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Wait a minute, home educating because of socialisation? Isn't it usually the other way around? It's true that many people list socialisation as a reason against educating at home, but I think there's a lot to be said for the socialisation that happens outside a traditional school structure. The school structure is very artificial and doesn't reflect the reality of the outside world, since we're rarely, if ever, in age-segregated environments outside of school. When educating at home, however, the children have the opportunity to be around a wide variety of people of different ages, thus learning how to handle those various social environments. Obviously there are opportunities for this for children who are in a traditional school, too, but the opportunities are necessarily a bit more limited since so much of the day is spent at school (or commuting to and from school).
Another aspect of socialisation is the social pressures present in school. I'd not thought about this part quite as much until reading Catholic Education: Homeward Bound – a Useful Guide to Catholic Home Schooling by Kimberley Hahn and Mary Hasson. There were a couple of quotes that stood out to me.
Some of you entered the class shy and insecure. You may have learned to be outgoing. Perhaps you learned to follow the crowd in your own quiet way. However, you may have become painfully shy, feeling more and more left out.
I was the one who was quiet and shy, and school really didn't help that much. It wasn't until later that I became less shy.
Whatever your situation, you learned: best not to stand out – not too smart and not too dumb, not too talented and not too dull, not too talkative and not too shy. If you did well academically, you learned to minimize or hide it – not out of sensitivity to others, trying not to be boastful or arrogant, but because it was a dreadful thing to become the one who was envied.
I can also relate to this some. I was salutatorian in high school. While I was always competitive academically, I was also self-conscious at times when I got better grades than friends, especially because I didn't have to work especially hard to get the good grades. I was proud of my achievements, and yet didn't want to be singled out before the whole class (I was fine with it in academic team settings, though – yes, I'm a geek). My overall point, though, is that I think socialisation can be handled well at home, and that there may even be an advantage at home, depending on how you home educate.


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A.Q.U.A.R.I.U.S by Kaze-HimeWatch
©2005-2019 Kaze-Hime
wind and water .. this is one epic scrap...i wish there were more like these around
that is one epic scrap
is this like for the song Aquarius by Within temptation? Just a thought.
never heard~ sorry!
Oh, well you should check it out on youtube. Just search Aquarius Within Temptation. If you like rock or symphonic metal you'll love this band.
it is actually really pretty so angelic.
KAWAII!!!! It's great!
so cute X3
Why on EARTH is this scrapped??
It's very beautiful and very well done ^^
It's very beautiful and very well done ^^
-is wordliss and stares-
Really really pretty!
~ I think maybe a few darker blues though would help it stand out more
~ I think maybe a few darker blues though would help it stand out more
Its cute!
awww y is it scrapped?? it's so prettyful!!
Amazing. I love the light and the colouring in general.
WHY IS IT SCRAPPED?!?! T_T Noo... *cries*
I really, really adore your drawing style! All of your drawings look amazing, very proffesional. I love how you colored it, and how everything looks so soft. Im guessing you used a photoshop program, but how did you color it exactly? @.@ just layers? sorry for all the questions but if you can, please message me back
You should feel good about yourself, remember, no matter how much your drawings suck (this definitely doesn't in my opinion) it will always be better than my drawing at least.
I'm an Aquarius!!!
Lovely nOn
It makes me feel cool and fesh somehow. XD
Great job! Very pretty. :3
Great job! Very pretty. :3
WOW! im speechless! i found this in cat-craze's favourites. I LOVE IT!
lol!! You should do for all the horoscopes. This is an amazing art piece . Keep it up!!
I love your gallery! I'm also an aqarius, Fantastic detail and colour shading!
that is too cool!
wow!! this is the best thing ever... that would make you the best artist ever
I <3 this pic its just so gorgeous I also love the wings they are just so beautiful and unike I also wanted to know what did you use to color like what program???
Love the blue...tis a very nice piece...wish I could draw like that*envy*
love the lights and shades!....very nice glow!....
really amazing and lovely!!
Oh wow, this is beautiful! Could I use this for an RP on Gaia?
OMG NO WAY, UR THE ONE THT DREW THIS??????? -epicfailure- ive seen this in soo many other places (photobucket ect.) and i loved it soo much (still do* *A* i love ur art
Totally Amazing.........Really
Oooh my zodiac sign. Gorgeous composition.
Pure and relaxing colors ~
Really quite amazing, the picture is so crystal clear, no pun intended
Beautiful, touching...you have a very solid artstyle, I like it. The wings are my favorite part...jsut astounding.
So emotionally... That picture is awesomely perfect!
The coloring,wing things in the backround,crystals,shading... it's so pretty
I like the colour in this drawing (My favourit color is blue)
The coloring,wing things in the backround,crystals,shading... it's so pretty
I like the colour in this drawing (My favourit color is blue)
The blue is what makes it seem so mysterious
I love it, amazing job as always ^^
I love it, amazing job as always ^^
I love the phantom wing effect.
So deep...
Oh, this is so nice and so blue! I realy like it!
This is beautiful~ ^w^
So lovely.. wow~ 0w0

subset: commoncrawl


text:
[Floating Dock on Lake Lyndon B. Johnson]
Description: Photograph of a large dock on Lake Lyndon B. Johnson. There is a sign on the dock, but it is unreadable in the photograph. Two people are walking toward the dock.
Date: unknown
Creator: Dietel, Norman
Item Type: Refine your search to only Photograph
Partner: LBJ Museum of San Marcos


text:
Credit: Amberdawn 2011Do you like M.C. Escher's art? Do you like to trace and color? Do you like patterns and design? If so, try this introduction to creating your own tessellation. A tessellation (or motion geometry) is a repeating pattern, and the resulting designs look complex and busy. However, it's actually easy to get a uniform look when you make a tessellation if you know how. The key is to create a single tile that you can trace over and over. So if you'd like to learn how to make a tessellation, read on!
Credit: Amberdawn 2011For your first tessellation, make it a goal for the end result to simply be an abstract design. Therefore, to create any tessellation, start with a square tile (thick heavy paper like an index card works fine). Draw a line from on corner to an adjacent corner on 2 adjacent sides. For this demonstration, this will be the top and right. Be creative! Your line can have straight edges, or curved like in the example shown. Don't worry about trying to make it look like anything for your first design; with practice you will come to predict what your end result will look like. Cut these pieces out.
