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2 Variation in verb cluster interruption Lotte Hendriks Meertens Institute Except for finite verbs in main clauses, verbs in Standard Dutch cluster together in a clause-final position. In certain Dutch dialects, non-verbal material can occur within this verb cluster (Verhasselt 1961; Koelmans 1965, among many others). These dialects vary with respect to which types of elements can interrupt the verb cluster, varying from particles to various types of arguments and adverbs (Barbiers, van der Auwera, Bennis, Boef, de Vogelaer & van der Ham 2008). A study amongst forty Dutch dialect speakers reveals an ordered ranking of grammatical types, reflecting their acceptability in a verb cluster. I argue that this ranking directly follows from syntactic principles: The syntactic size and position of the intervening element affect its acceptance in a verb cluster. Potentially, these principles interact with a preference of performance dubbed minimize domains (Hawkins 1994, 2003, 2004), which requires both the higher verb and the intervening element to be adjacent to the main verb, leading to two conflicting structures. Keywords: Cross-linguistic variation, verb cluster interruption, implicational hierarchy, processing preference 1. Introduction Except for finite verbs in main clauses, verbs in Standard Dutch cluster together in a sentence-final position. (1) Ik vind dat Jan een schuur moet bouwen. I find that Jan a barn must build I think that Jan should build a barn. In certain Dutch dialects, non-verbal material can occur within a verb cluster. 1 (2) Ik vind dat Jan moet een schuur bouwen. I find that Jan must a barn build I think that Jan should build a barn. Linguistics in the Netherlands 2014, DOI /avt.31.05hen ISSN / E-ISSN Algemene Vereniging voor Taalwetenschap
3 54 Lotte Hendriks Various studies have revealed several types of elements that can occur in verb clusters. Strikingly, there is much cross-dialectal variation in the use of the construction that has hitherto not been accounted for. Not only is the construction restricted to a specific part of the language area the construction is used most frequently in dialects spoken in West and East Flanders (Vanacker 1964, among others) even within those dialects there is variation in the types of elements that can interrupt a verb cluster, as demonstrated by Barbiers et al. (2008, map 30b). Definite objects, for instance, are much less common in a verb cluster than indefinite objects, which in their turn are less common than bare objects. This paper reports on a novel study of verb cluster interruptions, which aimed to answer the following research question. (3) Which factors can explain the observed variation in the use of verb cluster interruptions? To answer this question, it was investigated which types of constituents can interrupt the cluster and which variables play a role in the acceptance of this construction. It will be demonstrated that syntactic principles can account for most of the observed variation in verb cluster interruptions Methodology 2.1 Informants Forty Flemish dialect speakers were recruited for the questionnaire. These informants came from places across West and East Flanders, Flemish Brabant and Flemish Limburg, where verb cluster interruptions were observed in previous research (Barbiers et al. 2008). A number of 28 informants were recruited who had participated in the study by Barbiers et al. (2008). Other dialect speakers were inter alia recruited by contacting town halls and retirement homes. As it was difficult to find enough informants in a limited amount of time, the criteria were relaxed for these additional informants. 2.2 Design Each oral questionnaire began with a practice question. For every test item, the interviewer read out a sentence with neutral intonation, after which the informant was asked to judge if this sentence could be used in their dialects. To check
4 Variation in verb cluster interruption 55 the judgments, the informants were also asked to translate the sentence into their dialect. 3 The speakers were not informed about the purpose of the study. 2.3 Material On the basis of the findings in previous literature (Wurmbrand 2006; Barbiers et al. 2008), a number of types of non-verbal elements that could potentially show variation were tested. This led to a total number of 293 test items, which were offered in a randomized order in five different versions. 4 To keep other variables constant, the test sentences were all construed according to the format in (4). (4) Ik vind dat Jan (DP obj ) moet X verb I find that Jan (DP obj ) must X verb 2.4 Statistical analysis A Pearson s chi-square test was performed to discover whether the acceptability of a verb cluster interruption depends on the type of element that interrupts the cluster. An alpha level of.05 was used to determine the significance of the observed differences. In cases where multiple groups were compared to each other, a Bonferroni correction was applied. Additionally, Pearson s correlational test was performed to measure the effect of the type of element on its acceptability in a verb cluster. 3. Results 3.1 Main results The results of the investigation indicate that different types of elements can interrupt a verb cluster. The main results are depicted in Table 1. 5 When comparing the different groups, a significant association between the group and the acceptability of the verb cluster interruption was observed. In fact, the differences between all groups are significant. 7 On first examination, the difference in the acceptability of the interrupting items seems to lie in the length and the syntactic position of the interrupting element; the elements in group 3 are larger than the elements in group 1 and 2 and the elements in group 4 are elements that might either be base-generated higher in the clausal structure, or prefer to be scrambled to a higher position. In the next section we will further investigate these differences. 8
5 56 Lotte Hendriks Table 1. The main results Group 1: Particles Group 2: Single elements Group 3: Other low elements Group 4: Other Element Accepted 6 Percentage accepted Mean Adpositional particle 20/ Adverbial particle 37/ Predicate adjective 22/ Bare singular object 19/ Bare plural object 16/ Depictive (oriented at object) 18/ Resultative 12/ Depictive (oriented at subject) 8/ VP-internal subject 9/ Indefinite object 8/ Prepositional phrase 7/ Temporal adverb 3/ Definite object 2/ The size of the interrupting element The acceptability of verb cluster interruption might be affected by the number of syllables, morphemes, words, or the amount of syntactic structure of the interrupting element. The influence of the number of syllables of the interrupting constituent was tested with the sentences in (5). The results show that a larger number of syllables did not have an effect on the acceptability of the construction. (5) a. Ik vind dat Jan moet een pen kopen. (Accepted: 7/37 = 18.9%) I find that Jan must a pen buy I think that Jan should buy a pen. b. Ik vind dat Jan moet een thermometer kopen. (Accepted: 7/37 = 18.9%) I find that Jan must a thermometer buy I think that Jan should buy a thermometer. The sentences in (6) indicate that the number of morphemes also does not influence the acceptability of an element in a verb cluster. (6) a. Ik vind dat Jan moet een pen kopen. (Accepted: 7/37 = 18.9%) I find that Jan must a pen buy I think that Jan should buy a pen. b. Ik vind dat Jan moet een pen-netje kopen. (Accepted: 7/37 = 18.9%) I find that Jan must a pen-dim buy I think that Jan should buy a little pen.
