text:
It`s monday and it`s time for a new challenge over at WhoopsiDaisy. The theme set this time is SNOWFLAKES. Most of you have some kinda snowflake. It can be a die, a punch, a stamp, paper, a sticker or whatever. We just want to see one snowflake or more on your creation.
For my card i have used an image from sheet #266. It is available in the WhoopsiDaisy digi shop. I have coloured her with ProMarkers. The blue back panel is a Bearly Mine Designs, digi paper.
The pearl/leaf embellishment i made myself. I just thought the colours to this would go so nicely with my card, so i just had to put it on. The were originally made for the table cards at my wedding. Still had some leftovers, so why not make use of them, lol.
These coloured snowflakes i have punched out from a designpaper. Luckely one of my punches were the right size for these gorgeous flakes. I also punched out a white one for some more dimention.
Now it`s your turn! Why not find those snowflakes, put them on some creation and join us at WhoopsiDaisy challenge for some real fun? Can`t wait to see your creations! Happy Crafting everyone!
Challenges i`m entering:
Joanna Sheen Challenge - Challenge #1 It`s starting to look like christmas. (I have actually baught allmost all my ProMarkers at Joannas shop. I don`t think anyone beats her at the prize, lol. And it is no shipping costs either)
Bunny Zoe - Challenge #18 Anything Christmas with pearls
Craft your passion - Challenge #87 Anything goes + glitter
The Crafty Bloggers Network - Challenge #5 Shades of winter
Crafty Boots - Anything goes challenge
Incy Wincy Designs - Challenge #123 Non traditional Chrismas colours
Paper Creations Ink. - Challenge #14 Bling it up
The pink Elephant - Challenge #128 Snowflakes and sparkle
The Ribbon Reel - Challenge #16 Anything goes


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What is wrong with Time Machine?
Time Machine is an incredibly nice backup program, set it on and forget. That really is pretty amazing and it has been wonderful for many people.
Unfortunately however, it is not very suitable for keeping correct backups of your virtual machines.
Why is that you say?
Well, there's quite a list of things, bare with me for a bit.
First off look at what makes up a virtual machine. A virtual machine consists of a set of files and some of them (the virtual disks) are quite large. We're talking gigabytes here. If you have your virtual machine running and Time Machine tries to backup that virtual machine it is very likely that the disk that gets written to your backup media is corrupt. The reason being that the virtual machine can still write data to files while the backup process runs. In other words, the file written out to backup is different from what it is on your machine. That is pretty bad for a backup.
Another issue is that virtual disks are large binary files and when Time Machine comes by, it will see the whole virtual disk has changed even if you only changed a small file.
So pretend that you just made a change to a small document and saved it. The file you changed is .. maybe 1MB in size. The update to your Time Machine backup however is gigabytes.
So you do the proper thing and you exclude virtual machines from backups as is suggested at VMware's Knowledge base best practices for virtual machine backup as well as by many old timers at the VMware Fusion forum.
Next is that even if you copy your shut down virtual machine to a separate folder and then have Time Machine back it up nicely that you still might end up with problems. Unfortunately here is another caveat,. A problem arises when your Time Machine backup disk starts to run out of disk space.
The documentation says it will remove the oldest data first. It does, except when it does not.
Time Machine tends to remove larger files first. That actually makes sense for a lot of media types, just not for virtual disks. The default type for virtual disks nowadays is "split into multiple files". This means that your virtual disk is built up from big binary files also referred to as disk slices.
If one disk slice is missing from your virtual disk, the risk is real that all of your data on that virtual disk is gone. Only a data recovery specialist can help you at that moment. We have a few very good ones down over at the VMware community forum, but you might want to prevent getting there.
If you have decided for not splitting your disk into multiple files then if Time Machine decides to delete the largest file, and your virtual disk happens to be that file then everything from that Virtual Machine is gone.
Also note that if you make your backups manually by copying them to a static folder every now and then that you lost one of the main features of Time Machine. "Set and forget". You now have to remember to make backups on a timely fashion.
As an active community user I have seen too many people depend on Time Machine for backups of their virtual machines and loose their Virtual Machine. Please do not be that next person.
At the very least make a manual copy, or if you want, use Vimalin. Vimalin is fully functional for a trial period of 30 days and can make automatic backups on your behalf. After 30 days you can continue to use Vimalin for free, but the backups have to be made manually (click a "Backup Now" button), not automatic on a schedule.
Of course I would appreciate it if you support my work on Vimalin by buying a license, but you are welcome to use the free version, that certainly is better than depending on Time Machine for your VM backups.

subset: commoncrawl


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Building your home is simple, fast and easy with EasyLiving by Carlisle, meaning you could be in your new home sooner than you think!
Our simple 6 step process will help guide you along the way, from setting your budget and securing finance, to choosing your perfect home design for your block. If required, our specialist sales team work with leading land developers to find your dream home location and help secure you a block of land.
You'll then choose your selections from our contemporary colour schemes, and if you have titled land we could get building as early as 12 weeks* from your contract signing with our Quickstart program. With our Build Time Guarantee, you'll be in your new single storey home in 20 weeks* and your double storey home in 24 weeks* after your site start. Easy!
Most importantly, being backed by Carlisle, the 2017 HIA Victorian Professional Major Builder, means we'll be there every step of the way, until you have the keys in your hands. Our ongoing commitment to customer service has once again been recognised with our exceptional score in the 2018 Australian Achiever Awards of 99.15% customer satisfaction.
Outstanding value for money. Better quality. Better customer service. Fast and easy!


text:
John Anderson from Fairway Independent Mortgage is a Producing Branch Manager in Lawrenceville, GA. He is committed to taking great care of people who are looking to buy or refinance a home. John has been in the mortgage industry since 1995.
John has had the opportunity to help over 1,000 families become homeowners. He enjoys listening to his customers' needs and creating a loan strategy to help them succeed with their mortgage goals. John has a strong talent for explaining confusing things to his customers so that they completely understand them. He uses a state-of-the-art communication system to update his customers and referral partners throughout the mortgage process. After closing, the relationship does not end – John will follow up with his customers to answer any possible post-closing questions. He always closes his customers' loans on time! Part of John's success is his team. Excellent service is what every customer will experience.
John graduated from Coastal Carolina and division of USC. He has been married to Jennifer for over 20 years, and they have a son and daughter. Jennifer also serves as a marketing director and trainer for the branch. John is a member of St. Oliver's Catholic Church and has served previously as a Eucharistic Minister. He also serviced as President of Gwinnett Business Leaders and held the VP position of Toastmasters. John enjoys spending time with his family, and watching his son play baseball and daughter perform competition cheerleading. He loves to play tennis and racquetball, as well as watch a good movie with his family.
State Licenses:


text:
Telr Closes Over-Subscribed Series A
Telr, the merchant payment platform we created last October, and merged with Dubai-based Innovate Payments in June this year, has just completed an over-subscribed Series A fund-raising, led by Hatcher and iMENA, based in Amman, Jordan.
Congrats to Elias, Sirish, Andy, Phil, Keith, Cat, and the rest of the Telr team from Harveen, myself, and everyone at Hatcher - and congrats also to our new investor partners, incoming employees, and new merchant partners.
The press release can be found here.


