text:
External Evidences of the Book of Mormon
According to some scholars,1 Palenque and the northern part of Guatemala were the cradle of the great Mayan culture (A.D. 250-850). The ancestors of the Maya, the Olmecs (1200-100 B.C.), built an impressive civilization even before the time of Christ. In Central and South America, we find the remains of this early Mayan culture which in some respects was equal to that of ancient Rome. The Mayan civilization persisted, under various ruling peoples2 until 1500, when it and the neighboring Aztecs (A.D. 1400-1500)3 were conquered by the Spanish.
Research has shown that all these people—Olmecs, Maya, and Aztecs—were deeply religious, and among their most persistent beliefs was one concerning the Great Spirit called Quetzalcoatl, represented in numerous paintings and carvings. A great leader, he is believed to have once visited the American continent, teaching them about religion, agriculture, and government.
As we try to visualize these ancient people, we are intrigued by a comparison with their descendants—the simple, unspoiled, friendly people who still make their homes nearby. One striking similarity is that the knowledge of Quetzalcoatl, handed down through centuries, persists even today.
The legend of the Bearded White God appears almost everywhere in this hemisphere. And though he is given various names,4 the allusion is always the same—a fair, bearded person with brown hair, blue eyes, and wearing a light robe.5 He counseled the people, taught them, and left with the promise that he would someday return.6
In letters that Columbus sent back to Spain, he vividly described his reception upon arrival in the New World.
The people of this land believed very firmly that I, with these ships and crew, came from the sky; and in such opinion, they received me at every place where I landed, after they had lost their terror.
And to this day many of them are still of the opinion that I came from heaven. And they were the first to proclaim it wherever I arrived; and the others went running from house to house . . . with loud cries of 'Come! Come to see the people from heaven!'7
When they landed in Mexico, Cortez and his conquerors also experienced a lavish welcome from the great Montezuma and his people, the Aztecs.8
To the simple natives, both Columbus and Cortez represented the promised return of Quetzalcoatl, and they were received with great joy. The crafty Cortez, taking advantage of the legend, told the chiefs he was indeed sent by Quetzalcoatl, and their belief in the Great White God was so strong it is recorded that with this news they "wept so that for a long space of time they could make no reply."9 The persistent belief in this white god is harmonious with the appearance of Christ in 3 Nephi 11-26.10 On the other hand, Ruth and Hyatt Verrill argue for a merely legendary source for the white god myth from early Sumer.11 This, too, in its way, supports the Book of Mormon in pre-Columbian Old-New World contact.
Other evidence also argues for Old-New World communication. Cortez wrote back to Spain describing an advanced civilization with forts so large that a city of fifteen thousand inhabitants could live within its walls. He mentioned forts containing forty or more towers of heavy construction built better, in fact, than the cathedrals in Spain.12 He described aqueducts and water systems of great size and efficiency.13 King Montezuma indicated to Cortez that his ancestors were not native to the New World.14 Some scholars believe these seafarers brought with them a culture comparable to that of the Phoenicians, Egyptians, and Greeks.15 Teotihuacan, the ruin just outside Mexico City, exemplifies the high degree of civilization attained by these ancient peoples. Traveling further south, there are the pyramids of Tikal in Guatemala which served a vast population dating back before the time of Christ. In Copan, Honduras, is found what is thought to have been a great seat of learning. All of these great cities stretching from Mexico on the north down through the Yucatan Peninsula to Copan give mute evidence to the fact that an extremely high culture existed centuries before Columbus.
Francisco Pizarro, a later explorer, made conquests still farther south. He landed in Peru, and was amazed to find millions of people scattered from Ecuador to Chile. He discovered complex irrigation systems, including sluiceways and reservoirs,16 which suggest influence from already advanced cultures. The coastal plains thus watered by mountain streams produced many staple products, including cotton of such unique content that botanists conclude it to be a hybrid combination of the Old and the New World, and was likely brought to the Americas by ship or raft.17
The craftsmanship in New World pottery-making was high in quality. Some styles of pottery were Mediterranean, while others resembled the ceramics of the Orient.18 In Cuzco, Peru, an ancient capital, Pizarro found the city surrounded by a massive wall built centuries before. The enormous, beautifully cut and fitted stones were assembled without the aid of mortar. In fact, they are so perfectly fitted and laid that a knife blade cannot be forced into the joints. Some of these gigantic stones weigh more than a hundred tons. Placing them atop one another was a remarkable engineering feat in itself.19 The only analogous structures in the world are the Egyptian pyramids.
Another astonishing engineering wonder is Machu Picchu, situated high in the Peruvian Andes, atop a peak with a sheer precipice on one side and a high peak on the other. It is believed to be a fortress city built in pre-Incan times to protect its citizens from invasion. The advanced technological expertise in this city's construction seems to have sprung up in Peru with no archaeological evidence of developmental or intermediate stages.20 This may suggest infusion from already advanced cultures.
Furthermore, a number of ancient American skills were noteworthy, such as metal working and medicine. That the ancients on the American continent were exceptional goldsmiths is well known. Pizarro records that it took "sixty Incan goldsmiths working steadily day and night for one month" to reduce all of the stolen artifacts down into bullion for transportation to Spain.21 Gold was so common, in fact, that some gold objects were painted other colors to break the monotony. Gold alloy was formed into breastplates, and even flat, thin plates have been found much like the aluminum foil in use today. The ancients also worked with copper, silver, and some bronze in a way similar to their Near Eastern counterparts.
In addition to being outstanding metalsmiths, artisans, and builders, these ancient Americans were skilled in other areas as well. They were gifted in the art of medicine to an astonishing degree. They were familiar with the use of narcotics, treated abnormal pregnancies, and even performed successful skull operations.22 They were also accomplished musicians with a musical scale similar to that found in the Mediterranean area. They were highly skilled in astronomy and mathematics, using the zero even before the Old World.23 And over a thousand years before the Old World had today's calendar, New World mathematicians were using a more accurate system. The Aztec calendar, while not as accurate as the Mayan, is still quite efficient.24
This people also showed a great interest in religion. According to many interesting discoveries that have been made, religion was the center of their lives. Some of these early Americans possessed a story of the creation of the world, of a great flood, a closed ark, the building of a high tower, and a confusion of languages. Scholars obtained this knowledge from the works of a royal Indian prince, Ixtlilxochitl, who was taught the Spanish language by padres, who followed the conquistadors. This prince inherited ancient Aztec records from his royal grandfather and translated them into Spanish, working all his life on the project. This history tells of how the Toltecs came to this continent many years after the flood, and their dating begins with the time "when Christ suffered."25
Later, some early Spanish scholars learned the native language and translated the ancient histories and traditions into Spanish. These translations are very interesting, and one of these Spanish scholars, Sahagun, wrote of pre-Christian and Christian Aztec beliefs, among which were similarities to such basic Christian doctrines as the afterlife and the kingdom of heaven, fasting, repentance, and a kind of eucharist in which an imitation body of the god was made of Amaranth dough and eaten.26 There is some evidence that the natives practiced circumcision and some form of baptism.27 These suggest that there may have been pre-Columbian influences from the Old World.
The use of incense28 in the ceremonies of the Indians is another tie to the Old World. The marriage covenant was sacred, indicating a high degree of morality among these people.29 In fact, the Spanish padres were surprised at the great number of parallels between the religion and practices of the ancient Indians and those of the Catholics of the Old World—such things as sacrificial altars,30 the burying of honored deceased individuals inside the temples or pyramids,31 and the manner of burial that indicated belief in immortality.32 The Aztec Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan bears great similarity in size and structure to those found in Egypt.33 Most scholars today believe that the American Indian is a mixture of many races and blood types.34 Recent studies and discoveries also link the Americas with Mediterranean cultures.35
So, there are a number of possible links between the Americas and the ancient world: belief in a white god, advanced building and engineering feats, metallurgy, and artisanship. An additional link with the Book of Mormon is the practice in the ancient world of writing on metal plates and their burying them in stone boxes.
In 1830, some ancient writing on plates was found in Palmyra, New York, by a young man named Joseph Smith, who described them as follows:
These records were engraven on plates which had the appearance of gold, each plate was six inches wide and eight inches long, and not quite so thick as common tin. They were filled with engravings, in Egyptian characters, and bound together in a volume as the leaves of a book, with three rings running through the whole. The volume was something near six inches in thickness, a part of which was sealed.36
At that time, in 1830, Joseph Smith's discovery was new. But was it unique? Was writing on metal plates completely unknown? The answer is no.
In the 1400s in the medieval city of Gubbio, Italy, seven large bronze tablets, called the Iguvine Tablets,37 which contained instructions for religious ceremonies, were discovered. Since then, lead plates containing commercial records of Italian families have been found in Bologna and Venice38—a common practice until the sixteenth century. Early Greek and Latin writings tell of metal plates used for treaty tablets and temple prayers.39 These writings were translated and read widely in Europe and America. Therefore, anyone familiar with these texts in 1830 would not have been surprised at the idea of writing on metal.
Writing on metal took a variety of forms. When Sir Francis Drake sailed into San Francisco Bay in the 1500s, he claimed the territory and erected a bronze plaque to document his claim.40 The Tookabatcha Indians of Mississippi and Alabama refer to five copper plates and two brass plates that their tribe has preserved for generations. The plates contain symbols resembling those of early Rome and Greece. Several authors, including James Adair, described these plates.41
All of these examples of writing on metal were found before Moroni's first visit to Joseph Smith in 1823. Nevertheless, his discovery created much excitement—and some skepticism—because it involved gold plates. Ancient writing on gold plates was not thought in 1823 to have been as historically commonplace, but many have been found worldwide since that time.
In Korea in 1965, nineteen gold plates dating back to the tenth century A.D. were found buried in a bronze box at the base of a pagoda. They were hinged together in accordion style and measured 14 x 15 inches.42 In the Rockefeller Museum in Jerusalem there is a plaque of thin gold foil from the Roman period. On this plate, used to cover the lips of the dead, is inscribed, "Take Courage Gosmos."43 In 1920, at the headwaters of the Tigris River, explorers found a gold tablet of King Shalmaneser in the land now known as Iraq. Though the tablet is undated, we know Shalmaneser lived about eight hundred years before Christ.44
In 1938, while excavating the palace of King Darius I, who reigned over Persia in the sixth century before Christ, a team from the University of Chicago discovered the closest and most spectacular parallel to the Book of Mormon plates: King Darius, in commemoration of the completion of his palace at Persepolis, placed eight metal tablets (four gold and four silver) in four stone boxes45 at the corners of the structure. Translations of the tablets reveal that they gave thanks to God and asked for protection of the royal household.
One of the oldest examples of writing on gold plates is found in the Louvre in Paris. It is the gold plate of Djokha Umma, and was discovered in the foundation of a sacred building in Iraq.46 It measures less than 2 x 3 inches. Also in the Louvre are the six plates of Sargon II from King Khorsabad's palace in Assyria (ca. 700 B.C.).47 Encased in a box were several plates, one of which was gold. The others were silver, lead, tin, and copper.
In Rome, prominently displayed in a famous archaeological museum, are three magnificent gold plates of Pyrgi (ca. 500 B.C.),48 written in the language of the Phoenicians and Etruscans. The plates are about 5 x 7 inches. You can still see the holes where they were originally fastened with nails to the door of the temple of the goddess, Astarte. These plates were very nearly the size of those described by Joseph Smith.49 In the British Museum in London are found two beautiful Maunggun gold plates, each measuring 1 x 14 inches, containing Buddhist scriptures50 and dating back to the first century A.D. They each have three lines of writing in the Pali language.
Writing on gold plates was indeed a common practice anciently. When gold was not plentiful, other metals were used. Lead and bronze plates were found with inscriptions; an inscribed bronze scoop dating back to 2000 B.C., along with writing on mirrors and even on metal moulded animals were found; also, bronze statue pedestals bearing inscriptions have been found. An outstanding example of writing on silver comes from Bethany. This scroll, dated A.D. 400, was found rolled up in a copper tube. It can be seen at the Information Center on Temple Square in Salt Lake City, Utah.51 It is very small (7-1/4 x 2-1/8 inches) and had to be photographed and magnified in order for the ancient Greek writing to be read. It lists religious beings who could ward off evil influences. A scroll similar to the Bethany scroll is on display in the archaeological museum in Jerusalem.
One of the famous Dead Sea copper scrolls from the Qumran community near Jerusalem, which existed before Christ, is proudly displayed in the National Archaeological Museum in Jordan.52 This scroll, written in Hebrew, told of a buried treasure which has never been found. It told of tithing and temple receipts from the Qumran community.
In Rome, in addition to the gold plates of Pyrgi and the bronze tablets of Gubbio, there are two ancient books from America called codices. They were written on the pounded bark of trees and folded like an accordion. They contain beautiful colorful drawings and hieroglyphs which were made A.D. 1400 and are now being translated. These Mayan books are renowned for their perfect preservation and are housed in the Vatican Library.53 Not only did ancient peoples write on metal plates, but they also wrote on metal columns,54 such as the giant pillar from the Near East dating back to 1100 B.C., now housed in the Louvre.
When Joseph Smith reported that his ancient gold plates were bound with metal rings, once again the idea seemed novel. Actually, though, the ancient Sanskrit and Tamil plates from India dating to A.D. 769 are bound together with a copper ring. They are in the British Museum along with other copper, silver, bronze, and gold plates from India written in ancient Pali.55 Some of these plates were a base metal covered with gold, with enameled black writing.