(click the pictures for a larger image!)
Credit: Amberdawn 2011To create the simplest type of tessellation, the translation, slide each piece you cut out to its opposite side. Tape the edges together to create this new shape. The reason this will work is because the negative space left over from where you cut makes way for the spot where you attached the pieces you cut.
Trace the tile on a paper that's at least 4 times larger than the tile, depending on how many repetitions you would like. Obviously the more repetitions, the more impressive the design, but it will also be more work to decorate and color in. Notice in the example you will only have a single full figure. The rest will be cut off, so you may want to use a much larger sheet of paper.
Tip: Some people like to draw a grid for a guideline as shown here, then erase it for the final project, but it's not necessary when you're making a tessellation because the edges should automatically line up perfectly if you traced, cut, and tape carefully.
Slide the tile to the left to trace it. Then slide it up as well. Notice that all your figures in the tessellation will all interlock if you did the previous steps correctly. Repeat for to the left and below your original traced figure. Continue tracing the tile you created until the page is filled.
Color as you wish! You may find that after you've created your tile you're saying to yourself, "Hey, it sort of looks like a..." Draw in those added details add life to your artwork.
If you enjoyed this article, and would like me to write future articles on how to do other types of tessellations, please leave a comment. Thank you, and good luck with your project!


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22818 Meridian Ave E
Graham, WA 98338
912 S Park St Carrollton, AL
331 Bankhead Hwy Carrollton, AL
Friendly, know their products, willing to find products not normally carried. Oscar probably best one their always laughs at my jokes. Tiffany typical blond, do not know how she got so intelligent.5
The prices are a little high but the service and selection is good. I go here to buy duck food and the bags are huge. You don't have to put it in your car, there's someone to do that for you.4


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|Departments Home
|District Administration
|Business Services
|Human Resources
|Student Support Services
|Facilities, Construction, M & O
|Food Service
Featured Links
|LCAP Information
|Frequently Asked Questions
|Contact Info
|Community Links
Quick Links
|| Print |
Office of Facilities, Construction, Maintenance & Operations
Brian Holloway
Phone: (209) 632-7514 ext. 1215 Fax: (209) 632-4184
Breann Smith, Administrative Assistant
Phone: (209) 632-7514 ext. 1215 Fax: (209) 632-4184
Nisa Cox, Account Clerk
Phone: (209) 632-7514 ext. 1200 Fax: (209) 632-4184
Use of District Facilities
If you are an outside organization and would like to use one of the facilities in the Denair Unified School District:
1. Review the Board Policy below. A fees schedule is included in the Board Policy.
2. Contact Administrative Assistant, to determine if the facility is available.
3. Print, complete and sign the Use of Facility form below. *Forms are also available at the district office.
4. Mail, fax, or deliver the completed and signed application to the district office for approval.
Click here to view the Facilities Calendar.
Bond Oversight Committee Members
Denise Hurd
Travis Lake
Duane Larson
Rusty Wynn
You may need Adobe's Acrobat Reader to view these files.
Click here to get Adobe Acrobat Reader .


text:
Https Www Airbnb Com Rooms
Https Www Airbnb Com Rooms is free HD wallpaper. This wallpaper was upload at January 23, 2019 upload by admin in .You can download it in your computer by clicking resolution image in Download by size:. Don't forget to rate and comment if you interest with this wallpaper.
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Beehively is an education-focused technology firm based in Davis, CA. Since 2007 we've provided private elementary schools throughout Northern California with a rich suite of web services and technology guidance including public websites, content management systems, and most recently implementing One-to-One programs. We also consult with private high schools and elementary schools, non-profits and county school offices for technology planning and website redesign.
As part of our One-to-One program, Beehively provides specialized expertise in supporting technology and cloud services at schools. Schools engage us as a one-stop-shop for technology products, support and equipment, including network, wifi, security and end-user devices such as tablets, pads and laptops.
We offer employees the opportunity to work with industry pioneers, the latest in technology, and a culture where they can make a considerable impact in the world of education.


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Until 1971, Choctaws were not allowed to elect their own tribal leaders. Chiefs were appointed by the President of the United States. After the ratification of the Indian Self Determination and Education Assistance Act, Choctaws were allowed to have their own tribal Constitution to govern these matters. With this came the responsibility and privilege of voting.
Our initiative is to increase voter participation and promote election process transparency. To align with our goals, we strive to maintain accurate voter records for all eligible members in preparation for Tribal Elections and maintain communication with voters through a dedicated staff. It is our intent to provide every opportunity for our Tribal Members to vote and have a voice in the Choctaw Nation.
Voter Registration
The Choctaw Nation Voter Registration Department will continue to register and update voters through Election Day so that all Choctaws have the opportunity to vote.
In order to become a voter, a person must be 18 years of age by Election Day, an enrolled tribal member with the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma, and be registered to vote using the Voter Registration Form. No enrolled member of another tribe or person who votes as a citizen or member of another tribe will be eligible to vote in Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma elections. Eligible tribal members may submit a Voter Registration Form directly to the Voter Registration Department or complete the form at any open voting location during the early voting period or Election Day.
The Voter Registration Form must be fully completed, with emphasis in the following areas:
- A physical location is provided such as a street address or 911 Address. In some cases, further information such as written directions from the nearest city/town or major highway is needed to determine physical location. A rural route (RR), highway contract (HC), or post office box (POB) is not acceptable. The physical location is used to determine district affiliation.
- The mailing address, if different than physical, is provided. This is the address where the initial ballot will be mailed.
- The signature of the voter is required.
To check your voter status, contact the Choctaw Nation Voter Registration office at (800) 522-6170 or (580) 924-8280 or by email at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Contact Information
Voter Registration Department is located at 1802 Chukka Hina, Durant, Oklahoma.
