atom and a neutron, as a result of thecapture of the neutron and the production of a gamma ray, has been used to test mass–energy equivalence to high precision, as the energy of the gamma ray may be compared with the mass defect after capture. In 2005, these were found to agree to 0.0004%, the most precise test of the equivalence of mass and energy to date. This test was performed in the World Year of Physics 2005, a centennial celebration of Albert Einstein's achievements in 1905.[4]
Einstein was not the first to propose a mass–energy relationship (see the Historysection). However, Einstein was the first scientist to propose the E = mc2 formula and the first to interpret mass–energy equivalence as a fundamental principle that follows from the relativistic symmetries ofspace and time.
The formula was initially written in many different notations, and its interpretation and justification was further developed in several steps.[5][6]
- In "Does the inertia of a body depend upon its energy content?" (1905), Einstein used V to mean the speed of light in a vacuum and Lto mean the energy lost by a body in the form of radiation.[7] Consequently, the equation E = mc2 was not originally written as a formula but as a sentence in German saying that if a body gives off the energy L in the form of radiation, its mass diminishes byL/V2. A remark placed above it informed that the equation was approximated by neglecting "magnitudes of fourth and higher orders" of a series expansion.[8]
- In May 1907, Einstein explained that the expression for energy ε of a moving mass point assumes the simplest form, when its expression for the state of rest is chosen to be ε0 = μV2 (where μ is the mass), which is in agreement with the "principle of the equivalence of mass and energy". In addition, Einstein used the formula μ =E0/V2, with E0 being the energy of a system of mass points, in order to describe the energy and mass increase of that system when the velocity of the differently moving mass points is increased.[9]
- In June 1907, Max Planck rewrote Einstein's mass–energy relationship as M = (E0 +pV0)/c2, where p is the pressure and V the volume, in order to express the relation between mass, its "latent energy", and thermodynamic energy within the body.[10]Subsequently in October 1907, this was rewritten as M0 = E0/c2 and given a quantum interpretation by Johannes Stark, who assumed its validity and correctness (Gültigkeit).[11]
- In December 1907, Einstein expressed the equivalence in the form M = μ + E0/c2 and concluded: A mass μ is equivalent, as regards inertia, to a quantity of energy μc2.[…] It appears far more natural to consider every inertial mass as a store of energy.[12][13]
- In 1909, Gilbert N. Lewis and Richard C. Tolman used two variations of the formula:m = E/c2 and m0 = E0/c2, with E being the energy of a moving body, E0 its rest energy,m the relativistic mass, and m0 the invariant mass.[14] The same relations in different notation were used by Hendrik Lorentz in 1913 (published 1914), though he placed the energy on the left-hand side: ε = Mc2 and ε0= mc2, with ε being the total energy (rest energy plus kinetic energy) of a moving material point, ε0 its rest energy, M the relativistic mass, and m the invariant (or rest) mass.[15]
- In 1911, Max von Laue gave a more comprehensive proof of M0 = E0/c2 from thestress–energy tensor,[16] which was later (1918) generalized by Felix Klein.[17]
- Einstein returned to the topic once again after World War II and this time he wrote E =mc2 in the title of his article[18] intended as an explanation for a general reader by analogy.[19]
Conservation of mass and energy
Mass and energy can be seen as two names (and two measurement units) for the same underlying, conserved physical quantity.[20]Thus, the laws of conservation of energy andconservation of (total) mass are equivalent and both hold true.[21] Einstein elaborated in a 1946 essay that "the principle of the conservation of mass […] proved inadequate in the face of the special theory of relativity. It was therefore merged with the energy [conservation] principle—just as, about 60 years before, the principle of the conservation of mechanical energy had been combined with the principle of the conservation of heat [thermal energy]. We might say that the principle of the conservation of energy, having previously swallowed up that of the conservation of heat, now proceeded to swallow that of the conservation of mass—and holds the field alone."[22]
If the conservation of mass law is interpreted as conservation of rest mass, it does not hold true in special relativity. Therest energy (equivalently, rest mass) of a particle can be converted, not "to energy" (it already is energy (mass)), but rather to otherforms of energy (mass) which require motion, such as kinetic energy, thermal energy, or radiant energy; similarly, kinetic or radiant energy can be converted to other kinds of particles which have rest energy (rest mass). In the transformation process, neither the total amount of mass nor the total amount of energy changes, since both are properties which are connected to each other via a simple constant.[23][24] This view requires that if either energy or (total) mass disappears from a system, it will always be found that both have simply moved off to another place, where they may both be measured as an increase of both energy and mass corresponding to the loss in the first system.
Fast-moving objects and systems of objects
When an object is pushed in the direction of motion, it gains momentum and energy, but when the object is already traveling near the speed of light, it cannot move much faster, no matter how much energy it absorbs. Its momentum and energy continue to increase without bounds, whereas its speed approaches a constant value—the speed of light. This implies that in relativity the momentum of an object cannot be a constant times the velocity, nor can thekinetic energy be a constant times the square of the velocity.
A property called the relativistic mass is defined as the ratio of the momentum of an object to its velocity.[25] Relativistic mass depends on the motion of the object, so that different observers in relative motion see different values for it. If the object is moving slowly, the relativistic mass is nearly equal to the rest mass and both are nearly equal to the usual Newtonian mass. If the object is moving quickly, the relativistic mass is greater than the rest mass by an amount equal to the mass associated with thekinetic energy of the object. As the object approaches the speed of light, the relativistic mass grows infinitely, because the kinetic energy grows infinitely and this energy is associated with mass.
The relativistic mass is always equal to the total energy (rest energy plus kinetic energy) divided by c2.[3] Because the relativistic mass is exactly proportional to the energy, relativistic mass and relativistic energy are nearly synonyms; the only difference between them is the units. If length and time are measured in natural units, the speed of light is equal to 1, and even this difference disappears. Then mass and energy have the same units and are always equal, so it is redundant to speak about relativistic mass, because it is just another name for the energy. This is why physicists usually reserve the useful short word "mass" to mean rest mass, or invariant mass, and not relativistic mass.
The relativistic mass of a moving object is larger than the relativistic mass of an object that is not moving, because a moving object has extra kinetic energy. The rest mass of an object is defined as the mass of an object when it is at rest, so that the rest mass is always the same, independent of the motion of the observer: it is the same in all inertial frames.
For things and systems made up of many parts, like an atomic nucleus, planet, or star, the relativistic mass is the sum of the relativistic masses (or energies) of the parts, because energies are additive in isolated systems. This is not true in systems which are open, however, if energy is subtracted. For example, if a system is bound by attractive forces, and the energy gained due to the forces of attraction in excess of the work done is removed from the system, then mass will be lost with this removed energy. For example, the mass of an atomic nucleus is less than the total mass of the protons and neutrons that make it up, but this is only true after this energy from binding has been removed in the form of a gamma ray (which in this system, carries away the mass of the energy of binding). This mass decrease is also equivalent to the energy required to break up the nucleus into individual protons and neutrons (in this case, work and mass would need to be supplied). Similarly, the mass of the solar system is slightly less than the sum of the individual masses of the sun and planets.
For a system of particles going off in different directions, the invariant mass of the system is the analog of the rest mass, and is the same for all observers, even those in relative motion. It is defined as the total energy (divided by c2) in the center of mass frame (where by definition, the system total momentum is zero). A simple example of an object with moving parts but zero total momentum is a container of gas. In this case, the mass of the container is given by its total energy (including the kinetic energy of the gas molecules), since the system total energy and invariant mass are the same in any reference frame where the momentum is zero, and such a reference frame is also the only frame in which the object can be weighed. In a similar way, the theory of special relativity posits that the thermal energy in all objects (including solids) contributes to their total masses and weights, even though this energy is present as the kinetic and potential energies of the atoms in the object, and it (in a similar way to the gas) is not seen in the rest masses of the atoms that make up the object.
In a similar manner, even photons (light quanta), if trapped in a container space (as aphoton gas or thermal radiation), would contribute a mass associated with their energy to the container. Such an extra mass, in theory, could be weighed in the same way as any other type of rest mass. This is true in special relativity theory, even though individually photons have no rest mass. The property that trapped energy in any formadds weighable mass to systems that have no net momentum is one of the characteristic and notable consequences of relativity. It has no counterpart in classical Newtonian physics, in which radiation, light, heat, and kinetic energy never exhibit weighable mass under any circumstances.
Just as the relativistic mass of an isolated system is conserved through time, so also is its invariant mass. It is this property which allows the conservation of all types of mass in systems, and also conservation of all types of mass in reactions where matter is destroyed (annihilated), leaving behind the energy that was associated with it (which is now in non-material form, rather than material form). Matter may appear and disappear in various reactions, but mass and energy are both unchanged in this process.
Applicability of the strict mass–energy equivalence formula, E = mc2
As is noted above, two different definitions of mass have been used in special relativity, and also two different definitions of energy. The simple equation E = mc2 is not generally applicable to all these types of mass and energy, except in the special case that the total additive momentum is zero for the system under consideration. In such a case, which is always guaranteed when observing the system from either its center of mass frame or its center of momentum frame, E =mc2 is always true for any type of mass and energy that are chosen. Thus, for example, in the center of mass frame, the total energy of an object or system is equal to its rest mass times c2, a useful equality. This is the relationship used for the container of gas in the previous example. It is not true in other reference frames where the center of mass is in motion. In these systems or for such an object, its total energy will depend on both its rest (or invariant) mass, and also its (total) momentum.[26]
In inertial reference frames other than the rest frame or center of mass frame, the equation E = mc2 remains true if the energy is the relativistic energy and the mass is the relativistic mass. It is also correct if the energy is the rest or invariant energy (also the minimum energy), and the mass is the rest mass, or the invariant mass. However, connection of the total or relativistic energy(Er) with the rest or invariant mass (m0) requires consideration of the system total momentum, in systems and reference frames where the total momentum has a non-zero value. The formula then required to connect the two different kinds of mass and energy, is the extended version of Einstein's equation, called the relativistic energy–momentum relation:[27]
Here the (pc)2 term represents the square of the Euclidean norm (total vector length) of the various momentum vectors in the system, which reduces to the square of the simple momentum magnitude, if only a single particle is considered. This equation reduces to E = mc2 when the momentum term is zero. For photons where m0 = 0, the equation reduces to Er = pc.
Meanings of the strict mass–energy equivalence formula, E = mc2