Joseph Smith is no longer alone in declaring that ancient American inhabitants in the New World could not only write, but that they preserved their writings in much the same manner as was previously done in the Old World. Archaeologist Rivero and historian Tschudi mention possible instances of the ancient Peruvians writing on metal.56 The well-known Hugo Cohen Museum in Lima, Peru, houses an intriguing gold plate found in a Peruvian area called Lambayeque.57 It measures 4 x 8 inches and contains possible writing symbols. Several plates of copper, bronze, and gold have been found by modern natives digging in the ruins of Cuenca, Ecuador. Scientists are now studying the plates to determine their authenticity and relationship to the ancient languages of the Old World.
One of the best-known examples of ancient writing on metal in the New World comes from the sacrificial well, or cenote, in Chichen Itza on the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico. When the Peabody Museum crew from Harvard University began dredging this well, they found embossed gold discs, among which was one with Mayan inscriptions.58 This well predates Columbus, and the gold disc is now in the Peabody Museum. J. Eric S. Thompson, the Maya hieroglyph expert, says that inscriptions have been found (though rarely) on metal in postclassic Mesoamerica.59 Juan de Torquemada, in discussing the ancient Toltec of Mexico, noted that they wrote in two columns—one of metal, and the other of stone.60 A native Mexican writer of Colonial times wrote: "It is certain that there were this kind of Artisans in Oaxaca, . . . for [probably before 1880] the Mixtecs sold to some European antiquarians some very thin gold plates, evidently worked by hammering that their ancestors had been able to preserve, and which were engraved with ancient hieroglyphs."61
Six bell-shaped brass plates were found in Kinderhook, Illinois, in 1843, in a mound with a skeleton.62 The date and origin are questionable and unknown. The writing is being studied, but no translation has been made. The Museum of the American Indian in New York City displays a gold disc thought to be a calendar. Inscriptions may have been placed on this metal about 800 B.C. somewhere in the Chavin area of Peru.63
Scholars and adventurers have been in awe as they have viewed the magnificent temples and carvings of ancient American cultures. They have marveled at their advanced society which revealed a knowledge of engineering, architecture, highway construction, astronomy, mathematics, religion, government, and art—evidences on every hand of a highly civilized people. Is it unreasonable to expect, then, that some of these ancient peoples were skilled communicators in the manner of their ancestors? I think not.
When Joseph Smith reported that he had found inscribed gold plates buried in a stone box, the idea seemed novel. Yet, prominently on display in the Louvre is a stone box64 containing copper plates with writing from the foundation of the temple of Dagan at Mari.65 These date back to 3000 B.C. The British Museum also houses two ancient boxes—one is from Balawat and contains two stone tablets;66 the other is of clay and was found in Babylonia, dated 600 B.C.
Joseph Smith said that the history written on his gold plates was of a people whose roots began in the Middle East and who brought with them to the New World the traditions and customs of their land. These customs included writing on metal plates and burying them in stone boxes. Although stone boxes were used commonly in the Old World to bury and preserve histories and other treasures, only recently have ancient stone boxes been discovered in America in significant numbers. Many of these are now on display in the archaeological museum in Mexico.
Stone boxes have been found in the Old World as well as the New. These boxes usually contained gold, jewelry, tools, or other valuables. A stone box found in Persepolis, Iran, contained two thin metal plates—one of gold and the other of silver—upon which was an engraved record of King Darius.67 Several hundred different histories engraved on gold, silver, and copper plates have been discovered in the Old World. In the year 1823, a stone box, much like those discovered later in Latin America, was shown to Joseph Smith in the side of a hill near Palmyra, New York. The stone box contained ancient golden plates with strange engravings upon them much like those found in Iran.
This record, when translated, was found to be God's dealings with some of the early inhabitants of the American continent, and was destined to change the course of history. It told of three groups of people migrating here by ship from the Old World. It described the rise and fall of two glorious civilizations that prospered under the hands of the Lord when they kept his commandments and were destroyed when they did not.
Eleven reputable men besides Joseph Smith were privileged to see these gold records. Eight of them signed the following statement:
Be it known unto all nations, kindred, tongues, and people unto whom this work shall come: That Joseph Smith, Jun., the translator of this work, has shown unto us the plates of which hath been spoken, which have the appearance of gold; and as many of the leaves as the said Smith has translated we did handle with our hands; and we also saw the engravings thereon, all of which has the appearance of ancient work, and of curious workmanship. And this we bear record with words of soberness, that the said Smith has shown unto us, for we have seen and hefted, and know of a surety that the said Smith has got the plates of which we have spoken. And we give our names unto the world, to witness unto the world that which we have seen. And we lie not, God bearing witness of it.68
Running throughout the Book of Mormon narrative is the story of two groups of people—one light-skinned and the other dark. We see possible evidence of this in murals at Bonampak, Mexico, as well as in murals at Chichen Itza. Legends still exist among these Indians about a dark people and a light people who lived there anciently.
The Book of Mormon also speaks of frequent warfare in this civilization. The actuality of this is borne out by the numerous fortifications and weapons found in Mexico and in Central and South America—weapons similar to those used in the Old World.
One of the most unforgettable stories in the Book of Mormon is Lehi's "tree of life" vision. References to the tree of life continue to crop up in such diverse places as Egypt, Mesoamerica, and in Paracas, Peru. Carved centuries ago in a mountain in Paracas, a representation is still called the tree of life by local natives. And in Izapa, Mexico, is one of the most detailed tree of life carvings to be found anywhere. One modern scholar who has made a thorough study of this stela has suggested 110 similarities between this sculpture and the dream of Lehi and Nephi in the Book of Mormon.69
Perhaps the most beautiful and memorable segment of the Book of Mormon is the portion that tells of the story of a visit of Jesus Christ. He taught the people, blessed the children, and, upon leaving, promised to return someday. His teachings were very similar to those of the Bearded White God who taught all goodness and virtue, and then promised to return. So great was the impact of Christ's visit to this continent that his story was repeated and handed down by word of mouth for centuries. Is it any wonder that the natives bowed down and worshiped Columbus, Cortez, and Pizarro upon their arrival here?
And this brings us full circle to the question of the Bearded White God, the most widely held legend in this part of the world. The story of the Bearded White God in these great civilizations of the past is no longer a complete mystery. We still have much to learn about them, but we have many clues.
There are the history of Ixtlilxochitl, the Mayan prince; the translated histories of the Spanish chronicles; and the Book of Mormon, which contains the most lengthy and detailed history of these people and emerges as the most valuable record known concerning this pre-Columbian civilization.
The Book of Mormon was not intended to be read as an archaeological document. Certain mundane activities were only mentioned to provide cohesion to the narrative. Discussing these factors, however, can raise, for some people, interest in the record itself. Evidence of their mathematics, astronomy, agricultural practices, mastery of weaving textiles, and so forth, helps document their greatness. The main purpose of the Book of Mormon is spiritual. The book contains God's dealings with three groups of immigrants to the American continent and is a second witness and testament of the mission and plan of Jesus Christ.
After the age of forty-two, I attended Brigham Young University for graduate studies and became a student of Hugh Nibley, admiring him as a scholar and friend. Dr. Nibley accompanied Dr. LaMar Garrard and me on a trip through the Navajo and Hopi Indian country, and later he and I accompanied a group on a tour through the Mexican pre-Columbian ruins. These experiences, along with the inspiration I have received from reading his many works, have endeared him to me immeasurably.
2. Cf. the Toltecs, for example, who ruled A.D. 950-1200.
3. The Aztec chieftain was the now famous Montezuma (ca. A.D. 1480-1520).
4. He was known by various names. To the Toltecs and Aztecs of Mexico, he was Quetzalcoatl; to the Incas, Viracocha; to the Maya, Kukulcan; to the Chibchas, Bochica; to the Peruvian Aymara, Hyustus. Cf. Pierre Honoré̩, In Quest of the White God, trs. Oliver Coburn and Ursula Lehrburger (New York: Putnam, 1964), 16. This god Quetzalcoatl should not be confused with an eighth-century hero who took upon himself the name of Quetzalcoatl.
5. Verrill, Old Civilizations, 182; see also A. Hyatt Verrill, Great Conquerors of South and Central America (New York: Appleton, 1929), 53-55; and A. Hyatt Verrill and Ruth Verrill, America's Ancient Civilizations (New York: Putnam, 1953), 67.
6. See Honoré̩, In Quest of the White God, 16, 98, 108; cf. Thompson, Maya History and Religion, 44.
7. John B. Thacher, Christopher Columbus, 3 vols. (New York: AMS Press/Kraus Reprint, 1967), 2:22-23.
8. Verrill, Great Conquerors of South and Central America, 61-62.
9. Hernando Cortez, Five Letters 1519-1526, tr. J. Bayard Morris (London: Routledge, 1928), 82.
10. Cf. Bruce Warren and Thomas S. Ferguson, The Messiah in Ancient America (Provo, UT: Book of Mormon Research Foundation, 1987), esp. 29-50.
11. Verrill and Verrill, America's Ancient Civilizations, 109, 293.
12. Cortez, Five Letters, 78, 90.
13. Ibid., 92-93.
14. Verrill, Great Conquerors, 51; Honoré̩, In Quest of the White God, 26-27.
15. Verrill and Verrill, America's Ancient Civilizations, 293; Honoré̩, In Quest of the White God, 22, 200-208.
16. Verrill and Verrill, America's Ancient Civilizations, 256, on the complex irrigation and reservoir system.
17. Cf. George Carter, "Before Columbus" in Paul R. Cheesman, ed., The Book of Mormon: The Keystone Scripture (Provo, UT: BYU Religious Studies Center, 1988), 164-86; cf. J. B. Hutchinson, R. A. Silow, and S. G. Stephens, Evolution of Gossypium (London: Oxford University Press, 1947).
18. Cf. Verrill and Verrill, America's Ancient Civilizations, 173.
19. Ibid., 235-38, 243-45, 247.
20. Ibid., 196-97, 246.
21. Verrill, Great Conquerors of South and Central America, 20-21.
22. Verrill and Verrill, Ancient American Civilizations, 153-54, 309.
23. For a reference on mathematics, see Donald Ediger, The Well of Sacrifice (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1971), 16; cf. Irwin, Fair Gods and Stone Faces, 107, 110-11, 115, 273; for astronomy, see Ediger, The Well of Sacrifice, 142, and Verrill and Verrill, Ancient American Civilizations, 195.
24. Verrill and Verrill, America's Ancient Civilizations, 260.
25. For the Works of Ixtlilxochitl compared with the Book of Mormon, see Milton R. Hunter and Thomas S. Ferguson, Ancient America and the Book of Mormon (Oakland, CA: Kolob, 1950), esp. 189-94, for the chronological correspondence between Christ's death and the Toltec calendrical dating, and cf. 89-90 for Toltec knowledge of the creation and flood. Cf. E. Wyllys Andrews, "Chronology and Astronomy in the Maya Area" in Clarence L. Hay et al., eds., The Maya and Their Neighbors (New York: Appleton Century, 1940), 150-61.
26. Fray Bernardino Sahagun, General History of the Things of New Spain: Florentine Codex, tr. Charles E. Dibble and Arthur J. O. Anderson, 13 vols. (Salt Lake City, UT: School of American Research and the University of Utah, 1950-70), 1: prologue to the argument against idolatry, chaps. 1, 12, 14, 19, 24; 2:chaps. 4 and 6; 3: chap. 1.
27. Ibid. Baptism as immersion is uncertain, but some form of ceremonial washing (1: chaps. 1 and 19), including washing of the feet (1: chap. 19) was performed. In addition, circumcision is also unclear since the term "man's skin" (2: chap. 21) might merely refer to the skin of the entire body, as in "wearing human skins" (1: chap. 18). Reference is elsewhere made to the wearing of "woman's skin" after a female sacrificial victim had been skinned (2: chap. 11; 1: chap. 8).
28. Thomas Gann, Glories of the Maya (New York: Scribners, 1939), 20-21, 84, 209-10.
29. Adultery was violently punished. See Oliver La Farge, "Maya Ethnology: The Sequence of Cultures," in Hay et al., The Maya and Their Neighbors, 284.
30. C. Bruce Hunter, A Guide to Ancient Maya Ruins (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1974), 16, 49-52, 55, 66, 77, 121- 22.
31. Patrick Culbert, "Early Maya Development at Tikal, Guatemala" in Richard E. W. Adams, ed., The Origins of Maya Civilization (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1977), 40-41; cf. Gann, Glories of the Maya, 113, 154, 172-77, 197, 206, 210, 264.
32. Cf. Gann, Glories of the Maya, 71, 145, 206, who claims that many ancient beliefs still persist.
33. Ediger, The Well of Sacrifice, 19, 142.
34. W. W. Howells, "The Origins of American Indian Race Types" in Hay et al., The Maya and Their Neighbors, 7.
35. Ibid.
37. See Irene Rosenzweig, Ritual and Cults of Pre-Roman Iguvium (London: Christophers, 1937); cf. Ambros J. Pfiffig, Religio Etrusca (Graz: Akademische Druck, 1975); cf. Paul R. Cheesman, Ancient Writings on Metal Plates (Bountiful, UT: Horizon, 1985), 57-59.
38. Cheesman, Ancient Writings, 63.
39. For example, on the bronze treaty tablets in the Athens Archaeological Museum, see Cheesman, Ancient Writings, 47-48; on the nine gold Orphic plates buried in Greece and now in museums in England, Naples, and Athens, see Cheesman, Ancient Writings, 55-56, 63.
40. Drake's Plate of Brass: Evidence of His Visit to California in 1579 (San Francisco: California Historical Society, 1937), 1.
41. James Adair, The History of the American Indians (New York: Johnson Reprint, 1968), 178-79; cf. Albert J. Pickett, The History of Alabama (Birmingham, AL: Birmingham, 1962), 81-83.
42. National Museum, Seoul. Examined by the author in Korea, 1979.
43. Cf. Cheesman, Ancient Writings, 69.
44. Peabody Museum, Boston, Massachusetts.
45. Cheesman, Ancient Writings, 59-60; cf. H. Curtis Wright, "Ancient Burials of Metal Documents in Stone Boxes," in this volume.
46. Cheesman, Ancient Writings, 64.
47. Ibid., 61-62.
48. Ibid., 63.
49. National Museum of Villa Giulia in the Piazza de Villa Giulia 9.
50. Cheesman, Ancient Writings, 72, 75.
51. Ibid., 65.
52. Ibid., 59, 61.
53. Verrill and Verrill, America's Ancient Civilizations, 78.
54. Cheesman, Ancient Writings, 63.
55. Etruscan gold sheets with holes and rivets in a book format have also been found, ibid., 56-57.
56. Mariano Eduardo de Rivero y Ustariz and Dr. Juan Diego de Tschudi, Antiguedades Peruanas (Arequipa, Peru: Primer Festival de Libro Arequipeno, 1958; repr. of an 1851 ed.) However, the Spanish word for metal used here, "materia," can also mean subject matter or topic, so the reference to writing in metal is not clear.
57. Cheesman, Ancient Writings, 50.
58. Richard E. W. Adams, Prehistoric Mesoamerica (Boston: Little, Brown, 1977), 244-45.
59. J. Eric S. Thompson, "Maya Hieroglyphic Writing," in Gordon R. Willey, ed., Handbook of Middle American Indians, 16 vols. and suppl., Robert Wauchope, general ed. (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1965), 3:634.
60. Juan de Torquemada, Monarquia Indiana, 3 vols. (Mexico: Editorial Porrua, 1969; first ed. Seville, 1615), 1:chap. 14.
61. José A. Gay, Historia de Oaxaca Mexico, 2 vols. (Oaxaca: Tall-Tip. del Gobierno Oaxaca, 1933), 1:62 .
63. Verrill and Verrill, America's Ancient Civilizations, 304.
64. Cf. Wright, "Ancient Burials of Metal Documents in Stone Boxes," in this volume.
65. Cheesman, Ancient Writings, 77-78.
66. Ibid., 78-79.
67. Ibid., 59-60.
68. Introductory pages, "The Testimony of Eight Witnesses," in the Book of Mormon (Salt Lake City: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1984).
69. M. Wells Jakeman, The Complex "Tree of Life" Carving on Izapa Stela 5: A Reanalysis and Partial Interpretation (Provo, UT: Brigham Young University, 1958).