6 Variation in verb cluster interruption 57 Furthermore, as exemplified in (7), when comparing sentences in which the number of words of interrupting elements differs, the acceptability again remains similar; the small differences are not significant. (7) a. Ik vind dat Jan moet Henriette zoenen. (Accepted: 4/36 = 11.1%) I find that Jan must Henriette kiss I think that Jan should kiss Henriette. b. Ik vind dat Jan moet de meisjes zoenen. (Accepted: 3/36 = 8.3%) I find that Jan must the girls kiss I think that Jan should kiss the girls. c. Ik vind dat Jan moet een mooi wit paard kopen. (Accepted: 4/37 = 10.8%) I find that Jan must a beautiful white horse buy I think that Jan should buy a beautiful white horse. On the other hand, the following sentences demonstrate that the acceptability of a verb cluster interruption can change, even when the amount of words remains the same. (8) a. Ik vind dat Jan moet brood eten. (Accepted: 19/40 = 47.5%) I find that Jan must bread eat I think that Jan should eat bread. b. Ik vind dat Jan moet Els zoenen. (Accepted: 4/36 = 11.1%) I find that Jan must Els kiss I think that Jan should kiss Els. These sentences demonstrate that proper names are less acceptable in a verb cluster than bare nouns. This could be the result of the syntactic structure of the different elements, or of a definiteness effect. Note that elements that prefer to be scrambled are generally bad in a verb cluster: (9) Ik vind dat Jan moet de auto verkopen. (Accepted: 2/40 = 5%) I find that Jan must the car sell I think that Jan should sell the car. Further research into the interaction between scrambling and verb cluster interruption, and hence the difference between definite and indefinite objects, is required (cf. den Besten & Broekhuis 1992). In addition to the definiteness effect, the amount of syntactic structure seems to be of influence on the acceptability of a verb cluster interruption. This becomes especially clear when comparing the various types of direct objects: Bare singular nouns are more acceptable in a verb cluster than indefinite objects (χ 2 (1) = 5.7, p <.025, r =.3). Since we cannot attribute this difference to the amount of
7 58 Lotte Hendriks syllables, morphemes or words, only the syntactic structure of these constituents can be argued to affect their acceptability in a verb cluster. We can now conclude that the syntactic structure of interrupting elements affects their acceptability in a verb cluster. The effects of syntactic structure also become evident when considering particles. As became clear in Section 3.1, these elements, which have been argued to be non-projecting words (see Blom 2005 and references cited therein), are more acceptable than any other element and even obligatorily interrupt in some languages (see Wurmbrand 2006). 3.3 The position of the interrupting elements In the previous section it became clear that adverbs are less acceptable in a verb cluster. Potentially, this difference is due to the position of adverbs in the clausal spine. As exemplified in (10), some adverbs cannot be fronted with the verb, suggesting that these are external to the VP, whereas all elements in group 2 are VPinternal and can be fronted with the verb. (10) a. *[Waarschijnlijk winnen] zal Jan niet. probably win will Jan not Jan will probably not win. b. [Brood eten] wil Jan niet. Bread eat want Jan not Jan doesn t want to eat bread. VP-internal material hence seems to be more acceptable in a verb cluster than VPexternal material. The question that arises concerns the acceptability of adverbs that occupy different syntactic positions. According to Cinque (1999, 2006), there is a fixed universal base hierarchy of adverb types. On the basis of this hierarchy, I tested six different types of adverbs in six different contexts. The results, following the order in Cinque s hierarchy, are depicted in (11) and demonstrate that the acceptability level slightly improves when lower adverbs are used; the difference between the highest adverb and the lowest adverb is significant (χ 2 (1) = 11.0, p <.01, r =.2). 9 (11) [ MoodPevaluative helaas unfortunately (Accepted: 0.5%) [ ModPepistemic waarschijnlijk probably (Accepted: 0.9%) [ TP toen then (Accepted: 1.3%) [ ModPalethic noodzakelijk/mogelijk necessarily/possibly (Accepted: 3.2%) [ Aspcontinuative voortdurend continually (Accepted: 3.2%) [ VoiceP goed well [ VP V ]]]]]]] (Accepted: 6.5%)
8 Variation in verb cluster interruption The source of the variation 4.1 The role of syntax As the syntactic structure and base position of the interrupting element affects the acceptability of a verb cluster interruption, the cross-dialectal variation in verb cluster interruption can be hypothesized to follow from syntactic principles. A syntactic theory is logically dependent on the assumed underlying word order in the language. If one assumes a head-initial or a head-final word order in Dutch, verb cluster interruptions would require a movement process, as illustrated in the simplified Figures 1 and VP1 VP1 VP2 V1 V1 VP2 NP V2 AUX AUX V2 NP VN NV Figure 1. SOV (Den Besten & Edmondson 1983 a.o.) Figure 2. SVO (Zwart 1994, 1996 a.o.) On the other hand, if one assumes that complements with a verbal core are generated after the head, whereas nominal complements are generated before the head, following Barbiers (2000, 2008), a verb cluster interruption is the base-generated order. In that case, verb cluster interruption comes for free by simply stating that these verb clusters lack movement, or involve a movement after spell-out; this is illustrated in Figure 3. VP1 V1 VP2 AUX NP V2 VN Figure 3. S-AUX-O-V (Barbiers 2000, 2008) In all these theories, independent considerations are required to account for the observed variation between various types of elements. A syntactic approach would, for instance, not predict a distinction in verb cluster interruptions by different elements of the same syntactic category that occupy the same structural position.
