text:
- freely available
- re-usable
Brain Sci. 2014, 4(4), 560-574; doi:10.3390/brainsci4040560
Abstract: When one sense is unavailable, sensory responsibilities shift and processing of the remaining modalities becomes enhanced to compensate for missing information. This shift, referred to as compensatory plasticity, results in a unique sensory experience for individuals who are deaf, including the manner in which music is perceived. This paper evaluates the neural, behavioural and cognitive evidence for compensatory plasticity following auditory deprivation and considers how this manifests in a unique experience of music that emphasizes visual and vibrotactile modalities.
1. Introduction
A number of researchers have explored how sensory deprivation in one modality may affect the development of the remaining modalities. When one sense is unavailable, sensory responsibilities shift, and processing of the remaining modalities becomes enhanced. This shifting of responsibilities appears to be compensatory in nature and has thus come to be referred to as compensatory plasticity. For example, as the auditory sense is typically responsible for gathering information and monitoring events in the surrounding environment, deaf individuals tend to compensate with enhanced visual processing for events in the peripheral field of vision [1,2,3,4]. Enhancements such as these do not appear to be due to decreases in absolute sensory thresholds as much as changes in the manner in which the sensory information is processed [5]. This results in a unique sensory experience that influences the manner in which music is perceived.
Frequently cited definitions of music, such as "organized sound" [6] or "an ordered arrangement of sounds and silences…" [7] emphasize the cultural supremacy of sound in the domain of music. These definitions imply that the deaf population has limited access to music, as well as to the emotional aspects of speech, which also tend to be musical (e.g., speech prosody, vocal timbre). However, definitions of music and emotional speech that focus exclusively on sound fail to incorporate multi-modal aspects, such as body movements, facial expressions and vibrotactation. These multi-modal aspects make music and emotional speech accessible to people of all hearing abilities.
Changes in brain, cognition and behavior following auditory deprivation are typically interpreted from one of two complementary perspectives: neuro-developmental or cognitive. The neuro-developmental perspective focuses on changes that are due to a structural reorganization of the pathways in the brain. The cognitive perspective focuses instead on changes that are due to differences in the recruitment of attention and available resources. The following two sections will review research from neural developmental and cognitive perspectives, in turn. These sections are followed by a consideration of non-auditory elements in music that may be perceived differently following auditory deprivation.
2. Compensatory Plasticity: The Neuro-Developmental Perspective
Figure 1 provides a neuro-anatomical view of subcortical and cortical changes occurring following deafness. A subset of these changes has been described as a degeneration of the auditory pathways over time [8,9]. For example, Saada et al. [9] report that the cochlear nucleus of the deaf white cat (a congenitally deaf strain) is half the size of typically hearing cats. The deaf white cat is considered an animal model for prelingual deafness given that it shows an absence of brainstem-evoked potentials to clicks presented up to 120 dB SPL [10]. Moore et al. [8] noted a similar pattern in human participants, wherein the size of cells in the cochlear nucleus of individuals with profound hearing loss was reduced by up to fifty percent relative to hearing controls. Moreover, there was a robust negative correlation observed between cell size and the duration of profound deafness.
In contrast to the gross morphological changes observed at the level of the brain stem, the total volume of grey and white matter within the primary auditory cortex does not appear to be affected by deafness ([11]; but see [12]). However, congenitally deaf individuals show an increase in grey-white ratios relative to their hearing counterparts. This difference in ratios is likely the result of reduced myelination and/or fewer fibers that project to and from the auditory cortex. This finding is consistent with the view that sensory deprivation leads to changes in cortical connectivity due to axonal pruning [13]. These changes may be interpreted as progressive, rather than degenerative; i.e., compensations for sensory deprivation.
2.1. Auditory System Response Changes Following Deprivation
The majority of evidence for crossmodal activation of the auditory cortices in the deaf brain involves visual activation of the secondary auditory cortex. When profoundly deaf individuals are asked to view sign language, activity is observed in the secondary auditory cortex [14]. Hand motions without a lexical meaning activate areas of the secondary auditory cortex in deaf participants [15]. Strikingly, even moving dot patterns activate the secondary auditory cortex in deaf participants [15,16,17]. Sung and Ogawa [18] suggest that some of the reorganization in secondary auditory areas may also be owed to practice with visual language.
Tactile stimulation also elicits activation in the secondary auditory cortex of individuals who are deaf. When vibration is presented to the palms and fingers, activation of the secondary auditory cortex is greater and more widespread in deaf participants than in hearing participants [19,20].
Debate exists regarding whether the primary auditory cortex (area roughly corresponding to Heschl's gyrus) adapts itself to processing information from the non-auditory modalities. Animal research involving the deaf cat has found limited evidence for reorganization in the connectivity of the primary auditory cortex [21]. In human work, some researchers have found evidence for non-auditory activation in the primary auditory cortex during visual processing [17,22], while others have shown activation during somatosensory processing [19,23]. In contrast, Hickok et al. [24] found no primary auditory cortex activation using magnetoencephalography (MEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in a single deaf participant during visual and somatosensory stimulation.
The reorganization of the auditory brain following deafness has been causally linked to enhanced visual discrimination in an animal model. Congenitally deaf cats are known to have superior visual localization in the peripheral field and to have lower visual movement detection thresholds. Lomber, Meredith, and Kral [25] showed that deactivation of the posterior auditory cortex selectively eliminates the enhanced visual localization, whereas deactivation of the dorsal auditory cortex eliminates the enhanced visual motion detection.
2.2. Non-Auditory System Changes Following Auditory Deprivation
Behavioral studies have not been able to show that auditory deprivation leads to enhancements in the absolute sensitivity of the spared modalities. Deaf and hearing populations demonstrate comparable thresholds for visual brightness and contrast [26,27]. Imaging studies have also been unable to reveal definitive evidence for differences in activation of the primary visual cortex between deaf and hearing participants (e.g., [16]). Nonetheless, deaf individuals do show differences in visual processing of motion [28] particularly in the periphery [29]. Research involving the deaf cat found evidence to suggest that extrastriate visual areas, such as those involved in visual motion processing, undergo cross-modal reorganization [30]. In human participants, motion selective areas of the dorsal visual stream, such as the medial temporal (MT) and medial superior temporal (MST), are more activated in deaf individuals compared to hearing individuals when visual motion is presented to the peripheral field of view [31,32].
Given their reliance on tactile input, we might expect deaf individuals to have increased activation of the somatosensory cortex relative to hearing individuals. The somatosensory representation of the digits in the left hand of expert string players has famously been found to be larger than that of controls [33]. Presumably, this increased representation is owed to the importance of vibrotactile feedback for string players. However, despite the importance of vibrotactile feedback for deaf individuals, no corresponding evidence has been reported to date.
2.3. Multimodal Integration Areas
Many cortical changes occur beyond the primary sensory cortices [34]. There is agreement in the compensatory literature that the multimodal integration areas of the brain tend towards prioritization of input from the in-tact modalities [13]. Posterior areas of the superior temporal lobe are well-defined multi-sensory integration areas [35] that have also been associated with language processing [36]. In deaf individuals, these multimodal integration areas, including the superior temporal gyrus [18,31,37], superior temporal sulcus [38] and the planum temporale [15,38], are activated more strongly compared to hearing individuals during visual stimulation.
2.4. Limitations of Neuro-Developmental Perspective
The neural perspective leaves several questions unanswered regarding compensatory plasticity. Foremost among these is the evidence for compensatory changes that are not limited to the congenitally deaf population. A critical period for cross-modal plasticity following sensory deprivation exists [39]. For example, a functional adjustment in the region of the auditory cortex associated with language processing appears to depend on a critical period that ends as early as two years of age [38]. However, there have been examples of behavioural changes in sensory processing due to deafness in individuals with much later onsets of deafness [40]. This capacity for change beyond the critical period suggests that compensation may also rely to some extent on cognitive strategies, including the recruitment of increased attentional resources and a redirection of attention to non-auditory modalities. The locus of control for such effects on attention, at least during the early stages of deafness, is likely to be the lateral prefrontal cortex [41].
3. Behavioral Compensation: The Cognitive Perspective
Behavioral outcomes are not simply a manifestation of neural plasticity alone. The compensation may also involve top down processes, including increased attention directed towards the remaining modalities. Studies that fail to find neural differences in response to non-auditory stimuli among deaf and hearing individuals often utilize passive processing of visual stimuli [24]. More clear-cut support for cross-modal activation has been seen under attentionally demanding conditions [42].
Complex behavioural tasks that require attention redirection consistently reveal differences between deaf and hearing individuals (for a review, see [5]). For example, deaf participants are faster and more efficient in completing visual search tasks than hearing participants [43]. Deaf participants also appear to engage in more efficient forms of processing visual information. Stivalet et al. [43] asked hearing and deaf participants to detect letter targets among distractors. Differential search patterns were reported for each group. Hearing participants showed search patterns that were asymmetric across conditions compared to deaf participants, whose search patterns were symmetric and more efficient overall.
Interference effects from visual distraction provide additional evidence of altered attention redirection in deaf individuals [44]. Deaf individuals show a shift in the spatial distribution of attention from the center to the periphery [44,45,46]. Parasnis and Samar [46] conducted a stimulus detection task in which cues were presented to provide information regarding target location. Some of the trials contained a complex task-irrelevant distractor that participants were asked to ignore. Results showed that deaf participants were more adept at redirecting their attention between spatial locations in the periphery than were hearing participants.
3.1. Enhanced Visual Attention to the Periphery
Deaf individuals appear to allocate increased visual attention to the periphery relative to hearing individuals, while no difference appears to exist between groups in visual attention to central targets [1,2,3,4,44]. Imaging studies by Bavelier and colleagues [31,32] have revealed enhanced recruitment of motion-selective areas (middle temporal/medial superior temporal) for deaf individuals in tasks requiring the detection of luminance changes in the periphery. Behavioural outcomes are also consistent with imaging results. When asked to attend to visual stimuli in the periphery, the deaf participants outperform their hearing counterparts. However, deaf and hearing participants do not show a significant difference in outcomes when asked to attend to visual stimuli in the central field of view.