Mass–energy equivalence states that any object has a certain energy, even when it is stationary. In Newtonian mechanics, a motionless body has no kinetic energy, and it may or may not have other amounts of internal stored energy, like chemical energyor thermal energy, in addition to anypotential energy it may have from its position in a field of force. In Newtonian mechanics, all of these energies are much smaller than the mass of the object times the speed of light squared.
In relativity, all of the energy that moves along with an object (that is, all the energy which is present in the object's rest frame) contributes to the total mass of the body, which measures how much it resists acceleration. Each potential and kinetic energy makes a proportional contribution to the mass. As noted above, even if a box of ideal mirrors "contains" light, then the individually massless photons still contribute to the total mass of the box, by the amount of their energy divided by c2.[28]
In relativity, removing energy is removing mass, and for an observer in the center of mass frame, the formula m = E/c2 indicates how much mass is lost when energy is removed. In a nuclear reaction, the mass of the atoms that come out is less than the mass of the atoms that go in, and the difference in mass shows up as heat and light which has the same relativistic mass as the difference (and also the same invariant mass in the center of mass frame of the system). In this case, the E in the formula is the energy released and removed, and the mass m is how much the mass decreases. In the same way, when any sort of energy is added to an isolated system, the increase in the mass is equal to the added energy divided by c2. For example, when water is heated it gains about 1.11×10−17 kg of mass for every joule of heat added to the water.
An object moves with different speed in different frames, depending on the motion of the observer, so the kinetic energy in both Newtonian mechanics and relativity is frame dependent. This means that the amount of relativistic energy, and therefore the amount of relativistic mass, that an object is measured to have depends on the observer. The rest mass is defined as the mass that an object has when it is not moving (or when an inertial frame is chosen such that it is not moving). The term also applies to the invariant mass of systems when the system as a whole is not "moving" (has no net momentum). The rest and invariant masses are the smallest possible value of the mass of the object or system. They also are conserved quantities, so long as the system is isolated. Because of the way they are calculated, the effects of moving observers are subtracted, so these quantities do not change with the motion of the observer.
The rest mass is almost never additive: the rest mass of an object is not the sum of the rest masses of its parts. The rest mass of an object is the total energy of all the parts, including kinetic energy, as measured by an observer that sees the center of the mass of the object to be standing still. The rest mass adds up only if the parts are standing still and do not attract or repel, so that they do not have any extra kinetic or potential energy. The other possibility is that they have a positive kinetic energy and a negative potential energy that exactly cancels.
Binding energy and the "mass defect"
Whenever any type of energy is removed from a system, the mass associated with the energy is also removed, and the system therefore loses mass. This mass defect in the system may be simply calculated as Δm= ΔE/c2, and this was the form of the equation historically first presented by Einstein in 1905. However, use of this formula in such circumstances has led to the false idea that mass has been "converted" to energy. This may be particularly the case when the energy (and mass) removed from the system is associated with the binding energy of the system. In such cases, the binding energy is observed as a "mass defect" or deficit in the new system.
The fact that the released energy is not easily weighed in many such cases, may cause its mass to be neglected as though it no longer existed. This circumstance has encouraged the false idea of conversion ofmass to energy, rather than the correct idea that the binding energy of such systems is relatively large, and exhibits a measurable mass, which is removed when the binding energy is removed. This energy is often released in the form of light and heat, which is too quickly and widely dispersed to be easily weighed, though it does carry mass[citation needed].
The difference between the rest mass of a bound system and of the unbound parts is the binding energy of the system, if this energy has been removed after binding. For example, a water molecule weighs a little less than two free hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom; the minuscule mass difference is the energy that is needed to split the molecule into three individual atoms (divided by c2), and which was given off as heat when the molecule formed (this heat had mass). Likewise, a stick of dynamite in theory weighs a little bit more than the fragments after the explosion, but this is true only so long as the fragments are cooled and the heat removed. In this case the mass difference is the energy/heat that is released when the dynamite explodes, and when this heat escapes, the mass associated with it escapes, only to be deposited in the surroundings which absorb the heat (so that total mass is conserved).
Such a change in mass may only happen when the system is open, and the energy and mass escapes. Thus, if a stick of dynamite is blown up in a hermetically sealed chamber, the mass of the chamber and fragments, the heat, sound, and light would still be equal to the original mass of the chamber and dynamite. If sitting on a scale, the weight and mass would not change. This would in theory also happen even with a nuclear bomb, if it could be kept in an ideal box of infinite strength, which did not rupture or pass radiation.[24] Thus, a 21.5 kiloton (9×1013 joule) nuclear bomb produces about one gram of heat and electromagnetic radiation, but the mass of this energy would not be detectable in an exploded bomb in an ideal box sitting on a scale; instead, the contents of the box would be heated to millions of degrees without changing total mass and weight. If then, however, a transparent window (passing only electromagnetic radiation) were opened in such an ideal box after the explosion, and a beam of X-rays and other lower-energy light allowed to escape the box, it would eventually be found to weigh one gram less than it had before the explosion. This weight loss and mass loss would happen as the box was cooled by this process, to room temperature. However, any surrounding mass which had absorbed the X-rays (and other "heat") would gain this gram of mass from the resulting heating, so the mass "loss" would represent merely its relocation. Thus, no mass (or, in the case of a nuclear bomb, no matter) would be "converted" to energy in such a process. Mass and energy, as always, would both be separately conserved.
Massless particles
Massless particles have zero rest mass. Their relativistic mass is simply their relativistic energy, divided by c2, or mrel =E/c2.[29][30] The energy for photons is E = hf, where h is Planck's constant and f is the photon frequency. This frequency and thus the relativistic energy are frame-dependent.
If an observer runs away from a photon in the direction it travels from a source, having it catch up with the observer, then when the photon catches up it will be seen as having less energy than it had at the source. The faster the observer is traveling with regard to the source when the photon catches up, the less energy the photon will have. As an observer approaches the speed of light with regard to the source, the photon looks redder and redder, by relativistic Doppler effect (the Doppler shift is the relativistic formula), and the energy of a very long-wavelength photon approaches zero. This is why a photon is massless; this means that the rest mass of a photon is zero.
Massless particles contribute rest mass and invariant mass to systems
Two photons moving in different directions cannot both be made to have arbitrarily small total energy by changing frames, or by moving toward or away from them. The reason is that in a two-photon system, the energy of one photon is decreased by chasing after it, but the energy of the other will increase with the same shift in observer motion. Two photons not moving in the same direction will exhibit an inertial framewhere the combined energy is smallest, but not zero. This is called the center of massframe or the center of momentum frame; these terms are almost synonyms (the center of mass frame is the special case of a center of momentum frame where the center of mass is put at the origin). The most that chasing a pair of photons can accomplish to decrease their energy is to put the observer in a frame where the photons have equal energy and are moving directly away from each other. In this frame, the observer is now moving in the same direction and speed as the center of mass of the two photons. The total momentum of the photons is now zero, since their momenta are equal and opposite. In this frame the two photons, as a system, have a mass equal to their total energy divided by c2. This mass is called the invariant mass of the pair of photons together. It is the smallest mass and energy the system may be seen to have, by any observer. It is only the invariant mass of a two-photon system that can be used to make a single particle with the same rest mass.
If the photons are formed by the collision of a particle and an antiparticle, the invariant mass is the same as the total energy of the particle and antiparticle (their rest energy plus the kinetic energy), in the center of mass frame, where they will automatically be moving in equal and opposite directions (since they have equal momentum in this frame). If the photons are formed by the disintegration of a single particle with a well-defined rest mass, like the neutral pion, the invariant mass of the photons is equal to rest mass of the pion. In this case, the center of mass frame for the pion is just the frame where the pion is at rest, and the center of mass does not change after it disintegrates into two photons. After the two photons are formed, their center of mass is still moving the same way the pion did, and their total energy in this frame adds up to the mass energy of the pion. Thus, by calculating theinvariant mass of pairs of photons in a particle detector, pairs can be identified that were probably produced by pion disintegration.
A similar calculation illustrates that the invariant mass of systems is conserved, even when massive particles (particles with rest mass) within the system are converted to massless particles (such as photons). In such cases, the photons contribute invariant mass to the system, even though they individually have no invariant mass or rest mass. Thus, an electron and positron (each of which has rest mass) may undergoannihilation with each other to produce two photons, each of which is massless (has no rest mass). However, in such circumstances, no system mass is lost. Instead, the system of both photons moving away from each other has an invariant mass, which acts like a rest mass for any system in which the photons are trapped, or that can be weighed. Thus, not only the quantity of relativistic mass, but also the quantity of invariant mass does not change in transformations between "matter" (electrons and positrons) and energy (photons).
Relation to gravity
In physics, there are two distinct concepts ofmass: the gravitational mass and the inertial mass. The gravitational mass is the quantity that determines the strength of thegravitational field generated by an object, as well as the gravitational force acting on the object when it is immersed in a gravitational field produced by other bodies. The inertial mass, on the other hand, quantifies how much an object accelerates if a given force is applied to it. The mass–energy equivalence in special relativity refers to the inertial mass. However, already in the context of Newton gravity, the WeakEquivalence Principle is postulated: the gravitational and the inertial mass of every object are the same. Thus, the mass–energy equivalence, combined with the Weak Equivalence Principle, results in the prediction that all forms of energy contribute to the gravitational field generated by an object. This observation is one of the pillars of the general theory of relativity.
The above prediction, that all forms of energy interact gravitationally, has been subject to experimental tests. The first observation testing this prediction was made in 1919.[31] During a solar eclipse,Arthur Eddington observed that the light from stars passing close to the Sun was bent. The effect is due to the gravitational attraction of light by the Sun. The observation confirmed that the energy carried by light indeed is equivalent to a gravitational mass. Another seminal experiment, the Pound–Rebka experiment, was performed in 1960.[32] In this test a beam of light was emitted from the top of a tower and detected at the bottom. The frequency of the light detected was higher than the light emitted. This result confirms that the energy of photons increases when they fall in the gravitational field of the Earth. The energy, and therefore the gravitational mass, of photons is proportional to their frequency as stated by the Planck's relation.


