text:
President confers with
Sec. Stanton
about enforcement of Gen.
Burnside's Order No. 38 against seditious newspapers in Indiana.
Harper, Press, 261.
Consults Sen. Sumner (Mass.) again on proposal to raise Negro troops.
Abraham Lincoln to Charles Sumner, 1 June 1863, CW, 6:242-44.
Informs George F. Kelly, agent for California settlers having
complaints against action of District Court of California involving
land claims, that courts must decide land titles.
Abraham Lincoln to William T. Otto, 1 June 1863, CW, 6:242.
Receives from Sec. Welles list of applicants for appointment to Naval Academy.
Welles, Diary.
Directs Col. William H. Ludlow, agent for exchange of prisoners at
Fortress Monroe, Va., to ascertain why A. D. Richardson and Junius
Browne, correspondents of New York "Tribune," are detained at
Richmond, and to "get them off if you can."
Abraham Lincoln to William H. Ludlow, 1 June 1863, CW, 6:241.
replies to resolutions in support of administration adopted by General Assembly
of Presbyterian Church. Reply
to Members of the Presbyterian General Assembly, 2 June 1863,
CW, 6:244-45; Evening Star (Washington, DC), 2 June 1863, 2d ed., 2:4.
Interviews Gen. John F. Reynolds about command of Army of
Potomac. Edward J. Nichols, Toward Gettysburg: A Biography of
General John F. Reynolds (University Park: Pennsylvania State
University Press, 1958), 220.
Cabinet meets, discusses
Vicksburg, Miss., campaign, and "confidence is expressed in Grant, but it seems
that not enough was doing." Welles, Diary.
Lincoln telegraphs Grant
at Vicksburg: "Are you in communication with Gen. Banks? Is he coming towards
you, or going further off? Is there, or has there been any thing to hinder his
coming directly to you by water from Alexandria?" Abraham
Lincoln to Ulysses S. Grant, 2 June 1863, CW, 6:244.
A. W. Thompson submits to President plan for organizing immigrants
and Negroes into military units and employing them eight hours a day
building railroads.
Abraham Lincoln to Henry W. Halleck, 3 June 1863, CW, 6:246.
President receives complaints from Illinois political leaders against General Burnside's Order No. 38 and revokes suspension of Chicago Times circulation.
Harper, Press, 261; Abraham Lincoln to Edwin M. Stanton, 4 June 1863, CW, 6:248.
President, accompanied by Mrs. Lincoln and party, attends recitation from Shakespeare at private residence near Chain Bridge.
Journal, Samuel P. Heintzelman Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
Orders Gen. Hooker to suspend execution of sentences in cases of Enos Daily, Philip Margraff, and Carlos Harrington of 146th New York Volunteers. Situation seems to be that recruits enlisting for six months are required to serve three years. "It is notorious among New-Yorkers that a regular system of deceit was practiced by recruiting officers."
Abraham Lincoln to Joseph Hooker, 4 June 1863, CW, 6:248.
Lincoln discusses with Gen. Halleck telegram from Gen. Hooker
concerning disposition of troops in opposition to Gen. R. E. Lee. U.S.
Congress, Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, Report of the Joint
Committee on the Conduct of the War, 3 vols., 38th Cong., 2d sess.
(Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1865), I, 249.
President Lincoln writes to Commander of the Army of the Potomac General Joseph
Hooker, and offers a strategy to outmaneuver Confederate General Robert E. Lee:
"In case you find Lee coming to the North of the Rappahannock [River], I would
by no means cross to the South of it. . . . In one word, I would not take any risk
of being entangled upon the river, like an ox jumped half over a fence, and
liable to be torn by dogs, front and rear, without a fair chance to gore one
way or kick the other." Abraham
Lincoln to Joseph Hooker, 5 June 1863, CW, 6:249-51.
Reads paper
prepared in reply to Cong. "Erastus Corning [N.Y.] & Others." Welles,
Interviews Cong.
Fernando Wood (N.Y.). N.Y. Herald, 6 June 1863.
Receives May salary warrant for $2,022.34. [Irwin deposits $350 in
Springfield Marine Bank, rent from L. A. Tilton. Pratt,
Personal Finances, 182, 165.]
Lincoln sends anonymous letter to editor of Washington "Chronicle" to
call attention to wrong information in article on Chicago "Times."
Anonymous Letter to the Editor of the Washington Chronicle, 6 June 1863, CW, 6:251-52.
Mrs. Lincoln sends White House flowers to Mrs. Fox.
Fox, Diary, Gist-Blair Family Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
Lincoln informs Gen. Dix at Fortress Monroe, Va., of conditions at
Vicksburg, Miss. While dispatches "show the siege progressing, they
do not show any general fighting, since the 21st. and 22nd. We have
nothing from Port-Hudson later than the 29th. when things looked
reasonably well for us."
Abraham Lincoln to John A. Dix, 6 June 1863, CW, 6:252.
President instructs Sec. Welles to decide question of weekly
performances of Marine band at White House. Welles,
Sec. Chase reads
to Lincoln letter from Benjamin H. Brewster, prominent Philadelphia lawyer, on
Pennsylvania political situation. Chase to Brewster, 9 June
1863, Simon Cameron Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
President accompanies Mrs.
Lincoln and Tad to 3 P.M. train for Philadelphia. Evening Star (Washington, DC), 9 June 1863, 2d ed., 2:1.
President Lincoln
writes to Major General Samuel R. Curtis following Lincoln's removal of Curtis
as commander of the Department of the Missouri. Curtis repeatedly clashed with
Missouri Governor Hamilton R. Gamble. Lincoln writes, "It became almost a
matter of personal self-defence to somehow break up the state of things in
Missouri. I did not mean to cast any censure upon you, nor to indorse any of
the charges made against you by others. With me the presumption is still in
your favor that you are honest, capable, faithful, and patriotic."
Abraham Lincoln to Samuel R.
Curtis, 8 June 1863, CW,
Sends two dispatches to Gen. Dix: "We have despatches
from Vicksburg of the 3rd. Siege progressing. No general fighting recently. All
well." And: "The substance of the news sent of fight at Port-Hudson on the
27th. we have had here three or four days. . . . We knew that Gen. Sherman was
wounded. . . . We still have nothing of that Richmond newspaper story of [Gen.
Edmund] Kirby Smith [(CSA)] crossing & of Banks losing an arm."
Abraham Lincoln to John A. Dix, 8
June 1863, CW, 6:254;
Abraham Lincoln to John A. Dix, 8
June 1863, CW, 6:254.
President telegraphs Mrs. Lincoln in Philadelphia: "Think you better
put 'Tad's' pistol away. I had an ugly dream about him."
Abraham Lincoln to Mary Todd Lincoln, 9 June 1863, CW, 6:256.
President forgets 12 M. appointment with Mr. Molina arranged by Secretary of State William H. Seward [probably Luis Molina, minister from Nicaragua].
Abraham Lincoln to William H. Seward, 10 June 1863, CW, 6:258.
Accompanied by Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, General Samuel P. Heintzelman, General John P. Slough, and staff, visits Alexandria, Va. Terrible explosion of a magazine there at Fort Lyon yesterday killed 22 soldiers and wounded 17 more. Evening Star (Washington, DC), 11 June 1863, 2d ed., 2:4; 3:2.
Replies to dispatch of Gen. Hooker: "If left to me, I would not go South of the Rappahannock, upon Lee's moving North of it. . . . I think Lee's Army, and not Richmond, is your true objective point."
Abraham Lincoln to Joseph Hooker, 10 June 1863, CW, 6:257-58.
President congratulates Jesus Jimenez on election to presidency of
Republic of Costa Rica.
Abraham Lincoln to Jesus Jimenez, 11 June 1863, CW, 6:259-60.
Telegraphs Mrs. Lincoln in Philadelphia: "Your three despatches
received. I am very well; and am glad to know that you & 'Tad'
are so."
Abraham Lincoln to Mary Todd Lincoln, 11 June 1863, CW, 6:260.
Confers with Gen. Halleck on movement of troops under Gen. Hooker.
U.S. Congress, Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 3 vols., 38th Cong., 2d sess. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1865), I, 255.