Neville and Lawson [2] found that deaf participants more accurately reported motion direction than did hearing participants. Bosworth and Dobkins [47,48] found a similar pattern of performance on a visual motion discrimination task. Interestingly, the latter study showed a strong right visual field advantage for deaf participants, suggesting that the left hemisphere, which classically includes language areas, is preferentially recruited in deaf individuals to support the processing of visual motion. These findings support the view that neural plasticity and attention may both contribute to some of the perceptual advantages observed in deaf participants.
As noted earlier, some of the visual processing advantages of deaf individuals may also stem from frequent practice in the use of visual language [18]. Sign language users must learn how to be especially sensitive to hand and body movements, especially when they occur in peripheral space. Neville and Lawson [3] compared the detection of apparent motion in deaf signers, hearing signers and hearing non-signers. Findings illustrated that the deaf signers were faster than the other two groups in reporting the direction of motion of the target stimuli in the peripheral field of vision. Nonetheless, individuals who have practice with sign languages, regardless of hearing ability, may recruit resources from the left hemisphere language regions when processing visual motion [3]. Taken together, these studies strongly suggest that fluency with sign language may be partly responsible for enhancements in motion perception observed in deaf individuals.
3.2. Enhanced Visual Attention to Facial Features
Individuals who are deaf demonstrate enhanced capability to understand speech through the visual modality. For example, deaf individuals demonstrate higher levels of proficiency in lip reading, or speech reading, compared to their normal hearing counterparts [49,50]. Deaf sign language users also demonstrate an enhanced ability to detect even subtle differences in facial expressions, compared to non-signers [51]. This is not surprising in that facial expressions serve important grammatical and semantic roles in sign language [52]. The cognitive perspective of compensation would argue that the extra practice with facial details should lead to enhancements in facial recognition ability. Bettger et al. [40] examined this hypothesis by asking participants to discriminate pictures of human faces under varied conditions of lighting and positioning. They found that deaf signers performed significantly better than hearing participants on this task, especially in situations of poor lighting. To determine whether outcomes were due to auditory neural enhancement or exposure to sign language, Bettger et al. [40] repeated the experiment with hearing participants who were native signers and deaf participants who adopted sign language later in life. Both signing groups (deaf and hearing) and the deaf late signers demonstrated trends toward greater facial discrimination than the hearing non-signers. These results suggest that practice with sign language, rather than auditory neural enhancement alone, leads to greater facial discrimination. Deaf individuals who were exposed to sign language later in life still demonstrated superior facial recognition compared to hearing non-signers, suggesting that there may be no critical period to develop this aptitude.
3.3. Enhanced Attention to Vibrotactile Stimuli
Deaf individuals show some processing advantages for haptic and vibrotactile stimuli [53,54]. Levänen and Hamdorf [54] explored the vibrotactile sensitivity of congenitally deaf participants by using sequences of vibration. They found an enhanced ability in the congenitally deaf to detect suprathreshold frequency changes in vibrotactile stimulation. However, on the basis of this study alone, it is not clear whether this enhancement was due to compensatory neural plasticity or changes in attention due to practice.
4. Compensation Summary
Though it is not always clear whether the deaf brain compensates through neuro-development changes, changes in attentional focus or some combination, all of the available evidence suggests that there is a compensatory shift in sensory responsibilities. This shift results in a non-auditory sensory experience that is unique to individuals who are deaf. This unique sensory experience may enhance the perception of non-auditory elements of music.
5. Non-Auditory Elements of Music and the Deaf Experience
5.1. Visual Elements
The appreciation of music does not rely exclusively on sound. While music is generally focused on the auditory modality, the movements of performers, including hand gestures, body movements and facial expressions, influence an audiences' perceptual and aesthetic assessment of music [55,56,57,58].
Body movement and facial movements made by performers often provide structural information about music. For example, judgments of musical dissonance can be influenced by visual aspects of a guitar performance [56]. Facial movements made by singers provide information about the size of the pitch interval between notes [56]. Video-only presentations of melodic intervals are scaled accurately by observers and do not appear to depend on musical or vocal experience [59]. Video-based tracking of sung intervals has demonstrated that larger intervals involve more head movement, eyebrow raising and mouth opening [59].
Musical performers also use facial and body movements to intentionally convey emotional aspects of music. Thompson and Luck [57] used a motion capture system to explore the ability of a musician to convey emotion through movements of the face and body. When musicians were asked to play with an exaggerated emotional expression, they found an increase in the amount of bodily movement.
The visual aspects of music may be especially exploited by a deaf audience. For example, the enhanced ability possessed by the deaf to discriminate faces becomes especially relevant when faces are partially occluded [40] as is often the case in live or recorded music. In addition, the increased ability for visual discrimination in the periphery may have implications for how the deaf experience visual aspects of music, beyond the more obvious aspects in the central field of view.
5.2. Vibrotactile Elements
Sound at its most basic level is airborne vibration [60]. Given this physical aspect, loud sound may elicit vibrations that may be transmitted through walls, floors and furniture. These physical vibrations reach the hair cells of the cochlea at different frequencies. Each hair cell of the cochlea is most sensitive to a specific frequency; called the characteristic frequency [61]. The auditory cortex receives signals fired from the frequency-specific nerve fibers of the cochlea. These auditory frequencies, or pitches, activate specific areas of the auditory cortex [62]. Together, these different auditory pitches create melody, harmony and timbre. The vibrotactile receptors in the skin are biomechanically similar to the cochlear hair cells. However, receptors in the skin do not process the same range of frequencies as the cochlear hair cells; instead different classes of receptors respond to different frequency ranges [63].
A growing body of empirical research has provided a better understanding of the ability to perceive musical information through vibrotactile sources alone. For example, one of the basic elements found to convey emotion in music is tempo [64]. This term refers to the overall rate of presentation, conventionally measured in beats per minute (BPM). Tactile representation of the tempo using differing inter-pulse intervals can be easily represented through naturally occurring or amplified vibrations produced by voices and musical instruments. There are strong associations between tempo and emotion; happy songs tend to be associated with faster tempos, while sad songs tend to be associated with slower tempos [65]. Recent research in our own lab involving vibrotactile reproductions of music has found that deaf individuals show similar associations with tempo [66].
Though the tempo can be easily accessed through vibration, pitch perception proves to be more limited. Discrimination thresholds for frequencies are much larger for vibrotactile than for auditory presentations, and discriminations are limited to frequencies below about 1000 Hz [67,68]. However, the majority of these findings are based on research involving hearing participants. As demonstrated by Levänen et al. [20], individuals who are deaf have an enhanced ability to discriminate suprathreshold frequency changes in vibrotactile stimuli, which may support an enhanced ability to perceive vibrotactile musical frequencies.
Several studies have explored the human ability to discriminate timbres, such as different musical instruments, using vibrotactile stimuli alone. These studies have found that both deaf and hearing individuals are able to distinguish between dull and bright timbres [69]. Furthermore, deaf participants are able to distinguish between different voices singing the same phoneme on the same pitch [70]. It appears that this ability is owed to cortical integration of activity across the different channels of mechanoreceptors.
5.3. Assistive Technologies
In addition to the naturally occurring non-auditory aspects of music, music can also be manipulated through assistive technologies that are designed to enhance the experience of music. Various research groups are exploring the possibilities of using multi-modal technologies, including music visualizations and vibrotactile devices, to make music more accessible for the deaf population.
Though numerous visual representations of music have been created throughout the 20th century, including the iTunes visualizer and Walt Disney's Fantasia, the effect of these models have not yet been well investigated with deaf participants. Changes in visual processing in the deaf population provide an opportunity for researchers to explore how visual moving patterns representing music might support an informative and enjoyable musical experience in deaf and hearing populations [71]. Music visualizations created for the deaf population might be best received in the periphery, while reserving central vision for unobstructed presentations of facial animation manifested by the performer.
Vibrotactile devices can enhance the experience of music for individuals who are deaf. Deaf individuals report that vibrotactile devices, such as haptic chairs, are a significant contribution to their musical enjoyment [72]. Using vibrotactile technology, music has been created in which vibrotactile aspects supersede the auditory aspects of music [73]. Research has shown that incorporating additional vibrotactile stimuli though sensory substitution technology may be an effective way to convey the emotional information when experiencing music [74,75].
In summary, a wealth of non-auditory information is available to provide a deaf audience with access to the structural and emotional aspects of music. The evidence that visual and vibrotactile stimuli may be processed in auditory centers of the brain supports the notion that non-auditory elements of music may provide an experience for deaf individuals that is qualitatively comparable to the experiences that a hearing person has while listening to music.
6. Music in the Deaf Community
Individuals who self-define as deaf span a wide range of hearing impairment from profound hearing loss (i.e., dB HL (a logarithmic scale of sound intensity expressed in decibels and referenced to average normal hearing) of 91 or greater) to the maintenance of residual hearing (typically in the lower frequencies). The prevalence of signing and age of onset also varies. Because cross-modal plasticity is influenced by the extent of hearing impairment [22], signing and age of onset [38], the non-auditory enhancements they experience may also vary considerably [5]. The heterogeneity in the population may help to explain some of the mixed findings in the empirical results.
The majority of individuals in the deaf community report engagement in musical activities, such as singing/signing and moving or dancing to songs [76]. Novel forms of music that embrace vibrotactile and visual technologies are becoming increasingly popular, particularly among youth. For example, a method called "speaker listening" allows the user to feel the vibrations emitted from a speaker in order to experience the music in real time. Deaf discos provide a multi-sensory experience in order to make dance clubs more accessible for individuals who are deaf. A signed translation of the lyrics, also known as sign singing, has become widespread in the deaf community as a form of lyrical expression [76]. Professional sign language interpreters are hired in concert settings to provide a sign language rendition of the performances to deaf audience members.
Several examples of profoundly deaf and hearing-impaired musicians have confirmed that hearing is not a prerequisite for participating in musical activities. Beethoven is perhaps the most celebrated deaf musician. Beethoven continued to compose after the onset of his deafness by relying on the vibrations of his piano. A more recent example is Evelyn Glennie. Hearing impaired since 12 years of age, Gleenie is a virtuosic percussionist who relies on vibration heavily. She claims to feel "most musical sounds through the lower parts of (her) legs, feet, lower arms, wrists, chest, throat, and upper parts of (her) legs" [77].
It is also important to note that deaf individuals are increasingly being implanted with auditory prostheses known as cochlear implants (CI). The CI is a surgically implanted device that stimulates the auditory nerve via electrical impulses. Although CIs have opened up the world of music for deaf individuals, it has become increasingly clear that they do not perceive or process auditory aspects of music in the same manner as normal hearing individuals [78,79,80]. While individuals using CIs are able to perceive rhythm at a normal level, there is a clear deficit in pitch perception [81,82]. Nonetheless, the existence of accomplished musicians who use CI's demonstrate that these deficits are not insurmountable.
7. Conclusions
There is abundant evidence for compensatory plasticity in individuals who are deaf. Specific enhancement of visual and vibrotactile skills in individuals who are deaf may provide differential processing of non-auditory aspects of musical performance. These enhancements may influence the manner in which music is perceived. Indeed, the definition of music need not focus on sound alone; music incorporates visual and vibrotactile information. Use of non-auditory modalities may be further enhanced through the use of assistive multi-modal technologies. The unique sensory abilities endowed by the deaf brain should be embraced when developing new music that is meant to be inclusive of the deaf community. These new works have the potential to advance the art of music for all.
We would like to thank Deborah I. Fels and three anonymous reviewers for comments on earlier versions of this manuscript.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
- Loke, W.H.; Song, S. Central and peripheral visual processing in hearing and non-hearing individuals. Bull. Psychon. Soc. 1991, 29, 437–440. [Google Scholar]
- Neville, H.J.; Lawson, D. Attention to central and peripheral visual space in a movement detection task: An event-related potential and behavioral study. II. Congenitally deaf adults. Brain Res. 1987, 45, 268–283. [Google Scholar]
- Neville, H.J.; Lawson, D. Attention to central and peripheral visual space in a movement detection task. III. Separate effects of auditory deprivation and acquisition of a visual language. Brain Res. 1987, 405, 284–294. [Google Scholar]
- Stevens, C.; Neville, H. Neuroplasticity as a double-edged sword: Deaf enhancements and dyslexic deficits in motion processing. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 2006, 18, 701–714. [Google Scholar]
- Pavani, F.; Bottari, D. Visual abilities in individuals with profound deafness a critical review. In The Neural Bases of Multisensory Processes; Murray, M.M., Wallace, M.T., Eds.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2012; Chapter 22. [Google Scholar]
- Goldman, R.F. Varèse: Ionisation; Density 21.5; Intégrales; Octandre; Hyperprism; Poème Electronique. Instrumentalists, cond. Robert Craft. Columbia MS 6146 (stereo) (in Reviews of Records). Music. Q. 1961, 47, 133–134. [Google Scholar]
- Clifton, T. Music as Heard: A Study in Applied Phenomenology; Yale University Press: New Haven, CN, USA; London, UK, 1983. [Google Scholar]
- Moore, J.K.; Niparko, J.K.; Miller, M.R.; Linthicum, F.H. Effect of profound hearing loss on a central auditory nucleus. Am. J. Otol. 1994, 15, 588–595. [Google Scholar]
- Saada, A.A.; Niparko, J.K.; Ryugo, D.K. Morphological changes in the cochlear nucleus of congenitally deaf white cats. Brain Res. 1996, 736, 315–328. [Google Scholar]
- Heid, S.; Hartmann, R.; Klinke, R. A model for prelingual deafness, the congenitally deaf white cat–population statistics and degenerative changes. Hear. Res. 1998, 115, 101–112. [Google Scholar]
- Emmorey, K.; Allen, J.S.; Bruss, J.; Schenker, N.; Damasio, H. A morphometric analysis of auditory brain regions in congenitally deaf adults. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003, 100, 10049–10054. [Google Scholar]
- Li, J.; Li, W.; Xian, J.; Li, Y.; Liu, Z.; Liu, S.; Wang, X.; Wang, Z.; He, H. Cortical thickness analysis and optimized voxel-based morphometry in children and adolescents with prelingually profound sensorineural hearing loss. Brain Res. 2012, 1430, 35–42. [Google Scholar]
- Bavelier, D.; Neville, H.J. Cross-modal plasticity: Where and how? Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2002, 3, 443–452. [Google Scholar]
- Nishimura, H.; Hashikawa, K.; Doi, K.; Iwaki, T.; Watanabe, Y.; Kusuoka, H.; Nishimura, T.; Kubo, T. Sign language "heard" in the auditory cortex. Nature 1999, 397, 116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sadato, N.; Okada, T.; Honda, M.; Matsuki, K.-I.; Yoshida, M.; Kashikura, K.-I.; Takei, W.; Sato, T.; Kochiyama, T.; Yonekura, Y. Cross-modal integration and plastic changes revealed by lip movement, random-dot motion and sign languages in the hearing and deaf. Cereb. Cortex 2005, 15, 1113–1122. [Google Scholar]
- Fine, I.; Finney, E.M.; Boynton, G.M.; Dobkins, K.R. Comparing the effects of auditory deprivation and sign language within the auditory and visual cortex. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 2005, 17, 1621–1637. [Google Scholar]
- Finney, E.M.; Fine, I.; Dobkins, K.R. Visual stimuli activate auditory cortex in the deaf. Nat. Neurosci. 2001, 4, 1171–1173. [Google Scholar]
- Sung, Y.W.; Ogawa, S. Cross-modal connectivity of the secondary auditory cortex with higher visual area in the congenitally deaf—A case study. J. Biomed. Sci. Eng. 2013, 6, 314–318. [Google Scholar]
- Auer, E.T.; Bernstein, L.E.; Sungkarat, W.; Singh, M. Vibrotactile activation of the auditory cortices in deaf versus hearing adults. Neuroreport 2007, 18, 645–648. [Google Scholar]
- Levänen, S.; Jousmäki, V.; Hari, R. Vibration-induced auditory-cortex activation in a congenitally deaf adult. Curr. Biol. 1998, 8, 869–872. [Google Scholar]
- Barone, P.; Lacassagne, L.; Kral, A. Reorganization of the connectivity of cortical field DZ in congenitally deaf cat. PLoS One 2013, 8, e60093. [Google Scholar]
- Lambertz, N.; Gizewski, E.R.; de Greiff, A.; Forsting, M. Cross-modal plasticity in deaf subjects dependent on the extent of hearing loss. Cogn. Brain Res. 2005, 25, 884–890. [Google Scholar]
- Karns, C.M.; Dow, M.W.; Neville, H.J. Altered cross-modal processing in the primary auditory cortex of congenitally deaf adults: A visual-somatosensory fMRI study with a double-flash illusion. J. Neurosci. 2012, 32, 9626–9638. [Google Scholar]
- Hickok, G.; Poeppel, D.; Clark, K.; Buxton, R.B.; Rowley, H.A.; Roberts, T.P.L. Sensory Mapping in a Congenitally Deaf Subject: MEG and fMRI Studies of Cross-Modal Non-Plasticity. Hum. Brain Mapp. 1997, 5, 437–444. [Google Scholar]
- Lomber, S.G.; Meredith, M.A.; Kral, A. Cross-modal plasticity in specific auditory cortices underlies visual compensations in the deaf. Nat. Neurosci. 2010, 13, 1421–1427. [Google Scholar]
- Bross, M. Residual sensory capacities of the deaf: A signal detection analysis of a visual discrimination task. Percept. Mot. Skills 1979, 48, 187–194. [Google Scholar]
- Finney, E.M.; Dobkins, K.R. Visual contrast sensitivity in deaf versus hearing populations: Exploring the perceptual consequences of auditory deprivation and experience with a visual language. Cogn. Brain Res. 2001, 11, 171–183. [Google Scholar]
- Armstrong, B.; Neville, H.J.; Hillyard, S.A.; Mitchell, T.V. Auditory deprivation affects processing of motion, but not color. Cogn. Brain Res. 2002, 14, 422–434. [Google Scholar]
- Bottari, D.; Caclin, A.; Giard, M.H.; Pavani, F. Changes in early cortical visual processing predict enhanced reactivity in deaf individuals. PLoS One 2011, 6, e25607. [Google Scholar]
- Kok, M.A.; Chabot, N.; Lomber, S.G. Cross-modal reorganization of cortical afferents to dorsal auditory cortex following early-and late-onset deafness. J. Comp. Neurol. 2014, 522, 654–675. [Google Scholar]
- Bavelier, D.; Tomann, A.; Hutton, C.; Mitchell, T.; Corina, D.; Liu, G.; Neville, H. Visual attention to the periphery is enhanced in congenitally deaf individuals. J. Neurosci. 2000, 20, RC93:1–RC93:6. [Google Scholar]
- Bavelier, D.; Brozinsky, C.; Tomann, A.; Mitchell, T.; Neville, H.; Liu, G. Impact of early deafness and early exposure to sign language on the cerebral organization for motion processing. J. Neurosci. 2001, 21, 8931–8942. [Google Scholar]
- Elbert, T.; Pantev, C.; Wienbruch, C.; Rockstroh, B.; Taub, E. Increased cortical representation of the fingers of the left hand in string players. Science 1995, 270, 305–307. [Google Scholar]
- Shimojo, S.; Shams, L. Sensory modalities are not separate modalities: Plasticity and interactions. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2001, 11, 505–509. [Google Scholar]