text: I finnaly got some new morgans! The timing is terrible though. I rode them for about 2 hours then i had to head home. The next day it was raining like crazy (so much for sweet and sunny California), and now i'm flying out of town for 5 days and my parents said i couldn't bring my board. I really just can't wait to slide these more, But the 2 hours i had were great!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The June 20, 2015 Edition of WCWC on PDX-TV is the 56th episode of the television show of West Coast Wrestling Connection. It was taped on June 6, 2015 in the Jackson Armory in Portland, Oregon.
- Numbers in parentheses indicate the length of the match.
- (c) refers to the champion(s) heading into the match.
- Adam Thornstowe defeated Jack Manley (6:25)
- Gangrel defeated The Shadow I (w/ Mr. Tubbs) (5:48)
- Mike Santiago defeated Crash Test Cody (4:23)
- Kenny Lush defeated Grappler 3 (5:54)
- Caleb Konley (c) defeated Mikey O'Shea to retain the WCWC Legacy Championship (13:01)


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[Οι Νέοι Φίλοι της Φύσης είναι συνεργάτες με τους IYNF]
Are you interested in climate change issues? Do you change your behavior to reduce your impact? Did you read the Green Toolbox? Did you attend the Networking conference in Slovakia about activism? Do you have the feeling you can do more but you don't know how?
ACT NOW and join the Young Naturefriends movement to come to the COP19 in Warsaw!
This year the International Climate negotiations, organized traditionally each year by the United Nations, are taking place in Europe – specifically in Poland. Between 11-22 November the 19th Conference Of the Parties (COP) is being held in Warsaw.
Young Naturefriends calls for participants to contribute together to the action for climate justice. And you have the chance to be there! If you feel the need to claim the streets and fight for social and climate justice, come along with IYNF and numerous other civil society organizations! We are trying to mobilize as many Young Naturefriends as possible to come to the COP19 on the weekend of 16-17th of November.
On the 15th of November there will be a train leaving from Brussels to Warsaw. This "Climate Express" also stops in Aachen, Cologne, Berlin and Poznan. The minute you get on this train you will be overwhelmed with the atmosphere of the COP19. On the train there will be debates, workshops, an Oxfam solidarity-bar, vegan meals, a radio station and so much more. If 500 people join, the price will be €150, if 750 people join the price will be €100. There are already almost 400 registrations. The max amount of people who can join the Climate train is 1200. If we achieve to get so many people on the train the price will be €65 per person to go to Warsaw and get back! The more people go by train the cheaper it is for everyone! So invite all of your friends, your neighbors, and your whole family! More information about the train you can find here: http://train-en.climatejustice.eu/train.html
If you come from another side of the European landscape you can try to find the most ecological way to get to Warsaw. (http://www.thetrainline-europe.com/)
When we arrive in Warsaw there is a safe place to put your luggage and there is a sleeping place arranged for only €1! We will sleep in schools, so don't forget to take your mat and sleeping bag.
Registrations are open until the 21st of October. You can fill in the weekend registration-form here:https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1IjbZJSqEgxWRZu0g62dCFmL6QLPZP--bF7jNhZq8lCM/viewform
Registrations to take the Climate train you can find here:http://train-en.climatejustice.eu/registration.html " target="_blank"> http://train-en.climatejustice.eu/registration.html
If you have registered (and paid if you take the Climate train) then you will get all the information you need about the weekend.
"During this year we will explore various modes and ways of active participation, campaigning and activism and we will look for local and global solutions to international and local problems. IYNF will organize several international activities to empower and inspire young people to take up action for change for their communities and the world."
You have the opportunity to actively participate at "IYNF Year of Action for Change"! On the 16th of November there will be a (Young) Naturefriends meeting with all the participants at the "Social and Climate Justice Manifestation" together with thousands of other NGO´s, civil society organizations and climate-concerned individuals from all over the globe. The focus of the manifestation will be on "Just Transition and Decent Work."
One of the main objectives of Young Naturefriends movement is to be politically involved in issues relating to the environment, to the climate and to social policy at regional, national and international level. In Warsaw we will build a small network with all Young Naturefriends who consider political participation should be taken more actively within the Young Naturefriends movement. There we will have an open people assembly and brainstorm about further political activities, solutions and network possibilities on an international scale.
The involvement of a lot of NGOs is worth an applause, but still that doesn't mean we have to wait and see how our governments have failed to take responsibility. Changing our daily habits is a start but it's not enough, we have to show the policy makers that a lot of people are counting on their efforts. Coming to an international agreement is the first step to take the climate change seriously on a global scale. And time is running. Therefore Young Naturefriends are calling for support and are striving to become a part of the global movement with the power of numbers.
If you never have attended manifestations before then this is your chance to become part of the global movement! It is a great International experience to feel the energy of so many people that try to urge international governments to take action and to come to an international agreement about several topics of climate change. By going to the COP19 weekend you will feel and see that you are not the only one that is concerned about climate change. There will be the opportunity to meet a lot of different organizations with small different objectives, but all with the same main goal: Change our way of life, change habits and change the needs of society for the sake of our own, for our planet and for our future!
After the manifestation on Saturday, there are still activities going on. In the evening there will be debates and lectures and thousands of people to discuss with. On Sunday there is the opportunity to visit the historical centre of Warsaw. People who are going back with the climate express need to take the train on Sunday 12 AM. More detailed information will follow soon!
Write to Thomas Gits, the coordinator of Young Naturefriends presence at COP19:
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Το Ελληνικό Δίκτυο ΦΙΛΟΙ της ΦΥΣΗΣ και οι Νέοι Φίλοι της Φύσης στηρίζουν και συμμετέχουν στους αγώνες και στις πρωτοβουλίες που αναπτύσσονται για την Κλιματική Αλλαγή. Στις θέσεις των ΦτΦ που θα παρουσιαστούν για την Ενέργεια, τον Οκτώβριο του 2013, μεταξύ των άλλων αναφέρονται ότι:
Συμφωνούμε με τους γενικότερους, αλλά άκρως συντηρητικούς, στόχους της Ε.Ε. 20-20-20 για το 2020 στο σύνολο της οικονομίας άρα και το σύνολο της ενεργειακής κατανάλωσης:
· Μείωση 20% στις εκπομπές Αερίων του Θερμοκηπίου (ΑτΘ) σε σχέση με το 1990.
· Μερίδιο 20% ΑΠΕ στο σύνολο της ενεργειακής κατανάλωσης.
· Μείωση ενεργειακής κατανάλωσης κατά 20%.
Η θέση μας είναι ότι η Ε.Ε. θα πρέπει να επαναφέρει τουλάχιστον τους αρχικούς της στόχους που κατέθεσε στη Σύνοδο του ΟΗΕ στο Ντέρμπαν (2011) για μείωση 30-35%, αλλά οπισθοχώρησε μετά από πίεση της Πολωνίας.