9 60 Lotte Hendriks However, the results clearly indicated that speakers of Flemish dialects find bare singular nouns more acceptable in a verb cluster than indefinite objects. In the head-initial and head-final approaches, one would need to assume an elementspecific movement process to account for this variation. 11 Conversely, following Barbiers analysis, one would need to account for the fact that some elements do not move to a higher position, at least before spell-out The role of preferences of performance The cross-linguistic differences in elements that can interrupt a verb cluster could also have a functional, rather than a syntactic, ground. A preference of performance that has been dubbed minimize domains (Hawkins 2003, 2004) could potentially explain variation in verb cluster interruptions. This principle entails that the distance between items that are semantically or syntactically related to each other immediately affects the efficiency and complexity of processing. Hawkins (1994, 2003, 2004) argues that there is a clear link between grammar and performance. According to him, syntactic structures that are preferred in performance will be conventionalized in human languages. He suggests that, as the distance between interrelated items affects the efficiency and complexity of a sentence, surface structures in which interrelated elements are adjacent to each other will often be conventionalized in languages. Sentences (12a and 12b) make clear that the verb cluster interruption environments involve contradictory requirements, as there are at least two pairs of interrelated items: The auxiliary selects the main verb 13 and the object is assigned a thematic role by the main verb. (12) a. dat Jan moet [β1] de auto [α2] maken [β2,α1]. that Jan must the car make b. dat Jan de auto [α2] moet [β1] maken [β2,α1]. that Jan the car must make that Jan should fix the car. Linguistic variation could accordingly be due to the option to select between multiple available structures. This idea is in line with Hawkins hypothesis that grammatical variation arises when processing preferences are in competition with each other (Hawkins 2004). Crucially, processing preferences could account for the observed optionality in the use of this construction: All speakers allowed both non-interrupted and interrupted verb clusters. This cannot easily be accounted for by variation in the grammar, such as parameter settings. The optimal solution for processing is one in which the main verb is positioned between the finite verb and the interrupting element: X-V2-V1 or V1-V2-X as is
10 Variation in verb cluster interruption 61 found in English. However, in the Dutch dialects, both these orders are excluded for syntactic reasons and are indeed rarely allowed; sentences in which the main verb is positioned between the bare noun and the modal verb are significantly less acceptable than sentences in which a bare noun interrupts the verb cluster (χ2(1) = 18.7 p < 0.001, r =.5). This again demonstrates that syntax plays an active role in the acceptability of verb cluster interruptions. Adding to the effects of syntax discussed in Section 3, we can conclude that variation in verb cluster interruption is not caused merely by processing preferences: There is a clear influence of the syntactic position and structure of the interrupting element. 4.3 Interaction effects The results cannot straightforwardly be accounted for by a purely syntactic theory, nor by processing preferences. In fact, the results seem to follow directly from syntactic principles, interacting with preferences of performance. The processing requirement of elements to be close to the main verb is dependent on their syntactic structure as well as their structural position. These results are in line with Hawkins (2004), who states that complexity increases with the number of linguistic forms and the number of conventionally associated (syntactic and semantic) properties that are assigned to them. We can now account for differences between elements of the same syntactic category that occupy the same syntactic position, such as the sentences in (13). 14 (13) a. Ik vind dat Jan moet brood eten. (Accepted: 19/40 = 47.5%) I find that Jan must bread eat I think that Jan should eat bread. b. Ik vind dat Jan moet brood met pinda-kaas eten. (Accepted: 6/40 = 15.0%) I find that Jan must bread with peanut-butter eat I think that Jan should eat bread with peanut butter. The direct objects in both these sentences are base-generated in the same position below the modal of obligation. Furthermore, the entire constituents are of the same syntactic category. The difference between these sentences can only be accounted for by the syntactic structure of the intervening element, which potentially affects the minimal domains between the verbs. 15 We can now account for the scale in Table 1: Group 1 consists of particles, which are the least complex elements, see also Section 3.2; group 2 consists of syntactically simplex elements that are generated low in the syntactic structure; group 3 consists of syntactically more complex elements. The differences between these three groups are therefore expected. Following Miller & Chomsky (1963),
11 62 Lotte Hendriks Hawkins (2004) argues that terminal elements that have a higher amount of syntactic structure associated with them require more linguistic properties to be processed and are hence more complex. The internal structure of intervening elements is hence predicted to affect their ability to occur in a verb cluster. The general unacceptability of the elements in group 4 can be attributed to their position in the syntactic structure. On the one hand, group 4 consists of adverbs that are generated higher in the syntactic structure. Elements that are basegenerated syntactically close to the main verb have a stronger selectional relationship with the verb and are therefore predicted to have a stronger preference to be adjacent to the main verb in linear order. Scrambled elements, on the other hand, are base-generated in a lower position. The preference for these elements to scramble hence seems to be stronger than the preference to be close to the main verb. Further research is required to investigate the precise relation between scrambling and verb cluster interruptions. 5. Conclusion The frequencies of the accepted verb cluster interruptions by the different types of elements have revealed an ordered ranking of grammatical types, reflecting their acceptability in a verb cluster. Variation in verb cluster interruptions is hence structured and is demonstrated to follow from syntactic principles: 1. Elements that have a higher amount of syntactic structure associated with them are less acceptable in a verb cluster. 2. Elements that are base-generated syntactically close to the main verb have a stronger preference to be adjacent to the main verb in linear order. On the basis of these facts we can formulate a two-folded hierarchy of verb cluster interruptions. (14) a. Syntactically simplex elements > syntactically complex elements b. Syntactically low elements > syntactically high elements Crucially, the hierarchy is not conspicuous in the results of each dialect speaker. For instance, some speakers allow verb cluster interruptions by some, but not all elements from one group. This supports the suggestion that variation is influenced by preferences of performance, rather than pure syntactic factors.
12 Variation in verb cluster interruption 63 Notes * I am very grateful to Sjef Barbiers for his helpful comments, feedback and suggestions, as well as Marjo van Koppen for her comments on an earlier version of this work. Parts of this paper were presented at my thesis defense (Utrecht, 16 October 2013), the Uiltjesdagen (Utrecht, 25 November 2013), a t-lezing (Meertens Instituut, 2 December 2013), at the LOT winter school master class (Enoch Aboh & Marjo van Koppen, January 2014) and at the TIN-dag (1 February 2014). I thank the people in the audiences for their helpful comments. 1. In this paper, the term verb cluster is used in a pre-theoretical sense, indicating a sequence of verbs that do not necessarily form a constituent together. 2. For reasons of space I cannot discuss all factors that determine cluster interruptions as observed in previous literature. I refer the reader to Wurmbrand (2006) for a more extensive discussion. 3. For the purpose of this study if have chosen the simplest possible acceptability judgement task. For follow-up research it would be interesting to see if the use of more fine-grained methods such as a 5- or 7-points Likert scale or magnitude estimation will yield different results. 4. For reasons of space, not all results can be discussed in this paper. 5. One factor that could have negatively affected the outcome of the investigation is known as accommodation; speakers of a language tend to adjust their language to that of their speech partner. For reasons of time, the interviewer who conducted the research was not a speaker of the dialect under investigation, but a speaker of Standard Dutch. Since many instances of verb cluster interruption are not allowed in Standard Dutch, conceivably more instances of verb cluster interruptions might have been observed if a different research method had been chosen. Fortunately, the results show a high degree of reliability, as they concur with observations made in the previous literature. 6. These numbers are not always based on the total number of informants. Certain constructions could not be used by all informants and were therefore excluded from the count. Furthermore, some items have not been investigated in all dialects, as three dialect speakers did not participate in the second part of the investigation. 7. Difference group 1 & 2: χ2(1) = 43.8, p <.001, r =.4; difference group 2 & 3: χ2(1) = 17.5, p <.001, r =.2; difference group 3 & 4: χ2(1) = 8.7, p <.01, r =.2. Note that the Bonferroni correction requires an alpha level of These microvariational findings are strikingly parallel to those of a cross-linguistic study on Afrikaans, Dutch, German, Swiss and West-Flemish reported in Wurmbrand (2006: 275). 9. Note that celerative, repetitive, frequentative and completive adverbs, which are positioned even lower in Cinque s hierarchy, were not included in this research, because these adverbs can all be generated in two distinct positions, one of which higher in the structure, as exemplified in (i). (i) a. John quickly (slowly) lifted his arm. b. John lifted his arm quickly (*slowly).
13 64 Lotte Hendriks 10. I refer the reader to Wurmbrand (2006) for a more extensive discussion of the many different analyses of verb cluster interruptions. 11. More specifically, in a head-final approach, one would for instance have to argue that particular noun phrases can move out of the embedded verb phrase before verb projection raising takes place, cf. Coppen & Klein (1992), in a head-initial approach, one would have to assume various landing sites depending on the type of object. 12. A language-specific incorporation process could potentially account for part of the variation, as this usually affects terminal elements. However, verb cluster interruptions behave differently from incorporated nouns in a number of ways. Firstly, incorporation is only possible from complement position. However, adverbs and VP-internal subjects have been observed in a verb cluster. Secondly, truly incorporated elements occupy a different position. (i) a. dat Jan zijn pap niet heeft proberen (op) te (*op) eten. that Jan his porridge not has try (up) to (*up) eat. b. dat Jan niet heeft proberen (piano) te (piano) spelen. that Jan not has try (piano) to (piano) play Finally, noun incorporations have been observed in dialects that generally disallow verb cluster interruptions (see Barbiers et al. 2008). Nevertheless, the observed variation could partly be due to a difference between head and XP movement. For reasons of space I cannot discuss this possibility further. 13. This is inter alia supported by the morphological shape of the main verb, which is dependent on the auxiliary. 14. χ2(1) = 9.8, p < 0.01, r = Another possibility is that syntactic complexity causes the variation: the amount of syntactic features could potentially lead to a different requirement of elements to move. This is refuted by the fact that there is an effect of the amount of syntactic structure, regardless of the types of syntactic elements. References Barbiers, Sjef The right-periphery in SOV-languages: English and Dutch. In Peter Svenonius (ed.), The Derivation of VO and OV, Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. DOI: /la.31.08bar Barbiers, Sjef Werkwoordclusters en de grammatica van de rechter periferie. Nederlandse Taalkunde 13(2) Barbiers, Sjef, Johan van der Auwera, Hans J. Bennis, Eefje Boef, Gunther de Vogelaer & Margreet H. van der Ham Syntactic Atlas of the Dutch Dialects, vol. 2. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. Den Besten, Hans & Hans Broekhuis Verb projection raising in het Nederlands. Spektator Den Besten, Hans & Jerold A. Edmondson The verbal complex in continental West Germanic. In Werner Abraham (ed.), On the Formal Syntax of the Westgermania, Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. DOI: /la.3.05bes
14 Variation in verb cluster interruption 65 Blom, Corrien Complex predicates in Dutch: Synchrony and diachrony. Utrecht: LOT. Cinque, Guglielmo Adverbs and functional heads: A cross-linguistic perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Cinque, Guglielmo Restructuring and functional heads: The cartography of syntactic structures (Oxford Studies in Comparative Syntax 4). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Coppen, Peter-Arno & Maarten Klein Het einde van verb raising. In Maarten Klein (ed.), Nieuwe Eskapades in de Neerlandistiek: Opstellen van vrienden voor M.C. van der Toorn bij zijn afscheid als hoogleraar Nederlandse Taalkunde aan de Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen, Groningen: Wolters-Noordhoff. Hawkins, John. A A performance theory of order and constituents. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hawkins, John. A Efficiency and complexity in grammars: Three general principles. In John Moore & Maria Polinsky (eds.), The Nature of Explanation in Linguistic Theory, California: CSLI Publications. Hawkins, John. A Efficiency and complexity in grammars. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI: /acprof:oso/ Koelmans, Leendert Iets over de woordvolgorde bij samengestelde predikaten in het Nederlands. Nieuwe Taalgids Miller, George & Noam Chomsky Finitary models of language users. In Duncan Luce, Robert Bush & Eugene Galanter (eds.), Handbook of Mathematical Psychology 2, New York: Wiley. Vanacker, Valère Is het algemeen Zuidnederlands? Taal en Tongval Verhasselt, Jan Verschillen tussen Noord en Zuid inzake de volgorde hulpwerkwoordhoofdwerkwoord. Taal en Tongval Wurmbrand, Susi Verb clusters, verb raising, and restructuring. In Martin Everaert & Henk van Riemsdijk (eds.), The Blackwell Companion to Syntax, vol Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. DOI: / ch75 Zwart, C. Jan-Wouter Dutch is head initial. The Linguistic Review 11(3 4) DOI: /tlir Zwart, C. Jan-Wouter Verb clusters in Continental West Germanic dialects. In James Black & Virginia Motapanyane (eds.), Microparametric Syntax and Dialect Variation, Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. DOI: /cilt zwa Author s address Lotte Hendriks Meertens Instituut Postbus GG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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text: Feb 29th 2016Instagram Photo Kip Wraps Headlining Tour With 4 Sold-Out Weekends In A Row! More info: bit.ly/1oJHGM4 Comments Body * More information about text formats Text format Medium MediumImages with a data-picture-mapping attribute will be responsive, with a file size appropriate for the browser width. Post Image Add a new file Files must be less than 96 KB.Allowed file types: gif jpg jpeg. Leave this field blank

subset: commoncrawl


text:
We Want to Know You
We want to know you and build an enduring relationship. We've found over years of practice that this builds trust on both ends and creates insights how to best serve you.
We Value You
We value our patients and when we began our practice, we decided every decision needs to be about our patients. We take our patients into consideration whenever we get new dental technology, hire new staff or even purchase waiting room furniture. We want only the best for our patients.
Constantly Improving
Our dentist goest to dental conferences each year in order to stay on the cutting edge of dentistry. This enables us to understand and obtain the newest equipment and allows our staff to use it effectively.
Our name is our bond, and we want to help you have the smile you deserve. We will never recommend treatments that we wouldn't recommend to family if they were in your shoes. After all, we consider our patients as family and vow to treat them as such.
We Listen
Going to the dentist can make patients anxious. We listen to every concern to ensure that we can make our patients feel right at home. Feel free to ask our staff as many questions as you need, we are here to help.
We Respect Your Time
We understand that you have many things to do and being at the dentist for many hours isn't one of them. We do everything we can to get our patients in and out as soon as possible while administering the best care.


text:
Basic Information
- CESL students who have completed level 9 in the Undergraduate or Graduate University tracks may apply for CESL Endorsement (see table below).
- CESL's Undergraduate Endorsement can be used instead of a TOEFL or IELTS score to meet UA's minimum English language requirement for full undergraduate admission to the UA, and fulfills all subsequent English requirements.
- CESL's Graduate Endorsement is accepted by many UA Graduate Departments as fulfillment of the minimum English language requirement. Graduate students should check with their department to verify acceptance of CESL's Graduate Endorsement instead of a TOEFL or IELTS score.
- Endorsement decisions are made after final grades at the end of each 8-week session.
- Endorsement is valid for one year from the date of issuance.
- Endorsement is only available to full-time students.
- CESL's Undergraduate Endorsement: Full-time students in levels 8 or 9 in the Undergraduate University Track can earn endorsement as follows:
GPA Requirement for Undergraduate
Endorsement from CESL
Undergraduate University Track (students take UA General Education classes for credit)
Level 9
2.0 (Must pass all classes with C / P or higher)
Level 8 (Fall 2, Spring 2, Summer)
3.0 (Must pass all classes with C / P or higher)
- CESL's Graduate Endorsement: Full-time students in level 8 or 9 must earn a high GPA and demonstrate a high level of English proficiency in CESL in-house exams to earn CESL's Graduate Endorsement.
How to Apply
- Students who would like to apply for CESL's Undergraduate Endorsement must complete the endorsement application by the end of week 5 of the current session. Please fill out the Online Endorsement Application by 5:00 pm on the Friday of week 5 of the current session.
- Please note that there is a $25 fee to apply for CESL's Undergraduate Endorsement from level 8. There is no charge to apply in level 9.
- Students must complete the Online Endorsement Application by 5:00pm on the Friday of week 5 to be considered for CESL's Graduate Endorsement.
- After completing the online application, students will receive an email notification during the session with their writing and interview testing times and locations. Failure to complete the writing or interview will result in disqualification.
- Graduate-bound students must also have an authorized advisor in their intended graduate department complete the Graduate Approval Form to verify that CESL's Graduate Endorsement will be accepted. This completed form must be submitted to Dr. Steve Randall by the Friday of week 7.
- Please note that there is a $50 fee to apply for CESL's Graduate Endorsement in level 8. There is no charge to apply in level 9.
Graduate Portfolio:
- GPA Requirement
- Online Endorsement Application
- Field-specific timed writing (week 7)
- Field-specific oral interview (week 7)
- Feedback from each current CESL instructor (collected by the Endorsement Coordinator)
Next Steps
- After you receive endorsement, you must speak with Amber Tetreau-Segura, CESL's Associate Director of Admissions, Immigration and Student Services immediately to discuss your transfer and immigration options.
- Dr. Steve Randall, email@example.com


text:
Here is the trailer:
Let's start by saying that political series are absolutely my favourites. I must have watched all the 7 seasons of The West Wing at least 5 times! And I have managed to go through two seasons of Borgen watching them in Danish with Dutch subtitles! I mean, how is this for commitment to the genre?
So, I am totally thrilled that there is someone out there willing to make a new series based in Brussels. The fact that it is going to be a comedy makes me happy and worried at the same time: happy because inevitably if you want to grab some audience talking about the ins and outs of working in and around the European institutions, you will desperately need to inject some sense of humour. And here comes the worry: will it be funny enough? Will it highlight some of the absurdities of the European capital or simply make fun of it all? I am not going to put the cart before the horse by starting with my negativity and I am hoping to meet the creator Yacine Kouhen to ask him directly, so will keep you posted. Instead, I am welcoming the initiative - in light of the repeatedly mentioned need to connect the EU with the European public, especially the young. And I can actually think of a few interesting examples myself for possible ' lobbying' episodes! And for those who wanted to know a bit more about the producer and the series, have a look at the article published in the magazine Europe & Me, another worthy initiative that tries to create a truly European young public. Come to think of it, I can actually already see the subject for the next post: are there perhaps too many initiatives that get lost in that huge cauldron called 'doing something for Europe'? And am I in it as well? Oh dear.
Ps: Ah, and before you think I am mad, I do speak a bit of Dutch!
Yacine Kouhen


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Urban Gardens: Design for Balcony and Loggia
It's summer and everyone wants to plunge into the exuberant nature! You can create a corner with a flower garden yourself… in your balcony. Design of a balcony is an opportunity to surround yourself with beauty, and also get an incomparable place to relax.
Balcony and loggia design
As the balconies are small in most of the urban apartments, the design of the balcony should first of all be compact and concise. The furniture for balcony should be compact, preferably foldingg and fitting well into the interior of the balcony or the terrace.
Folding chairs, lightweight wicker chairs and elegant shelves for flowers and décor items will become indispensable for the balcony interior.
Flowers and plants in the design of the balcony
Of course, summer terrace is nothing without flowers! Plants in suitable pots can be placed on the floor of the balcony, or hang on the perimeter of the railing. Perennial climbing plants will create shade and coolness on the balcony, and flowering ones will please to the eye with colored buds.
Materials for balcony design
Naturally, the materials are more dependent on the style you have chosen for the balcony or loggia interior design. However, when planning the balcony, you need to think about comfort. Thus, the floor is better be made of tiles in case your balcony does not have windows or wood in case the frame and glass protect it from atmospheric influences.
Light on the balcony
Probably because from time to time you will want to get on your balcony at night, you need to think about illumination. A few lamps will adorn the interior of the balcony at night and emphasize the nuances of design.


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I was trawling the net yesterday and managed to come across this interesting little video about a guy by the name of Marc Romboy who will be playing three exclusive European shows using a bit of next-gen dj kit called the Smithson Martin's Emulator. This revolutionary piece of technology for DJs and producers puts together midi-based software with touch-screen hardware to deliver a dj experience could not be further from analogue.
Check out some of this dude's skills here:
The tour begins in London with a date at Ministry of Sound on 13th August with other stops in Germany on 19/08 and Amsterdam on 26/08. The final stop includes an Emulator workshop run by Romboy himself, which will give professionals and aspiring artists a chance to try the kit and learn from a true expert. I kind of wish we had the chance to check it out here in South Africa as well.
What do all you think? Would you be amped to see local dj's slamming these types of interactive sets as well? Hmm, time will tell…


text:
Press Release
Equatoria Professionals in
Europe (EPE) and Equatoria Solidarity International (ESI)
September, 25, 2007
The Equatorian community worldwide is greatly delighted to hear the transformation of South Sudan Defense Force (SSDF) into a political party. All Equatorian intellectuals warmly welcome the creation of South Sudan Democratic Front (SSDF) as the only party that would liberate the oppressed people of
South Sudan from abject poverty and SPLM's corruption.
We fully pledge to throw our support to the new party to liberate the Equatorians from SPLM. Our people are terrorized by the SPLM party to the point where their constitutional rights are not respected. No political party had ever come to the assistance of Euatorian people. We hope that the new party under the leadership of Professor David de Chand would rescue Equatorians from Dinkas' colonialism. Currently, the
Bari are subject to constant harassments from SPLA commanders because they reject to give up their land. We believe that Dr. David de Chand would be a Messiah of Equatorians and should therefore liberate them from internal colonialism.
