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|x-linked genes
|Genes which are present on the X chromosome.
|Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
|An X-linked primary immune deficiency that results in a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia), a recurring skin irritation called eczema, and increased susceptibility to infection. Because it is an x-linked disorder, this genetic condition is most often found in males. Its symptoms resemble those of leukemia; diagnosis may be confirmed through blood tests or genetic analysis. The genetic defect results in a protein mutation and subsequent immunodeficiencies. Treatment with IVIG boosts the immune system of WAS patients. Other treatment components may include platelet transfusions, splenectomy, and, in severe cases, bone marrow transplantation.
|von Willebrand's Disease (vWD)
|A congenital bleeding disorder in women which passes genetically as an autosomal recessive trait. It is caused by deficient or defective von Willebrand factor (Factor III), a blood protein that controls platelet activity. The bleeding tendency manifests at an early age. Easy bruising, bleeding in the intestinal tract during surgery, and excess loss of blood during menstruation are common. It is the most common form of bleeding disorder. It is named for the Finnish physician Erik von Willebrand who discovered it. It is also called angiohemophilia and vascular hemophilia.
|Varicella Zoster Virus (Vzv)
|A virus in the herpes family that causes chicken pox during childhood and may reactivate later in life to cause shingles in immunosurpressed individuals.
|Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
|A variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD). Both are diseases that affect the central nervous system. vCJD is a spongiform encephalopathy, meaning that as the disease progresses, it forms holes in the brain. It results in rapid and progressive loss of muscle control, dementia, memory loss, hallucinations, speech impairments, and difficulty walking and talking. There is no cure for vCJD, and it is always fatal, usually within a year of onset. vCJD is believed to be caused by a type or prion, a protienaceous infectious particle that is responsible for several diseases of the central nervous system. Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) is caused by a prion similar to that of CJD, and it has related symptoms, but affects a much younger population, with an average age of onset of 50 years of age. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, or mad cow disease, is thought to be caused by a prion similar to that of vCJD and CJD. Causes of vCJD have been linked to contaminated cow meat, but no connection has been found between mad cow disease and CJD.
|Vapor Treated
|A purification process useful for the sterilization of plasma-derived products such as blood coagulation factors and intravenous immune globulins. The plasma is treated with vapor to kill viruses.
|See: Total Parenteral Nutrition
|Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)
|Nutrition maintained entirely by the administration of a nutritionally adequate solution through a catheter into a vena cava or by some other non gastrointestinal route. Used in cases of long-term comas or burns, or severe gastrointestinal syndromes.
|The concentration of a substance in solution, used as a measure of strength. More specifically, it refers to the concentration of antibodies against a specific antigen in the blood.
|Blood coagulation Factor III. This blood protein accelerates the clotting of blood by converting prothrombin into thrombin (in the presence of calcium ions). It is also called platelet tissue factor and thrombokinase.
|A decreased number of blood platelets, cells that are important for clotting.
|An enzyme that participates in blood clotting by converting fibrinogen to fibrin.
|Tetanus Immune Globulin
|Immune globulin from human blood for use in treating persons not previously immunized against tetanus whose wound would indicate the need for tetanus prophylaxis. Human Tetanus Immune Globulin will produce fewer side effects than will tetanus antitoxin produced from horse serum.
|An acute, often fatal, disease that is characterized by the spasmodic contraction of voluntary muscles, especially those of the neck and jaw. It is caused by the toxin of the bacillus Clostridium tetani which typically infects the body through a deep wound. It is also called lockjaw.
|T Lymphocytes / T Cell
|A type of lymphocyte that matures in the thymus gland and contributes to the cell-mediated immune response. These cells circulate between the blood and lymph nodes. There are three types of T cells: cytotoxic (killer), helper, and suppressor.
|Surgical Oncology
|The surgical aspects of cancer including biopsy and surgical resection of tumors.
|SubQ Immune Globulin
|See: Subcutaneous Immune Globulin
|Subcutaneous Immune Globulin (SCIG)
|A sterile solution of concentrated antibodies extracted from healthy donors which is administered under the skin in several sites on the body. SCIG is used to treat disorders of the immune system or to boost immune response to serious illness, and to treat immunosuppressed recipients of bone marrow transplants.
|Source Plasma
|Plasma that is supplied from donations through plasmapheresis, as opposed to recovered plasma which is obtained from donations of whole blood. Source plasma is collected at donation facilities specializing in plasmapheresis. Donor frequency averages 14 times per year in amounts smaller than typically donated at a blood drive. In a 25,000 liter pool of blood, there are approximately 15,600 donors. Small donations are pooled from repetitive donors. Derivatives of this plasma include albumin, IVIG, coagulation factors, and hyper-immunes. For comparison, see Recovered Plasma.
|Somatropin for Injection
|Recombinant growth hormone (HGH). A protein-based peptide hormone which stimulates growth, cell reproduction and regeneration.
|Solvent Detergent Treated
|A purification treatment useful in the sterilization of plasma-derived products such as coagulation factors and intravenous immune globulins. The solvent or detergent kills viruses by dissolving the lipid-envelope protective coating around them. Lipid-enveloped viruses include HIV, HBV, and HCV.
|The clear portion of any animal liquid separated from its more solid elements such as cells, especially the clear portion (blood serum) that separates during blood clotting.
|A positive result from a diagnostically useful serological test, indicating the presence of antibodies to the tested antigen.
|A negative result from a diagnostically useful serological test, indicating a lack of antibodies to the tested antigen.
|See: Subcutaneous Immune Globulin
|SARS Coronavirus
|The viral cause of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS), a respiratory illness that first emerged in 2002. It is characterized by high fever, cough, and difficulty breathing, and is highly contagious and lethal in some cases. The majority of reported cases have originated in China.
|See: Respiratory Syncytial Virus
|Ristocetin Cofactor Unit (RCU)
|Unit of measurement for vonWillebrand factor, the medication used to treat vonWillebrand's Disease. It is a measure used to assess effectiveness and dosage. Brand name for this factor is Humate -P.
|Rimabotulinumtoxin B for Injection
|Botulinum toxins are proteins produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. RimabotulinumtoxinB is utilized in the treatment of cervical dystonia.
|Rh Sensitization
|Also known as Rh Isoimmunization. In persons with an Rh-negative blood type, the development of antibodies to the Rh factor caused by exposure to Rh-positive blood. This condition is dangerous during pregnancy because of the Rh antibodies can be harmful to an Rh-positive fetus, possibly resulting in Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn. Rh sensitization after exposure is prevented through injection of Rh-antibodies, in the form of Rho(D) immune globulin, to clear the Rh-factor from the blood.
|Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
|A virus that induces formation of syncytial masses in infected cell cultures. It is a major cause of respiratory disease in children.
|Recovered Plasma
|Plasma that is supplied from donations of whole blood, as opposed to source plasma which is obtained through plasmapheresis. Recovered plasma is collected at blood drives. Donor frequency averages once or twice a year. Derivatives of this plasma include albumin, IVIG, coagulation factors, and hyper-immunes. In a 25,000 liter pool of blood, there are approximately 100,000 donors. For comparison, see Source Plasma.
|Returning a substance previously altered for storage or preservation to its original state. For example, lyophilized (or powderized) IVIG's must be returned to a liquid state to be administered.
|Refers to biologically engineered blood coagulation factor Bio-Engineered Factor product. Contains no human component, lowering the risk of viral contamination. Recombinant Factor refers to genetically engineered or cloned FVIII, FIX, or FVII that is not derived from human plasma.
|A genetic trait that is expressed only if both genes in a gene pair share the trait; will not be expressed if a dominant gene is present.
|Radiation Oncology
|The treatment of cancer with therapeutic radiation. Radiation oncology is also called radiation therapy or radiotherapy.
|Rabies Immune Globulin
|Rabies immune globulin is used along with rabies vaccine to prevent infection caused by the rabies virus. It works by giving your body the antibodies it needs to protect it against the rabies virus. This passive protection lasts long enough to protect your body until it can produce its own antibodies. Rabies immune globulin is given to people who have been exposed to an animal that may have the virus. This is used only in people who have never before received the rabies vaccine.
|An acute, potentially fatal viral infection that attacks the central nervous system resulting in paralysis and eventually death. The rabies virus is carried primarily by wild animals, especially bats and raccoons. It is transmitted through infected saliva, usually through the bite of a rabid animal. The disease is characterized by increased salivation, abnormal behavior, eventual paralysis, and (when untreated) death. It is also called hydrophobia due to an infected person's inability to swallow water.
|Prothrombin Complex Concentrate (PCC)
|PCC contains blood coagulation factors II, VII, IX and X, proteins C and S, and small amounts of activated coagulation factor.
|Blood Coagulation Factor II, a protein in the blood that aids in clotting. Prothrombin is converted to thrombin through a series of reactions in response to bleeding. A chemical substance existing in circulating blood that, through the medium of thrombokinase, interacts with calcium salts to produce thrombin. It is formed and stored in the liver.
|Protease Inhibitor
|Antiviral drugs that act by inhibiting the virus' protease enzyme, thereby preventing viral replication.
|Preventative treatment measures. In factor usage, it is the scheduled infusion of the necessary factor to maintain high levels in the blood stream and prevent most bleeds.
|Product Shelf Life
|The time a product retains effectiveness after its date of manufacture.
|Product Half Life
|The time that it takes for a medication's level and effectiveness in the body to reach half that of initial administration as it is metabolized or inactivated by the body. It is used as a measure of effectiveness in treatment and is important in determining the drug dosage amount and frequency.