text:
COMPLETE HEALTH – Safe full coverage
For you as an entirety
With COMPLETE HEALTH, we offer you a comprehensive health insurance that gives you independence from the statutory insurance.
Be it a free choice of doctor or high-quality dental prosthesis – with us you are a first-class patient!
Should anything worse happen, however, you will enjoy all the advantages: from a single room in a renowned hospital to treatment by the senior physician.
It's your choice! And we will protect you completely – with all the advantages and services. Guaranteed!
Our services
We insure people that could not be more diverse. Which is why every insurance package can also be agreed individually, depending on your wishes, life situation, and personal expectations. And what's best: depending on the tariff, we will refund up to two monthly premiums!
The COMPLETE HEALTH tariff is available to anyone living or working in Luxemburg.
- First-class patient in hospital
- Senior physician treatment
- Free choice of doctor/dentist
- Europe-wide protection, unlimited in time
- Cost coverage for medical treatment (also without advance from statutory health insurance)
- Cost coverage for alternative treatments
- High coverage for dental treatment and dentures
- Cost coverage for visual aids
- One month protection outside of Europe
- Premiums are tax-deductible
- Reimbursement of up to two monthly contributions
At a glance
Costs are reimbursed to the tariff-related extent for the services listed below:
Outpatient treatment
- Medical services, senior physician
- Homoeopathic medicines
- Medicines and dressings
- Kinesiotherapy
- Remedies and aids
- Alternative treatment methods
- Midwife services
Inpatient treatment
- Medical services, senior physician
- Accommodation costs in single or shared rooms
- One-day clinic
- Cost of telephone line and television rental
- Transport by ambulance to the hospital (up to 100 km)
- Rooming-in for one parent with child insurance (for children up to 12)
- Accommodation for the father at child birth
Dental treatment
- Above-average cost coverage for orthodontics, dentures, dental crowns and inlays
- Professional dental cleaning
Meaningful extras
BEST CARE – Immediate help in emergencies
Supplementary insurance for a guaranteed referral to a specialist.
Nobody likes being ill – and least of all being seriously ill. But what happens if there is a serious or even life-threatening illness? Acting quickly is of the essence! Your health is at stake, after all, or that of your child! With BEST CARE, we will get you to a top expert as quickly as possible in case of a serious illness.More
HOSPITAL PLUS – Make provisions with us
A hospital stay is not only a disconcerting event, but often also brings an additional financial burden. Our hospital per diem insurance HOSPITAL PLUS enables you to make provisions. And that from the first to the last day of your stay.
Our products are also available from the LALUX Group.
Our address and postal address
DKV Luxembourg S.A.
11-13, rue Jean Fischbach
L-3372 Leudelange
Our offices are open from 8:15 am to 5:00 pm.
DKV Luxembourg S.A.
L-2018 Luxembourg
Our service telephone
We are available to you 24 hours a day on 7 days a week!
Your direct line to DKV Luxembourg: Our customer service centre will gladly help you on the telephone!
Ring us at:
+352/42 64 64-1
DKV Luxembourg S.A.
11-13, rue Jean Fischbach
L-3372 Leudelange
DKV Luxembourg S.A.
11-13, rue Jean Fischbach
L-3372 Leudelange
Agency Mertens
bureau: westPOINT Luxembourg S.à.r.l.
69, Géidgerweeg
L-9980 Wilwerdange
Hauptagentur Altmeyer & Beer
bureau: 2, rue Haute
L-6680 Mertert