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Executive Summary
EnWave Corp (ENW)-Financial and Strategic SWOT Analysis Review provides you an in-depth strategic SWOT analysis of the company's businesses and operations. The profile has been compiled by GlobalData to bring to you a clear and an unbiased view of the company's key strengths and weaknesses and the potential opportunities and threats. The profile helps you formulate strategies that augment your business by enabling you to understand your partners, customers and competitors better.
The profile contains critical company information including:
Business description-A detailed description of the company's operations and business divisions.
Corporate strategy-Analyst's summarization of the company's business strategy.
SWOT Analysis-A detailed analysis of the company's strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats.
Company history-Progression of key events associated with the company.
Major products and services-A list of major products, services and brands of the company.
Key competitors-A list of key competitors to the company.
Key employees-A list of the key executives of the company.
Executive biographies-A brief summary of the executives' employment history.
Key operational heads-A list of personnel heading key departments/functions.
Important locations and subsidiaries-A list and contact details of key locations and subsidiaries of the company.
Key manufacturing facilities-A list of key manufacturing facilities of the company.
Detailed financial ratios for the past five years-The latest financial ratios derived from the annual financial statements published by the company with 5 years history.
Interim ratios for the last five interim periods-The latest financial ratios derived from the quarterly/semi-annual financial statements published by the company for 5 interims history.
EnWave Corp (EnWave) is an industrial technology company that develops commercial applications for its proprietary Radiant Energy Vacuum (REV) dehydration technology. Its technology finds application in food and pharmaceutical industry. The company licenses use of REV equipment to partner companies for specific products and geographic markets. NutraDried LLP, a subsidiary of EnWave develops and distributes REV dried snack products, namely Moon Cheese, for the North American market. EnWave currently has three commercial REV platforms, namely, nutraREV for food industry applications; quantaREV for food industry applications; and powderREV for pharmaceutical applications. The company is also developing freezeREV a multi-vial prototype technology for pharmaceutical applications. EnWave is headquartered in Vancouver, Canada.
EnWave Corp Key Recent Developments
Aug 26, 2016: EnWave Announces 2016 Third Quarter Consolidated Interim Financial Results
Aug 12, 2016: EnWave Receives $480,000 of Previously Restricted Cash Collateral
Jul 28, 2016: EnWave Hires Experienced Senior Vice President to Lead Global Pharmaceutical Business Development Strategy
May 26, 2016: EnWave Announces First Quarterly Positive Net Income and Reports Consolidated Interim Financial Results for the Second Quarter Fiscal Year 2016
Feb 26, 2016: EnWave Reports Consolidated Interim Financial Results for the First Quarter Fiscal Year 2016
Key benefits of buying this profile include:
You get detailed information about the company and its operations to identify potential customers and suppliers.
The profile analyzes the company's business structure, operations, major products and services, prospects, locations and subsidiaries, key executives and their biographies and key competitors.
Understand and respond to your competitors' business structure and strategies, and capitalize on their weaknesses. Stay up to date on the major developments affecting the company.
The company's core strengths and weaknesses and areas of development or decline are analyzed and presented in the profile objectively. Recent developments in the company covered in the profile help you track important events.
Equip yourself with information that enables you to sharpen your strategies and transform your operations profitably.
Opportunities that the company can explore and exploit are sized up and its growth potential assessed in the profile. Competitive and/or technological threats are highlighted.
Scout for potential investments and acquisition targets, with detailed insight into the companies' strategic, financial and operational performance.
Financial ratio presented for major public companies in the profile include the revenue trends, profitability, growth, margins and returns, liquidity and leverage, financial position and efficiency ratios.
Gain key insights into the company for academic or business research.
Key elements such as SWOT analysis, corporate strategy and financial ratios and charts are incorporated in the profile to assist your academic or business research needs.
Note: Some sections may be missing if data is unavailable for the company
Table of Contents
Table of Contents 2
List of Tables 4
List of Figures 5
Section 1-About the Company 6
EnWave Corp-Key Facts 6
EnWave Corp-Key Employees 7
EnWave Corp-Key Employee Biographies 8
EnWave Corp-Major Products and Services 9
EnWave Corp-History 10
EnWave Corp-Company Statement 16
EnWave Corp-Locations And Subsidiaries 18
Head Office 18
Other Locations & Subsidiaries 18
Section 2-Company Analysis 19
EnWave Corp-Business Description 19
EnWave Corp-Corporate Strategy 20
EnWave Corp-SWOT Analysis 21
SWOT Analysis-Overview 21
EnWave Corp-Strengths 21
EnWave Corp-Weaknesses 22
EnWave Corp-Opportunities 23
EnWave Corp-Threats 24
EnWave Corp-Key Competitors 25
Section 3-Company Financial Ratios 26
Financial Ratios-Capital Market Ratios 26
Financial Ratios-Annual Ratios 27
Performance Chart 29
Financial Performance 29
Financial Ratios-Interim Ratios 30
Financial Ratios-Ratio Charts 31
Section 4-Company's Lifesciences Financial Deals and Alliances 32
EnWave Corp, Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare, Deals By Year, 2010 to YTD 2016 32
EnWave Corp, Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare, Deals By Type, 2010 to YTD 2016 33
EnWave Corp, Recent Deals Summary 34
Section 5-Company's Recent Developments 35
Aug 26, 2016: EnWave Announces 2016 Third Quarter Consolidated Interim Financial Results 35
Jul 28, 2016: EnWave Hires Experienced Senior Vice President to Lead Global Pharmaceutical Business Development Strategy 36
May 26, 2016: EnWave Announces First Quarterly Positive Net Income and Reports Consolidated Interim Financial Results for the Second Quarter Fiscal Year 2016 37
Feb 26, 2016: EnWave Reports Consolidated Interim Financial Results for the First Quarter Fiscal Year 2016 38
Dec 18, 2015: EnWave Reports 2015 Annual Financial Results 39
Sep 29, 2015: EnWave Subsidiary, Hans Binder Maschinenbau GmbH, Files for Insolvency 40
Sep 04, 2015: EnWave Begins Manufacturing Phase of Agreement Signed with Sutro Biopharma 41
Sep 01, 2015: EnWave Announces New Chief Financial Officer 42
Aug 14, 2015: EnWave Subsidiary, NutraDried, Signs Master Supply and Distribution Agreement with Spire Enterprises 43
Jul 20, 2015: EnWave Further Strengthens Intellectual Property Portfolio, Obtains powderREV, freezeREV and quantaREV Patents, Extends Royalty Stream Timeline 44
Section 6-Appendix 45
Methodology 45
Ratio Definitions 45
About GlobalData 49
Contact Us 49
Disclaimer 49
List of Figures
EnWave Corp, Performance Chart (2011-2015) 29
EnWave Corp, Ratio Charts 31
EnWave Corp, Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare, Deals By Year, 2010 to YTD 2016 32
EnWave Corp, Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare, Deals by Type, 2010 to YTD 2016 33
List of Tables
EnWave Corp, Key Facts 6
EnWave Corp, Key Employees 7
EnWave Corp, Key Employee Biographies 8
EnWave Corp, Major Products and Services 9
EnWave Corp, History 10
EnWave Corp, Subsidiaries 18
EnWave Corp, Key Competitors 25
EnWave Corp, Ratios based on current share price 26
EnWave Corp, Annual Ratios 27
EnWave Corp (Cont...1), Annual Ratios 28
EnWave Corp, Interim Ratios 30
EnWave Corp, Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare, Deals By Year, 2010 to YTD 2016 32
EnWave Corp, Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare, Deals By Type, 2010 to YTD 2016 33
EnWave Corp, Recent Deals Summary 34
Currency Codes 45
Capital Market Ratios 45
Equity Ratios 46
Profitability Ratios 46
Cost Ratios 47
Liquidity Ratios 47
Leverage Ratios 47
Efficiency Ratios 48
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EnWave Corp, SWOT analysis, SWOT, Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats, Corporate Strategy, Key Ratios, Share Data, Performance, Financial Performance, Overview, Business Description, Major Product, Brands, History,Key Employees, Key Operational Heads, Strategy, Key Competitors, Company Statement, Capital Market Ratios, Financial Ratios, Annual Ratios, Interim Ratios, Ratio Charts
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How many times have you thought, "Man I could really go for some falafel right now, but the prospect of finding some and/or cooking it is so unpleasant that I'll just forget it and finish this bag of Taco Doritos" ?
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Here's a revelation: Falafel chips taste just like falafel. Also, they're a little corny and salty, like a Frito. The chip is firm and doesn't yield as I scoop up globs of tzaziki. And man, I'd eat tzaziki by the spoonful if there wasn't anything within arm's length to use as a dipper. But thanks to TJ's, I've got a big sack of falafel chips by my side to sustain me. And just like Scarlett O'Hara, I'll never be without falafel again.
What Can I Make for Dinner? #12
2 days ago