Phone: (580) 924-8280 or 1 (800) 522-6170
- Click here for Voter Registration Form
- Informational Community Presentations
- Request to Cancel Voter Registration


text:
Two years after the end of the recession, the unemployment
- Benedict Melvin Wilkinson
- 3 years ago
- Views:
1 Would Active Labor Market Policies Help Combat High U.S. Unemployment? By Jun Nie and Ethan Struby Two years after the end of the recession, the unemployment rate in the United States remains above 9 percent roughly double its pre-recession level. This elevated level of unemployment has a cyclical and a structural component. The cyclical component reflects weakness in the demand for goods and services, which makes employers reluctant to expand their payrolls. By contrast, the structural component reflects potential mismatches in the labor market. These mismatches may include the types of jobs being created versus the skills of unemployed workers, and locations of new jobs relative to unemployed workers. Because their causes are different, addressing structural problems in the labor market requires strategies that are different from those that address cyclical problems. U.S. labor market policies historically have focused on providing unemployment insurance during downturns. These programs have provided financial support for unemployed workers on the premise that the cyclical downturns would prove to be temporary. Because these programs do not directly help workers find jobs, they are called passive labor market policies. Jun Nie is an economist at the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City. Ethan Struby is a research associate at the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City. This article is on the bank s website at 35
2 36 FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF KANSAS CITY By contrast, active labor market policies seek to increase the probability that unemployed workers will find jobs through more direct approaches, such as training and job-search assistance for unemployed workers, and incentives to employers for expanding their workforces. In a number of foreign countries, these policies have been used extensively to combat structural unemployment. Would active labor market policies be an effective tool to help combat high unemployment in the United States? This article examines the experiences of a sample of countries in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) that have a history of using active labor market policies. The analysis finds that two types of active programs can be particularly effective: training programs that equip unemployed workers with skills in demand and job-search assistance that matches unemployed workers with employers. Beyond these two program types, there is little evidence that other active programs (such as employment incentives and direct job creation) reduce unemployment significantly. These findings together with evidence that the U.S. labor market currently suffers from a certain amount of structural unemployment suggest that the United States could benefit from more training programs and job-search assistance. The first section describes the passive and active labor market policies used in OECD countries. The second section uses cross-country data to estimate the ability of active labor market policies to reduce unemployment. The third section discusses the implications for the United States. I. LABOR MARKET POLICIES IN OECD COUNTRIES Many OECD countries previously have confronted stubbornly high unemployment, even during periods of economic growth. In Europe, the phenomenon was so prevalent that it was called eurosclerosis. Partly as a result of these historical experiences, OECD countries have instituted different labor market policies to help deal with persistent unemployment. Economists typically divide labor market policies into passive and active policies. The policies differ in their approach to supporting unemployed workers and the conditions under which they are likely to be
3 ECONOMIC REVIEW THIRD QUARTER most effective. This section reviews the various passive and active labor market policies and describes some of their benefits and drawbacks. Passive labor market policies Unemployment benefits and early retirement benefits comprise the bulk of passive labor market policies (PLMP) in use across OECD countries (Chart 1). Unemployment benefits are intended to provide income support for workers who are experiencing a period of joblessness or involuntary work reduction. The most common unemployment benefit is unemployment insurance (UI), which is payable to unemployed workers with some kind of work history and who satisfy other criteria. A second type of unemployment benefit is unemployment assistance (UA). UA applies to workers who, for some reason, do not meet the criteria for UI or have exceeded the maximum duration of UI benefits. UA tends to be less generous than UI and normally is means tested. 1 Unemployment benefits also may take the form of partial or part-time benefits, which apply to workers who have had their working hours reduced. Early retirement programs assist workers near retirement age who are out of work and unlikely to find new work. These programs provide assistance until the workers reach the normal retirement age. They are distinct from other retirement programs, including pensions and Social Security or its equivalent, for which many older workers are eligible. 2 One example is the Finnish unemployment pension system. Unemployed workers in Finland who were born before 1950 and are between the ages of 60 and 64 are eligible for an unemployment pension. They must have worked for at least five years during the previous 15 years and reached the maximum duration of unemployment allowance of 500 days before age 60. These unemployment pensions are automatically converted to a universal social insurance benefit once the worker reaches the official retirement age of 65. Other types of passive policies are designed to help maintain workers income after a change or disruption in their employers activities, but these expenditures are less than 2 percent of the total spending on passive policies. 3 The ability of passive policies to combat high unemployment rates is unclear. The goal of passive policies is to provide temporary financial
4 38 FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF KANSAS CITY Chart 1 PASSIVE LABOR MARKET POLICY SPENDING BY CATEGORY, OECD AVERAGE Early Retirement (13.4%) Other (1.6%) Unemployment Benefits (85.0%) Source: OECD support for unemployed workers and their families. Because workers who receive unemployment benefits may not have many other income sources, economists believe recipients spend most of these benefits. In this sense, unemployment benefits are a stabilizer for the economy, as they provide automatic countercyclical fiscal policy in downturns and cushion declines in aggregate demand (Blinder). In addition, generous unemployment benefits may improve the quality of matches among unemployed workers and employers. Such benefits enable workers to take more time in their job search rather than accept the first position they can find (Acemoglu and Shimer). Aside from increasing workers productivity, better matches potentially reduce the possibility that workers will be terminated and rejoin the unemployed. On the negative side, generous unemployment benefits may discourage the unemployed from actively looking for jobs, therefore potentially increasing unemployment durations (Summers; Ljungqvist and Sargent). In turn, workers who suffer long unemployment periods may have a lower probability of returning to employment (Meyer; Hornstein and Lubik). Although the negative effects of unemployment benefits on job seeking exist whether the economy is expanding or
5 ECONOMIC REVIEW THIRD QUARTER contracting, they are mitigated when the economy is booming: When jobs are readily available, the disincentive effects from unemployment benefits will be offset by strong labor demand. Active labor market policies In contrast to passive policies, the focus of active labor market policies (ALMP) is to increase the employability of unemployed workers. Generally, ALMP fall into six categories: training programs, job-search assistance, employment incentives, supported employment, direct job creation, and other policies (Chart 2). Training programs primarily focus on vocational training for the unemployed or those who are at risk of losing their jobs. Training programs provide workers with specific skills that are in demand to smooth the transition to new employment. For example, the German government operates extensive training programs that include several types of interventions. These include so-called further training, aimed at technical development and advancing the careers of trainees, as well as retraining programs that support up to two years of education toward a new vocational education degree or certification. Training may also include grants to firms for general staff training and incentives to employers to recruit apprentices or train workers from targeted groups. Training programs make up the largest share of ALMP spending. Job-search assistance includes programs intended to connect employers to the unemployed more efficiently than they might have matched up otherwise. It includes referrals to available jobs or training, job brokerage services for employers, and financial assistance to help pay for the costs of a job search or relocation to take a job. Employment incentives are temporary payments to facilitate the transition of the unemployed into jobs. These include employer subsidies to hire new employees, as well as targeted bonuses paid to individuals for taking a job. Employment incentives also may include payments to employers to facilitate continued employment during restructuring. Supported employment includes subsidies for employing workers with a reduced capacity to work, as well as vocational rehabilitation or training for workers to prepare them to move to nonsupported work.