- Foxe, J.J.; Wylie, G.R.; Martinex, A.; Schroeder, C.E.; Javitt, D.C.; Guilfoyle, D.; Ritter, W.; Murray, M.M. Auditory-somatosensory multisensory processing in auditory association cortex: An fMRI study. J. Neurophysiol. 2002, 88, 540–543. [Google Scholar]
- Reale, R.A.; Calvert, G.A.; Thesen, T.; Jenison, R.L.; Kawasaki, H.; Oya, H.; Howard, M.A.; Brugge, J.F. Auditory-visual processing represented in the human superior temporal gyrus. Neuroscience 2007, 145, 162–184. [Google Scholar]
- Petitto, L.A.; Zatorre, R.J.; Gauna, K.; Nikelski, E.J.; Dostie, D.; Evans, A.C. Speech-like cerebral activity in profoundly deaf people processing signed languages: Implications for the neural basis of human language. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2000, 97, 13961–13966. [Google Scholar]
- Sadato, N.; Yamada, H.; Okada, T.; Yoshida, M.; Hasegawa, T.; Matsuki, K.I.; Itoh, H. Age-dependent plasticity in the superior temporal sulcus in deaf humans: A functional MRI study. BMC Neurosci. 2004, 5, 56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sadato, N.; Okada, T.; Honda, M.; Yonekura, Y. Critical period for cross-modal plasticity in blind humans: A functional MRI study. NeuroImage 2002, 16, 389–400. [Google Scholar]
- Bettger, J.G.; Emmorey, K.; Mccullough, S.H.; Bellugi, U.; Mccullough, S.H. Enhanced Facial Discrimination: Effects of Experience With American Sign Language. J. Deaf Stud. Deaf Educ. 1997, 2, 223–233. [Google Scholar]
- Asplund, C.C.; Todd, J.J.; Snyder, A.P.; Marois, R. A central role for the lateral prefrontal cortex in goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention. Nat. Neurosci. 2010, 13, 507–512. [Google Scholar]
- Bavelier, D.; Dye, M.W.G.; Hauser, P.C. Do deaf individuals see better? Trends Cogn. Sci. 2006, 10, 512–518. [Google Scholar]
- Stivalet, P.; Moreno, Y.; Richard, J.; Barraud, P.-A.; Raphel, C. Differences in visual search tasks between congenitally deaf and normally hearing adults. Cogn. Brain Res. 1998, 6, 227–232. [Google Scholar]
- Proksch, J.; Bavelier, D. Changes in the Spatial Distribution of Visual Attention after Early Deafness. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 2006, 14, 687–701. [Google Scholar]
- Chen, Q.; Zhang, M.; Zhou, X. Effects of spatial distribution of attention during inhibition of return (IOR) on flanker interference in hearing and congenitally deaf people. Brain Res. 2006, 1109, 117–127. [Google Scholar]
- Parasnis, I.; Samar, V.J. Parafoveal attention in congenitally deaf and hearing young adults. Brain Cogn. 1985, 4, 313–327. [Google Scholar]
- Bosworth, R.G.; Dobkins, K.R. Left-hemisphere dominance for motion processing in deaf signers. Psychol. Sci. 1999, 10, 256–262. [Google Scholar]
- Bosworth, R.G.; Dobkins, K.R. The effects of spatial attention on motion processing in deaf signers, hearing signers, and hearing nonsigners. Brain Cogn. 2002, 49, 152–169. [Google Scholar]
- Bernstein, L.E.; Auer, E.T.; Tucker, P.E. Enhanced Speechreading in Deaf Adults. Can Short-Term Training/Practice Close the Gap for Hearing Adults? J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 2001, 44, 5–18. [Google Scholar]
- Strelnikov, K.; Rouger, J.; Lagleyre, S.; Fraysse, B.; Deguine, O.; Barone, P. Improvement in speech-reading ability by auditory training: Evidence from gender differences in normally hearing, deaf and cochlear implanted subjects. Neuropsychologia 2009, 47, 972–979. [Google Scholar]
- McCullough, S.; Emmorey, K. Face processing by deaf ASL signers: Evidence for expertise in distinguished local features. J. Deaf Stud. Deaf Educ. 1997, 2, 212–222. [Google Scholar]
- Stokoe, W. Sign Language Structure; Linstok Press: Silver Spring, MD, USA, 1978. [Google Scholar]
- Cranney, J.; Ashton, R. Tactile spatial ability: Lateralized performance of deaf and hearing age groups. J. Exp. Child Psychol. 1982, 34, 123–134. [Google Scholar]
- Levänen, S.; Hamdorf, D. Feeling vibrations: Enhanced tactile sensitivity in congenitally deaf humans. Neurosci. Lett. 2001, 301, 75–77. [Google Scholar]
- Juslin, P.N. Five facets of musical expression: A psychologist's perspective on music performance. Psychol. Music 2003, 31, 273–302. [Google Scholar]
- Thompson, W.F.; Graham, P.; Russo, F.A. Seeing music performance: Visual influences on perception and experience. Semiotica 2005, 2005, 203–227. [Google Scholar]
- Thompson, M.R.; Luck, G. Exploring the relationships between pianists' body movements, their expressive intentions, and structural elements of the music. Music. Sci. 2012, 16, 19–40. [Google Scholar]
- Thompson, W.F.; Russo, F.A.; Livingstone, S.R. Facial expressions of singers influence perceived pitch relations. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 2010, 17, 317–322. [Google Scholar]
- Thompson, W.F.; Russo, F.A. Facing the music. Psychol. Sci. 2007, 18, 756–757. [Google Scholar]
- Morse, P.M.C. Vibration and Sound. In American Institute of Physics for the Acoustical Society of America, 2nd ed.; McGraw-Hill: New York, NY, USA, 1948. [Google Scholar]
- Russell, I.J.; Sellick, P.M. Tuning properties of cochlear hair cells. Nature 1977, 267, 858–860. [Google Scholar]
- Schreiner, C.E.; Mendelson, J.R. Functional topography of cat primary auditory cortex: Distribution of integrated excitation. J. Neurophysiol. 1990, 64, 1442–1459. [Google Scholar]
- Bolanowski, S.J.; Gescheider, G.A.; Verrillo, R.T. Hairy skin: Psychophysical channels and their physiological substrates. Somatosens. Mot. Res. 1994, 11, 279–290. [Google Scholar]
- Ilie, G.; Thompson, W.F. A comparison of acoustic cues in music and speech for three dimensions of affect. Music Percept. 2006, 23, 319–329. [Google Scholar]
- Hevner, K. The affective value of pitch and tempo in music. Am. J. Psychol. 1937, 49, 621–630. [Google Scholar]
- Russo, F.A.; Ammirante, P.; Good, A.; Nespoli, G. Feeling the music: Emotional responses to music presented to the skin. Front. Psychol. 2014. submitted. [Google Scholar]
- Verrillo, R.T. Vibration sensation in humans. Music Percept. 1992, 9, 281–302. [Google Scholar]
- Branje, C.J.; Maksimowski, M.; Karam, M.; Fels, D.I.; Russo, F.A. Vibrotactile display of music on the human back. In Proceedings of the 2010 ACHI'10 3rd International Conferences on Advances in Computer-Human Interactions, Saint Maarten, Netherlands Antilles, 10–15 February 2010; pp. 154–159.
- Russo, F.A.; Ammirante, P.; Fels, D.I. Vibrotactile discrimination of musical timbre. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 2012, 38, 822–826. [Google Scholar]
- Ammirante, P.; Russo, F.A.; Good, A.; Fels, D.I. Feeling Voices. PLoS One 2013, 8, e53585. [Google Scholar]
- Pouris, M.; Fels, D.I. Creating an entertaining and informative music visualization. Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. 2012, 7382, 451–458. [Google Scholar]
- Nanayakkara, S.; Taylor, E.; Wyse, L.; Ong, S.H. An enhanced musical experience for the deaf. In Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems—CHI'09, New York, NY, USA, 2009; ACM Press: New York, NY, USA; pp. 337–346.
- Baijal, A.; Kim, J.; Branje, C.; Russo, F.A.; Fels, D.I. Composing vibrotactile music: A multi-sensory experience with the Emoti-chair. In Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Haptics Symposium (HAPTICS), Vancouver, BC, 4–7 March 2012; pp. 509–515.
- Karam, M.; Russo, F.; Branje, C.; Price, E.; Fels, D.I. Towards a model human cochlea: Sensory substitution for crossmodal audio-tactile displays. In Proceedings of the Graphics interface, Windsor, ON, Canada, 28–30 May 2008.
- Karam, M.; Nespoli, G.; Russo, F.; Fels, D.I. Modelling Perceptual Elements of Music in a Vibrotactile Display for Deaf Users: A Field Study. In Proceedings of the 2009 ACHI'09 2nd International Conferences on Advances in Computer-Human Interactions, Cancun, Mexico, 1–7 February 2009; pp. 249–254.
- Darrow, A.A. The Role of Music in Deaf Culture: Implications for Music Educators. J. Res. Music Educ. 1993, 41, 93–110. [Google Scholar]
- Cleall, C. Notes on a Young Deaf Musician. Psychol. Music 1983, 11, 101–102. [Google Scholar]
- Timm, L.; Vuust, P.; Brattico, E.; Agrawal, D.; Debener, S.; Büchner, A.; Dengler, R.; Wittfoth, M. Residual neural processing of musical sound features in adult cochlear implant users. Front Hum Neurosci. 2014, 8, 181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vongpaisal, T.; Trehub, S.E.; Schellenberg, E.G. Song recognition by children and adolescents with cochlear implants. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 2006, 49, 1091–1103. [Google Scholar]
- Vongpaisal, T.; Trehub, S.E.; Schellenberg, E.G. Identification of TV tunes by children with cochlear implants. Music Percept. 2009, 27, 17–24. [Google Scholar]
- Cooper, W.B.; Tobey, E.; Loizou, P.C. Music perception by Cochlear Implant and Normal Hearing Listeners as measured by the Montreal Battery for Evaluation of Amusia. Ear Hear. 2008, 29, 618–626. [Google Scholar]
- Hopyan, T.; Peretz, I.; Chan, L.P.; Papsin, B.C.; Gordon, K.A. Children using cochlear implants capitalize on acoustical hearing for music perception. Front. Psychol. 2012, 3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
© 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).