President replies to resolutions of public meeting held at Albany,
N.Y., in letter to "Hon. Erastus Corning & Others." Differences
exist in construing war powers of President under Constitution.
Abraham Lincoln to Erastus Corning and Others, [12 June] 1863, CW, 6:260-69.
Notifies Gen. Hooker of plan to join him at 5 P.M. tomorrow for trial
of incendiary shells.
Abraham Lincoln to Joseph Hooker, 12 June 1863, CW, 6:270.
Visits Gen. Meigs' office to discuss Army of Potomac.
Diary, Montgomery C. Meigs Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
Spends part of afternoon at War Dept.
Journal, Samuel P. Heintzelman Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
President thanks Leopold I, King of the Belgians, for acting as
arbiter in U.S.S. "Macedonian" case.
Abraham Lincoln to Leopold, 13 June 1863, CW, 6:271-72.
At 1 P.M. President and Gen. Meigs board tug for trip to Army of
Potomac. Gen. Hooker telegraphs to postpone visit. Tug turns back at
Alexandria, Va., and reaches Washington at 3:30 P.M.
Diary, Montgomery C. Meigs Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, DC; Abraham Lincoln to Joseph Hooker, 13 June 1863, CW, 6:271.
[Irwin deposits $754.60 in Springfield Marine Bank, payment of Cline
note and interest.
Pratt, Personal Finances, 165.]
Lincoln directs Sec. Welles: "Please allow the bearer, Mr. [Azel S.]
Lyman, to take his new cannon into the Navy-Yard where I wish to see
it fired next week."
Abraham Lincoln to Gideon Welles, 13 June 1863, CW, 6:272.
At 5:50 p.m., President Lincoln telegraphs commander of the
Army of the Potomac Major General Joseph Hooker regarding defensive strategies
on Virginia battlefields. Lincoln writes, "So far as we can make out here, the
enemy have [General Robert] Milroy surrounded at Winchester, and [General
Robert] Tyler at Martinsburg. . . . If the head of Lee's army is at Martinsburg
and the tail of it on the Plank road between Fredericksburg and
Chancellorsville, the animal must be very slim somewhere. Could you not break
him?" Abraham Lincoln to Joseph Hooker,
14 June 1863, CW, 6:273.
Meeting in evening at War Dept. consists of President, Secs.
Stanton and Welles, and Gen.
Halleck. Lincoln is "trying to find out what Lee's army is up to."
Welles, Diary;
Journal, Samuel P. Heintzelman Papers, Library of Congress,
Washington, DC.
President authorizes secretary of treasury to
"co-operate by the revenue cutters under your direction with the navy in
arresting rebel depredations on American commerce and transportation and in
capturing rebels engaged therein." Abraham Lincoln to Salmon P. Chase,
14 June 1863, CW, 6:272-73.
Replies to Hooker's dispatch inquiring if Winchester, Va., is surrounded:
"I really fear—almost believe, it is. No communication has been had with
it during the day, either at Martinsburg, or Harper's Ferry. . . . It is quite
certain that a considerable force of the enemy is thereabout; and I fear it is
an overwhelming one, compared with [Gen. Robert H.], Milroy[']s."
Abraham Lincoln to Joseph Hooker,
14 June 1863, CW, 6:273-74.
President telegraphs Mrs. Lincoln in Philadelphia: "Tolerably well.
Have not rode out much yet, but have at last got new tires on the
carriage wheels, & perhaps, shall ride out soon."
Abraham Lincoln to Mary Lincoln, 15 June 1863, CW, 6:277.
Issues proclamation calling for 100,000 militia.
Proclamation Calling for 100,000 Militia, 15 June 1863, CW, 6:277-78; Evening Star (Washington, DC), 15 June 1863, 2d ed., Extra, 2:1.
Interviews E. L. Baker about charges against N. W. Edwards,
commissary, and William H. Bailhache, quartermaster at Springfield,
Ill., of having used their positions to amass personal fortunes.
Abraham Lincoln to Edward L. Baker, 15 June 1863, CW, 6:275-76.
Informs Gen. Hooker at Fairfax Station, Va.: "The facts are now known
here that Winchester and Martinsburg were both besieged yesterday;
the troops from Martinsburg have got into Harper's Ferry without
loss; those from Winchester, are also in, having lost, in killed,
wounded and missing, about one third of their number."
Abraham Lincoln to Joseph Hooker, 15 June 1863, CW, 6:276-77.
Communicates with Gen. Daniel Tyler at Harper's Ferry, W. Va.: "It
would be useful, if we could tell Hooker, about what number of the
enemy is about Winchester and all North of it—also what troops
they are. I will be obliged, if you will ascertain as nearly as you
can, and inform me."
Abraham Lincoln to Daniel Tyler, 15 June 1863, CW, 6:278.
interviews district attorney in assault and battery case against John Knowles.
Lincoln to Edward Bates, 16 June 1863, CW, 6:278-79.
Mrs. Lincoln in Philadelphia: "It is a matter of
choice with yourself whether you come home. There is no reason why you should
not, that did not exist when you went away. As bearing on the question of your
coming home, I do not think the raid in Pennsylvania amounts to anything at
all." Abraham
Lincoln to Mary Todd Lincoln, 16 June 1863,
Gen. Cadwalader regarding assignment to command troops at Philadelphia for
present emergency. Abraham
Lincoln to Horace Binney, Jr., 16 June 1863,
At cabinet
meeting Sec. Chase suggests that an attempt be made to capture Richmond, but
Lincoln blocks idea. Welles, Diary.
President and
Sec. Stanton at War Dept. in evening. Sec.
Welles drops in and finds them jubilant over report that no Confederates have
reached Carlisle, Pa. Welles, Diary, 17 June 1863.
Gen. Hooker: "Your idea to send your cavalry to this side of the river may be
right—probably is; still, it pains me a little that it looks like
defensive merely, and seems to abandon the fair chance now presented of
breaking the enemy's long and necessarily slim line, stretched now from the
Rappahannock to Pennsylvania." Abraham
Lincoln to Joseph Hooker, 16 June 1863, CW, 6:280-81.
Sends letter to
Hooker by hand of Capt. Ulric Dahlgren regarding lack of confidence Gen.
Halleck displays toward Hooker. "You state the case much too strongly. . . . I
believe Halleck is dissatisfied with you to this extent only, that he knows
that you write and telegraph ('report' as he calls it) to me. . . . I need and
must have the professional skill of both, and yet these suspicions tend to
deprive me of both. . . . Now, all I ask is that you will be in such mood that
we can get into our action the best cordial judgment of yourself and General
Halleck, with my poor mite added, if indeed he and you shall think it entitled
to any consideration at all." Abraham
Lincoln to Joseph Hooker, 16 June 1863, CW, 6:281-82.
President abstains from recommending Israel D. Andrews, former
agent of U.S., for public employment. Memorandum about Israel D. Andrews,
17 June 1863, CW, 6:284-85.
President Lincoln receives foreign minister Henry Segur, of San Salvador.
Segur expresses "sympathy felt by the President of Salvador for the cause of
the American Union." A newspaper reports, "President Lincoln replied by saying
he hoped the Minister's residence here would be agreeable, and his mission
satisfactory, and said he was not uninformed of the devotion of Salvador to the
principles of republicanism and the interests of civilization."
Evening Star (Washington, DC), 18 June 1863,
Replies to Gen. Hooker: "Mr. Eckert, Superintendent in
the Telegraph Office, assures me that he has sent, and will send you
everything, that comes to the office." Abraham Lincoln to Joseph Hooker,
17 June 1863, CW, 6:284.
President thanks Gen. A. Dingman, 15th Battalion Volunteers, Canada,
for offer of battalion to defend Washington.
Abraham Lincoln to A. Dingman, 18 June 1863, CW, 6:285.
Mitigates sentence of dismissal in case of Surg. Alfred Wynkoop to
severe reprimand for indiscretion in communicating information re
troop movements.
Abraham Lincoln to Joseph Holt, 18 June 1863, CW, 6:285-86.
Interviews Mr. Buckner who asks to be discharged from suit in scire facias.
Abraham Lincoln to Joshua Tevis, 18 June 1863, CW, 6:286-87.