|Primary Immune Deficiency (PID)
|An immune deficiency arising from intrinsic defects in the cells of the immune system (as opposed to secondary, acquired deficiencies caused by infection). PID's are often caused by inherited genetic defects.
|Primary Humoral Immunodeficiency
|See: Primary Immune Deficiency
|See: Plasma Protein Fraction
|A small, disk-shaped blood cell with no nucleus that circulates in the blood and participates (together with fibrin) in forming blood clots. When an injury occurs, platelets adhere to one another and the edges of the injury to form a plug to cover the area. Platelets are derived from megakaryocytes. Also called a thrombocyte.
|The process in which plasma is removed from donated blood and the remaining components, mostly red blood cells, are returned to the donor.
|Plasma Protein Fraction (PPF)
|PPF, also known as human albumin serum, is a standard sterile preparation of serum albumin and globulin obtained by fractionating blood, serum, or albumin from healthy human donors. It is sterilized and tested. It is used as a blood volume expander, in the treatment of burns where albumin is lost rapidly, and in the treatment of hypoalbuminaemic patients with edema where diuretics have failed.
|The clear, protein rich, fluid component of blood, containing dissolved solutes, and minus the red blood cells. Clotting factors are found in plasma. Note that plasma differs from serum in that it contains fibrin and other soluble clotting elements. It can be sterilized and administered intravenously.
|See: Primary Immune Deficiency
|Perinatal Transmission
|The transmission of a pathogen from mother to baby before, during, or after the birth process.
|Pepsin is a digestive enzyme used by the stomach to digest food. It is also useful in the viral safety processing of plasma products when used in the presence of a lower pH solution.
|See: Prothrombin Complex Concentrate
|An agent of disease. The term pathogen most commonly refers to infectious organisms. These include bacteria such as staph, viruses such as HIV, and fungi such as yeast.
|Process of heating liquids to destroy harmful or undesirable microorganisms.
|Passive Immunity
|Immunity acquired through the transfer of antibodies from another person or animal. This may occur naturally, as from mother to fetus through the placenta or to infant through breast-feeding, or artificially through injection of immune globulin.
|Parvovirus B19
|A very small, non-enveloped virus that causes fifth disease, usually benign, non-febrile disease. Infection in immunocompromised patients may result in complications and may lead to death.
|The field of medicine devoted to the study of cancer and tumors encompassing the physical, chemical, and biological properties. There are three primary disciplines: medical oncology, surgical oncology, and radiation oncology.
|A physician who specializes in the treatment of cancer. Some oncologists specialize in a particular type of cancer treatment. For example, a radiation oncologist specializes in treating cancer with radiation.
|A physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system.
|NDC Number
|National Drug Code - The NDC number serves as a universal product identifier for human drugs. Each drug product listed under Section 510 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act is assigned a unique, 10 digit, 3-segement number. The first segment identifies the manufacturer, the second and third identify the product and the package size. NDC Directory
|Nanofiltration is a viral removal process which passes the product to be filtered through an ultra-fine membrane filter for pathogen removal. Nanofiltration clears enveloped viruses, non-enveloped viruses, and virus-antibody complexes, with minimal or no effect on immunoglobulins. This process significantly reduces the risk of disease transmission.
|Multiple Sclerosis
|An immune-mediated inflammatory disease that attacks the myelin sheath of axons (conductors for electrical impulses) in the central nervous system, thereby disrupting the function of the body controlled by the damaged cells.
|Material Safety Data Sheet
|A factor component antibody derived from a single cell, produced in large quantities for use against a specific antigen. Has the advantage of ultra-high purity, ensuring a low risk of viral contamination.
|Unusually heavy menstrual bleeding. Menorrhagia, especially in young women, is often a good indicator of the presence of a bleeding disorder such as von Willebrand's disease.
|Medical Oncology
|The treatment of cancer with medicine, including chemotherapy.
|A substance in a powder-like form that requires reconstitution prior to administration. Lyophilization is the process of rapidly freezing a substance at an extremely low temperature and then dehydrating in a high vacuum.
|White blood cells that fight infection and disease.
|Lymphatic System
|The tissues and organs that produce, store and carry white blood cells that fight infections and disease. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus and lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body.
|Lot Number
|A number assigned by a manufacturer to a specified quantity of product manufactured, necessary for tracking, testing and evaluation purposes. Also the Primary identifier for recalled products.
|Kawasaki Disease
|An acute febrile disease of unknown cause that resembles scarlet fever. It affects primarily infants and children. The fever is present from one to three weeks. Named for Tomasaku Kawasaki, the contemporary Japanese pediatrician to first identify the disease. Treated with IVIG.
|See: Intravenous Immune Globulin
|See: Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura.
|Intravenous Immune Globulin (IVIG)
|Intravenous Immune Globulin - (IVIG or IGIV) A sterile solution of concentrated antibodies extracted from healthy donors which is administered into a vein. IVIG is used to treat disorders of the immune system or to boost immune response to serious illness, and to treat immuno suppressed recipients of bone marrow transplants.
|Within a blood vessel.
|Intramuscular Immune Globulin (IMIG)
|This medication, administered within the muscle, is a sterile solution of antibodies extracted from health donors. It is used to provide protection (immunization) against Hepatitis A, measles, varicella and rubella infections. It is also used to boost the body's natural immune response in persons with immune system problems.
|Within a muscle.
|Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH)
|Also known as hemorrhagic stroke. ICH occurs when a blood vessel within the brain bursts, allowing blood to leak inside the brain. The sudden increase in pressure within the brain can cause damage to the brain cells. If the amount of blood increases rapidly, the sudden buildup in pressure can lead to severe neurological impairment, coma or death. The most common cause of intracerebral hemorrhage is high blood pressure (hypertension).
|International Units (iu)
|The amount of a standardized preparation that is agreed upon as an international standard. These units are defined by the International Conference for Unification of Formulae. Usually set by the quantity of a biologically active substance required to produce a specific response. Most factors are sized and priced by iu.
|Antibodies produced by the immune system in response to blood coagulation factor in the treatment of hemophilia. The inhibitor binds itself to the infused clotting factor, making it difficult (if not impossible) to obtain a factor level sufficient to control bleeding.
|The therapeutic introduction of a fluid other than blood, such as saline solution, into a vein.
|Influenza Vaccine
|Vaccine used to prevent the flu virus.
|A sign or circumstance that indicates the proper treatment of a disease. Also, the specific medical condition that a medication has been approved to treat.
|A condition in which a patient's immune system is prevented from functioning normally. This condition may result from disease or tolerance , or it may be intentionally induced artificially through drugs or radiation in order to prevent rejection of transplants or to control autoimmune diseases.
|Subclasses of the gamma globulin fraction of plasma proteins, produced by plasma cells that have antibody functions, providing humoral immunity. All antibodies are immunoglobulins, but researchers have not yet determined whether immunoglobulins have antibody functions. Normally, globulins are present in human blood. It is used in passive immunization of immunosupressed patients exposed to various infectious agents. These are five classes of immunoglobulins: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM.
|Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)
|Also known as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. This is a condition of immune origin which results in lowered blood platelet count (thrombocytopenia) and excessive bruising (purpura). Platelets are destroyed by antibodies. Bruising results in purplish-looking areas of the skin and mucous membranes (such as the lining of the mouth) where bleeding has occurred as a result of the decreased number of platelets. Some cases of ITP are caused by drug use; others are associated with infection, pregnancy, or immune disorders. In about half of all cases, the cause is unknown (idiopathic). ITP is often related to HIV / AIDS. Also called purpura hemorrhagic or Welhof's Disease.
|Immune System
|The complex group of organs and cells that defend the body against infection or disease.
|Immune Response
|An integrated bodily response to a foreign antigen, neutralizing or eliminating the invading substance, and preventing damage. The response is mediated by lymphocytes which recognize the antigen as "non-self" through antibodies specific to each antigen.
|Immune Globulin - Intravenous (IGIV)
|See: Intravenous Immune Globulin
|Immune Deficiency
|A condition in which some component of the body's immune system is weak or absent, resulting in a decreased or compromised ability to respond to infection.
|See: Immune Globulin-Intramuscular
|Immunoglobulin gamma M - The class of antibodies found circulating in the blood, and first to appear in initial response to exposure to an antigen (before IgG). IgM is highly efficient in stimulating complement activity. The human red cell isoantibodies which control the A, B, O blood groups are IgM antibodies. IgM has a very high molecular weight and is unable to cross the placental barrier to the fetus.
|See: Intravenous Immune Globulin
|Immunoglobulin G - The principal immunoglobulin in human serum. It is the major antibody for antitoxins, viruses, bacteria, fungi, and other foreign particles. IgG facilitates the phagocytic destruction of these antigens by agglutinating them, opsonizing them or by activating the complement system against them. IgG may be administered to provide temporary resistance to hepatitis or other diseases. IgG has a low molecular weight, and is thus the only gamma globulin able to cross the placental barrier, providing immune protection to the fetus before birth.
|Immunoglobulin E - IgE plays a major role in allergic reactions. It is produced in the lungs, skin, and mucous membranes, and attaches to mast cells in the respiratory and intestinal tract. About half of the patients with allergic diseases have increased IgE levels.
|Immunoglobulin D. The class of antibodies found only on the surface of B lymphocytes, which function as antigen receptors to initiate differentiation of B-cells into plasma cells.