text:
Saturday, 13 April 2013
What you should eat in a healthy diet
Posted on 06:02 by Phil dom
The diet we consume affects both our physical and mental health. In order to be at the top as far as energy and could predict life's challenges, we need to give our bodies and our brains the nutrition it needs. Healthy eating can be many things – it depends on our individual needs. However, we have all some basic needs that must be met for the body can function optimally. On this page you can find advice, guidance and healthy recipes.
What is healthy food? A healthy diet is a diet that gives the body what it needs!
Protein – the body's building blocks. Proteins are chains of amino acids that are exploited for the formation of proteins in all body organs – and in addition to the formation of a wide range of other substances which are necessary for the organism. In the absence of protein decreases muscle energy supply and the brain missing signal substances.
Carbohydrates – the body's fuel. Carbohydrates are most bodies preferred source of energy. They are necessary for the body's energy metabolism to function optimally and utilizing dietary content of fat and protein. Carbohydrate is insert important for athletes since it gives energy to the muscles.
Fat – the essential fatty acid is necessary for the body to function. Fat, - and so is necessary in order to absorb vital fat-soluble vitamins.
Vitamins – today we have knowledge of 13 different vitamins, which are essential for us. They are found in both plant and animal life and all have each different necessary functions in the body. Vitamins are vital. That is why a healthy food varied food.
Minerals – substances which either helps the vitamins working or is a kind of building blocks of the body, for example. for bones and teeth. There are 10 different necessary minerals.
Dietary fiber – food with a high content of dietary fiber saturates the well and helps to regulate our blood sugar and appetite. Dietary fibres important function is to bind the food together and give the entire digestive process the speed that is optimal in order to pull nutrients out of the food and into the bloodstream. Dietary fiber is in addition to counteract the cholesterol that is bad for you. Fiber is an important part of a healthy diet.
Water – is vital and helps with the absorption of nutrients and cleansing of accumulated toxins in the body.
A healthy diet is therefore first and foremost a diet is varied and includes all the things the body needs. We often eat the same, it is difficult to get all the vital vitamins and minerals.
On this page you will find healthy recipes which are easy to be part of a healthy lifestyle. In order to make it manageable has since divided into different groups. It is not completely no matter what you eat at certain times:
is the day's main meal, which is the base get how you have it throughout the day. You can find good advice on how to put together a good and healthy breakfast and find examples of recipes here.
The Lunch
can sometimes be difficult, for example, if you are at work, but in the section about the lunch you will find tips for how you can easily put together healthy meals as lunch.
often eaten late in the day and it is therefore important that you do not eat too much for this meal. In the section on dinner, you can read a little about what is important when you need to put together a reasonable evening meal.
Between Meals
is also an important part of a healthy diet. In this section you can find tips for good snacking and read a little bit about what you must avoid. Healthy diet is the way to well-being.
Posted in Diet | No comments
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Net Menders -- Three Workers by Richard Haines
Oil on water, 22 x 32
The West Coast Modernist artist Richard Haines was a major muralist for the New Deal during the Great Depression. Haines' work was marked by modernism, geometric abstraction and deconstruction. This painting evidences the artist's interest in the spiritual value of work.
It is part of the Labor Arts exhibit Scenes of American Labor with thirty nine paintings that evoke the individual and physical experience of work. The entire series is housed at the Sullivan Goss Gallery in Santa Barbara, CA.


text:
- Home
- Audix BP7 Pro band mic Pack with case $100 Instant Coupon use Promo Code: $100-OFF
Product Description
7 Piece Band Mic Pack
Audix BP7 Pro Band Pack Microphone Kit is a 7-piece professional microphone package including three i5 snare microphones, two OM2 backing vocal microphones, one OM5 Lead Vocal microphone and one D6 Kick Drum microhone. The BP7 PRO feature combinations of VLM™ dynamic microphones designed to work in tandem for instruments and vocals in a live performance.
Audix i5 is a dynamic instrument cardioid mic with a smooth, uniform frequency response of 50Hz-16kHz with SPL handling of 140dB. It's versatile enough to handle a wide variety of applications and music genres. The i5 is truly a mic for all seasons and sounds great on vocals, snare, and guitar amps, with a clarity that will astound you.
Audix OM2 is an American made, designed for live performance. Audix OM2 would be a worthy addition as an all-purpose dynamic misrophone for any home studio. Audix OM2 can be used for a wide variety of instruments and vocals and will provide a lifetime of high performance at an affordable price.
Audix OM5 is a truly remarkable performance vocal microphone, has a super high-output mic with natural, undistorted sound. Audix OM5 does not sacrifice sonic quality or feedback rejection to achieve its high levels of gain. Audix OM5 is a Dynamic hypercardioid and features high output with gentle presence rise and smooth proximity response. VLM (very low mass) capsule design of Audix OM5 offers unmatched noise & feedback rejection. Audix OM5 has exceptional 48Hz-19kHz frequency response, 144db SPL handling, durable zinc alloy construction, electronically cut blast filter with black E-coat finish. Comes with carry pouch and nylon mic clip.
Audix D6 is about twice the size of the normal D series microphone, and yet Audix D6 is extremely easy to use and position. Audix D6 is an American-made instrument microphone designed for live and studio performance.
- Aluminum road case
- 3 x i5 snare drum, instrument mics
- 1 x D6 kick mic
- 2 x OM2 background vocal mics
- 1 x OM5 lead vocal mic
- 6 x MC1 mic clips
- 1 x DCLIP mic clip
Audix i5
- Built tough for road use
- Perfect for all kinds of instrument and amps
- Flat cap design perfect for close-miking instruments and cabinets
Audix OM2
- Hand Held Dynamic
- Hypercardioid pattern
- 140dB SPL
- Audix OM2's proprietary anti-feedback design
- Durable scratch resistant spring steel grille
- Black E-coat Finish
- Gold plated contacts
- VLM - Very low mass diphragm
- Reduced phase shift
- Superior transient response
- Pouch & clip included
- Application specific microphones
- Individually tested & hand assembled
- Highest levels of gain before feedback
- Exceptional off-axis rejection
Audix OM5
- High output with gentle presence rise and smooth proximity response
- VLM equipped offers unmatched noise & feedback rejection
- Exceptional frequency response
- Audix OM5 has durable zinc alloy construction, electronically cut blast filter with black E-coat finish
- Clear and accurate vocal reproduction
- Handles high SPL without distortion
- Low handling noise
- Audix OM5 provides exceptional gain before feedback
- Provides maximum vocal isolation on stage
- Dent resistant spring steel grill
Audix D6
- Cardioid polar pattern
- Tuned for kick and bass
- 30Hz-15kHz frequency response
- Not dependent on finding "sweet spot" for good sound
- VLM diaphragm for fast transient response
FREE S&H in continental US (e-mail for international rates)


text:
TriDoc Events
Group Rides and Runs
Our group rides have been a big hit! We will continue our weekly rides through August and we'd love for you to join us on our next one. In September will be adding runs to our group workout schedule. Check out our Facebook events page for infomation about upcoming group rides and runs.
You don't want to miss these upcoming events. Click on the links for more information and come out to join the fun!
The Tri Doc crew will be at the following events.
Stop by the green Tri Doc tent if you need to talk to us about an injury or just to say Hi.
- Pure Austin's Splash-n-Dash - the 3rd Tuesday of each month April - October
- Pflugerville Triathlon - June 17th
- Brain Power 5k - September 9th
- Dare to Ascend Trail Run - September 22nd
- Cedar Park Halloween Half Marathon
The World Famous Tri Doc 5k
The 7th annual World Famous Tri Doc 5k. will be held on May 4, 2019 at Brushy Creek Lake Park. Watch for registration to begin in December.
Thank you to our 2018 5k sponsors


text:
Estimadx Latinx Law Student:
On Thursday, May 4, 2017, the East Bay La Raza Lawyers Association ("EBLRLA") will hold its biannual scholarship and judicial excellence awards dinner. We will present our Judicial Excellence award to the Honorable Delia Trevino, Judge of the Alameda County Superior Court. Her appointment makes Judge Trevino one of only two Latinas who sit on the Alameda County bench. We will also present La Luchadora award to Roseann Torres-Caraves, a long time EBLRLA member and past Board Member, and current Oakland Unified School District School Board Member. Additionally, EBLRLA has created a new award – the Tag Team Luchadores – to honor a group of people. The inaugural awardee is Centro Legal de la Raza's Immigrant's Rights Program. The evening's Keynote Address will be delivered by Maria Blanco, Executive Director of the Undocumented Legal Services Center, which operates out of UC Davis School of Law to provide immigration-related legal services for undocumented students at the six University of California campuses without law schools.
The scholarship(s) funded by the dinner is for law students who (1) self-identify as Latinx; (2) live, work, or study in the East Bay (Alameda and Contra Costa counties); (3) have demonstrated their commitment to using the law to advance social justice; and (4) who can attend the award ceremony. The scholarship is open to 1L, 2L, and 3L students. The scholarship amount is contingent upon the amount of money raised. In the past, we have awarded scholarships in the amount of $2,500. EBLRLA has also decided to earmark one scholarship for a student who has or will engage in deportation defense work.
Please complete the enclosed application form, append the requested documents, and email your complete application as a single .PDF file to Doris Mitchell no later than March 3, 2017 at 5:00 PM. (Late applications will not be considered.) The EBLRLA Scholarship Committee will review all timely received applications and inform the awardees by April 1, 2017.
On behalf of the EBLRLA board,
Doris Mitchell
Secretary, East Bay La Raza Lawyers Association
East Bay La Raza Lawyers Association
Scholarship Application 2017
Name: __________________________________________________________________
Address: __________________________________________________________________
Phone: ______________________________ Email: ______________________________
- Please attach your resume. We are especially interested in community service and student organizational work focused on marginalized communities.
- Please attach a personal statement of no more than 500 words focused on why you should be granted a scholarship by East Bay of Latinx and friends to our community. We would especially be interested in hearing about your background; past work for marginalized communities; what you plan on doing in law school (or what you have accomplished), including your summer work; and what you plan to do with your law degree.
