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Climate Change in Point Hope, Alaska. Strategies for Community Health. ANTHC Center for Climate and Health
- Cordelia Fitzgerald
- 3 years ago
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1 Climate Change in Point Hope, Alaska Strategies for Community Health ANTHC Center for Climate and Health Funded by
2 Report prepared by: Michael Brubaker, MS (Lead Author) James Berner, MD Jacob Bell, MS John Warren, PE Alicia Rolin ANTHC Advisors: Tim Gilbert MPH Jeff Smith MS Mike Bradley DVM MPH Kathy Graves PhD Steve Weaver PE Gary Ferguson ND Jennifer Johnson MPH Desirae Roehl Troy Ritter MPH Aaron Wernham MD MPH Funded by United States Indian Health Service Cooperative Agreement No. AN 08-X59 Special thanks to the many people who assisted this project: Annabelle Alvite David Atkinson Lillian Alyssa Lee Anne Ayers Susan Beck Matthew Bergen Melissa Boney Carl Borash Gordon Brower Jill Brubaker Caroline Cannon John Chase David Christie Louie Commack Sally Cox Ben Crosby Amy Davenport Michelle Davis Jeffrey Demain Heather Dingman Michael Dirks Liz Dowd David Driscoll Doug Drum Darcy Dugan Laura Eichelberger Hajo Eicken Ian Ehrlich Jim Evak Courtney Flint Berit Arnestad Foote Andrew Frankson Teddy Frankson Connie Fredenberg Charlie Gregg Yuri Gorokhovich Kyla Hagen Clark Hanfield Millie Hawley Stan Hawley Jack H ebert Tom Hennessey Grant Hildreth Helena Hildreth Jackie Hill Larry Hinzman Amy Holman Eldon Hunnicutt Willard Hunnicutt Irving Igtanloc Troy Izatt Anore Jones David Kang Andy Kliskey Angie Koonook Ray Koonuk Sr. Mida Koenig Danny Lane Rachael Lee Anthony Leiserowitz Cindy Lincoln John Lingaas Harry Lind Eva Long James Magdanz Ingemar Mathiasson Molly McCammon Jim Magdanz Tina Moran Steve Oomittuk Tom Okleasik Iris Oktolik Bessie O Rourke Reggie Ovick Toren MaCarthy Florence Mitchell Alan Parkinson Sverre Pedersen Jackie Poston Dan Rinella Stephanie Rolin Bruce Richmond Barrett Ristroph Vladamir Romanovski Scott Rupp Cheryl Rosa Daisy Sage Bob Schaffer Bruce Sexauer Mark Shasby Martha Shulski Robbin Garber-Slaght Hazel Smith Fred Sorensen Ellen Sovalik Kimberly Stone Scott Sharp Kurt Schmidt Stanley Tomaszewski Joe Towksjhea Sarah Trainer Lily Tuzroyluke Cathy Villa Hiram Walker John Walsh Jeff Welker Dan White Siikauraq Martha Whiting Charles Wohlforth Lloyd Vincent Kenji Yoshikawa Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium (ANTHC), August 2010
3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Summary 1 Introduction 3 Community Profile 4 Temperature and Precipitation 7 Sea Level 11 Erosion 15 Permafrost 17 Snow and Ice 19 Water and Sanitation 21 Food Safety and Security 25 Conclusion 27 Figures 1. Map of Maniilaq Service Area 4 2. Map of Point Hope Area 5 3. Aerial Photograph of Point Hope Area, Google Earth 6 4. Historic & Projected Temperature, Point Hope, Alaska 8 5. Projected Average Monthly Precipitation, Point Hope, Alaska 9 6. Potentially Submerged Areas Due to Sea Level Rise at Pt. Hope Potentially Submerged Areas Due to Storm Surge at Pt. Hope Number of times operators clean filters per day Tigara Peninsula Lake Changes 23 Appendices A Point Hope Participants/Project Collaborators 32 B Point Hope Climate and Health Web Resources 33 C. Point Hope Health Effect Severity/Vulnerability Table 34 D. General Climate Change Adaptation Guidelines 35 References 36 Through adaptation, negative health effects can be prevented. Cover Art: Whale Bone Mask by Larry Adams
4 SUMMARY On a narrow promontory extending far out into the Chukchi Sea, the village of Point Hope enjoys one of the finest locations in Alaska for the harvest of subsistence resources, including fish, marine mammals, birds and caribou. This amazing place has allowed the Inupiat of Point Hope to flourish for centuries, and it is one of the oldest continuously occupied communities in Alaska. But it is also one of the most exposed, vulnerable to the full force of coastal storms and the constant shaping of the land by the wind and the sea. Shore erosion and the risk of flooding has forced relocation in the past. Today with the added pressure of climate change, Point Hope continues its struggle with increased urgency; against erosion and against other new emerging challenges to the community, the culture, and to public health. Weather archive data from the 1930s show a gradual increase in temperature and precipitation in Point Hope. By 2061 to 2070, climate models suggest that average July temperatures will have increased by approximately 2 F and December temperatures by 22 F. Increases in precipitation are projected for every month except June, as is a drier summer with broad impacts to wildlife, vegetation. The rate of shoreline erosion is increasing due to changes in timing of ocean freezing and thawing, delays in the development of shore-fast ice, and increases in the intensity of storms. Flooding has been prevented through village relocation and beach berm construction. Despite these efforts, Point Hope continues to be vulnerable to storm surges and ice jams, with both the air strip and overland evacuation route at risk. It is projected that the mean sea level could cover much of the Point Hope Peninsula within 50 to 100 years. Changes in weather and ice conditions are causing delays to subsistence activities, including the timing of spring whale and walrus hunts. Ice conditions have been inadequate in recent years to provide haul-out platforms for walrus, or for hunters to clean bowhead whales. Shore ice has become unstable, putting hunters at greater risk for injury. In the spring of 2008, shore-fast ice broke free, casting Point Hope whaling crews and camps adrift, and requiring a helicopter rescue from Barrow. Hunters are also observing changes in wildlife. Hungry polar bears have begun to frequent Point Hope, becoming a nuisance and a public safety concern. Warm summer temperatures are providing opportunities for invasive species to become established and in some instances to interfere with subsistence activities. Ravens and gull populations are increasing and interfering with summer fish camp activities. Beaver are changing the river system and increasing the Protection of human life and health is the top priority. 1