6 40 FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF KANSAS CITY Chart 2 ACTIVE LABOR MARKET POLICY SPENDING BY CATEGORY, OECD AVERAGE, Other Policies (19.8%) Job-Search Assistance (10.7%) Direct Job Creation (10.4%) Training Programs (27.9%) Supported Employment (15.1%) Employment Incentives (16.1%) Source: OECD Direct job creation includes programs that create temporary, nonmarket jobs that would not have existed without the policy. These jobs often are in the public or nonprofit sector and are targeted at long-term unemployed or groups that are difficult to place in other types of jobs. An example is France s Jobs for Young People program, which subsidizes fixed-term contracts for young people in government, nonprofit civil organizations, and private organizations that manage public services. Other policies are quite diverse. They include start-up incentives to encourage entrepreneurship among the unemployed, which were introduced in 2003 in Germany as part of the Hartz reforms. 4 They also include a variety of other spending, such as administration expenses associated with labor market programs that are included in other categories. By design, active labor market policies aim to increase the employability of jobless workers and reduce unemployment, regardless of whether the economy is in an upturn or a downturn. In practice, however, the effectiveness of active policies may vary with the business
7 ECONOMIC REVIEW THIRD QUARTER Chart 3 RELATIVE LABOR MARKET POLICY SPENDING, Denmark Sweden Belgium Netherlands France Germany Finland Spain Norway Switzerland Italy Portugal Austria Luxembourg Poland Hungary Greece Slovak Republic United States Czech Republic United Kingdom ALMP PLMP Spending as a percentage of GDP Note: The bars represent the average annual labor market policy spending as a percentage of GDP between 1998 and 2008, divided into active and passive policy spending, for the 20 OECD countries studied in this article plus the United States. Source: OECD cycle. This variation occurs because the largest categories of active policies such as training and job-search assistance are meant to improve the quality and efficiency of matching the unemployed (labor supply) with employers (labor demand). Therefore, if labor demand is weak and few jobs are available, active policies may be less effective. 5 The use of passive and active policies in different countries The level of spending on labor market policies differs widely across OECD countries. Between 1998 and 2008 in 21 OECD countries, total expenditures on passive and active labor market policies as a fraction of GDP ranged from about 4 percent in Denmark to 0.25 percent in the United Kingdom (Chart 3). The United States is near the bottom of this list, spending slightly less than 0.5 percent of GDP on labor market policies during this time. In addition, the fraction of spending on active versus passive policies differs across countries. Outside the United States, the average country in Chart 3 devoted 59 percent of labor market policy expenditures to PLMP and 41 percent to ALMP. In the United States, how-
8 42 FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF KANSAS CITY ever, 70 percent of expenditures went to PLMP and 30 percent went to ALMP. Another common method to measure spending on labor market policies is to consider expenditures per unemployed worker as a percentage of GDP per capita. 6 This measure adjusts for differences across countries in unemployment rates and the size of the economy. Between 1998 and 2008, average expenditures on PLMP in the United States on each unemployed worker were about 12 percent of GDP per capita, while the average level for the 20 other OECD countries in Chart 3 was about 25 percent of GDP per capita. The U.S. expenditures on ALMP were even less: Over the same period, expenditures on ALMP per unemployed worker in the United States were about 5 percent of GDP per capita, while the average spending per unemployed worker for the 20 other OECD countries was approximately 19 percent of GDP per capita. How large were the effects of these different uses of ALMP on unemployment? Does the form of ALMP spending matter in terms of its effect on the unemployment rate? The next section provides a more formal analysis to answer these questions. II. HOW EFFECTIVE ARE ACTIVE LABOR MARKET POLICIES IN REDUCING UNEMPLOYMENT? The effectiveness of active labor market policies in reducing the unemployment rate can be quantified by examining the experiences of different OECD countries that have used a variety of labor market policies over multiple years. In particular, panel regressions can uncover the relationship between the key variable of interest the unemployment rate and the factors that may influence this variable, such as different labor market policies and other relevant variables. This exercise provides estimates of the overall effectiveness of ALMP in reducing unemployment and the effectiveness of individual ALMP categories, such as training programs, job-search assistance, employment incentives, and others. A nation s unemployment rate is influenced by many factors, and labor market policies comprise only one such factor. Properly measuring the impact of these policies on unemployment rates requires carefully controlling for other factors. For example, in addition to active and passive labor market policies, countries may have varied unemploy-
9 ECONOMIC REVIEW THIRD QUARTER ment rates because they differ in certain institutional features, such as the degree of employment protection or the extent of unionization. Tax policies also influence unemployment rates through the so-called labor tax wedge between the employer s labor cost and the corresponding net take-home pay of the employee. 7 The business cycle plays an important role in determining the unemployment rate. When the economy is booming, the unemployment rate tends to be low even if few resources are devoted to labor market policies. In a recession, the unemployment rate usually will be high even if labor market policies are used more intensively. Models that ignore changes in aggregate conditions will inaccurately estimate the effects of labor market policies. Thus, the output gap the difference between the actual level of output and the level of output associated with a stable inflation rate is included as an explanatory variable to summarize conditions in the aggregate economy. 8 Although all the factors mentioned above usually vary over time, time-invariant and country-specific factors (such as culture, geography, and political systems) also may cause unemployment rates to differ across countries. Thus, the models also include a fixed-effect component. 9 The ideal data for estimating the effect of labor market policies on unemployment would be a series of observations of different unemployment rates associated with different policies and institutional measures. Unfortunately, policies and institutional features do not change frequently within a given country. Therefore, this article explores the annual cross-country experiences in a sample of 20 OECD countries that engaged in ALMP over the period Overall, active labor market policies tend to reduce the unemployment rate (Table 1, column 1). The regression results show that an increase in spending on active labor market policies of 1 percent typically reduces the unemployment rate by 0.11 percentage point. To put this statistic in perspective, the average level of ALMP expenditures per unemployed worker is 19 percent of GDP per capita across OECD countries in the sample. Increasing this spending to 20 percent of GDP per capita which would require an additional $274 of spending per unemployed person in 2011 dollars would reduce unemployment by 0.11 percentage point. 11
10 44 FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF KANSAS CITY Table 1 EFFECTS OF LABOR MARKET POLICIES ON UNEMPLOYMENT Explanatory Variable Specifications Labor Force Participation Rate 0.15* 0.20** 0.26** (0.09) (0.90) (0.10) Union Density 0.30** 0.35** 0.31** (0.05) (0.07) (0.09) Employment Protection (0.99) (1.12) (1.67) Tax Wedge 0.20* ** (0.11) (0.12) (0.16) Output Gap -0.42** -0.42** -0.42** PLMP 0.01 (0.07) (0.08) (0.08) (0.03) Initial Unemployment Benefit Replacement Ratio (0.04) (0.04) Unemployment Benefit Duration 4.82** 7.59** ALMP -0.11** -0.11** (0.03) (0.02) (1.85) (3.24) Job-Search Assistance -0.31* (0.17) Employment Incentives (0.13) Supported Employment (0.11) Training -0.20** (0.07) Direct Job Creation 0.27* (0.14) Other Policies -0.30** Observations (N) (0.13) Overall R-squared Notes: Standard errors indicated in parentheses. * Indicates significant at 90 percent level. ** Indicates significant at 95 percent level. Labor market policies are defined as spending per unemployed worker as a percentage of GDP per capita. This table reports the regression results for the three different specifications considered in this article. Specification 1 examines the aggregate effects of ALMP and PLMP on the unemployment rate. Specification 2 examines the effects of unemployment benefits on the unemployment rate. Specification 3 breaks down ALMP into six categories as defined in Section I. See the text and Appendix B for more details of different model specifications.