President replies to committee appointed by planters of state
of Louisiana regarding reorganization of state government. Abraham Lincoln to E. E. Malhiot, Bradish
Johnson, and Thomas Cottman, 19 June 1863,
President Lincoln meets with Boston Mayor Frederick W. Lincoln, who represents a "commission" now in Washington "to consult the President with reference to the
defenses of Boston." Evening Star (Washington, DC), 19 June 1863, 2:4.
Receives news that Rear Admiral Andrew H. Foote, suffering from incurable disease, is in critical condition. Evening Star (Washington, DC), 19 June 1863, 2d ed., Extra, 2:2, 4.
Instructs John Nicolay to inform Chicago Tribune that President will be glad to receive copies "so long as in your kindness you may please to send it." Nicolay to Tribune Company, 19 June 1863, John G. Nicolay Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
President receives inquiry from Gen. Schofield asking whether
government will sustain action of Missouri Constitutional Convention
regarding gradual emancipation.
Abraham Lincoln to John M. Schofield, 21 June 1863, CW, 6:289.
Lincoln prepares answer to Gen. Schofield's inquiry of yesterday.
Abraham Lincoln to John M. Schofield, 21 June 1863, CW, 6:289.
Forwards report from Leesburg, Va., telegraph operator to Gen.
Hooker: "Firing commenced about 7 this morning in direction from here
of Aldie's Gap and Middleburg; has continued all day, . . .
apparently now about White Plains."
Abraham Lincoln to Joseph Hooker, 21 June 1863, CW, 6:289.
President allots Assoc. Justice Stephen J. Field to 10th
circuit of U.S. Circuit Court for Districts of California and Oregon.
Assignment of Stephen J. Field, 22
June 1863, CW, 6:290.
Appoints Asst. Atty. Gen. Titian J. Coffey attorney general ad interim, in
absence of Edward Bates.
Diary, 23 June 1863.
Begins summer residence at Soldiers' Home. Evening Star (Washington, DC), 22 June 1863, 3d ed., Extra, 2:1; DNA—RG 217, General Accounting Office, 147-321.
Sends another Leesburg, Va., report to Gen. Hooker: "'I heard very
little firing this a.m. about daylight, but it seems to have stopped now. It
was in about the same direction as yesterday, but farther off.' "
Abraham Lincoln to Joseph Hooker,
22 June 1863, CW, 6:290.
President Lincoln writes to commander of the Department of the Missouri
General John M. Schofield, who seeks clarification regarding the military's
role as the state institutes an emancipation policy. Lincoln writes, "I have
very earnestly urged the slave-states to adopt emancipation; and it ought to
be, and is an object with me not to overthrow, or thwart what any of them may
in good faith do, to that end. You are therefore authorized to act in the
spirit of this letter, in conjunction with what may appear to be the military
necessities of your Department." John M. Schofield to
Abraham Lincoln, 20 June 1863, Abraham
Lincoln Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, DC;
Abraham Lincoln to John M.
Schofield, 22 June 1863, CW,
At request of Cong. Kelley (Pa.) President interviews Pvt. Wilton M.
Herpert [Milton L. Hupert?] and sends him to
Sec. Stanton
Abraham Lincoln to Edwin M. Stanton, 23 June 1863, CW, 6:292.
Lincoln at cabinet meeting "sad and careworn." "Nothing of special
interest was submitted."
Welles, Diary.
President inquires of Maj. Stewart Van Vliet, quartermaster at New
York: "Have you any idea what the news is, in the despatches of Gen.
Banks to Gen. Halleck?"
Abraham Lincoln to Stewart Van Vliet, 23 June 1863, CW, 6:292.
Sec. Seward introduces Lt. Theron B. Luckey, recently discharged from
143d New York Infantry. President sends him to
Sec. Stanton
Abraham Lincoln to Edwin M. Stanton, 24 June 1863, CW, 6:294.
Telegraphs Gen. Darius N. Couch at Harrisburg, Pa.: "Have you any
reports of the enemy moving into Pennsylvania? and if any, what?"
Abraham Lincoln to Darius N. Couch, 24 June 1863, CW, 6:293.
Delegation from Ohio State Democratic Convention visits President to
present set of resolutions relating to civil liberties. Submits
written resolutions following day.
Abraham Lincoln to Matthew Birchard and Others, 29 June 1863, CW, 6:300-6.
Writes check to "Rev. Dr. [Phineas D.] Gurley (for church)" for $25.00.
Lincoln commutes six death sentences pending in army.
Abraham Lincoln to Joseph Holt, 26 June 1863, CW, 6:296; Abraham Lincoln to Joseph Holt, 26 June 1863, CW, 6:296; Abraham Lincoln to Joseph Holt, 26 June 1863, CW, 6:296; Abraham Lincoln to Joseph Holt, 26 June 1863, CW, 6:296-97; Abraham Lincoln to Joseph Holt, 26 June 1863, CW, 6:297; Abraham Lincoln to Joseph Holt, 26 June 1863, CW, 6:297.
"The President in a single remark today betrayed doubts of Hooker, to
whom he is quite partial."
Welles, Diary.
About 9 P.M. Col. Daniel T. Van Buren and Col. Silas W. Burt visit
President at Soldiers' Home to tell him that Gov. Seymour (N.Y.) will
stand behind him.
Rufus R. Wilson, ed., Lincoln Among His Friends: A Sheaf of Intimate Memories (Caldwell, ID: Caxton Printers, 1942), 330.
President at conference in War Dept. agrees to relieve Gen. Hooker of
command of Army of Potomac and replace him with Gen. George G. Meade.
Randall, Lincoln, 2:274.
Telegraphs Hooker: "It did not come from the newspapers, nor did I
believe it, but I wished to be entirely sure it was a falsehood."
[This probably refers to rumor that Hooker was AWOL from army.]
Abraham Lincoln to Joseph Hooker, 27 June 1863, CW, 6:297-98.
At 10 A.M.
cabinet meeting President reads reply to resolutions of Ohio Democratic State
Convention regarding former Cong. Vallandigham (Ohio). Also reads Gen. Hooker's
telegram offering to resign as commander of Army of Potomac. Sec. Welles
believes that choice of Gen. Meade to succeed Hooker was made before meeting.
Welles, Diary.
"Gen. Hooker has asked to be relieved and Gen. Meade succeeds him."
Diary, Montgomery C. Meigs Papers, Library of Congress, Washington,
Lincoln telegraphs Gen. Couch at Harrisburg, Pa.: "What
news now? What are the enemy firing at four miles from your works?" Abraham
Lincoln to Darius N. Couch, 28 June 1863, CW, 6:299.
President answers propositions set forth in resolutions of Ohio
Democratic State Convention, presented on June 26, 1863 by delegation
headed by Matthew Birchard.
Abraham Lincoln to Matthew Birchard and Others, 29 June 1863, CW, 6:300-6.
Refuses to permit former Cong. William Kellogg (Ill.) or his agent to
trade in cotton and other products at Helena, Ark.
Abraham Lincoln to William Kellogg, 29 June 1863, CW, 6:307.
Approves arrest of Gen. Milroy for loss of division at Winchester, Va.
Abraham Lincoln to Robert H. Milroy, 29 June 1863, CW, 6:308-9.
President and
Sec. Stanton
agree to plan of Asst. Sec. Fox for Rear
Adm. Foote and task force commanded by Gen. Dix to attempt capture of
Richmond. Gen. Halleck vetoes plan.
Gustavus V. Fox, Confidential Correspondence of Gustavus Vasa Fox, 2 vols. (New York: n.p., 1918), 2:259; Fox, Diary, Gist-Blair Family Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
President in conference with Sec. Stanton and Gen. Halleck; misses cabinet meeting.
Welles, Diary.
Cong. Kelley (Pa.) calls and requests that Gen. McClellan not be placed in
command in Pennsylvania. Kelley to Lincoln, 30 June 1863, Abraham Lincoln Papers, Library of Congress, Washington,
Gen. Butler at White House for interview with President.
N.Y. Herald, 1 July 1863.
receives invitation to use residence of J. C. G. Kennedy, 380 H St., at any
time. Kennedy to Lincoln, 30 June 1863, Abraham Lincoln Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
Telegraphs Gen. Couch at 3:25 P.M.: "I judge by absence of news that the enemy
is not crossing, or pressing up to the Susquehannah. Please tell me what you
know of his movements." Abraham
Lincoln to Darius N. Couch, 30 June 1863, CW, 6:310.