|Immunoglobulin A - The principal antibody type in external bodily secretions such as saliva, tears, sweat, respiratory and intestinal mucin, and breast milk. IgA provides local immunity against infections in the gut and respiratory tracts by preventing the attachment of viruses and bacteria to mucosal epithelial surfaces. Its presence in colostrum helps to protect a newborn from infection.
|Without a known cause.
|Deficiency of immunoglobulins, resulting in a weakened immune system and an increased susceptibility to infection. Treatment includes administration of intravenous immune globulin (IVIG).
|An abnormal, exaggerated immune response that may be either immediate (due to antibodies of the IgE class, e.g. an allergy to ragweed) or delayed (due to cell-mediated immunity, e.g. a transplant rejection). It may result in tissue damage.
|In reference to plasma, it refers to a plasma product with a very high titer of a specific antibody. Administration of this plasma results in the immune system being much more reactive to the specific antigen than it normally would be.
|Humoral Immunity
|Immune defense in which antibodies are produced by B-lymphocytes and circulate as soluble proteins in blood in lymph (or humors0. This is in comparison to cell-medicated immunity in which the T-cells come in close proximity to their victim cells). Humoral immunity is acquired; antibodies are produced by B- cells only in response to specific antigens.
|Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Acute infectious manifestations, neurological disorders, and immunologic abnormalities linked to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
|High-Titer Immune Globulin
|See: Hyper-Immune
|Hereditary Angioedema (HAE)
|Deficiency of C1 esterase inhibitor, which causes attacks of rapid swelling in the hands, feet, limbs, face, intestinal tract, larynx or trachea. Attacks which obstruct airways can be fatal.
|Inflammation of the liver. It may be caused by a variety of agents, including viral infections, bacterial invasion, and physical or chemical agents. It is characterized by jaundice, fever, liver enlargement, and abdominal pain.
|The process which stops bleeding at an injury's site.
|Hemophilia B
|Disease in which the blood does not clot properly due to a deficiency of blood coagulation Factor IX. Also known as Christmas Disease. Treated by administering Factor IX. The disease is an X-linked trait and occurs mostly in males. It is so named because the first patient with the disease to be studied in great detail was named Christmas.
|Hemophilia A
|Disease in which the blood does not clot properly due to a deficiency of blood coagulation Factor VIII. Treated by administering Factor VIII. The disease is an X-linked trait and occurs mostly in males.
|Disease in which the blood does not clot properly. Any of several hereditary disorders in which blood takes an abnormally long time to coagulate due to a deficiency or abnormality in one of the blood coagulation factors. It is a recessive, X-linked trait which manifests almost exclusively in males. Females can carry the gene without having the disease; each son of a female carrier has a 50% chance of receiving the gene and having hemophilia. There is no cure for hemophilia. It is treated through the administration of the deficient factor.
|Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)
|This is a potentially severe condition affecting newborns. If a mother has developed antibodies to her fetus' blood type, the mother's blood attacks the fetus' blood, causing the red blood cells to burst. The baby is born anemic, jaundiced, and with an enlarged liver and spleen. This condition is most easily prevented by careful prenatal care in which the mother's blood is prevented from forming the antibodies against the fetus' blood.
|Hemolytic Anemia
|A low red blood cell count resulting from any medical condition which causes red blood cells to burst.
|The rupture of red blood cells.
|The component of red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues of the body.
|Hemin Injection
|Hemin is an iron-containing porphyrin used in the management of porphyria attacks, particularly in acute intermittent porphyria.
|Presence of blood in the urine.
|The study of blood-producing tissues, and diagnosis and treatment of disorders of blood and blood-producing tissues.
|Accumulation of blood in a joint or joint cavity; extreme swelling often results. This condition is a common symptom of hemophilia and can lead to pain and stiffness of the joints. Occurrence of hemarthrosis in hemophiliacs may be lowered through prophylactic dosage of the appropriate coagulation factor.
|Heat Treated
|Viral inactivation process that uses heat up to 80 degrees C.
|See: Hereditary Angioedema
|Guillian - Barre Syndrome
|Also known as acute inflammatory polyneuropathy or Landry's ascending paralysis, this rare neurological syndrome affects 1-2 people per 100,000. Symptoms of this ascending paralysis begin with loss of function in the extremities that progresses throughout the body. Often respiratory muscles are affected, resulting in respiratory failure. Muscle weakness and pain in the hips, thighs and back are common. In severe cases, complete paralysis may be experienced. Recovery may be lengthy (sometimes more than a year), and may be partial or complete. The fact that this syndrome often follows an acute viral or bacterial infection suggests that it is an immune-regulated antibody response to an infection which also mistakenly affects the myelin sheaths of the nerves, resulting in demyelination of the peripheral nerves. IVIG is commonly used to treat Guillian Barre patients with rapidly progressing paralysis.
|Growth Hormone Deficiency
|A deficiency of the regulating growth hormone. Growth hormone is produced in the pituitary gland, and causes for its deficiency range from congenital conditions such as gene mutation and congenital malformations of the pituitary to autoimmune inflammation and stroke.
|Graft-v-Host Disease (GVHD)
|A reaction of donated bone marrow against the recipient patient's own tissue.
|Simple proteins that are found in the blood serum, which contain molecules central to the immune system function.
|Glatiramer Acetate Injection
|An immunomodulator used to treat multiple sclerosis, it is thought to act as a decoy, diverting the autoimmune response against myelin. Glatiramer Acetate is administered by subcutaneous injection.
|Gamma Globulin
|One of the proteins in blood serum that contains antibodies. Passive immunizing agents obtained from pooled human plasma.
|Process by which plasma is broken down into its various components.
|The dissolution of a blood clot. The process breaks down the fibrin polymers of the clot and prevents more from forming.
|A protein in blood plasma that is essential for blood clotting. It is converted to fibrin, the protein which constitutes the bulk of a blood clot, through the action of thrombin in the presence of calcium ions. Also called blood coagulation Factor I.
|The insoluble protein in blood plasma that constitutes the bulk of a blood clot. It forms an interlacing, fibrous network.
|Factor X
|Stuart-Prower Factor.
|Factor VIII
|Blood coagulation Factor VIII, or Anti-Hemophilic Factor (AHF). A protein substance in blood plasma that is essential in the blood clotting process. Hemophilia A, the most common form of blood clotting disorder, is caused by a deficiency of Factor VIII. Human plasma can be fractioned such that Factor VIII remains. The resulting plasma, containing Factor VIII, can be given to hemophiliacs to temporarily correct the bleeding tendency.
|Factor VII
|Blood coagulation Factor VII, also known as proconvertin, or serum prothrombin conversion accelerator. A protein substance in blood plasma that is essential in the blood clotting process. It is formed in the kidney under the influence of vitamin K and may be deficient due to a hereditary disorder. In clotting, it forms a complex with tissue thromboplastin and calcium to activate prothrombokinase, thus acting to accelerate the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.
|Factor IX
|Blood coagulation Factor IX, also known as Christmas Factor (CF) and Plasma Thromboplastin Component (PTC). In the blood clotting process, Factor IX activates thromboplastin. Deficiency results in Hemophilia B, or Christmas Disease.
|Factor IV
|Calcium ions.
|Factor III
|Thromboplastin (Tissue Factor).
|Factor II
|Prothrombin, one of several proteins found in the blood that aids in coagulation.
|Factor I
|Fibrinogen, one of several proteins found in the blood that aid in coagulation or clotting. It is converted to fibrin, the protein which constitutes the bulk of a blood clot, through the action of thrombin in the presence of calcium ions.
|The cause of a disease.
|Erythroblastosis fetalis
|Also known as Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN). This is a potentially severe condition affecting newborns. If a mother has developed antibodies to her fetus' blood type, the mother's blood attacks the fetus' blood, causing the red blood cells to burst. The baby is born anemic, jaundiced, and with an enlarged liver and spleen. This condition is most easily prevented by careful prenatal care in which the mother's blood is prevented from forming the antibodies against the fetus' blood.
|Frequent and prolonged nosebleeds. Commonly a symptom of bleeding disorders, especially von Willebrand's Disease.
|The extent to which a particular treatment produces the desired effect.
|Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
|A pathological condition in which blood to coagulates throughout the whole body. Consequently, the body becomes depleted of platelets and coagulation factors, and generalized bleeding occurs. This condition results from one of a number of possible underlying primary illnesses. DIC is associated with sepsis (especially from a gram-negative infection), obstetric complications, malignant cancers, trauma, and other conditions that result in the release of chemicals into the blood, instigating blood coagulation. Treatment requires that the primary illness be addressed. In some cases, heparins or anti-thrombin III may also be administered.
|An agent that is used to dilute the substance or solution to which it is added.
|Cytomegalovirus Prophylaxis
|Preventative treatment in CMV-positive patients. Treatment with IVIG to control CMV, allowing the body's own immune system to deal with other infections.
|Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
|One of a group of species-specific herpes viruses. They inhabit salivary glands and cause the enlargement of epithelial cells. Though found in a large portion of the human population, it causes disease only in utero (resulting in abortion, stillbirth, or various congenital defects), but can also be opportunistic in immune-deficient patients. People who have been exposed to the virus will remain cytomegalovirus IgG positive.
|A blood plasma derivative product that is rich in coagulation factor VIII and also contains fibrinogen, factor IX, factor VIIa, and von Willebrand's factor. The preparation process involves warming frozen plasma to separate out the desired portion.
|Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)
|A disease that affects the central nervous system. It is a spongiform encephalopathy, meaning that as the disease progresses, it forms holes in the brain. It results in rapid and progressive loss of muscle control, dementia, memory loss, hallucinations, speech impairments, and difficulty walking and talking. There is no cure for CJD, and it is always fatal, usually within a year of onset. CJD is believed to be caused by a type of prion, a proteinaceous infectious particle that is responsible for several diseases of the central nervous system. CJD affects adults, especially older adults, with an average onset of 50 years of age. Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) is caused by a similar prion and has related symptoms, but affects a much younger population, with an average age of onset in the mid 20's. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, or mad cow disease, is thought to be caused by a prion similar to that of CJD and vCJD. No connection has been found between mad cow disease and CJD, but it has been linked to cases of vCJD in which the patients ate infected cow meat.