text:
The Law's Binding Power Series
Contributed by David Baeder on Nov 8, 2008 (message contributor)
Summary: This is the third of a series of sermons based on scriptures where a rhetorical question beginning with the phrase "Do you not know. . ." is asked. This sermon deals with the rhetorical question asked in Romans 7:1. "Or do you not know, brothers—for I am
Series Title: Do You Not Know?
Sermon Title: The Law's Binding Power
Text: Romans 7:1-6.
What a profound statement—the law is binding on a person only as long as he lives. Duh!! That's like saying, "Don't worry about temptation, it will only bother you as long as you live." Or, as Paul points out, "Marriage isn't forever, just a lifetime."
What Law is Paul Speaking about?
The Law of Moses.
This is radical teaching for the Apostle Paul. Paul lived as a Jew, even after becoming a Christian. He was zealous for the Law. But, he also realized that Gentiles were not subject to the Law. But he had always encouraged his Jewish brothers to keep the Law. But he seems to be advocating that even a Jew is freed from the Law of Moses when he is crucified with Christ and united with Christ in baptism. That may seem like Paul is contradicting himself. It seems as if Paul is caught in a paradox. How do we make sense of this? Even for the Jew, after they became a Christian, the keeping of the Law of Moses was not binding. However, if they wanted to remain a Jew, then they must still keep the Law. But they were not obligated to maintain their Jewish-ness, it was optional. As a Christian, they had died to the concept of law keeping as a means of justification. But if they chose to keep the Law, realizing that they were under no obligation to do so, more power to you.
The Law of Sin and Death.
Under the Law of Sin and Death, the soul who sins is the soul who dies. But what if a person has died to sin? Is he still subject to the Law of Sin and Death? Absolutely not. This is Paul's point. If we died to sin, we have been liberated from the Law of Sin and death. "For the law of the Spirit of life has set you free in Christ Jesus from the law of sin and death." (Romans 8:2). What are the implications for you and me? When I sin, I am no longer under the condemnation of death. We have been set free from the Law that condemns us on account of sin. Is there any thing better than that? "There is therefore now no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus." (Romans 8:1). As Paul concludes, "What then shall we say to these things? If God is for us, who can be against us? (Romans 8:31).
The Illustration of Marriage.
The Bonds of Matrimony Last a Lifetime.
Usually, when a wedding ceremony is performed, both the bride and the groom pledge to be faithful, "until death do us part." Some modern ceremonies have substituted "as long as we both shall love" for the more traditional "as long as we both shall live." That is not a wedding. The union that results is not a marriage. That is what is sometimes referred to as "serial monogamy." To be faithful to one person at a time, is not the same as being faithful to one person as long as you are both alive. I'm going to say something about divorce, and I know there are people here who may have been divorced. But what I say is what God has said. He said, "I hate divorce" (Malachi 2:16). Why is divorce so wrong? Because you made a deal. It was a deal to stick it out through thick and thin. You know, "for better or worse". If you didn't mean it, then why did you say it? Marriage is a public act. You declare your vows to one another "in the presence of God and these witnesses." You can not end a marriage privately. It is a public act. If you have sinned by divorcing, then you must repent publicly before this congregation.
The Bonds of Matrimony are Loosed at Death.
Paul indicates that you are subject to the law of marriage as long as you both live, but if one of you dies, the bond has been broken. You are no longer obligated to forsake all others, you are free to marry again. You are only subject to the law of marriage as long as both of you are alive.
But, he's making a point. The same is true of all law. You are only subject to the Law of Moses until you die to the Law of Moses. You are only subject to the Law of Sin and Death until you die to the Law of Sin and Death.
Death to Sin Means Freedom From Law.
Remember Your Baptism?
You died to sin. You died to law keeping as a means of obtaining righteousness.
You Are Released From the Law.
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text:
-Do U have a similar holiday in Spain?
Did U have fun on this day?
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agent-Achika 3wk 3d ago
Elena888 32wk 5d ago
agent-Achika 42wk 5d ago
Gd Mornin Elena!
-I passed my classes, my grades were:
a "C" in Astronomy & a "B" in U.S. History.
I am now taking 2 more classes this semester.
-My Xmas was fine, I spent it with family.
-How was your Xmas & New Yrs?
-I've been looking at hostel reviews,
they as in the hostels seem very nice.
They have about the same ammenities
as a luxury hostel+100s of $ cheaper,
depending on the country & location.
What's the cheapest hostel you've
ever stayed in?
-How's work this far?
-Seen any new films?
agent-Achika 51wk 4d ago
GM Elena!
-How's are U?
-My semester is done.
I won't know my grades until this Friday.
I go back next Spring of 2018.
-Why did U sleep in hostels w/strangers instead s
of a hotel during your trip in Europe?
-I saw the film IT, I found it mildly amusing lol.
-Ready for Xmas?
agent-Achika Aug 07, 2017
Gd Evening Elena!
-How was the food
in the countries:
Berlin, Prague, Krakow,
Vienna, Bratislava & Budapest?
Was it different from Spain's
culinary dishes & how?
-How was the weather
in those countries while you
& ya friend traveled via them?
Did you stay in any hostels?
Or did you camp in tents outdoors?
See any animals roaming?
-Sadly I never heard back from
the agency whose internship
I applied to. I recently emailed
the CEO & asked her to update
me on my status.
So I'll see what happens; &
I'll keep you updated for sure.
-Sadly I never bought myself
a new phone. I decided to wait
until next year due to me NOT
being able to find a refurbished
nor new phone online w/an warranty
attached. I prefer not to risk
getting a poor quality phone.
-Seen any new films lately?
-I begin Fall semester next month.
So I'll only be checking MT once
a week again for the next 4 months.
Those days that I do check will
most likely be on the weekend.
-Do you have any pets?
-I'm planning on changing my diet.
But first I must detox all the parasites
& toxins from my body.
-How is your diet?
Do you exercise?
elisadevelon Retired Moderator Aug 06, 2017
agent-Achika Jun 20, 2017
GM Elena!
-I have great news.
I passed my classes this semester
with letter "B" grades
on all of my finals.
My classes were very hard
& required a ton of studying.
-I will now go back to
school in the Fall semester.
-As for the internship, I won't
know if I've been accepted into
their program until July-August.
-Cool which European countries
have you seen traveling w/ya
American since your last gbp?
-How's your phone?
I'm currently using a crappy govt free phone due to my other phone permanently dieing on me ugh.
I do want another non-free phone
though; with many capabilities.
I know the exact brand I want.
I'm hoping to get a Summer job
& then save up for it.
-Read any new novels?
-Its officially Summer season here.
Where I live there is
approximately 4 seasons year round. However Cali's weather is fickle.
So it doesn't feel like real seasons lol.
I live on the West coast region of USA.
On the East coast region, Midwest,
& the Southern regions the seasons
are more legit & harsh.
One of the campuses I want to transfer
to is in NYC hehehehe.
How's Summer where U live?
agent-Achika May 24, 2017
Gd afternoon Elena!
-I am glad your Ph.D. is going well.
Right now I am focusing on my finals
coming up in 2 weeks.
That is the reason, its taken me so long to respond.
Sorry about that, I didn't want you to think I forgot about you.
-I am also applying for an internship
at an agency that specializes in my career.
I am sending in my video audition this very week.
Wish me luck, I hope I get it because I really need the practice.
The internship will mostly likely be this Summer
& depending how everything goes, could continue
into Autumn & Fall seasons as well.
-I plan on buying a phone from
South Korea this time around.
Its gotten good reviews and its heck of a lot cheaper
than its UK/USA counterparts.
I am now waiting for the newest addition to its lineup.
-The weather here is crazy as well.
I think its because I live here in Cali.
On the East coast region, the weather
is very normal & harsh lol.
They actually get real seasons there
where as over here on my side we don't.
-I still wanna see "Annabelle 2" mainly
because I didn't hate the first movie lol.
It could have been much worse in my opinion.
-I just saw the films: "Split", "LOGAN" & "Get Out".
The first 2 were good the last was just okay.
-What are your plans for the Summer?
Is it Summer already where you live?
agent-Achika Apr 03, 2017
Good afternoon Elena!
Long time no talk.
I know your busy with studies,
so your late reply is understandable.
-I did in fact see the film LOGAN.
It was awesome & sad at the same time.
I won't spoil anything for you regarding the movie,
but I will say the ending was bitter-sweet.
I still have NOT seen the film "Kong Skull Island" so
I don't know how it did critically review wise.
-Awww well I wasn't expecting much from "La La Land".
It seemed overly hyped & stupid.
I'll watch it when it comes to tv for free.
"Split" I've been wanting to see but
alas I'll have to rent it from the television
once it becomes available to see on cable.
The next films I want to see is:
"Beauty & the Beast" & "Annabelle 2".
I'll post the trailers for you to view below.
Enjoy in advance hehehehehe
-Yes I've heard England has gloomy cold weather.
Its not great but certainly not horrible either.
I still want to visit England though,
along with: Scotland, Italy, & Rome.
-Hows the weather in Spain right now?
Here in the US its warm but heavily breezy ugh.
-Yes I'm well aware that England has a
multitude of Foreign restaurants to choose from.
-Hows the Masters or PH.D program going?
Here is the trailer for Anabelle
( http://youtu.be/VpTdfcuyYW4 )
& the trailer for Beauty & the Beast:
( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bBcQ50L20p0 )
agent-Achika Mar 06, 2017
Gd aftn Elena!
-What kinds of food did you eat iin London?
-Did it snow a lot while you were there?
How were the films: La la land,and Split?
-I've been wanting to see: Logan & Kong Skull Island.
agent-Achika Jan 02, 2017
GM Elena!
-What did you do with your family for the holidays?
-What are you doing w/ya friend in London?
Is she going to show you all the popular sights in London?
-Congrats on getting your masters degree.
-Im back in school now, focusing on passing my classes
in order to transfer to a 4 year University.
-Seen any new Xmas genre movies?
agent-Achika Dec 25, 2016
Merry Xmas Elena!
-How were your studies in the end?
-Does your country celebrate Xmas?
-Do any cooking at all for it?
-Go to any fun festivals lately?
-Traveling for the holidays?