President Lincoln
replies to General David Hunter, who is unhappy about being "remov[ed] from
command of the Dept. of the South." Hunter wants permission to release
"official . . . records as may be necessary to set me right in the eyes of my
friends and in the justice of history." Lincoln writes, "I assure you . . . the
recent change of commanders . . . was made for no reasons which convey any
imputation upon your known energy, efficiency and patriotism. . . . I cannot,
by giving my consent to a publication of whose details I know nothing, assume
the responsibility of whatever you may write. In this matter your own sense of
military propriety must be your guide, and the regulations of the service your
rule of conduct." David Hunter to Abraham Lincoln, 25 June 1863, Abraham Lincoln Papers, Library of Congress,
Washington, DC;
Lincoln to David Hunter, 30 June 1863, CW, 6:310-11.
Answers A. K.
McClure, who asserts that people are clamoring for Gen. McClellan to be placed
in command in Pennsylvania: "Do we gain anything by opening one leak to stop
another? Do we gain any thing by quieting one clamor, merely to open another,
and probably a larger one?" Abraham
Lincoln to Alexander K. McClure, 30 June 1863,
letter of Gov. Joel Parker (N.J.), who writes that people of New Jersey want
McClellan at head of Army of Potomac: "I really think the attitude of the
enemies' army in Pennsylvania, presents us the best opportunity we have had
since the war began. I think you will not see the foe in New-Jersey. I beg you
to be assured that no one out of my position can know so well as if he were in
it, the difficulties and involvements of replacing Gen. McClellan in command."
Lincoln to Joel Parker, 30 June 1863, CW, 6:311-12.


text:
Energy Education
As Kansans, we enjoy an abundance of energy resources to power our everyday lives. The goal of Professor Max Powers and the Power Efficiency Project is to create awareness of energy saving opportunities at home, in the workplace and at school that translate into efficient usage and cost savings.
EPISODE 1 – Professor Powers helps Tim and Tonya discover ways to make their artisanal pickled cheese curd business more profitable with his energy saving ideas.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Taxation laws can play a significant role in the country's economic growth and its integration with the world, Union Minister Sudarsana Natchiappan has said.
"The core principle and ideas of taxation still remained as they were envisaged in the time before us, as a means of giving back to the society and the world we live in," he said at a conference.
The Minister of State for Commerce and Industry said there was a need for promoting trade and investment as it is necessary for economic growth and sustainable development.
He said taxation laws can play a significant role in the growth of an economy and India is no different and it is also a factor in the economic integration of a country into the global economy.
The conference saw the launching of a one year specialised LLM course in taxation by a private university, the first of its kind in the country.
The programme by Jindal Global Law School is in collaboration with the United Kingdom's Association of Chartered Certified Accountants.
The conference was organised in the memory of O P Vaish, a distinguished lawyer.
Apart from the minister, Rajasthan High Court Justice Vineet Kothari, Chas Roy-Chowdhury, Head of Taxation, ACCA, London and Professor C Raj Kumar, Vice Chancellor of O P Jindal Global University, were also present in the conference.
"The growth of Indian economy is an issue of debate.
"With globalisation and liberalisation, foreign investment has increased.
"Inflow of money is dependent on the international taxation policies. Foreign investors should be provided stress free environment," Justice Kothari said.
Speaking at the conference, Chowdhury talked about the growing need for an international consensus on the issues surrounding taxation, with India being a major player as part of the BRIC countries.
© Copyright 2013 PTI. All rights reserved. Republication or redistribution of PTI content, including by framing or similar means, is expressly prohibited without the prior written consent.


text:
Gama Singh has been left grappling with something he never faced in the Stampede Wrestling ring — the feeling of losing his house to a devastating fire.
But even after the two-alarm blaze consumed his home and his neighbour's on Castlebury Crt. N.E. about 1 a.m. Tuesday, the wrestling icon is taking comfort in knowing he was able to save memorabilia from those precious days in the famed Calgary wrestling promotion.
Singh, known as the Great Gama during his wresting days, and his wife were awoken by their son about 1:30 a.m., after he saw flashes of light from his bedroom window and noticed the neighbour's house was on fire.
The family grabbed their robes and slippers and ran outside to make sure their neighbours were safe.
As they waited for the fire trucks to arrive, Singh could only watch helplessly as the flames spread to his house.
"By the time the fire trucks got there, my house caught fire as well," he said.
"It is not a very good feeling — 20 some years being in the same house, my kids grew up there, it's not a good feeling."
The top floor of the house was destroyed and the home sustained significant water damage throughout.
But while checking out the damage inside the home Tuesday, he was fortunate enough to salvage his wrestling memorabilia, including pictures and a photo album.
"It means so much to me because that was my whole life and those would be memories gone forever if I had lost that," he said.
His family will have to stay in a hotel while his insurance company assesses the damage, and then likely a rental unit temporarily.
Seventeen people were forced from their homes, five from the two houses and seven from adjacent ones who were later allowed to return.
A man and child were cared by EMS.
Fire officials are still trying to determine a cause of the fire, but say it started in a second floor bedroom of the first house.
A battery charger and batteries have been removed from the home as part of the investigation.


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In less than two months, "The Avengers" will be hitting theaters. It's been several years in the making with five movies working to set up the events and characters for the sure to be block buster. With comic book fans and regular movie enthusiasts alike clammering to see the action with characters like Captain America, Thor, Ironman, and the Hulk, this might seem like perfect timing for another superhero team based movie. Over at Warner Bros. and DC comics, they have a superhero team that's more wellknown than the avengers ever started out to be and has arguably the two biggest super heroes in comics history: Superman and Batman. That's the justice league. So, with Marvel having put together four separate Xmen movies, two Fantastic Four movies, and now the Avengers, what's the hold up with DC? Wouldn't this be the perfect opportunity for them? Or would it?
I don't think that anyone would argue that a big part of the reason that so many people are as excited as they are for the Avengers movie is that they've had five good to great movies to build up for it. Marvel built on each of the biggest characters from the team in their own individual movies before going to the team movie. That gives each character a fanbase of some kind to start with. Not only that, but with the one exception of the Hulk/ Bruce Banner, they've kept the same actors and actresses on for the team movie. This is huge. People like a sense of coninuity with these types of things. You don't want Captain America to be played by Chris Evans in his own movie and then Joe Pesci in the Avengers movie. That's a bit of an exageration, but you get the idea. So, what would DC and Warner have to do to make this work for the Justice League? Well, first thing we have to do is look at the lineup. Probably the most popular lineup for the group in the comics in recent memory was that of; Superman, Batman, Wonderwoman, Martian Manhunter, Aquaman, Green Lantern, and The Flash. So, let's look at each of those individual characters, their movie status, and how they may or may not translate to the big screen...
There is reportedly a Superman movie already in the works. I think it's already begun filming in fact. There is yet another new actor taking on the title role. Personally, I thought Brandon Routh did a fine job in the role in the last movie. It was the story and dialogue that were atrocious in that one. This is something that we can't expect out this year though and who knows if it'll be a big hit or another disappointment? For some reason, the studios can't seem to get their heads around this character anymore. Maybe we can't go as squeaky clean and cheesy as in the 70s and 80s, but moving too far away is a death sentence to any potential movie. It's not the special effects that will make or break this character and the sooner somebody in power gets that, the better.
Obviously, Batman has been the big gun so to speak for DC in the last several years at the very least. However, if we go by the last few movies and the one coming out this summer, there are several problems when it comes to keeping continuity if that's what we're going for and the character being in a Justice League movie. First, this is the last Batman movie that Christian Bale is under contract to do and he may not be interested in doing another one. Next, from what I've heard, there's a chance Bruce Wayne may die at the end of the movie coming out this summer. Finally, there's the simple fact that in the Chris Nolan crafted Batman universe which the movies have taken place in, its just too based in cold hard reality. This version of Batman may not fit in a team of super powered people.