|A chemical compound which can be extracted from plants. This compoud is a component of the anticoagulant coumadin, which is frequently used to inhibit blood clotting.
|Any symptom or circumstance indicating the inappropriateness of a form of treatment that would otherwise be advisable.
|Describing a condition present at birth.
|Complement System
|The complement system is a group of proteins in the blood with immune functions. Through a complex cascade of biochemical interactions, complement can act to protect the body in several ways: complement can cause a foreign cell to burst open and die; it can mark a foreign cell for destruction by a macrophage; and it can result in inflammation and stimulation of the B-cell-medicated immune response. Complement remains inactive in the blood until activated through one of several pathways. Deficiency of any of the more than 35 proteins involved the complement system may result in an increased susceptibility to infection. Deficiency of specific complement proteins has been linked to certain autoimmune diseases, increased susceptibility to bacterial infections, and certain hereditary conditions.
|Combined Immunodeficiency
|Immunodeficiency in which the patient has a deficiency of both B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes.
|Coagulation Factor
|The factors that participate in the blood coagulation process. Over 30 types of cells and substances contribute to blood clotting. There are a large number of terms that have been applied to coagulation factors, but the generally accepted terms, as well as Roman Numerals , are included here.
|Clotting of the blood. The process in which blood is changed into a jelly-like substance to seal or plug an injured blood vessel. Hemophilia patients have less of the necessary blood coagulation factors necessary to seal a wound. Coagulation of blood occurs in two pathways - intrinsic (activated by negatively charged substance, such as a collagen at the site of a wound) or extrinsic (activated by tissue thromboplastin within a tissue). These two pathways differ in the beginning stages, but share a common pathway for the final clot formation.
|See: Cytomegalovirus
|Clotting Factors
|The proteins that are needed to make blood clot.
|See: Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
|Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
|Chronic leukemia marked by an abnormal increase in B-lymphocytes. It is characterized by slow onset and progression of symptoms, including anemia, pallor, fatigue, appetite loss, lowered granulocyte, platelet counts, gamma globulin counts, and enlargement of lymph nodes, liver, and spleen. More common in older men. May be treated with IVIGs.
|Christmas Factor
|Blood coagulation Factor IX. Also known as Plasma Thromboplastin Component (PTC). In the blood clotting process, CF activates thromboplastin. Deficiency results in Hemophilia B, or Christmas Disease.
|Christmas Disease
|Disease in which the blood does not clot properly, also called Hemophilia B. It is caused by a deficiency of blood coagulation Factor IX. The disease is an X-linked trait and occurs in males. It is so named because the first patient with the disease to be studied in great detail was named Christmas.
|Drug therapy for the treatment of cancer.
|Cervical Dystonia
|A syndrome of involuntary sustained of spasmodic muscle contractions of the head and neck, resulting in abnormal posturing or jerky movements of the head. Cervical dystonia is sometimes treated with botulinum toxin injections into the affected muscles.
|Cell-Mediated Immunity
|Immune defense in which T-lymphocytes come in close proximity with their victim cells, as opposed to humoral immunity which is provided by the secretion of antibodies into the blood or lymph (humors) by B-lymphocytes.
|A term used to describe diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control. Cancer cells can invade nearby tissues and can spread through the bloodstream and lymphatic system to other parts of the body.
|C1-Esterase Inhibitor
|A protease inhibitor which prevents spontaneous activation of the complement system, as well as parts of the lectin pathway, and proteases of the fibrinolytic, clotting, and kinin pathways. A deficiency of C1-esterase inhibitor causes Hereditary Angioedema.
|Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT)
|A medical procedure in which bone marrow is removed from one person and transplanted in another in order to stimulate production of blood cells. It is used to treat malignancies, certain forms of anemia, and immune deficiencies. IVIG may be used during the course of BMT treatment.
|Bone Marrow
|The soft, spongy tissue in the center of large bones that produces white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets.
|The proportion of an administered drug that enters general circulation and is available for use by the body. Depending on the drug's method of action and purpose, intramuscular and subcutaneous injections may result in a lower bioavailability of the drug than would an intravenous injection.
|The presence of viable bacteria in the blood.
|B-Lymphocytes / B-Cells
|The type of lymphocyte that is responsible for the humoral immune response. It matures in the bone marrow and migrates to the tissues of the lymph system where it waits to be stimulated by a foreign antigen to produce antibodies. B-cells are antigen-specific, meaning that they only respond to one antigen. Because the spleen and lymph nodes have a large volume of blood passing through them, these organs are rich in B-cells, increasing the lymphocytes' subsequent exposure to new antigens.
|Autoimmune Disease
|A disease occurring when an individual's immune system attacks the body's own tissues or extracellular proteins. This disease results from a reduction in the body's tolerance to the antigens located on its own cells. For example, multiple sclerosis results from the body's own antibodies attacking the myelin sheath that covers nerve cells. Researchers have begun clinical studies using IVIG to treat certain autoimmune diseases.
|Antithrombin III Deficiency
|A rare hereditary disorder, often presenting as frequent venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. Patients are treated with anticoagulants and antithrombin concentrates.
|Antithrombin III
|A small protein molecule which inactivates several enzymes in the coagulation cascade.
|The property B- and T-lymphocytes gain through an initial exposure to an antigen to recognize that specific antigen if it again enters the body. Antigen-specificity allows the body to more quickly mediate an immune response to each subsequent exposure to that specific antigen. This property is the basis of immunization.
|Antigen-Antibody Reaction
|The binding of a specific antigen with its corresponding antibody. It may result in agglutination, precipitation, or increased susceptibility to phagocytosis.
|In broad usage, any substance or entity which the body recognizes as foreign and induces the production of antibodies to neutralize or destroy the antigen. Antigens include toxins, bacteria, foreign blood cells, and the cells of transplanted organs. More specifically, the antigen is the protein marker on the surface of a cell that marks it as "self" or "non-self." The antigen identifies the type of cell (skin, kidney, foreign substance). Autoantigens are markers on the body's own cells; markers on all other antigens are called foreign antigens.
|An immune, or protective, protein secreted into the blood in response to foreign substances, called antigens, being introduced to the body. It combats these viruses, bacteria, and parasites, and some transplanted organs, by binding to the foreign substance. Once bound, the antibody leads to the neutralization or destruction of the antigen, providing protection from most common infections. Antibodies neutralize or destroy antigens in several ways. They can directly lyse the antigen, neutralize toxins released by bacteria, opsonize the antigen (form a complex to stimulate phagocytosis), promote antigen clumping (agglutination), or prevent the antigen from adhering to host cells. Antibodies are Y-shaped immunoglobulins produced by B- lymphocytes. Their synthesis is induced by specific antigens. They combine with the specific antigens which stimulated their production, and not with unrelated antigens. Antibodies are responsible for humoral immunity. Inhibitors that occur in response to replacement therapies for Hemophilia A are antibodies to Factor VIII.
|Anti-Hemophilic Factor (AHF)
|Blood coagulation Factor VIII, a protein substance in blood plasma that is essential in the blood clotting process. Hemophilia A, the most common form of blood clotting disorder, is caused by a deficiency of AHF. AHF can be separated out of human plasma and given to hemophiliacs to temporarily correct the bleeding tendency.
|An unusually severe allergic reaction, usually to food, drug, or insect bite. It occurs between an allergic antigen, and IgE bound to mast cells, stimulating the sudden release of immunological mediators locally and throughout the body. Initial symptoms appear within minutes, but recurrence may follow hours later. Hypersensitivity must have been induced in the individual in a prior exposure to the allergen for an anaphylactic reaction to occur. It is the initial exposure that results in the IgE binding to mast cells. The reaction can result in cardiovascular shock and death. It is categorized as local or systemic. Local anaphylactic reactions include hay fever, hives, and allergic gastroenteritis. Systemic anaphylaxis, which produces peripheral vasodilation, brochospasm, and laryngeal edema, can be life threatening.
|One of a group of simple proteins made by the liver. Serum albumin is the main protein found in the blood (about 60 percent of the total). It is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein. Human albumin USP is administered intravenously to restore blood volume following shock, trauma, surgery, and burns.
|See: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
|See: Anti-Hemophilic Factor
|The clumping together of red blood cells or bacteria; a type of antigen-antibody reaction in which a solid antigen clumps together with a soluble antibody. This physiological property is useful in laboratory testing.
|A nearly total absence of immunoglobulins resulting in the loss of ability to produce immune antibodies.
|Acute Intermittent Porphyria
|A rare autosomal dominant metabolic disorder characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme porphyobilinogen deaminase, which affects the production of the oxygen-binding prosthetic group of hemoglobin. Major symptoms include abdominal pain or cramping and neuropathies, sometimes leading to misdiagnosis as a psychiatric disorder.
|Describing a medical condition which is marked by rapid onset, severe symptoms, and short course.
|Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
|An acquired defect or cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). AIDS increases susceptibility to opportunistic infections. The CDC lists numerous infections and cancers that, in the presence of HIV infection, constitute an AIDS diagnosis.