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It has been a while -- let's blame busy holidays. It was fun having my family together for the holidays.
Hope you all had wonderful holidays!
My family, my life, my story. This blog is my record of my search for ancestors here in the United States and their countries of origin. It is also a record of my life and that of my descendants. Genealogy is a long time passion of mine and I hope you will join me. My main surnames of interest are Grashoff, White, Chaffin, Wells, Matzdorff, Fogleman, Stinehart, Omvig. Past, present, and future all come together. Preserving the present is as important as discovering the past.
Monday, January 6, 2014
Busy Holidays!!
Posted by Teri Chaffin at 6:25 PM
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NEW: Leicester Water District Gets Relief for $1.7 Million Payments
Monday, October 15, 2012
Under existing state law, the district's property owners would have 20 years to make payments and clear the $1.7 million balance, but "An Act Relative to the Cedar Meadown Lake Water District," filed by State Representative John Binienda (D-Worcester) and State Senator Michael Moore (D-Millbury) the repayment period will be extended to 40 years, making the payment schedule for property owners more manageable.
"I am grateful for Representative Binienda and Senator Moore's help in passing this bill, which will allow the 85 families in the Cedar Meadow Lake Watershed District some relief in terms of their payments," said Dick Johnston, district clerk for the Cedar Meadow Lake Water District.
"I hope this will lend these families and property owners some peace of mind going forward, and I commend Mr. Johnston and other District members for their legwork on this issue," said Binienda.
"The affected parties will be rightfully compensated but this will give these families some necessary breathing room."
"I applaud Dick Johnson and the members of the Cedar Meadow Lake Water District for providing local families with the flexibility and discretion they need in meeting this financial obligation," said Moore.
"Particularly now, with budgets being stretched even thinner, this will give families some long term control."
Related Articles
- NEW: Leicester's Matt Dennison Ousts Longtime Selectman
- EXCLUSIVE: The Top 25 Water Users in Worcester
- NEW: Central Mass Community Colleges Score $400,000 in State Grants
- NEW: Stone Soup Community Center Celebrates Rebuilding
- Leicester #47: Central MA's Best Communities
- Leicester's Matt Dennison Fighting to Be Next Selectman


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Friday, July 31, 2009
CS 855 Week 4 Classes in Second Life
Does creativity require creative people? Bill Breen raises the question in The 6 Myths of Creativity. Our responses ranged from no, anyone can have creative ideas to yes, when they are stimulated by necessity (a requirement) or executed by talented individuals who have the tools and skills to envision these ideas.
Each of us has the opportunity to meet the creative challenge.
Does technological innovation have a method? Scott Berkun, in the interview about his book The Myths of Innovation, notes that in retrospect, the stories of how certain innovations evolved may seem as if they were derived from a logical progression of steps. Yet, if the creators of each incremental development were interviewed, the failures and uncertainty associated with evaluating and rejecting alternative approaches would surface. There is no single method.
While we did not constrain our discussion of creativity and innovation to technology, one of our focal points in this course is to understand how new ideas become future technologies.
Near the end of class, we created content in Second Life, using the building tool to develop a one prim design that began as a tube, evolved into a 1) one prim stool, 2) twisted into a fountain and 3) rotated, stretched and textured into a Tiffany lamp.
The term prim is describes a single primitive shape, one of the beginning shapes offered in the Second Life building tool. These shapes a cube, prism, sphere, cylinder, torus, tube and ring. There are also modifications to these basic shapes and a sculpted shape available in the SL building tool.
Next week, we will meet on Thursday (August 6th) from 7:30 PM to 9:00 PM Mountain time. The first and last half hour will include some Second Life content and skills while the middle of the class will explore futuring and innovation concepts.
Wednesday, July 22, 2009
CTU Doctoral Defense News
In addition to our formal graduation ceremony, we held a ceremony during our Doctoral Symposium to share the celebration with the Doctor of Computer Science students and faculty.
Dawn Frankovich and Will Henry presented their research during the Spring Doctoral Symposium and are also graduating this Summer. *cheers*
The graduation photos depicted in this post were taken by the friends and family of Paul Yanzick and Matt Purkeypile, and are hosted on Matt, Paul and Brent's Facebook sites.
Maurice Dawson's doctoral defense is scheduled for Friday, July 24, 2009 at 1:00 Mountain in our Adobe Acrobat Connect meeting room. As future defenses are scheduled, I will also announce them in Twitter.
Congratulations to our Colorado Technical University graduates! *cheers*
Second Life Relay for Life 09 Totals
Many thanks to the wonderful team members from team Circle of Life, Blynn Heron and Erielle Clary, our co-captains and our many friends in Elf Circle. You led dozens of events and designed magnificent gardens that served as an inspiration to us all. It has been a privilege to serve as your team captain.
Tim Harrison, my brother in spirit, died just prior to our Relay for Life.
I was so thankful to be able to honor him in addition to the many loved ones that we have lost to this terrible disease.
Our struggle is not in vain; Cindy, a dear friend who shared her journey through Stage Four cancer with me in 2006, survived, and at last account, is enjoying a very full life. We are quite powerful when we work together! #slrfl #slrfl09
Saturday, July 18, 2009
Second Life Relay for Life - One World, One Hope
See the schedule later in this post for more lap information. I will be unable to walk for much of the day while teaching at Colorado Technical University's doctoral symposium, so I took a few photos so I could enjoy the lovely Circle of Life fantasy gardens at RFL An Iema.
Many thanks to the wonderful Elf Circle designers who crafted a lovely setting for our celebration of life.
As you walk a lap, take a moment to stop and dance with the elves on a dance floor that floats above the water amid finely crafted bardic instruments as a dolphin that swims around you.
Every hour during the SL Relay for Life, the residents of Second Life will walk through the campsites and learn more about the strength and courage of cancer survivors and the people who love them. Many of the walks are themed and the schedule includes the following themed laps:
Saturday, July 28, 2009 (All times are Pacific/SLT)
Noon - Opening Ceremonies
1pm - Survivor/Caregiver Lap
2pm - Team Spirit Lap - Team Shirts & Banners
3pm - One World - International Outfits Lap
4pm - One Hope - Rainbos Lap - The Hope of a New Day...The Promise of Calm after the Storm. Wear all the colors of the rainbow and celebrate One HOPE
5pm - Flower Power Hour Lap - 60's outfits
6pm - Tackle It - football, rugby or any sports clothing. Let's tackle cancer together - united, we can beat this.
7pm - Western Theme Lap
8pm - Bald is Beautiful Lap (Fay, this one's for you)
9pm - Luminaria Ceremony (please no events during this time)
10pm - Magic Lap - Wizzards, Magicians, Fairies, etc.
11pm - Tacky Tourist Lap
Sunday, July 19, 2009 (All times are Pacific/SLT)
12am - Midnight Masquerade
1am - Health Matters - Maybe you are a banana, or an orange, or a carrot. Live a healthy life - we can all make a small change that improves our life.
2am - Crazy Shoes Lap
3am - Meet a New Friend Lap
4am - Silly Hats Lap
5am - Tinies, Furries, Tails & Wings
6am - Fight Back Ceremony
7am - Caring & Curing Lap - Dr., Nurse, Scientist - Working together to beat cancer
8am - Coffee Curlers, Slippers & PJ's
9am - Here Comes the Sun - Dress for a day at the beach. Always remember to protect yourself from the sun on land and sea, even on a cloudy day.
10am - Formal Wear Lap
11am - Closing Ceremonies (Teams Lap to follow)
Come enjoy the live music throughout the festival and help us fight cancer. If you are using the Map within Second Life, visit the RFL An Iema region. #slrfl09
Go Relay! *cheers* #slrfl
Monday, July 06, 2009
Futuring and Innovation: The next 5,000 days of the Web
Kevin Kelly discusses the next 5,000 days of the Web on Ted Talks
Imagine for a moment that you summarized the Web's development as the first 5,000 days (13.7 years) that led to the Web as we know it today. Travel back in your mind 13-14 years. What were you doing prior to the Web?
In 1986, my family and I ran a BBS for 150 Mac users out of our home. Sending email messages in 1988 across a defense network required long email addresses that identified the machines en route.
What will the next 5,000 days of the Web offer in terms of capability and use? Kevin Kelly compares what we know today to what it will be like in 13.7 years.
The statistics from today's Internet use help us to put our experience into perspective.
The Web 2.0 has provided us with a wealth of free collaboration, broadcasting and social tools. In the future, Kelly's notes that your identity and your ability to find friends across future social sites will be consistent as you travel between tools.
For the Semantic Web, Web 3.0 and the giant global graph to be effective, we need to be open to sharing our data in addition to sharing web pages and our computers. I can see a few barriers to open access when it comes to private and sensitive data.
Moving to a world with the easy retrieval of data will require a culture shift from today's compliance and control to an effective information accountability system that supports the fair use of data. How we feel about web privacy and the protection of data limits what we share today.
Linking things between the Web and the real world, as noted by Kelly's observation about the Internet of Things helps us to experience a seat on the plane or to reserve a table at a restaurant, as I proposed in my Futuring and Innovation course introduction.
I wrote my introduction before watching his video and am gratified to see that his vision of the future aligns with mine. *chuckles*
Will we become co-dependent on the future Web as Kelly suggests? *grins* His summary notes that We are the Web and we will become the machine. What do you think?
He concludes by observing that the result from the next 5,000 days (13.7 years) won't be the Web that we know today, only better. It will offer a smarter, more personalized and ubiquitous experience.
I am ready for it! Are you?
Freedom Writers' Diaries - Erin Gruwell at ISTE NECC 09
We left NECC 09 energized and ready to develop the stories of our students. Her work with the 150 teachers across the country on the use of technology reminded me that despite our level of technological sophistication, we all have hurdles and challenges to overcome.
If they can do it, we can do it! *cheers*
I had a grand time working at the Second Life Playground and want to thank Lisa Linn, Scott Merrick, Susan Toth-Cohen, Peggy Sheehy, Bernajean Porter, Marianne Malstrom, Lloyd, Laura Sheehy, Pamela and our wonderful Second Life educators!
See you at ISTE 2010 in Denver! *waves*