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Wednesday, September 10, 2014
Fudge Tunnel - Teeth ep
Label: Relativity
Year: 1992
That big ole hulking nasty English cousin to Helmet (the Drooler post earlier prompted more Helmet spawn), that sometimes outdid Helmet themselves. They certainly outdid Prong, who were also in the business (at least for a time) of rattling off staccato riffs with pregnant pauses and swinging back beats. Low and loud and bathed in a rich, warm, feed backing guitar tone, this ep is undeniable. Its got such a big sound, with the right amount of grit wearing down those buried melodies. I've always been a sucker for Fudge Tunnel (AND the band's pretty good too...hey-yo! Zinger!).
Originally this was a four song Earache release, then Relativity Records re-released it in the US adding two more tracks for good measure, their cover of "Sunshine Of Your Love"and the excellently titled "Joined At The Dick"
*Somebody said something...and the link is done. Sorry Fudge Tunnel, didn't mean to offend.
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At right, Sergeant Greg Pavnica, left, and Officer Tim Reiter
Screams and gunshots echoed through the Hesburgh Library not long ago—and even though it was a training exercise, it was still pretty frightening for participants, says Notre Dame Security Police (NDSP) Officer Tracy Skibins.
"People don't like to think about workplace violence," she says. "It's scary. But that won't stop something like this from happening."
Participants attended a classroom session before the training and were debriefed afterward. The Hesburgh Library was closed for the duration of the exercise. In this scenario, the bad guys played by NDSP officers entered the building, fired guns (using training weapons and tape-recorded gunshots) and made demands.
Student workers added verisimilitude by screaming and asking for help, raising questions for the staff—do they leave their safe place and try to help, or stay where they are?
Participants were able to hide themselves so effectively that there were only two simulated injuries out of 140 participants (one curled up on a shelf, and pulled a book cart in front to block the view.)
The two "victims" thought their office door was locked and it wasn't. "It surprised the bad guys as much as them," Skibins says. They were handed cards that said, "Gunshot wound to arm."
The training was helpful for library staff, but it also offered a great training opportunity for dispatchers and responding police officers.
NDSP officers are happy to bring information and/or training sessions to campus work groups. For more information, contact Skibins at 631-2621, firstname.lastname@example.com.
There's also a 20-minute training video, "Stay Safe on Campus," available on the NDSP website. Visit ndsp.nd.edu and click on the Crime Prevention link.
"Crime can happen anywhere," says Skibins, "including violent crime. Learn to recognize the red flags, before violence happens. Be alert, be trained, be prepared and think through what to do."