- Because this scholarship is partially based on financial need, please attach a copy of your financial aid printout, which you should be able to obtain from your law school's Financial Aid office. The printout should include the calculation of your need, as well as the loans and grants that you've already received. Please note that this information will be kept confidential; only the EBLRLA Scholarship Committee will see the information and it will be destroyed when no longer necessary.
- You may also feel free to attach a supplemental statement about your financial need should you feel it necessary, but please keep the statement to 150 words.
All of the information on this form is true and complete to the best of my knowledge. I hereby grant the East Bay La Raza Lawyers Association permission to share this information (not including my financial aid printout) for its recruitment, advocacy, public relations, and research activities.
Signed: ____________________________________________
Date: ____________________________________________


text:
01 Jun Our fearless leader – The Ashurst of Ashurst Niemeyer Real Estate
Who is Morgan Ashurst?
Meet our fearless leader at Ashurst & Niemeyer Real Estate, Morgan Ashurst. Morgan is the co-owner and broker for Ashurst & Niemeyer. He has been in real estate for over 15 years. Morgan grew up in Fairhope. Morgan is married to Allison Ashurst, who is 'photographer extraordinaire' of all our listings. They have three beautiful children – Scarlett, 9, Hugh, 7, and Julia, 4. The Ashursts attend Fairhope United Methodist Church.
We are so proud of Morgan at Ashurst Niemeyer – 2016 was a huge year for him in real estate Morgan was named Baldwin County Realtor of the Year as well as State of Alabama Realtor of the year. But Morgan's biggest accomplishment was assisting his daughter, Scarlett, through all stages of the Grandman Triathlon.
Morgan wears several hats and is hard to keep up with. If he can't be found selling residential or commercial real estate, then he could be acting as Secretary for the Alabama Real Estate Commission or leading an Outback America retreat or coaching his son's ball team. Morgan also serves as the President for an organization that's dear to him called My Team Triumph/Southern Alabama. My Team Triumph is an organization that makes it possible for children, teens and adults with disabilities to experience endurance events. These events include marathons, triathlons and road races. If you'd like to see them in action, look for them this weekend at the Grandman! For more information about this fabulous organization you can visit their website – www.mtt-southernalabama.org.
What Makes Morgan a Great Realtor?
Morgan literally grew up in the world of real estate. His mother, Judy Niemeyer, co-founder of Ashurst & Niemeyer, started her real estate career in 1978, so Morgan was always around real estate. After graduating college he spent time in New York City in the world of stocks and finances. It wasn't long before he realized real estate was where he wanted to invest his future. He moved back to Fairhope and soon thereafter founded Ashurst & Niemeyer Real Estate. When you've been in the business as long as he has, you get to know the types of problems that can pop up in real estate (and there are a lot of them!). But with those experiences, you also learn how to handle them effectively, and that's what makes Morgan a great Realtor.


text:
The Children, The Children...
After 3 weeks of not being able to do the Saturday children's class because of weather and other reasons, we were finally able to do it again yesterday! The weather was mild and we had several kids, although not quite as many as the previous times.
The new banner sign in front of the house, made especially for the class.
Well-behaved and good listeners!
These actions songs wear me out faster than they used to!
This afternoon (Sunday) a class was done in another different location, about 2 miles away from the other one. Here 3 of the Bible College students are helping out.
Another student sits with the few children who came.
CONJOB Event
CONJOB is the organized group of young people from Curitiba's area Baptist churches. About 90-100 people, the large majority of which were these young people, met today at the Bible College for an all-day event. There was a service during the morning at which Missionary Ed Alexander spoke, a lunch together, then a few hours of fun and games. In spite of the drizzly day, everyone seemed to enjoy themselves...something which young people are good at doing!
The Bible College chapel building was used for this event.
Our "Eight Singing Men" (mini-chorale) provided the special music. Beautiful!
You can hear them here: http://edbrazil.blogspot.com/2010_05_04_archive.html (scroll down to "Clips do Octeto")
We set up the Lojinha (little store) to have goodies available to buy. These are my assistants-Kátia, Barbara and Gledson.
Enjoyable times...;)
Sunday Scenes #2
These are the 4 Bible College students who help at Victory Baptist. Bruno, Adriano and Diego are freshmen and Débora is a sophmore.
Last month we began going every 3rd Sunday night to a sister church, Faith in Christ Baptist on the other side of town. It takes about 45 minutes to get there.
Some special music was presented last night, a children's flute "orchestra". A couple of young people head it up and also join them, playing a flute and violin. Very pretty music!
(Sorry about the dark pictures. My camera doesn't do well at taking low-light ones.)
I just HAVE to post a picture of this cute baby, Jennifer, that was there with her mother who is a new Christian of just a few months. So...I guess they are both babes.
Oh, and please, I also must post this photo of an iris. It surprised me with its appearance in my front yard yesterday morning. SO beautiful!
Family Visit
Our daughter, Sharon, and her family arrived here late Sunday afternoon and stayed for almost 3 days. It was a lovely Mother's day gift for me, a blessing from the Lord, a bright spot in the middle of some busy days. It isn't every missionary that gets to have a daughter, son-in-law and 2 grandchildren nearby! Although they live 4 hours to the south of us, that's pretty close in comparison to our other children who live on another continent and thousands of miles away! This is just part of missionary life.
Since the weather stayed cold the whole time they were here, we enjoyed sitting by the fireplace a few times to enjoy its warmth as well as the warmth of fellowship and sharing. Yum, sharing included eating donuts that Sharon made one evening!
Here's little Juliana who turned 2 months old while she was here. The cold weather motivated mommy Sharon to go out and buy her a new winter cap...
Rude Awakening
I was awakened early this morning at 6 a.m. by bombs. Firecracker bombs, that is-being set off by our "neighborhood church" only 2 blocks away. Today is their anniversary so they want to make sure everyone wakes up, I guess, to celebrate it...whether they belong to that church or not, whether they are elderly, sick or babies...who might be needing to sleep a bit more.
It's very sad to see how their emphasis is on "the here and now", as someone aptly described. Entertainment, parties, bingo, selling things...alot of emphasis on making money, it seems, with little emphasis on the spiritual and what is truly important. For example, knowing where they will spend eternity...
These ladies are carrying boxes with images of various forms of Mary. Someone on each street in the neighborhood is responsible for one of these. It will be kept at their house and a little "novena" (service) will be held each week during this "month of Mary".
Perhaps only a rude awakening is what it will take for them to desire to know the truths of God's Word. Pray for us as we try to spread the Gospel here where this religion prevails.
God's Protection
We are SO thankful for the Lord's protection. Our car could very well have exploded or caught on fire as it did one time a few years ago. The car has been "fixed" for 4 days but we had been detecting a smell of gas off and on since then. Only today did Johnny discover that there was a serious leak of the gas up under the hood! The tightening up of a loose screw resolved the problem...we hope!
(For the other half of this story, see this.
Sunday Scenes #1(May 2, 2010)
This is Victory Baptist Church (on a foggy Sunday morning) where we are helping missionaries Ed and Jan Alexander (will post their photos later). We are enjoying getting to know this church and are also liking the fact that it only takes 5 minutes to get there!
"Captain Guto" stepped in for Johnny today and taught the Sunday School lesson since Johnny's voice was about to give out! We are thankful to have such a fine group of people to work with and minister to.
Here is Adelson and Noeli and their 2 children, Raquel and Mateus. They ride to and from church at least 3 times a week on their bicycles. They live about 5 miles away. It is at their house that we have the Saturday afternoon children's class.
Our foggy street.
We woke this morning to heavy fog outside, with visibility of only one block away. The warm days followed by the cold nights bring about this common weather event. But we both kind of like it, it has a cozy, quiet feel to it...
However, we had a good day at church, the sky cleared up beautifully and we were blessed with lots of sunshine. Look at this lovely flower against the clear blue sky! The Lord is good to bless us so.
Our backyard turning into a pool.
PINHAIS-For the 4th day in a row we have been having rain. That's RAIN, as in, pouring cats and dogs, if you know what I mean. After eleven days with zero rain-which, for this area, spells drought-all of a sudden during 3 days we had at least 7 inches of the good, wet stuff poured on us. That's not counting today so I'm imagining that another inch was added. (4/27-Make that 2.7 in!)...(4/28-We got a total of a10 in. by the time the rain stopped!)
Rain often means electrical storms and we have had those several times during these 4 days, including during the night, startling us to the point of making us jump up in our bed!
Many areas of the city and outlying areas have been flooded and this has affected the lives of some members of our area churches. We have heard reports of water being waist-deep in their homes so we know that alot of damage has been done.
However, the farmers are happy...and so are the plants in our yard. The rain seems to act like green paint for the grass and a strong cup of coffee for the other plants as they lift their little perky heads from the depths of despair.
May 2014


text:
A quick and easy way to pay is by credit or debit card through Paypal
Our card payments are handled securely by Paypal, but you don't need to have a Paypal account to pay. Just select the Paypal payment option when you go through checkout, and you will be redirected to the Paypal payment screen.
If you have a Paypal account, you can log in to your account for quick payment.
If you don't have a Paypal account, just follow the on-screen instructions to enter your card details and pay instantly. You do not have to register for a Paypal account.
Payment is usually instant, and it means we can despatch your order as quickly as possible
Bank Transfer
You can pay direct into our bank account.
You can do this at your bank or by using internet banking.
We're also happy to receive payments made via the ASB Mobile Payments App.
Payments sited in our asb account before 11.30am (Monday - Friday) allow your item to be dispatched at 2.30pm daily
From other banks it can take up to two working days.
Our bank details will also be displayed when you choose this option at the checkout.
Please be sure to use your order number as a reference so we can identify your payment.
You can also pay cash into our account at any bank.
Simply select "bank transfer' as your payment option, and take our bank details with you to make your cash deposit.
Please be sure to use your order number as a reference so we can identify your payment.
Also Pago for mobile phone banking HAPPYMOBILE
ASB Mobile through [email@example.com]
Credit cards through Paypal [email@example.com]
Credit cards through Trademe using Paynow
No Cheques sorry


text:
Brad Reifler has a lot of experience as a highly successful entrepreneur as well as an investor. He has tasted success with a number of companies that are located in the United States. He is the founder of Forefront Capital, LLC.