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Box 1937 RM of Sherwood 3080, Albert Street North, Regina, SK, S4P 3E1
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The communities in Prairie Valley School Division offer many lifestyle choices for our staff members and their families.
Many of our communities are located along Highway 1, which makes for easy travel to neighboring communities or nearby urban centres, like Regina or Yorkton.
Recreational and cultural facilities in Prairie Valley include museums, libraries, swimming pools, hockey rinks and curling arenas, campgrounds, snowmobiling trails, social centres, fitness facilities, ball diamonds and heritage sites
Urban Accessibility
Twenty-three of the thirty-two communities are 100 km or less from Regina, which provides those who prefer city life the opportunity to live in the city and still teach in our schools.
Suburban Living
Our suburban communities, such as Lumsden, White City, Balgonie and Pilot Butte, are vibrant with many amenities while still providing a quiet and friendly small-town feel.
These communities each have at least one school and between eight and 15 schools within a 45-minute drive.
Rural Roots
We have many farming and ranching communities like Kipling, which has eight schools within 45 minutes, Grenfell, which has 11 schools within 45 minutes, Whitewood, which has seven schools within 45 minutes and Kelliher, which has four schools within 45 minutes.
Resort Lifestyle
Many of our schools are located at or near resort communities. South Shore School is at Regina Beach, a community on Last Mountain Lake that boasts a nearby golf course, snowmobiling trails, boating and fishing. An employee who lives at Regina Beach could teach at four Prairie Valley schools within a 30-45 minute drive. Fort Qu'Appelle is another resort community. The area is home to lakes for boating and fishing, a ski resort, golf courses, a provincial park and a mix of historic features and modern businesses and facilities. Making your home in Fort Qu'Appelle would provide opportunities in 18 schools within a 45-minute commute.
School Division Map.pdf


text: This zesty dry Furmint leads the way with aromas of lemon juice and freshly cut pineapple. It has delightful flavors of apple, peach and Bartlett pear with a nice amount of heft on the palate. There's a great deal of minerality and the finish is creamy and brisk at the same time.


text: Web Exclusive May 17, 2017 IndiGrid initial public issue of units to open on May 17 India Grid Trust (IndiGrid), proposes to open on May 17, 2017, an initial public issue of its units for cash at a price band per unit of Rs 98 to Rs 100, aggregating up to Rs 22,500 million. IndiGrid is an infrastructure investment trust (InvIT) established to own inter-state power transmission assets in India. Sterlite Power Grid Ventures Limited and Sterlite Investment Managers Limited are the Sponsor and Investment Manager. Axis Trustee Services Limited is the Trustee of IndiGrid.


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Each November the board of directors of the National Federation of the Blind convenes an in-person meeting to review the work of the organization and plan for the future. The two-day meeting begins at eight o'clock sharp and not infrequently runs past eight in the evening. Accessibility, education, employment, and a host of other issues are discussed in detail, and decisions are made to ensure that the work we do is moving the blind of America toward first-class citizenship in America.
The board is composed of fourteen state presidents and additional members, representing a total of seventeen states. Here, appearing from left to right, are the members of the board of directors.Back row (left to right): Fred Schroeder, first vice president; John Fritz; Alpidio Rolón; Ron Brown, second vice president; Pam Allen, treasurer; Marc Maurer, president; James Gashel, secretary; Mika Pyyhkala; and Mike Freeman. Front row (left to right): Joseph Ruffalo Jr., Parnell Diggs, Cathy Jackson, Amy Buresh, Patti Gregory-Chang, Carl Jacobsen, Sam Gleese, and Ever Lee Hairston.


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Going on a vacation does not mean that you should stop riding your motorbike. You can still enjoy riding your motorbike even when on vacation. There are rental companies that offer motorbike rental for people on vacation to make it easy to access a motorbike even when you are far away from home. If you are planning to take a vacation in the countryside or on the beach, then it is time to consider renting a good motorbike while on the trip. Here are reasons to hire a motorbike while on vacation.
Advantages of hiring a motorbike on vacation
Easy movement
Hiring a motorbike while on vacation will make your movement easy. Since you might not have a car with you on vacation, a motorbike can make your movement easy. By renting a motorbike, you will be able to visit all the places you like without worrying about the form of transport. If you are traveling alone, a motorbike will provide reliable transport since it is still as fast as a car and you can get it at a lower price compared to a car.
Adventure in travel
Going on vacation is all about adventure since you get an opportunity to visit new places and have fun. Renting a motorbike will give you the opportunity to enjoy the adventure that you might not have when driving a car. With a motorbike, you can see the environment and all the forms of attractions in the country that you are visiting. When visiting new places, adventure is an important aspect of the travel.
Visit inaccessible locations
A motorbike will give you an opportunity to visit all the inaccessible place. There are some places like the countryside that you cannot visit by a car. You need to make sure that you go with a motorbike to access the narrow paths and the poor road network. If you are likely to visit such a place, then a motorbike is your preferred mode of transport as opposed to using a car.
Sports and socialization
Riding a motorcycle will give you an opportunity to socialize and interact with other people during your vacation. Vacations are about meeting new people, and you need to make sure that you are not left out. When riding a motorbike, you will meet new friends and people with similar interest. You will also get a chance to do motorbike racing and other forms of sports.


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Use your marketing promotions to celebrate:
National Chili Month
National Apple Month
National Popcorn Popping Month
National Pretzel Month
National Seafood Month
National Pork Month
There are food choices for every type of business. Make your promotions healthy fun or guilty pleasures! I'm thinking Chili Cook Offs or have your customers create recipes for apple desserts and use Facebook and Twitter to promote the events.
Pretzels are easily shipped and you can mail them out to prospects with recipes for chocolate dipped pretzels.
October being National Pork Month sounds like its time for a Luau for your customers. Or have a clam bake or shrimp cocktail available for a customer appreciation day.
Let me know what you decide to do for your October marketing promotions.
Week 1
October 1 World Vegetarian Day – All healthy businesses can do something on this day!
October 2 National Fried Scallops Day
October 3 National Caramel Custard Day
Week 2
October 4 National Taco Day
October 5 National Apple Betty Day
October 6 National Noodle Day
October 7 National Frappe Day
October 8 Celebrate National Chili Month
October 9 Celebrate National Apple Month
October 10 National Angel Food Cake Day
Week 3
October 11 World Egg Day
October 12 Celebrate National Popcorn Popping Month
October 13 National Yorkshire Pudding Day
October 14 Celebrate National Pretzel Month – Love 'em! Send bags to your clients
October 15 National Chicken Cacciatore Day
October 16 Celebrate National Seafood Month
October 17 National Pasta Day
Week 4
October 18 National Chocolate Cupcake Day – Sprinkles strawberry cupcakes and strawberry frosting is fabulous! Bake some for you best clients.
October 19 National Seafood Bisque Day
October 20 Celebrate National Pork Month
October 21 National Pumpkin Cheesecake Day
October 22 National Nut Day – Send your clients packages of nut mixes.
October 23 National Boston Cream Pie Day
October 24 National Bologna Day
Week 5
October 25 National Greasy Foods Day
October 26 National Mincemeat Pie Day
October 27 National Potato Day
October 28 National Chocolate Day – Gotta love this one! Send boxes of chocolate out to show your client's you appreciate them.
October 29 National Oatmeal Day
October 30 National Candy Corn Day
October 31 National Candy Apple Day – Rocky Mountain Chocolate factory has yummy ones in a variety of flavors.


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The winners of our 2012 Raffle in support of Toronto Child Care have all been drawn, and we have posted a list of all our winners here!
See the list by clicking here: RaffleWinners2012
Thank you to everyone who participated and to all our wonderful sponsors. We have additionally been contacting all winners by phone to confirm their mailing addresses so that their prizes can be sent to them. Congratulations to all our winners!


