text:
A different environment and new people also assist this mind meandering.
I have just returned from 8 days cycling in Adelaide, Australia and following the Tour Down Under, Australia's premier professional Men's and Women's cycling races.
This is a week where Adelaide is overtaken by Cyclists from all over Australia and many parts of the World. It is a week of positive energy where physically healthy, fit and active people are brought together by a common love of cycling.
Many cycling related organisations arrange group rides duing the week and I joined several including an afternoon shake down ride last Monday.
A scenic ride route had been designed and we meandered through the hills outside Adelaide, through Belair National Park before a fast and scenic decent back in to Adelaide. As is usual for such events, there are staged stops to regroup as different people ascend and descend at varying speeds.
Events at these stops left me pondering two things. The first being about how we are inclined to inflict our own judgements on others and secondly, the different importance we place on what we have versus who we are.
Both circumstances revolved around my bike.
99.99% of road bikes are constructed from Carbon Fibre. My bike fits in to the remaining .01% and is made from Titanium.
As such, my bike is occasionally subjected to attention and I am required to speak on its behalf.
The first situation took place at one of the re-group stops. A lady asked me about the bike and I gave the standard questions as to why I opted for Titanium over Carbon. After saying some complimentary things, she asked me how much it weighed.
Her pleasant demeaner changed when I said I had no idea.
She then abused me saying how ridiculous it was that I didn't know and asked why I refused to tell her. I responded saying that if I was concerned about having a super light bike I would have gone for Carbon Fibre adding that it probably weighed about a kilogram more than hers.
She told me it is just stupid that I don't know and I should know how much it weighs.
Slightly annoyed, I responded saying that I could very easily lose a few kilograms before worrying about a saving of a couple of hundred grams in frame weight. Was I rude? Perhaps because we both knew she had far more weight available to lose than I did. She left in a huff.
In her mind, all that mattered was the weight of the bike and it was through this paradigm she judged me. She genuinely felt I was stupid for not knowing the weight.
At a second stop, a group of about 5 gathered around me asking about and dare I say, admiring my bike. As we set off, one of the "admirers" formed up in the bunch alongside me and after a little while said "My bike is the best here". I replied with a simple "Ok, that's good" and he went in to a description of his Colnago model something with this and that.
Again my simple "that's great" was met with several follow up statement asserting that his is the best bike and finally ending with "My bike is better than yours". "Ok" was my response as a need to go into single file opened up and along with it, an opportunity to accelerate away.
I was in equal parts amused and amazed by this conversation. My reasons for buying my bike are to have a long lasting, strong bike that will withstand the demands of airline travel. I intend to be riding the same bike in 20 years' time and to continue to travel the world with it
My ride colleague that day seemed more concerned that "his stuff is better than everyone else's stuff".
I was left pondering that he cares more about what he has than he does about who he is or what he stands for as a person.
However, in reality, he is probably doing what we all do at some stage of our life. Many, including me, have at one time or another measured or sort to measure our success by the pursuit of possessions ahead of prosecuting our values.
One path leads us on the road to fulfillment while the other takes us down a road with no end.
On another matter, today represents the end of my holidays and a return to at least one post each week day. It is not as if I haven't been writing these last few weeks, it is just that it has been on a commercial basis.
Thanks for reading today and for doing so these last 8 months or so.
Let 2018 begin and may we enjoy and be enlightened by the journey.


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putting it together These are some of the steps that we use at Team Summit Snowboarding to help kids learn doubles after they have completed all the exercises on the tramp. Approach and Take off set a cork 5 in the small pit set a cork 7 in the big pit Trick and landing wild … Continue reading Dub 10s part 3
Tag: dub 10
Back Dub 10s part 1
dub 10 intro video Just because winter is over doesn't mean we can't keep working on new tricks. Some of us are fortunate enough to head to Mt. Hood or the Southern hemisphere to keep progressing on snow, but we can all keep perfecting our game even if we are not able to get on … Continue reading Back Dub 10s part 1
Parenting Young Elite Athletes
Rad Kids Every year another crop of future U.S. team members join us in the Team Summit Snowboard Program. Some of the kids show up expecting to play and have fun in the snow, some show up motivated to ride and learn tricks that they saw Scotty Stevens do on youtube, and some are not … Continue reading Parenting Young Elite Athletes

subset: commoncrawl


text:
SAN FRANCISCO (MarketWatch) -- Asia shares listed in the United States Wednesday reversed previous gains, hit by a slumping tech sector and a drop in consumer confidence in Japan.
The Bank of New York Asia American Depositary Receipt Index was down 1.47 points, or 1.2%, to 120.84, while the overall Composite Index slid 1.25 points, or nearly 1%, to 127.82.
Earlier, Japan's bellwether Nikkei 225 closed down 0.7% at 13,463.74. The Nikkei slip came after government data showed a drop in consumer confidence and the Bank of Japan left monetary policy unchanged. See full story.
Subsequently, most of Japan's shares suffered losses of at least a percentage point. Shares of Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group MTU, -10.00% fell 22 cents, or 1.7%, to $12.61. Nomura Holdings NMR, -1.01% lost 24 cents, or 1.6%, to $14.88. Kirin Brewery Co. KNBWY, -1.56% decreased 24 cents, or 1.6%, to $10.84.
Other notable losers included, Honda Motor Corp. HMC, -0.11% whose shares fell 49 cents, or 1.7%, to $28.14, and Canon Inc. CAJ, -0.33% whose shares shot down 68 cents, or 1.3%, to $53.68.
In earnings news, LG Philips LPL, -0.13% shares fell 19 cents, or nearly 1%, to $19.26 after the company warned that LCD screen prices would stay weak until the end of the year, raising worries over its outlook and triggering selling in technology shares on South Korea's benchmark Kospi.
Au Optronics AUO, +0.00% ticked down fell 49 cents, or 4%, to $11.49, and United Microelectronics UMC, -1.69% shares moved 6 cents lower, or 1.8%, to $3.21, in sympathy.
Shares of Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing TSM, +0.74% could not withstand overall weakness in the sector, declining 10 cents, or 1.2%, despite an upgrade from Merrill Lynch to buy from neutral.
Want news about Asia delivered to your inbox? Subscribe to MarketWatch's free Asia Daily newsletter. Sign up here.


text:
Ultrasonic Cavitation is effective non-invasive method to breakdown fat deposits and reduce cellulite.
When exercising or diet does not help, ultra sound cavitation is the best way to solve a cellulite problem. Ultrasonic Cavitation is new non-invasive technology that is using narrow frequency ultrasonic waves to breakdown unwanted fat cells. Fat cells get dissolved and absorbed into the blood stream and then excreted in your urine.
Treatment starts with selected body area and is conducted in circular movement of applicator in the selected body area. Treatment duration for each target area can be anywhere from 20 to 30 minutes depending on size and thickness of the fat layer.
Areas that can be treated by ultrasonic cavitation include:
• arms- inner arm, back arm, full arm (no elbows, or wrist areas)
• abdomen- upper, lower
• love handles
• buttocks
• thighs- front, back, inner, outer
• back area- bra line, lower back (Not near the spinal areas)
• calves
• ankles
Ultrasonic Cavitation and Liposuction work in similar way. Ultrasonic field creates vibration in cells of specific type (fat cells) as result content of the cell gets hot and cell membrane brakes down. Ultrasonic cavitation is completely safe, and does not require any pre-treatments with no downtime. For best results 6-12 sessions are recommended with 1 week intervals between treatments on each area.
Treatments may be enhanced in combination with the use of infared sauna, for a faster result to remove the extra waste and toxins, burning up to 600 calories in one 20 minute session .
Treatment does not require anesthesia as procedure is painless for most clients. Some discomfort and temporary redness may appear for short time. A "ringing in the ears" is common while treatment is preformed due to the ultrasonic radio waves in the body resounding. Drinking 1 ½ liters of water both before and after the treatment will eliminate any red spots in treated area.
Some contraindications apply, please discuss your clear medical history with your beauty therapist and or medical professional for individual suitability of this treatment.
Benefits of Ultrasonic Cellulite Removal
• Improve blood circulation & lymphatic system
• Promotes elastic effect to the skin texture
• Body shaping and tightening skin
• No surgery / No pain
Ultrasonic Cavitation is the only proven method to reduce cellulite and tighten the skin
Areas that may not be treated are:
• Underarms Behind the knees (popliteal) Groin / Testicles Female genital organs Hands Neck Face Head Over any bony areas Contraindicated Areas should not be used on the following areas:
• Contraindications Cardiac patients and those with pacemakers Pregnancy Clients with vascular diseases Clients with thrombosis and / or thrombophlebitis Clients being treated with anticoagulants Clients who have undergone a transplant Clients with large metal implants Diabetics Epileptics Broken skin in the treatment area
Pricing For Ultrasonic Fat Cavitation Treatments Per visit/Per Areas
Packages are available upon request and consultation
• Upper Arms 20 mins $125
Breast fat/ size reduction 60 mins $150
• Love Handles 15 mins $145
• Stomach 20 mins $145
• Stomach & Love Handles 30 mins $265
• Full Torso (Lower back) 40 mins $350
• Buttocks 25 mins $195
• Inner Thighs 25 mins $175
• Outer Thighs 25 mins $175
• Back of Legs 25 mins $175
• Full Upper Legs Combo 60 mins $375
• Calves 20 mins $125
• Ankles 15 mins $80
• Double chin 15 mins $130
• Jowls 15 mins $150
• Lower cheeks 15 mins $150
• Décolletage skin tightening 15 mins $250
Optional Service treatment Enhancement
• One 20 Minute infrared sauna treatment 20 min $20
• Six 20 Minute infrared sauna treatment 20 min $100
• Eye bags/Socket lower/Crow's Feet (RF skin tightening) Price on consultation
• Neckline skin tightening Price on consultation
You are viewing the text version of this site.
Need help? check the requirements page.