5 risk of waterborne disease. New salmon species are being harvested, presenting a positive new subsistence opportunity. Three issues were identified that are of special public health concern: first, the permafrost that cools traditional underground food storage cellars is thawing, and there are currently no community alternatives for storage of whale meat and blubber. Secondly, warming is contributing to changes in 7 Mile Lake, the community drinking water source. Temperature influenced blooms of organic material have clogged water filters, adversely affecting water treatment. Thirdly, the community is increasingly vulnerable to flooding, due to storm intensity, erosion and late freeze up. The airstrip and 7 Mile road are also vulnerable. Emergency planning should continue to address these vulnerabilities, encourage early warning systems for storm events and ensure that evacuation routes and adequate shelter is available in a safe location. Point Hope would benefit from increased participation in weather, coastal zone and wildlife observation and monitoring programs, expanded collaborations with researchers, and increased local capacity for climate change coordination and management. Through such efforts, informed decision-making can occur within local government to address vulnerabilities, and to adapt to climate change impacts. Point Hope Alaska Mike Brubaker, 2009 Traditional values should guide local and regional decision making. 2
6 INTRODUCTION Climate change refers to any change in climate over time, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity (IPCC, 2008). Climate is changing rapidly in the Northwest Arctic and leadership organizations seek better information about impacts and vulnerabilities, so that adaptive measures can be developed. This includes new approaches for developing health infrastructure and providing health services and health care. The twelve Northwest Arctic communities receive health services from Maniilaq Association, the regional tribal health consortium for the Northwest Arctic (Figure 1). The community of Point Hope is located at the western most point on the northwest Alaska coast (Figure 2). Life in Point Hope revolves around the harvest of sea mammals: walrus, seal, and, most importantly, whale. In 2009, many things are the same as they have been for thousands of years; whaling crews and their families spend months preparing for the spring hunt, repairing skin boats and wooden sleds, mending clothing and tents, sharpening harpoons, and preparing underground food cellars for storage of meat and blubber. But whaling, like other aspects of life in Point Hope, is changing. In almost every month the air temperature is warmer. Sea ice is diminishing, making travel and hunting more difficult and dangerous. New species of plants, fish, birds, and other wildlife are becoming increasingly common, while endemic species such as walrus are becoming increasingly rare. Land is thawing, washing away into the rivers or disappearing in great chunks into the Chukchi Sea. Warming water is causing blooms of algae in tundra ponds, changing the ecology and diminishing drinking water quality. These changes are influencing food and water security and the potential for disease and injury. They are also raising new concerns about the effects of life-altering change on the mental health of Arctic people. Many effects are negative, but some can be positive: new food resources, a shorter flu season, economic opportunity, and a lengthened season for making potable water. This project has recorded local observations, described climate relationships (where possible), and explored potential community health implications. It is hoped that this work will help facilitate informed decision-making, and the development of adaptive measures that will encourage a safe, healthy, and sustainable future for the people of Point Hope. 3 This report documents observed climate-related change in one community and evaluates potential effects on health. What occurred in the past is reported based on the record, and the recollection of Point Hope residents. What will happen in the future is unknown, and the reader is reminded that all predictions included in this report are subject to inherent uncertainty, and limited by the quality of data and the state of the science in this developing field of health impact assessment. Although there is good regional climate and general health data for the Maniilaq Area, local data is limited. Weather archives are incomplete, coastal erosion rates are outdated, permafrost measures are unavailable, and estimates of sea level change have not been performed. Local data was used when available, but the assessment was limited both by the data gaps and by the limitations of down scaling
7 Point Hope is located 330 miles southwest of Barrow and 180 miles north of Kotzebue. It is near the tip of Tigara Peninsula, a gravel spit that is the western most point on the Northwest Alaska coast (Figure 3). It is also within the boundaries of the North Slope Borough and receives health services from the Maniilaq Association. All other communities served by Maniilaq are located in the Northwest Arctic Borough. The Chukchi Sea surrounds the Point Hope promontory on three sides but the near shore waters are very shallow; up to five miles from the shore, the water reaches depths of only 60 feet. Tides do not have a direct impact on Point Hope, but strong ocean currents bring waters north through the Bering Strait. Sea ice can be present from October to early July. Sediments deposited by the Ipewik and Kukpuk branches of the Kuukpak River form beach ridges that extend into the sea in a triangular shape. The mountainous areas reach elevations of 1,000 to 2,000 feet in the Lisburne Hills to the north and the Kemegrak Hills to the south. Point Hope Chukchi Sea Figure 1. Map of Maniilaq Service Area. Kivalina Kotzebue Deering Noatak Buckland Maniilaq Service Area Kiana Noorvik Selawik Ambler Kobuk Shungnak COMMUNITY PROFILE from regional sources. The value of health indicators, such as incidence of heart disease or pneumonia, is difficult to gauge at the community level because small populations limit the statistical reliability. Anecdotal data was collected on the observations and experience from local experts in health, wildlife, whaling, Inupiat culture, weather, subsistence, education, sanitation, local governance, law enforcement, and emergency services (Appendix A). Predictions and projections on future conditions such as warming, flooding, and erosion are based on available information, and limited by the quality of current scientific data and the uncertainties inherent in climate models. 4
8 The Tigara (Tikeraq) Peninsula, named for the Inupiaq word for index finger, dates back to 600 B.C as one of the oldest continuously occupied Iñupiat marine mammal hunting communities in the Arctic. Commercial whaling came to Point Hope in the 1800s, including shore-based stations. For the next 100 years commercial whaling exerted a powerful influence on Point Hope, providing jobs, but also increasing exposure to western goods, technology, culture, and disease. The City of Point Hope was incorporated in The Native Village of Point Hope is the federally recognized tribal government. In 1990, Point Hope had a total population of 639. In 2000, the population was 757, with 91% Alaska Native. In 2000, 25.71% of the population was employed and 51.32% of adults were not in the workforce. The median household income was $63,125, per capita income was $16,641, and 14.83% of residents were living below the poverty level (DCCED, 2009). Most full-time employment is with the city, tribal and borough governments, or with Tikigaq, the local Alaska Native for-profit corporation formed under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. Chukchi Sea Point Hope Marryat Lagoon Tigara Peninsula Kukpuk River Lisburne Peninsula Chukchi Sea Aiautak Lagoon Figure 2. Map of Point Hope Area The storms are very scary. It is the lagoon side of town where the flooding can start, the sea washing into the lagoon. Lily Tuzroyluke 5
9 Figure 3. Map of Point Hope Area (Google Earth) Residents are active year-round with subsistence activities for seals, walrus, bowhead whales, beluga whales, caribou, polar bears, birds, fish and berries, greens, and other edible plants. Commercial fishing is limited; in 2000, only two residents held a commercial fishing permit. Whalebone masks, baleen baskets, ivory carvings, and Inupiat clothing are manufactured locally. Point Hope is a dry community, where the sale, importation or possession of alcohol is banned. A paved airstrip provides Point Hope s only year-round access. An overland evacuation route via the 7 Mile Road leads inland. Skiffs, skin boats, and snowmachines are used for local transportation and barges deliver goods during summer months. The North Slope Borough provides all utilities, and piped water and sewer is available for most residents. The water source is a tundra lake located seven miles from the town. The Tikigaq School provides K-12 education for approximately 223 students. The Point Hope Clinic is staffed by two community health aides and residents must travel about 150 miles by air to Kotzebue for the next level of primary care and some specialty care at the Kotzebue Hospital. Most specialty health care is provided at the Alaska Native Medical Center, located 540 air miles away in Anchorage. Last two years the polar bears started coming to town, hungry. It is really dangerous to walk out. Joe Towksjhea 6
10 Temperature Observed change: increasing variability and extremes; delayed freeze-up and early thaw. Health concerns: injury from extreme weather, increased cost for basic services. Projected change: warmer and more precipitation, winter temperatures above 0 F. Potential adaptation: improve local weather observations, injury prevention. In Point Hope, significant changes in temperature, precipitation, wind, and other indicators of climate change have been observed by local residents. This includes an increase in frequency of extreme weather and changes in seasonality, with spring thaw occurring earlier and the fall freeze-up occurring later. Residents report summers that are very hot and dry, and winters that are more variable, with sudden and dramatic temperature swings between very cold and very warm. The exception was the winter of 2008/2009 which brought extreme high temperatures, then low temperatures, and then record snow fall and snow accumulation. Over the past 50 years, Alaska has warmed at more than twice the rate of the rest of the country. The annual average temperature in Alaska has increased 3.4 F, with winters warming by 6.3 F (Fitzpatrick et al., 2008). Average annual temperatures are projected to rise another 3.5 F to 7 F by the middle of this century (U.S. Global Change Research Program, 2009). The Point Hope climate is arctic. Historically, summers have been short and cool, with temperatures ranging from 30 F to 50 F. During the winter, temperatures averaged below zero, sometimes as cold as -50 F, but generally between 0 and -10 F. Precipitation is light, 10 to 12 inches annually, with about 36 inches of snowfall that becomes hard-packed by November. Strong northern surface winds bring storms of blowing snow. The Chukchi Sea has typically been ice-free from late June until mid-september, when the slush ice would form along the shoreline. Weather data is collected from the FAA Station at the Point Hope airstrip and includes: wind speed, wind direction, dew point, precipitation, snow fall, snow on the ground, peak winds, extreme snow loads, and temperature (Figures 4,5). Archive data is available from 1924 to 1954, but is incomplete with no data during the 1960s, 70s, or 80s. Weather data for Point Hope from 1991 until 2008 is available from the Kotzebue Field Office of the National Weather Service (NWS). A comparison of mean monthly temperature for this period shows that Point Hope is an average of five to ten degrees colder then Kotzebue during summer months, but has The summers have been very hot and no rain. The winters have been very windy and bad storms. Andrew Frankson 7
11 approximately the same average winter temperatures. Additionally, Kotzebue and Point Hope have increased temperature at roughly the same rate since Archive weather data (temperature and precipitation) for Kotzebue spans from the 1930s until the present. The Kotzebue temperature data shows a gradual increase in average annual temperature and total annual precipitation between the 1940s and the present. Between 1949 and 2006 the Northwest Arctic had an increase in average annual temperature of 3.2 F (Shulski, 2007). During this period, winter temperatures changed most dramatically and fall temperatures the least. For December through January, temperatures increased by 6.8 F, spring (March to May) increased by 2.1 F, summer (June to August) by 2.4 F, and fall (Sept. to Nov.) by 1.4 F. Figure 4. Historic & Projected Temperature, Point Hope, Alaska UAF, Scenario Network for Alaska Planning 2010 We used to have frozen whale meat and maktuk all winter and summertime, too. It is not frozen anymore. Joe Towksjhea 8
12 Observations from Point Hope residents reflect local concerns over the relationship between weather and health. One elder stated that weather variability was increasing frequency of infectious diseases like colds and influenza, and severity of chronic conditions such as arthritis (Towksjhea, J. 2009). School officials noted that the wind and extreme cold during the winter was unsafe for young children traveling to and from school (McCarthy, T. 2009). There was no data of a change in rates of weather-related health issues, such as vehicle accidents, hypothermia or frostbite (Davenport, A. 2009; Sharp, S. 2009). However, as reported by the Fire Chief, there were frequent travel alerts via VHF radio, 20 search and rescues were performed this year, and winter travelers exercised caution and used borough supplied personal locator beacons (Hunnicutt, W. 2009). When activated, the beacons send out a signal that is picked up by search and rescue services in Barrow. Figure 5. Projected Average Monthly Precipitation, Point Hope, Alaska UAF, Scenario Network for Alaska Planning 2010 New warmer water salmon species are arriving, they may become a new food resource. Sverre Pedersen 9
13 According to the Village Services Supervisor, extreme snowfall resulted in increased costs for labor, fuel, maintenance, and repairs on heavy equipment. This created an added and unexpected burden on the city s general fund (Stone, K. 2009). Local governments typically do not have the financial resources to provide expanded levels of service. If extreme weather results in funding shortfalls, it can affect health by undermining other services, such as operation and maintenance of water and sewer infrastructure. Climate projections provided by the Scenario Network for Alaska Planning (SNAP) at UAF indicate that trends of increasing precipitation and temperature will continue in Point Hope. Figures 4 and 5 provide projections based on the SNAP models. Current ( ) average temperatures in Point Hope are below zero from January through March. In 50 years, it is projected that no month will have an average temperature below 0 F; rather average monthly temperature will range between roughly 5 F to 30 F. Current summer average temperatures ( ) range from 35 F to 45 F. In 50 years, summer temperatures are projected to range from roughly 43 F to 54 F. Despite higher annual precipitation, a generally drier summer environment is expected with dramatic effects on hydrology, wildlife and Arctic communities. Drying Salmon Mike Brubaker, 2008 Recommendation: Point Hope residents rely upon traditional knowledge to make decisions about where and when to harvest traditional foods. They also rely upon the weather data generated from the automated Federal Aviation Administration Station at the Point Hope airstrip, and observations from Kotzebue, Barrow, Fairbanks, and other locations. Weather changes will continue to present challenges to transportation, including subsistence activities, and air service to and from the community. The capacity to measure, interpret, and forecast weather conditions is critical for individual safety and for community health, but local automated data is limited, as is the archived weather data needed for substantiating local climate change. The National Weather Service is currently establishing regional Climate Reference Network (CRN) Stations across Alaska that will greatly expand regional climate data. Point Hope is listed as one of the possible site locations. Hosting such a site would improve access to local weather and climate data. Additionally, the National Weather Service has local observer programs that can help to improve forecasting. Collaboration on a local observer program could provide a method of combining scientific measurements and traditional knowledge for improved forecasting and climate change measures. Nowadays its warm and cold, warm and cold weather. It affects the people, they get sick real easy. Bad colds. Joe Towksjhea 10
14 Sea Level Observed change: rise in sea level is resulting in increased erosion & increased risk of flooding. Health concerns: injury from extreme weather, anxiety over flood risk, damage to infrastructure. Projected change: within years, a minimum sea level rise of.6 feet to 1.9 feet. Potential adaptation: flood study with climate predictions, flood protection to infrastructure. Point Hope is at risk for flooding from storm surge (a coastal flood that occurs when the sea is driven inland) and from ice and gravel jams. Sea level rise will increase both the risk and the level of investment needed to protect the community. The elevation of Point Hope is only about ten feet above mean high water. The highest point in town is the school, which serves as the emergency shelter. The airport located near Old Town is especially susceptible to flooding, and the primary evacuation site is Beacon Hill (elevation 46 feet), located at the end of 7 Mile Road. In 2005, 2006 and 2008, strong winds created ice and gravel dams in the drainage of the Kukpuk River. In 2006, trapped water from Marryat Inlet flooded a section of 7 Mile Road and a channel was constructed to prevent flooding of the town. Subsequent erosion required a $433, restoration project to rebuild the road (USACE, 2009). When considering flood adaption, at-risk communities have three options: 1) create protective barriers, 2) evacuate and rebuild, or 3) relocate. The City of Point Hope and the North Slope Borough have been actively addressing flood risk for decades, and have employed all three of Sea berm at Point Hope Mike Brubaker, 2009 The city has built a 10 foot (sea) berm for eight to ten miles along Nuvugalak Point. Willard Hunnicutt 11
15 these options. For protective barriers, a 10- foot gravel berm was constructed extending 8 to 10 miles along Nubugalak Point; the berm is repaired using heavy equipment each summer. Rebuilding due to flood damage is ongoing, there is currently a $2 million dollar improvement project underway on 7 Mile Road to raise the elevation, improve drainage, and reduce flood risk. The town was relocated two miles to the east in the early 1970s. The United Nations estimates that the minimum global sea level rise will be between.6 to 1.9 feet within 80 to 90 years (IPCC, 2007). The USGS Climate Change Science Program (Clark, P. et. al, 2008) found that the UN predictions were overly conservative. Globally, the greatest amount of sea level rise is projected to occur in the Arctic (Walsh, J, 2005a). The State of Alaska does not have an established sea level prediction. California is using a 4.6-foot prediction for 100-year planning purposes (Heberger et al., 2009). No published sea level change estimates were found for Point Hope. Yale University is developing 100-year sea level maps to predict impacts for some coastal Northwest Arctic communities (Leiserowitz, T., 2009). A sea level rise projection map (one to three feet) was developed using Arc Map 9.3 GIS (Figure 6). A land satellite image was overlaid with USGS Digital Elevation Models (60 meter resolution); highlighting various Figure 6. Potentially Submerged Areas Due to Sea Level Rise at Pt. Hope Darcy Dugan, AOOS, 2009 Figure 7. Potentially Submerged Areas Due to Storm Surge at Pt. Hope Darcy Dugan, AOOS, 2009 The ocean is coming and eroding the beach, real fast. Some of the cellars are all gone maybe a mile out, just eroded. Joe Towksjhea 12
16 potential ranges above mean sea level. At the 3.28-foot level (1 meter) Point Hope is cut off from the mainland; the airport, town site, egress road, and drinking water supply are all prone to damage from flooding. A storm surge map was also prepared for Point Hope. Point Hope is at moderate storm surge risk, meaning that flooding, six feet above the normal high tide surf level, is expected every three to five years (AK Emergency Management, 2007). The map (Figure 7), is based on a 4.2 meter surge, the 50-year estimate developed for Kivalina, (USACE, 2006). Airstrip vulnerable to erosion and flooding. Mike Brubaker 2010 The northwest wind causes the waves to come over the land and the runway. Steve Oomittuk 13
17 Recommendation: Flood and storm surge projections should be developed for Point Hope using actual erosion rates and employing finer resolution sea level and elevation data. Prevention of injury and damage to infrastructure from storm surge depends upon forecasting and adequate time for preparation and evacuation. Improved meteorological measurements may improve forecasting. Continued erosion and flood prevention, and improved evacuation routes are important to help prevent injury and damage to infrastructure. An evacuation shelter is need at a safe location outside of the flood zone. Evacuation road protection against erosion. Mike Brubaker 2009 The last two miles of the evacuation road can be flooded. Lily Tuzroyluke 14
18 Erosion Observed change: delayed shore ice, thawing permafrost, & storm activity resulting in rapid erosion. Health concerns: damage to critical infrastructure including airport, roads, and cold cellars; injury. Projected change: increased rate of shore & river bank erosion, growing river navigation hazards. Potential adaptation: shore and river monitoring, erosion mitigation measures, injury prevention. Point Hope has, for some 2,500 years, provided a prime location for harvesting sea mammals and other subsistence resources. However, it is also an area that is extremely exposed to the coastal elements including ocean waves, coastal currents, and strong winds that sweep the Point Hope peninsula. The spit is continuously changing; building in some areas, eroding in others. Thawing permafrost and storm activity during ice-free seasons is causing increased rates of erosion along the banks of the Kukpuk and other rivers and to beaches and beach ridges. There is limited information on the rate of erosion and no riverine erosion surveys have yet been performed. In 1972, the erosion rate on the north side of the spit was estimated at eight feet per year (USACE, 1972). It is likely that this rate has increased, and certain that episodic events, such as fall storms, can cause significantly greater rates of erosion. Storm-related events have eroded up to 50 feet of shoreline in Kivalina, 71 miles to the south. Point Hope has been classified as a monitor conditions community, meaning that significant erosion impacts are occurring, but are not likely to affect the viability of the community (USACE, 2009). Although no structures or facilities at the new town site are considered to be at-risk, other sites including the airstrip, Old Town, grave sites, and community food storage cellars are threatened by erosion. Additionally, navigability of Marryat Inlet, the Kukpuk River, and other important waterways are changing due to a Rapid bank erosion occurring along the Kukpuk River. Mike Brubaker 2010 There is a lot of erosion along the river. It is wider and more shallow than it use to be. Upriver it is muddy. Sayers Tuzroyluke 15
19 combination of erosion, sedimentation, and reduced water levels. This diminishes access to subsistence areas, increases the risk of damage to equipment such as boats and outboard motors, and may increase the risk of accidental injury. In 1997, the North Slope Borough spent about two million dollars constructing a 275-foot rock revetment east of the runway. This is helping to slow erosion in the coastal area. On the north beach, 10% of the old town site has been lost to erosion and only 50 to 60 traditional sod homes remain. Also at risk from flooding is a mass grave at the old town site from the early 1900s. The reason for the burial is uncertain, but there were several devastating epidemics in Point Hope between the 1860s and through the early 1900s. These include outbreaks of tuberculosis, small pox, measles and influenza. Point Hope residents were particularly vulnerable because of the transient population of European whalers that worked from shore stations in the community. The mass grave may date back to the Spanish flu epidemic of Influenza virus and other infectious agents have potential to be viable even after being frozen for many years. Whether any of the human remains in Point Hope could still be infectious is unknown. Recommendation: A comprehensive erosion assessment that identifies vulnerable infrastructure and habitat is recommended. Although coastal erosion mechanisms are well documented, new erosion problems, like those along area rivers, are emerging and threatening water quality, river navigation, and critical habitat. Erosion prevention measures can help protect coastal and river areas as well as critical infrastructure. Point Hope may wish to explore opportunities with the National Weather Service to expand coastal monitoring. In the event that burial sites are exposed from erosion, infection prevention measures should be considered prior to handling any human remains. Additionally, erosion is causing the loss of coastal cold storage cellars, as they are being gradually washed into the sea; of the 50 previously used, only about 20 still remain (USACE, 2009). The loss of these cellars raises concerns about storage of whale meat and overall community food security. Cultural sites vulnerable to erosion and flooding. Mike Brubaker, 2010 There is a lot of erosion along the river and the coast. We worry about river depth. Ray Kookuk, Sr. 16
20 Permafrost Observed change: warming soil temperature is thawing traditional food cellars. Health concern: reduced subsistence food supply and increased food borne illness. Projected change: % increase in active (seasonal) thaw layer. Potential adaptation: baseline permafrost mapping, monitoring, & alternative cold storage methods. Permafrost temperatures have been rising throughout Alaska since the late 1970s (Lettenmaier et al. 2008). The largest increases have occurred in the north, and it is projected that the top 30 feet of discontinuous permafrost will thaw in Alaska during this century (Parson, 2001). The Northwest Arctic is located in a transition zone between continuous and discontinuous permafrost that spans east-west across this region roughly in line with the Kobuk River. Thawing of ice-rich permafrost results in land settlement (subsidence) with significant effects on ecosystems and infrastructure (USARC, 2003). Hundreds of sink holes (thermokarsts) have been observed in the Maniilaq Area and extensive erosion has been observed in coastal and river systems. Within 50 years, decreases of between 20% to 50% or more are expected in the active (seasonally freezing) permafrost layer. In the near term, thermokarsts conditions, including the rapid thaw of ice wedges along river banks and coastal areas, are expected to continue, resulting in erosion and changes to hydrology, vegetation, and wildlife (Martin et al., 2008). Interior of Ice Cellar. Mike Brubaker, 2009 The city of Point Hope is located on a gravel spit, and a gravel pad foundation for the town site provides insulation to help preserve the Flooded ice cellar. Mike Brubaker, 2010 The ice cellars are thawing. We have to use buckets to get the water out. Joe Towksjhea 17
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I used to have a blog in xanga.com, the one I started way back in 2004 or 2003. My posts there is pretty much the same with what I post here. The only difference of my blogger to my xanga is that my old blog has Tagalog contents and a lot of my whining activity, now I'm truly ashamed of...
However, I found contents there that I adapted here in blogger. There posts are what I believe suits the look, feel and mood of my newer blog. Of course, most of the posts are emotic but I believe is, still, worth to read.
|Click to read my XANGA posts
love, now and always,

subset: commoncrawl


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We always have such amazing sponsors for the SAS4K challenges. This week is no different.
- Squigglefly is giving 3 digital images of the winners choice.
- COLORink Digital Stamps
- Lili of the Valley is giving a gift certificate worth 10 pounds
Here's my 1st card. This image called Cake Bear Boy 1 from the Beary Sweet Collection is from COLORink. What an adorable image!! This card is loaded with bright colors.
Here is my 2nd card. This card still has bright colors but I was going for more of a minimal compared to my 1st card - lol!!! This adorable image is from Squigglefly - called A Wagon Good Time.
So now it is your chance to pull out your bright colored paper and your kids images. Create a kid friendly card, link it to the SAS4K blog, and you will be entered in a random drawing for those amazing prizes (listed above) from our amazing sponsors. Go here to see the complete rules.


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Canadian artist Amy Shackleton is intrigued with the relationship between urban and rural environments. She not only paints these collaborations as subjects, but emphasizes them through her distinctive painting technique.
Amy uses an interesting process to create her unique works of art. She begins with photographs, often of urban scenes in Toronto. She then digitally alters her images into a "calculated design" before adding thin acrylic washes and "spontaneous liquid drips" for a natural touch.
To accentuate the collision of artificial to the natural, Amy adds a final layer of glossy enamel paint to detail architectural growth.
But of course, images always explain things better than words. . . as you'll see, the painting below is a great example of how Amy creates a juxtaposition of artificial and natural elements in her work.
This urban street scene seems to be overtaken by the "natural" tree branches. . . and underneath the acrylic washes of color, you'll find that clean architectural detail I mentioned before.
Amy constantly rotates and repositions her canvas to allow her acrylic washes to run into unpredictable details. It's a nice compromise between artful control and allowing the paint to follow its natural tendencies.
Of course, Amy's use of color is brilliant. Her bright colors draw the viewer into(often conflicting) scenes that accentuate that rural/urban dichotomy.
One of my favorite paintings of hers is this last one—Amy's paints have totally taken over, yet one can still see the lights and activity of an urban area.
In both color and form, it's an absolutely stunning abstract full of dynamic movement and vibrant energy.
I invite all of you to visit Amy's website at www.aimartistry.com to experience the rest of her distinctive, stunning paintings.
*Note: this post may contain affiliate links*
Chico Harkrader is a mixed-media painter drawn to both philosophy and experimentation. In 2003 his life took a major shift when he transitioned to from strictly representational pieces into abstract art. Along with 17 other artists in a multi-studio environment, Harkrader began experimenting with a multitude of mediums and styles.
Harkrader is. . . read more
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The Law Officer's Pocket Manual - Bloomberg BNA
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Impact Armor Technologies' Ballistic Clipboard provides NIJ level IIIA protection in a discreet, accessible package that incorporates a Kevlar weave. At 1.6 pounds, it's lightweight and feels and looks like a normal clipboard. It's also ergonomically designed, so it's easy to carry at all times during your shift in case you need it. A single board can withstand an entire magazine of bullets.
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In 1981, Chris Gardner was a struggling salesman in little needed medical bone density scanners while his wife toiled in double shifts to support the family including their young son, Christopher. In the face of this difficult life, Chris has the desperate inspiration to try for a stockbroker internship where one in twenty has a chance of a lucrative full time career. Even when his wife leaves him because of this choice, Chris clings to this dream with his son even when the odds become more daunting by the day. Together, father and son struggle through homelessness, jail time, tax seizure and the overall punishing despair in a quest that would make Gardner a respected millionaire.Special Features:
- Audio commentary by director Gabriele Muccino
- "Making Pursuit" - behind-the-scenes featurette
- "Father and Son: On Screen and Off" featurette
- "The Man Behind the Movie" - a conversation with Chris Gardener
- "I Can" music video
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What a great location! Our quiet residential community makes one feel that they live miles off the beaten path, yet you are convenient to shopping, dining, business and the Cranford Burns Middle School. Call today to schedule your personal tour of our beautiful community.
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SHAMROCK Communications (Pvt.) Ltd.public relations, marketing services, publications, conferences, event management
Peter Drucker, 1909-2005
There is nothing so useless as doing efficiently that which should not be done at all."
SC Media Centre - Etihad Airways
Etihad Airways Collects Leading
Finance Award
Karachi: February 24, 2016 - Etihad Airways has been presented with the Best Finance Transformation Award in 2015 by Innovation Enterprise, a leading US-based company specialising in enterprise innovation.
The award was given to Etihad Airways, which triumphed over other leading companies, for its Outstation Finance Transformation program, developed to centralise the airline's processing functions to a low-cost operating environment.
James Rigney, Etihad Airways' Chief Financial Officer, said: "We are proud to receive this award for the great work carried out by our financial planning team. We had a short window of six months to implement our transformation program, and their dedication to this task has allowed us to reduce finance manpower, start moving to a regional structure, and to deliver cost and revenue improvements which have delivered US$28 million in savings, with a target of a further US$50m this year."
The first phase of the Outstation Finance Transformation program required the creation of a worldwide centre of excellence which would process transactions valued at US$ 1 billion from over fifty countries. The second phase saw Etihad Airways adopting leading initiatives to improve key processes and eliminate bottlenecks, in order to ensure that the centralisation of these functions were carried out without compromising the airline's high working standards.
The Innovation Enterprise group is a leader in the promotion of innovation in the Financial Planning and Analysis (FP&A) profession, and is the largest FP&A event organiser in the industry.
Etihad Airways Signs Citi as International Cash Management Bank Partner
Partnership Helps Enhance Efficiency and Reduce Costs
Karachi: February 24, 2016 - Etihad Airways, the national airline of the United Arab Emirates, has announced an enhanced agreement with Citi as its international cash management bank partner.
The new mandate, covering Etihad Airways' worldwide operations outside the GCC, will enable the airline to leverage Citi's substantial investment in financial technology to further develop its cash management operations and help reduce costs.
Etihad Airways will now be able to utilise Citi's Liquidity Management solution to achieve substantial cash optimisation and competitive market rates through automated treasury tools, resulting in significant transaction cost savings.
Citi's cash management solution rationalises account opening processes and moves the Abu Dhabi-based carrier to a fully automated and centralised account administration, and automated account payable and account receivable management tools to achieve better control and minimise transactional risks
The enhanced partnership comes a year after the signing of an innovative Supply Chain Finance (SCF) agreement between Etihad Airways and Citi enablingthe airlineto unlock liquidity and pay its suppliers almost immediately through funding provided by the bank.
James Rigney, Etihad Airways Chief Financial Officer, said: "We are delighted to have entered into this agreement with Citi which is designed to drive more cost benefits for our business on a global level. As Etihad Airways continues to grow, this partnership will help bring about greater economies of scale, increased operational efficiency, enhanced financial procedures and immediate solutions to local needs across our worldwide operations."
Emre Karter, Managing Director and Regional Head - Treasury & Trade Solutions (Middle East, North Africa, Pakistan & Turkey),said: "At Citi, we value our strategic alliance with Etihad Airways which is one of the world's fastest growing airlines, and we're proud to provide global cash management services that meet the exact needs of the carrier. This is demonstrative of our ability to offer clients worldwide, local and regional solutions with global service standards."
Citi has been present in the Middle East and North Africa since 1955, and offers full scale corporate and investment banking services in Egypt, UAE, Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait, Lebanon, Jordan, Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria, Pakistan and Iraq. Citi's institutional capabilities in the region include Treasury & Trade Solutions, Corporate & Investment Banking, Capital Markets Origination, Global Markets and Islamic Banking.
Etihad Airways presented with Air Transport World's Airline
of the Year 2016 Award
Leading Aviation Title Honours UAE National Carrier For Strong Leadership in Developing Unique Growth Strategy And Setting Global Industry Benchmarks
Karachi February 16, 2016 - Etihad Airways, the Abu Dhabi-based national airline of the United Arab Emirates,was this evening (Feb 15) presented with the coveted Airline of the Year 2016 award by the prestigious US-based aviation industry publication Air Transport World (ATW).
The accolade acknowledged Etihad Airways' strong executive leadership team in developing a profitable strategy of organic growthand unique equity partnerships; introducing ground-breakingproducts and services;creating the foundations for building a motivated workforce; and engaging in a diplomatic, dignified defence of its business model in the wake of fierce opposition by US carriers.
Etihad Airways was chosen for the top honour by ATW's distinguished editorial board in a highly contested competition, with entries from more than 100 airlines around the world.
The award was presented at a Gala Dinner attended by industry peers at the 42nd edition of the annual ATW Airline Industry Achievement Awards on the eve of the Singapore Air Show.
James Hogan, Etihad Airways' President and Chief Executive Officer, said: "This award recognises what we set out to do as an airline 13 years ago - to be safe, profitable and simply the best.
"It is a reflection of our strengths - a robust business model andinnovative products and superior service delivered by our 27,000 dedicated employees. I am delighted to accept this award on their behalf. As an airline, we have offered a unique proposition to the travelling public and expanded our business to help shape the changing global aviation landscape."
To earn the top accolade, ATW said an airline must demonstrate exceptional achievements and capabilities across its operations, financial performance, customer service, safety and employee relations. The executive leadership team must also clearly show innovation and strategic thinking that sets the company apart.
Karen Walker, Air Transport World Editor-in-Chief, said: "Etihad Airways is clearly an airline apart from the pack and one that sets its own course. It is a pleasure to celebrate the achievements of the Etihad Airways team at the 2016 ATW Airline Achievement Awards in Singapore. Etihad is highly deserving of our top award, Airline of the Year. James Hogan puts it best - it's not about being the biggest, it's about being the best."
On products and customer service, Etihad Airways was described by ATW as being bold and innovative, highlighting the introduction of unique Airbus A380 and Boeing 787 cabin interiors as setting industry benchmarks. These include The Residence - the world's first three-room onboard apartment comprising a bedroom, lounge and ensuite shower.
On airline tie-ups, ATW noted Etihad Airways' equity stakes in selected airlines around the world as being the foundation of its business model. Equity stakes in airberlin, Swiss-based Darwin Airline, Air Serbia, Alitalia, Jet Airways, Air Seychelles and Virgin Australia helped Etihad Airways create a unique proposition ofmore passenger choice, greater scale for negotiation with key suppliers, enhanced shared training resources for crew and other employees, and heightened network integration.
On US carriers' accusing Gulf carriers of anti-competitive practices, ATW said James Hogan and his team maintained dignity by consistently defending Etihad Airways' business model focusing on the facts rather than personal attacks. ATW editors showered particular praise on Etihad Airways on this issue in which James Hogan said: "Many stones were thrown at us, but we responded calmly and with facts, showing that we bring new competition to markets."
On employees, ATW defined Etihad Airways as a 'good citizen' describing its workforce as 'our family' and for embarking on aggressive plans to grow its local workforce and offer UAE nationals, now numbering 3,000 within the group,with career paths through various programmes and initiatives. Staff are supported with a 24/7 HR number, a dedicated welfare team, onsite medical centre, gyms to promote wellness and healthy living, top of the range staff accommodation and an onsite nursery.
On sustainability, ATW commended Etihad Airways for a number of initiatives focused on fuel-saving, pioneering alternative fuel research with key partners, and engaging employees in recycling programmes.
During 2015, Etihad Airways launched six new routes on three continents taking its global network of destinations to 116 with a fleet of 121 aircraft. More than 17 million guests flew on Etihad Airways last year, up from almost 15 million in 2014.Etihad Airways also launched its new Boeing 787 Dreamliner - the first of 71 on order - and phased in the first of 10 Airbus A380 aircraft into its fleet.
Etihad Airways was recognised by ATW's editorial board for "fast but thoughtful growth, consistently delivering against its targets and always thinking ahead." The airline was also applauded for its "excellent numbers on financials, cargo and safety."
Air Transport World is an authoritative monthly magazine serving the needs of the global airline and commercial air transport manufacturing communities. Its renowned editors have been nominated for nearly every major aviation journalism award available thanks to their balanced coverage of the airline industry and incisive reports on trends.
ATW's Airline Industry Achievement Awards were created in 1974 to recognise excellence across a broad range of airline operations and are widely considered as the most coveted in the aviation industry. The magazine is based in the United States with an editorial team that reaches across the world.
For general Etihad media information please visit: www.etihadmediacentre.com


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Custom FOC Bruticus Maximus
This is just a simple customization i made on Fall of Cybertron...
"Kindness is no virtue… and cruelty is no vice."
Profile: Scorponok seems to exist solely to terrorize the innocent and cause devastation in the name of the Decepticon cause and his own gain If his personality seems almost stereotypically evil and unrealistically one-dimensional, that's because he wants it to appear that way Being a leader in the Decepticon army requires a Transformer to be constantly on guard, physically and emotionally, while radiating an aura of fear and power. Thus, Scorponok actively works to hide a second, secret side of himself: the noble warrior who hopes the conflict will eventually be resolved to the benefit of all Transformers Ages of projecting a violent, uncaring image would have completely relegated this side of Scorponok to being hidden had he not binary-bonded with Lord Zarak Zarak was a corrupt right-wing politician on Nebulon who saw joining with the Decepticons as a way to further his own agenda. No being, mechanoid or humanoid truly views himself as evil, so when Zarak saw the effect the conflict had on his people and the Transformers some small part of him started to question the morality of what he had done. This has prompted Scorponok to wonder very much the same.
Abilities: Scorponok is immensely powerful, highly intelligent, and virtually impervious to most armaments He is a skilled commander and a fearless warrior. In scorpion mode, his tail fires 100,000-volt blasts of electricity. He is also armed with twin pulse blasters (usable in both modes). His base mode has a full complement of scanners. communications equipment, offensive weapons batteries. and repair bays. Fasttrack is a remote-controlled drone that Subject uses to guard his back in combat In robot mode. Subject wields a fusion-powered anti-gravity gun. His Headmaster partner is a capable politician and speaker who is also becoming a skilled military leader.
Weaknesses: Subject exhibits no known physical weaknesses, but his subconscious self-doubt—magnified by Zarak's own—could be his undoing.


text:
Finance Manager
- Recruiter
- PwC
- Location
- Belfast
- Salary
- Competitive
- Posted
- 17 Oct 2017
- Closing date
- 17 Nov 2017
- Industry
- