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Obviously, I was not going to try any actual korbanot for the project of the week. And that is all there is in the parasha- except for chapter 2 verse 13.
|13. And you shall salt every one of your meal offering sacrifices with salt, and you shall not omit the salt of your God's covenant from [being placed] upon your meal offerings. You shall offer salt on all your sacrifices.
|יג. וְכָל קָרְבַּן מִנְחָתְךָ בַּמֶּלַח תִּמְלָח וְלֹא תַשְׁבִּית מֶלַח בְּרִית אֱלֹקיךָ מֵעַל מִנְחָתֶךָ עַל כָּל קָרְבָּנְךָ תַּקְרִיב מֶלַח:
Ramban explains that salt has two diametrically opposed properties. It destroys, as it prevents plants from growing, and it saves, as it preserves food. The salt used on sacrifices is symbolic of our relationship with God. When we serve Him appropriately, it preserves us. When we don't, our own destruction is imminent.
The salt used in sacrifices is the primary source for the salt used on Challot on Shabbat. Sorry Lot's wife.
If you haven't guessed already, we made salt holders for our project.
We already have a plethora of salt shakers, so I thought we would make salt bowls. From what I have inferred, salt bowls are preferable for challah because 1) salt shakers are a relatively new invention 2) the challah should be dipped in salt.
My husband also follows the Moroccan minhag of declaring "Hashem Melech, Hashem Malach, Hashem Yimloch le'olam va'ed" after his first bite of challah. I always assumed this was reminiscent of saying the passuk before Shacharit - a way to inspire the right mood for the meal. Or a pun on 'melach', the Hebrew word for salt. Apparently the meaning is much deeper.
So the project:
I typed the aforementioned passuk and made the text go in a circle.
I printed the circles, let the girls cut them out, and they got to work colouring them.
When the circles were finished, I laminated them while the girls decorated the cups. The cups were just disposable hot/cold cups, which I cut in half.
Meanwhile, Ruti worked on her own project.
When the girls were finished the cups, I hot glue gunned the two parts together.
When the girls were asleep I discovered they misunderstood the purpose of the cups, and thought they were salt shaker holders. I will clarify it before Shabbat.
Shabbat Shalom!

subset: commoncrawl


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Graphics & Creative Supervisor, E-commerce


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Elite Series
Tempest® Plus
Outstanding lift and handling when speed counts.
- Available pitches 17, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29
- Rotation LH, RH
- Performance vent system (PVS) Yes
- Boat types Bass, Inshore Fishing, Offshore fishing
- Number of blades 3
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- Fits Alpha drive, Bravo One drives, Outboards 135hp and above
- Recommended for Outboards 135hp and above
Producing world-class Mercury propellers is no simple task
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Mercury's Flo-Torq propeller hub might just be the most important part you never see. Not only does it flex during shift changes, reducing noise and vibration. If your prop hits an underwater object, it sacrifices itself to save your lower unit. Just pop in a new hub and you're back on the water, no service call needed. The Flo-Torq hub also makes Mercury propellers compatible with most engines on the market while also providing unmatched corrosion protection.
Fine tuned.
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Just by varying the size of the exhaust hole and controlling your engine's rpm, you can eliminate sluggish performance or compensate for changes in load in altitude. And it's technology that you can only get with Mercury Propellers.
You can order all available Mercury literature online or through any authorized Mercury dealer. Please have your outboard or sterndrive serial number before placing the order.
- Operation, Maintenance, and Warranty Manuals
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text:
Imperial Tobacco saw its shares decline this morning on the FTSE 100 after the group said it stood to lose £110 million thanks to the implementation of a ban on smoking in public places in Spain.
The ban, which came into effect at the beginning of this year, has led to tobacco companies cutting prices in Spain.
Imperial Tobacco said it too had cut prices in a bid to "protect our market position", adding that it was monitoring the situation "closely".
As a result of the price cut the group predicted that "For the financial year to 30 September 2011, adjusted operating profits derived from Spain could reduce by up to £110 million against our previous expectations. Of this, up to £40 million represents a one-off non-recurring impact on our logistics business."
The group added that, leaving Spain aside, its performance for the financial year had been in line with expectations.
By 11:55 shares in Imperial Tobacco were down 1.10 per cent on the FTSE 100 to 2,062.00 pence per share.


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This book-purchase page is for orders shipping outside of the USA & Canada.
- Use the shopping cart buttons below to select your book(s) and then use the PayPal checkout at the bottom of the page to complete the order.
- All orders ship US Mail to your country's national mail service—delivery typically takes 2 to 3 weeks, but can take longer. Local VAT tax may apply—if so, you will need to pay any such tax upon delivery.
- Shipping charges are as follows: $6.95 handling fee plus $20 per book.
- This web page is for International customers only. USA climbers order here >>
Training for Climbing (3rd edition) – The Definitive Guide to Improving Your Performance
Drawing on the latest climbing research, the third edition of the internationally best-selling Training for Climbing presents a comprehensive, evidence-based program for improving climbing performance. With the unique perspective of a veteran climber, researcher, and coach, Eric Hörst blends leading-edge sport science with his decades of climbing and coaching experience to create a content-rich text packed with practical how-to and what-to-do information. This encyclopedia of all things performance presents the most up-to-date and advanced techniques, and it will become your training/performance guidebook for many years to come…just as it already is for climbers in more than 50 countries! Learn more >>
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$29.95 T4C Sale price: $26.95
The Rock Climber's Exercise Guide – Training for Strength, Power, Endurance, Flexibility & Stability.
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The Rock Climber's Exercise Guide is the most complete exercise guide for the vertical athlete. This full color book details over 140 exercises and training activities, and it will help climbers of all age and experience develop a most effective physical-training program. Includes dozens of climbing-specific exercises for developing strength, power, and endurance, important exercises for developing strong core and stabilizer muscles, exercises for improving flexibility and mobility, and guidance on self-assessment, weight loss, and training program design! Learn more >>
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$25.95 T4C Sale Price: $23.95
Gimme Kraft! – Effective Climbing Training (Imported from Germany)
This highly anticipated exercise book comes from Nuremberg, Germany, the birth place of modern training for climbing. It was here that the legendary Wolfgang Güllich invented Campus Training and, at the nearby Frankenjura, established the world's first 5.14d/9a, Action Directe. The rich tradition of hard climbing that began with Kurt Albert continues today with young guns like Jan Hojer, Juliane Wurm, and 21-year-old phenom Alex Megos. What is the secret of these incredible climbers? It's their "gimme kraft" (give me power!) mentality of training in smart, effective ways that equally develops power through the entire chain of pulling muscles from the fingers to the core. Learn more >>
$35euro T4C Price: $39.95(Use the T4C shopping cart to check out with Pay Pal.)
Maximum Climbing – Mental Training for Peak Performance and Optimal Experience
As physical as climbing is, it is even more mental. Ultimately, you climb with your mind—your hands and feet are merely extensions of your thoughts and will. Becoming a master climber, then, requires that you first become a master of your mind. Perhaps the most powerful and "secret" laden book, Maximum Climbing reveals how to use your mind to get the very most out of your body. Lots of gold to be mined from this book! Learn more >>
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Climbing Injuries Solved – by Dr. Lisa Erikson
Climbing Injuries Solved provides rich detail on the treatment and rehab of many common climbing injuries. Beautifully illustrated and loaded with therapy and preventative tips, this is a must-read text for every serious climber, both injured and healthy. Lisa Erikson (DC) has treated many top climbers, including Dave Graham, Daniel Woods and Angie Payne, and Climbing Injuries Solved is the next best thing to visiting her in person! Learn more >>
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Bouldering Essentials – The Complete Guide to Bouldering
This beautifully illustrated book is the latest text on the rapidly growing sub-sport BOULDERING! Features hundreds of color photos and detailed text instructing on movement, technique, dynamics, safety, training, and strategies to boulder harder! This content-rich book will help any beginner or intermediate boulderer reach for the higher grades. Learn more >>
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How to Climb 5.12 – The Book That's Guided Thousands of Climbers to the 5.12 Grade!
How to Climb 5.12 is a performance guidebook to attaining the most rapid gains in ability possible. It offers the most detail instruction available on how to work projects, learn and rehearse cruxes sequences, and how to mentally prepare for performance. Includes an overview of training and how to best learn climbing skills. Whether you climb 5.6 or 5.11, How to Climb 5.12 will help elevate your game. Learn more >>
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Learning to Climb Indoors – The Essential Handbook for Every Beginner
Learning to Climb Indoors is the most complete book available on indoor climbing. Topics covered include beginner and advanced climbing techniques, tactics, strategy, basic gear, safety techniques, self-assessment, and a primer on mental training and physical conditioning. Includes everything you need to know from day one as a climber through your first year or two. Endorsed by USA Climbing! Learn more >>
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It's not quite like suggesting that the Sistine Chapel was painted by one of Michelangelo's brush cleaners, but to Angelenos the thought that they may not know for sure who designed their beloved Bradbury building is an uncertainty of some concern.
For more than a half-century, the conventional belief has been that the Bradbury's most distinguished feature--its remarkable interior--was inspired by a science fiction novel and designed by a $5-an-hour draftsman, who relied on occult practices for help.
But now John Crandell, a landscape architect and downtown historian, believes that his countless hours of single-handed research prove that the story of the Bradbury interior's origin is, in fact, an urban legend.
Crandell began digging into the building's history two years ago, after finding in several architecture magazines and newspaper accounts from the period of its construction--the 1890s--references that contradict the most frequently repeated tales of how it was built.


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Defining terms and glossaries for domains and projects
I am going to leap ahead and start to conceptualize some semantic building blocks that are useful for acronyms, terms, glossaries and other foundation concepts.
My starting set of core concepts are roughly:
- Term - a single word or phrase that has a particular meaning. This may be a single term (one word or two or more hyphen-separated words) or a compound term (two or more words or hyphen-separated words.)
- Glossary - a collection of terms relevant to a particular project or domain.
- Domain - a field of study or area of interest. Multiple domains may overlap or intersect (ala a Venn diagram)
- Project - a collection of subsets of domains that are under study for some purpose.
- Abbreviation - a shortened or shorthand form of a term.
- Acronym - a stylized abbreviation for one or more compounds term that utilizes a sequence of the initial letters or abbreviations for the individual terms of which it is composed.
A glossary may contain actual term definitions or references to terms that are defined in anothe XML resource document by themselves of within another glossary. In its simplest form, a glossary would simply be a list of term references or pointers to externally-defined terms.
Glossaries should also be nestable so that a glossary can incorporate existing glossaries in their entirety.
A glossary would be associated with zero or more domains that may or may not overlap or intersect. For example, my software_agent glossary might list the domains software_agent_technology, computing, software, and distributed_processing.
One open question is the relationship between a glossary and a vocabilary. My current thinking is that a glossary is simply a subset of terms of interest in some project or a sub-field of a domain or even of interest to an individual. A vocabulary for a domain would consist of the universe of terms that are relevant for that domain, regardless of whether those terms are collected into one or more glossaries or exist as discrete XML resources not contained in glossaries. A vocabulary may be more of a computed collection whereas a glossary might be hand-crafted for its intended specific project.
One important nuance is that sometimes an existing term is mostly relevant but needs some modification to be more completely relevant for the domain of a glossary or to simplify and customize it to be more relevant to a project or domain. In such cases we want a local override definition for the term plus a reference to one or more existing term definitions upon which the term is based or from which it is synthesized.


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PhuketTopTeam coach Eric Uresk (USA) shows a nice series of takedowns off the cage.
First video demonstrates Head pinch takedown, head pinch with knee shield takedown, head pinch with knee shield to Harai Goshi.
Second technique video is MuayThai Clinch Counter to Ippon Seonagi Judo throw for MMA, Wrestling, Bjj, NoGi, Submission Grappling.
Eric Uresk is a Judo Black belt, Catch Wrestling Brown belt, BJJ Brown belt, elite level wrestler & professional MMA team head coach at Phuket Top Team.


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Andy FullaloveContemporary landscape painter
News and EventsFrom the studio
29 June
Studio Window Ready For Holmfirth Artweek FringeExhibitions
Ready for Holmfirth Artweek Fringe. Lot's of new paintings produced over the last few months. Helping to raise money for Macmillan cancer. 20% donation from all sales this week – 1st – 7th July.
17 January
Exhibition at Lemon Street Gallery Truro – Paintings Still Available.News
My joint exhibition at Lemon Street Gallery Truro with ceramicist David Roberts was a great success before Christmas, and there are still paintings available there until the end of this month. Take a look on the Gallery's web site for information.
7 November
Landscape In Blue – Ready For Lemon Street Gallery, Truro 18th Nov – 2nd DecExhibitions
This is part of a series of three paintings, Landscape in Blue, Red and Yellow. This was an exercise in trying to make work using a very limited bold pallet. The meanings behind each piece goes way beyond their title, and are not to be taken that literally.


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Implications of the large surface area to body mass ratio on the heat balance of the greater glider (Petauroides volans: Marsupialia)
- 195 Downloads
- Citations
- 1.
In a study of thermoregulation in the greater glider, a small arboreal marsupial with large gliding membranes, metabolic rate (MR), skin and deep body temperature (Tsk,Tb), and respiratory and total evaporative heat loss (Eex,Etot) were measured in relation to ambient temperature (Ta).
- 2.
Although the surface area is twice that of marsupials of similar body weight, MR was not significantly different from the average marsupial metabolic rate. This must be attributed to an excellent thermal insulation and behavioural factors.
- 3.
AtTa above the thermoneutral point, at 20°C, the greater glider became hyperthermic.Tb increased from 35.4°C at 20°CTa to 39.1°C at 40°C. At 30°C, 55% of MR was dissipated by evaporation. This proportion increased to 105% at 35°C and 132% of MR at 40°C. The increase inEtot was accompanied by intense licking of extremities and the ventral body surface.Eex dissipated only 12% of MR at 40°C irrespective of an 8-fold increase in respiratory frequency from a basal value of 18 breaths·min−1.
- 4.
It is concluded that the greater glider can utilize its gliding membranes to reduce heat losses by increasing the insulative layer around the body surface. At highTa, a clear contrast between the inefficient use of water for evaporative thermolytic processes, mainly salivation, and the limited availability of water in its arboreal habitat becomes evident.
KeywordsMetabolic Rate Heat Loss Insulative Layer Thermal Insulation Respiratory Frequency
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
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Monday, August 8, 2011
Gary has a motorcycle. He loves riding it and feeling the wind on his face and the sun on his back. Sometimes after a long ride in the summer he has to pick the bugs out of his beard. Gary enjoys singing show-tunes, but it doesn't match his persona, so he only sings them while going very, very fast down a remote highway. He can really belt it out, but is still embarrassed at the thought of being heard, so during the extra showy parts of the show-tunes, he revs up his engine. At gas stations, he snacks on beef jerky and follows it with Orange Crush.
It was a cloudy day today, so I had to use the flash on Gary, which is a big time no-no in the softie photography world. Maybe it's a no-no in all worlds.
Nothing very exciting going on here. I am really itching to see the prequel to Planet of the Apes. It has been so hot, and I have been craving a summer block buster full of action almost as much as I have been craving tropical popsicles. Joseph and I have been considering driving to the drive in (over an hour away) to see it. It is my theory that Walter will fall asleep on the ride up and we will enjoy the show under the stars peacefully as our toddler snoozes in the backseat. But, if he wakes up and glimpses mean, violent, genius-monkeys we could scar him forever. Then trips to the zoo would be terrifying instead of a hoot. A parent's dilemma.
1 comment:
- Susan said...
Gary certainly cuts quite the figure. In regards, to The Ape movie, we went and it's pretty good. If you are a Planet of the Apes fan, this is a fun two hours. Not quite as good as Cowboys and Aliens, but close. Let us know if you do go. Have a great week.
- August 8, 2011 at 4:21 PM
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|Primary Accession
|Clone Names
|Peptide ID
|Gene ID
|Other Names
|Protein arginine N-methyltransferase 5, 211-, 72 kDa ICln-binding protein, Histone-arginine N-methyltransferase PRMT5, Jak-binding protein 1, Shk1 kinase-binding protein 1 homolog, SKB1 homolog, SKB1Hs, Protein arginine N-methyltransferase 5, N-terminally processed, PRMT5, HRMT1L5, IBP72, JBP1, SKB1
|The synthetic peptide sequence is selected from aa 132~149 of human PRMT5.
|The synthetic peptide was lyophilized with 100% acetonitrile and is supplied as a powder. Reconstitute with 0.1 ml deionized water for a final concentration of 1 mg/ml.
|Maintain refrigerated at 2-8°C for up to 6 months. For long term storage store at -20°C.
|This product is for research use only. Not for use in diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.
|Arginine methyltransferase that can both catalyze the formation of omega-N monomethylarginine (MMA) and symmetrical dimethylarginine (sDMA), with a preference for the formation of MMA (PubMed:10531356, PubMed:11152681, PubMed:11747828, PubMed:12411503, PubMed:15737618, PubMed:17709427, PubMed:20159986, PubMed:20810653, PubMed:21258366, PubMed:21917714, PubMed:22269951, PubMed:21081503). Specifically mediates the symmetrical dimethylation of arginine residues in the small nuclear ribonucleoproteins Sm D1 (SNRPD1) and Sm D3 (SNRPD3); such methylation being required for the assembly and biogenesis of snRNP core particles (PubMed:12411503, PubMed:11747828, PubMed:17709427). Methylates SUPT5H and may regulate its transcriptional elongation properties (PubMed:12718890). Mono- and dimethylates arginine residues of myelin basic protein (MBP) in vitro. May play a role in cytokine- activated transduction pathways. Negatively regulates cyclin E1 promoter activity and cellular proliferation. Methylates histone H2A and H4 'Arg-3' during germ cell development. Methylates histone H3 'Arg-8', which may repress transcription. Methylates the Piwi proteins (PIWIL1, PIWIL2 and PIWIL4), methylation of Piwi proteins being required for the interaction with Tudor domain- containing proteins and subsequent localization to the meiotic nuage (By similarity). Methylates RPS10. Attenuates EGF signaling through the MAPK1/MAPK3 pathway acting at 2 levels. First, monomethylates EGFR; this enhances EGFR 'Tyr-1197' phosphorylation and PTPN6 recruitment, eventually leading to reduced SOS1 phosphorylation (PubMed:21917714, PubMed:21258366). Second, methylates RAF1 and probably BRAF, hence destabilizing these 2 signaling proteins and reducing their catalytic activity (PubMed:21917714). Required for induction of E-selectin and VCAM- 1, on the endothelial cells surface at sites of inflammation. Methylates HOXA9 (PubMed:22269951). Methylates and regulates SRGAP2 which is involved in cell migration and differentiation (PubMed:20810653). Acts as a transcriptional corepressor in CRY1- mediated repression of the core circadian component PER1 by regulating the H4R3 dimethylation at the PER1 promoter (By similarity). Methylates GM130/GOLGA2, regulating Golgi ribbon formation (PubMed:20421892). Methylates H4R3 in genes involved in glioblastomagenesis in a CHTOP- and/or TET1-dependent manner (PubMed:25284789). Symmetrically methylates POLR2A, a modification that allows the recruitment to POLR2A of proteins including SMN1/SMN2 and SETX. This is required for resolving RNA-DNA hybrids created by RNA polymerase II, that form R-loop in transcription terminal regions, an important step in proper transcription termination (PubMed:26700805). Along with LYAR, binds the promoter of gamma-globin HBG1/HBG2 and represses its expression (PubMed:25092918). Symmetrically methylates NCL (PubMed:21081503).
|Cellular Location
|Cytoplasm. Nucleus. Golgi apparatus
|Tissue Location
Thousands of laboratories across the world have published research that depended on the performance of antibodies from Abgent to advance their research. Check out links to articles that cite our products in major peer-reviewed journals, organized by research category.
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Provided below are standard protocols that you may find useful for product applications.
Arginine methylation is an irreversible post translational modification which has only recently been linked to protein activity. At least three types of PRMT enzymes have been identified in mammalian cells. These enzymes have been shown to have essential regulatory functions by methylation of key proteins in several fundamental areas. These protein include nuclear proteins, IL enhancer binding factor, nuclear factors, cell cycle proteins, signal transduction proteins, apoptosis proteins, and viral proteins. The mammalian PRMT family currently consists of 7 members that share two large domains of homology. Outside of these domains, epitopes were identified and antibodies against all 7 PRMT members have been developed.
Wada K, et al. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2002. 1591:1.Cimato TR, et al. J Neurosci Res. 2002. 67:435.Frankel A, et al. J Biol Chem. 2002. 277:3537.Brahms H, et al. RNA. 2001. 7:1531.Pelletier M, et al. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2001. 118:49.Belyanskaya LL, et al. J Biol Chem. 2001. 276:18681.Rho J, et al. J Biol Chem. 2001. 276:11393.Scorilas A, et al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000. 278:349.Frankel A, et al. J Biol Chem. 2000. 275:32974.Zhang X, et al. EMBO J. 19:3509.Tang J, et al. J Biol Chem. 1998. 273:16935.
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text:
Getting Started with MonthYearPicker
The MonthYearPicker widget allows you to select a date and perform an action. It renders a date input widget where the date string can be entered and calendar component that supports navigation and selection. The Calendar is configured to shown its month view as a start view in order users to choose only year and month. The underling elements from which the widget can be created is html
input. In order to render the MonthYearPicker JavaScript widget on a webpage, you need to:
1. Include references to all required scripts. Make sure you include the CSS file for your preferred theme.
2. Add an
input element for which to initialize the MonthYearPicker functionality.
3. Initialize the widget.
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Shield MonthYearPicker </title> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/light/all.min.css" /> <script src="js/jquery-1.10.2.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="js/shieldui-all.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> </head> <body> <input id="picker" ></input> <script type="text/javascript"> $(function () { $("#picker").shieldMonthYearPicker({ }); }); </script> </body> </html>
To see an example of the control in action, along with all the required code, please refer to the following example.


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2 buckets (small enough for a child to carry yet big enough to hold all of the bean bags)
10 bean bags (I suggest getting one of the sets on the left because they serve a dual purpose for learning shapes, numbers, or letters)
Contrast- Place 9 bean bags in one bucket and 1 bean bag in another. Describe light and heavy. Invite the child to compare and describe.
Matching- Place 1-5 bean bags in one bucket. Ask the child to fill the second bucket until it is as heavy as the first.
Grading- Give the child a bucket with one bean bag. Ask them to carry it around the room. Continue adding bean bags one at a time until they are carrying all ten.
Goals: To begin the concept of measurement, to learn the concepts of light and heavy, to develop the skill of comparison, and to develop a sense of inquiry.


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Bargain Thrift Center: Philadelphia's favorite thrift store since 1985.
Whether you're looking to snag a unique piece of home decor, a great pair of name brand jeans, or just need a practical kitchen item, Bargain Thrift Center is your source for affordable, quality goods and hidden gems just waiting to be discovered.
From our Premium Goods Pop-Up Shop, to our $1 or less clothing section at Bargain Thrift Warehouse Outlet, we have something for everyone,
Please note that we have two locations: Bargain Thrift Center and Bargain Thrift Warehouse, conveniently located less than 5 minutes apart on Germantown Avenue. Read more about what to find at each location.
At Bargain Thrift Center, new items are added daily so our inventory is constantly changing and fresh.
Our Two Locations:
conveniently located less than 5 minutes apart on Germantown Avenue.
Bargain Thrift Center
5261 Germantown Avenue (at Queen Lane)
Philadelphia PA 19144
Open Monday-Saturday 10:00am-5:45pm
What You'll Find Here:
Brand name clothing and accessories, jewelry, housewares, linens, toys, games, books, artwork, vintage and collectibles.
Accepts Cash, Debit and Credit
Free On Street Parking
Handicap Accessible
Bargain Thrift outlet Warehouse
4530 Germantown Avenue (at Berkley Street)
Philadelphia PA 19144
Open Wednesday-Saturday 10:00am-5:00pm
What You'll Find Here:
All clothing, accessories, small housewares, and bric-a-brac for $1 per piece or less.
Accepts Cash, Debit and Credit
Free On Street Parking
Handicap Accessible
Check Back Often For Current Promotions:
50% OFF Sale Friday February 23rd
10 am-3 pm at our Premium Goods Pop Up Shop!!
The shop is located at our 4530 Gtwn Ave location, glass door on corner of Gtwn & Apsley. It is loaded with tons of high end designer clothing, shoes, handbags & accessories but we need to make room for spring & summer arrivals! Stop by and see what treasures you will find.
Need An Easy Fundraiser? Host a Clothing Drive!
How it works
Your organization collects used clothing and other items to donate.
We come to you to pick the items up.
Items are weighed and you are paid by the pound.
We cut you a check - it's that simple.
Easy to host and profitable!
Perfect for busy organizations - schools, churches, synagogues, sports teams, scout troops, PTA and other non-profit events.
Instead of selling things and adding to clutter, offer the opportunity to clean out those drawers and closets.
We do accept the following items:
Clothing and shoes - All sizes (men's, women's, children's and babies') styles, and seasons of clothing and shoes (sandals, boots, sneakers and dress shoes).
Accessories - including pocketbooks, purses, totes, school bags, backbacks, wallets, belts, ties, scarves, hats gloves.
Household linens - blankets, bedspreads, comforters, quilts, bed sheets, towels, shower curtains, window curtains and draperies, tablecloths, pillows.
Soft toys - stuffed animals and dolls.
Hard toys (smaller than 24"x24"x24") and games
Housewares kitchen, office, garage, decorative & holiday items 24" or smaller.
We do not accept the following items:
- Furniture or mattresses
- Electronics or appliances
- Wet, smoke damaged or mildewed items
- Books
- Records
Need a printable version of the clothing drive flyer?
Looking for your customizable clothing drive flyer?
About Us
Located in the historic Germantown neighborhood of Philadelphia, Bargain Thrift Center has been a fixture of the community since 1985.
We pride ourselves in our 30 year history of providing quality goods and service to our customers, many of whom have been shopping with us since we opened our doors.
As a family-owned business, the core tenants of our store are a sense of community and family. Bargain Thrift Center is a place where many of the staff know customers by name and where everyone is welcome to shop in a clean, comfortable atmosphere. We hope you'll stop by our two locations on Germantown Avenue and see for yourself why Bargain Thrift Center continues to be one of Philadelphia's leading thrift stores.


text:
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Stay up-to-date with the latest developments in securities law through access to both news and all statutes and regulations. Find relevant corporate filings through a searchable EDGAR database. And...
Sept. 17 — The Securities and Exchange Commission is stepping up its efforts in the bond markets, focusing on price transparency and best execution requirements, Commissioner Michael Piwowar said Sept. 17.
Improving pre-trade price transparency for retail investors in bond markets is an agency priority, he said at a capital markets conference at Georgetown University in Washington. "It's very difficult for them to find that type of information."
Large markups facing retail bond investors are also an agency concern.
The SEC will act on price transparency in "the coming months," Piwowar said.
Because bonds aren't traded on exchanges, investors still have difficulty discovering price information, and the agency wants to "provide a booster shot to the industry to move in this direction," he said. The U.S. corporate bond market is roughly $8 trillion in size.
The SEC is still understaffed for dealing with bond markets, but more agency resources have been shifted in that direction lately, Piwowar told reporters after his remarks.
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I think Mesh has been pushing kids to see how they react, again.
Philly was a bit of a letdown, besides the Mutter Museum. The lines were forever long to see the Liberty bell or get into the Museum, so we said screw it. Plus the city was too congested, and had a funk about it.


text:
Knoema enables you to specify a calculated indicator, or an indicator whose value is derived from a formula. For the terms of this formula, you can use any of the existing indicators in the selected dataset. To create a calculated indicator, follow steps below.
Step-by-step guide
- Start editing a page or create a new one.
- Edit a gadget or add a new gadget to the page.
- Select a dataset and switch to Dimension Filter tab.
- Click Customize button on top of a dimension tab. Switch to a dimension where you would like to add a calculated element.
- Click Add Calculation link to add a new calculated element to the selected dimension
The site displays a control panel for creating the formula that determines the calculated indicator's value. The top row contains a field for naming the calculation, along with buttons for saving and canceling. The middle row contains controls for inserting various kinds of terms or mathematical operations into the formula. The bottom row contains a series of fields, each representing a term or a part of a term in the formula.
Build the formula as you require, and then type a name for the calculated indicator in the Name field and click the Save button to the right of the control panel. The site adds your calculated indicator to the dimension filter.


text:
The Hotel Blue is in its full effort to conserve water and energy. We are working diligently to adopt eco-friendly practices, while being aware not to compromise our guest's comfort and services. The following are just a few steps we have taken towards this goal, but our quest does not end here, as we will continue doing our part in being environmentally responsible by adopting additional eco-friendly strategies:
Your participation in our effort to conserve water and energy plays an important role.
Please indicate if you do not want us to change your linens everyday by displaying the signage
Please leave the towels on the towel rack if you want to reuse them
Please turn your TV, lights and A/C off while you are not in the room


text:
The next morning (Sept. 13, 2012) we took a train from Munich to Salzburg - Sound of Music city!
|Mirabelle Gardens - scene from Sound Of Music
Our EuroPasses got us into our first class and it was a very comfy ride - and fast! It took about 1.5 hours to get from Munich to Salzburg. The train was actually going from Munich to Budapest, we just got off midway at the Salzburg stop.
|Our train
Our first day there, Sept. 13 - it was raining! With the rain we decided to skip the sightseeing for the day and just hang out in some cafes (bad news, they were all smoky! Austrians are known for smoking - a lot :/ ) and hung out at the hotel watching Game Of Thrones. We had been so busy it was actually nice to have a day where we were forced to just relax and hang out. By dinner time the rain had stopped so we grabbed some food and then did a little night sightseeing.
The next day, (Sept. 14, 2012) was a BIG day - the Sound of Music tour!! And we woke up to beautiful weather! I was so happy!
Our guide, Jurgen, picked us up and a few other couples and we first made our way around the old town and then out to the first major stop, the house where the canoe flipping over lake scene and the backyard scenes were filmed. None of the interior was used for the movie but the back of the house is very recognizable.
|the back of the house and where the canoe scene was filmed
Next up was a ground-level view of the Nonnburg abbey where the real Maria was a novitiate. The abbey itself is halfway up the fortress mountain (we'd see it up close the next day on our own) but from the ground you can easily see the red spire and the clock.
The stop after that was Hellbrunn castle where the white "I am 16 going on 17" gazebo is! Eeeeekkkkk!!! It was later moved to this location and is a very popular tourist stop!
|mid-skip, just like Maria
After the castle, it was a long drive (set to the movie soundtrack - yes, I sang!) through rolling hills out to another lake town, St. Gilgen. Apparently this was "the second lake shown in the helicopter flyover at the beginning of the film". On the way there we stopped at a luge and we partook in a pair slide - lots of fun!
|panorama of the lake - click to enlarge
In town, we stopped at a restaurant known for its homemade cakes and pastries, as well as at the big yellow church where Maria and the captain get married.
|Sound of Music wedding scene
|The interior of the church
Jurgen drove us back to Salzburg and dropped us off at the final stop, the Mirabel gardens. I definitely didn't miss the chance to do a little marching pose around the fountain with the horse statue at the center.
|Dancing on the fountains just like in the movie


text:
In the Chocolate
Hugh Pennington
On 16 July, Cadbury was fined £1 million, having pleaded guilty to charges that they had put unsafe chocolate on sale, had failed to alert the authorities that salmonella was in the chocolate, had breached hygiene controls, and had committed six other food safety offences at their Marlbrook manufacturing plant in Herefordshire. Essentially, Cadbury came unstuck because of bad risk-management policies. The worst was a decision they made in 2003 to introduce an 'allowable tolerance' level for salmonella in their chocolate. Instead of destroying contaminated product, they would let it onto the market if the number of bacteria in it was very small. This was bad science. It is very difficult to measure numbers of bacteria in foods like chocolate; underestimates are very likely. Also, the bacteria will probably not be evenly distributed, so some portions will contain more than the estimated number. Worst of all, Cadbury failed to draw rational conclusions from the evidence revealed by the study of previous chocolate outbreaks. A possible and plausible explanation is that the scientists advising Cadbury were still being influenced in their thinking by experiments done long ago. The feeding of 'volunteers' in US prisons in the 1950s – not with chocolate but with bacterial cultures – showed that the lowest dose that caused infection was about 125,000 live organisms. In the case of one strain, fifty million were needed. The textbooks still say that large numbers are needed to cause infection.
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Vol. 29 No. 15 · 2 August 2007 » Hugh Pennington » In the Chocolate
page 29 | 976 words


text:
Radio Paisley applies for community licence
A consortium of ex-Q96FM employees and local Renfrewshire businessmen have applied for a community radio licence for Paisley.
Radio Paisley would broadcast from premises on the High St, with a local news service covering the Paisley area and music aimed primarily at the over 40s in Paisley and the immediate surrounding area.
Q96 was the last local commercial radio station dedicated to Paisley but that changed to a Rock format and moved to Glasgow under its new ownership of GMG over 10 years ago, at the end of 2006. The station became Rock Radio but that too closed, eventually under the ownership of Global running the 96.3 licence as XFM Scotland. "Rock Radio" is returning to Glasgow after winning back the licence via a competitive process with Ofcom.
Local broadcasters Derek McIntyre and Gary Marshall are fronting the bid, with support from local businessman Malcolm Scott and the Chief Executive of Dumbarton based YOUR Radio Spencer Pryor.
Ex-Q96FM presenter Gary Marshall said: "Since Q96FM left the town in the mid-1990s, Paisley has had absolutely no local radio station where the citizens of this great town could raise their voices and made their opinions and views known on the airwaves. Radio Paisley aims to rectify that, by being part of the community of Paisley."
If granted a licence to broadcast Radio Paisley would commit to training local volunteers to be able to broadcast to a professional standard, and to take over the running of the station.


text:
"Receiving an award wherein you are being adjudged considering the economic quotient as a cornerstone for mapping the success gives you a sense of pride. I have always maintained that commercial success is as important as the critical success of a movie," Kareena said in a statement.
"A commercially successful movie pays evidence to the fact that viewers loved watching your movie. I thank everyone for appreciating and recognising my work," she said.
Kareena is the only B-town actress to star in four films that have grossed over Rs 100 crore at the domestic box office in less than two years.
She has delivered four of the top ten grossing films of all time- starting with '3 Idiots' which earned Rs 170 crore locally, 'Golmaal 3' mopping up Rs 108 crore, followed by Rs 141 crore grossing 'Bodyguard', and 'Ra.One'.


text:
Eliseproper noun
1. (name)
a. Elise
Elise has studied at top schools all over the world.Elise ha estudiado en las escuelas más prestigiosas del mundo.
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Richard Le Gallienne
Richard Le Gallienne (1866-1947 / England)
» Click to list general statistics » OR, select a date :
A June Lily
Alone! once more alone! how like a tomb
My little parlour sounds which only now
Yearned like some holy chancel with his voice.
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Title: a dark Journey into the Light
Author: Josef
Series: Standalone
Genre: Autobiography
Publisher: Fontaine Publishing Group
Release Date: June 7 2015
Edition/Formats: 2nd Edition ~ eBook & Print
A dark Journey into the light is the true story of a man who, for sixty years, led a double life.
Josef is lost in a secret world of sexual gratification, a true-life Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, unable to halt the "roller coaster of conflicting emotional extremes that never stopped long enough for me to get off."
"I gave myself to that sexual playground completely, and loved every minute of it when it was happening. It was only afterwards that spikes of shame, guilt, and self-¬loathing would be driven deep into my heart."
He traces the beginnings of his obsession to his childhood, where his natural innocent curiosity and need for exploration were at odds with his Catholic upbringing and the view of his extremely repressed mother, both of whom regarded the human body as 'dirty' and 'shameful'.
For sixty years, Josef lived a secret double life. The only people who knew about this other life were the professional mistresses, trannies, and prostitutes with whom he indulged every conceivable sexual fantasy. No one in his 'other' life had any idea of who he really was or the things he did.
Yet his secret life claimed a terrible toll. The failure of his first marriage. The loss of his son. The loss of his beloved second wife.
Only after extensive therapy was he finally able to see and feel the light of compassion, and allow the healing energy of forgiveness to begin taking away the pain.
In his journey, Josef explores an astonishing variety of topics. In addition to sexual addiction and the hidden world of BDSM, he delves into the burden of guilt of the Catholic Church, fear, political correctness, non-¬judgment, love and loss, philosophy, the soul, spiritual awakening, and healing.
This is the journey of an ordinary man lost in an extraordinary secret, dark world, who ultimately finds his way out of the tangled mess through the power of love and forgiveness.
Excerpt #2 – R, Sexual References
If everyone was more educated about sex, and not so afraid of what they feel, there would be a lot more humping and bumping till death do them part, and that would be another good thing. Jack and Jill would live much more happily ever after if they went up the hill to fetch a bucket of water and stopped in the bushes on the way down while Jack whipped Jill's panties off and gave her a little tongue massage.
Without sex, and the integral part it plays in the magnetic attraction between men and women, nothing would happen. We have to deal with our fear of sex, beginning with the fear of our bodies. We have to stop being afraid of being naked. We have to stop breeding fear into our children, making them feel there is something wrong with innocent curiosity. If we don't unravel the mystery of sex, we will never learn to live as true human beings.
But it's a huge task because sex covers such a wide spectrum, meaning there is a lot to unravel. Making the task even harder is that society does not make allowances for the differences between people, and no matter how liberal or accepting the façade they portray, the truth is we live in a brutally unforgiving world.
How many people do you know who can talk freely about BDSM? Unless you're an active member of a BDSM club, it will be rare if you can name one person, yet the global numbers collected during anonymous surveys are significant, with 20 per cent of people around the world practicing some level of bondage, discipline, and good healthy fun with their partner in the privacy of their bedrooms. In the United States, the number is 38 per cent, which means Americans know how to have a good time!
Mind you, that's a lot of people going straight to hell if the church gets its hands on them. Does anyone really believe some of those couples show up for church on Sunday after not having spent a very enjoyable Saturday evening together? You can bet your front row seat in heaven on it. Without doubt, some of them were being tied down, lying there in ecstasy as nipple clamps bit into their sensitive skin, or a paddle was laid across their bare buttocks. But really, it's nobody else's business and everyone should butt out while she butt plugs his cherry-red ass after giving him a good whipping. They're just having fun. Good luck to them, and I don't think God gives a shit. They are simply on their own journey of discovery and learning.
That kind of fun, or any kind of fun between married couples and consenting adults, will never send someone to "hell". If people have no fear, and still just want a vanilla shag with the lights out, then good for them. Everybody has the right to do whatever turns them on when it comes to sex.
It's just a shame that so many people have to pretend their lives are something they're not. Isn't that a problem to start with?
Author Information:
To the outside world he led a very normal life as a loving husband, good friend and successful businessman. But inside he harbored a great secret as he pursued a life exploring every avenue of sex imaginable. Stemming from an assignment his therapist gave him, this book explores the many aspects of sex that are hidden and frowned upon by society. Josef began by visiting mistresses and frequenting massage parlors, but most people could not even imagine the ways he found to satisfy his all-consuming desires, finding them repulsive, or strange to say the least. But Josef couldn't get enough of it, as he planned his daily life around his next sexual encounter, lying to his wife and everyone who knew him for sixty years.
Some parts of Josef's life are very confronting, and not for the prudish or faint-hearted, but Fifty Shades of Truth is a wonderfully entertaining, sometimes humorous, sometimes shocking, sometimes challenging, but always entertaining account of this man's life. Many other men can only fantasize about some of the things he has experienced.
With this book being an Autobiography the Synopsis and Author Bio are the same.
Author Links
Note from the Author
This is the story of my life. It has not been fabricated, exaggerated, or embellished in any way. It's the raw truth and I'm not really sure why I'm writing it, but my therapist thinks it's a good idea, and I can understand her reasoning about that. Writing down my life's story might simply be a part of the healing process, so I can finally move on with my life and live it like a normal person. All my life I've wished for nothing more than to just be normal, as I've looked around and envied other people's untroubled lives. At least that is how they appear on the surface. We can all be quite certain that most people harbor some secrets in their lives. Those secrets might be just some small things they regret, or feel ashamed about. I wish people did not need to have secrets, and live in fear and guilt about their lives. Most things people hide from are not worth the stress, but I guess I'm the same. Maybe I should be able to shout from the rooftops, and tell the world I'm not afraid or ashamed of my life, but in my heart I know many people will stand in judgment of me. At the same time, I know that deep down a lot of people would applaud my courage to do so, even if their own fears prevented them from supporting me out loud. Therein lies the problem. If you stand outside society's norm, you stand alone, through social judgment and fear. Maybe I should just include it all in the category of fear, and leave judgment out of it, considering that all judgment has its roots in fear to begin with.
Fear; the prime mover for almost every expression in our lives. What would it be like to be free of fear?
I know everyone has their problems, and people go through a great deal of pain and suffering in so many ways. I personally know people who I would not trade places with for anything on Earth. We all go through the "run of the mill" issues which plague people; things like marriage breakups, financial problems, health issues, and everything that goes with living on this planet; trying to coexist with a whole lot of people, most of whom we have almost nothing in common, except a pattern of closely similar reactions that maintain a reasonable level of "sanity" in society. And it is all bound in fear.
It doesn't sound like much of a way to live, but if you question someone about their lives and propose the idea that they live their lives in fear, almost all of them will disagree. Some will even get angry, and possibly violent, if you dare to start a debate with them on the issue. The irony is that they won't see, even then, that their reaction to the idea that their lives are based on fear, is in itself a fear based reaction. So why would I tell people about my life? Why would I stand up, step out of the shadows that society creeps around in, and put my trust in people to accept my life? Simple. People cannot be trusted. Everyone knows this because everyone has a secret. The only variable is the size of the secret, and mine would attract a massive excess baggage fee if I packed it in a suitcase and boarded a plane.
I've had, and have, all those problems I spoke about; divorce, health and finance, to some degree. I'm not saying my life is difficult in the main, and in fact I often count myself lucky, and give thanks for my life, and the many things I enjoy. Unlike some others, at least I have my health, in that I can walk, talk, eat, see and hear. I also have a brain that works well enough, which gives me the opportunity to make something of myself, and do something with my life. I really cannot complain, so what makes my life so different that my therapist thinks that writing it down is a good idea?
I don't think the aspect of my life in question is in anyway unusual, or different, to a large percentage of the population, so I guess it just comes down to a question of degree and scope. When I consider those factors I can't help feeling my life has been a little unusual, to say the least, and a lot unusual to "say the most"! No doubt it could be expressed by a lot of people with words like sick, deviant, gross, fucked-up, pathetic, abhorrent, disgusting, depraved, and so on. These words are not new to me. I've tarred myself with every one of them over the years, and nobody else could project the depth of feeling in those words more strongly to me than I have against myself. That projection in turn evoked feelings of shame, guilt, unworthiness and self-loathing that cannot be replicated by imagination. Even if I told you that you cannot imagine the things I've done, and then gave you a hint, you would not cover the depth and breadth of my life experience.
I've written about this in a way that tries to depict how I felt at the time and how I feel now, and can only use words or terms that make that possible. This book is not for the prudish or faint-hearted, so if you like your reality painted over and sugar-coated, then this is not for you, and I suggest you make a nice cup of tea and watch re-runs of Days of Our Lives instead.
I'm not complaining about my lot, and in some strange way I have even come to appreciate it after all this time. All I want to do now is find some understanding out of it that might possibly enrich the remainder of my life, and maybe even help others with theirs.
It all seemed to begin harmlessly enough as a young child in primary school, but when I was a young teenager, an innocent conversation with my mother raised the idea in me that this turbulent, obsessive journey had actually begun when I was just a baby. In time I had no doubt about this, and it has often led me to wonder - is this some kind of karmic load I am unloading, or am I building a karmic load that will crush the life out of my soul? This is the question that would plague me through the decades to come. Whatever the explanation for it, I was powerless to do anything about it. All I could do was hang in, and hang on, as I plunged headlong through a chaotic world of sensory self-gratification. Where do I even start, to give anyone an idea of the duality of the life I have lived for as long as I can remember? There is that old clichéd crap about starting at the beginning, and they may be right, but let's just skip ahead for a moment, because honestly, if I'm going to write this down, then I don't have time for norms or clichés, and don't give a shit about them. Skipping ahead will give me a clear reminder of why I'm writing this, and what I'm writing about. I'll come back and try to join some dots, so this might become a clearer picture of what it always felt like to me: a life unlived. Is that too dramatic; to call it a life unlived? I lived something, didn't I? We all have some notion of what life should be like, or what we wish it was like, and in my mind and in my heart my life never measured up to any of my wishes. It just never felt like living. It always felt like a crap life; a bum deal. It is what it is.
Interested in winning a $50 Amazon Gift card or a print copy of A Dark Journey into the Light? Just click the link below and leave an entry on the rafflecopter to be in with a chance of winning either one of these fab prizes. Good luck!