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This 3D printed speaker is fully functional with manufactured plastic components. Cornell researchers were able to develop and print a loudspeaker using only two 3D printers to customize it. Some of these parts consist of conductive and magnetic parts that work seamlessly with the cone piece to produce sound. It was developed by Apoorva Kiran and Robert Maccurdy, who are graduate students in mechanical engineering.
This speaker only required minimal assemblage with the right wiring components to create the power and sound. This consists of special silver ink extrusion that is used for the coil and a viscous blend of strontium ferrite for the magnet. This 3D-printed speaker proves to be an educational step in technology that will change the way printers are used in the future.Photo Credits: gizmodo, designboom
3D-Printed Speakers
More Stats +/-
Gesture-Controlled Speakers
Tactile Concrete Speakers
Tadpole-Inspired Waterproof Speakers
Wooden Wireless Speaker Systems
Cylindrical Wireless Speakers
This 3D-Printed Speaker Produces Quality Sound and Functionality
- By: Michael NietoDec 18, 2013
References: designboom & gizmodo
References: designboom & gizmodo


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Volume 1 in the Amelia Taylor- Simmons Collection.
"Dominic." I moaned. I couldn't do this! I was just a little bit classier wasn't I? 'Oh god' I thought as his hands found the rim of my dress and he pulled it up, past my waist.
"Mm, don't fight it Amelia. You know you want it, don't you?"
ShinyFrost777 May 26, 2017
Roses are red Cacti are prickly And I must say That escalated quickly
lol_hailey218 Jul 07, 2016
Ouch, I just fell out of my bed laughing to hard.😂😂😂😂
labelmelovestruck Oct 26, 2016
*their precious chat time Please don't think I'm being rude, just trying to help! Your writing is very good 😊
lydiaskira Apr 26, 2016
I'm sorry, but that's not how to spell followed. It was killing me!
MadamPress May 23, 2016
They can be the teanafe mutanat ninja turtles! Leonardo, Rafael, Micheal Angelo and Donatelo!
NoraMariaNitro Dec 21, 2016
Its nice,,,how more I imagine for the nx chapter happened,, I eager to read more on another .nx please


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Lemons started showing up on our doorstep, much to our delight. My husband loves just slicing them into rounds and eating them with honey. We had wonderful lemons to squeeze over fish and vegetables and anything else that would benefit from a little lemon juice. But when I looked at this bounty, just one thing went through my mind.... Lemon Meringue Pie!
It's been a long time since I had lemon meringue pie. My grandmother used to make a sort-of lemon pie with condensed milk (the recipe was inside the label), but it just didn't equal the Birdcage version.
Dad squeezed me a big bottle of lemon juice with his power juicer, which has been in my fridge and the base of several glasses of lemonade. But I kept looking at it with an eye towards pie.
Mom sent me the recipe she got out of Ebony Magazine a few years ago. I'm not sure how she wound up with a subscription to Ebony as she's a short, white, older lady not prone to fashion - but there was a recipe section in the magazine that she fell in love with - and she says their pie recipe was the best she's ever had - including the Birdcage.
So today, I made pie.
This recipe called for a pre-baked pie shell, so I put it in the pan and pricked the sides and bottom so it would bake flat and not bubble up too much. I've heard that you can then add some foil and fill it with dried beans to bake a perfect pie shell.
In a saucepan, I mixed sugar, cornstarch, salt and added cold water, lemon juice and three egg yolks (remember that - THREE). After I mixed that all together, I added boiling water and butter and brought the whole thing up to a boil (stirring constantly) for a minute. I was supposed to add grated peel after I removed it from the heat, but I forgot. I poured the filling into my deformed pie shell, THEN remembered the grated peel. Oops. Sprinked it on top and lightly stirred it into the filling. Now to the meringue...
That was not the success I'd hoped for. The recipe called for FOUR egg whites, 1/4 tsp. of cream of tartar (beaten together 'til foamy) and a half a cup of sugar beaten in. I think that might have been a typo, that four. My meringue just wouldn't form stiff peaks. It kept flopping over and sliding back into itself at an alarming pace. I checked the instructions on the actual cream of tartar jar and IT said THREE egg whites, 1/4 tsp. Cream of Tartar and half a cup of sugar. I wondered where that extra egg white came from.... now I have a yolk in my fridge waiting for morning because of that typo.
Anyway, I added a little more cream of tartar and sugar and eventually, after lots and lots of beating, got some peaks out of it. I spooned it on top of the pie filling and stuck it in the oven.
It didn't take long for the top to brown up a little, and I pulled it out. The filling still seemed a bit sloshy and I had to be careful moving the pie. I really hope it sets up solidly as it cools!
I know it will taste good (I sampled the filling left in the saucepan and had to lick the meringue bowl). And it LOOKS pretty good too! I just hope it firms up so we're not eating lemon meringue soup!
This is GOOD! Very sweet and tart. In hindsight, I probably should have finished letting it cool and set in the fridge after a half hour on the counter. The filling was kind of soft and didn't want to hold its shape once cut but perhaps some remedial time in the fridge will help. The meringue, while not as lofty as the Birdcage's, is still light and fluffy and tastes like a little piece of heaven floated into your mouth.
Now that I've done it, the next one will turn out better. I will know about the pie shell and the extra egg white and cooling/setting it the right way...
Still, pretty good stuff. A little on the sweet side for me. Being diabetic, that means my piece of this pie will have to be pretty small. I had a regular-sized piece and the headache is coming on. So - smaller for me, which means more for everyone else!


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company Microsoft is developing a version of office suite Office, optimized for tablets with "OSes" Google. She appears on the touchscreen with Android before Windows 8. According to blog The Verge, citing informed sources, the touch version of Office for Android will be released later this year.
In late March, Microsoft Office adapted for iPad . The package includes a text editor Word, Excel for spreadsheets, and PowerPoint presentations. In May, the company announced that applications have been downloaded over 27 million times since its launch. On which of the "office" is better – Office from Microsoft or iWork from Apple – you can learn from our survey .
According to The Verge, Microsoft will soon begin testing the closed Office for Android. The company already takes participants: they can register on the site pre-release program Office. As expected, the interface Word, Excel and other applications for Android practically will not differ from the iPad-version.
That Office will be released first on Android, and Windows 8 after previously reported ZDNet Editor Mary Joe Foley. According to her, the same set of applications that are optimized for the Modern UI interface in the "eight", appears in the spring of 2015. Around this same time, you can wait for the next major release of the operating system Windows.
Source: The Verge


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Well it's been a long time. And I must say I do feel better albeit "woozy". So it's weird being out of "intervention". I am not sorry I went but now it seems like all the coping skills I had don't work (of course they stopped working anyway which is why I needed intervention).
It wasn't necessarily a cry for help. It was a request. I knew I was getting to a point where life no longer looked good to me. So intensive outpatient for me, I went.
It was hard to be there. I was surrounded by all these people. The very first day, within 20 minutes, I was thrust into "group". This is where you fill out a sheet that explains what you are thinking and feeling. It gave you a direction for goals that day. My first sheet: 3 emotions: nervous frustrated and anxious. It was very hard to be there. One of the student nurses for the day actually knew me. She attends our church. Her daughter is also Autistic. We both looked at each other with a quiet "knowing".
It was my job while I was there to figure out how I had gotten to this point. That was an easy task. I have what the psychiatry peeps call "excessive caregiver strain". Duh!
I spent hours talking to the staff about my life and my family. You know you have a complicated life when you can make 2 social workers cry just by telling your story. The psychiatrist was surprised that he hadn't met me sooner. He told me I would be in antidepressants and have to attend therapy probably for the rest of my life. Everyone that I talked to told me, "There is nothing we can do for you or resources we can offer you. You are already doing everything right, everything you can. Sometimes things just turn out that way."
And that was where I truly lost hope. I sat in a dark corner and cried. For hours. I felt as if there was nothing I could offer my children. That I had failed. And I hate failing. But I tried. I worked hard. There was no respite, or break, or even sleep for the past 8 or 9 months for myself and WH. WKD was backtracking; no signing and his speech was fading. WKG was supposed to have respite and a personal care attendant by now (PCA).
It was there, in the hospital for the terminally depressed, that I learned that my visit could have all been avoided. My son, WKG, had been awarded the Autism Waiver, a $22,000 grant, just 2 months before. He would be awarded the grant every year until he turns 18. The grant covers respite, a PCA, and a behavior therapist, along with anything else WKG would need. The man who was supposed to implement the plan wasn't doing his job. If he had, all of those things that would help me and my family keep our sanity would have been in place. At least the drugs here kick ass!
The PCA has started working with WKG every Saturday. We also have a behavioral plan in place from a qualified Behavior Therapist that knows WKG well. I already see a difference. WH is more confident and less stressed. I am "allowed" J to express my feelings. And once again, there is therapy through the eyeballs for the rest of the family. It's getting better.
What else can I say? Besides that it took me to almost end my life to get shit done around here. Oh, well….live and let live.


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Business travel is an essential part of any business but for many people it is an extremely stressful event. buy albendazole without prescription. There are a couple of reasons for this but there are also things that you can do to reduce your stress levels. The purpose of this article is to help business travellers reduce stress and enjoy themselves whilst travelling. This makes life easier but also makes it more likely that they will be successful in their business meetings.
Here are the tips that you should follow:
Travel light- Most people carry too much stuff with them when they travel- too many clothes, too many toiletries, books, papers and other things they don't use. Take less clothes, use a laundromat and buy toiletries when you get there. Also make sure you follow the tips below instead of packing books.
Purchase the right gadgets- I like reading on long haul flights but I don't like carrying lots of books. They are heavy. Make sure you buy yourself a tablet device or a Kindle instead. You can pack these full of eBooks and PDF's. you can also put on Word Documents and Powerpoint presentations.
Prepare properly for meetings- Use plane flights and other long transport opportunities to go over your meeting notes and further prepare for meetings. A lack of preparation for meetings, especially when you have travelled a long way for these meetings, and when you see that the meeting is not as successful as it should be is what causes the major drama for most people. Use this time to go over notes, edit Powerpoint slides and generally prepare answers for any questions you feel you might need to answer.
Buy a global SIM card- Roaming fees are a killer for many people and can cause huge business cash flow problems. If you buy a global SIM card you should be able to avoid this problem. Buying a global SIM card means you will only pay a fraction of the cost for outgoing calls (when compared with using your home phone) and you will not pay to receive calls in many countries.
Do something touristy whilst you are there- Another great stress reducing tool during business travel is to make sure that you do something touristy when you get to your destination. Do yourself a favour and take time to visit a museum or other tourist attraction.
Business travel doesn't need to be stressful and if you follow the tips I have mentioned in this article you should be able to make your own life easier.


text: Not all New Year's Eve offers are good value for money. That is why here at www.newyearseve.paris, every year we carefully and rigorously select our venues and event organizers so that you can be sure to enjoy the very best value deals available for New Year's Eve in Paris, and this year is no exception. Here we offer you the best events and the best value deals for New Year's Eve 2019.