Outside of a direct to dvd animated feature, Wonderwoman hasn't seen any screen time other than animated justice league bit parts. The live action tv series which would have starred the character couldn't even get past the pilot. In fact, that didn't even make it to air. I don't know if the demand just isn't there for this character or if it's more of what has happened to Superman with noone who really knows what to do with the character.
Martian Manhunter
This character has been in a lot of the animated and in particular justice league animated works in the last ten or so years, but has never had his own movie. This is one which if done in an interesting enough way, could be really good in my opinion. I mean all the elements are there for a good movie and some good stories, but even the comics which this character was created in haven't had much luck in that department. The number of good Martian Manhunter stories in the past decade or so can probably be counted on one hand. This is character that may have to be introduced in the scope of the team movie itself which could threaten to give him too much focus in a movie with quite frankly stronger characters in Superman, Batman, and even Wonderwoman.
Super strength, telepathy, and being the king of Atlantis hasn't kept this character from being the butt of many a joke over the years. While it may be true that over two thirds of the Earth's surface is covered by water, the conflicts which take place to determine Earth's survival as we know it almost always take place above water and generally on land in the superhero universe or in space even. And the fact that Aquaman prefers being in the water is even part of his name. I know he adds an element to the team, but the very nature of his character and abilities make it hard to find ways to include him in the team's adventures and any really good stories. I'm sure it CAN be done. But so far, it definitely hasn't been.
Green Lantern
This character should be one of the easiest fits to the team and type of movie we're talking about here. He's got cool powers. He's used to being part of a team. There's already been a movie released around him.... Oh wait. That's right. The movie. That movie was so bad that even Ryan Reynolds doesn't seem to want to do another one and this guy seems to jump into any role he can find that's even remotely connected to a comicbook. Let's count... Flash (before it was scrapped apparently, but we'll get into that more in a minute), Green Lantern obviously, Blade Trinity, Wolverine: Origins, and I believe he's still pushing for Deadpool in a solo movie about the character. I don't know. I think the character could be saved, but they may have to completely ignore anything from the solo movie going into a team movie.
The Flash
As I said, Ryan Reynolds has tried to get on board a solo movie for this character according to many rumors, but as of now there is no confirmation that this movie is in the works at this point. It's been a long road for the fastest man alive. Outside of cameos in animated shows based around other characters, the Flash has only ever been in the Justice League animated projects and a short lived live action show which I believe was either in the late 80s or early 90s. Still, there is a little more name recognition for this character than some others I think. And it really shouldn't be that hard to get a good solo movie going for him if DC and Warner really wanted to do it. Either way, The Flash would be a good fit for a Justice League movie just like he is in the comics and cartoons.
I think what we see from all of this is that DC is a long way away from being able to pull something together like Marvel is with the Avengers. But we can also see that for the most part, DC has the characters and the material to work with for good stories and movies. It's just a matter of bringing it all together. Things started clicking into place for Marvel when the comic company started taking more control of the film department. Maybe Warner needs to start thinking the same way and loosen their grip a little and give DC some money and faith to try and do the same type of thing. People liked these characters in the comics for a reason. If you don't change too much, I think the same will be true for the movies.


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I've built several classic Tesla coils and smaller units, and even a "pulse coil" which ran on about 30kv. The photo on the top of my blog was taken from the pulse coil system. I decided to try a TV flyback before I got an NST. The NST version is on YouTube, I may also have the pulse coil on there too) channel="mostlymacros". It worked, but the output is intermittent and like all coils that use a spark gap-- really messy. My first SSTC design which I will publish here later was a success and stable, but not very powerful and I had problems keeping the single mosfet cool. I built it about 2 years ago. I have the components to do another SSTC and probably will eventually do something using a PWM and some kind of push pull mosfet drive. There are advantages that tubes have for some circuits over solid state however. So then again--if I can find some of the types I need--I might just stick with tubes. Tubes have properties that are very resilient, not to mention really good sound so they are making a comeback! Tubes or thermionic "valves" have some pretty amazing properties. I chose to use a tube because of the overload capacity and flexibility. I have made it a point to study tube design.
Sometimes I catch the plasma going straight up into the air in two lines mostly. Other times, I catch it just as it powers up (as seen here) and just after it shuts down as the plasma dissipates. Here, the initial surge can be seen in the large arcs that begin to form the cycle of oscillation. This is a frozen very short moment in time, most of these pics are not long exposures. They are actually settings not un-common for an overcast daytime shot. I kept my iso pretty high, just so that I can catch clearly the sprites that emanate from the plasma and bolts of electricity here. This coil from top to ground (across secondary) produces about 80-110kv peak. I may be able to reach 120kv, but I think I'm closer usually to 90kv. If you go by 1.1mm=1000v then I've got 100kv and more. I tend to think at 200ft above sea level this rule does not do so well, it seems more like 1.5mm per 1000volts. Measuring voltage by arc size is an old and difficult method that is often unreliable. However, provided your not too high above sea level, and that your under pretty typical conditions, an arc test from point to point in open air can give you an idea of how many volts you have. You can find out for sure approximately how many volts, DC or AC you have. However, in order to do this, your current must be high enough to be visible and this voltage must be able to create a visible arc in the air as the electricity jumps. What often people don't know, is that electricity does not just jump from point A to B via conductors like metal. It can travel when highly charged and/or as AC--through the air invisibly. If you took 1000 batteries and tied them together, just hooking up a loop of wire connected to nothing on either end of them would produce a small spark (arc) and momentary radio signals! Even though, apparently, there is no visible complete circuit. This is due to capacitance and electrical fields in the air. A coil of wire is usually seen as an inductor, but when it is connected to but one electrical pole, it acts as a 'lump' of capacitance. The charges trying to equalize, a spark is produced when something is "bonded" to it. It looks like free energy, but it's an electrical field that if one did this dangerous experiment, you could hear as static discharges in the battery pile. As can be seen here--it can also jump seemingly into nowhere. But this is because charges travel through the air without being visible. The heat that ionizes the air and burns it out as far as the power will allow in this coil. After a certain point and the circuit is completed by capacitance of electrical field in the air itself. This is why a screw driver connected to nothing will illicit a large arc--bigger then that seen in large flyback drivers! I have built big kv meters, (Up to over 250kv) but calibrating it can be difficult since finding a meter that can measure over about 50kv--is very difficult and expensive. So I used a number of tests to calibrate mine. For this coil, I generalized my location and other tests to come up with the ~100kv or so safe output max. If too much energy it put into the supply, either the tube will overheat or the coil will begin to arc on itself, so this is the limit for both this coil and the tube that powers it. The voltage is AC of course and radio frequency and thus we get the great coronas and sprites out of the top, they are incredible like unpredictable sculptures.
I started doing tube experiments as well as plasma tries with transformers and Model T Ford coils when I was about 11. The first real assignment with tubes I gave myself was to transpose simple circuits like a Hartley oscillators into tube forms from solid state circuits. In that case, a center tapped coil and variable capacitor for tuning. With a little math, the tank circuit resonant frequency can be figured out. Thus I was able to begin to build radios that listened or transmitted where I wanted them too! Then I moved into experimenting with other devices. Tubes are very forgiving within reason, and if something goes wrong you far less likely to lose the tube then an expensive mosfet. You can see what's going on inside, and keep an eye on things, they also are really tough--I've seen tubes get so hot they glow entirely across the plate but when cooled back down--they still ran fine again. I even pulled a few tubes out of an old TV that had been laying in the bushes for decades in Guam, fired it up and it worked until a typhoon wreaked my place and I lost most of my stuff. Years of harsh rain and sun did nothing to damage the glass sealed device. As fragile as they may be in shipping--they are really tough compared to the mosfets and transistors that replaced them. Tolerances can be looser, substitutions simpler, and some kinds of circuits just work better and can have a lot less components if built with tubes. Tubes have a lot of gain and bandwidth--the only thing that comes close to them in solid state are mosfets and a few other emerging technologies. The military is interested in tubes since they are virtually EMP proof. Russia kept making all there radios for fighter jets out of tubes at least into the 1990s for this reason. And for sound quality there's no comparison according to many, myself included, who say tubes have the best sound in the world for audio gear.