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Holiday Wish List: Kim LYONS Recycled Silver "Nebula Beam" Ring
"Nebula Beam" ring in yellow silver by LYONS jewelry. Credit: Kim Lyons
Kim Lyons, the designer behind LYONS jewelry, is incorporating recycled materials into her collection. When old designs are sold she incorporates "green" metals like recycled yellow silver--which has look of gold at a lower price point--recycled sterling silver, and finds use for all scrap metals in the process. Her "nebula beam" ring above utilizes her new process, click through to hear from Kim and find out where she finds her precious metals:
TreeHugger: Can you tell us about the recycled, reclaimed, or "green" materials used in your collection?
Kim Lyons: Recycled 'yellow' silver is made from 100% reclaimed silver and alloys are added to give it the yellow color. Gold is very expensive right now, and yellow silver offers the customer a look of gold without the price. I also, use all my scrap and turn it into new recycled designs. The style orbit' for example is made from all my scrap. And 'nebula beam' is cast in recycled yellow silver and silver.
TH: Where did you find the materials?
KL: Right now there is only one casting company in New York, Taba Casting (on 46th street) that is using 100% recycled silver. They are buying it from a company called United Precious Metal Refining, Inc. and Hoover and Strong. Both companies introduced green products last year and all of their metal is recycled, meaning that it comes form old jewelry, that has been re-claimed and re-melted--it is a process that helps to protect the environment. Also, there is no residual damage to the environment like what's happening in places like South America where rivers are turned red from the mining process.
"Nebula Beam" ring in recycled silver by LYONS jewelry. Credit: Kim Lyons
Post Update on December 6, the recycled yellow percentage formerly read 50%.
For more green fashion news, check out our feature:


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Hello! Well, my new novella Paper Cuts is now available to buy from Amazon here! If you haven't bought a copy, I sincerely recommend that you do. But I would say that. I wrote the bloody thing.
To celebrate the release, the first part of the story 'How To Be Dead' is currently free to download until Friday night. You can get a copy of that over here.
If, after reading and enjoying them, you felt an urge to leave a review for them, I'd be very grateful.
A big thank you to everybody involved, whether you backed the Kickstarter project, downloaded the books or re-tweeted and shared links on the interweb. I couldn't have done it without you.
So what next?
Aim For The Head, the sequel, is about half written but after talking to some readers I don't think I've appreciated the repercussions of the ending of Paper Cuts. They're pretty huge. Aim For The Head needs to be bigger and more epic-er.
So I've been wondering if the characters needs a bit of a break?
Maybe they need to get out of London? Go out into the countryside.
Maybe there needs to be a story between Paper Cuts and Aim For The Head?
Maybe they need to meet some werewolves?
What do you think?


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Yesterday things started looking up. We cleaned until parts of the house sparkled, all three kids were happy, we got in a little shopping, and I had no aches or pains anywhere. The day was good. I planned on spending the evening yesterday and all day today finishing my edits. I would be ready for NaNoWriMo. Nothing could stop me.
And then...
- Babes woke up early this morning with the words, "Mom! I puked!"
- Husband had work problems and stared at a command prompt while mumbling to himself from 5:00 last night until 3:00 this morning.
- I got another headache last night, so I didn't edit one word. And I slept terribly.
As I sat with my little guy this morning, watching Curious George and trying to summon up the energy to start the laundry, it occurred to me that maybe NaNoWriMo is perhaps not realistic for me. There are too many uncontrollable variables in my life. Sure, I can write 1000 or more words in an hour, but the idea that I'm going to find 2 hours a day every day for thirty days in a row is perhaps a little bit ludicrous.
The gods are laughing out loud at me while they conjure up whatever chaos they have planned for me for tomorrow. I'm starting to see the humor in it too.


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Michelle Obama, widely acknowledged as Hillary Clinton's most effective campaign surrogate, is concerned that the Democrat presidential nominee's health is so fragile that she depends on stimulant drugs to get her through the grueling race for the White House.
Both Michelle and Barack Obama have been concerned with the state of Hillary's health since her presidential campaign began.
The Obamas know that Hillary suffers from a slew of severe and debilitating health issues, all of which have been exposed in a New York Times bestseller Guilty as Sin.
The Hillary campaign slogan takes on a new meaning