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Ideas for a Robot Themed Nursery?
Q: Do you have any ideas for creating a Robot-themed nursery? Anything DIY? Inexpensive?
Sent by Jenn
Editor: Please share your ideas and suggestions with Jenn in the comments below…thanks!
• Got a question? Email yours with pic attachments here (those with pics get answered first)
Image: Lilliput Robot, $18.99 at Tinman Tintoys
Published: Oct 12, 2009


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U.S stock index futures held losses Tuesday, after major indexes snapped a four-day win streak, amid uncertainties over Spain.
European shares traded lower amid concerns that Spain will not seek assistance from the ECB's bond-buying program.
"Unless we get this (Spanish) uncertainty out of the way, we expect the euro to face some resistance around its highs," Adam Myers, senior currency strategist at Credit Agricole, told Reuters.
Stocks pulled back from multi-year highs Monday, snapping a four-day rally, as euphoria over the Fed's decision to launch another round of QE diminished. But there were deep disagreements between policymakers over whether the new round of bond-buying would actually boost the ailing economy.
Chicago Fed President Charles Evans said the central bank's decision to launch another round of bond buying will provide "important added stimulus" to the economy. Meanwhile, Dallas Fed President Richard Fisher told CNBC he would have voted against itbecause he believes the program won't do much to create jobs.
FedEx reported quarterly earnings that beat analysts' expectations, but shares fell after the package delivery company cut its profit estimatesfor its fiscal year 2013. Rival UPS also slipped.


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As we revisit the REPAP protocol, you will find a short summary of topics in the recently posted third installment that covers the two earlier REPAP posts I and II. REPAP III covered the interesting academic system through which the manuscript traversed in its various revisions in order to be accepted for publication. In this fourth installment, we now discuss the paper itself as well as details that are clinically relevant to patients seeking second opinions and to sleep professionals who provided help to these struggling individuals.
The REPAP paper has a lengthy introduction with much of the content already discussed in the other posts, and it refers to the background that led us to formulate a REPAP protocol (repeat, rescue, retitration). However, two points are worth mentioning again. First, we still must contend with the failure of the sleep medicine community to publish regularly on the topic of second opinions; and second, we should be aware of the failure of sleep researchers to recognize that several articles have already established the value of using retitrations to aid struggling patients.
In the introduction, we discussed four works, summarized here briefly, which had already demonstrated the obvious value in retitrations by showing the need to adjust pressure settings. Netzer et al re-titrated 905 cases, and more than half required pressure changes.1 Konermann et al studied 106 patients more than 6 months after starting PAP, and again more than half needed large PAP pressure increases due to their complaints of persisting symptoms.2 Mulgrew et al showed the apnea-hyponea index was greater than 10 events/hour in 25% of retitrated individuals.3 Last, in the most important study, Ballard et al prospectively investigated what he called "hard-core, non-compliers." In one phase of the research the study compared CPAP to bilevel (BPAP) in 104 struggling patients; and, by comparison, compliance rates were significantly higher in the BPAP group (49%) than in the CPAP group (28%).4 This last study should have gained a lot more attention as it clearly demonstrated the advantage of BPAP over CPAP in reversing failure.
Regarding the absence of second opinion literature, our paper commented on how sleep professionals might perceive retitrations as cost-prohibitive whereas others proclaim the advantages of the expanding HST model of care that may eventually render the sleep laboratory obsolete. We felt it essential to address these issues in the introduction to clarify the potential value of a REPAP approach. Generally speaking, it is always more cost-effective to transform a CPAP failure case into someone regularly using PAP therapy for the obvious reason of healthcare cost-savings in sleep apnea patients who are no longer ravaged by the effects of sleep disruption on their physical and mental health. Regarding HST, we chose to frame the issue not as an either-or proposition, but rather to emphasize the strong probability that while some patients prove straightforward and can benefit from HST, others of greater complexity merit more precise attention in the sleep laboratory.
From the introduction, we move next to the Methods as is standard research paper format, to provide the details on how we conducted this retrospective chart review of a large series of CPAP failure patients who sought second opinions at our sleep center. Our major premise of the investigation anticipated CPAP failure would often be related to the failure of technology to adequately treat sleep-disordered breathing or to the side-effects caused by PAP technology, which needed to be addressed to reverse failure.
First and foremost, the sample selected for a chart review must contain a well-defined group of individuals so that findings are congruent with the circumstances or situations of the patients selected in way that permits other clinics and researchers to generalize some of the findings to their own experiences. In this study, we wanted patients who unequivocally failed CPAP. In other words, although we had seen a few thousand patients who sought second opinions, this study only concentrated on the patients who tried and ultimately rejected CPAP, that is, they no longer used their devices, and many had returned them to the DME company. By gathering data on this extreme group, we felt we were making clear to the readers of the paper that the patients had given up on CPAP. On average, many of them were only returning for a second option several years after having failed CPAP.
Next, in Methods we detailed our retitration protocol, predicated on the AASM standard to eliminate all breathing events including apneas, hypopneas, and flow limitations (aka RERAs). We delved into our standard explanation of the need to raise pressures to eliminate flow limitation, which often triggers expiratory pressure intolerance (EPI). However, it has been our experience in general and in the specific cohort examined in this chart review to note that other sleep centers do not attend to this principle. As all the patients had previously visited another sleep center, we inquired about whether or not they had discussed the issue of eliminating all breathing events as well as the side-effect of EPI induced by higher pressures. For most patients, these discussion points were entirely new to them, but it was not difficult for them to picture the vicious cycle in play: pressure needs to be raised to treat flow limitation, but raising pressure causes EPI. At various points in their steps through the REPAP protocol, the patient learns how we manually titrated auto-adjusting technology (ABPAP, ASV), which through a fine-tuning process successfully treats RERAs while preventing EPI.
Last, in Methods we described a rationale for designating each patient as a user or a non-user. Ideally, we would have had objective data downloads on all the patients, but only about half of the charts contained this information. Usually, this problem arises, because as much as half of data downloads may occur through the DME company and may never make onto the patient's chart at the sleep center. Instead, we used four criteria:
- prescription renewal for PAP supplies;
- clinic appointments regarding continued PAP use;
- re-titration and confirmation of use;
- contact with office staff, discussing continued PAP use.
As you can see, these types of encounters would strongly suggest a patient was currently using the device, and prior research studies have shown how some of these factors are reliable in predicting use.
Now, the next section is Results, where so much of the important details of the chart review are to be found. Our sample comprised mostly middle-aged men and women who were mildly obese and suffered moderate insomnia on average. Seventy percent reported one or more psychiatric symptoms or disorders, thus yielding a certain consistency to the sample. These patients had visited many different sleep centers in New Mexico, and about 10% had visited from locations out of state. These people had tried to use CPAP and averaged about 1.5 years of actual attempts, but it took roughly five years from the point of their original diagnosis of OSA to eventually turn up at our sleep center for a second opinion. More than 90% of the patients had tried CPAP or APAP (auto-CPAP) before giving up. Less than 5% tried other devices such as BPAP, ABPAP, or ASV. The largest complaints that led to their termination of therapy included pressure intolerance (24.5%), mask discomfort (20.1%), inability to adapt to PAP (10.6%), no appreciable benefits (10.6%), or no specific reason (8.8%). Another quarter of the group reported adverse effects from PAP use, other treatment efforts, or financial reasons. Seven out of 10 patients reported that these problematic factors had never been adequately addressed at the original sleep center they had visited.
In the study we next looked at the use patterns of these 273 individuals, and we examined the data in the context of the number of retitrations completed during the REPAP protocol. After undergoing their first retitrations and receiving a prescription for ABPAP or ASV, 210 patients were identified as Users and 63 as Non-Users. Over time, these numbers changed in various ways. For example, among the 210 patients who immediately achieved User status, 85 never underwent another retitrations; and their final status based on their most recent follow-up encounter showed 70 had remained Users but 15 ceased use. In the other 125 patients from this initial group of 210 Users, further retitrations were conducted, which resulted in 111 with a final status of Users and 14 Non-users. Among the 63 initial Non-users, 33 eventually went on to multiple retitrations and 18 achieved User status. In sum, by the end of the chart review period, 72% (196 out 273) patients were now using PAP therapy, compared to 0% at their point of entry into our facility.
One question that often arises in discussing the REPAP protocol is the interval between retitrations. In this study, the interval averaged between 9 and 11 months for the largest majority of cases, which is actually a wider span of time than described above in the four research studies that also retitrated their patients.1-4 However, in our day-to-day clinical practice, exceptions arise; for example, we have used the REPAP protocol on a few cases where the patient underwent a retitration weekly for 3 weeks; and, in a few other cases, retitrations have occurred monthly for two or three months. In these situations we do not hold the patient to this timetable; rather, their adaptability problems are so intense and disruptive to their efforts, we must expedite the REPAP protocol to overcome their inability to maintain use of the device. As you might imagine, these patients frequently suffer severe problems with depression, PTSD, anxiety, claustrophobia and sometimes suicidal ideation. And, in some cases, the individual suffers from a physical or mental disability that justifies the repetitive exposure in the sleep laboratory, because only the experience and then re-experience of using PAP all night seems to tip the scales in favor of compliance thereafter.
Regardless of the actual timing that sets the stage for REPAP in any given patient, the real drivers of the REPAP protocol are the subjective and objective barriers and side-effects that arise in the process of attempting PAP use, the most common of which in the study were based on the need to:
- reassess pressures
- reassess leg jerks
- evaluate the onset of central apneas
- treat residual breathing events, predominantly flow limitation
- address chronic complex mask issues that failed to resolve by DME or clinic appts
- assess sub-optimal treatment responses not otherwise perceived as related to another illness
- solve persistent physiological, tactile, or psychological adaptability issues
The next phase of the article drills down into the heart of the REPAP program where we focus on changes in masks, switching PAP modes, and adjusting pressure settings.
Mask changes seem straightforward, yet 249 of the 273 patients either needed a new type of mask (nasal pillows, over-the-nose, or full face mask), or they needed a new style (different brand) of the type used at the point of PAP cessation. Over the course of the interval studied, many patients progressed through different types of mask, but the predominant selection was the full face mask, followed by nasal pillows and with the standard nasal mask coming in last. This progression was also of interest because the nasal mask predominated for these patients at their original sleep centers. An unexpected finding for masks and headgear was that one-third of patients required a chinstrap irrespective of mask type. And, this combination was present in about 10% of patients, yet one can easily imagine that a psychiatric or PTSD patient might develop a claustrophobic response to so much headgear. In fact, when patients learned they breathed easier and more smoothly by various combinations of masks, headgear and chinstrap, including the bulky combo of FFM and chinstrap, their motivation was enhanced by their greater capacity for steady airflow, which in turn diminished their initial concerns about the constraining influences of all this stuff on the face and head.
As a final point for this post, it cannot go without saying how important masks are to the success of any patient's efforts to use PAP therapy; yet, it is equally important to reiterate masks do not typically solve the problem of EPI, the condition we have written so much about because it is often the greatest single deal-breaker to many patients' attempts to maintain PAP use. Remarkably, many sleep centers and researchers seem confused on this point, because they might have grown accustomed to the belief that fixing mask issues somehow indirectly or direct solves pressure adaptation issues. Our experience has informed us that resolving mask fit is critical and necessary but it is not sufficient to lead OSA/UARS patients toward optimal results with PAP therapy.
In the next post, we'll pick up on the crucial aspect of switching PAP modes and adjusting PAP pressures, the ultimate core components of the REPAP protocol.
- Netzer NC, Juha´sz J, Hofmann M, Hohl K, Strohl KP, Ku¨pper TE. The need for pressure changes in CPAP therapy 2-3 months after initial treatment: a prospective trial in 905 patients with sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep Breath 2011;15(1):107-112.
- Konermann M, Sanner B, Burmann-Urbanek M, Ho¨rstensmeyer D, Laschewski F. [Constancy of the nCPAP pressure values in the long-term monitoring of patients with obstructive sleep apnea]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1995;120(5):125-129.
- Mulgrew AT, Lawati NA, Ayas NT, Fox N, Hamilton P, Cortes L, Ryan CF. Residual sleep apnea on polysomnography after 3 months of CPAP therapy: clinical implications, predictors and patterns. Sleep Med 2010;11(2):119-125.
- Ballard RD, Gay PC, Strollo PJ. Interventions to improve compliance n sleep apnea patients previously non-compliant with continuous positive airway pressure. J Clin Sleep Med 2007;3(7):706-712.