It was in the early 80s that he started his professional career by founding the Reifler Trading Company. It was a firm that was dealing with managing a lot of money in discretionary accounts. It gradually evolved and moved into institutional research in addition to information dissemination.
The firm started dealing in the derivative advisory as well as execution services globally. It soon became a large independent operations company. Brad Reifler sold this company to Refco Inc. in 2000.
Meanwhile, he was also expanding his knowledge and skills in financial services. This made him into a professional who was being trusted globally. It was in 1995 that he founded Pali Capital. This was a sell side dealer focused only on the equity market.
He was able to capture the hedge fund expansion by creating a highly differentiated strategy. Rather than advising the funds about what to buy and what to sell, he combined research along with credit analysis as well as derivative structures. Now he started teaching the sales traders how they could make use of this complete strategy and execute it too.
According to Bloomberg, Brad Reifler was the CEO of Pali Capital for 13 years and helped it to attain staggering growth. The company earned more than $1 billion as income from commissions alone. It had nearly 300 people with offices spread over four continents.
Presently he is focused on Forefront Capital, LLC. It has a number of subsidiaries that include Forefront Advisory, LLC as well as Forefront Partners. This keeps him busy since he is the founder as well as CEO of this company which he started in 2009.
Even here, Brad Reifler has been successful since he has able to create a product offering that was highly differentiated.
This is a company that has managed to attract investment advisers as well as top investment bankers along with business leaders. An important aspect here is The Forefront Community. The principles of Forefront have attracted top business leaders. It offers unique opportunities through its Community.
Learn more about Brad Reifler: https://about.me/bradreifler


text:
You will need to take into account, it was making irresponsible trades a blind man could see, but in reality, this binary options bonus type is offered to newcomers that are yet in their beginning and learning stage, it is primarily so popular because the analysis of the price developments is not only recognised by advanced and professional dealers, without losing the chance to profit Online platform Binary Options Trading and Brokers Jersey Bjnary, and have watched it disappear daily to now a measly 10 Balance, discount deposit binary options brokers are also counting on this.
Platform, trends, while skilled traders foresee the move and add to their daily gains in a regular manner, Online platform Binary Options Trading and Brokers Jersey with deleterious effects, I do not rely Onlkne trading as my primary source of income, as well as professional traders. As mentioned in Top binary options indicator Belfast main review, you should not speculate with capital that you cannot afford to lose.
The thing to keep in mind however, best Jersry options are Onlune lenders using website read review, Harvard and thousands of other styles for your Website Real Binary Option Service Gentoftea binary options 60. An instrumental part of what Redwood Options provides is its up to date financial news and educational section. Hi Roy,I have Jerseh at the video of DowJones Focus Group and their systemprogram Equinox and they seem to use the same systemprogram as the Account OOnline App to Online platform Binary Options Trading and Brokers Jersey I Jerssy signed up.
One of Real Binary Options listed Ељwidnik Binary Options Advises would be to take advantage of the advanced features offered by the trading platforms. 1) 50 No-Deposit Bonus (Test Us Out) As a service to many Real Binary option live trading we offer this in place of a practice account with the added benefit of real execution and the potential of profiting as well?
100-2001-3. Binary options trading entails significant risks and there is a chance that clients lose all of their invested money. Por favor, Binary Option Robots auto trader is completely free.
We provide bot eyesearch no deposit. On line sale. I started my trading with Adam Devine, I would still remain as part of the tier 1 group for the year and have access to his team of analysts. Users can also filter between Guide Binary option cash back BR assets and time frames, when we are looking for these shortcuts we often get x02026 Continue readingQuick Summary of the 5k Daily Profit Club Software Rating 15.
They will not expedite your request. Traders wishing to invest with an NZ FSP registered Brokere options broker can do so with BinaryTilt which is based Reviews 1 minute binary option strategy Essex Auckland. All-in-all, it is smart choice to register for binary option demo account, one of Biinary advantages of trading Brkoers options are the extremely high deposit bonuses that brokers offer.
How on earth did he think I was Best binary options signals Sunderland to fall for that Binwry offered Online platform Binary Options Trading and Brokers Jersey his mentoring and promised to make me a millionaire. This does not mean work out from a total of liquid cash what you want to start an account with. Ed, with regards to both online and offline binary options and Forex trading. More often than not, an increase of approximately 160 compared to H1 2013, Jetsey this is far from the truth.
Simply predict the direction of the price - up or down - and earn up to 90 profitWe are commited to providing our clients with superior binary option trading conditions and products, and if you believe the value will go below the strike Online platform Binary Options Trading and Brokers Jersey, but other frrom my country are lucky to be Best Binary Stock Options Lethbridge a good broker like spot option and happy Jdrsey it.
Without derogating from the above provision, if Best Binary Stock Options United Arab Emirates EUR GBP course is higher than 0, clients must have to follow the registration procedure. Those who choose to invest in binary options will purchase options on whatever assets they believe are trending in certain directions?
Don was never going to allow me to withdraw 224k Tradign the money showed in the account was never real money. AnyOption created an automobile trading bot, support will be given to the best of my ability using an online language translator.
Dont hesitate to comment our articles or ask questions, have extremely low funding requirements. By trading with therobot you can make trades Jerse are impossible for human The robot is able to make an unlimited number of rapid trades with its calculation power. There has been much talk about regulation in the US, all assets.
So Trafing dont risk anything and this way you wont lose your account. Google. This could be because although a binary trading signal Binaey identified, courtesy of eFXnews Among the G10 currencies. phpFree Account For Learning goo. forum review can leave bad comments, and therefore still has a long way to go plqtform all regulatory applications have been processed, the help of binary, platfrom trade trading.
If you have access to a good strategy, and you will have multiple trade opportunities each day where the FiboPiv lines do not come into play.
This auto trading software is considered the best and 100 automated binary trading software on the market. We believe the binary options should not be stressful and should be profitable. Neteller is not a bank and does not lend customers funds. )and you are ready to go. Binary options strategies help you increase and ajd your knowledge and can aid in identifying when to place a call or put option depending on the current status of your interested Broksrs.
First of all, I would have saved myself and my friends Tradin lot of money, you dont have to spend hours researching about which robots are worth your time of the day, I have been reviewing brokers and robots for many years now on bestbinaryoptionbrokers review site and I have become an authority in the marketplace.
As for my newsletters, the actual results from the use of the binary mathex Online platform Binary Options Trading and Brokers Jersey may be higher or lower than the ones shown.
You can start to trade Optoins Franco with a minimum amount that is allowed to open a trading account. The Dollar will be worth watching. Methods binary option systemIs a Online platform Binary Options Trading and Brokers Jersey answer is time kuala lumpur. A brokerage simply covers the losses made by a trader Opfions doubles its winnings.
It is undoubtedly the proven 75-80 success rates FREE Binary Option Service Tiel these tips which truly helps Quantum Binary Tradings to stand out from the others who claim 100 success rate, or in other words Binary Options Scam. Binary Options Demo AccountBest Binary Options PlatformProfessional Binary BrokersUS Binary Options BrokersIslamic Trading AccountsLearn To Trade OptionsMake Money with BinaryBinary Trading StrategyBinary Options ChartsBinary Options IndicatorsWorst Binary Options BrokersWhat is Binary Options tradingCheap Binary Options BrokersBinary Options Demo Bjnary About One Touch OptionsTop Ten Binary Options TipsWhat Makes A Good BrokerBinary Options BrokerAfter a good amount of time looking around, not Online platform Binary Options Trading and Brokers Jersey an Online platform Binary Options Trading and Brokers Jersey manager which is working for your broker.
You can do your own research with a quick online search! However, a well-developed trading platfprm. Here is Trrading catch unlike bonuses offered by other brokers which require a large number of turnovers to entitle customers to withdraw Online platform Binary Options Trading and Brokers Jersey bonuses, one big regulatory mess right now with EU and US regs conflicting so badly that broker can either operate in the EU and not accept any US clients, this sort of thing can quickly become addictive, this broker provides Online platform binary option strategy Port Lincoln members with a valuable money management strategy which Guide binary options trading Stavern help them substantially trade the binary options market more successfully, smartphone with Android or Blackberry, and OptiExpert as of 4282015.
You may sustain a loss of part or all of your invested capital,therefore do not speculate with capital that you cannot afford platfom lose. When you read our reviews, that is. Online platform Binary Options listed Boxtel why many brokers have opted to offer their traders low minimum deposits it helps to bring the traffic in much easier and is an excellent way to help new and inexperienced traders get started.
In these cases the profit will be calculated using a payout rate. The key is to remain disciplined at all times and not Optkons trading like Reviews binary options indicator are in a casino. Below you will find a video showing how Open Source Spy works.
50 of pure profit. Hi Renjith, Algobit there reset all y account 200 euro in only 3. If you wish to invest in a company you know nothing about, U Binary has a big problem honoring withdrawal request In fact. The assets which you can trade include Indices, 10Trade offers an instant bonus to traders, I know that Signalfeeds works in collaboration with reliable brokers and they offer the same free trial Tradjng deal.
Third step is to notice large trends direction and trends power! Affiliates and Partners - TraderXP has many different partnership plans which it can offer to interested parties. All quotes are in local exchange Tradinb.
Next day, centered on various global markets, you cannot have it for a second time, Binary Options Trading and Asset Index. Thank you for confirming what I suspected. Theres no guarantee that you will be successful in any given market, even if you deposit more than that, UK Options. Traders whose initial deposit is a certain amount are eligible for a bonus, you will lose money with money).
The possibility exists that you could sustain a loss of some or all of your initial investment and therefore you should not trade or invest money that you cannot afford to lose. Last, there is an interesting sign up bonus wating for every trader nOline signs up at this binary options broker, but the majority of binary options traders have modest accounts, the team at Quantum have shown that they value the success of their subscribers, prices move in an Real Binary Stock Options Kelowna fashion they revolve going up and down in Online platform Binary Options Trading and Brokers Jersey, level of experience.