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Based on kernel version 4.16.1. Page generated on 2018-04-09 11:53 EST.
1 relay interface (formerly relayfs) 2 ================================== 3 4 The relay interface provides a means for kernel applications to 5 efficiently log and transfer large quantities of data from the kernel 6 to userspace via user-defined 'relay channels'. 7 8 A 'relay channel' is a kernel->user data relay mechanism implemented 9 as a set of per-cpu kernel buffers ('channel buffers'), each 10 represented as a regular file ('relay file') in user space. Kernel 11 clients write into the channel buffers using efficient write 12 functions; these automatically log into the current cpu's channel 13 buffer. User space applications mmap() or read() from the relay files 14 and retrieve the data as it becomes available. The relay files 15 themselves are files created in a host filesystem, e.g. debugfs, and 16 are associated with the channel buffers using the API described below. 17 18 The format of the data logged into the channel buffers is completely 19 up to the kernel client; the relay interface does however provide 20 hooks which allow kernel clients to impose some structure on the 21 buffer data. The relay interface doesn't implement any form of data 22 filtering - this also is left to the kernel client. The purpose is to 23 keep things as simple as possible. 24 25 This document provides an overview of the relay interface API. The 26 details of the function parameters are documented along with the 27 functions in the relay interface code - please see that for details. 28 29 Semantics 30 ========= 31 32 Each relay channel has one buffer per CPU, each buffer has one or more 33 sub-buffers. Messages are written to the first sub-buffer until it is 34 too full to contain a new message, in which case it is written to 35 the next (if available). Messages are never split across sub-buffers. 36 At this point, userspace can be notified so it empties the first 37 sub-buffer, while the kernel continues writing to the next. 38 39 When notified that a sub-buffer is full, the kernel knows how many 40 bytes of it are padding i.e. unused space occurring because a complete 41 message couldn't fit into a sub-buffer. Userspace can use this 42 knowledge to copy only valid data. 43 44 After copying it, userspace can notify the kernel that a sub-buffer 45 has been consumed. 46 47 A relay channel can operate in a mode where it will overwrite data not 48 yet collected by userspace, and not wait for it to be consumed. 49 50 The relay channel itself does not provide for communication of such 51 data between userspace and kernel, allowing the kernel side to remain 52 simple and not impose a single interface on userspace. It does 53 provide a set of examples and a separate helper though, described 54 below. 55 56 The read() interface both removes padding and internally consumes the 57 read sub-buffers; thus in cases where read(2) is being used to drain 58 the channel buffers, special-purpose communication between kernel and 59 user isn't necessary for basic operation. 60 61 One of the major goals of the relay interface is to provide a low 62 overhead mechanism for conveying kernel data to userspace. While the 63 read() interface is easy to use, it's not as efficient as the mmap() 64 approach; the example code attempts to make the tradeoff between the 65 two approaches as small as possible. 66 67 klog and relay-apps example code 68 ================================ 69 70 The relay interface itself is ready to use, but to make things easier, 71 a couple simple utility functions and a set of examples are provided. 72 73 The relay-apps example tarball, available on the relay sourceforge 74 site, contains a set of self-contained examples, each consisting of a 75 pair of .c files containing boilerplate code for each of the user and 76 kernel sides of a relay application. When combined these two sets of 77 boilerplate code provide glue to easily stream data to disk, without 78 having to bother with mundane housekeeping chores. 79 80 The 'klog debugging functions' patch (klog.patch in the relay-apps 81 tarball) provides a couple of high-level logging functions to the 82 kernel which allow writing formatted text or raw data to a channel, 83 regardless of whether a channel to write into exists or not, or even 84 whether the relay interface is compiled into the kernel or not. These 85 functions allow you to put unconditional 'trace' statements anywhere 86 in the kernel or kernel modules; only when there is a 'klog handler' 87 registered will data actually be logged (see the klog and kleak 88 examples for details). 89 90 It is of course possible to use the relay interface from scratch, 91 i.e. without using any of the relay-apps example code or klog, but 92 you'll have to implement communication between userspace and kernel, 93 allowing both to convey the state of buffers (full, empty, amount of 94 padding). The read() interface both removes padding and internally 95 consumes the read sub-buffers; thus in cases where read(2) is being 96 used to drain the channel buffers, special-purpose communication 97 between kernel and user isn't necessary for basic operation. Things 98 such as buffer-full conditions would still need to be communicated via 99 some channel though. 100 101 klog and the relay-apps examples can be found in the relay-apps 102 tarball on http://relayfs.sourceforge.net 103 104 The relay interface user space API 105 ================================== 106 107 The relay interface implements basic file operations for user space 108 access to relay channel buffer data. Here are the file operations 109 that are available and some comments regarding their behavior: 110 111 open() enables user to open an _existing_ channel buffer. 112 113 mmap() results in channel buffer being mapped into the caller's 114 memory space. Note that you can't do a partial mmap - you 115 must map the entire file, which is NRBUF * SUBBUFSIZE. 116 117 read() read the contents of a channel buffer. The bytes read are 118 'consumed' by the reader, i.e. they won't be available 119 again to subsequent reads. If the channel is being used 120 in no-overwrite mode (the default), it can be read at any 121 time even if there's an active kernel writer. If the 122 channel is being used in overwrite mode and there are 123 active channel writers, results may be unpredictable - 124 users should make sure that all logging to the channel has 125 ended before using read() with overwrite mode. Sub-buffer 126 padding is automatically removed and will not be seen by 127 the reader. 128 129 sendfile() transfer data from a channel buffer to an output file 130 descriptor. Sub-buffer padding is automatically removed 131 and will not be seen by the reader. 132 133 poll() POLLIN/POLLRDNORM/POLLERR supported. User applications are 134 notified when sub-buffer boundaries are crossed. 135 136 close() decrements the channel buffer's refcount. When the refcount 137 reaches 0, i.e. when no process or kernel client has the 138 buffer open, the channel buffer is freed. 139 140 In order for a user application to make use of relay files, the 141 host filesystem must be mounted. For example, 142 143 mount -t debugfs debugfs /sys/kernel/debug 144 145 NOTE: the host filesystem doesn't need to be mounted for kernel 146 clients to create or use channels - it only needs to be 147 mounted when user space applications need access to the buffer 148 data. 149 150 151 The relay interface kernel API 152 ============================== 153 154 Here's a summary of the API the relay interface provides to in-kernel clients: 155 156 TBD(curr. line MT:/API/) 157 channel management functions: 158 159 relay_open(base_filename, parent, subbuf_size, n_subbufs, 160 callbacks, private_data) 161 relay_close(chan) 162 relay_flush(chan) 163 relay_reset(chan) 164 165 channel management typically called on instigation of userspace: 166 167 relay_subbufs_consumed(chan, cpu, subbufs_consumed) 168 169 write functions: 170 171 relay_write(chan, data, length) 172 __relay_write(chan, data, length) 173 relay_reserve(chan, length) 174 175 callbacks: 176 177 subbuf_start(buf, subbuf, prev_subbuf, prev_padding) 178 buf_mapped(buf, filp) 179 buf_unmapped(buf, filp) 180 create_buf_file(filename, parent, mode, buf, is_global) 181 remove_buf_file(dentry) 182 183 helper functions: 184 185 relay_buf_full(buf) 186 subbuf_start_reserve(buf, length) 187 188 189 Creating a channel 190 ------------------ 191 192 relay_open() is used to create a channel, along with its per-cpu 193 channel buffers. Each channel buffer will have an associated file 194 created for it in the host filesystem, which can be and mmapped or 195 read from in user space. The files are named basename0...basenameN-1 196 where N is the number of online cpus, and by default will be created 197 in the root of the filesystem (if the parent param is NULL). If you 198 want a directory structure to contain your relay files, you should 199 create it using the host filesystem's directory creation function, 200 e.g. debugfs_create_dir(), and pass the parent directory to 201 relay_open(). Users are responsible for cleaning up any directory 202 structure they create, when the channel is closed - again the host 203 filesystem's directory removal functions should be used for that, 204 e.g. debugfs_remove(). 205 206 In order for a channel to be created and the host filesystem's files 207 associated with its channel buffers, the user must provide definitions 208 for two callback functions, create_buf_file() and remove_buf_file(). 209 create_buf_file() is called once for each per-cpu buffer from 210 relay_open() and allows the user to create the file which will be used 211 to represent the corresponding channel buffer. The callback should 212 return the dentry of the file created to represent the channel buffer. 213 remove_buf_file() must also be defined; it's responsible for deleting 214 the file(s) created in create_buf_file() and is called during 215 relay_close(). 216 217 Here are some typical definitions for these callbacks, in this case 218 using debugfs: 219 220 /* 221 * create_buf_file() callback. Creates relay file in debugfs. 222 */ 223 static struct dentry *create_buf_file_handler(const char *filename, 224 struct dentry *parent, 225 int mode, 226 struct rchan_buf *buf, 227 int *is_global) 228 { 229 return debugfs_create_file(filename, mode, parent, buf, 230 &relay_file_operations); 231 } 232 233 /* 234 * remove_buf_file() callback. Removes relay file from debugfs. 235 */ 236 static int remove_buf_file_handler(struct dentry *dentry) 237 { 238 debugfs_remove(dentry); 239 240 return 0; 241 } 242 243 /* 244 * relay interface callbacks 245 */ 246 static struct rchan_callbacks relay_callbacks = 247 { 248 .create_buf_file = create_buf_file_handler, 249 .remove_buf_file = remove_buf_file_handler, 250 }; 251 252 And an example relay_open() invocation using them: 253 254 chan = relay_open("cpu", NULL, SUBBUF_SIZE, N_SUBBUFS, &relay_callbacks, NULL); 255 256 If the create_buf_file() callback fails, or isn't defined, channel 257 creation and thus relay_open() will fail. 258 259 The total size of each per-cpu buffer is calculated by multiplying the 260 number of sub-buffers by the sub-buffer size passed into relay_open(). 261 The idea behind sub-buffers is that they're basically an extension of 262 double-buffering to N buffers, and they also allow applications to 263 easily implement random-access-on-buffer-boundary schemes, which can 264 be important for some high-volume applications. The number and size 265 of sub-buffers is completely dependent on the application and even for 266 the same application, different conditions will warrant different 267 values for these parameters at different times. Typically, the right 268 values to use are best decided after some experimentation; in general, 269 though, it's safe to assume that having only 1 sub-buffer is a bad 270 idea - you're guaranteed to either overwrite data or lose events 271 depending on the channel mode being used. 272 273 The create_buf_file() implementation can also be defined in such a way 274 as to allow the creation of a single 'global' buffer instead of the 275 default per-cpu set. This can be useful for applications interested 276 mainly in seeing the relative ordering of system-wide events without 277 the need to bother with saving explicit timestamps for the purpose of 278 merging/sorting per-cpu files in a postprocessing step. 279 280 To have relay_open() create a global buffer, the create_buf_file() 281 implementation should set the value of the is_global outparam to a 282 non-zero value in addition to creating the file that will be used to 283 represent the single buffer. In the case of a global buffer, 284 create_buf_file() and remove_buf_file() will be called only once. The 285 normal channel-writing functions, e.g. relay_write(), can still be 286 used - writes from any cpu will transparently end up in the global 287 buffer - but since it is a global buffer, callers should make sure 288 they use the proper locking for such a buffer, either by wrapping 289 writes in a spinlock, or by copying a write function from relay.h and 290 creating a local version that internally does the proper locking. 291 292 The private_data passed into relay_open() allows clients to associate 293 user-defined data with a channel, and is immediately available 294 (including in create_buf_file()) via chan->private_data or 295 buf->chan->private_data. 296 297 Buffer-only channels 298 -------------------- 299 300 These channels have no files associated and can be created with 301 relay_open(NULL, NULL, ...). Such channels are useful in scenarios such 302 as when doing early tracing in the kernel, before the VFS is up. In these 303 cases, one may open a buffer-only channel and then call 304 relay_late_setup_files() when the kernel is ready to handle files, 305 to expose the buffered data to the userspace. 306 307 Channel 'modes' 308 --------------- 309 310 relay channels can be used in either of two modes - 'overwrite' or 311 'no-overwrite'. The mode is entirely determined by the implementation 312 of the subbuf_start() callback, as described below. The default if no 313 subbuf_start() callback is defined is 'no-overwrite' mode. If the 314 default mode suits your needs, and you plan to use the read() 315 interface to retrieve channel data, you can ignore the details of this 316 section, as it pertains mainly to mmap() implementations. 317 318 In 'overwrite' mode, also known as 'flight recorder' mode, writes 319 continuously cycle around the buffer and will never fail, but will 320 unconditionally overwrite old data regardless of whether it's actually 321 been consumed. In no-overwrite mode, writes will fail, i.e. data will 322 be lost, if the number of unconsumed sub-buffers equals the total 323 number of sub-buffers in the channel. It should be clear that if 324 there is no consumer or if the consumer can't consume sub-buffers fast 325 enough, data will be lost in either case; the only difference is 326 whether data is lost from the beginning or the end of a buffer. 327 328 As explained above, a relay channel is made of up one or more 329 per-cpu channel buffers, each implemented as a circular buffer 330 subdivided into one or more sub-buffers. Messages are written into 331 the current sub-buffer of the channel's current per-cpu buffer via the 332 write functions described below. Whenever a message can't fit into 333 the current sub-buffer, because there's no room left for it, the 334 client is notified via the subbuf_start() callback that a switch to a 335 new sub-buffer is about to occur. The client uses this callback to 1) 336 initialize the next sub-buffer if appropriate 2) finalize the previous 337 sub-buffer if appropriate and 3) return a boolean value indicating 338 whether or not to actually move on to the next sub-buffer. 339 340 To implement 'no-overwrite' mode, the userspace client would provide 341 an implementation of the subbuf_start() callback something like the 342 following: 343 344 static int subbuf_start(struct rchan_buf *buf, 345 void *subbuf, 346 void *prev_subbuf, 347 unsigned int prev_padding) 348 { 349 if (prev_subbuf) 350 *((unsigned *)prev_subbuf) = prev_padding; 351 352 if (relay_buf_full(buf)) 353 return 0; 354 355 subbuf_start_reserve(buf, sizeof(unsigned int)); 356 357 return 1; 358 } 359 360 If the current buffer is full, i.e. all sub-buffers remain unconsumed, 361 the callback returns 0 to indicate that the buffer switch should not 362 occur yet, i.e. until the consumer has had a chance to read the 363 current set of ready sub-buffers. For the relay_buf_full() function 364 to make sense, the consumer is responsible for notifying the relay 365 interface when sub-buffers have been consumed via 366 relay_subbufs_consumed(). Any subsequent attempts to write into the 367 buffer will again invoke the subbuf_start() callback with the same 368 parameters; only when the consumer has consumed one or more of the 369 ready sub-buffers will relay_buf_full() return 0, in which case the 370 buffer switch can continue. 371 372 The implementation of the subbuf_start() callback for 'overwrite' mode 373 would be very similar: 374 375 static int subbuf_start(struct rchan_buf *buf, 376 void *subbuf, 377 void *prev_subbuf, 378 unsigned int prev_padding) 379 { 380 if (prev_subbuf) 381 *((unsigned *)prev_subbuf) = prev_padding; 382 383 subbuf_start_reserve(buf, sizeof(unsigned int)); 384 385 return 1; 386 } 387 388 In this case, the relay_buf_full() check is meaningless and the 389 callback always returns 1, causing the buffer switch to occur 390 unconditionally. It's also meaningless for the client to use the 391 relay_subbufs_consumed() function in this mode, as it's never 392 consulted. 393 394 The default subbuf_start() implementation, used if the client doesn't 395 define any callbacks, or doesn't define the subbuf_start() callback, 396 implements the simplest possible 'no-overwrite' mode, i.e. it does 397 nothing but return 0. 398 399 Header information can be reserved at the beginning of each sub-buffer 400 by calling the subbuf_start_reserve() helper function from within the 401 subbuf_start() callback. This reserved area can be used to store 402 whatever information the client wants. In the example above, room is 403 reserved in each sub-buffer to store the padding count for that 404 sub-buffer. This is filled in for the previous sub-buffer in the 405 subbuf_start() implementation; the padding value for the previous 406 sub-buffer is passed into the subbuf_start() callback along with a 407 pointer to the previous sub-buffer, since the padding value isn't 408 known until a sub-buffer is filled. The subbuf_start() callback is 409 also called for the first sub-buffer when the channel is opened, to 410 give the client a chance to reserve space in it. In this case the 411 previous sub-buffer pointer passed into the callback will be NULL, so 412 the client should check the value of the prev_subbuf pointer before 413 writing into the previous sub-buffer. 414 415 Writing to a channel 416 -------------------- 417 418 Kernel clients write data into the current cpu's channel buffer using 419 relay_write() or __relay_write(). relay_write() is the main logging 420 function - it uses local_irqsave() to protect the buffer and should be 421 used if you might be logging from interrupt context. If you know 422 you'll never be logging from interrupt context, you can use 423 __relay_write(), which only disables preemption. These functions 424 don't return a value, so you can't determine whether or not they 425 failed - the assumption is that you wouldn't want to check a return 426 value in the fast logging path anyway, and that they'll always succeed 427 unless the buffer is full and no-overwrite mode is being used, in 428 which case you can detect a failed write in the subbuf_start() 429 callback by calling the relay_buf_full() helper function. 430 431 relay_reserve() is used to reserve a slot in a channel buffer which 432 can be written to later. This would typically be used in applications 433 that need to write directly into a channel buffer without having to 434 stage data in a temporary buffer beforehand. Because the actual write 435 may not happen immediately after the slot is reserved, applications 436 using relay_reserve() can keep a count of the number of bytes actually 437 written, either in space reserved in the sub-buffers themselves or as 438 a separate array. See the 'reserve' example in the relay-apps tarball 439 at http://relayfs.sourceforge.net for an example of how this can be 440 done. Because the write is under control of the client and is 441 separated from the reserve, relay_reserve() doesn't protect the buffer 442 at all - it's up to the client to provide the appropriate 443 synchronization when using relay_reserve(). 444 445 Closing a channel 446 ----------------- 447 448 The client calls relay_close() when it's finished using the channel. 449 The channel and its associated buffers are destroyed when there are no 450 longer any references to any of the channel buffers. relay_flush() 451 forces a sub-buffer switch on all the channel buffers, and can be used 452 to finalize and process the last sub-buffers before the channel is 453 closed. 454 455 Misc 456 ---- 457 458 Some applications may want to keep a channel around and re-use it 459 rather than open and close a new channel for each use. relay_reset() 460 can be used for this purpose - it resets a channel to its initial 461 state without reallocating channel buffer memory or destroying 462 existing mappings. It should however only be called when it's safe to 463 do so, i.e. when the channel isn't currently being written to. 464 465 Finally, there are a couple of utility callbacks that can be used for 466 different purposes. buf_mapped() is called whenever a channel buffer 467 is mmapped from user space and buf_unmapped() is called when it's 468 unmapped. The client can use this notification to trigger actions 469 within the kernel application, such as enabling/disabling logging to 470 the channel. 471 472 473 Resources 474 ========= 475 476 For news, example code, mailing list, etc. see the relay interface homepage: 477 478 http://relayfs.sourceforge.net 479 480 481 Credits 482 ======= 483 484 The ideas and specs for the relay interface came about as a result of 485 discussions on tracing involving the following: 486 487 Michel Dagenais <email@example.com> 488 Richard Moore <email@example.com> 489 Bob Wisniewski <firstname.lastname@example.com> 490 Karim Yaghmour <firstname.lastname@example.com> 491 Tom Zanussi <email@example.com> 492 493 Also thanks to Hubertus Franke for a lot of useful suggestions and bug 494 reports.


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Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) refers to methodologies used in teaching situations where a second language is used as a medium for teaching non-language content. Uncovering CLIL has been written to act as a guide for both language and subject teachers to the various methodologies and techniques involved in CLIL teaching.
Packed with practical ideas and suggestions for CLIL teaching in a number of languages, Uncovering CLIL is the essential companion for CLIL teachers instructing students at all levels of education.
Uncovering CLIL was selected for a Highly Commended award from the English-Speaking Union English Language Awards 2008.
The judges comments on Uncovering CLIL stated that it is 'a "must have" for any organisation or institution considering using CLIL in one or other of its different approaches'
Key features:
- Ideal for teachers getting started in CLIL and existing CLIL practitioners in search of new ideas.
- Presents a broad overview of CLIL essentials for teachers at both Primary and Secondary levels.
- Contains a wide range of practical ideas and activities that can be used in the CLIL classroom
The authors present their book Uncovering CLIL
The Macmillan title Uncovering CLIL was recognised with a Highly Commended award from the English Speaking Union English Language Book Award in 2008. The authors visited Buckingham Palace to receive their award from HRH the Duke of Edinburgh.