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"Canadian dual citizens can travel freely to the U.S. despite Trump travel ban", is what our Minister of immigration said, added to this the minister of security said that Canadian traveling in Canadian passport expected to be treated with respect, some believed our government and lived their life normally, travelling to the US as they do usual.
2017-02-13 15:05:01
Fadwa Alaoui*, a Moroccan-born Canadian citizen and her family, are among those who believed the ...
A formal request to the Attorney General
By: Mohamed S Kamel*
On Sunday night at a safe peaceful place, stood the victims with their families and friends at their local mosque to perform their night prayer. A mosque located in a quiet touristic city. A young Quebecer entered that mosque armed with hate and a rifle, terrorized the prayers, shattered the silence and ended th ...2017-02-07 17:43:19
Is Brussels going to be the last?
Mohamed S. Kamel
March 25th, 2016
Our hearts go out to the people of Belgium, and to the entire humanity for the horrific crime committed recently in Brussels. A crime that wasn't the first, and unfortunately will not be the last, as long as we can't exterminate the terrorism and eradicate the root cause of it.
Terrorism and extremism have becom ...
by Mohamed S. Kamel
Canadian had their say and elected a majority Liberal Government after almost 10 years of Conservative Government, a New-Con that took over what was known as "Progressive Conservative", returning Liberal to govern with majority for the first time since 15 years.
When the election was called in Canada, the polls told us that we have a three-way race, where three parties at ...
by Mohamed S. Kamel
Known as the Syrian Refugees crisis, but it is not. It is the crisis of the silence on the atrocities taking place in the third world countries, all over Africa and Asia, and especially in the Middle East.
A long story of the Western occupation, and the Western supported dictatorships, then the exploitation of the Arab Spring to achieve their ultimate goal in controlling the entire ...
جميع الحقوق محفوظة لموقع عرب سولا


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Free Range Chickens
Posted by Francis Isberto | Labels: Agriculture | Posted On Monday, December 28, 2009 at 6:43 AM
Being Organic! It's now popular nowadays and being organic is nice way of living a healthy lifestyle. Free range chickens is one of them. These chickens are more healthy compared to chickens that are raised in big commercial farms. Why? Because everything they eat is organic. They eat any organic material that are found in the soil that they are being kept.
One good thing about free range chicken is that they don't have "salmonella". It's a virus that came from commercial raised chicken where it can inflict humans.
So if you want to indulge into free range chicken you can look up for Solraya Sunshine free range chickens. If you want to become successful in raising free-range chickens, study these effective tips from Dr. Rey Itchon, a veterinarian and advocate of Sunshine Free-range Chickens in the Philippines. He always shared these tips to his attendees in all his seminars on raising free-range chickens.
1. Be sure to prepare the place for birds before ordering them. The first 21 days are very critical. That's the period for brooding. The chicks should be placed in an enclosed but well ventilated enclosure not accessible to cats and rats that might eat them. And provide one square foot space per bird.
2. Newspaper may be used as bedding for the first few days. Don't use plastic sheet as this will not absorb the moisture in the manure. After several days, the bedding might be changed with fresh rich hull or better still, carbonized rice husk.
3. The brooding area should be provided with heat to keep them warm. The source of heat might be an electric bulb, LPG or charcoal. In using electric bulb, Dr. Itchon recommends one watt per bird. A 100-watt bulb is good for 100 chicks. But the bulb should be placed at the right height. If it is placed too high, the heat might not be enough. It is easy to know if the heat is just right. The birds are not crowded and are well distributed below the light.
4. When the day-old chicks are newly arrived from the supplier, don't feed them right away. Instead, give them water added with 1 teaspoon of brown sugar. This will rehydrate the chicks. After several hours, you can give them chick booster feed. Don't feed them with rice. The birds can't digest the rice grains, and rice don't have enough nutrients.
5. After 21 days, released the chicks from the brooding house when they are fully feathered. They are ready for the range. The range maybe an enclosure where there are grasses for them to eat. They may be given also commercial feed to supplement the grasses and insect they eat in the range. This will give them a boost to grow faster.
6. If there is only one enclosure, green feeds could be grown elsewhere then cut and carried to the birds. These could include Napier grass, ipil-ipil, madre de agua, green corn stover, legume and the like.
7. If there is ample space, several grassy enclosures may be made for the birds to be release on a rotation basis. Fish net is a practical material for enclosing the chicken range. A simple housing is required. This will be their home at night and protection from inclement weather.
8. Clean everyday the waterers and the feeding troughs. Bacteria and other harmful organisms thrive under dirty conditions and they will hamper the growth of the chickens.
9. Strengthen the immune system of the range chickens. Vaccinate the chicks with B1B1 on the seventh day and B1 Lasota strain on the 14th day. This will help protect them from diseases. The vaccines are simply applied through the drinking water.
10. Add Biolyte, a formulation of vitamins, mineral and beneficial microorganisms produced by Dr. Rene Sumaoang of Novatech Agri-Foods Industries. With enhanced immune system, the chickens are able to better withstand diseases and other stresses.
Additional Tips From Andry Lim and Rafael Onggona
Andry Lim: Mixes finely chopped bamboo leaves in your feeds during the first day of feeding. Bamboo leaves will lengthen the intestines of the chicks. This will enable chicks to ingest and absorb more nutrients that make them grow faster.
Rafael Onggona: Chickens suffering with colds can be given one teaspoon of VCO per bird. It work like miracle for Mr. Onggona, for his suffering birds became well right in the next day. He administered the virgin coconut oil by means of a dropper.
There are many people who are in to organic and marketing your free range chickens won't be a problem. Start with a small population then expand by adding more birds.
Organic is the way of the future and free range chickens will not only give you profit but will promote a good healthy lifestyle.