11 ECONOMIC REVIEW THIRD QUARTER By contrast, passive labor market policies typically do not reduce the unemployment rate. The empirical results suggest that if PLMP expenditures per unemployed worker increase by 1 percent of GDP per capita, from the OECD average of 25 percent to 26 percent, the unemployment rate would increase by 0.01 percentage point. This result suggests that more PLMP spending may not help reduce unemployment and may even increase the unemployment rate, though the point estimate is not statistically different from zero. As the literature studying UI benefits suggests, when provided with more generous benefits, unemployed workers will have less incentive to look for jobs and will be more reluctant to accept lower income jobs (Ljungqvist and Sargent). Both of these factors may lead to an increase in the unemployment rate. To pursue this idea further, column 2 of Table 1 separates PLMP expenditures into two common measures: the duration of unemployment benefits and the ratio of unemployment benefits to the past wage, also called the replacement ratio. The estimates show that, if the maximum unemployment-benefit duration increases by one year, the unemployment rate increases by about 0.29 percent. 12 Similarly, increasing the replacement ratio also increases the unemployment rate, but again the associated effect is economically small and not statistically significant. Several other variables have significant effects on the unemployment rate. For example, an increase in the labor force participation rate typically increases the unemployment rate. Wider union coverage is associated with a higher unemployment rate, possibly because unionization pushes up labor costs. Similarly, a larger labor tax wedge increases the unemployment rate because it raises labor costs for employers and thus reduces the demand for labor. Finally, the output gap is always negatively correlated with the unemployment rate. Although active policies are effective overall in reducing unemployment rates, certain policies may be better than others. To assess this possibility, the model is rerun after breaking down spending among active policies into the commonly defined categories (Table 1, column 3). The regression results suggest that two ALMP categories appear to be especially helpful in reducing unemployment rates: training
12 46 FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF KANSAS CITY and job-search assistance. 13 Increasing the expenditures per unemployed worker on these two active policies by 1 percent of GDP per capita is estimated to reduce the unemployment rate by 0.20 percentage point and 0.31 percentage point, respectively. 14 However, the mechanisms through which these two policies help reduce the unemployment rate are very different. Training is designed to improve the employability of unemployed workers by enhancing their skills, while job-search assistance tries to make it easier to match the unemployed with employers. The results for other types of active programs are mixed. Although the regression results suggest that the other policies category can reduce the unemployment rate, it is difficult to understand the mechanism through which this category works because the expenditures for this group mainly are devoted to benefits administration, which is not considered to be a typical tool of ALMP. 15 Although programs such as employment incentives and supported employment appear to reduce the unemployment rate as well, their effects are not statistically significant. Finally, the regressions suggest one counterintuitive finding. In the sample of OECD countries, higher spending on direct job-creation programs tends to be associated with a higher rate of unemployment. How can increased spending on direct job creation result in fewer jobs and hence higher unemployment? The answer lies in the discrepancy between spending on direct job-creation programs and the number of jobs actually created by that spending also known as the stock of participants in direct job-creation programs. Direct job-creation programs typically target certain unemployed workers who have specific difficulties in acquiring jobs. As such, increased spending on these programs often reflects higher costs of putting participants to work, rather than more jobs being created by that spending. 16 The cost-effectiveness of active labor market policies Although some types of active policies appear to be more effective than others in reducing unemployment rates, there is concern about whether these policies are cost-effective. Between the costs associated with supporting aging populations and the fiscal ramifications of the
13 ECONOMIC REVIEW THIRD QUARTER recent financial crisis, many OECD countries face high levels of government debt. As a result, ensuring that active policies are an effective use of government spending is crucial. To address these concerns, this section considers the cost-effectiveness of ALMP. The cost-effectiveness analysis focuses on added economic value from ALMP, measured by increased GDP. In the simplest setting, if spending one extra dollar on active policies tends to increase GDP by more than one dollar, the policy passes the cost-effectiveness test. 17 Following this spirit, the cost-effectiveness analysis compares the total cost of increasing ALMP expenditures per unemployed worker by 1 percent of GDP per capita with the increased GDP that is attributable to that policy. If the benefit of a particular type of active policy is greater than the cost, it is considered cost-effective. To provide a comprehensive comparison, the cost-effectiveness analysis considers both active policies that have a significant association with reduced unemployment rates (overall ALMP, training, and job-search assistance) as well as the categories that tend to reduce the unemployment rate but whose effects are not statistically significant (employment incentives and supported employment programs). To calculate the change in GDP from increased use of ALMP, three estimates are needed. The first is the effect of the active policy on the unemployment rate. The regression in the previous subsection provides this estimate: it measures the change in the unemployment rate from a 1 percent change in ALMP spending. For example, column 1 of Table 1 shows that increasing overall ALMP spending by 1 percent is associated with a 0.11 percentage point decline in the unemployment rate. The second translates the change in ALMP spending into GDP terms, which is necessary because the regression uses spending per unemployed worker as a fraction of GDP per capita. Continuing the example, increasing ALMP spending per unemployed by 1 percent of GDP per capita cost 0.04 percent of GDP on average for the countries in the sample, or about $230 million (in 2011 dollars). 18 The third estimate needed for the analysis is the effect of the change in the unemployment rate on GDP. 19 Two different ways to measure the impact of a change in unemployment on GDP are considered, giving rise to two cost-effectiveness approaches. The first approach uses Okun s law to determine the extent to which GDP varies with the change in