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Utah State #128 Upper Colorado River Scenic Byway
Follow the mighty Colorado River through its beautifully carved redrock gorge and travel back 250 million years in time. If it all looks familiar, it may be that you recognize the scenery from several western movies and commercials.
Km: 66.9 from Moab, starting at US 191
Miles: 41.6 from Moab, starting at US 191
Title: Cisco Junction
Summary: The road going east brings you to the ghost town of Cisco (2.3 miles) and Exit 212 of Interstate 70 (8.1 miles).


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A quiet afternoon in Pham Ngu Lao, the backpacker district of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
This tangle of electrical wires is pretty typical of Southeast Asian countries – but Vietnam's seemed to be particularly low and particularly precarious.
Click image to view it larger.
For more inspirational photos from my travels round the world, view my Flickr stream.


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Death of a Rose
Thorn on mighty stem
broken from the bow,
blood red leaves fold within
and whither slowly unto now.
In the rose's final hour
the last leaf falls upon the floor,
and as a tear falls down upon it
the rose blossoms nevermore.
Personal Note:
I wrote this a few years ago. Now that I look back at it, it reminds me a bit of Nothing Gold Can Stay, the famous poem by Robert Frost. I'm pretty sure that poem is my personal inspiration for writing this, although I didn't realize it at the time. In telling you this, I find myself transported back to Pony Boy reading that poem to Johnny in The Outsiders. Reading S. E. Hinton was my first introduction to that specific piece of poetry, and I have been in love with it ever since. "Stay gold, Pony Boy."
Posted in Poetry and Other Short Things and tagged death, endings, poem, poetry, Pony Boy, rose, S. E. Hinton, stay gold, The Outsiders by S. D. Galloway with no comments yet.
Welcome to my official blog
One of my favorite authors once said that the written word is a form of telepathy, of transference of ideas through thoughts and mental images. Right now, you and I are having a meeting of the minds. I hope you enjoy what is to follow.
Posted in After Hours and Other Ramblings by S. D. Galloway with no comments yet.


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Contact us // How we can help you?
Get in touch:
Please note there is no parking on site, however we are located directly opposite Waitrose (free parking up to 2hours) and Beaconsfield train station in the New Town. There are also a number of other car parks located close to the salon.
Google Map


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Star Wars: Predators
Deck Officer Neathe
Deck Officer of the Honey Badger
Nethe is characterised as nervous, but hard working. She's 22 from Alderaan – she happened to be off-planet when the Death Star destroyed her world, on a geological trip with her university. After that day, she searched out the Rebel Alliance to join up and avenge her home world. Crewing the Honey Badger is her first long-term off-base assignment for the Alliance.
During her time working with Predator Squadron she has become good friends with Captain Kay'daq, having spent a lot of time with him aboard the Honey Badger whilst Predator Squadron itself is off handling other aspects of the mission.
After Kay'daq was injured by Storm-Commandos on New Alderaan, she escorted him to the med-centre to ensure he got proper treatment. Since the evacuation they have been separated from Predator Squadron.


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By: Seth Bartley
The Story
A Young girl awoke one night to a horrible crashing sound. The sound persisted; not the crashing sound that woke her, but an inconstant banging. She walked down the halls of her building complex to the apartment parlor where the adults often socialized.
She asked the Others what has happening.
"It's nothing" said one woman.
"It's just the pipes" said a man.
"Don't worry, I'm sure it will stop soon." another man confidently asserted.
"I didn't ask if the sound would stop, I asked what was making it." she protested. Annoyed, the man gave a disgruntled sigh and walked away the disrespectful child.
"It's an old building; sometimes old things make weird sounds." Her grandfather reassured her. "Go back to bed." He made a grunting sound as he stood and said. "See what I mean?"
The Young girl smiled to her loving grandfather. Her family had lived in the building for years, she assumed they had experience and knew what they were talking about, but Something wouldn't let her shake the feeling that something was very wrong. She had lived there all her life, but she had never heard anything like this before.
Just to be careful she followed the banging sound down the halls wanting to make sure it was nothing that might endanger her family or her beloved Home. Another crash and she knew this was nothing that could be dismissed as trivial. The sound drew her to the basement floor, she gathered her courage, and stepped down to see what was causing the racket.
No one had been in the basement for years; who would want to, it was filthy and filled with crawling creatures. Long ago the overhead Light bulbs had burned out but still had not been replaced. She fumbled across the room, trying to keep quiet as she stubbed her toe on a table or tripped on a loose board. The room was filled with a thick darkness save for one handheld Lamp that pierced the void. He was carrying the Light across the room. A brute of a man; the shadows licked his prowling form like dark flames as the torch of the Lamp washed them into hiding. He held the Lamp before his path and allowed it to lead him around the Foundations of her Home. He was looking at them examining each one in detail then he set down the Lamp and without care or concern lifted his giant hammer and slammed it into the support beam.
That was the sound; he's destroying our Home! The man raised his weapon again and delivered another blow against her Home and then another. Her Home, however, refused to budge, it withstood his barrage and he relented. Lifting his Lamp this Underminer followed the Light to find any weakness, any at all. He was relentlessly thorough.
'The Lamp,' it dawned on her 'without the Light he could not see any flaws to exploit.' She moved towards the Lamp hugging the walls careful to stay within the safety of the shadows. The Underminer whacked the mallet against another beam and this one capitulated to his demands; the bang of steel on concrete was replaced with a crackling of stone and a soggy wooden snap of the beam inside. The Young girl had to be swift if she was to save her Home; she darted out like a thief in the night and snatched the Lamp eliciting a furious protest from the assailant.
She ran as fast as she could for the door leaving the Underminer to fumble in the dark. As she went she was able to avoid all the obstacles she had bumped into on the way down, but she could hear the man shout in pain as he kicked his way through the brier patch of forgotten belongings. The Young girl carried the Lamp away and knew that so long as she had the Light she would make it; the Light was safety, the Light was peace, the Light was survival.
She made it out of the basement and gathered her family and neighbors to the threat. The residents demand their Landlord take action. He led his family to the basement determined to save the Home they loved so much. They found the Underminer waiting with his mallet.
"It's difficult to work without any Light." He announced, looking to the Young girl.
When the Landlord saw the nature of the basement, the damage the man had inflicted in his short time there, his let loose his wrath upon the Underminer. He demanded the man pay for the destruction he caused to their beautiful Home.
The Underminer's retorted "Your Home is a rat infested sewer-hole. Have you ever looked around, I mean really looked. You should leave, now."
The residents responded "There is nothing wrong with our Home, you are the one who should leave!"
"The Foundations are weak" He explained, "it should take more than a few whacks with a mallet to bring them down. Better to know that now than after the building falls."
"These beams have held up our Home for years before you came" the Landlord assured the man, "and they will continue to stand for years after you leave."
"Whether it is today or tomorrow; if you refuse to test your own Foundations, I assure you, your Home will become your tomb."
"How dare you insult us and our Home, have you no respect."
The Underminer questioned the residents. "You are willing to stake your lives and those of your families on the strength of these Foundations without even once asking if they can truly support you."
The residents chastised the Underminer for his insolence and demanded he leave. Brushing off the dust from their Home, he grabbed his mallet, and looked to the Young girl holding his Lamp "It's difficult to work without any Light, but be careful with that Lamp: the Light exposes danger, the Light emboldens chaos, the Light reveals death. Have you ever looked around, I mean really looked." The Underminer left his Lamp to the use of the residents and walked out of their lives. However, that was just the beginning of the community's troubles.
The Young girl had heard the Underminer's words and seemingly for the first time took a hard look at her Home. There was wallpaper peeling off in the hallways cracks in the ceiling and walls, broken windows, more than a few loose floorboards, and water damage from a flood the year she was born. Her family had always taught that they were marks of character, memories of a long and happy life together. Even though his actions that night were thwarted, the Underminer's damage was done; infighting broke out among the residents as Some began to take his same advise to heart. More than once people were caught taking the Underminer's Lamp and going into the basement to examine his claims for themselves. They always returned more upset and more demanding upon the Landlord, Some even suggested giving in to the Underminer's demands and abandon their beloved home. The chaos was building.
The Landlord tried to appease the demands that Some residents had made by buying new flowers for the halls to replace the wilting ones, hanging lovely garden portraits and even dusting off the old chandeliers to brighten up the rooms. It was lovely; walking through the halls of her Home the Young girl felt like she was walking through spring. The romantic image that her family remembered and she had always imagined was renewed in all its' splendor. But Some residents only became angrier at these cosmetic repairs, as if the beauty itself offended them. A worry began that Someone might actually take up the Underminer's unfinished task and the Other residents demanded that the Landlord take action to protect their Home.
The Landlord took this threat very seriously and residents took steps to maintain their Home. The basement was sealed and a constant vigil was placed to ensure no one would be able to undermine the Foundations again. Furthermore, no one even spoke about the Underminer's arguments without fear of ostracized by the community. Finally, just for good measure, the Underminer's Lamp was left in the basement before it was locked; no one would use it's Light to expose their Home to danger.
Order was restored and the residents enjoyed peace in their home. Over the years Some would leave, abandon their family, but Others would take their place and find a warm and joyful embrace of their new community family. Some still remained and would constantly remind us of the scar the Underminer left; their shrill complaining voices pierced the peace of their community like his Lamp pierced the shadows in that basement. Eventually if they refused to silence themselves, they were asked to leave. The Other residents would not stand for such treacherous behavior. They were ashamed by their previous lack of vigilance; the Underminer had turned so many of their peaceful flock into ravenous wolves.
Years passed and the Young girl had become a Young mother. Her Young son was lying in bed asleep when he awoke one night to a horrible crashing sound. The Young mother had heard it before, after so long she had thought they were finally safe. She and those old enough to remember the sound came rushing to the parlor to defend their home from this assailant; but there was no interloper, the building itself was collapsing. The residents fled; the Young mother, her Young son, and a few others fell through the collapsing floor into the basement.
Covered by ruble the trapped residents fumbled through the darkness trying to escape. The Young mother came across an old Lamp, 'the Underminer's Lamp!' it dawned on her 'with the Light we could see any paths to escape.' It still worked and the group gathered around the Lamp; the Light was safety, the Light was peace, the Light was survival. They could hear the sounds of their neighbors digging frantically searching for lost family. The Young son clung tightly to his mother as she worried about their family; her husband and their daughter.
The Lamp shown brightly throughout the night and its Light pierced the cracks of the rubble shining through and calling the rescuers toward these lost sheep. The stones of their tomb were pulled away and the Young mother realized that it was daybreak as the piercing Light of the Lamp was overwhelmed by the overflowing radiance of the greater Light of the Sun. Some of the residents escaped before it was too late, Others were rescued, so many Others perished, including the Young Mothers husband and their daughter.
Who, what, where, when, why, Huh?
In this article I tried very hard to maintain that line between being so obvious as to insult the intelligence of my readers and being so cryptic as to confuse and frustrate them, I hope I succeeded. After reciting his parables, the Messiah would offer an explanation to those who asked. In that same spirit, I will attempt to provide in a follow up article an explanation of the main thoughts and teachings intended through this parable.
May the LORD bless you and have good day.


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When my parents were first in Calcutta after they moved from Madras the family lived in a rented apartment connected to Bishop's College at Ballygunge in Calcutta. Today I came across some photos of the college at this time, I could be a few years out with the date. The first photo below is of the student accommodation that looked out onto a grassy square where the students used to play volleyball for recreation.
The second photo is of the Chapel in the college grounds which was just over the fence from where the family ended up living at 67 Ballygunge. You can see a student ringing the chapel bell calling the congregation to attend a service. Now I think back I can remember the bell being rung.
The final photo shows a group of students having a meal.


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Old Fashioned Texas Country Cornbread Is Simple Treat
New York...and cornbread?
Some years ago, while doing a trade show in New York, I found myself getting back to the hotel late and too tired to go out to dinner. New York delicatessens are about the finest thing (in my mind) since homemade lovin' so I decided to go that route as there was a good one right next door to the hotel. Having loaded up a plate so full I nearly had to take out a bank loan to pay for it; I suddenly discovered "cornbread" muffins at the end of the counter and added one of those. Texas is considered part of the South in these United States and most southerners are cornbread lovers. I learned a huge lesson that night.
A cornbread muffin in the Big Apple has nothing at all to do with a cornbread muffin – or any other form of cornbread – in the southern states. That muffin was sweet – although it did have cornmeal in it – and in my mind should have been considered a dessert! I thought I was buying the kind of cornbread southerners are used to and to say I was more than disappointed is an understatement. I never bought another muffin or anything else in New York that said it was "cornbread" because their definition of that treat and my definition of it just don't gee and haw!
Being raised in Small Town, Texas is a guarantee one knows what cornbread is. Does everyone love it? Nope, not everyone loves it but most do and consider it a staple in one's diet. Having been raised by my Granny who put homemade biscuits and cornbread on her table at every meal; well, I'm one of those die hard cornbread addicts – real cornbread. Now, these days there's every kind of cornbread under the sun – including cranberry cornbread (I saw a recipe the other day) but the cornbread purists among us just want the plain, old, regular cornbread we were raised on.
In the interest of making sure that real cornbread gets its due here – gonna give you the recipe for Granny's cornbread – and the little tricks that make it taste so good. There's also a "quick" cornbread she used to make which she called "hot water cornbread" (which is fried in an iron skillet) and hot water cornbread runs a real close second to the baked cornbread of my childhood.
Cornbread IS NOT cake...
First and foremost – good Texas cornbread must be baked in an iron skillet (at least an 8" one – 10" is good) with about 1/8" grease in the bottom – be it bacon grease, cooking oil, or good 'ol Crisco. Then that skillet's got to be hot enough to nearly smoke. Put the skillet on a burner on top of the stove and let 'er heat up really good! The trick being – when you pour your batter into the skillet the oil/grease should bubble around the edges and you let it cook about 30-45 seconds on top of the stove and that's what makes it so crispy and tasty on the bottom when you get ready to eat it. After the top burner move is complete you put it in the oven (400 degrees, which you've preheated) and let it cook until its golden brown on top.
Fact is, as soon as her cornbread started to brown a bit on top; Granny always took a dinner plate, turned the cornbread out of the skillet (top down) and onto the plate so the bottom was up and then slid the cornbread back in the pan (bottom up). This allows the top to really get a good brown while it's upside down in the skillet and also allows the bottom (that's up) to dry out a bit and be more crispy. All-in-all, cooking cornbread a certain time is nearly impossible. You have to watch it – when the top starts to brown – turn it – and after you turn it you should give it about three-to-five minutes upside down and then turn it out of the skillet (right side up) and serve it.
Why would anyone explain how to bake cornbread before including the recipe for it? Well, here's the trick. If you want really good, crispy bottom and top, cornbread, the information we've just given you is probably the most important part of the recipe. Cornbread that's not browned properly and is kinda just pale and neutral isn't true, southern cornbread – at least in my experience. Here's the ingredients:
One (1) cup of yellow (or white) cornmeal – yellow cornmeal gives a coarser texture
One (1) cup of regular flour
Three (3) teaspoons of baking powder
Two (2) (leveled on top) teaspoons of salt
Two (2) eggs
Enough milk to make a medium thick batter (buttermilk may be substituted and in my opinion is better). Add the milk until you get the proper consistency – if you add too much milk and the batter gets thin the cornbread will not "set up" and will fall apart when you try to cut/eat it. A thick batter makes a thick cornbread and cornbread should fall in the range of not more than 1" to 1-1/2" high when it's done. If you use too little milk and your cornbread comes out thick – well, that's just not gonna cut it 'cause real cornbread is NOT thick like cake.
Mush? No, no, no...
Southern cornbread is wonderful buttered and served with fresh vegetables. In fact, if you're having a vegetarian meal you'll be surprised at how much flavor it adds to everything. In Texas one never cooks brown (pinto) beans without serving cornbread, onion and ice tea with it (and fried potatoes and onions go with that menu pretty good, too!) Cornbread is also great with soups, stews…well, just about anything you can name. Like I said, we had baked cornbread every meal (except breakfast) and I never found anything it didn't compliment. If you happen not to have a dessert handy just butter more cornbread and put honey on it – yum!
Speaking of breakfast – hot water cornbread is a great breakfast treat! It will, however, take the place of baked cornbread with anything you choose to eat it with. It's so simple to make it's nearly funny! In the East and North I've heard it called "cornmeal mush" or "fried cornmeal mush." Neither one of those sound good to me at all so here's the recipe for "hot water cornbread":
Two (2) cups of yellow corn meal
Two (2) level teaspoons of salt
Boiling water
Add just enough boiling water (and boiling it must be) to the dry ingredients to make a consistency you can work with your hands and make patties (about 2-1/2 to 3" across) that will hold together. Remember, this is not really a "batter" but a thick consistency (the dry ingredients are just moistened) – thin won't cut it! Whatever you do; shape patties no thicker than ½" or they'll be doughy! When you've made your corn patties fry them in an iron skillet with about 1/8" grease/oil that's nearly smoking (just like for baked cornbread). When one side browns to your liking -- turn it over and brown the other side. When the patties are done place them on a plate with a paper towel on it to draw out the excess grease/oil. Hot water cornbread is delightful for breakfast with maple syrup, honey or jam.
I never think of cornbread that I don't think of my son's father, Bill. In the interest of our child we remained "sorta" friends after our divorce. Over all those post-divorce years we always had a standing joke. I'd always tell Bill "I sure do miss my dogs" (he'd kept the two cow dogs). He'd always reply "I sure do miss your cornbread!"
Looking back, I'm just grateful he thought I did one thing right, anyway! Of course, after all those years we were married if it's cornbread he remembers that may well explain why the marriage went south!
Copyright 2012 Angela Blair All Rights Reserved
Thanks. It's tastier and healthier than white bread.
This recipe is great! I think what makes it special is all the tips you included that us Yankees would never know without someone like you tellin' us. I have to say the fried patties near the end really interest me. They sound quick, easy, and delicious!
We used to have what we called johnny cake from cornmeal up where I'm from and of course it's nothing like cornbread. It isn't thick, it's just like a nice light cake and good with honey or maple syrup, although it was never my favorite. Also, what we called cornmeal mush was sort of like cream of wheat if you've ever had that. Same consistency, but made from cornmeal and tasted much better to me. I hate cream of wheat, which is more like grits I think.
You should consider writing a good 'ol fashioned Southern or Texas cookbook and marketing it. I bet you have other great recipes that require those special instructions to make them turn out just right and lots of people would love to have them. Think Amazon/Kindle e-publishing.
Voted you up and awesome because your instructions really are what make this recipe special.
I ate some with clear honey, and it's really delicious! I like the idea of using maple syrup too. (That's another thing I have to see if they do at Tesco...) And I also want to try it with fried potatoes and onions. I'm going to make a batch of this for my friends.
Miss Belgravia, thanks for the advice. I found it in Tesco! Just didn't know where to look before, lol! I'm glad you made the cornbread and enjoyed it. I'm going to taste it soon. Can't wait!
I'm just frying some hot water corn bread now! Yes, I managed to find cornmeal. And in Tesco, one of our biggest supermarkets! It was in the ethnic food section all along. :) They are looking good, can't wait to try them!
Moon Daisy -- Partridge's on King's Road has corn meal. The corn flour you found is called corn starch in the U.S.
Even though it was 108 degrees here yesterday, I couldn't wait and had to try Angela's recipe. It was wonderful, although I wasn't agile enough to be able to flip it the way she suggests. I made a big pot of pinto beans to go with it, and had a great meal.
Hmm, well after trying in vain to find corn meal and cursing our local supermarkets, today I was very excited to find some corn flour. Sadly I've since googled and found that it's not the same thing at all! It's used for thickening sauces, and not suitable for making corn bread at all.
So I will try to take it back to the shop, and resume my hunt...
Angela - I am a huge corn bread lover and I will be tackling this recipe as soon as the temperature dips below 98!
BTW, if you have a deep fat fryer (I use mine all the time), the hot water cornbread patties can be fried at 375 degrees until browned and then flipped and finished.
Great with butter and honey!
Oh yeah! Cook me up some bacon and some beans...
Someone say cornbread!? I must admit I have grown better at eating than making it. blame it on my daughter. she is a chef.
Nell Rose -- I lived in London for a couple of years, and one night made up a batch of cornbread (I had smuggled some cornmeal into my suitcase the last time I went home to Texas). I took the cornbread to my local pub, and it disappeared in no time. Everyone was very skeptical, thinking it was going to be bread with corn kernels in it, but once they tasted it, they were converts. If you live in London, Partridge's has Aunt Jemima corn meal, and the recipe on the back is pretty good, if you leave out the sugar!
Hi, we don't eat cornbread over here in little old England, and it seems that we are missing out! lol! this looks so delicious, and something that I am definitely going to try, even I, with my bad cooking skills should be able to do this! lol! wonderful! cheers nell
Mom used to fry cornmeal mush after it set up in the fridge, but your hot water cornbread sounds like some heaven I ate...well...in Texas, a few years ago at a little breakfast cafe in some little burg I was passing through one morning. (No insult intended...I grew up in little burgs!)
That cornbread too, was fried in patties, and it was the best I ever had - bar none. Now it looks like I may finally have it again, so thank you, Sis!
I'm really excited to read this hub. I tried cornbread once when an American friend brought some to work with her, and I loved it. It's great to know how to make it, I'm going to try the second recipe with the water as I try to avoid wheat, and if I understand it correctly you don't need wheat flour for that version. Thanks!
I'm not a Southerner myself (although I did spend the last 2 years of high school in North Carolina) but I agree with you completely: cornbread is not supposed to be sweetened! There is plenty of natural sweetness in corn. I love that you make yours in a skillet - that's one piece of kitchen equipment that doesn't get the use it deserves in our household - and will be trying this recipe out. NYC does an amazing job with pizza and many other food items, but apparently cornbread is not one of them. :)
We called the noon meal dinner, too (I was afraid it wouldn't be clear which time of day it was if I worded comments that way). And we ate at a table covered in real oilcloth. I felt more love in that house than anywhere I've ever been, I think. Memories of those years are a true testimony to the fact we don't need a lot of trappings to be happy.
The only cornmeal thing I am familiar with being from Minnesota was called johnnie cake. It looks pretty much like your picture but is made in the oven. No, it is not sweet eithr, although it was usually served with maple syrup or some other sweet syrup.
Thanks for sharing this recipe. I adore real cornbread! I also adore the story that goes along with the recipe.Up and awesome.
Oh, you are so right, Sis! Cornbread is not cake. I personally think it's a sin to put sugar in cornbread. I grew up eating it from the Mississippi side of our family, and it was made much the same as yours (cast iron skillet is a must), and to this day, I make it the way my grandmother did. I learned the recipe by heart, standing next to her, about elbow-high, while she mixed the milk and cracked the eggs into the batter.
We always had it at noon (the big meal), with greens on top of the split wedges. Every morning at breakfast we had freshly baked biscuits. By supper time, there were usually a few pieces of cornbread, or a biscuit or two, and you could make a nice evening meal with that if you had fig preserves around, and maybe a piece of fried chicken from the noon meal.
Thanks for sharing your wonderful family memory and recipe!
Growing up, I was not expose to cornbread or anything to do with cornmeal.... I discovered cornbread after leaving home, and now I love everything that has cornmeal in it..... Well, everything that I have tasted so far! Yes, even the sweet cornbread muffins, lol..... But love your recipe, Sis. And will try it for sure! Looks wonderful! A friend of mine (she is from the South) once brought this corn bread to a potluck, that had salsa mixed in the bread..... So delicious!
Anyway, voting up and very useful......
Now I'm hungry. This looks so good, I will have to try it.
Oh my! I do love my cornbread! Made in an iron skillet just like my mama used to make. Yours sounds just the same. A big ole pat of butter, real butter, and some fried okra. Damn, I'm getting hungry! Wonderful hub, I love your "story recipes"! Mom used to make cornbread cakes for breakfast for me when I was a kid. I still love them with some maple syrup. Voted this up and awesome!