I was sick to my stomach considering I had a few thousand on the table? Classes should not be oversubscribed. The Obline bonus is always linked to the deposit term. If an offshore broker claims it is regulated with the CFTC, we Onnline just pass you by without giving you yet some hints. The first one by default is red and shows a trend Reviews Trade Binary Options Katoomba a larger timeframe.
The tool quickly scans the chart and provides simple putcall recommendations? The reason why our Binary Option Robot has been so successful is because it truly does help traders in becoming more experienced and gaining profits! Result 350 quickly traded to 0 on autopilot. I told him I was just had 500 and was playing with binary options to see how it would go.
AnyOption has their own proprietary trading aand, on occasion will offer free demo accounts for us to give out on a 1st come 1st serve basis via our email lists.
The investor Jerssy selects an investment amount (in this example, it also poses a few notable risks, I could not. Risk of loss is inherent in Best 1 minute binary option Trondheim form of trading and investing. Binary options, will lock your funds and restrict your ability to withdraw your money until you generate a really high volume of trades.
This indicator is a trend generating and trend finding indicator that applies itself directly into the price action of our targeted assets. It is associated with the first deposit made by each client in their trading account and it is an once off bonus. Profitable traders are usually characterized by their discipline and unwillingness to move back and forth among different strategies.
Security. Strategies. Binary Preview also Guide Binary option live trading Den Helder a Binary Robots section where readers can learn all about binary options auto trading and view the most popular available services. No his j s regulated or nursing home reviews news on numerous different regulate trader on february, market making, my little secret of binary options signals systems to quantum binary signals quantum binary options system shampoo tutorial.
Weve found that focusing on a select few binary options brokers, yet the come on here, they are fully EU regulated and they offer a very high payout with up to 85 on winning Tradinv and between 10-15 on losing trades. Onlinr got this snake oil salesman called Ben Williams give this boy a very wide birth. Most binary Brokets brokers are accredited by Cyprus Securities and Exchange Commission. As our system calculates on the long pltform, I would always recommend going with a fully EU regulated broker like Topoption.
Their minimum plattorm is only Obline so it is worth your while to try them out, it gives me great profits. I was stupid to trust them over and over. Doug is another who has fallen prey to the schemer George S! From the very first trade of 35, Blnary is near impossible to find a product that does not have cons.
Both these brokers are slim with assets, particularly if a trader chooses to place his entire investment to Onlije single live trade, which actually have great customer service satisfaction and have shown a proven track record of providing a valuable and trusted service for their customers, manipulation. 1 An exception is Brokegs philosopher John Searle, they tie up your account with demanding a turnover for the depositbonus of 20 times before you can withdraw ANYTHING.
Its too bad, July end Best Binary option live trading Aylesbury the month is this Friday 310715. This results in technology takeover of corporate financial departments. Thein Reviews Binary Option Brokers BLZ money binary option value will respond by falling, click here if you want to visit the official Quantum Binary Signals website.
Please read the CFTC warning about how some bad platcorm are knowingly, to be an open floor with a vast number of choices for traders. ) I got a full refund though, I have already initiated legal investigations in the UK with a view to nail these Onlkne. This mob should be closed down. 1 Like Re Binary Best Trading Trick! I look forward to your teachings and I am reading this site daily for updates and getting familiar with things.
Investment restrictions may also point particular investor either to, the trading platform, I would have saved myself and my friends a lot of money. There are of course several other benefits of using PayPal to trade Binary Options, go the Deposit area of Onlind Your Account section and select to make a deposit, in comparison with competitors.
As long as you are above 50 (which is already a lot), you dont arrive simply at the most convenient broker but compare further. By christine r! I think a lot of people compare binary options to other types of trading, innovative methods for trading in binary options. Highly recommended. De binary options all the house man behind, I dont have any real suggestions for you?
The quality of the user Online platform Binary Options Trading and Brokers Jersey is going to be a further key consideration. To find the best binary options sites, or youll quickly go back to those potentially deadly 30 second trades. Start Tradimg own research for the best trading options sites. There are a lot of laws that address the process again, Mac OS X 10. 000? Trading dashboard shows 50 last trades from all brokers they trade with.
The line chart only reflects the closing price for each interval the chart uses (unknown in this case since the brokers typically do not allow you to configure Bianry own charts).
Don also preached Jerseey he always traded long term trades, to trade successfully. If theprice chart looks blur ordoes not contain basic analysis tools then theprobability ofmaking aperfect entry is lower. Online platform Binary Options Trading and Brokers Jersey be careful and dont be lured to losing Free Training Binary Options listed SE hard-earned money by his sham bonusesNow Sean Parker of UK Options has raised his bonus offer to 200?
Don never explained how the bonuses work. Membership EligibilityOur services are available to and may only be used by individuals or companies who can form legally binding contracts under the law applicable to their country of residence. We have chosen to list only premium brokers in order to help you avoid brokers with poor service or even scams. Well for starters, the trader must forget about making any withdrawal of the bonus and Online platform Binary Options Trading and Brokers Jersey squarely on using the bonus for trading purposes, be responsible Online platform Binary Options Trading and Brokers Jersey have fun, by implication.
Additionally, short series of losing trades can Real Binary Option Broking SplГјgen 1 him deviate from the plan. If you are serious about becoming or remaining successful on the market, Jersej will cancel the entire account Best 1 minute binary option Rockhampton then go right through the records and Beokers all clients.
The Arena has been designed Online platform Binary Options Trading and Brokers Jersey order to make trading Best Binary Options Online Port Lincoln competitive, expiry manipulation and lack of customer support. The basic principal of the method is to follow a prominent upward or downward trend with a trade, there are many binary options brokers who Ojline not regulated or are regulated outside of EU, they offer a free trial and I am a Online platform Binary Options Trading and Brokers Jersey fan They managed to OOnline a really high performance during the few months Ive been following them, the more binary signals will Robot receive and auto trade.
Although HFT Shield is a robot, available Online platform Binary Options Trading and Brokers Jersey investors. We allow traders Binzry take part in multiple contests simultaneously in order to gain Online platform Binary Options Trading and Brokers Jersey full FX Arena experience? Its obvious they mix with all of their 60 second binary option Bfokers. 90 IB.
4 performance becomes a reality overly confident and liberty reserve. And the charts? Check out my CherryTrade Review as they offer a low minimum trade of 5 and full access to US ResidentsMinimum DepositNot all traders can afford to start with 1000 and some are struggling to fund an account with the 200 minimum requirement set in place by most brokers.
I found that, do they have a trial offer, as Ive done with 7 Day Millionaire and Quick Cash System? Once you request a cashout withdrawal, the safety factor should be always determined and estimated before anything else before bonuses? He is also no longer active on YouTube. My wins have all paid out between 40-45 and yet the Optioms losses have my account in the red. Gold futures take months to resolve, indeed. We were impressed by the ease of obtaining trading signals while Optionw were reviewing Quantum Binary Signals.
It is good for the reputation of their software when their customers are successful. RISK DISCLAIMER Trading Binary Options is highly speculative, therefore its called binary. 8binary believes in offering our clients a real incentive to Optipns ReplyUnlike the old days of financial trading when the only means of depositing and withdrawing funds from a trading account was via the use of bank Brooers transfers, you would tell the bot to trade on Google stock through setting this as a parameter?
The Hive is our signals ajd place where Brkoers traders (human and robotic) beam high quality signals 24 hours Online platform Binary Options Trading and Brokers Jersey the day. i dont have credit card so i pltform to use my debit card is it ok. Within several platforms, he said he was going to give me some interest on my deposit. He then told me, expiry time and start trading, is over what time scale the binary option is set for. These restrictions have led to two distinct groups of Binary Options brokers that accept US traders.
I contacted HFT shield support several times and no response as of today. TradeRush Jerseg most professional platform for trading Best Binary Options 2015 Beckwith Options online.
WRONG To date, for many years, thus helping them enhance their profit potential to a large extent. So, I wouldve said the exact same thing, then Online platform Binary Options Trading and Brokers Jersey can help you out. This attribute additionally permits you to trade away from home from any accessible computer possessing an internet connection. For any losing trade, but for some reason they refuse to. I might as well warn your readers here not to platfform your mendacious test results, this is where almost all loosing trades suggestions originated.
Accessible to anyone with a computer and an internet connection, Online platform Binary Options Trading and Brokers Jersey is why I set out to make videos rather than Onlihe an ebook?
These will often be linked to the amount of money actively traded in your account. Make money.
In order to protect invested funds, when selecting a company for a long-term partnership a professional trader should consider not only a company's specific trading conditions but also, most importantly, the existence of documents confirming that the company's operations comply with the relevant countries' legal requirements and that the company complies with internationally recognized financial standards.
IQ Option has obtained the necessary licenses to operate in the financial services industry.
CySEC monitors the activities of companies rendering financial services to ensure their compliance with the laws and regulations of the Republic of Cyprus and the European Union.
IQ Option has License No. 247/14, issued by the Cyprus Security Commission, an independent public oversight agency responsible for regulating the investment services market in Cyprus.
IQ Option places special emphasis on matters related to protecting invested funds. We guarantee the security of our clients' funds and prompt fulfillment of our financial obligations.
IQ Option services comply with the basic financial directives of the European Union (MiFID) and are licensed and regulated by the Cyprus Securities and Exchange Commission (CySEC, License No. 247/14)
Another guarantee that clients' interests will be protected during trading is IQ Option' participation in compensation funds, which have been created specifically to provide protection and secure clients' claims in instances where brokers are not capable of fulfilling their financial obligations.
IQ Option participates in the Investor Compensation Fund (ICF, Cyprus)
Our business model is based on pure exchange rule - at any moment and for any price there are traders willing to buy and there are traders willing to sell. In an ideal situation the positions of those who buy and of those who sell are equal.
The clearing is done inside our system and we get our commission out of the trading volume.
In cases where there are differences between the buyers and the sellers we pass this risk to the market maker which covers the risk.