The EPE and ESI call for all Equatorians in the World to support the South Sudan Democratic Front. There is only one way to liberate Greater Equatoria from SPLM's colonialism, i.e., voting out the SPLM party in the coming election. All Equatorians must know that the only way to liberate them from SPLM is to vote against SPLM's candidates in the coming election. People need to liberate themselves from SPLM through the power of voting.
We pray that the God of South Sudan will guide Professor David de Chand and his team to liberate
South Sudan from SPLM's colonialism and tribalism. God will guide the new party to take our people to the Promised Land.
For contact
Dr. Luka Odiong , Chair of EPE
Victor Charles Adeba, Spokesman of ESI
Email: [email protected]
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Please feel free to send us your Articles , Analysies news and press releases to [email protected]
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text:
A man who cut his friend up with a kitchen knife then went for a night out with him in Scarborough has been jailed for 20 months.
The disturbing incident happened inside Keith Stevenson's flat in The Crescent, where he and two friends were "pre-loading" drinks before going out to a nightclub in the town, York Crown Court heard.
Inside the flat, a good-natured get-together turned sour when Stevenson, 39, seemed to take offence at something his friend had said and slashed him in the face with a knife, causing two deep cuts to his neck and chin, and a long scratch on his jaw.
The victim, who was named in court, was soaked in blood but he and a female friend, who witnessed the incident, then went out for more drinks with Stevenson, who even helped to clean up his friend's wounds.
They arrived at Quids Inn in St Nicholas Street, but only Stevenson and his female friend were allowed in because the victim's face and T-shirt were covered in blood.
Prosecutor Laurie Scott said the female witness later reported Stevenson to police. Officers turned up at his flat, roused him out of bed and arrested him.
Stevenson appeared in court for sentence on Monday after admitting a Section 20 assault – inflicting grievous bodily harm without intent. He also pleaded guilty to two counts of witness intimidation by offering his friends £50 each to keep quiet about the incident on December 13.
The victim, who had only a hazy recollection of the incident, didn't realise he had been stabbed until he went to the bathroom and saw blood dripping on the floor. Stevenson said he couldn't remember the incident, but the female witness said she saw him sat on the sofa with two knives by his side.
Stevenson - who appeared in court via video link from Hull Prison - had previous convictions for robbery, wounding and assault dating back over 10 years. Defence barrister Ben Campbell said the father-of-one was extremely remorseful and had even written letters of apology to the victim and his female friend.


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text:
BEIJING (AP) -- Perhaps Roger Federer's not washed up yet.
Signaling his recent tailspin may be over, Federer avenged a defeat four years ago at the Olympics by beating Tomas Berdych of the Czech Republic 6-3, 7-6 (4) Wednesday to reach the quarterfinals.
It was Federer's biggest victory since he lost to Rafael Nadal in an epic Wimbledon final last month.
Federer wept after losing to Berdych in the second round at the Athens Games. This time he was shouting "Yes!" and punching the air after he smacked a service winner on match point.
Nadal also advanced, digging out of a hole in a pivotal service game and beating Igor Andreev of Russia, 6-4, 6-2.


text:
Island Dynamics | Lillegrund 39 | 2300 Copenhagen S | Denmark | Tel.: +45 5340 1982 | E-
Island Dynamics | Lillegrund 39 | 2300 Copenhagen S | Denmark | Tel.: +45 5340 1982 | E-
Conference on
'Folk Belief' and 'The Supernatural in Literature and Film'
24 September-
Why are some places especially prone to associations with the supernatural? Might it be because of liminal geographies, of the complex histories of ancient human landscapes, of fear about what lurks in the darkness? Are communities' beliefs shaped by the environments in which they live, or does the recurrence of certain belief across environmental and geographic divides suggest that place is ultimately irrelevant? When we read a book or watch a film with supernatural themes, is the setting just window dressing, or can the mountains, the palaces, the forests, the skyscrapers be characters in their own right?
Previous conferences in this series have been held on remote islands (Shetland's North Isles, 2014), in a hyper-
This conference considers the themes of 1) folk belief, legends, and vernacular religion and 2) the supernatural in literature and film. We will combine academic presentations with explorations of communities in Georgia's Svaneti and Tbilisi regions. Special emphasis will be given to the question of the role that 'place' plays in the conceptions of the supernatural: from folk narratives to local religious traditions; from the monsters, fairies, and witches of cinema to the miraculous in literature. Could these tales and customs occur just about anywhere? Or do they take place in the just the place they need to be?
How to make attend and make a presentation.
Presentations are welcome on all aspects of of either folk belief or the supernatural in literature and film, though we encourage delegates to address the theme of the role of place in conceptions of the supernatural. Presentations last 15 minutes and will be followed by question time. Note that, due to the 'remote' location of the conference, audio-
The extended deadline for abstracts is 30 December 2018. Abstracts will be considered on a rolling basis as they are submitted.
To propose a presentation, please fill out this presentation proposal form, and e-
About Svaneti & Tbilisi, Georgia.
Svaneti, located in the Greater Caucasus Mountains, is the homeland of the Svan people. The conference will be held in Mestia, a village on the Inguri River in Upper Svaneti. The conference group will also travel to Ushguli, which at an altitude of 2100 meters above sea level is among the highest settlements in Europe.
Although peripheral to the great kingdoms and empires of the region, Svaneti's control over the mountain passes made it strategically important in ancient times. Svaneti's dramatic natural landscape of mountains, glaciers, and rivers has sculpted strong cultural traditions and contributed to the preservation of its exceptional built heritage in the form of hundreds of distinctive tower houses and scattered valley villages. As a result, Upper Svaneti was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1996.
The conference begins and ends in Tbilisi, Georgia's capital city. Tbilsi lies on the ancient Silk Road between Asia and the Mediterranean and has long been a meeting place for cultures. Delegates will explore Tbilisi's rich historical tapestry, including its exquisite Medieval old town. We will also visit the nearby ancient city of Mtskheta, home to Svetitskhoveli Cathedral and Jvari Monastery.
About the conference.
Delegates should arrive in Tbilisi on 24 September to participate in a tour of Tbilisi and Mtskheta on 25 September. On 26 September, the group will travel to Mestia in Svaneti, a day-
If you have any questions, please e-
Convenor: Sally Campbell Galman
The deadline for early registration is 30 November, after which registration rates will rise by 500 Danish kroner. The final deadline registration is 30 May (or once the conference is full). You can register by filling out this registration form and e-
Categories of registration.