14 48 FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF KANSAS CITY Table 2 COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS, OKUN S LAW Row Policy Change in unemployment, percentage points Cost, as a percentage of GDP Increase in GDP, percent Cost-Effective? 1. ALMP Yes 2. Training Yes Job-Search Assistance Employment Incentives Yes Yes 5. Supported Employment Yes Notes: As explained in Approach 1, the estimate of Okun s law is used in calculating the change in GDP. The Okun s law relationship is estimated for all countries over the sample period. The explanation of ALMP categories is found in Section I. The cost in terms of GDP represents the cost of increasing expenditures per unemployed worker on each policy by 1 percent of GDP per capita. the unemployment rate. 20 The second approach directly calculates the change in GDP after making certain assumptions about changes in the labor force and workers productivity. 21 Despite their differences, both approaches find that active labor market policies are overall cost-effective in reducing the unemployment rate. Table 2 presents the results based on Okun s law. A 1 percent increase in total ALMP spending reduces the unemployment rate by 0.11 percentage point (row 1). The cost of increasing ALMP spending is 0.04 percent. However, the decrease in unemployment associated with increasing total ALMP spending results in a 0.09 percent increase in GDP. Because the increase in GDP is larger than the cost, the policy is cost-effective. In general, the Okun s law approach finds that most active policies are cost-effective. This includes the two policies that were found to have a significant association with reduced unemployment rates training and job-search assistance as well as employment incentives and supported employment. Table 3 presents the results from varying the productivity of the newly employed. Once again, overall ALMP spending is cost-effective
15 ECONOMIC REVIEW THIRD QUARTER Table 3 COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS, VARYING LABOR FORCE AND PRODUCTIVITY Row Policy Change in unemployment, percentage points Cost, as a percentage of GDP Assumptions: no change in the labor force, newly employed workers are as productive as previously employed workers Increase in GDP, percent Cost- Effective? Assumptions: no change in the labor force, newly employed workers are half as productive as previously employed workers Increase in GDP, percent Cost- Effective? 1. ALMP Yes 0.06 Yes 2. Training Yes 0.11 No 3. Job-Search Assistance 4. Employment Incentives 5. Supported Employment Yes 0.17 Yes Yes 0.08 Yes Yes 0.02 No Notes: The change in unemployment is based on Approach 2 as explained in Appendix C. The cost in terms of GDP represents the cost of increasing expenditures per unemployed worker on each policy by 1 percent of GDP per capita. (row 1). This is true whether the newly employed workers are equally productive relative to previously employed workers (in which case GDP increases by 0.12 percent) or half as productive (in which case GDP increases by 0.06 percent). Notably, the results from Table 3 show the importance of productivity in assessing the cost-effectiveness of various types of active policies. Intuitively, adding less-productive workers to the ranks of the employed contributes less to GDP. Whether a program can pass the cost-effectiveness test thus depends both on how much it increases employment and the productivity of those workers. If the newly employed are unskilled relative to existing workers or their skills do not match their new jobs, the program may reduce the unemployment rate, but the increased value in terms of GDP cannot cover the expenditures associated with the program. 22 If the productivity of newly employed workers is low, the active labor market policies studied in this article could fail the cost-effectiveness test. From this point of view, programs that either can improve the productivity of unemployed workers or
16 50 FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF KANSAS CITY can better match the skills of unemployed workers with related jobs are more likely to be cost-effective. 23 Training programs and supported employment programs are most affected by the productivity of the hires they create. If newly employed workers are just as productive as previously employed workers, then training and supported employment programs are cost-effective (Table 3, rows 2 and 5, respectively). However, the programs are not cost-effective if the newly employed are only half as productive as the previously employed. III. WOULD ACTIVE LABOR MARKET POLICIES HELP REDUCE UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES? The U.S. unemployment rate rose dramatically during the recession. After peaking at 10.1 percent in October 2009, the unemployment rate has remained about 9 percent two years after the official end of the recession (Chart 4). Further illustrating the weakness in the labor market, more than 40 percent of the unemployed have been out of work for at least 27 weeks. A number of factors have contributed to this persistently elevated unemployment in the United States. First and most importantly, weak demand in the U.S. economy has contributed to high unemployment (for example, Kocherlakota). Firms facing little growth in demand for their goods and services have no need to expand production and hire more workers, or they may be able to expand production slightly through productivity gains. This lack of demand leads to few job openings, slow hiring, and high unemployment. Second, mismatch in the labor market also may be contributing to the weak job market. One estimate suggests that mismatch across industries and occupations accounts for 0.8 percentage point to 1.4 percentage points of the recent rise in the unemployment rate (Şahin and others). 24 This mismatch occurs because the recession affected different sectors of the economy differently. For example, many workers in the construction sector lost their jobs during the recession. However, in the recovery, more jobs have been created in education and health services than in construction. Therefore, one problem for construction workers who lost their jobs is that their skills may not match the skills demanded by industries adding new jobs. Third, the depressed housing market may contribute to the high unemployment rate because it reduces the mobility of the unemployed.
17 ECONOMIC REVIEW THIRD QUARTER Chart 4 UNEMPLOYMENT STATISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES Unemployment Rate, Overall (left axis) Long-Term Share of Unemployed (right axis) Jan-89 Jan-91 Jan-93 Jan-95 Jan-97 Jan-99 Jan-01 Jan-03 Jan-05 Jan-07 Jan-09 Jan-11 Notes: Shading indicates a recession as determined by the National Bureau of Economic Research. The long-term share of unemployed measures the percentage of unemployed workers who have been out of work for at least 27 weeks. Source: BLS Unemployed workers may be unable to sell their houses and move to an area with more promising employment prospects a situation economists have termed house lock (Estevão and Tsounta). Because the recession and recovery have affected various regions of the country unevenly, reduced household mobility may be an impediment to unemployed workers being able to take advantage of relatively stronger growth in other areas of the country. 25 Fourth, extensions of UI benefits in the last few years also may have increased the unemployment rate. As discussed earlier, extended UI benefits may reduce the incentives for unemployed workers to search actively for jobs or to take low-wage jobs they might have taken without the extended benefits. The extensions of UI benefits during and following the recession appear to have increased the U.S. unemployment rate by 0.8 percentage point to 1.7 percentage points (Fujita; Valletta and Kuang). 26 Solving these problems in the U.S. labor market requires diverse strategies, and clearly there are no simple solutions. Nevertheless, active labor market policies especially training and job-search assistance may hold some promise for helping reduce skill and geographic
18 52 FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF KANSAS CITY mismatch in the labor market. The previous section found that these policies have been a cost-effective way to help combat unemployment in other OECD countries. Moreover, the United States has spent much less on ALMP than most other OECD countries, suggesting that there is scope for further programs. Thus, it is useful to apply the analysis of ALMP to the U.S. economy to provide some preliminary evidence on how active policies could help reduce the U.S. unemployment rate. For example, one interesting question is: How much would the United States have to spend on active labor market policies to reduce the unemployment rate by 1 percentage point, say, from 9 percent to 8 percent? To answer this question, Table 4 provides the estimated costs associated with using different programs to achieve this goal. The estimated amount the United States would have to spend using overall ALMP to help reduce the unemployment rate by 1 percentage point is about $79.5 billion (in 2011 dollars). 27 If the United States were to focus only on training programs, the costs would be $43.7 billion. On the other hand, it would cost $28.7 billion if the government only used job-search assistance to reduce the unemployment rate by the same amount. Based on the results in the previous section, such spending should also be cost-effective if the productivity of the newly employed workers is high enough. Reducing unemployment by 1 percentage point using employment incentives or supported employment would cost more $56.8 billion and $191.8 billion, respectively. This significantly larger spending mainly reflects the much smaller estimates of the effects of these types of spending on unemployment (Table 1, column 3). 28 These results should be read cautiously for several reasons. First, the spending amounts reported are not sufficient to reduce the unemployment rate on their own. In particular, as discussed in previous sections, training programs and job-search assistance mainly help the unemployed gain needed skills for new jobs or help them find new jobs more efficiently. In this sense, spending on these programs can help reduce the unemployment rate if sufficient jobs already exist in the economy. If there are not enough jobs available, however, the effects of increasing spending on training programs and job-search assistance may be much smaller. Second, the statistical analysis in this article is based on estimates from 20 OECD countries excluding the United States. The U.S. la-
19 ECONOMIC REVIEW THIRD QUARTER Table 4 ESTIMATED COSTS OF REDUCING U.S. UNEMPLOYMENT Policy Cost of reducing U.S. unemployment rate from 9 percent to 8 percent, billions of 2011 dollars ALMP 79.5 Training 43.7 Job-Search Assistance 28.7 Employment Incentives 56.8 Supported Employment Note: Costs in 2011 dollars, adjusted using the GDP deflator for the 2011 Q1 third release. bor market differs from other OECD countries in many respects. For example, economists have noted important differences between the United States and other OECD countries in terms of the degree of employment protection, unionization, tax wedges, the labor force participation rate, the generosity of unemployment benefits, and other labor market institutions. Although many of these differences have been taken into account in the analysis, no model can perfectly capture all differences. It is possible there are factors not taken into account that limit the applicability of the results of Section II for the United States. Third, the models in this article are relatively simple. They characterize linear relationships between unemployment and labor market policies. They are also static, focusing on the effects of labor market policies on unemployment within the same period. Although these techniques are common in policy evaluation and are relatively easy to understand and interpret, they may not capture the dynamic and nonlinear effects of ALMP on unemployment. Fourth, properly designing ALMP for the United States may be challenging. Although certain active policies can reduce the aggregate unemployment rate on average, particular labor market policies may have a wide range of effects on the employment probabilities and earning prospects of individuals (Heckman and others). In addition, effective ALMP must be designed to fit the specific structure of a country s labor market. Thus, directly copying from the models of other countries may not be appropriate or helpful. Finally, the impact of the use of ALMP on the government budget also should be taken into account because these policies mainly rely on
20 54 FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF KANSAS CITY public funds. In the long run, ALMP may help reduce unemployment, increase GDP, and thus potentially increase tax revenues. However, it takes time for active policies to reduce unemployment, and thus the spending on these programs may increase the government s fiscal deficit in the short run. In considering whether to implement ALMP, it also is wise to compare the trade-offs of spending on ALMP with other policies that have the potential to reduce unemployment by boosting weak demand. Nevertheless, the results in this article suggest that the United States may benefit from investing more in ALMP or by combining passive and active labor market policies as other countries have to hasten a decline in the unemployment rate as the economic recovery proceeds. IV. CONCLUSIONS This article uses data from 20 OECD countries during to study the effects of active labor market policies on unemployment and whether these policies also are cost-effective. The analysis finds that overall active labor market policies are cost-effective in reducing unemployment. Within major categories of active policies, training programs that help the unemployed gain the skills needed in the labor market and job-search assistance that improves the efficiency with which workers are matched with employers are especially useful in reducing unemployment rates. These findings, together with the evidence from some recent studies that the level of structural unemployment has risen in the United States, suggest that using more training programs and job-search assistance may be helpful in reducing the high unemployment rate in the United States.
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Yep - that's me right side of picture.
I'm the middle daugther, but we won't go there in this post.
I have so many memories of my sisters. We are normal ... we remind each other of shared events. The two younger were in our oldest sister's wedding 45 years ago, and both of them were in mine, 43 years ago. I'm telling you we were close.
We had girlfriends who were sisters (4 of them) and all but one was deaf. We all 3 learned sign language and the 7 of us ran together middle school and early high school, and drove people crazy with our antics.
We dated and argued over some of the same guys. I had gym class in Junior High with my younger sister's husband - we had to do ballroom dancing in gym with each other, clueless he'd be my brother-in-law one day. So many memories fresh on my mind this holiday. My older sister met her husband on her first job out of High School, she was hired to be his secretary, but soon was dating him, and 6 months later planning a wedding. He died a few days after their 43rd wedding anniversary. That was 2 years ago.