text:
The state Appeals Court upheld an indecent assault and battery conviction from a Middleboro case Thursday.
MIDDLEBORO — A 58-year-old man who argued that licking the ear of a 13-year-old girl was not indecent assault and battery had his appeal denied Thursday.
Johnny Colon had filed an appeal with the state Appeals Court challenging the sufficiency of evidence to convict him of indecent assault and battery on a child under the age of 14 and that the charge is unconstitutionally vague.
In a decision released Thursday morning, Judge Therese M. Wright denied the appeal on both arguments.
The case dates to Sept. 6, 2015, when Colon was at a family barbecue in Middleboro with about 12 to 15 people, including a 13-year-old girl, whom he met there for the first time. The victim told police she felt uncomfortable about the way Colon was staring at her during the family outing.
Toward the end of the barbecue, the victim went to leave and encountered Colon in a doorway, with no one else around.
"The victim hugged the defendant," the court ruling states, citing the facts of the case. "The defendant then pulled the victim to him, 'right on his chest,' and 'wouldn't let (the victim) go.' The defendant then began licking the victim's ear, including licking all around her three ear piercings, and inserting his tongue in her ear. The victim tried to get away, but the defendant held on."
The defendant eventually pushed the girl away when another relative was nearby and called the teenager's name.
Colon was charged with indecent assault and battery on a child under the age of 14 and opted for a jury-waived bench trial. He was convicted and sentenced to 2 1/2 years in jail, 90 days of which he had to serve. The balance was suspended for two years' probation.
"On appeal, the defendant raises two issues: first, that the evidence of ear licking and hugging was insufficient to constitute indecent assault and battery as a matter of law, and second, that the term 'indecent' in the criminal statute is not sufficiently defined and therefore unconstitutionally vague," Wright wrote in the ruling.
For a conviction of the offense, the state has to prove the child wasn't yet 14 years old, that the defendant intentionally touched the child without legal justification or excuse and that it was indecent.
The Appeals Court has addressed the question of what constitutes "indecent" assault and battery on several occasions, but an ear was not defined. However, the court has ruled the list "is not intended to be exhaustive," and that it is a touching that is "fundamentally offensive to contemporary moral values."
"Unlike a hug or a kiss, an extended ear licking is not normal behavior between persons who are not intimate," Wright ruled.
The decision states that there was "more than sufficient evidence" for the judge to find "indecency."
Wright also ruled that indecent assault and battery is not unconstitutionally vague.
"This case does not involve a parental-like hug and a brief kiss on the neck; it involves a forced hug that 'felt like forever,' coupled with the licking of an ear, and the insertion of a tongue 'over and over again,'" she wrote in the ruling. "There is nothing unconstitutionally vague about the term 'indecent' as applied to these facts."
The Appeals Court denied the appeal, upholding the conviction.


text:
Today I am:
- 11 weeks and 1 day along with baby # 2
- 15.5 lbs lighter than I was pre-pregnancy
- 50 times more emotional than I have ever been
- sad about my new pregnancy spot by my eye
- sick with a nasty cold or the flu... something yucky
- sad that someone stopped my recording of the Golden Globes after only an hour so I cannot enjoy watching it all.
- even more sad that you cannot find it online ANYWHERE
- Freezing cold ALL the time
- really wishing my body could decide to quit the complete exhaustion + insomnia.. it is making my days really hard.
Today I am:
- a wife
- a mother to 2 (soon to be 3)
- preparing to give birth to my 2nd child
- a primary worker
- a stay-at-home-MOM
Today I am:
- in LOVE with an 18 month old
- grateful for my amazing husband
- really wanting a crispy chicken club from McDonald's.
Today I am.. me.


text:
Working from home can be challenging in many ways. Just by networking with other freelancers, I have heard a plethora of common issues. Feeling lonely and unmotivated. Struggling to find a routine. Not having someone to tell you the best way of doing something. There are lots that people might struggle with. As someone who is really happy working from home, I thought I'd share some top tips and things that I have learned along the way.
Set a routine
Lots of people enjoy the freedom that comes from working from home. You can set your own hours and work when you believe you are most productive. I, however, don't always agree with this common opinion. For me, I find that it's best to work office hours, since that's when clients are in their office jobs. They expect to be able to reach you, and they expect you to be in communication and working. Avoid being undermined and be available for more business by setting a routine and let people know when it is best to reach you.
Count your hours
Being freelance can be confusing. Wages can change often and is given in a few lump sums throughout the month. Since we have to keep track of our taxes, we all keep track of our finances. But are they equating to your hours worked? With lines blurred and time schedules somewhat erratic, you can over or under work yourself, meaning you're exhausted or missing opportunities. Set yourself regular hours, breaks and mark your holiday to avoid over exerting yourself.
Dress the part
Whilst I know plenty of successful businesswomen who call into a conference in their pyjamas, I also know lots of people who feel unnmotivated. Sometimes you just have to look the part to feel the part! Once I realised that I was much more productive on days where I had meetings, I realised it was because I was dressed like a boss. Now, I always shower and get dressed before I sit at my desk. Make yourself an employee of your office rather than at home!
Have a designated workspace
Though you can work from the sofa, I recommend a desk! Keep your papers and work in one place and separate it from your home life. Work stays in that spot and that spot only, so that you aren't 'bringing work home with you' so to speak. I associate my desk with productivity, and my sofa with good TV and naps, and that's how I like it to stay! Make your office and try to stick to it— and leave it at a normal time!
At first, I experienced the loneliness that comes with being a freelancer. Now, however, I have a much healthier balance of things. Every couple of hours, I take my dog on a short walk anyway and speak to many others in the area who also work from home, including yoga instructors, personal trainers, other social media managers and bloggers. I also try to make an effort with friends and family, planning regular visits throughout the week. In addition to this, there is plenty of support online, helping freelancers connect and network.
If you're also a freelance / work from home, share your experiences, thoughts and tips in the comments!


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In honor of Earth Day, Nadezhda Belkova (IWF Russia), Chairman of the Board, Inter-Regional Social Organization of Disabled Persons-Pilgrim, organized a special project, "We Are The Children of the Earth" to coincide with strategic roundtable meetings held by government, business, and NGO leaders. The meetings were convened to discuss a clean and pure future for the world.
At noon throughout Moscow, the bells of the Orthodox churches rang in unison while bell ringers were positioned across the city to reflect the importance of peace, joy, unity and community for all. The event also included a formal "Peace to the World" program featuring a flash mob with the participation of children with disabilities, the launch of hundreds of white balloons, and a performance by actors with disabilities.
In conjunction with the event, the book For the Sake of Life on Earth which features advice for future generations from famous Russians was presented to Russian President Vladimir Putin and the United Nations.