Full Registration: Covers all conference activities, meals, and accommodation from the afternoon of 24 September through the morning of 02 October 2019, including sightseeing in Tbilisi and Mtskheta. Standard registration fee: 7250 Danish kroner.
Short Registration: Covers all conference activities, meals, and accommodation from the afternoon of 25 September 2019 through the morning of 02 October, excluding sightseeing in Tbilisi and Mtskheta. Standard registration fee: 6500 Danish kroner.
If you have any questions or need help with the registration form, please contact convenor Sally Campbell Galman (email@example.com).


text:
The best way for you to get to grips with a new skill set is to dive right in.
And after a roller coaster year of ecommerce marketing, I can look back and say that diving in was 100% the right move.
Even so, you can go a lot further with a little know-how to back you up.
Here are a few of the most valuable lessons I picked up in that first year, and how you can avoid learning them the hard way.Report Story


text:
- This event has passed.
Estate, Insurance, and Charitable Planning following the 2017 Enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017
March 20 @ 12:00 pm - 1:00 pm
Program Overview
The 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act will have a dramatic effect on both estate and insurance planning for 2018 – and at least through 2025 – because of the increase in transfer tax exemptions and the lowering of the corporate and pass-through income tax rates. The increase in estate tax exemptions will mean that many insurance policies purchased to "pay" the estate tax may no longer be needed for that purpose (as long as death occurs before 2026) and many structures used to finance those policies in irrevocable life insurance trusts (ILITs) may no longer be needed. From an estate planning view, the increase in the exemptions through 2025 will mean wealthy clients will have additional opportunities to make transfers to beneficiaries or trusts for their benefit – but it will also mean estate plans which relied on a formula allocation will need to be reviewed, and in many cases, revised.
The program will also discuss potential pitfalls and opportunities in charitable lifetime gifting and bequests, including methods of maximizing the tax benefits of charitable contributions after tax reform.
Practitioners will be prepared to advise clients how to deal with:
- Potentially unwanted life insurance policies, unneeded irrevocable insurance trusts, and unnecessary split-dollar arrangements – all in light of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act;
- Maximum charitable deductions in light of the higher standard deduction;
- Modifying charitable bequests in light of the (temporary) estate tax exemptions;
- How the new law will affect the creation of new charitable trusts and foundations.
Featured Speakers:
Larry Brody, JD, LLM is Senior Counsel in the St. Louis office of Bryan Cave where he practices in the private client area. He is also an adjunct professor at Washington University School of Law and a visiting adjunct professor at the University of Miami School of Law. He focuses his practice on estate planning for high net worth individuals and the use of life insurance in estate and non-qualified deferred compensation planning. He has authored two BNA Tax Management Portfolios, two books for the National Underwriter Company and is a frequent lecturer at national conferences on estate and insurance planning. Mr. Brody received the designation of Accredited Estate Planner by the National Association of Estate Planners and Councils, and was one of ten individuals awarded its Distinguished Accredited Estate Planner designation in the initial class, in 2004.
John J. ("Jeff") Scroggin, JD, LLM has been practicing as a business, tax and estate planning attorney in Atlanta for 39 years. Jeff serves as a member of the Board of Directors of the University of Florida Levin College of Law and Florida Alumni Tax Advisory Council (for UF's LL.M.(tax) program). He serves as a founding Director of the Florida Tax Institute. In 2017 Jeff was inducted into the NAEPC Estate Planning Hall of Fame. Jeff was Founding Editor of the NAEPC Journal of Estate and Tax Planning (2006-2011). He was Co-Editor of CCH's Practical Estate Planning (2004 to 2006). Jeff is the author of over 260 published articles, white papers and books. Jeff has been widely quoted in national media, including 9 times in the Wall Street Journal and in the New York Times (2005, 2013, 2014), USA Today (2014, 2016), Forbes Magazine (1999, 2001, 2012, 2014, 2016), and Money (1999, 2005, 2015). Jeff practices out of an 1887 building in the historic district of Roswell. The building contains one of the largest collections of tax memorabilia in the country.


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text:
In TradingView we can create several input types, like those for numerical values, session time ranges, and even symbol search inputs. But what's a 'resolution input' and how do we add it to our scripts?
In this article:
Adding a resolution drop-down menu in TradingView
In TradingView scripts we can work with variables whose value is set by an input option. That makes changing a certain value used in the script's code easy: instead of having to edit the script's source code, we simply go to the script's input settings and change the option's value.
We create those manual input options with the
input() function (TradingView, n.d.). This function not only adds a setting to the script's 'Inputs' window, it also returns the current value of that input option (Pine Script Language Tutorial, n.d.). When we store that value in a variable with the assignment operator (
=), then we can use the variable anywhere in the script's code to refer to the current value of the input option.
One kind of input that we can make in TradingView is a drop-down menu with different resolution values (see image further down below). For that we set the
type argument of the
input() function to
resolution (Pine Script Language Tutorial, n.d.). Let's take a closer look at how creating such an input with the
input() function works.
Default syntax for creating a resolution input option
The basic pattern that creates a resolution input with
input() is:
resolutionString = input(title, type=resolution, defval, confirm)
When the
type argument is set to
resolution, the
input() function returns a string with the number of minutes that correspond to the input's value. That returned value can then be used later on in the code.
So with the input option set to '2h', the value that's returned by
input() is
"120". An exception are the '1d' and '1w' values from the resolution drop-down menu; the function returns for those
"D" and
The different arguments of the
input() function that we can use when creating a resolution input are (TradingView, n.d.):
|Optional argument that specifies which text is placed before the input option in the script's settings (like
title="Resolution setting").
|Required argument that, when set to
resolution, makes
input() create a resolution pull-down menu. The
input() function then returns the current resolution value as a string.
|Required argument that sets the input's default value. With
defval needs to be set to a string with a minute, day, or week value (see table below). With a default value, the script can begin calculating as soon we add it to a chart.
|Optional argument that, when set to
true, asks the user to confirm the input option(s) before the script is added to the chart. Only one
input() statement needs to have
confirm set to
true before the 'Inputs' window with all input settings displays forcibly. This argument defaults to
false, meaning that the input options don't require confirmation when
confirm isn't specified.
input() function returns the current value of its input option; by assigning this value to a variable we're able to use the input's value later on in the script.
The pull-down menu that
resolution makes looks as follows:
Setting the default value of a resolution input in TradingView
We set the default value of a resolution input with the
defval argument of the
input() function (TradingView, n.d.). This argument accepts a string with minutes, day, or week values.
The different values in the pull-down menu correspond to the following
defval values:
|Value in the pull-down menu
defval value
resolution input to a value from the pull-down menu. In other words, specifying a default value of 10 minutes (
defval="10") or 4 hours (
defval="240") doesn't work; the resolution pull-down menu simply defaults to '1' then. With a text box input we have the flexibility to choose other resolutions also.