text: Literally, "data about data." Structured information describing information resources/objects for a variety of purposes. Although AACR2/MARC cataloging is formally metadata, the term is generally used in the library community for nontraditional schemes such as the Dublin Core Metadata Element Set, the VRA Core Categories, and the Encoded Archival Description (EAD). Metadata has been categorized as descriptive, structural, and administrative. Descriptive metadata facilitates indexing, discovery, identification, and selection. Structural metadata describes the internal structure of complex information resources. Administrative metadata aids in the management of resources and may include rights management metadata, preservation metadata, and technical metadata describing the physical characteristics of a resource.


text:
It doesn't feel like it and I miss Jason, Zorro and being home (and a few cocktails) but it's for a great reason and still the best Christmas ever.
My parents are making the traditional Bulgarian pita with fortunes tonight and there will be a fortune for Vanie this year – his first one. I wonder what he'll get.
Best wishes to all our friends and families. We miss you and hope to be with you soon.
Thursday, December 24, 2009
Christmas Eve in Vladivostok
at 1:47 AM
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text:
We are excited to have TAG Heuer as a sponsor at our upcoming annual Wedding Band Weekend! One lucky couple will win a pair of TAG Heuer watches!
TAG Heuer is one of the largest and most desired brands in the luxury watch industry. The Swiss legend draws upon its active engagement in the world of sports to create the most accurate timing instruments and watches in the world. TAG Heuer has a rich heritage and active engagement in the sporting arena.
From the aquatic world – yachting, ocean-racing and scuba diving – comes Aquaracer, the indispensable sports watch. Aquaracer is proudly worn by the ORACLE Racing team in their aim to capture the America's Cup. Their values – high performance and split-second precision – find support in their partnership with TAG Heuer.
Each watch is a paragon of precision engineering, quality, and sporting heritage. This is the TAG Heuer DNA. This is what ensures TAG Heuer position as a world leader of luxury sports watches and chronographs.
Swiss watches are renowned for their quality and precision. And within the world of Swiss watches, TAG Heuer watches are known not just for quality and precision, but for avant-garde design and advanced technology too. For a sports heritage that inspires excellence. And for quality materials that create luxury watches for men and women.
Visit Wedding Band Weekend at Long's in Burlington Friday, March 21 - Sunday, March 23 for your chance to win a pair of TAG Heuer watches valued at $3700!


text:
The speed with which new technologies are being adopted by consumers is breathtaking. The use of tablets and mobile is unprecedented.
New customer touch points have burst onto the scene, leaving retailers struggling to decide where to prioritise their marketing and digital spend: should the focus be on websites, stores or mobile?
Connected Retail has the potential to revolutionise the industry and transform how retailers operate and how they connect with consumers. It has enormous capacity to improve operations, streamline processes and lead to greater efficiencies.
Connected Retail will improve the in-store experience, breathing new life into the high street in three core areas:
- Improving service delivery through linking consumer data and research to purchase phases.
- Delivering a personalised experience by tailoring products to consumers' personal requirements to support sales.
- Enhancing the brand experience by creating meaningful experiences that move the consumer from transacting to conversing with brands.
The role and impact of Connected Retail in these areas is already reaping benefits on the high street and can be understood better by taking a look at what leading brands are achieving.
In this series of blog posts, I'll be exploring each of the above areas starting with a look at improved service delivery.
Improving service delivery
Improving operations and processes through the use of new technology not only leads to a better customer experience but many retailers are realising operational benefits and an improved bottom line.
Empowering employees
By linking customer data and mobile and tablet devices employees can be empowered to build better, more meaningful customer relationships. Apple is excelling at this.
Mobile POS, product demonstrations, customer consultations and access to real-time inventory in-store, has established it as a leading player in the field with the authority to build valuable, life-long customer relationships.
Neimen Marcus is also breaking new ground with its location positioning iPhone app which enables employees to quickly access a customer's purchase history, and allows for service based differentiation in-store which helps the customer make more informed purchasing decisions and therefore, delivers a more personalised service.


text:
In a year where casting your vote might often seem meaningless or pointless, where you either choose the lesser of two evils or concede to dramatic changes you personally didn't side with, it's good to find a place of solace: Steam Greenlight, where you can shape the future of mankind by arbitrating which games are sold and which are not. That's some power. Morning Men is an adventure game meets RPG looking precisely at getting your vote.
With a JRPG-inspired turn-based combat system, party management and choices that can alter the fates of you and your mates, Morning Men is set in a colorful world of wastelands and advanced technology. From the Steam page:
"While the game uses familiar turn based JRPG combat, Morning Men really gets interesting while exploring complex branching narratives and character interactions. Your party is not just a collection of stats and pawns to be moved about in battle. Each character is unique and will react based on the choices you make. Your choice could help them, hurt their feelings or even ruin their life. Choices are never really black or white. Perhaps the only way to save them is to destroy everything they hold dear."
There's also a trailer you can check:


text:
Purchase this article with an account.
P. Ewen King-Smith, Samuel H. Kimball, Jason J. Nichols; Tear Film Interferometry and Corneal Surface Roughness. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2014;55(4):2614-2618. doi: 10.1167/iovs.14-14076.
Download citation file:
© ARVO (1962-2015); The Authors (2016-present)
Previous studies of optical interference from the whole thickness of the precorneal tear film showed much lower contrast than from the pre–contact lens tear film. It is hypothesized that the recorded low contrast is related to roughness of the corneal surface compared with the smooth contact lens surface. This hypothesis is tested, and characteristics of this roughness are studied.
Reflectance spectra were recorded from 20 healthy individuals using a silicon-based sensor used in previous studies (wavelength range, 562–1030 nm) and an indium-gallium-arsenide (InGaAs) sensor responding at longer wavelengths (912–1712 nm). Interference from the whole thickness of the precorneal tear film caused oscillations in the reflectance spectra.
Spectral oscillations recorded with the InGaAs sensor were found to decay as a Gaussian function of wave number (1/wavelength). This is consistent with a rough corneal surface, whose distribution of surface height is also a Gaussian function. Contrast of spectral oscillations for the InGaAs sensor was, on average, approximately four times greater than that for the silicon sensor.
For the Gaussian roughness model based on InGaAs spectra, the corneal surface was characterized by a surface height SD of 0.129 μm. Spectral oscillations recorded with a silicon-based camera can have higher contrast than expected from this Gaussian roughness model, indicating some reflectance from a smoother or more compact surface. The results also indicate that InGaAs cameras could provide whole-thickness interference images of higher contrast than silicon-based cameras.
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text:
2 IntroductIon
3 factors that Influence operatIng system choIce
New projects
Mandated migration
4 BusIness requIrements to consIder
Strength of ISV support
Application migration considerations
Availability and scalability
11 total cost of ownershIp (tco)
Feature of comparison
13 detaIled comparIson of selected features
Filesystems and volume managers: Ext3, Ext4, XFS vs. UFS and ZFS
DTrace vs SystemTap
Software management
18 conclusIon
Platform support
Customer value
Red Hat enteRpRise Linux:
YouR soLaRis aLteRnative
2 www.redhat.com
There were two primary reasons that IT professionals previously chose the Oracle Sun SPARC platform to
power their IT infrastructures: the performance of the hardware and the robustness of the Solaris operating
system. As the price, performance, and reliability of industry-standard x86_64 servers have increased to
the point where they can meet and exceed these features, the reasons to continue buying SPARC hardware
have become less and less compelling. This is particularly true with with large, multi-core x86 systems that
are designed specifically for Linux
, such as the latest 128-core systems. Similarly, Linux, and in particular,
Red Hat
Enterprise Linux, have emerged as the operating system of choice to leverage the benefits of open,
industry-standard architectures.
Selecting an operating system for your IT infrastructure has long-term consequences. The selection process
must take into account not only the technical features of the current operating system, but the ability for
the operating system to enable and support your future business requirements. While Oracle has quelled
some worry over their commitment to Solaris, the move to Solaris 11 will likely be as painful as the move from
Solaris 8/9 to Solaris 10, as Solaris 11 is significantly different from Solaris 10. For example, in Solaris 11, the
SVR4 package system is replaced with an IPS packaging system and JumpStart is replaced with a new tool.
Both of these changes are designed to give Solaris more Linux-like installation capabilities.
In addition, though Oracle also committed to SPARC, touting a five-year roadmap as with Solaris 11, there
are very few details available in the open. With this limited information, it's difficult to gauge whether the
Solaris/SPARC platform will adequately meet the needs of future business demands. Oracle's strategy is to
offer an integrated stack of hardware, operating system, middleware, and applications that are all tuned for
optimal performance. This is attractive if you standardize on Oracle-only applications, but comes at the price
of complete vendor lock-in that leaves you increasingly vulnerable to unilateral cost increases. It also limits
your options if you need or want to run applications from other vendors. Such an environment might need
significant tuning to produce optimal performance. Another pitfall of Oracle's complete stack is the very
real possibility of forced upgrades. For example, in order to upgrade to current versions of some of Oracle's
applications, you must migrate to Fusion Middleware.
The amount of change in a number of Oracle's products, coupled with their higher expense, is leading many
enterprises to investigate alternative platforms for their enterprise IT workloads, with the thought that if
they must change they might as well change to something that is possibly more cost-effective and flexible,
particularly if the performance and reliability are similar to Solaris/SPARC.
Migrating from Solaris to Red Hat Enterprise Linux opens up the widest possible choice of platforms. With
Solaris you're limited to SPARC and some x86 servers from vendors like HP and Dell that offer limited
software products that compete with Oracle. With Red Hat, you have the freedom to choose just about any
hardware platform including x86 (Intel and AMD), POWER6 and 7, Itanium (Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5), and
IBM System z mainframes.
The benefits of openness, choice, performance, availability, flexibility, and reduced total cost of owner-
ship (TCO) is accelerating the migration to Red Hat Enterprise Linux by financial institutions, Fortune 1000
companies, schools, and governments around the world. This whitepaper reviews some key features of
Solaris and Red Hat Enterprise Linux to help you evaluate and justify a move to Linux.
Red Hat Enterprise Linux: Your Solaris Alternative
www.redhat.com 3
FactoRs tHat inFLuence
opeRating sYstem cHoice
Common reasons for considering an operating system migration include new projects in your enterprise or
an event that drives a mandatory migration away from an existing platform. For example, you might be faced
with the end-of-life of platform hardware or software, or concerns about general platform long-term viability
and serviceability.
new projects
IT organizations that need to deploy a totally new application have the opportunity to switch to something
new or different. In choosing to adopt a different technology, you should always consider that while the
selected technology might be new, the personnel will be the same. Consider that choosing a new technology
for application delivery that is radically different from your existing environment could require extensive
retraining of your existing staff or hiring new staff members who are experienced with the technology.
mandated mIgratIon
A mandatory migration of an application workload from one hardware and/or operating system platform
to another can be triggered by many different factors. Typical triggers could include:
• Existing hardware is no longer supported or sufficient. The upgrade to the newer hardware or larger
configuration of the same architecture is considered too expensive or just as complex as a migration to
another platform. Therefore, the choice of operating system-while keeping the applications-is open again.
• Dissatisfaction with the existing environment without any satisfactory guidance by the vendor.
• The current application workload might be at the end of its commercial life or might not take advantage
of the latest hardware if upgraded.
In each of these scenarios, a balance between business requirements and technical features of the chosen
components must be found.
In any workload migration situation, the initial goal is almost always to re-host the existing application on the
new platform. In cases where the desired application isn't available on the new operating system/hardware
combination, the choice of a new operating system is heavily influenced by other factors, such as ease of
application and data migration to the newly proposed platform.
Red Hat Enterprise Linux: Your Solaris Alternative
4 www.redhat.com
Business RequiRements to consideR
Business requirements for an IT infrastructure center around the needs of the applications that run the busi-
ness. These requirements that assume the highest priority in decision-making include performance, avail-
ability, scalability, security, and TCO. More abstract requirements, like openness, reputation of the vendor,
and the probability of the vendor ending product support, are often not formally specified, but play an
important role in making long-term platform decisions.
strength of IsV support
The availability of an application on an operating system is a primary consideration. Having your application
readily available on Red Hat Enterprise Linux and/or Solaris x86 is the best situation.
The support of a large number of independent software vendors (ISVs) is a good indication of a vibrant
ecosystem around a platform. This ecosystem of software and services suggests both the long-term viability
of the platform as well as the presence of network effects (the additional benefit to each user when a critical
mass of users has adopted the platform). Solaris on SPARC was a popular platform and enjoyed strong
ecosystem support, while Solaris on x86 has been slow to garner a similar level of support.
In contrast, Red Hat Enterprise Linux has established itself with not only a large and vibrant community of
open source developers, but also over 3,500 ISVs. These ISVs represent broad-based applications that the
companies build their foundations on, such as databases (Oracle, Sybase, DB2), business intelligence and
enterprise resource planning (SAP, Oracle), and infrastructure solutions (Symantec, BMC Software, VMware,
as well as niche applications in vertical markets.) And the list keeps growing — IBM alone supports more than
500 applications on Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
The strength of support expressed by developers is just as important. Application developers often have a
preferred platform on which they write and test code, while reserving other platforms as cross-compilation
or porting targets. This preference can have a meaningful effect on software quality, with support expertise
favoring the preferred developer platform. By virtue of its low cost and pervasive hardware support, Red Hat
Enterprise Linux is frequently the preferred development platform, while Solaris on x86 is widely regarded
by developers as a secondary platform for porting. A majority of applications that run on Solaris 10 on x86
today were actually developed on another platform, such as Solaris 10 on SPARC or even Linux on x86, and
then ported to Solaris 10 on x86.
applIcatIon mIgratIon consIderatIons
The decision to migrate from a SPARC-based server platform to the x86 architecture requires switching to a
different operating system and a different version of the application, and in some cases, porting an in-house
application to the new operating system. If porting an in-house application, you need to consider the cost
and effort required to port the application to the new target operating system.
To minimize the time and effort needed, the newly proposed operating system and build environment should
be as similar as possible to the original SPARC environment in terms of application availability, portability,
and skills portability. Given these requirements for ease-of-migration, all versions of Microsoft Windows can
be eliminated from consideration, as Linux is a much more similar environment and affordable alternative
to UNIX.
Red Hat Enterprise Linux: Your Solaris Alternative
www.redhat.com 5
Solaris 11 on x86-based platforms will be less than an ideal alternative to SPARC-based platforms because
of its limited support on x86 platforms from other vendors and lack of ISV support. Solaris 11 does include
changes to libraries that make it easier to port Linux applications to Solaris. However, as long as Linux is
supported on Oracle Sun x86 hardware, there is little incentive for vendors to support multiple operating
systems. Therefore, Solaris on x86 can't be considered as a serious long-term alternative to Solaris on SPARC.
In the past, Sun had attempted to remedy these shortcomings somewhat by enabling the user to run Red Hat
Enterprise Linux binaries on top of Solaris x86. Unfortunately, the Solaris Containers for Linux Applications
(SCLA) feature only support Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3 and was never updated, and SCLA has been
removed from Solaris 11.
Since Solaris is considered to be the version of UNIX that is the most similar to Linux, porting applic-
ations from Solaris to Red Hat Enterprise Linux in many cases requires only minor changes to applic-
ation source code and high-level changes to the build environment (make files, directory paths, compiler,
and linking switches).
This ease of migrating from Solaris on SPARC to Red Hat Enterprise Linux on x86, combined with Red Hat's
breadth of independent hardware vendor (IHV) and ISV support, make Red Hat Enterprise Linux the ideal
migration target platform—as opposed to Microsoft Windows Server—for business- and mission-critical
commercial applications, as well as homegrown applications.
In addition, many enterprises are considering a move to cloud computing in order to increase their ability
to quickly adapt to change and to increase the ROI of IT investments. Red Hat is at the forefront of cloud
technologies. Red Hat recognizes that your IT infrastructure is—and will continue to be—composed of pieces
from many different hardware and software vendors. Red Hat enables you to use and manage these diverse
assets as one cloud, allowing cloud to be an evolution, not a revolution or a monolithic stack locked to the
technology roadmap and business practices of a single vendor.
Making the decision to switch from Solaris on SPARC to servers running Red Hat Enterprise Linux doesn't
mean accepting lower performance or scalability. Proof of this can be found on the Red Hat website, where
you can read the success stories of customers that have made the switch and have gained great perfor-
mance improvements for their applications.
Red Hat Enterprise Linux not only provides outstanding out-
of-the-box performance, but also enables even greater performance via customization. Red Hat Enterprise
Linux also provides the tools needed for performance monitoring and tuning as part of the operating system
distribution. While it is difficult to compare the actual performance data gathered by running your own appli-
cation on your hardware, proof of the ability of Red Hat Enterprise Linux to deliver great performance can be
found by reviewing its rank in various industry-standard benchmarks. More details on these benchmarks are
found later in this paper.
note: Although there are many Solaris vs. Red Hat Enterprise Linux performance comparisons on blogs,
websites, and other opinion-dense forums, these accounts usually fail to provide substantiated evidence. In
reviewing these statements, verify that the Linux kernel tested is version 2.6 or higher and that version of
Solaris tested is version 10 or higher, as there have been significant gains in raw performance since version
2.4 of the Linux kernel and version 9 of the Solaris operating system. Also verify that the hardware is identi-
cally configured across tests.
Another indication of the sheer performance of the Linux operating system in general is the percentage of
Supercomputer T500 systems that run Linux. As of November 2010, that number is over 91 percent. The
number of systems running UNIX is down to 3.8 percent.
1 Solaris Containers for Linux Applications, February 23 2009. http://www.sun.com/software/solaris/scla.jsp
2 www.customers.redhat.com
3 www.top500.org/stats/list/36/osfam
Red Hat Enterprise Linux: Your Solaris Alternative
6 www.redhat.com
It is sometimes necessary to customize an operating system in order to provide optimized performance or
features for specific applications in your production environment. Solaris 11 can be customized to an extent
with the new more Linux-like installer, which enables you to pick and choose the packages to install on a
system. Red Hat Enterprise Linux has been offering this capability for years. By virtue of its modularity
and openness, Red Hat Enterprise Linux is particularly well-suited for such custom builds. Not only is the
platform configurable into server, desktop, and appliance roles with different installation and compilation
options, but you can enhance application performance by minimizing the number of modules loaded into
the kernel as well.
performance tools
DTrace is often touted as a unique feature of the Solaris operating system. DTrace is a dynamic tracing
framework for troubleshooting systemic problems in real-time on production systems. DTrace gives system
administrators and programmers the ability to follow a thread of execution from the application down to the
operating system and back up again, with the intent to make it easier to find bottlenecks in application code,
as well as environmental configurations, while the application is in production.
The open source alternative to DTrace in the Linux environment is SystemTap, a project that started with
code contributions from IBM, Red Hat, Intel, Oracle, North Carolina State University, Stanford University,
and others. Intended to provide system tracing and performance monitoring capabilities comparable to
those in DTrace, SystemTap uses kprobe technology and extends it from the kernel into user space via the
utrace kernel API. Like DTrace, SystemTap provides a library of probe handlers to allow for end-to-end
tuning, without requiring kernel programming and probe skills from the user. Unlike DTrace, SystemTap
allows advanced users to probe any data structure or function inside the kernel and provides for advanced
language constructs such as conditionals and loops. Recent releases of SystemTap have been extended to
allow support for DTrace markers in the user space applications.
An in-depth comparison of DTrace and SystemTap is available later in this whitepaper.
While Solaris holds many performance records on industry-standard benchmarks on the SPARC platform,
Solaris 10 on the x86 platform has a formidable competitor in Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
• As of March 2010, the highest published SPECweb2005 results for x86 are based on
Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
• Solaris 10 for the x86 platform is noticeably absent from SPECweb benchmarks.
• Best results to date for the new SPECweb2009_JSP.
• Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 holds top results for SPECvirt_sc2010.
• Best SAP virtualzation benchmark are on a Cisco UCS B200 system, beating Solaris 10 on a Sun Fire
X4270 system. SAP certification 2011010.
• Best SAP Linux two-socket result on a Dell PowerEdge R710. SAP certification 2010052.
• Oracle (Sun) has not published a SAP benchmark since 2009.
Red Hat Enterprise Linux: Your Solaris Alternative
www.redhat.com 7
• TPC-H price/performance: Red Hat Enterprise 6 holds best 100 GB results, trouncing Solaris 10 on
a Sun Fire X4270 server.
• Red Hat Enterprise 6 is in the top 10 for 1,000 GB on IBM Power.
Often, benchmark configurations offer the best performance but not necessarily the best stability, suit-
ability, or price/performance for your environment. Therefore, it is highly recommended that you run your
own benchmarks — using your own combination of operating system, middleware, and applications on your
preferred hardware — to attain the best understanding of the performance you can expect. Trial versions of
Red Hat Enterprise Linux are available for just this purpose.
Bottom lIne: performance
Red Hat Enterprise Linux has been widely adopted in many industries, due in part to the many success
stories verifying its price-to-performance gains over legacy platforms, as well as its robustness and the
quality of Red Hat support. The ability to optimize Red Hat Enterprise Linux for deployment of specific
one-off applications, such as those popular in the financial services industry, has also contributed to this
success. Red Hat Enterprise Linux platforms have shown and continue to show both best-in-class and
overall leadership results across several performance benchmarks.
Given the prevalence and high-ranking results of Red Hat Enterprise Linux in industry-standard benchmarks,
and the notable absence of — or in some cases, the poor results delivered by — Solaris x86 in these same
benchmarks, Red Hat Enterprise Linux is the obvious choice over Solaris for hosting an x86 workload or for
migrating from Solaris in general.
relIaBIlIty and staBIlIty
After establishing that your applications can run on Red Hat Enterprise Linux and deliver the performance
you need, the next thing to consider is the robustness of the environment. Operating systems have a reputa-
tion for robustness that is based on their perceived reliability and stability. When unpacked from its subjec-
tive shell, reliability is often measured in terms of the mean time between failure (MTBF) and the mean time
to repair (MTTR), which factor into an overall percentage of uptime. Measuring and comparing the reliability
of platforms can be difficult because hardware choice and environmental conditions affect the results dras-
tically. Stability is often characterized by the rate at which defects are found and fixed in the system, which
can be equally difficult to track.
Surveys by industry analysts show that CIOs, IT managers, and system administrators consider Red Hat
Enterprise Linux to deliver the reliability needed for business- and mission-critical applications. Industry-
standard hardware running Red Hat Enterprise Linux has reached a level of maturity where you can imple-
ment fault-tolerant solutions that match the capabilities of UNIX solutions on proprietary hardware.
Red Hat Enterprise Linux kernel and other core operating system components have a well-deserved reputa-
tion for running months-even years-at a time, without crashing, freezing, or needing to be rebooted.
Red Hat Enterprise Linux: Your Solaris Alternative
8 www.redhat.com
aVaIlaBIlIty and scalaBIlIty
In most mission-critical environments, systems are typically configured in clusters with redundancy and
failover between nodes. Such high-availability clusters are closely associated with the operating system and
are sometimes extensions of the platform.
The other use of clustering is to scale performance by load balancing workloads across the multiple nodes
of a cluster. In many cases, third-party applications supplement or supplant the operating system clustering
features to provide a large, enterprise-grade solution.
Oracle offers Oracle Solaris Cluster. Supported Sun Cluster configurations are predominantly found on
hardware from Sun. Support when using hardware from other vendors is extremely limited and the number
of x86 nodes supported in a cluster is limited to eight nodes. In addition, the newest version of Solaris
Cluster (3.3) seems to focus on improvements to support Oracle-only applications, hardware, and tech-
nology, thus exacerbating the level of vendor lock-in and reliance.
Red Hat Enterprise Linux has a strong reputation for effectively scaling out to large clusters of networked
servers to increase availability and scalability. In addition to scientific clustering packages like Beowulf
(developed at NASA and maintained as a commercial open source product by Penguin Computing), some
of the most popular options for high-availability and scalability-oriented clusters for commercial workloads
are included in the High Availability Add-On for Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
The High Availability Add-On provides the foundation for building high availability clusters by managing
cluster quorum, service liveness checks, and service availability. The Add-On is built on the foundation
provided by the OpenAIS toolset, which provides the critical infrastructure for the Service Availability Forum
(SAF) APIs. In addition to the cluster foundation, the Add-On includes resource agents for common infra-
structure applications like Oracle and SAP databases, SAP systems, and Apache web server, and provides
an easily extensible framework for integrating any application into a highly available configuration.
In addition, the the Resilient Storage Add-On for Red Hat Enterprise Linux provides numerous filesystem
capabilities for improving resiliency to system failure. This Add-On includes:
• Global Filesystem 2 (GFS2): for supporting concurrent access
• Cluster Logical Volume Manager (LVM): makes volumes available to all nodes in the cluster
• Clustered Samba: a clustered common Internet filesystem, or CIFS, for concurrent files shares in
a Microsoft Windows environment
The Resilient Storage Add-On also includes the High Availability Add-On.
The Resilient Storage Add-On works on all major server and storage platforms supported by Red Hat.
One of the most popular cluster filesystems for Linux, GFS allows Red Hat Enterprise Linux servers to
simultaneously read and write to a single shared filesystem on a SAN, achieving high performance and
reducing the complexity and overhead of managing redundant data copies. Red Hat GFS has no single
point of failure, is incrementally scalable to many is of Red Hat Enterprise Linux servers, and works with
all standard Linux applications.
Red Hat Enterprise Linux: Your Solaris Alternative
www.redhat.com 9
Now more than ever, operating systems must provide the ability to isolate security attacks and limit damage.
In the past, operating system security was a military-grade solution with high costs in the areas of usability
and performance, in addition to the cost of the implementation itself. Today, most major operating system
vendors maintain security certifications from the Common Criteria Recognition Agreement (CCRA). More
information can be found at the Common Criteria portal.
The Common Criteria for Information Technology Security Evaluation and the companion Common
Methodology for Information Technology Security Evaluation (CEM) are the technical basis for the CCRA.
The CCRA is an internationally recognized standard used by governments and businesses worldwide to
determine the level of security and assurance of IT products. For operating system vendors, CC certifica-
tion at Evaluation Assurance Level (EAL) 4 or higher has long been the minimum security assurance level
required by most government and military agencies. Some level of certification is now a baseline standard
for most enterprises.
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 has received certification at EAL 4+ on HP, IBM, Dell, and SGI servers. Red Hat
Enterprise Linux is the only commercial operating system to receive CC security certification for the
broadest set of protection profiles at the highest level of assurance. In fact, since the EAL 4+ certifications
are obtained in combination with specific hardware configuration, Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 has been the
most scrutinized operating system with the number of EAL 4+ certifications. Red Hat is also in the process of
attaining certification for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.
Solaris 10 Release 11/06 Trusted Extensions has received certification at EAL 4+. Solaris 10 Release 11/06 and
Release 03/05 have also received EAL 4+.
Red Hat Enterprise Linux and Solaris benefit from the contributions of a diverse open source community
around security. Unfortunately, it is unclear what the effect will be of Oracle pulling Solaris development
back in-house. Both operating systems have well-deserved reputations for being resistant to attacks and
intrusions when configured correctly. Red Hat Enterprise Linux is unique as a general purpose operating
system that can address multi-level security (MLS) requirements that are traditionally met by only military-
grade trusted operating systems.
The open source development model is frequently credited with strengthening the security features of Linux
by virtue of its open review process. Although not all projects attain this quality of scrutiny, Linux receives
better code and encounters fewer bugs as a consequence. Another result of the active community is a
robust set of security mechanisms, cryptographic libraries, and trusted utilities that are available on and
used by Red Hat Enterprise Linux for host, network, and application security.
Red Hat Enterprise Linux offers a full range of access control mechanisms, including Discretionary Access
Control (DAC), Role-Based Access Control (RBAC), and Mandatory Access Control (MAC). Supplementing the
traditional DAC implementation by the kernel, Linux Security Modules (LSM) is a lightweight framework with
hooks into the kernel that enable various access control mechanisms to be loaded as kernel modules.
One such module, initiated by the US National Security Agency (NSA) and developed together with Red Hat,
is Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux). SELinux implements a flexible MAC mechanism called type enforce-
ment, which associates each subject and object with a type identifier and allows rules governing type-based
access to be defined in a policy file loaded into the kernel at boot time. Because the policy is not hard-coded
in the kernel, SELinux provides strong mandatory security in a form that system administrators can adapt to
4 www.commoncriteriaportal.org
Red Hat Enterprise Linux: Your Solaris Alternative
10 www.redhat.com
a wide variety of security goals in a reliable and flexible manner. Red Hat Enterprise Linux enables SELinux
by default with a MAC policy that provides containment around network-facing processes. An administrator
can deploy a more fine-grained multi-level security scheme by loading a customized SELinux policy.
Solaris 10 provides new frameworks for containment (zones), user rights management (roles and authori-
zations), and process rights management (privileges). Solaris Trusted Extensions, a layered product inte-
grated in Solaris 10 (release 11/06 and later), extends these frameworks by adding sensitivity labels. Trusted
Extensions provides a MAC policy base that implements multi-level security to conform to the CC Label
Security Protection Profile (LSPP). Unlike previous versions of Trusted Solaris 8, Trusted Extensions in
Solaris 10 are based on Solaris Zones.
Trusted Extensions in Solaris 10 also includes process rights management, which enables processes to
be restricted at the command, user, role, or system level. Solaris 10 implements process rights manage-
ment through privileges, which restrict processes to the minimum capabilities that the processes require.
This restriction is called the principle of least privilege. On a system that implements least privilege, an
intruder who captures a process has only the privileges granted to the process, limiting the power that
could be abused.
Because the Solaris kernel was designed to enforce policy based on process privileges, Solaris 10 has a
single security policy hard-coded into the kernel. It does not support multiple security policy configurations.
Unlike the LSM framework, which allows SELinux to be dynamically loaded into the kernel, no mechanism
exists to load alternate policies or disable the privilege policy in Solaris 10. For some cases, this is considered
an inflexible design for policy enforcement.
Bottom lIne: securIty
Both Red Hat Enterprise Linux and Solaris offer security capabilities that can protect business applic-
ations from a wide range of intrusions and attacks. However, Solaris Trusted Extensions' policy is less
flexible because it is hard-coded in the kernel, while Red Hat Enterprise Linux offers considerable flexibility
by supporting user-defined SELinux security policies.
Red Hat Enterprise Linux: Your Solaris Alternative
www.redhat.com 11
FeatuRe Red Hat enteRpRise Linux 5, 6 soLaRis 10, 11 expRess
Hardware platforms • x86: 32-bit and 64-bit from all
major hardware vendors
• POWER6 and 7
• IBM System z
• Itanium (Red Hat Enterprise
Linux 5)
• SPARC from Oracle and Fujitsu
• x86: 32-bit and 64-bit from Oracle
and Fujitsu
• No pending support for Solaris 11
listed on the HP web site
Storage support • Support of over 6,000 configu-
rations for connectivity to EMC
Symmetrix storage
• Support of over 10,000 configu-
rations for connectivity to EMC
CLARiiON storage
• Support for all HP storage on
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5, support
pending for 6
• Support for a broad range of IBM
storage soltuions including disk,
tape, SAN, NAS, cloud, and date
Support of 244 configurations
for x86-based servers from other
hardware vendors than Oracle to
connect to EMC Symmetrix and
Development model Red Hat Enterprise Linux is an open
source operating system using the
same source tree for all supported
• Solaris 11 is a single-sourced oper-
ating system used to run multiple
applications on multiple platforms.
• Starting with Solaris 11, Oracle has
reverted to a closed-source devel-
opment model with source code
only being made available after
binary releases.
High-availability clustering The High Availability Add-On for
Red Hat Enterprise Linux enables
users to create multi-node high-avail-
ability clusters for maximum up time
of commercial and internally-devel-
oped applications.
Oracle offers Solaris Cluster high-
availability software. Solaris Cluster
software is certified on most Oracle
Sun hardware configurations, but
less than 20 non-Oracle hardware
totaL cost oF owneRsHip (tco)
TCO is a highly complex amalgamation of multiple costs. It includes initial purchase costs, deployment
costs, production costs, and decommissioning cost. The TCO savings that you can expect to achieve by
switching from a legacy SPARC platform to an x86 platform comes primarily from the savings associated
with hardware acquisition, power and cooling costs, floor space, administrators, and service and support
contracts. However, the number of features that are supported as part of the Red Hat Enterprise Linux
subscription versus the Solaris x86 subscription deliver a cost advantage to Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
Some might think that Windows offers a price advantage. However, the total cost of integrating a new
Windows platform into an existing Solaris or UNIX infrastructure, plus developing or hiring the skills to
support that platform, make the option of switching to a Windows server environment prohibitively more
expensive than switching to Red Hat Enterprise Linux on x86.
Red Hat Enterprise Linux: Your Solaris Alternative
12 www.redhat.com
FeatuRe Red Hat enteRpRise Linux 5, 6 soLaRis 10, 11 expRess
Cluster filesystem The Resilient Storage Add-On for
Red Hat Enterprise Linux includes the
open-source cluster filesystem Global
Filesystem (GFS2). It is incremen-
tally scalable to 32 nodes, and works
with all standard Linux applications.
It scales to filesystem sizes of up to
CFS is included with Solaris Cluster
Next generation filesystems ext4 is a modern journaling filesystem
that allows for an unlimited number
of sub-directories, a maximum file-
system size of 1EB with maximum file
and filesystem size of 16TB, extents
for mapping sequences of blocks
together with multi-block allocation,
and delayed allocation to optimize
allocation and reduce overhead.
Additionally, the XFS highly scalable,
high-performance filesystem is avail-
able with a maximum file size of
100TB. [Theoretical max file is 8EB,
maximum filesystem is 16EB]
ZFS is an attempt to reinvent the file-
system by including features that are
usually part of storage management
software. Its main advantages are
its scalability-up to 256 quadrillion
zettabytes and features such as the
ease of creating read-only snapshots.
While ZFS has impressive technology,
a number of issues, such as a now
settled patent dispute, and its lack of
GPL licensing (CDDL), have contrib-
uted to a lack of widespread adoption.
Dynamic tracing
SystemTap is a joint effort of Red Hat,
IBM, Intel, Hitachi, and Oracle, and
can be used in production systems.
It is implemented as a pre-compiled
module and offers full control struc-
tures to access and collect data while
DTrace is a dynamic tracing facility
that can be used in production
systems and is implemented as part
of the kernel. It allows for the tracing
of compiled programs as well as
many scripted language programs,
including Java.
Software package management Software packages, including
updates, are made available through
Red Hat Package Manager(RPM).
Network-based repositories of
software are available, providing
simple and powerful ways to keep
systems up-to-date with the latest
software using command-line (yum)
or GUI tools.
Solaris 10 and earlier uses SVR4
pkgadm packages for software instal-
lation. Updates are provided through
a separate patch process.
Solaris 11 introduced the Image
Packaging System (IPS), which
provides software package and
update management using net-
work repositories.
Provisioning and automated
Kickstart allows for fully automated
installations. Kickstart can also be
used with Red Hat Network, the
Red Hat hosted system management
JumpStart allows for automated
installation for Solaris versions up to
Solaris 10. In Solaris 11, JumpStart is
replaced with a new process that is
part of the Solaris 11 installer.
Security certification EAL 4+
(Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 is certi-
fied and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
EAL 4+ Solaris 10, but there is no
direction for Solaris 11 on Oracle's
website as of 4/11.
Red Hat Enterprise Linux: Your Solaris Alternative
www.redhat.com 13
detaiLed compaRison oF seLected FeatuRes
Some features in the quick comparison are more interesting than others. The following discusses those
considered more interesting for the purposes of this paper.
fIlesystems and Volume managers: ext3, ext4, xfs Vs. ufs and zfs
To a large extent, the success or failure of an operating system is dependent on the filesystems that it
supports. The operating system depends on the filesystem to maintain data security, integrity, availability,
capacity, and expandability, while delivering the highest possible throughput. In addition to these require-
ments, the management features and interfaces to the filesystems need to be as intuitive and as logical
as possible for the system administrator, in order to maximize efficiency in performing routine filesystem
management tasks.
The default filesystem delivered with Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 is ext4, which builds upon the journaling
capabilities of ext3, is faster and more robust, and increases scalability while maintaining forward compat-
ibility. The maximum file and filesystem size is 16TB in and the 32,000 sub-directory limit of ext3 is removed
in ext4. Ext4 improves fsck performance on large filesystems, and provides better delete performance by
reorganizing some of the on-disk semantics of data storage. An alternate filesystem, XFS, is also available,
which provides higher degrees of scalability. The design of XFS accommodates a theoretical maximum file
size of 8EB and a maximum filesystem size of 16EB. XFS has proven to be very popular with users looking for
fast performance when streaming or working with very large data files.
The limits on the scalability of a filesystem are typically based in the number of bits used to store important
housekeeping information such as the block numbers on disk where a particular piece of data is located.
Older filesystems designed for use with 32-bit CPUs typically used 32-bits or less, both for conserving
storage as well as performance reasons. Modern filesystems use 64-bit or even 128-bit CPUs which provides
for maximum sizes that should scale well into the future. The maximum sizes at these ranges, in many cases,
are much larger than can be practically tested, especially across a large matrix of supported system configu-
rations. Therefore, it is common to see two different sets of maximum sizes, one that is tested and supported
for a given operating system release, and one that is the theoretical maximum that the filesystem design
In order to meet even basic storage requirements for capacity and availability, multiple storage devices
need to be used. Configurations can range from mirrored and/or striped local disk arrays to remote storage
devices. Red Hat Enterprise Linux includes the logical volume manager version 2 (LVM2), to help manage
storage. LVM2 provides the capability to aggregate underlying storage, whether from local disks or remote
LUNs, and create volumes that remove disk and LUN boundaries. When deployed in conjunction with the
Resilient Storage Add-On, LVM2 provides a complete clustered volume manager with online resizing capabili-
ties under GFS2.
Traditionally, Solaris did not include a full-function volume manager, and the default filesystem for Solaris
for many years, UFS (UNIX filesystem), depended on third-party tools for this functionality. In an attempt
to support much larger filesystems, increase data integrity, and reduce the customer's dependency on third-
party filesystem management tools, Sun introduced the ZFS (Zetabyte filesystem) as an alternative to UFS
in early versions of Solaris 10.
Ext3, ext4, and XFS have evolved from classic filesystems. The intention behind ZFS was to overcome the
restrictions of classic filesystems without losing compatibility. It integrates storage management features
into the filesystem. Many are still unsure if this integration makes sense or if the classic separation of
storage management and filesystem offers better control and less confusion for administrators. Classic
Red Hat Enterprise Linux: Your Solaris Alternative
14 www.redhat.com
IT environments, with separate groups responsible for hardware and system administration, in most cases
prefer a separation between storage management as part of hardware administration and filesystems as
part of system administration. This helps keep responsibilities clearly defined and access rights as simple
as possible. Small-scale IT environments, where hardware administration and system administration are
not separate functions, might see some advantages to the integrated approach. However, such environ-
ments often have budget constraints that will not allow them to take advantage of all those features, due
to constraints of the underlying hardware.
Due to the major conceptual changes in ZFS as compared to traditional filesystems, Sun published a
separate Solaris ZFS Administration Guide
, even though ZFS is supposed to be designed to be robust,
scalable, and simple to administers.
New features and concepts of ZFS, and their counterparts in traditional filesystems, are:
pooled storage
Storage pooling allows a ZFS filesystem direct access to multiple disks without the additional control of a
volume manager. Additionally, it allows for dynamic growing and shrinking of filesystem size when multiple
filesystems share the same storage pool. To restrict filesystem size, explicit quotas must be introduced.
Traditional filesystems, like ext3, ext4, and XFS, offer the capability to grow as long as the underlying volume
set offers enough space. This gives significantly better control over the use of storage space.
transactIonal semantIcs
Each change of the content of a ZFS filesystem is treated like a transaction. This is managed by copy-on-
write semantics and provides consistent filesystems without corruptions.
Traditional filesystems offer multiple approaches to achieve the same level of consistency. On the lowest
level, fsck corrects corruptions after they've occurred. On higher levels, journaling is offered either with
the log or journaling section included in the data section, or with its own log or journaling section. In both
cases, all changes to the content of the filesystem are logged and, in case of inconsistent data, it is possible
to return data to the last consistent state. The separation of data and the log or journal in the filesystem
ensures that the journal stays consistent, since metadata is only added to the journal, while use data can
be overwritten as needed. Transactional semantics are the more elegant solution, but traditional filesystems
offer more granularity regarding the need of consistency.
checksum and self healIng
ZFS offers checksumming and data recovery on the filesystem layer, which allows for transparency of the
checksumming and data recovery to applications.
Traditional filesystems working on top of volume sets will typically use checksums on blocks of data. Journal
checksumming, together with nanosecond timestamps as introduced in ext4, allow for a similar effect as
checksumming on the filesystem layer.
Self-healing data is provided by ZFS by using varying levels of data redundancy, including mirroring and a
variation on RAID-5. In traditional setups, this is part of the storage management level that provides volume
sets to the filesystem.
At this time, ZFS is more scalable in terms of maximum sizes than ext3, ext4, or XFS, allowing for up to 256
quadrillion zetabytes of storage, since ZFS is 128-bit. It should be mentioned that there were no installation
of such a large storage example to really test the scalability. Neither XFS and ext4 reach into those regions
5 Solaris ZFS Administration Guide, download.oracle.com/docs/cd/E19963-01/pdf/821-1448.pdf
Red Hat Enterprise Linux: Your Solaris Alternative
www.redhat.com 15
yet, but have been tested to their limits, which is 1 EB for ext4. Rather than looking at theoretical limits,
the filesystem size recommendation for most operational environments is limited based on the operations
team's recovery window.
zfs snapshots
ZFS offers snapshots as a read-only copy of the filesystem. This is traditionally part of storage manage-ment.
Today, storage management tools offer much more sophisticated levels of snapshots than ZFS in
the hardware, and LVM offers simpler read-only copy and copy-on-write snapshots at the volume manage-
ment layer.
sImplIfIed admInIstratIon
It is up for discussion if integrating storage management functions into the filesystem really simplifies
administration. It allows the use of one command with more options, rather than using multiple commands
with simpler options. It also removes the conceptual border between storage and filesystem management.
In addition to the features already mentioned in the comparison with ZFS, there are other new features
of ext4. The use of extents with multiblock and delayed allocation, as well as the use of persistent pre-
allocation, reduces the need for online defragmentation, which is planned for the next release of ext4.
Bottom lIne: fIlesystems
While ZFS is a different approach to the concept of filesystems, most of the features available in ZFS can
be matched with ext4 or XFS in Red Hat Enterprise Linux, with the exception of maximum file and filesystem
size. Even with these new features, it is important to remember that ZFS is primarily a Solaris-only compo-
nent. A number of factors, including a now-settled patent dispute with Network Appliance, limited roadmaps
from Oracle, and and the CDDL license (which is incompatible with the GPL license used for Linux) have
resulted in limited industry adoption and support of ZFS, which in turn limits the deployment options of
this filesystem.
ZFS was added to Solaris 10 in the second update release. However, support for root on ZFS wasn't available
until the sixth update release, which occurred in 2008. Given ZFS's brief history of commercial availability,
it's understandable to see why most current Sun customers are taking a wait-and-see attitude and sticking
with the more traditional UFS filesystem or third-party filesystem and volume manager for their Solaris
deployments. The fact is that many existing Solaris users and system administrators have yet to use or even
be trained on ZFS. Now, however, Solaris 11 is requiring the root filesystem to be on ZFS in order to take
advantage of snapshot capabilities in the new software package management system.
For those users and system administrators that are planning on moving off of the Solaris/SPARC platform,
minimizing the amount of change and being able to leverage the skills on-hand are critical factors for a
smooth transition. While some of these system administrators might see a transition from Solaris/SPARC
to Solaris x86 as an opportunity to introduce ZFS into their infrastructure, the need for training on ZFS
management would definitely impede this transition and increase its expense.
Since many of the operating system features and functions in Solaris (including UFS filesystem manage-
ment) map easily to those found in Red Hat Enterprise Linux, existing Solaris system administrators will find
the transition to ext4 or XFS filesystem management on Red Hat Enterprise Linux a very straightforward
and intuitive process.
While ZFS does have compelling features to offer, the limited availability of supported deployment plat-
forms, its unproven track record in production environments, and its risk of additional vendor lock-in quickly
eliminate it as a compelling reason to select Solaris x86 over Red Hat Enterprise Linux in the transition from
Solaris SPARC.
Red Hat Enterprise Linux: Your Solaris Alternative
16 www.redhat.com
dtrace Vs. systemtap
As discussed earlier, SystemTap and DTrace are dynamic tracing tools that support debugging and profiling.
Neither should be used indiscriminately in a production environment, but they do provide a superior moni-
toring tool for resolving difficult-to-diagnose or intermittent problems and bottlenecks. As it is a truism that
the process of measuring will change the measured data, it is also true that the process of monitoring will
change the monitored data. You should keep this in mind when enabling either tool.
Since DTrace is a feature of the Solaris kernel, it is covered under the same open source license, known
as CDDL. Even though attempts are being made to port DTrace to Linux, the differences between GPL and
CDDL licensing appear to prohibit the introduction of DTrace code into the Linux code base. In true open
source fashion, Red Hat, IBM, Intel, Hitachi, Oracle, and others contributed code and expertise to implement
SystemTap, which brings similar functionality to Linux without requiring extensive instrumentation. Both
tools share the same intent—supporting the user in optimization efforts by providing dynamic tracing.
Both tools also share many ideas, concepts, and features.
Most commonalities are based in the shared
intent. Therefore, both support instrumentation of code, data collection, and scripting to help interpret the
collected data. However, the actual implementation and the level of intrusion is different.
DTrace infrastructure is itself part of the kernel. SystemTap is implemented as a pre-compiled module that is
loaded only when specific functionality is required. Both methods allow the respective tool to be enabled and
disabled in a production system. Creating DTrace as part of the kernel allows for faster execution, but runs
a higher risk of interference with other parts of the kernel when tracing code. Creating SystemTap as a pre-
compiled module allows for easy addition as well as easy removal.
While both tools use scripting, only SystemTap has support for control structures in its scripting language.
While this does not necessarily limit the capabilities of DTrace, it does require a different approach to make
conditionals and loops work. Additionally, SystemTap allows for more complex reporting of first principles,
iterations, and conditionals. Thread-local variable and speculative tracing are supported by both.
Probe execution is implemented as optimized native code in SystemTap, while DTrace depends on inter-
preted byte codes. While the interpreted byte code allows for easier interpretation and portability across
release, the optimized native code keeps the performance impact low. Due to the nature of Solaris kernel
ABI, DTrace has the additional advantage of supporting tracing of Java programs and several script
languages. SystemTap depends on a new kernel interface, utrace, to provide similar functionality,
tracing userspace applications.
While developed in just a little bit more than half the time of DTrace, SystemTap has certain features that
DTrace does not match. These capabilities include:
• Probing arbitrary statements in code symbolically using debugging information. DTrace is limited to the
ABI boundaries, like entry and exit markers.
• Symbolically extracting arbitrary data at probe points like any context-visible variable as preserved by
the compiler. All data is visible in DTrace, but access to local variables may require the use of manual
register offsets.
• End-user extensible probe library as script-based tapsets. DTrace does not offer anything similar.
• In addition, the number of available symbolic probe points in userspace and in the kernel are significantly
higher in SystemTap.
6 sourceware.org/systemtap/wiki/SystemtapDtraceComparison
Red Hat Enterprise Linux: Your Solaris Alternative
www.redhat.com 17
Bottom lIne: dynamIc tracIng
DTrace is a stable product with continuing development. SystemTap is a stable product with ongoing devel-
opment to extend the full range of capabilities into the userspace with a large community of developers.
This allows SystemTap development to have a faster reaction time to implement new features as they are
requested, while DTrace has a limited advantage regarding code stability. Both have single features that
the other does not possess: SystemTap focuses on the area of adaptability and easy access to full control
structures, while DTrace focuses on scripts and interpreted languages. Classic development environments
will realize a major advantage from using SystemTap over DTrace, while teams using heavy scripting in their
programming efforts might, at this time, still prefer DTrace.
software management
Solaris was an early leader in UNIX systems, to providing software management through a packaging
tool based on System V Release 4 (SVR4) pkgadm. However, the capabilities became somewhat stag-
nant. Updates for bugs and security issues were released using a separate patching system, requiring
two separate and largely manual processes and sets of downloads to install and update software.
Solaris releases as late as Solaris 10 still used this method.
The fast-paced nature of the open source community caused rapid evolution in software package manage-
ment. Red Hat Package Manager (RPM) packages became widely used for managing software installa-
tion. Some third-party sites even began providing RPM tools and packages for Solaris systems to ease the
process of software management. The need for network-based repositories to automate the discovery,
download, and installation of packages and any additional package dependencies became quickly apparent.
Red Hat uses the Yellowdog Update Manager (Yum) for managing software using network repositories. Yum
is a powerful tool that can search multiple online repositories for software, as well as identify any installed
packages that are in need of updating, in a single command. Administrators can take advantage of Yum from
the command line or through GUI tools on the system, such as PackageKit.
To make managing multiple systems easier, the Red Hat Network web-based system management platform,
hosted by Red Hat, allows centralized administration of software packages. This is accomplished by building
on the foundations of Yum-based network software repositories. Access to the Red Hat Network is provided
with Red Hat subscriptions.
In Solaris 11 Express, the outdated SVR4 pkgadm and separate patch system have been replaced by the
Image Packaging System (IPS), which uses network-based software repositories. The new system is
very similar to Yum and the capabilities provided in Red Hat Enterprise Linux, with the exception of
Red Hat Network.
IPS was developed as part of the now discontinued OpenSolaris effort. IPS is still fairly new, and administra-
tors will need some retraining and will need to also change their procedures and packages when adopting
Solaris 11.
proVIsIonIng and automated InstallatIon
In order to be able to effectively automate systems management, it is key to start with systems config-
ured as similarly as possible. Solaris, with its JumpStart tool, was one of the first UNIX systems to offer
fully automated installation that allowed system administrators to easily build multiple systems with iden-
tical configurations.
Red Hat Enterprise Linux allows for fully automated installations through its Kickstart tool, which is a tightly-
integrated piece of the Red Hat installer. In order to help administrators get started automating system
builds, the system will generate a Kickstart configuration file, even for a fully interactive install. That file can
Red Hat Enterprise Linux: Your Solaris Alternative
18 www.redhat.com
then be used to replicate the installation in a fully automated manner. Kickstart configurations take advan-
tage of Yum network-based software repositories to enable software to be downloaded and installed during
operating system installation. Kickstart automated installation is also integrated with the Red Hat Network
system management platform. Administrators can host their Kickstart configurations on Red Hat Network,
which will be automatically downloaded during an install.
Solaris 11 has a new installer and a new packaging system. As a result, JumpStart is no longer available with
Solaris 11. Administrators will need to learn the new automated installer and rewrite their installation proce-
dures in order to migrate. Also, why spend the time to learn a new installer that is only available on a limited
number of platforms?
As discussed, Red Hat Enterprise Linux and Solaris both provide the robust feature set one would expect to
find in an enterprise-class operating system. However, Red Hat Enterprise Linux and its associated subscrip-
tion offers distinct advantages over Solaris 10 and Solaris 11 Express in a server market dominated by the
x86 architecture. When migrating from Solaris, Red Hat Enterprise Linux also presents advantages over
Microsoft Windows Server in terms of retaining and reusing IT staff skills and existing management policies.
The advantages of Red Hat Enterprise Linux over Solaris fall into two categories—platform support, which
translates into flexibility, and customer value—both of which are critical to users that are considering a
migration from SPARC to x86.
platform support
While Solaris is built to run on 100 percent of Oracle's hardware and peripherals, its supported availability
on non-Oracle x86 hardware is limited. Adopting Solaris 10 for your x86 servers would result in limiting
the choice of x86 server vendors and models, as well as other peripherals. The same argument can be
made with respect to ISVs. Solaris on SPARC might still have a viable (albeit shrinking) commercial applica-
tion ecosystem, but Solaris on x86 is not a tier-one platform for any of the top enterprise ISVs. In the x86
server market, the two tier-one operating system platforms targeted by ISVs for their applications are Linux
and Windows. The fact that Red Hat Enterprise Linux operations and management interfaces are similar to
Solaris, much more so than Windows, makes Red Hat Enterprise Linux the smart choice when considering a
move to an alternative operating system for Solaris workloads.
While Solaris has enjoyed a dominant position on Sun's own hardware, Red Hat Enterprise Linux offers the
advantages of the open source development model, backed by a large worldwide community, along with the
professional support structure of a dedicated and trusted vendor.
customer Value
One of the most important management techniques for controlling the costs associated with the
technology acquisition process is freedom of choice or, rather, freedom from vendor lock-in. Red Hat
Enterprise Linux has broad support from server and storage vendors as well as ISVs, which ensures that
if you choose Red Hat Enterprise Linux you'll be able to protect and maintain that freedom. The Solaris
operating system's limited availability and platform support severely curtail this freedom of choice.
Red Hat Enterprise Linux: Your Solaris Alternative
The flexibility to support multiple versions of an operating system and upgrade only when the need arises
is a valuable operational requirement for any datacenter. The Red Hat Enterprise Linux subscription allows
customers to upgrade and downgrade to newer or older versions of Red Hat Enterprise Linux at no addi-
tional charge and at any time. In contrast, Sun still charges license fees for Solaris 8 and 9, and has different
support service pricing models for those releases.
The cost of staffing a datacenter with certified professionals also has to be taken into account when making
a platform choice. With the overall rise in popularity of Linux training, and the Red Hat Certified Engineer
) certification in particular, most IT managers have a pool of certified Red Hat Enterprise Linux
professionals to choose from as they build out their business. While Sun does offer Solaris systems adminis-
tration certification, it is neither a well-known nor highly sought-after certification. The result is a small and
shrinking number of individuals that are highly compensated for their Solaris skill set due to their scarcity.
Indeed, these trained Solaris professionals are also more expensive than Red Hat Enterprise Linux admin-
istrators. In the case of a new environment, this is a significant advantage for Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
In addition, since Linux is so similar to UNIX and Solaris, IT managers can retain their investment in UNIX
personnel by switching to Red Hat Enterprise Linux instead of discarding this experience by switching to
Windows. In summary, Red Hat Enterprise Linux is the better choice for IT managers desiring increased
flexibility, scalability, performance, ease-of-use, and reduced TCO, both now and in the long-term.
Copyright © 2011 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, the Shadowman logo, JBoss, MetaMatrix,
and RHCE are trademarks of Red Hat, Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. Linux
is the registered
trademark of Linus Torvalds in the U.S. and other countries.
north amerIca
europe, mIddle east,
and afrIca
00800 7334 2835
asIa pacIfIc
+65 6490 4200
latIn amerIca
+54 11 4329 7300
red hat sales and InquIrIes
Red Hat Enterprise Linux: Your Solaris Alternative
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text:
Valerie Cox is awesome. I sent her this short instrumental track and she sent back a finished track. I bow in awe.
Monday, October 4, 2010
Dangerous - Song A Week 2010 - 40
Posted by T.C. Elliott at 9:28 PM
Labels: Music, Song A Week
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


text:
Bloggers Do It Better - Arm PartyTuesday, August 02, 2011
45 comments
- Trendy ButterflyAugust 2, 2011 at 10:46 AM
great picsReplyDelete
Cool blog
Visit: http://trendybutterfly.blogspot.com/
Thanks so much for stopping by! Glad you liked it!ReplyDelete
- NotafashionbloggerAugust 2, 2011 at 11:28 AM
You are too cool with your hair like that!! And I love your outfit!! can i feature you as one of my fave august outfits???ReplyDelete
- Alba MecajAugust 2, 2011 at 11:41 AM
You look so fab :) Love the lookReplyDelete
oooohhhh new hair! And I love the arm party!!!ReplyDelete
- FashionwiseAugust 2, 2011 at 12:07 PM
great combinations !!! love it,you always now what to do !ReplyDelete
have you seen my latest look?
You're arm party couldn't be any more perfect! It highlight your outfit details and ties in all the colors you used. I love how your layered necklaces too (that red heart necklace is fabulous!).ReplyDelete
Aww of course girlie! I'm flattered!ReplyDelete
- GirlinsunglassesAugust 2, 2011 at 12:24 PM
I see you specially gorgeous today!! very nice and classy outfit, great blouse!! and great hair! i see you different!!ReplyDelete
Kisses my dear! xoxo
Love your hair like that!And that heart shaped necklace is soo pretty!ReplyDelete
- FashionmakeuplifestyleAugust 2, 2011 at 1:43 PM
I agreed with you I really love how you use the red as a punch of color for your overall outfit. I'm so in love with your heart necklace! So pretty.ReplyDelete
<3 Marina
I like your collection of bracelets! It's funny how suddenly everybody is talking about the "arm party" - maybe from all fo the manrepeller tweets? Anyway, they look good, and so does your hair!ReplyDelete
Thanks! Appreciate it!ReplyDelete
Haha, yep another "wig"!ReplyDelete
Aww thanks girlie, you are so kind!ReplyDelete
Thanks!!! Yep I've really been into layering necklaces lately. I don't normally stack so much on the bracelet front, but I thought this would be fun to do! Luckily they don't make too much noise at work! HA-HAReplyDelete
Thanks so much girlie!! Teehee, wearing another wig!ReplyDelete
Thanks Alina! I'm obsessed with heart necklaces.ReplyDelete
Thanks!!! Fav white-black-pop of color combo of mine!ReplyDelete
I know right! I don't normally wear this many bracelets, but wanted to participate in the challenge. Usually these many bracelets clang and slide up and down my arm too much and after an hour they are usually all off on my desk! haha. Thanks girlie!ReplyDelete
Love the red details! :)ReplyDelete
Thank you!!!ReplyDelete
I'm loving your shoes and that's some serious arm party you're rockin!ReplyDelete
those shoes are seriously so cute! very feminine :)ReplyDelete
Thanks Pheobe!!!ReplyDelete
Thanks girlie!ReplyDelete
- TeamheimerAugust 2, 2011 at 8:18 PM
LOVE these shoes and your waist is so tiny...#jealous!ReplyDelete
Haha, thank you it's all an illusion...dressing for my shape. :-)ReplyDelete
Nice balance to your shape. My own hair is about to be long again soon. And thanks for stopping by my blog. Still not sure how to reply comments so you can get them so I came over to your blog.ReplyDelete
Kemi at beautystyleandgrowth.blogspot.com
No worries! I appreciate you stopping by!! :-)ReplyDelete
- THE-LOUDMOUTHAugust 3, 2011 at 3:16 AM
I adore your arm candy... and that heart-shaped necklace! You look super cute.ReplyDelete
Love those bracelets and your top is super cute! KiahReplyDelete
i loved your red shoes! great lok!ReplyDelete
- Nicole at Mommy MoxieAugust 3, 2011 at 1:05 PM
I love the variety of stones at your "arm party"! The black/grey/red theme is one of my favorites.ReplyDelete
- JemappelleshenAugust 3, 2011 at 2:51 PM
Hey I participated in the BDIB challenge too! I came across your link and I'm loving your arm party! I <3 the pop of red!ReplyDelete
Thanks Steph!ReplyDelete
My fav red pumps!ReplyDelete
Thank you!! I love it too!ReplyDelete
Your outfit is super cute, and I just really like your black bracelets. They look sleek in all one color tone. Nice job! :)ReplyDelete
Thanks so much!!ReplyDelete
- Kimbunii TaylorAugust 3, 2011 at 6:45 PM
I love your arm candy :)ReplyDelete
- http://boluxe.wordpress.com/August 3, 2011 at 11:52 PM
I love your look! As always this has been a fun challenge :)ReplyDelete
robyn of boluxe.wordpress.com
Love your arm party!! and your whole outfit! The red details really make the outfitReplyDelete
Thanks so much! I love the red addition too!ReplyDelete
I love reading your comments, however please do not leave comments asking for following swaps. I would prefer that you follow my blog because you love the content and not because you want me to follow your blog back.


text:
The Most Stylish Colors to Wear With Navy Blue
Beyond black and white, navy is one of the most versatile shades you can add to your closet. It's a foolproof classic on its own, but what are the best colors to wear with navy? Well, it turns out there are a lot of them out there. As fashion girls have proved on the street style scene, there are a number of hues that pair well with the deep blue color. If you're interested in seeing the best ways to pull it off, look no further. We've rounded up the best outfits that will clue you in on how to pull it off in ways that are inventive and cool.


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Jx-4 Junction Box
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text: UFDC Home | Help | RSS Title: Man in pirate costume dances while Glee club members sing. CITATION PAGE IMAGE Full Citation STANDARD VIEW MARC VIEW Permanent Link: http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00032703/00001 Material Information Title: Man in pirate costume dances while Glee club members sing. Physical Description: 4x5 polyester Language: English Publication Date: 1962 Subjects Subject: Glee Club, Men'sPerformanceClubs and Organizations Notes General Note: Man in pirate costume dances while Glee club members sing. Funding: Digitized with funding from the Institute of Museum and Library Services as part of the Ephemeral Cities grant project. Record Information Bibliographic ID: UF00032703 Volume ID: VID00001 Source Institution: University of Florida Holding Location: University of Florida Archives, Special Collections, George A. Smathers Libraries Rights Management: All rights reserved, Board of Trustees of the University of Florida. Resource Identifier: Photograph 5844 from the University Archives Photograph Collection. Contact Us | Permissions | Preferences | Technical Aspects | Statistics | Internal | Privacy Policy © 2004 - 2010 University of Florida George A. Smathers Libraries.All rights reserved. Acceptable Use, Copyright, and Disclaimer Statement Last updated October 10, 2010 - - mvs


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Cousin summer time…
and the living is easy!
Is there any greater gift
an aunt could give her nieces
than to keep them
for a few days
with her at the lake?
… and…
… just for the record…
that same great aunt
took these amazing pics
to help the memories last!
thanks Aunt Gabe!!


text:
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Please contact email@example.com if you have any questions. We are here to help you become part of The Hivery community!


text:
On September 4, 2014 the MLCF team attended the Penrith Homelessness Summit at the Joan Sutherland Performing Arts Centre.
Several organisations and agencies from across Greater Penrith and the Blue Mountains attended to discuss our immediate issues and long term goals in assisting our homeless and at risk community. Also in attendance were Mayor and Councillor Ross Fowler OAM, The Hon. Stuart Ayres, MP, The Hon. Gabrielle Upton, MP, several members of Penrith Council, and Digby Hughes from Homelessness NSW amongst others.
We learned more about the new initiative "Going Home Staying Home" which is a new approach to the delivery of specialist homelessness services. By consolidating Service Providers by area, or issue, they hope to create a "one-stop shop" for people who need assistance, eliminating the need to contact several different agencies and repeating their story over and over again.
There is a large focus on prevention and early intervention for "at risk" people to hopefully assist them before they slide into homelessness. This covers everyone from couch surfing teens to families with low incomes or employment issues. Prevention is always better than cure.
Presentations by Wentworth Community Housing, Platform Youth Accommodation/The Glue Factory, Christ Mission Possible and Wentworth Sydney Community Forum outlined each organisations capabilities and goals, and led to a fantastic discussion between the participants about what we consider the immediate and biggest issues for homelessness in our area (and beyond), and how we think they could be solved.
What was most interesting was that almost all of us – no matter which field we are focused on from rough sleeping to domestic violence to education/employment to counselling – had the same core issues:
1. Lack of affordable permanent housing for those most at risk, or already experiencing homelessness;
2. Lack of awareness of each others' capabilities, and therefore lack of collaboration, between organisations;
3. Lack of services for those in crisis outside of business hours.
Several new contacts later, we left feeling enthusiastic and empowered. One of the first points of action is for regular forums to occur where local service providers can come together and share their ideas, expertise and collaborate on projects. Hopefully this will happen soon as we can clearly see the positives that will come from this cooperation and communication.
Overall, it was a really positive experience and we are looking forward to working with our newfound like-minded colleagues to assist our patrons however they may need.
Thanks to Penrith City Council for organising and facilitating the event.


text: Annuals are a wonderful, colorful, and integral part of the plant world. By definition, an annual is a plant flowers and dies in the same year or growing season. Some flowering plants are perennials in warm climates and annuals in colder climates such as the Calibrachoa plant. In gardening, most people think of an annual as a plant that grows, blooms, and dies in one growing season. Some perennials are treated as annuals because they cannot survive the winters in cold climates.


text:
Quick Reference
Individuals and dynasties in bold are the subjects of entries in the main text. Where names are listed in the main language of the ruled country or territory, rulers of more than one territory are entered under more than one form of their names and titles. Thus James VI of Scotland also appears as James I of England, Władisław II Jagiełło of Poland also appears as Jogaila of Lithuania, and Enrique III, king of Navarre, also appears as Henri IV, king of France. In cases where local names would cause confusion (e.g. Bohemia and Byzantium), forms of names familiar to readers of English are used. For full accounts of Renaissance dynasties see D. Schwennicke (ed.), Europäische Stammtafeln (11 vols. in 13 parts, Marburg, 1978–88); see also John Morby, Dynasties of the World (Oxford, 1989 and 2002).
From The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance in Oxford Reference.
Subjects: Early Modern History (1500 to 1700).
Related content in Oxford Index
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