In 2010, I shattered my myth about tube plate voltage since every book I read talks about how important B+ needs to be pretty high voltage. Never under 45volts. I was able to power a 12AX7 tube oscillator with just 15volts! That's right, it was actually possible to get a sine wave and tune a tube Hartley tank circuit that had a plate voltage of only 15 volts. The circuit was built in a cascode fashion, which means that one triode was driving modulation into the 2nd triode which was an oscillator. Plate into cathode from triode 1 to triode 2. The 1st tube lost it's bias with audio and sound quality around 30volts or so, but the CW signal and sine wave remained strong and could be turned on or off at will with a plate voltage not much more then 12 volts! I could have used it as a local oscillator for a receiver. I never thought a tube circuit could run at such low voltage. The filaments were actually running a bit lower then specs, but electron emission can happen to the plate for an oscillator at very low voltages. I plan to do some more tests with this, this is especially true with smaller high gain signal tubes. In most literature about tube design--45volts is as low as you can go. I wonder what else you can do with them--cold cathode? Some tubes do operate if you use enough voltage--such as magic eye tubes and even TV CRTs-- but space charges and other issues get in the way of grid function so they are not good for much without a hot cathode unless they were designed for a particular function like a plate relay control. You can create wideband noise out of a gas discharge tube, or use one to turn a plate relay on and off. But if you want audio frequency amplification, gain and any radio projects--you pretty much do have to keep your plate voltage (or B+ battery supply) above 45 volts and towards the tube's intended voltage and filaments/heaters must be hot enough for the electrons to begin to "boil off" so that they can be grabbed by the plate. But they are very flexible as far as design goes and just how far you can push them. I have not posted my SSTC design yet, but I will say it is the simplest one I have ever seen. I was able to build a pretty good SSTC from a 555 timer chip by feeding just enough power back so that it became a resonant circuit through the timer. A strange and unusual way to use the 555 chip that I just decided to try, and it worked well with large mosfets like the IRFP260/460. The timer is basically a PWM, and when it has almost no timing capacitance on it--it will still oscillate! I found that they can go into several hundred Kc, so getting up to the resonant frequency of a air core primary was possible. I protected the mosfet as I always do with several parts, and the timer need only 50ohm 1/4W resistor and 0.47mfd capacitor or so to drive the gate and insure that the chip never gets totally shorted if something happens to the mosfet. I did not however get nearly as much power out of it as I do here with the tube system. And the mosfet was in constant danger of overheating or being damaged. Tubes are almost immune to this kind of transient high voltage and they can overheat, but you can monitor this if your using glass tubes. This makes them ideal for power RF amplifiers or Tesla coils that would have to be far more complex and/or expensive if done solid state. The corona on my SSTC was only about 1-2inches long and the mosfet was under a lot of pressure for many reasons so I could not run it for very long without letting it cool. I really had to only run it for a few seconds at a time but it was a stable viable circuit that I built twice. The corona on my VTTC here is about 4-5 inches with sprites up to 7+ There are many great SSTC schematics online, the concept is pretty simple but coil building and winding is difficult work sometimes since there are so many possible problems with arcing and induction that must be addressed. I did not find such an abundance of good VTTC schematics, but then again I did not look for very long. I designed this circuit myself. When I did finally check out other schematics online, I found many VTTC schematics to be pretty low-powered. This may be because the volts needed at currents this high are VERY dangerous. At 1000volts 2amps or so, you really don't get 2nd chances. And to run a larger VTTC voltages quickly get into the 2000+ range at 1 amp or more. The means of doing this is so dangerous that I hesitate to post it. You don't get burned, you don't get shocked--you get electrocuted! Lights out. The general voltage for the electric chair in many states was 2000volts at 2-4amps AC. I don't think I need to say more about why this is so dangerous! MOTs are very dangerous and often underestimated, this is why microwave ovens are setup so you cannot use them with the case off. The transformer core is one side of the 2000volt secondary and they are capable of producing 2kv (2000volts) at as many as 2-5amps if the electrical outlet powering them can handle it. I may need to use a 2 phase (240volt) outlet for my next VTTC as I will need a really big voltage. So safety is very important with VTTCs. There are tube transformers out there that can produce about 1200volts or more and can be found online in different places. Lots of old radio and other gear use them. The other way is to build an inverter supply that will convert 48Vdc volts into 1200volts at 1 amp or so at higher frequency--which makes it safer if it's up in the 10kc or above range--but still very dangerous!
I have also seen people using a MOTs to ballast another MOT. A bad idea. A shorted MOT pulls so much current (more then 15amps at 120vac) that using one as a ballast will do almost nothing for keeping current down or reducing voltage and danger. It's pretty much equivalent to using a wound up 30ft extension cord as a ballast. You can still get almost as many amps through it. MOTs are high-current specialized transformers that generate a great deal of magnetic flux, so much you can feel it with any metal near by. The primary is only about 130 turns or so if I recall, #10 or 12 AWG solid--this is really big wire for a primary and produces a very large magnetic field. The secondary is #28 or larger AWG so the current you can actually get out of a MOT far exceeds the 15amp limit on most home outlets. In a microwave they push it as far as about 1300watts. That's almost 11amps. These are so powerful that if you shorted it you'll be drawing something like 30amps from your outlet and most certainly kick a breaker off or blow a fuse. If not, the arc becomes very dangerous because it's energetic and large--not something to try, seriously. To ballast a MOT for less power, use an auto-transformer or a series of 100W incandescent light bulbs in parallel and then in series with the primary. This reduces current to reasonable levels that will not blow breakers or cause dangerous flash-arcs. It's still very dangerous, but if anything happens the excess current will light up the bulbs instead of running the MOT. The same can be done with other types of large tube transformers that may also produce high currents in similar ranges. You can see the idle current in how bright they get when it's on, as well as how much your using. It also helps to put about a 6-10uf AC capacitor on the primary, this reduces the impedance of it and lowers the idle current. If a MOT is left on without an AC cap, it will get quite hot eventually even if not pulling any load. Not to mention that left idle, a MOT can pull as much as 1.5amps or so at 120vac. That is enough to run a big TV.
I recommend an insulated remote momentary only switch as I did here that cuts all power to such a HV transformer virtually instantly. With the big tube transformers--you don't get a 2nd chance. These shocks are almost as serious as touching an industrial power line. There are some really great VTTCs shown on YouTube, some very powerful transmitting tubes and coils. A lot of watts are needed no matter how you do a VTTC/SSTC. My SSTC used 90volts out of several power supplies in series. I only built a prototype and never did build a permanent version of the circuit, but for a beginner coil builder who wants something simple--it would be a great start. So I will post it here soon once I draw it up in digital form, it's only in my notes now. It is easy to power with a 5A auto-transformer. A better source then a series of transformers. Under it's requirements, the voltage dropped to only about 50volts while it was running. The load on my 4amp laptop DC supplies and others together really was hard on them as well. I just bought an auto-transformer and put a bridge on it--creating a DC power supply. One can filter this and make it really nice, you can select your voltage and use it as a kind of "brute force" supply. There will be a drop in the voltage but compensation is as simple as turning it up at bit more. Auto-transformers make great power supplies since they give out even current from 2volts or so all the way to 120 or in some models, 140volts. They also are built in a way that accidental overload or over-volt is very unlikely since the dial must be turned for the transformer to use more power, and it's a pretty big dial. So you can trust that it won't short and suddenly dump 120volts into your circuit that can only handle 40V! As is the trouble with using a load and light dimmer for such a supply. The SSTC I first built did however let me show some of the fractal effects of plasma and arcs. How one AC arc can form a sprite on it's own. I dubbed this effect "arc flares". The coil here produces a fractal of plasma reflecting complex components of the AC/RF and the DC used to power it.
A sealed jar becomes a pressurized chamber and then a partial vacuum when plasma is released into it. This is really amazing to watch, I can create all kinds of effects in the jar. Smoke gets obliterated, and gasses in the air from the smallest things cause changes to the corona.
RADIO RFI -- and PICTURES of wave function:
So the wave we see most often in the coil is the 120hz and then sweeping at 300kc (300,000hz). This is the fundamental frequency of this coil. It also has many harmonics as does any oscillator so for more powerful coils, especially if your going to use it for long periods of time you should be careful to filter the 120AC line. Especially if your going to hook it to anything like a wire. This is a very powerful radio transmitter but lacking a matched antenna, unless you live near an airport you should be fine. I often operate it late at night and check how much I am creating harmonic RFI in broadcast band areas. Also, keep all electronics away from such coils! This thing can scramble the circuits on just about any digital device from several feet away! Filters on the 120V AC side can reduce the amount of RF that gets back into the power grid without diluting the DC ripple effect. A bifiar wound toroid would also work to modulate the grid if enough power was used, thus it could be modulated either via the grid or even possibly the cathode with a good enough driver. Filters are a good idea for large coils to reduce harmonics from being transmitted as radio interference. Since we are at 300kc, we are also harmonically putting out quite a powerful signal in the AM broadcast band (530-1700kc) and down into the long wave spectrum where a lot of Navigational beckons are. So keeping leads short and not using any long wires is a good idea. Don't send any Morse code! So once again, basically I deliberately allowed 120hz/60hz into the coils plate supply. The first design used a bank of capacitors and a 60hz filter choke, I quickly found that adding a bit of line frequency 60hz was good for creating large sprites and integral frequency effects. This is complex AC theory. Components of 120hz/60hz and 300hz+ are allowed into the oscillator and thus show up in the plasma sprites (the largest arcs visible) 'painting' an image of an actual waveform. This allows you to see the wave function exactly how it really is. In 3d. I've never seen this done before. I have seen other great coils, but seeing waveforms in the arcs I never noticed. You pretty much need to take a picture of it at normal speed to be able to see it long enough. Many of these shots were done at 1/120th a sec. Most of these pics are not long exposures. Above you are seeing what it actually looks like in real life. You can see the same thing by freeze framing an HD video of it. Most cameras shoot at 24-30fps. More professional cameras can go beyond that into 60 or more FPS so that slow playback is possible. This is very useful since we can see one event in 1/60th of a second which is exactly 1 cycle of 60hz. I was amazed when I captured it for the first time. This is NOT my best picture example--more are coming of this effect including the fractal pics that show some incredible images in them with even more detail then these. I have at least 5 more to post. It can take dozens of photos to get a good wave picture.
different tubes will operate it. Some more common then others. You need a pretty big pentode power beam tube for this. The 6KD6 tube, a large TV horz. tube, was able to run this coil but got a bit too hot. Only for short times if you use that type of tube since the plate may become too hot. I'm using a larger type, the 27LE6. For looks, I moved the meter to a better spot on the board on the panel's right side. It does not directly reflect plate or grid current, measurements are really difficult since there is so much of an EM field. It is an overall circuit current meter. I know what the reading should be depending on how far up I dial the power. So if anything is wrong I can tell if it is drawing too much power or not enough. I can also get some measurement of the oscillator's current efficiency and how well matched it is. If too un-matched, the oscillator will lock up or go into a really high frequency mode that is very hard on the tube and produces no arcs. The circuit includes a tuner that matches the primary so that loads on the secondary will not cause problems with the oscillation process. This is basically the same thing as SWR with a radio, there must be a good load on this--or it will pull more power and heat up the tube's plate. If this got too out of hand the plate would literally start to glow red, but that does not happen even under a lot of load. A circuit breaker prevents more then about a 1.5amp load. As long as I match it with the delta IE control--I can connect it to anything I want such as the experiment with the jar where the plasma flows down into it. And as I said already, I importantly added a remote control switch so that I can turn the coil on/off very quickly and without fear of an RF burn or shock. Touching ground or grounded metal switches when this is on can cause RF burns if your close to the coil. So an insulated switch is important. The tuner does not effect frequency much, the air variable instead controls coil load impedance matching. This makes it possible for me to connect the coil to items and experiments without oscillator problems. An important idea for my design since I wanted to do many experiments with this. I'm sure other people have come up with the same concepts, but this schematic and coil design is my work. The schematic is available on request only, since this is a very dangerous project and I want more people who view my site and write comments! Please subscribe and more projects will be posted. Questions and such are always welcome, give me time to respond since I don't check my email all the time.
60hz/300khz or 120hz/300Khz? --both--More about the ripple effect
As I explained above already, since I used a diode bridge in the plate B+ DC power supply design, we are getting a 120hz ripple in the DC output. Basically, when you power a diode bridge with 60hz AC, you will end up getting AC components out of it if you have little or no capacitance on it or you draw so much current that the capacitance you do have cannot compensate. Since a diode bridge will allow something DC powered to operate with current in either direction, when you change directions 60 times a second, it becomes a pulsed source of DC that is 2xF(ac) 120vac 60hz. I can't write much of the math here, I will just explain as best I can. So in addition to RF AC harmonics from the oscillator, we have a 120hz signal--2x60 here. This is because each cycle either way has a phase change interval. It is difficult for me to explain in detail here, but this translates to a 120hz signal in the DC if your power supply is full wave. Most are, two diodes or a diode bridge will produce this effect. I am just learning the complexities of AC theory and AC mathematics here myself. So I hope I am correct in this theory. It is also based on multiple scope tests. If you are powering something that uses lots of current but as I did here with only a small capacitor (in this case a total of 4.7uf) you will end up getting components of both 120hz and 60hz in the output. Mainly the diode bridge produces 120hz if little or no capacitor is used of current drain is so high the capacitor can't keep up. Thus, the frequency is multiplied once the diode bridge is under load. We can even see this with a frequency counter if placed near the bridge or connected to it. Since we are using really high voltage here--you want to be sure your meter can handle it. I have a CatIII which means it's rated for 1000 volts. Any more could damage the meter, but since the voltage is so high--we can keep the coil and tube off with just the transformer and supply idling and pickup the signal of both 60hz and 120hz from the supply. 120hz will be prominent on the + side of the bridge. Basically, we have a couple of sign waves that overlap to produce the waveform pics. There is also a question of timing. How fast does the effect get created? The plasma stays in the air after the coil is off but only for about 1/120th of a second or so.. I deliberately kept capacitors low and used no DC filtration for these frequencies so that the supply would make a 'messy' output. This produces really big sprites when ever the two fundamental sine waves converge with 120hz. I would say it's 120/300000 or basically, a 2.5kc (2500hz) difference exists between the coil's fundamental operating frequency and 120Hz. The AC main 60hz frequency will also have something to do with these incredible visible wave functions. There are many factors that come into play here, it's a complex situation but what results is a fractal series of sign waves and plasma effects from the output tip, which is an AC load via capacitance. When photographed at high speed with my full frame camera, it is possible to see just how amazing these effects are and even measure them since I can set my exposure time exactly. Many more and better photos will be posted soon.


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The news that there were several NYPD officers riding with the motorcyclists who assaulted motorist Alexian Lien last month has prompted much public outrage about why the cops didn't stop the beating. None of the officers was in uniform, none participated in the attack, and two of them have claimed they didn't arrive on the scene until the assault was over. Nevertheless, their very presence raises some questions: What was their responsibility in this situation? Are off-duty police officers obliged to intervene when they witness or suspect a crime?
Update, Oct. 9, 2013: NYPD detective Wojciech Braszczok, one of the officers who participated in the rally, was arrested Tuesday evening and charged with riot and criminal mischief. Though Braszczok originally claimed he was not directly involved in the confrontation, video footage allegedly shows him shattering the rear window of Lien's SUV. He is not suspected of participating in the assault on Lien. NBC New York reports that Braszczok was "on a deep undercover assignment" at the time.
New York state Criminal Procedure Law does not differentiate between off-duty and on-duty police officers; both share the same power to apprehend and arrest criminal suspects. But the right to arrest is not an obligation to arrest. Off-duty cops must weigh many factors when deciding whether to intervene: jurisdiction, the crime being committed, whether they're adequately equipped to defend themselves and subdue the suspect, and whether their intervention might escalate the situation and endanger the public welfare.
But even if an off-duty cop has no good reason to stand back, he's still not obliged to get his hands dirty. In fact, on-duty cops aren't obliged to intervene in every single crime. While this might strike you as odd—it certainly struck me that way—it's actually a long-standing legal principle, based on the idea that the state generally is not responsible for the welfare of individual citizens.