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Recent research from Global Workplace Analytics has found that:
50% of the US workforce "teleworks" – that is, they work from home or remotely
20-25% of the workforce works remotely "frequently"
And, this is the big one: 80-90% of the US workforce would like to work remotely "at least part time"
(You can view all the statistics here.)
With half of the US workforce working remotely for a portion of their workweek, it is clear to understand that remote and home workers do not make up a minority; in fact, at the rates they are at right now, they'll continue to grow and become the majority.
In Australia, it is important to acknowledge these important findings from a research survey:
Most of the people surveyed would stay longer at their place of employment if they offered teleworking
Around half would take a pay-cut for teleworking
55% of people feel they work more productively from home
78% wanted to "spend at least a certain amount of their time working from home"
This week, we take a look at the impact of VoIP in Australia: how does it help to support remote or home workers?
Stay connected when you work from home
These days, it's common for many employees to split their week into office and home days. With all the technology available to businesses, taking a day here and there to work from home doesn't mean disconnecting from the office.
A VoIP system that's hosted in the cloud allows home workers to access the system using just an internet connection.
Why people love to work from home
Working from home is a popular choice for many employees, and employers are increasingly flexible offering their valued team a better work-life balance.
Home workers:
Love avoiding the traffic rush to get to the office
Save money on petrol
Enjoy more time to wind down with their families
Provide your team the ultimate flexibility…
With just an internet connection, your remote or home workers can dial in whenever they need to, and, in turn, you can get in touch during the workday, too.
Without sticking to the strict regiment of the '9-5' workday – in an office – workers have greater flexibility and can create a working schedule that fulfils their duty to employers but also gives them more control, hence improving their performance.
… which in turn helps improve employee retention
The freedom to work flexible hours or a portion of the workweek from outside of the office ensures a more accommodating work schedule – something that employees once felt was unattainable.
While a regular workweek in the office could mean up to 50 hours away from home (based on approximate 42 hours of work per week plus around one hour of travel time per day), a more flexible work schedule – that is still facilitated by a VoIP connection to the office – leads to boosted employee morale, thus improving retention.
Remote workers: keep communicating, wherever you are
One of the great features of VoIP is that you can give remote workers (say, an employee who works for three days in the office but two days elsewhere) the same VoIP number.
This shows professionalism because it gives your clients, customers, or prospects the same way to contact any employee, regardless of whether they are in the home or office.
It also prevents employees having to give out their own (personal) mobile phone number for those times where an email just won't cut it and a telephone call is needed.
Multiple offices are united
If you have employees from different offices or locations visiting and working in your office on a case-by-case or fixed basis, a VoIP system lets them quickly become accustomed to their temporary desk and use the system as if they were back at their other desk.
And there's benefits of remote workers for the employer, too
Decrease real estate (15 staff working to a schedule that means at any one time 5 staff are in the office)
As mentioned above, reduced employee turnover saves HR time replacing staff
Remote work boosts productivity
Employers have access to a wider pool of job applications
What now?
Learn more about VoIP for your business by getting in touch with a Schepisi expert today. Use the button below to access our contact form.


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With temps finally cooling off here in the south, I have been excitedly pulling out my warmer clothes. One of my favorite fall and winter accessories are scarves. They add instant color and texture to a plain outfit and add needed warmth on cool days, but can also be easily taken off as Fall afternoons warm up. With my petite frame, however, all too often store-bought scarves swallow me up. The bulk overtakes my outfit, making them more the focal point than a simple accessory. Additionally, I hate forking over a ton of cash for what is really just a simple stretch of fabric!
Just recently, I found an infinity scarf at a boutique that I loved. The knit was super soft and thin, so it worked really well on my small frame. For $20, I scooped it up since I never find scarves that work just right. Upon inspection, I realized the scarf didn't have a complicated construction at all: no hem and just a simple basic seam holding the ends together. If I could find the right fabric, this was certainly something I could make myself in just the size I needed!
Literally, on my very next trip to the fabric store, look what I stumbled upon: the exact same striped knit fabrics in an assortment of colors for a fraction of the cost! (Fabrics found at Hancock Fabrics)
I purchased just a quarter yard of each, knowing I wanted my scarves to have even less bulk than my boutique scarf. Depending on how full you want your scarves, get a cut anywhere between ¼ and ½ yard.
I decided to make the grey striped knit into an infinity scarf exactly the same as the one I bought. Here is the wonderful thing about knits: they don't fray so raw edges don't have to be hemmed. To make this scarf, all you do is pin the two short ends together (right sides together)…
…and run a straight (or zigzag) stitch down the length of the fabric with a sewing machine. I wanted to reduce the amount of seem allowance leftover, so I trimmed down the excess fabric (about an ¼" from the seam) with a rotary cutter and ruler.
To clean up the inside seam that I just cut, I ran the raw edge through my machine with a zig-zag stitch. This is completely optional and can also be done (even better) with a serger.
That's all it takes! One quick seam and it's ready to wear! For just $1.25, I have a perfectly custom and cozy new accessory!
With the pink knit, I wanted to play a bit with some mini pom-pom trim I had on-hand. I chose to keep this a long scarf instead of sewing it into a circle (like the infinity scarf).
Again, no hemming or edging is required with knits. I took my ¼ yard of pink striped knit and attached the pom-pom trim (which also doesn't fray) right to the short ends with a zig-zag stitch (note: a zig-zag stitch is a bit more forgiving with the stretchiness in knit fabrics). You can pin it in place if necessary, but I found it easy enough to just run the fabric and trim through the machine, holding them together and working with the stretch with my fingers.
Simple, inexpensive, and oh-so adorable!
I'm completely hooked and can't wait to snag up some more cozy knits. The possibilities really are endless when you consider sewing the different fabrics together into one scarf or adding a variety of trims! These would be so easy to whip up in bulk for all your friends and family for upcoming holiday gifts! Even the most novice sewer can handle this one! If you can thread your machine, you can make a whole slew of accessories for the coming cold season!


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The Carnival of Children's Literature, that is, being hosted over at Jen Robinson's page.
Book reviews are separated into Kiddie Rides, the Ferris Wheel, and the Roller Coaster. And then there's a Merry-go-round of booklists, a Calliope of poetry, "Performance Artists" (which is, to my mind, a kinder version of "freak show"), featuring a number of articles about writers, the writing life, and writing in general. There's a section called "Fried Dough, Cotton Candy and Sno-Cones", featuring a variety of kid-lit related posts, "The Midway" full of prizes and awards, and finally, "The Entertainers" -- a pair of humor pieces you don't want to miss.
If you look closely while you're over at the Calliope, you'll find my review of Hey You!: Poems to Skyscrapers, Mosquitoes and Other Fun Things.
Certain treats are not to be missed, like Alkelda the Gleeful's take on Children's Books that Never Were. While one is featured, Alkelda has presented several of them. By all means, click on the label for "children's books that never were" to see the treatment given to the unholy triumvirate of children's books (The Rainbow Fish, I'll Love You Forever, and The Giving Tree), as well as to other beloved children's books.
Also excellent? "Penguin Pride" from Jay Asher, one of The Disco Mermaids. If you've noticed that I'm focusing on stuff that makes me laugh, well, you're correct. But there is lots of stuff to make you think as well, and many reviews and interviews of interest.
What are you waiting for? Grab a cold beverage and head on over to the Carnival!
Thoughts on writing, reading, and poetry. With the occasional diversion, bien sûr.
Saturday, April 21, 2007
Cotton candy, popcorn -- I'm going to the Carnival!
3 comments:
- Jen Robinson said...
Thanks for the wonderful write-up, Kelly! I had a lot of fun putting the carnival together. I liked the humorous pieces, too.
- Alkelda the Gleeful said...
Thanks for the shout-out! It makes me giddy.
- Kelly Fineman said...
Alkelda: The tremendous cleverness of your editorial letters is truly, breath-takingly awesome.
Jen: My appreciation for the funny bits in no way diminishes my appreciation for all the other bits as well. It's just that the two I gave particular notice to are both spit-take worthy. And who doesn't love a good spit-take?
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Find out how to book your golf lesson today.
Address: Calea Floreasca 111-113, Sector 1, Bucuresti. We are located at the basement of Agora Center (just near to BEAT45)
Phone: 0799 787 206
email: [email protected]
Wine Club
For added relaxation, or for a chance to have private conversations in a pleasant environment we have an on-site wine bar where you can taste and enjoy high quality wines and whiskeys, brought from the best manufacturers and providers.
This is the place to find the best value for money wines in Bucharest.
Golf Bag
If you wish to leave your golf bag with us before parking, please give us a call so we can pick it up from the front of the building. You may also leave your golf bag at our premises.
Get in touch


text: Shake well before using. Wash or hose off surface to remove any loose dirt or gritty materials. Apply SeaPower Inflatable Boat Cleaner with a dry, small piece of cloth or Turkish towel. Rub briskly in even overlapping circular motions. Allow to dry, then buff with a clean cloth. Turn wiping cloth often to assure a brilliant luster. For tough stains, use a still brush. For faded or oxidized rubber molding, use a fine (white) Scothbrite pad.


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Frankenstein (Wetworks)
Trapped and asleep for ages, Frankenstein was freed from a desolate, icy mountain tomb by an earthquake. Shunned by man and lonely from a lifetime spent in solitude, this mighty and terrifying creature now roams the night in search of a mate and a purpose to his tortured existence.
6" tall.
$24.99 in stock787926121124