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Raptor Performance Shocks
The Raptor shock for the K MOD rear is the most comprehensive shock package on the market, this package was designed ground up for the K MOD coupling skid. With triple rate front track spring and dual rate rear spring calibrated for the equal movement of the front and rear arm working together, combined that with the total adjustability of the 20 position clicker shock front and rear we are able to fine tune the skid for a 120 lb. tree rider to a 260lb hill banger on 15lbs boost. All in the same shock package, no sending back for a revalve or spring change, just preload the spring up or down and adjust the clickers a few clicks and you're good to go. Very easy to dial in for your own riding preference.
And if you really want to raise the bar on handling add the Raptor IFS front ski shocks to your sled with the K MOD rear for a mogul eating high performance machine.
Go from slowing down for the big holes to leaning on the throttle when you see them knowing your just going to drive through the hole looking for more. Confidence building and the end of arm pump.
Very adjustable for different conditions, low clicker setting for tree riding and click it up a few if you want to hill bang or go home in a hurry.
Light weight with all aluminum construction, triple rate single springs with RAP (rapid adjust preload) easy adjust clicker knobs and spherical bearings for easy mounting.
Get a discount on the full Raptor package with skid and IFS purchase.
Then train the muscles in your face from over smiling
Fox Float/Evol Shocks
The Float/Evol rear track shock, only offered on select K mod suspension kits, is very adjustable by just adding or subtracting air pressure for a firmer or softer ride. High flow pistons are used for a very compliant ride yet with the dual air chamber, you're able to fine tune the ride, like having a dual rate spring. The Float/Evol includes a 26 position rebound clicker adjustment to dial in the rear even more.


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Zeenews Bureau
Mumbai: The Indian Navy on Tuesday intercepted a 'suspect 'Bahamas-flagged merchant vessel in international waters off Diu coast and after a standoff is now escorting the rouge ship to the Mumbai port.
An alert was sounded, following a police complaint that the ship named 'Dynamic Striker' had left the Mumbai port without completing necessary formalities and was heading in the north-westerly direction (towards Pakistani waters).
The Coast Guard tried to contact the ship's captain, but, as per reports, there was no response from the ship's deck, forcing them to requisition the services of the Navy to shadow the ship in the high waters.
Following which, INS Angre intercepted the ship in the international waters and as per the procedure, fired flares and ordered the ship to stop and turn back to Mumbai.
As per reports, the Dyananic Striker did not heed to the command, leading to the Indian Navy firing a warning shots in the air. Apparently, the ship's crew got the message this time as they stopped the ship and turned back to Mumbai.
"Naval warship INS Angre fired warning shots ahead of
the fleeing merchant ship`s bow and stopped it. It is being
escorted back to Mumbai," a defence spokesperson said.
At the moment, the India Navy is said to be escorting the ship back to Mumbai port and will had it over to the Coast Guard for further investigation.
According to police, an FIR has been registered for
criminal breach of trust by carrier at the Yellow Gate Police
Station against the 22 crew members from Ukraine and Russia.
The vessel, with 34,752 metric tonnes of coal on
board, arrived at the Mumbai port on October 28 and it was
anchored there for unloading, police said.
"The buyer company, Ispat Industries, paid USD 1.7
million in instalments for coal and the last payment was made
yesterday," Assistant Inspector Milind Kurde at the Police
station said.
The coal was supposed to be unloaded here. However,
the vessel left the port without informing anybody following
which agents of the buyers complained to police and an alert
was sounded, Kurde said.
The ship crew will be questioned once the ship reaches
here, he said.


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O2 D-Tank Holder
Manufacturer: Diestco
Model: B6221 / B6321
Msrp: $66.45
Availability: In stock
Price as configured: $55.85
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A very safe way of carrying your E tank oxygen cylinder on the back of your scooter or powerchair.
O2 D-Tank holder for Scooters & Powerchairs
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Approx. Size: 6" circumference x 14" depth
Attaches to the back of your scooter or powerchair.
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DIESTCO Small O2 Tank Holder fits seatbacks from 7"-21", ranging from the travel scooters to the high-back powerchairs.
300 Yard Reflective Safety Tape
Oxygen Tank Holder
Part# B6321 w/push handles
Part# B6221 w/o push handles
Approx. Size: 6" circumference x 14" depth
Fits seatbacks from 7"-21"
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Amazon Trolling
Written and Illustrated by Koriander Bullard
What is it about those born after 1990 and their inability to take responsibility for their actions?
So there is an "author" on Amazon who thinks it's funny to troll other authors. For the sake of this article, let's call her "Pussycat92" for now. I'm using the term "author" loosely, seeing as how most of her "books" are a blatant rip-off of a dozen or so novels from Harlequin Romance.
Pussycat92 has two accounts, one for her Amazon selling, and another with a similar name for praising her author BFFs and trashing the people she makes up a beef with.
... Amazon trolling. Wow. That's about as sad as last year's LinkedIn trolling debacle. That's about one step away from Google+ or MySpace trolling. Does anybody use these sites for commenting anymore? This must be a sign that the craze of internet trolling is finally going down, albeit in a sad, very pathetic way. If Facebook is starting to moderate their comments better, and Twitter is no-tolerance, I guess that leaves shopper's trolling?
Currently, she is cyber-stalking a friend of mine. For this article, we'll call my friend "Peach" for the sake of protecting her name. She started by Facebook trolling, then she got a few of her friends to join in, then she sent Peach threats via more than one social media account, and finally resorted to Amazon trolling.
Pussycat92 by the way is 24 years old. Too old to be acting this badly, don't you think so?
The instant anybody tells Pussycat92 "stop that, you're being rude" she flips the script.
"You're telling ME to stop? You're so RUDE! Oh no I'm being bullied, help!!"
What scares me is that she's bred … twice.
We have an entire generation of mouth breathers who can't handle anything darker than their own shadow, breeding.
I wouldn't know Pussycat92 bred except for the fact that she posted photos of her youngest child, bragged about how skinny and runway thin he is for being less than a year old (that's called malnourishment, boys and girls) and then threw a monumental hissy fit when one of the photos was shared for a post about adorable babies.
I repeat. Someone shared the photo and said her baby was adorable.
She threw a hissy fit.
Was she not aware the photo was set to "public" on Facebook?
Like Pussycat92, these people want to be destructive, they want to be cyber bullies, they want to dictate to you how you're supposed to post or act online, they want to order you about and post unsavory things against you and even develop a gang to slander you online, but when someone either out-bullies them or just tells them to knock it off, suddenly they're the "poor defenseless" victims in need of a "safe place" and a lollipop.
Another thing they demand, other than of course, being heralded as a heroic celebrity despite doing precious nothing in their pre-30's lives, is that if you have a problem, that you only address it on their terms, via a quickly blockable and deletable email, so that they can claim publicly that you "never" tried to work anything out with them "civilly" and that now they "have to" do what they pretend is the "right" thing by "exposing" you're wicked evil via poor photoshops, terrible memes and a laundry list of reasons why you should hang yourself, to appease the "true victims" who were harmed greatly by your telling them to stop being a troll and actually read a TOS once in a while.
What happens when these soft, keyboard warriors have to face parenthood?
When little Kylo or Rey start fussing in the middle of the night that there's a monster under their beds, what will these self-entitled Millennial Maggots do? Will they:
a) Troll the children and make fun of this event on Facebook
b) Hide under the bedsheets, convinced the monster is coming for them first
c) Beg for help from their internet gang while trying to Google a solution?
Heaven forbid the children take on actual problems found in childhood, such as barfing, pooping, getting sick out of season or any of the other non-cute things children go through. What then? Will their Millennial parents need a safe space to cry in? Or will they be forced to grow up and realize that their petty actions fall on deaf ears the very moment reality hits them in the form of a traumatized child?
If this cyber nonsense is unacceptable in your teen years, you have to imagine how much worse it looks when you are a parent old enough to own a home.
If Facebook is the literal worst, most influential "event" in their lives, how will they handle real life? If sharing a baby picture causes World War Three to erupt, please let this tender little blossom never have something major happen, such as someone stepping on her $20 Route 66's. The world might end.
Koriander Bullard is an author, cartoonist and human rights advocate. Keep up with her on Facebook!
Leave a Reply.
Quote of the Day
"You are so full of s***, even your eyes are brown"-
March 2017


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Welcome to our website! As we have the ability to list over one million items on our website (our selection changes all of the time), it is not feasible for a company our size to record and playback the descriptions on every item on our website. However, if you are an American with a disability we are here to help you. Please call our disability services phone line at 814.536.3287 during regular business hours and one of our kind and friendly personal shoppers will help you navigate through our website, help conduct advanced searches, help you choose the item you are looking for with the specifications you are seeking, read you the specifications of any item and consult with you about the products themselves. There is no charge for the help of this personal shopper for any American with a disability. Finally, your personal shopper will explain our Privacy Policy and Terms of Service, and help you place an order if you so desire.
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About Gail Dufresne
I have been making rugs since August 1984. My mother, Doris LaPlante, and my sister, Yvonne Wood, began making rugs when I was 14, so I grew up surrounded with rugs and rug makers.
My work has been featured in numerous fiber art shows and contests over the years. I have had several rugs selected for Rug Hooking Magazine's annual "Celebrations" contest. My "Lizards and Ladders" game board, which appeared in Celebrations XII, was featured in the magazine "Piecework" and was also part of an exhibit at the Wadsworth Athenaeum in Hartford, Connecticut. Both that piece and my "Goat Hill" goat design were part of an exhibit at the Textile Center of Minnesota. My large proddy sunflower rug was chosen for one of the Newtown Hooked Art Show's annual contest.
I was part of Linda Rae Coughlin's "Art of Playing Cards" project. I designed and hooked the Ace of Hearts.
I was the featured teacher and artist at Sauder Village in 2004. After having received a Folk Arts Apprenticeship grant from the New Jersey State Council on the Arts, my work was included in the Culture In Context exhibit at the New Jersey State Museum.
I regularly contribute to Rug Hooking Magazine and am a member of its editorial board. I have twice judged the magazine's Celebrations contest and my work has appeared on the cover of the magazine several times. I wrote the dye section of Elizabeth Black's book, "Hooked On The Wild Side", published by Rug Hooking Magazine in 2004, and I wrote the book "Geometric Hooked Rugs", also published by Rug Hooking Magazine in 2010. See the store page for ordering info.
I am a McGown certified teacher and have been teaching at camps and private workshops around the United States and Canada since April 2000. I also had the opportunity to teach in England.
I have taught specific classes for beginners, as well as classes on inch mats, sheep, sunflowers, sculpting, proddy, mixed media, optical illusions, dyeing, geometrics, and abstraction. I most often teach open classes where anything goes, and I find them to be the most challenging and fun and keep me hopping.
I co-wrote a "Teach The Teachers" course with Cynthia Norwood, which we presented at the 2011 ATHA biennial in Lancaster, PA.
I am the President of ATHA (Association of Traditional Hooking Artists) and in that capacity work with a great team to promote the art of rug hooking. I think it is important to give back to the art form.
My work has been selected several times for inclusion in the annual juried contest "Pushing The Limits" sponsored by the Newtown Hooked Art Show: newtownhookedartshows.com.
I began as predominately a fine hooker. I think of that as having been classically trained, and while I love the detail that can be achieved by working in narrow cuts I also love wider cuts.
My work has made me look at the world in a way I have never done before as I began to really see and study my surroundings. I try to analyze what draws me to a particular object or color way, and I try to imagine how I could work it into a rug design. I slowly began to put my own color spin on my work, using a palette and intensity that reflected my own color preferences.
I like to work in bold, bright, innovative colors. I most like to play with color, and I find geometric, or abstract designs, to be well suited to color play.
I like to be different!
I started to look outside the rug hooking world to familiarize myself with other fiber artists who use the colors I prefer, such as Freddy Moran, Kaffe Fassett and Yvonne Porcella. Much later I became interested in and began to study the work of several twentieth century abstract artists such as Kandinsky and Vasaerly.
I love textures as they enhance and give a depth that cannot be achieved with solid wool. I love to use unusual materials such as boucle, velvet, angora, mohair, and all sorts of yarns and ribbon. I like to use unusual techniques such as prodding and sculpting, to achieve a three dimensional effect.
I am committed to helping my students realize their own potential and vision. I do not like to tell them what to do but rather I like to help them achieve the results they themselves desire. Teaching is not about me or trying to make my students' rugs look like MY rugs! The further from my own color choices a student prefers the more I myself am challenged. This is one way I grow, and my own work is enhanced by working with those that do not share my color preferences.
My approach to teaching is free wheeling and high energy. My goal is to try to loosen up students so that they are not so uptight and tentative. My specialty is dyeing and I like to teach it in the same way I do everything else. It all should be FUN! I dye by eye and teach others to do the same. Some of my very favorite dyeing and favorite things to do is to paint skies by hand.