Now my younger sister and I are headed to a wedding. She has fallen in love with a wonderful widower who has proposed. My husband will preach the ceremony and we'll pray for a wonderful life together. Both bride and groom have walked in grief for more than the 2 years, as they both lost spouses to cancer, long sad illnesses. They talk about their future, knowing they each have a loved one from their recent past in mind at all times. It's wonderful to know they laugh together, share fond memories, cry together and share scriptures for strength.
I'm gaining a brother-in-law, a married nephew with 3 children, and a married niece. In a few short days our family grows by 8 people and I cannot wait to meet them.
She is in the middle in this picture, she is in 2nd grade walking me, 1st grade and our baby sister, Kindergarten, to school, the first day, September '54. Now we will symbolically stand on either side of her as she walks this new road, a widow, marrying a widower ... but never forgetting the 43 years with her hubby, or their children and grandchildren.


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EC Mergers & Acquisitions, founded in 1992, is an independent investment banking firm specializing in mergers, acquisitions, private company sales and corporate divestitures. With highly skilled professionals in New York, Chicago, London, Frankfurt, Paris, Hong Kong and Prague, we help clients facilitate transactions anywhere in Europe, North America, South America and Asia.
EC Mergers & Acquisitions helps global multinationals, prominent mid-sized companies and leading private equity firms to build and reposition their businesses through mergers and acquisitions, business sales / divestitures and strategic alliances. With a seasoned team of highly skilled professionals from leading global investment banks, we offer world-class M&A advice and a proven track record of successfully originating, negotiating, structuring and closing complex transactions.
EC Mergers & Acquisitions' focus is on middle market transactions typically in the $25 million to $500 million valuation range. Our client base and firm references include many of the most prominent corporations in the world. These clients choose EC Mergers & Acquisitions because of our highly professional transaction management, unique industry experience, ability to manage assignments globally, and success in completing acquisition and company sale projects rapidly, discreetly and on the most attractive financial terms. Because we consistently deliver excellent results for our clients, we are usually awarded repeat assignments and many of our current customers have been with us since EC Mergers & Acquisitions' founding.
EC Mergers & Acquisitions offers world-class advice on the strategic and financial aspects of mergers and acquisitions, and proven expertise in originating, negotiating, structuring and completing complex transactions in and between Europe, North America, South America and Asia.
EC Mergers & Acquisitions professionally and confidentially manages the sale of independent companies as well as non-core business units for corporate clients. EC Mergers & Acquisitions is known for its ability to attract the most strategically motivated buyers, on a global basis, thereby maximizing value for the businesses it represents


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At a glance
Scenic Location
The hotel sits between The Twelve Apostles majestic mountains and the rolling waves of the Atlantic.
Local Attractions
Only a few minutes from the hotel is the Famous Cape Town, also ideally located for theatres, art galleries, shops and restaurants
Hotel Spa
Recently named Leading Spa Resort in Africa the spa offers a fantastic range of facilities including; heated infinity pool, hot and cold plunge pools and a hydrotherapy bath
Spa & Leisure
A luxurious five-star property poised above the Atlantic Ocean and flanked by the majestic Table Mountain and her Twelve Apostles mountain range, the five-star Twelve Apostles Hotel and Spa is one of South Africa's finest.
Nature brings with it life and beauty and at The Spa at The Twelve Apostles, one of only three Leading Spas in South Africa,they have embraced the healing energies of earth, air and water to rejuvenate the mind, body and soul.
Sublime treatment packages that utilise the Elemis International Spa Range, are available in the seven treatment rooms and why not experience the Rasul chamber and hydrotherapy bath, for something a little different. Two outdoor Gazebos are available for outdoor treatments, allowing you the chance to enjoy the natural beauty of this stunning part of the world.
7 Superbly Equipped Treatment Rooms - for dual and single treatments with hydrotherapy bath and rain showers. Rasul Chamber - offering a traditional Arabic cleansing ritual through the use of steam and mud. Perfect Finish Salon - turn a manicure or pedicure into a special treat. Wild Lanyana Aromatherm Room - enjoy a Hydrotherapy Tub or a Vichy Shower experience. 2 Private Outdoor Gazebos - with panoramic sea and mountain views. Tranquillity Lounge - to relax in between and after all spa treatments with lounge chairs, music, books or to meditate. Health Bar - with homemade healthy snacks and fresh fruit juices and herbal teas. Spa Menu - wholesome, delicious meals conducive to a healthy lifestyle. Plunge Pools - incorporating water jets at the optimal temperature for rebalancing your body's metabolism, use of the plunge pools are available for all spa guests inclusive of your treatment. Floatation Pool - prepare for your treatment with a restful liquid, reduced gravity, experience in our salt floatation pool. Separate male and female changing areas - rain showers, private changing areas, secure lockers, fresh towels, slippers, a choice of gowns or sarongs.
Hotel & Accommodation
his intimate Cape Town hotel fully lives up to its stunning location, with deluxe guest rooms and spacious suites, two breathtaking pools perched above the ocean, a fully equipped, award-winning health and beauty spa and two restaurants serving the very best of the Cape are complemented by magnificent ocean views and spectacular sunsets.
Poised above Atlantic rollers and flanked by the majestic Table Mountain and her Twelve Apostles, with exceptional service and relaxed Cape hospitality providing the perfect counterpoint to its dramatic backdrop.
When choosing one of the 55 deluxe guest rooms and 15 luxurious suites, the hardest part is deciding whether to overlook the mountains or the sea. Whichever direction you face, the views are stunning.
Interior decor is just as appealing. The light, airy, and peaceful rooms are an eclectic mix of contemporary African style, classic European comfort and effortless, up-to-the-minute technology. Cool colours and rich fabrics bring elegance and wilderness serenity. At The Twelve Apostles, you want for nothing: every room includes 24-hour room service, individual air conditioning, entertainment centres with DVD, and plush bathrobes and slippers.


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Events for December 1, 2017 › Planning
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Planning Workshop
Workshop November 30, December 1, 2017 Four Points by Sheraton Emeryville Agenda: Click here to login and view the agenda packet. Continental breakfast and lunch is provided Transportation Information: The easiest airport is Oakland. From there you can take BART to the Ashby Station or the MacArthur Station. If you take the train to MacArthur,…Find out more »