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101-307 Athabasca Ave
Fort McMurray, AB T9J 1G9
Be the first Weblocal.ca user to add photos or videos of Abasand Pk's Pizza
pizza, burgers, donairs, pasta, steaks, sandwiches, ribs, seafood, chicken
pk's is a restaurant in abasand, located in fort macmurray alberta, it has a pub attached to it and it is called . both are an excellent place to eat and drink. food is very good and inexpensive and the staff is friendly.

subset: commoncrawl


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"This entails all the hunting activities around ranches in Texas and the different exotics that can be found in the area."
Top site lists are a simple, but powerful system for exposing your site to millions. If accepted into our exclusive network this is a great opportunity to grow your site.
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Tuesday, November 02, 2010
my Dell Latitude X1
I need to praise my sturdy little Dell Latitude X1 laptop that I've had for the last five years and that has always stood up to its expectations. it's a Pentium M 1.1 GHz, and it only has 60G of hard disk memory and 1G of RAM. Yet I happily run Visual Studio 2010 on it, even in cramped airplane seats. Also I can carry it in a small bag.I recently scanned the market for a new small laptop. I looked at all the brands and Dell's M 101z came up as a potential favorite. But even with its dual core and its 4G, there was not enough new value to make the change.
Posted by James Litsios at 9:35 PM
Labels: dell x1
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Wafae sits with me in the back of a rumbling green Nissan, both of us getting greener by the minute - the bad driving, the roundabouts, the Hills between Fez and Sefrou. But I cannot take my eyes off of her, cannot stop listening. This quiet young woman with a head scarf tied around gentle eyes is saying amazing things.
Wafae is twenty-one with a four year old son and a five year old marriage; the three living with his mother/father/brothers. In her second year at the University studying English, she has just finished reading The Scarlet Letter and is planning her senior project around working with unwed mothers in Morocco.
"I want every woman to have a choice, to know her own independence, to be in charge of her own life. It is the only way ahead" says this young doe of a woman. Does her husband stand with her? Yes, she says. After all, his mother, sitting in the front seat, is one of the leading movers in the women's movement in Morocco.
It is the mother-in-law that I have come to see. Amina is the fearsome Queen of Buttons - the tiny, knotted kind that romp down a jellaba, that earn a woman bread to eat. But not just buttons - she is also introducing weaving to women for the first time in this culture - half a dozen looms buzzing on the ground floor of her own house; and she is teaching women about natural dying, about marketing and accounting, about self-sufficiency, self-respect, sovereignty.
Nine months ago, in Santa Fe, I gave the Queen of Buttons a Moroccan jacket of my own and asked if she could make more like it. Mais, oui! she exclaims, exploding with possibility.
Today, Amina and Wafae take me to their cooperative of women who have prepared the jacket for me. I am welcomed with warmth and curiosity. I study their exquisite embroidery, roping, tailoring. I learn about their complex techniques of button crafting - they are eager to share. I drink mint tea and ask their names. Wafae models the elegance which they have crafted for ibu.
Perfection. I cannot find a flaw. I praise. I rummage through baskets, choose color combinations with their help, place an order, express my deep unfiltered thanks for their skills, collaboration, hard work. Their eyes fill with tears.
Wafae walks with me, arm and arm, up the quiet hillside, past the neighborhood mosque, toward home. I want to give all of me to this life. she says. Every bit of me. And not hold anything back. I am moved by her forth-rightness, flowing like a force, unfettered. I used to be shy. My mother died when I was young and I came to work with Amina on the buttons. Amina has taught me not to hold myself back. I can talk now. I can say what I mean. I know I can do anything. Anything.
No doubt she will teach the unwed mothers she is drawn to the same. Wafae is embroidering life with a Scarlet Letter - not that of an old shame, but an A it is still - for Ambition. Audacity. An A for the grades she pulls down, her son, Ali, whom she loves, the Achievements to which she aspires. She is playing her A game, for sure. I want to watch her soar.
All the Best,
Susan Hull Walker
Easter Sunday, 2016


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The James B. Petersen Memorial Gallery of Native American CulturesOpens October 13, 2006
The Robert Hull Fleming Museum is pleased to announce the opening of the James B. Petersen Memorial Gallery of Native American Cultures. This newly-installed, long-term exhibition explores the material cultures and artistic traditions of indigenous peoples of North America through art and artifacts from the Museum's collections.
Drawing upon the unique breadth and strengths of the Fleming's collections, the exhibition features outstanding examples of Navajo textiles, Plains quillwork and beadwork, carvings from the Northwest Coast, pottery from the Southwest, baskets from California and New England, and lithics from Vermont, among others. Highlights include a stunning Chilkat blanket, examples of both historical and contemporary Abenaki baskets, and the "Colchester Jar," which dates back to ca. 1500 and was unearthed in Colchester in the 1820s. Through objects that date from pre-contact to the present, the installation explores a number of themes, including the continuity of cultural traditions, innovation resulting from exchange between Native American cultural groups, and the impact of contact with peoples of European descent. Moreover, the gallery highlights diverse views and approaches by displaying texts by Native Americans from both local and national tribes alongside those by Museum staff and University of Vermont faculty.
The late James B. Petersen, professor of anthropology at the University of Vermont, was a guiding force behind this installation. This gallery is dedicated to Jim, who selflessly shared his scholarly expertise and his passionate commitment toward the goal of understanding and celebrating the art of the original Americans.
© 2014 University of Vermont
Fleming Museum of Art | 61 Colchester Avenue | Burlington, Vermont 05405 USA


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Each disc has a strong outer ring of fibres (annulus fibrosis), and a soft jelly-like central portion (nucleus pulposis). The annulus is the toughest part of the disc, and connects each vertebral bone. The soft and juicy nucleus of the disc serves as the main shock absorber.
In degenerative disc disease the discs or cushion pads between your vertebrae shrink, causing wearing of the disc, which may lead to herniation. You may also have osteoarthritic areas in your spine. This degeneration and osteoarthritis can cause back pain. Pain, numbness, tingling and weakness in the legs may result from pressure on the spinal nerves.
The intervertebral discs are soft structures which act as shock absorbers between each of the vertebrae (bones) in the spine. A single disc sits between each vertebra. Each intervertebral disc has a strong outer ring of fibres ('annulus'), and a soft, jelly-like centre (nucleus).
A herniated disc (also known as a "ruptured" or "slipped" disc) usually occurs when part of the disc nucleus pops out of place and bulges into the spinal canal, sometimes exerting pressure on the spinal nerves. Chemicals which incite inflammation are also released from the ruptured disc, and these also contribute to nerve irritation.
Herniated discs occur most commonly in young and middle-aged adults.
Around 90% of lumbar disc herniations occur at the L4-L5 or L5-S1 discs.
Intervertebral discs sometimes rupture following the application of a smaller amount of force. This is usually in the context of weakened annular disc fibres from repeated injuries over the years. This may also occur as part of the aging process of the spine.
A combination of these two mechanisms may cause pain, weakness, and/or numbness in the leg(s).
An annular tear is where the annulus fibrosis is torn, often the first event in the process of disc prolapse. An annular tear can cause back pain with or without leg pain.
A lumbar disc prolapse (or herniation) occurs when the nucleus pulposis escapes from its usual position and bulges into the spinal canal, sometimes placing pressure on the nerves or spinal cord. There are commonly four stages:
The symptoms of a herniated lumbar intervertebral disc include:
The location of symptoms depends upon which nerve(s) have been affected.
Surgery is usually recommended when all reasonable conservative measures (pain medications, nerve sheath injections, physical therapy, hydrotherapy, pilates etc.) have failed. In cases of significant instability or neurological problems, surgery may be the appropriate first option.
Spinal fusion permanently joins two or more vertebral bones, and may be especially helpful in cases when one or more vertebrae slip out of their correct position. It can be done alone or at the same time as a laminectomy or laminotomy. To fuse the spine, a carbon or PEEK cage filled with tricalcium phosphate and bone chips is placed in the disc space after the disc has been removed. Screws are inserted into the pedicles of the bones and they are connected with rods. In some cases a fusion is performed without screws or cages (non-instrumented fusion). Fusion will be discussed further in a separate section.
An approach sometimes used concurrently with microdiscectomy is the insertion of dynamic stabilization devices, such as the X-Stop interspinous distractor.
The results of lumbar microdiscectomy are usually good. Generally over 90% of patients have a significant reduction in their leg pain after surgery.
The rationale, aims, and potential benefits of surgery may therefore include:
Generally, the symptom that improves the most reliably after surgery is buttock and leg pain. Back pain may or may not improve (occasionally it can be worse). The next symptom to improve is usually weakness. Your strength may not return completely back to normal, however. Improvement in strength generally occurs over weeks and months. Numbness or pins and needles may or may not improve with surgery, due to the fact that the nerve fibres transmitting sensation are thinner and more vulnerable to pressure (they are more easily permanently damaged than the other nerve fibres). Numbness can take up to 12 months to improve.
The chance of obtaining a significant benefit from surgery depends upon a wide variety of factors. Your neurosurgeon will give you an indication of the likelihood of success in your specific case.
The risk of complications from lumbar spine revision surgery is significantly higher than in first-time procedures. This is due to a number of factors, particularly scar tissue formation around the nerve roots. It is also more difficult to relieve pain and restore function in revision surgery. It is important be aware that the possibility of experiencing long-term back pain is increased with revision surgery.
The specific risks of a lumbar microdiscectomy include (but are not limited to):
You will be in hospital for between 1 and 3 days after your surgery. You will be given instructions about any physical restrictions that will apply following surgery, and these are summarised later in this section.
Several X-rays of your back will be taken during surgery to make sure that the correct spinal level is being fused, and also to optimise the positioning of the interspinous distractor (if this is being done). It is critical that you inform us if you are pregnant or think you could possibly be pregnant, as X-rays may be harmful to the unborn child.
There is significant variability between patients in terms of the outcome from surgery, as well as the time taken to recover. You will be given instructions about physical restrictions, as well as your return to work and resumption of recreational activities. You should not drive a motor vehicle or operate heavy machinery until instructed to do so by your neurosurgeon.
You should not sign or witness legal documents until reviewed by your GP post-operatively, as the anaesthetic can sometimes temporarily muddle your thinking.
If you are fairly overweight, it is advisable that you engage in a sensible weight loss program before you surgery. Please discuss this with your GP and neurosurgeon.
In order to prevent unwanted bleeding during or after surgery, it is critical that you stop taking aspirin, and any other antiplatelet (blood-thinning) medications or substances including herbal remedies at least 2 weeks before your surgery.
If you normally take warfarin, you will usually be admitted to hospital 3 or 4 days before your surgery. Your warfarin will be ceased at that time (it takes a few days to wear off) and you may be commenced on shorter-acting anti-clotting agents for a few days. These can then be stopped a day or so before surgery.
Ideally, you should take a Zinc tablet a day, commencing one month before surgery, and continuing for 3 months after. This should help wound healing.
In some patients there is uncertainty either about the diagnosis or exactly which disc or discs in the back are responsible for their symptoms: in those patients, nerve conduction studies and/or a nerve block may shed light on the diagnostic issues.
If you have not had an MRI for over 12 months before your surgery, or if your symptoms have changed significantly since your most recent MRI, then this investigation will need to be repeated to make sure that there are no surprises at the time of surgery!
Your skin will be cleaned with antiseptic solution and some local anaesthetic will be injected.
The skin incision is usually about 2-4cm in the middle of you lower back. It is vertical.
The bony structures of your spine are carefully defined, and using microsurgical techniques, a fine high-speed drill is used to shave some bone away over the top of the nerves. The ligament is then detached and removed and the underlying nerve root is identified. The nerve root is decompressed (this is known as a 'rhizolysis') and the disc is visualised.
A microdiscectomy is performed. This is done by first cutting the outer annulus fibrosis (fibrous ring around the disc) and removing the nucleus pulposus (the soft inner core of the disc). Disc removal is performed using a combination of special instruments.
During the procedure at least one X-ray is performed to check that the operation is being carried out at the correct disc level. At the end of the decompression, a small piece of fat is taken from beneath the skin and placed over the nerve root to minimise scarring. The surgical field is checked for excessive bleeding or any other problems, and a final check is made to ensure that the nerves are no longer under pressure.
If an interspinous distractor is being inserted, this is the final step of the operation. It is placed between the midline 'spinous processes' at the back of the spine.
The wound is closed with dissolving sutures.
Most patients are up and moving around within a few hours of surgery. In fact, this is encouraged in order to keep circulation normal and avoid blood clot formation in the legs.
You will be able to drink after 4 hours, and should be able to eat a small amount later in the day.
You can be discharged home when you are comfortable. Some patients benefit from a short period of time (usually around a week) in an inpatient rehabilitation facility.
You will need to take it easy for 6 weeks, but should walk for at least an hour every day. You should avoid sitting for more than 15-20 minutes continuously during this time.
During the first 2 weeks after surgery, you should not drive. At 4-6 weeks it is likely that you will be able to return to work on "light duties". This, and the step-wise progression in your physical activities, will be determined on an individual basis.
Bear in mind that the amount of time it takes to return to normal activities is different for every patient. Discomfort should decrease a little each day. Increases in energy and activity are signs that your post-operative recovery is progressing well. Maintaining a positive attitude, a healthy and well-balanced diet, and ensuring plenty of rest are excellent ways to speed up your recovery.
Signs of infection such as swelling, redness or discharge from the incision, and fever should be brought to the surgeon's attention immediately.
You will be reviewed after 6-8 weeks by your neurosurgeon. Until then, you should not lift objects weighing more than 2kg, and should not engage in bending or twisting movements.
The results of spinal surgery are not as good in patients who smoke or are very overweight. It is therefore important that you give up smoking permanently before your surgery and try to lose as much weight as possible.
You should continue wearing your TED stockings for a couple of weeks after surgery.
Detailed discharge instructions are as follows:
Frequent short walks (at least 1-2 hours per day) or as directed by your neurosurgeon.
No stretching or reaching for items above your head
Strict bed restIS NOTrequired or recommended.
What do I need to tell my surgeon about after the operation?
You should notify your neurosurgeon and should also see your GP if you experience any of the following after discharge from hospital:
What are there results of surgery?
Generally, the symptom that improves the most reliably after surgery is leg pain. Back pain may or may not improve (very occasionally they can be worse). The next symptom to improve is usually weakness. Your strength may not return completely back to normal, however. Improvement in strength generally occurs over weeks and months. Numbness or pins and needles may or may not improve with surgery, due to the fact that the nerve fibres transmitting sensation are thinner and more vulnerable to pressure (they are more easily permanently damaged than the other nerve fibres). Numbness can take up to 12 months to improve.
A quotation for surgery will be issued, however this is an estimate only. The final amount charged may vary with the eventual procedure undertaken, operative findings, technical issues etc. Patients are advised to consult with their Private Health Insurance provider and Medicare to determine the extent of out-of-pocket expenses.
Separate accounts will be rendered by the anaesthetist and sometimes the assistant, and hospital bed excess charges may apply. Medical expenses may be tax deductible (you should ask your accountant).
You should fully understand the costs involved with surgery before going ahead, and should discuss any queries with your surgeon.
phone +61 3 8862 0000


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New cars will be much more difficult to drive.
McLaren racing director Eric Boullier is convinced fans will quickly come to love 2017's faster Formula 1 cars, despite concerns that the increase in downforce will not improve the racing.
F1 teams have agreed for a revamp of the technical regulations for next year which will result in cars being wider, with better aerodynamics and bigger tyres.
It is hoped that the tweaks will not only make lap times up to five seconds quicker, but will also make the cars much more difficult to drive.
Boullier thinks that the challenge thrown down to drivers is one they will all relish – and the knock-on positive feedback from them will make everyone support the new cars.
"I think generally it will be a good step because the drivers will enjoy more driving the car," Boullier told Motorsport.com.
"I remember 10 years ago the drivers who were racing in GP2, when they went to F1 they went 'wow'.
"We miss that a little bit now, and I think we need to make the car a little bit more difficult to drive, with more downforce, more grip, and more cornering speed.
"The drivers will enjoy it more, and if the drivers enjoy it, the fans will enjoy it."
Responding to the suggestion that it would be hard for fans to notice cars going a few seconds per lap quicker, Boullier said: "I agree with you.
"You won't see a difference in speed, but the fact the drivers are happier, and will be able to attack more, means there will be more and more wheel-to-wheel racing, and then you make the fans happier."
Interview by Jacobo Vega
Don't miss our Austrian GP video preview…


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The "Contrast Cut" look is very big in the industry and this PM Contour Belt Drive Primary is an awesome piece on any stock Harley or wild custom. In addition it features key features making it superior to some other belt drives. The motor plate and lock up clutch are designed to tolerate the power of big motors. At the same time the clutch action at the lever is eased by use of lower rate springs (how many of you complain of a painful/hard clutch?), while the inertia activated lock up feature keeps things from slipping when you throttle hard. It utilizes a narrow belt for lightweight, better cornering clearance and does not interfere with access to forward controls. Will fit all 1991 through 2009 HD Softails, Dynas and most custom bikes. Does not fit FLH or FXR models. Dyna models must use forward controls or the integrated PM mid mounts. Also sold in polish or chrome. Performance Machine.
5 Responses to "Performance Machine Open Belt Black Beauty"
Nov 20th, 2009 at 1:57 pm
very, very nice…. but too expensive ffor most people. I understand that quality has a price, but when a part costs a third of what the overall bike costs new, I tend to wonder if these really sell.
Nov 20th, 2009 at 3:08 pm
Way Way too Expensive, and I don't see a reason to spend that kind of money for a part that does the same job as other open belt drives for 1/3 the price.
But it sure looks nice.
Steve Carr
Nov 21st, 2009 at 2:39 am
Seen that before,but why they sell for such high price.
Nov 21st, 2009 at 3:30 pm
A really nice product with a list of features which surpass most other brands. Contrast cut machining is not cheap either so we should expect to pay more for this combination of features and looks. Sure, I'd like it cheaper also, but quality does tend to cost.
Nov 22nd, 2009 at 3:41 pm
Roland Sands all the way ! Now We got 2 Chiefs that want to make "all the money" ! This sucks when a New Product and especially a Great Looking Product hit's the market, everybody wants a Piece, that drives UUUUUUUUUUUUPPPPPPPPPP the $$$$$$$$$$$$.


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Let's fill in appropriate areas, then we can expand sections and create new sections as necessary!
Player Characters
Supporting Characters
World Building Notes
Ascendant campaigns can view previous versions of their pages, see what has changed (and who did it), and even restore old versions. It's like having a rewind button for your campaign.
We've already been saving your edits, so if you
upgrade now
you will have instant access to your previous versions. Plus, you get a 15-day free trial, so there's nothing to lose.


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Hi everyone! :)
I was excited about doing today's WEDNESDAY card Challenge! Today I
challenge you all to use one of my most favorite techniques ever....
LAYERING! As you all know, almost everyone of my creations has some kind
of layering on it. I love layering different colored patterned paper,
cardstocks or embellishments on my work. So that's it, use some layering
on your cards!
I can't wait to see what you guys come up with!
Make sure you share your cards in our LRS gallery.


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The Gypsy Chef also bakes cakes, cupcakes and confections for any occasions with designer flair. All our creations are made with the finest ingredients from scratch to your specifications. No request is too big or too small. From the fanciest tiered wedding cake to a simple yet delicious coffee cake we put our heart and soul into everything we make.
Cake & Cupcake Flavours
- Almond
- Apple Spice*
- Angel Food*
- Berry Spectacular
- Carrot
- Caramel Walnut Crunch
- Cream Cheese & Bacon
- Chocolate Fudge*
- Caramel Creme*
- Coconut*
- Espresso*
- Fruit
- Grand Marnier*
- Green Tea*
- Lavender*
- Lemon*
- Pink Princess Meringue
- Red Velvet*
- Walnut
- Vanilla*
* denotes popular flavours
Recommended Fillings
- Buttercream
- Chocolate or Strawberry Mousse
- Chocolate Ganache – White or Dark
- Dense preserves such as Raspberry, Blueberry & Blackberry
Fillings Not Recommended
- Soft Fruits Such As Peaches Or Strawberries
- Lemon Curd
- Whipped Cream
- Cream Cheese
Fondant, Frosting and Fillings are all susceptible to temperature. Soft fruit fillings are NOT recommended as they leach liquid and cause a cake to soften and decorations to collapse.
The Gypsy Chef advises that clients please take precautions when ordering a cake for their event. Note the time of year, venue and temperature will have an effect on your cake. Refrigerated storage is recommended until time of serving. Cakes are made up to 3 days prior to event and while the Gypsy Chef takes every precaution to ensure your cake remains in it's best condition upon delivery we do not take responsibility for clients choice of Fondant, Frosting and Fillings, storage or condition of cake after it is delivered. Please take recommendations offered in your best interest.
If you do not see a flavour that suits your fancy let us know. We can accommodate any palate. We do not bake in a nut free environment. If you have allergies let us know at time of consultation.
Samples of some of our cakes, cupcakes & confections…click for larger images


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Monday, March 24
obama is leaving drunken mc's for hillary now, isn't he?
"don't want hope to peek it's head inside? then be quiet already and stop asking for hope!" so true, so true.
(if link above doesn't work, click on the picture for a screenshot of the missed connection--it's really amazing, right down to the "location")
5 comments:
- Ross said...
I'm pretty sure "dingtard" is what my Dad used to call me when I would drop an entire jug of orange juice on the kitchen floor. Then he would make me go outside and stand on the deck for 2 to 5 minutes.
- March 24, 2008 at 4:57 PM
- ally said...
that's really oddly upsetting, ross.
- March 24, 2008 at 5:01 PM
- Ross said...
Actually he probably never made any of us go outside for dropping things. It was usually for mouthing off and being obnoxious.
- March 24, 2008 at 6:00 PM
- tehresa said...
- This comment has been removed by the author.
- March 27, 2008 at 4:59 AM
- tehresa said...
hen we spilled juice my dad would always say 'clean that up! it's going to get sticky all over the place' as if 'sticky' was a noun.
- March 27, 2008 at 5:00 AM
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It's a dry heat, but it's still hot none-the-less. Sweat has formed on your body as you have traveled down the Asp River to the city of Wati. You are surprised that as you step onto dry land, a palanquin is waiting for you. Once settled inside the litter, and it's born up by the human servants that carry it, you notice that the temperature has dropped once more to a bearable heat. The palanquin is spacious, obviously enchanted with a permanent "endure elements" and fit for the most wealthy of individuals, and upon closer inspection carved with all types of butterfly and Belapixie blossom motifs. Fitting for your host, Belapixie Qadira-Osito.
Belapixie Qadira-Ositio was once a courtesean of the Jade Lady in Ketapesh. She made her fame and wealth working with the Pathfinder Society, and vested her prestige heavily into Trading Caravans. This trading has led to her having a home here in Wati as well as many other locations and it is to be the starting place of what she hopes to be a profitable venture. Unaware of whom has been summoned besides you, the palanquin continues to move steadily to the Morning Sun District.
The Morning Sun district seems to consist of mostly noble estates, palatial homes with orchards and vineyards, unheard of in a desert city. You are shown to a rather elegant estate, a small cinnamon tree resting in a small garden with the smell of lemon blossom and exotic spices lingering in the air. The air here also seem cooler than the rest of the city. Small rolls of silk are stretched tight near the ground to cushion the feet and keep them from touching the hotter sands. The rooms are rich with tapestries and furs, not needed but displayed just to show off the wealth of the owners.
A grand room is set with rich fruits, exotic dates, waters and juices. A small fountain of cold, clear water bubbles continuously in the center of the room. A scroll of parchment is placed on a table, clearly meant to be read.
Opening it, you see written in an elegant and tidy hand the following:
"I'm so sorry to have not been present to greet you in person, but you are welcome to stay here at my little getaway while in the city of Wati. The fountain in front of you is magical and will heal you from heatstroke, fatigue and small bits of damage you might sustain. It works once a day, so don't hesitate to use it if you need it. The servants will provide for you food while you're here. But you'll still need supplies when out and about.
Not sure what you know and don't know, but with the necropolis opened by royal decree, the priests of the local temple of Pharasma, the Grand Mausoleum, have been tasked with assigning sites ready for exploration to adventuring companies in a lottery. Registering is not difficult; there are no background checks or special fees or requirements. A priest simply records the name of the group and the names of its members, gives you a token that they you should present when the group receives its first assignment at the lottery's opening ceremony in two days time.
Rest tonight, come up with a name for your group, register tomorrow and explore the city a bit, then attend the lottery's opening ceremony in the Sunburst Market in the center of the living city of Wait, between the Grand Mausoleum and Abadar's Sanctum of Silver and Gold. The city is attracting a lot of other adventuring parties as well as throngs of local people in the streets as vendors should you need supplies.
I can't wait to hear of you adventure when next we meet.
P.S. Sabti the Crocodile, the High Priestess of Pharsma is performing the opening ceremony. I helped the write the speech, so I'm picking out the important part in case you miss it. It's called The Rules:
1. Basically, the necropolis is a mass grave and a holy place for the Pharasma church. Try to be a little respectful.
2. Try not to desecrate, destroy or vandalize the standing structures and tombs.
3. The dead need to be treated with dignity and respect. If you have to go into a tomb, please make sure it's body is returned and not just dumped onto the floor. The dead in Wati tend to come back if they aren't put back.


text: I have found LARE.EXE on my pc and found out it is a worm of some sort, can anyone tell me how to get rid of it? I also have RS.EXE and BACKWE 1.EXE and am suspicious of those as well. I can't delete LARE.EXE as windows reports file in use by windows.


text: CONCORD, N.C. (Nov. 8, 2010) – The Nos. 24 and 48 Hendrick Motorsports teams will trade pit crews for the remaining two races of the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series season. The change is limited to the seven primary over-the-wall members of the respective pit crews. Roles of additional team personnel will not be affected.


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Orlando Jacinto Garcia's music has been performed in some of the most important venues in the world by some of the most distinguished soloists and ensembles.
Orchestras that have performed his music include: New World Symphony Orchestra, Buffalo Philharmonic, Brooklyn Philharmonic, Orquesta, Sinfonica de Valencia (Spain), Orquesta Ciudad de Malaga (Spain), Alabama Symphony Orchestra, National Orchestra of El Salvador, Orquesta Sinfonica Municipal de Caracas (Venezuela), Orquesta Sinfonica Carlos Chavez (Mexico), Orquesta Filarmonica Nacional de Venezuela, Orquesta Nacional de la Republica Dominicana, Orquesta Sinfonica de Venezuela, Orquesta Sinfonica Simon Bolivar, Orquesta Sinfonica del Valle-Cali (Colombia) among others Chamber Ensembles that have performed his works include: Continuum, ArrayMusic (Canada), Cuarteto Latinoamericano (Mexico), Bang on a Can All Stars, Miami String Quartet, N/S Consonance Ensemble, Barton Workshop (Holland), Duo Contemporain (Holland), entrequatre (Spain), Suono Sacro Ensemble (Italy), Cantus (Croatia) among others Choral groups that have performed his work inclulde: Seoul Arts Motet (Korea), Gregg Smith Singers, Holy Trinity Church Choir NYC among others.
Soloists performing his work include: Joan La Barbara, Maya Beiser, Robert Black, Bertram Turetzky, Luis Gomez Imbert (Venezuela), Jan Williams, Henri Bok (Holland), Flores Chaviano (Cuba/Spain), Daniel Kientzy (France), Ruben Riera (Venezuela), Robert Dick, Anthony de Mare, Max Lifchitz, Paul Hoffman, Robert Davidovici, Kathleen Supove, Guido Arbonelli (Italy), Frances-Marie Uitti (Holland), Andrea Ceccomori (Italy), James Fulkerson (Holland) among others.
Selected festival performances include: V – IX, XI, XII Festivales Latinoamericano de Musica 1991-95, 2000, 2002 Venezuela; New Music America 1988 USA; Bang on a Can 1993 USA; Musica Nova Sofia 1998; Foro del Caribe 1992 Venezuela,1993 Puerto Rico, 1995 El Salvador, 1996 Venezuela; 05, 06 New Music Fest El Salvador; ISCM World Music Days 1997 Korea; ICMC 2003 Singapore, 2004 Miami; FEAMF 00, 04, 05 USA; 05 New Music Festival Lima, Peru; Viva Musica Festival Portugal 2003; New Music Macedonia 2003; Sonidos Cuba Festival 1999 USA; Spring Havana Festival 00, 02, 04; Music Festivals Spain: Asturias 1990,; Alicante 1992, 1997, Salamanca 1993, 1997, 01, 06, Segovia 1995, 1997, 2001; SCI National Conferences 1982, 1987, 1988, 1992, 1996, 1997 USA; CMS National Conference 03 USA; Music Festivals Italy: Senegallia 99, 02 – 04, 06, Ancona 1997, 98, Assisi 01, 02, Acqui Terme 02, Avellino 06, Reggio Emilia 04, Rome 03, 05; World Bass Clarinet Congress 05 Holland; Bourges Electroacoustic Music Festival 1995 France; Illkholm XX Festival 2005 Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Foro Internacional de Nueva Musica 1993, 1994 2004 Mexico; North American Music Fest 1988, 2000; among others.


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Alcohol or other drug use can sometimes become a social and health problem, which can have a negative impact on the working and private lives of those it affects. It is also possible that the use of alcohol and other drugs could create problems in the workplace such as, but not limited to, increased risk of accidents and other safety issues, absenteeism, diminished performance and productivity, and interpersonal conflict.
What Employers Can Do
Alcoholism and other drug addictions can become chronic and potentially fatal diseases if not treated. Employers who notice an employee having difficulty on the job may want to assess whether alcohol or drug use is affecting this person's productivity. If this is the case, here are some steps you can take to begin a discussion about alcohol and drugs in the workplace.
Educate: Educate employees about company policies regarding alcohol and drug use.
Document: Keep a record of the employee's work performance -- good and bad. That way you will be able to document any change.
Warn: Have an informal talk to alert the employee about his or her unsatisfactory job performance, communicate your expectations, and discuss the consequences. Do not discuss drug and alcohol abuse specifically. Keep the conversation on job performance issues.
Refer: Contact the person designated by your company -- whether it's a representative of your Employee Assistance Program (EAP), a medical professional or other -- to advise you about confronting an employee who has problems. They can give you advice for your initial discussion and then inform the employee of available help.
Intervene: Don't delay or beat around the bush. The sooner you talk to an employee, the sooner he or she can get help.
Confirm: Evaluate the extent of any problem through professional assessment.
Follow up: Stick to your guns. Once you have confronted an employee, following through with appropriate support is extremely important.
The Itemiser3 is an instrument used to screen for drugs. Screening is a preliminary evaluation that attempts to determine whether key features of drug abuse are present in an individual. Screening indicates whether the problem of drug abuse is likely present.
Imagine being able to go into a workplace or even a school and being able to determine if cocaine, heroin, THC, methamphetamine, Amphetamine, MDMA, MDA, Crystal Meth or other drugs are being used, you can identifying potential or actual abusers so appropriate intervention services can be provided.
The Itemiser3 uses simple particle swaps that are swiped across a surface and then inserted into the Itemiser3 for analysis. Surfaces include skin, vehicles, ID cards, pens, etc. The Itemiser3 was designed with portability and flexibility in mind. It has touch screen menus on a graphical user interface that make it easy to learn and operate. Quick analysis and results are ready in as little as 7 seconds. Its lightweight design makes it easy to transport and can operate from any vehicles 12 VDC power outlet, as well as, the one hour battery life. With expanding libraries to accommodate unique user requirements the Itemiser3 is functional for almost anyone in any situation.
Elite Security System maintains an Itemizer3 in house to compliment the Narcotic Dog detection team and to assist corporate clients with validation of potential narcotics found during swab tests. Contact Elite Security Systems for more information.
Elite uses several different breeds of dog for narcotic detection but has primarily employed the Labrador Retriever breed. The dogs are selected from reputable breeders with basic obedience training being taught. The selected dogs are matched with Elite officers to continue the narcotics detection training which forms a well-trained detector dog team.
The life of a detector dog:
What Elite looks for in a potential detector dog:
Passive vs. Active
When the program initially started, all drug/firearm dogs were trained to indicate actively by scratching, digging, biting and barking at the source of the contraband odour. This was an effective way to deter drug and firearm smuggling. Primarily, only passive dog training is now conducted.
Passive dogs will sit beside the source of the trained odour. The docile and friendly nature of the dogs allows Elite officers to peacefully circulate with them during detection. Passive detector dogs are working in all regions throughout Canada including international airports in Halifax, Quebec City, Montréal, Ottawa, Toronto, Winnipeg, Calgary and Vancouver.


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Benton, IL 62812
414 North Main Street Benton, AR
17821 Interstate 30 S Benton, AR
One of the few remaining original drive throughs in the area. They offer freshly cooked onins ring and great BLTs on texas toast along with excellent shakes at very affordable prices!!4
The service is wonderful and the food is reasonably priced. Homade onion rings are their specialty. You have to eat in the car or take it home. Great place!4


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Please check the San Diego visitors' website. You will be able to check weather, local attractions, history, the restaurant scene, and much more.
Articles in this section
- Will ATD provide scooter rental services at the 2018 International Conference & Exposition?
- Is there luggage and coat check available at the convention center?
- Who do I talk to with questions about housing?
- Where can I find the shuttle schedule from hotels to the conference center?
- Where do I get information about parking at the conference?
- Where can I learn more about visiting San Diego, CA?
- When will the International Conference and Exposition hotel information be available for reservations?
- When does the last session end so I know when to schedule my return flight?
- What hotels are closest to the San Diego Convention Center?
- What is the address of the convention center?


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Classes are for kids 2.5-15 years of age. Once students have reached the developmental milestones outlined in each course, they will then be able to progress to the next level. Our goal is for each student to reach an All-Star Level in the shortest amount of time possible. Remember, swimming is a life skill. It's something your child will retain for the entirety of their life. Learn quicker with smaller class sizes.
Level I: Starfish
The starfish level is our starter level for absolute beginners. Students start enrolling as young as 2.5 years old in our kids beginner lessons. Students should be comfortable in shallow water without parent. The goal for students in this particular level is to gain an increased level of comfort in the water while developing a basic understanding of fundamental water skills.
This course is great for students who want to gain a fresh introduction to the water.
Skills Acquired:
Level II: Sea Turtle
In this level, students will gradually build upon the foundational skills learned in level 1. In addition to stroke technique, students will also learn water safety techniques which encourage safe fun in the water! Greater level of l comfortable fully submerge shallow water, display increased coordination of leg and arm movements, and be able to perform a front and back glides unassisted.
Student must be at least 2.5 years of age.
Skills Acquired:
Level III: Anglefish
This level is for our more intermediate level. Students who qualify for this level will have displayed proper understanding of the skills taught in levels I-II. In this level, students will gain an overview of more competitive strokes such as the breaststroke. In addition to learning new strokes, students will be introduced to basic water survival skills. Upon completion of this course students will be able to display the proper freestyle & backstroke techniques.
Student must be at least 2.5 years of age.
Skills Acquired:
Level IV: Dolphin
The Dolphin Level is our All-Star Level.This level is for our more advanced students. During this course, students will continue learning professional water skills to apply in shallow and deep water. Significant time will be dedicated to perfecting and refining all competitive stokes including the freestyle, backstroke, breaststroke, and butterfly. Upon completion of the course students should display an increased aptitude for all of the competitive stokes, diving, along with butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, & flip-turns. Ideally this course will allow students to be swim team ready.
Student must be at least 2.5 years of age.
Skills Acquired:
We are available Monday - Thursday 9:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m. via phone.
We are available Monday - Saturday via email.
One of our All-Star representatives will get back with you shortly!