This principle was articulated on the federal level in the Supreme Court case DeShaney v. Winnebago County, which concerned Joshua DeShaney, a child who was beaten so badly by his father that he suffered permanent brain damage. Randy DeShaney, Joshua's father, was well-known to county social workers as a suspected child abuser, and DeShaney's mother, who was divorced from the boy's father, sued the county for its failure to protect Joshua by not removing him from a dangerous situation. The case made its way to the Supreme Court, where, in 1989, it ruled that Winnebago County had no affirmative duty to protect Joshua DeShaney. In his majority opinion, William Rehnquist wrote that while the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment "forbids the State itself to deprive individuals of life, liberty, or property without 'due process of law,' [its] language cannot fairly be extended to impose an affirmative obligation on the State to ensure that those interests do not come to harm through other means." (The court reached a similar conclusion in 2005's Castle Rock v. Gonzales, when it ruled that a Colorado woman could not sue her local police department for failing to enforce a restraining order against her husband, who had gone on to murder their three daughters; Antonin Scalia concluded his majority opinion by helpfully noting that while the Framers "did not create a system by which police departments are generally held financially accountable for crimes that better policing might have prevented, the people of Colorado are free to craft such a system under state law.")
Here's another example. In 1975, Carolyn Warren and Joan Taliaferro were asleep on the third floor of their rooming house in Washington, D.C., when they heard a break-in downstairs. Warren called the police, and they eventually arrived and knocked on the front door, only to depart upon receiving no response. Even though Warren called the police again, they never came back. But the burglars were still in the house, and Warren, Taliaferro, and their downstairs neighbor were raped and beaten for 14 hours.
Warren sued the police department for negligence. The case was dismissed; Warren appealed. In 1981's Warren v. District of Columbia, the D.C. Court of Appeals affirmed the initial dismissal, citing "the fundamental principle that a government and its agents are under no general duty to provide public services, such as police protection, to any particular individual citizen." In other words, the police department is responsible for maintaining the public welfare in general. But absent some sort of pre-existing "special relationship" between cop and citizen—if the police had actively promised to protect a specific person from harm, for example—there's no obligation to intervene.
This point hit the headlines in 2011, when spree killer Maksim Gelman stabbed a subway passenger named Joseph Lozito seven times on an uptown 3 train. Two NYPD officers who were standing in the train operator's compartment chose not to immediately intervene, and Lozito sued the department on account of the officers' inaction. The NYPD vigorously defended the officers, and, in July, the New York Supreme Court dismissed Lozito's complaint, noting that "the law is abundantly clear that no liability flows from negligence in the performance of a police function unless there is a special relationship," and that no special relationship existed between Lozito and the officers in the subway car. ("[P]roximity does not create a special relationship," the court noted.)
So back to Alexian Lien and the motorcycles. It looks like the officers on the scene had no legal obligation to intervene and stop the other bikers from pulling Lien from his car and beating him in front of his family. But it's also clear that the NYPD is embarrassed that its officers stood by and failed to prevent a crime about which the entire country is enraged. (The department is also upset that the officers failed to come forward until days after the attack took place.) The embarrassment and the public outrage explain why the cops "will all be stripped of their guns and badges and have been placed on desk duty," according to CBS News. But the crystal-clear legal precedent here tells me that that's where the punishment will end.


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After Friday's volatile price action, trading among dollar pairs was subdued at the start of this week with traders reducing their exposure to the upcoming FOMC statement. EURUSD popped up to the 1.1275 area before moving sideways, USDJPY is testing support at the 110.00 major psychological mark, USDCHF retreated upon testing the resistance at .9800, and GBPUSD is stalling around the top of its range at 1.4500.
Data from the US economy came in weaker than expected, as new home sales fell from 519K to 511K versus the projected climb to 521K. US durable goods orders data is due today and a 1.9% rebound in the headline figure is eyed. Also lined up are the CB consumer confidence index, flash services PMI, and Richmond manufacturing index.
GBP holds on to gains on anti-Brexit talks
The pound was able to stand its ground in recent sessions, as UK citizens might be convinced to vote for staying in the European Union in the upcoming referendum. Top officials such as UK Chancellor Osborne and US President Obama have cautioned against the risks of a Brexit, reiterating that it would be more advantageous for the UK to stick to the status quo.
GBPJPY pushed past the 160.00 barrier and is consolidating around 161.00, EURGBP broke below the .7800 level and is back down to .7750, GBPAUD is attempting to break past the resistance at 1.8800, and GBPNZD is currently trading around the 2.1100 area.
Yen recovers after sharp Friday selloff
The Japanese yen regained its footing after losing a lot of ground to its forex counterparts on Friday. Back then rumors that senior BOJ officials might push for negative lending rates in order to complement negative deposit rates spurred yen weakness ahead of this week's rate statement.
On Monday, Japanese Prime Minister Abe shared his plan to create an additional budget for earthquake rebuilding efforts, reducing the need for the central bank to dole out more stimulus. EURJPY retreated from the resistance at 125.00, AUDJPY is back down to the 85.50 area, NZDJPY is holding steady around 76.25, and CADJPY is testing 87.50 once more.
Other event risks this week include the upcoming RBNZ interest rate decision, as several market participants are still counting on the central bank to lower rates by 0.25% again. The US advanced GDP reading is up for release later on in the week.
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It's amazing how these treasures are free to the public. There were tons of people, many from different countries, all appreciating the gems of our country. Speaking of gems... the Hope Diamond??? Holy gravy, it's huge. I could give lengthy descriptions of my trip, but the pictures speak for themselves!
|Nauvoo Temple Sunstone ~ The Museum of American History
|Ted's Montana Grill
|Library of Congress
|Library of Congress
|Library of Congress... swoon!
|U.S. Capitol
|Capitol Dome
|Statuary Hall ~ U.S. Capitol


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Here's another killer skateboard video clip, this time it's from Frank Skateboards with the title "Good Old Boring Internet Video" and it features a lot of fast, raw and high level street skating by Eniz Fazliov, Dallas Rockvam, Sebi Dorfer, Oscar Candon, Rob Maatman and Tommy May.
Yeah, what a team and they rip and show us that you do fall down a lot even if you've got mad talent. Great video!!
FRANK_ "Good Old Boring Internet Video" from FRANK skateboards on Vimeo.
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Dolls are Reborn with Dolls World new at Silly Billy's
There is a resurgence in Dolls and Silly Billy's Toy Shop used to stock a lot of dolls at one time in their old toy shop in Hebden Bridge.
Now Dolls are back and we have a selection of Dolls from Dolls World here at Silly Billy's :-
Talking Tammy even creates a realistic baby sound:
Dolls World Talking Tammy:
38cm (15″) baby doll with bean filled bum, sleeping eyes, deluxe romper, jacket, hat and dummy. Press her limbs and tummy for 21 real baby sounds. Age 18m+.
We have Mia back by popular demand and also some Little Loves Dolls at only £9.99
What more can we say about Dolls ? Well, Dolls have been absent for a time at Silly Billy's and we are now happy they have come back to us in our all new toy shop. We have also recently increased our bath toys range for young folk and we have some exciting pr0ducts for bath play.
Some exciting new products that have also made a resurgence here are Sea Monkeys which we have back in stock also after an absence of some time:
Knights are a popular theme and always have been for children, young and old. To compliment our always popular Knights Swords, we now have exciting Knights Battle Armour.
We are increasing our product range as is usual at this time of year and in the run-up to Easter. One of the biggest events in Hebden Bridge at Easter is the Hebden Bridge Duck Race and this Easter it falls on Ban Holiday Monday 17th April 2017, to learn more about the Duck Race 2017 and buy a ticket please visit the Rotary Club's Official Duck Race website at:
We have no idea what the weather will be like in Hebden Bridge on Bank Holiday Mondy 17th April 2017, though Bill, the owner, a meteorological expert, reckons it will be fine and sunny.
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Clue: One place to find Franklin
We have 1 answer for the clue One place to find Franklin. See the results below.
Possible Answers:
Related Clues:
- $100 bill
- Where to see Ben Franklin's portrait
- Big piece of lettuce
- Big bill
- Exchange for 10 sawbucks
- 100 smackers
- 100 simoleons
- Franklin is on it
- Ten sawbucks
- $100 bill, slangily
Last Seen In:
- New York Times - October 23, 1996
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