Example: plotting highs and lows from another time frame
In the programming example below we create a resolution input option to specify another time frame. Then, with the help of that input's value, we retrieve the high, low, and EMA (Exponential Moving Average) from that time frame. We then plot those three values on the chart. A glance of the indicator is given below; after discussing the script's code we examine its appearance in detail.
study(title="Data from another time frame", overlay=true,
shorttitle="Higher time frame")
// Add the inputs
timeFrame = input(title="Other time frame", type=resolution,
emaLength = input(title="EMA length", type=integer,
defval=21, minval=5, maxval=100)
// Retrieve the higher time frame's data
symbolHigh = security(tickerid, timeFrame, high)
symbolLow = security(tickerid, timeFrame, low)
emaClose = ema(security(tickerid, timeFrame, close),
// Plot the other time frame's data
plot(series=symbolHigh, color=green, linewidth=3, style=circles)
plot(series=symbolLow, color=red, linewidth=3, style=cross)
plot(series=emaClose, color=orange, linewidth=2)
We first set the indicator properties with
study(). We use the
title and
shorttitle arguments to name the indicator, while we display the indicator on the chart's instrument by setting
overlay to
Then we create two input options:
timeFrame = input(title="Other time frame", type=resolution,
emaLength = input(title="EMA length", type=integer,
defval=21, minval=5, maxval=100)
We make these input options with the
input() function, and store the value returned by this function in a variable with the assignment operator (
The first input is named "Other time frame" with the
input() function's
title argument, and we set this one to a resolution input option (
type=resolution). Its default value (
defval) is
"180" (meaning, 180 minutes or 3 hours), and we track its current value with the
timeFrame variable.
The other input is a numerical integer input named "EMA length". This one has a standard value of 21 with an allowed range of 5 (
minval=5) to 100 (
maxval=100). We store this input's value in the
emaLength variable to use later on.
Next we load the price data from the other time frame:
symbolHigh = security(tickerid, timeFrame, high)
symbolLow = security(tickerid, timeFrame, low)
emaClose = ema(security(tickerid, timeFrame, close),
With the
security() function we can retrieve data from another symbol and/or resolution other than the one that the script calculates on (Pine Script Language Tutorial, n.d.; TradingView, n.d.). We use this function here with three arguments. These are the symbol with the accompanying exchange, the resolution to load, and the expression that
security() should return (TradingView, n.d.).
There are two similarities between the three
security() function calls. First, each specifies the symbol to load with
tickerid. That built-in variable returns the symbol name and exchange prefix of the instrument that the script is currently added to (see TradingView, n.d.). The other similarity is that each uses the
timeFrame input variable to specify which resolution
security() should load. This way our "Other Time Frame" input option affects which data is loaded here.
There are differences too. The first
security() function call loads
high prices for the instrument's other time frame, and stores the values returned by
security() in the
symbolHigh variable. The next
security() function call loads
low prices from that time frame which we then assign to the
symbolLow variable.
The third use of
security() is a bit different. Now we don't store the returned values in a variable but use these with
ema(). That function computes an Exponential Moving Average (EMA) with two arguments: a series of values to process alongside an integer with the moving average's length (TradingView, n.d.). For the first argument we use the values returned by
security(), whereas the second is set to the
emaLength input variable. That variable of our "EMA Length" input option has a standard value of 21.
This way we don't calculate the EMA based on the chart's time frame, but with the time frame that we loaded with
security() and specified with the
timeFrame resolution input variable. We store those EMA values in the
emaClose variable for now.
With the values computed, we plot them on the chart:
plot(series=symbolHigh, color=green, linewidth=3, style=circles)
plot(series=symbolLow, color=red, linewidth=3, style=cross)
plot(series=emaClose, color=orange, linewidth=2)
plot() function displays the data of its
series argument on the chart (TradingView, n.d.). With the function's
color argument we set the plot's colour and
linewidth sets the plot size, starting from 1 for the default size (TradingView, n.d.).
The first
plot() statement displays the high prices from the other time frame (
series=symbolHigh). This plot is coloured with the
green basic TradingView colour and, with
linewidth=3, made a few steps bigger than the default size. With the
style argument set to
circles we display these values as little dots on the chart.
The next
plot() statement shows the other time frame's low prices (
series=symbolLow). These values appear as small '+' signs (
style=cross) coloured in red (
With the last
plot() function call we display the EMA values (
series=emaClose) in the
orange standard TradingView colour on the chart. Since we don't set the style of this plot, it appears as a line by default (TradingView, n.d.).
Example: using data from a higher time frame in TradingView
Now let's examine how our example script looks. First, it creates two input options in the script's settings: a resolution and numerical input.
The indicator shows the high and low from the 'Other Time Frame' input option, besides the EMA of closing prices from that time frame. So when added to a 5-minute Crude Oil chart, it looks like:
When a new time period (as set by the 'Other Time Frame' input option begins), those high and low prices are plotted in the right side of the chart as they develop:
If we change the script's input options to an 'Other Time Frame' value of '1h' (instead of the default '180', or 3 hours) and set the 'EMA Length' option to 12, then the chart changes to:
Adding inputs to an indicator or strategy is done with
input(). This function returns the input option's current value, and we can store that value in a variable for use later on in the script. The kind of input that
input() makes is set with this function's
type argument. When we set that argument to
resolution, the script adds a pull-down menu with several resolution values to the input settings. This way we can easily choose a resolution by hand (like 15 minutes, an hour, or a day). With resolution inputs, the
input() function returns a string with the resolution setting (like
"120" for 2 hours). The function's
defval argument, which sets the option's default value, uses a string value as well. The default value can, however, only be set to one of the values that are already available in the pull-down menu.
Learn more:
- Besides creating a resolution drop-down menu, we can also use the
input()function to add a numerical input option or a true/false checkbox to the settings of an indicator or trading strategy.
- Another time-related input option is a session time range input. That input makes it possible to manually configure a time interval (like 8:00 till 18:00 hour).
Pine Script Language Tutorial (n.d.). Retrieved on August 13, 2015, from https://docs.google.com/document/d/1sCfC873xJEMV7MGzt1L70JTStTE9kcG2q-LDuWWkBeY/
TradingView (n.d.). Script Language Reference Manual. Retrieved on October 16, 2015, from https://www.tradingview.com/study-script-reference/


text: On Mon, Mar 20, 2006 at 01:16:02PM +0000, Roger Leigh wrote: > Hopefully once it's got the same amount of polish as the i386 port, > and the setup scripts are fixed up for easy installation and > integration with OpenFirmware, it will be a good candidate to > replace yaboot. Is it supposed to work on OldWorld machines also, as a quik replacement? -- Eric Cooper e c c @ c m u . e d u