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Blood Red Skies is the World War II air combat game from Warlord Games.
Boxed set containing three Zvesda 1/200 scale plastic kits plus game
Germany's most successful multi-role combat aircraft of WW2
16,000 of these aircraft were built during the period of the war.
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Got Lactase? The Co-evolution of Genes and Culture
- Gerald Fisher
- 2 years ago
- Views:
1 The Making of the Fittest: Natural The Making Selection of the and Fittest: Adaptation Natural Selection and Adaptation OVERVIEW PEDIGREES AND THE INHERITANCE OF LACTOSE INTOLERANCE This activity serves as a supplement to the film Got Lactase? ( Students analyze the same Finnish family pedigrees that researchers studied to understand the genetic basis of lactose tolerance/intolerance. Students also analyze portions of actual DNA sequences to identify the specific mutations associated with the trait. KEY CONCEPTS AND LEARNING OBJECTIVES Mutations associated with a particular trait can be identified by comparing the DNA sequences of individuals with the trait to those of individuals without the trait. Mutations occur everywhere in the genome. Mutations that have an effect on traits can occur not only in coding regions of genes but also in the regulatory regions that determine when and where genes are turned on. Using both pedigree analysis and genetic analysis, scientists have discovered that the lactose-tolerance trait (lactase persistence) is autosomal dominant; individuals need to inherit only one copy of the lactose-tolerance allele to continue producing lactase as adults. After completing this activity, students should be able to study a pedigree to make a claim based on evidence about the mode of inheritance for a trait; determine the most likely inheritance pattern of a trait tracked in a pedigree and the genotypes of individuals included in the pedigree; analyze variations in DNA to make claims about which variants are associated with specific traits. CURRICULUM CONNECTIONS Curriculum NGSS (April 2013) Common Core (2010) Standards HS.LS3-1, HS.LS2.A, HS.LS1.A, HS.LS3.A CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RST , CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RST , CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RST , CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RST , CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RST , CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RST ,CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH , CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH , CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH AP Biology ( ) 3.A.3, 3.B.1, 3.C.1, 4.A.1, LO 3.14, LO 3.18, LO 3.19 IB Biology (2016) 2.6, 3.1, 3.4 TIME REQUIREMENT This lesson is designed to be completed in two 50-minute classroom periods with perhaps a small amount of homework. Viewing the film prior to the activity requires an additional 15 minutes. SUGGESTED AUDIENCE This lesson is intended for regular and honors high school biology. PRIOR KNOWLEDGE Students should have prior knowledge of the relationships between genes, proteins, and traits and know that the letters A, T, C, and G represent the nucleotides of DNA. Students should know how changes in DNA sequences, or mutations, can lead to changes in traits. Students should also have general knowledge of Updated August 2015 Page 1 of 9
2 autosomal, X-linked, recessive, and dominant patterns of trait inheritance and basic genetics vocabulary that includes the terms homozygous, heterozygous, allele, genotype, and phenotype. MATERIALS Student worksheet TEACHING TIPS Students should watch the short film Got Lactase? at before doing this activity. Before students see the movie, consider asking how many of them know someone who is lactose tolerant. Then ask what data they would collect to answer the question, What is the mode of inheritance for lactose tolerance/intolerance? The question should lead to a classroom discussion that engages students to pay more attention to the film. This activity lends itself to a flipped classroom approach. Students can watch the film as homework and then perform this activity in class the following day. Another option for integrating film and activity is for students to watch the film until about time 5:15 when they see the Finnish pedigrees. Have students examine the pedigree shown in the film and ask them about the inheritance pattern of lactose tolerance/intolerance. (The pedigree shown in the film is Family I in the original paper, which is not included in this activity.) Have students complete this activity and then watch the rest of the film. You may wish to have students work in pairs or small groups to perform this activity. Part 2 of the activity involves examining short DNA sequence to find the mutation associated with turning of the switch. If students have limited background knowledge about genes at the time this activity is used, you may need to provide more information or omit part 2. To learn more about how the expression of the lactase gene is regulated, proceed through the Click and Learn titled Regulation of the Lactase Gene at ADDITIONAL BACKGROUND The inability of humans to digest lactose was first described by researchers at the University of Manchester in England in the journal The Lancet on May 30, The team studied two siblings, a brother and a sister, both of whom were diagnosed with failure to thrive in infancy and had chronic flatulence, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. They determined that neither could digest the sugar lactose, but both could absorb glucose and galactose when consumed together. They provided two hypotheses to explain their observation: 1) neither child was producing the lactase enzyme, or 2) the lactase enzyme was being inhibited by another substance the children were producing. The team further postulated that because both children had the trait, it was likely hereditary, and because the parents of the two children could digest lactose, the trait did not follow a dominant inheritance pattern. This single report quickly led to other studies, and by the mid-1960s scientists were reporting variations in the distribution of lactose intolerance among people from different ethnic backgrounds. In 1970, Frederick Simoons, a professor of geography at the University of California at Davis, proposed that the addition of goat and sheep milk to human diets starting 10,000 to 6,000 years ago could explain the geographic distribution of lactose intolerance. By the mid-1970s, it had become clear to Western scientists and medical doctors that lactose intolerance was the more prevalent condition and the ability to digest lactose, or lactose tolerance, Page 2 of 9
3 was more rare. By this time, scientists had also concluded that the lactose-intolerance trait was inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. You may want to discuss this information with your students. Why did the researchers from the University of Manchester conclude that there was something wrong with the lactase enzyme based on their observations with the two siblings? At first researchers thought lactose intolerance was an abnormal or disease condition. Ask your students why that was. Think of the countries that many of these researchers were living in. Students may have questions about the difference between the terms lactase persistence and lactose tolerance. These terms are used interchangeably in the film and this activity, but they don t mean exactly the same thing. Lactase persistence refers to the persistent production of the lactase enzyme into adulthood. Except for some human adults, most adult mammals stop producing the lactase enzyme as adults in other words they are lactase nonpersistent. Lactose tolerance refers to the ability to digest lactose, the sugar in milk, without any problems, such as bloating, flatulence, or diarrhea. Most lactase persistent adults can digest milk without any symptoms, which means they are lactose tolerant. However some lactase nonpersistent adults may also be able to tolerate small amounts of milk or milk products. In other words, not everyone who is lactase nonpersistent is lactose intolerant or at least not to the same degree. ANSWER KEY Part 1: Determining the Pattern of Inheritance of Lactose Intolerance 1. Based on the pedigree above, which of the following terms are appropriate for describing the inheritance of the lactose-intolerance trait (filled-in symbols)? Check all that apply. X Recessive X Inherited Dominant X-linked Page 3 of 9
4 2. Which of the following terms are appropriate for describing the inheritance of the lactose-tolerance trait (empty symbols)? Check all that apply. Recessive X Inherited X Dominant X-linked 3. Use the data in the pedigree and the terms listed in questions 1 and 2 to make a claim about how lactose intolerance is inherited. Provide at least two pieces of evidence in support of your claim. The inheritance pattern of lactose intolerance is autosomal recessive. Evidence may include: The pedigree shows that two parents who are lactose tolerant can have a child (male or female) who is lactose intolerant, which is evidence that the trait is recessive. The fact that the trait occurs in males and females suggests it is not X-linked. 4. How comfortable are you with drawing a firm claim about the inheritance of lactose intolerance? What might you do next to increase your confidence in making this claim? Answers will vary. Some students may indicate that they are uncomfortable making a claim about the inheritance pattern of a trait based on a single pedigree and that they would want to analyze more families. 5. Study Individuals 5 and 6 of Generation III in Family A and their child. The two parents are lactose tolerant, yet their son is lactose intolerant. Are these data consistent or inconsistent with the claim you made in question 3? Explain your answer. The two parents are lactose tolerant, meaning they can be homozygous or heterozygous for the dominant allele. The only way to explain how their son could be lactose intolerant is if both parents are heterozygous and each passed the recessive allele to their son. Page 4 of 9
5 6. Do the data presented in these additional pedigrees support your claim in question 3 above? Explain your answer. Students should point out that the data from the additional pedigrees are consistent with lactose intolerance being inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. There are a few examples of lactosetolerant parents with lactose-intolerant offspring. Page 5 of 9
6 7. Based on your claim, which symbols would you use to represent the genotype of an individual who is lactose tolerant? LL or Ll Lactose intolerant? ll Students answers will vary depending on how they choose to designate the allele. In the example above, we used uppercase L for lactose tolerance and lowercase l for lactose intolerance. 8. Based on your claim, what is the genotype of Individual 3, Generation IV in Family C? Explain your answer. Individual 3, Generation IV in Family C is lactose tolerant; she must be either heterozygous (Ll) or homozygous (LL) for the lactose-tolerance allele. Her father is lactose intolerant, which means that he has two recessive alleles for lactose intolerance (ll). Thus Individual 3 must have inherited one of those two alleles. That means that she is heterozygous, having one lactose-tolerance allele and one lactoseintolerance allele. 9. Based on the same claim, what is the genotype of the father of Individual 4, Generation IV in Family D? Explain your answer. The father of Individual 4 in Family D is heterozygous; the genotype is Ll. We know this because Individual 4 is lactose intolerant and must therefore be homozygous recessive (ll). Individual 4 received one recessive allele from each parent, who must both be heterozygous because neither of them is lactose intolerant. 10. Individuals 8 and 9, Generation IV in Family B are sisters. Based on your inheritance claims, what is/are the possible genotype(s) of: Individual 9? Homozygous recessive (ll) Individual 8? Could be heterozygous (Ll) or homozygous dominant (LL) The parents of Individuals 8 and 9? Both are heterozygous (Ll) 11. Individual 4, Generation IV in Family B is the sister of Individuals 8 and 9 in the question above. What is the probability that Individual 4 is homozygous? 1/3 Heterozygous? 2/3 Given that both parents are heterozygous (Ll), their children have a 1/5 chance of being LL, 1/2 chance of being Ll and a 1/4 chance of being ll. However, in this individual's case, we know she isn't homozygous recessive (ll) because she is lactose tolerant. Given the 3 remaining states, she has a 1/3 probability of being homozygous (Ll), and a 2/3 probability of being heterozygous (LL). Part 2. Finding the Responsible Mutation 1. Study the two tables below. Fill in the phenotype (e.g., lactose tolerant or lactose intolerant) of each individual in the second column of the table. (You will need to look at the pedigrees in Part 1 to complete this step.) 2. Identify and circle all the nucleotides that differ between at least two sequences in each table. Page 6 of 9
7 *Sequence 1 is a nucleotide sequence corresponding to nucleotides upstream from the start of the lactase gene. *Sequence 2 is a nucleotide sequence corresponding to nucleotides upstream of the start of the lactase gene. 3. Pretend that you are the researcher who discovered the variations and you are writing to a colleague describing what you found. a. How would you describe the variation(s) you found in Sequence 1? An example of a student answer is: I found that nucleotide 14 in Sequence 1 can be either a thymine or a cytosine. b. How would you describe the variation(s) you found in Sequence 2? An example of a student answer is: I found that nucleotide 10 in Sequence 2 can be either an adenine or a guanine. Page 7 of 9
8 4. Based on the sequence data you analyzed, which variation is associated with lactose tolerance (lactase persistence)? Support your claim by providing at least three pieces of evidence. The presence of a thymine in place of a cytosine at position 14 in Sequence 1 is associated with lactose tolerance. Evidence includes: All lactose-tolerant individuals have at least one copy of the sequence with the T instead of a C at position 14. None of the lactose-intolerant individuals have a T at position 14 of Sequence 1. Individuals only need one copy of the T variant to be lactose tolerant, which is consistent with an autosomal dominant trait. Neither version of the variation identified in Sequence 2 is consistently found in lactosetolerant or -intolerant individuals. 5. Is the variation associated with lactose tolerance (lactase persistence) found on one chromosome or both chromosomes in individuals with the trait? Explain your answer. One chromosome, which is consistent with lactose tolerance being a dominant trait. 6. From the pedigrees and the DNA sequencing data, what do you know about how the variation associated with lactose tolerance was inherited for Individuals B IV-4 and B IV-9? We know that Individual B IV-4 must have inherited two alleles associated with lactose tolerance in other words, she is homozygous for the lactose-tolerance alleles. Another way of saying this is that she inherited one chromosome with a T at position 14 of Sequence 1 from her mom and one from her dad. On the other hand, Individual B IV-9 inherited two chromosomes with a C at position 14 of Sequence 1, which is the allele associated with lactose intolerance. Individual B IV-9 is homozygous for the recessive lactose-intolerance alleles. 7. The mutation associated with lactose tolerance keeps the lactase gene turned on in adults. Based on the sequence and pedigree data, what can you infer about the regulation of the lactase gene in Individual A IV-3? Explain. Individual A IV-3 is lactose tolerant, according to the pedigree. This individual has two copies of the T variant at position 14 of Sequence 1, which is associated with lactose tolerance. We can infer that in this individual the lactase gene continues to be active into adulthood. REFERENCES Enattah, N. S., et al Identification of a variant associated with adult-type hypolactasia. Nature Genetics 30: Sahi, T Genetics and epidemiology of adult-type hypolactasia with emphasis on the situation in Europe. Scandinavian Journal of Nutrition 45: Ingram C.J.E., et al Lactose digestion and the evolutionary genetics of lactase persistence. Human Genetics 124: 579. AUTHORS Written by Paul Strode, PhD, Fairview High School, and Laura Bonetta, PhD, HHMI Edited by Susan Dodge Reviewed by Paul Beardsley, PhD Field Tested by Donald R. Kirkpatrick, Marion High School; Ellen Perry, Connetquot High School; Jack Saffer, Central Islip High School; Jen Stites, John Hancock College Prep High School; Jennifer Walters, Corona del Mar High School; Karin Marcotullio, Ballston Spa High School; Linda Ciota, St. John the Baptist; Mary Wuerth, Tamalpais High School; Sarah Freilich, Kehillah Jewish High School; Valerie May, Woodstock Academy Page 8 of 9
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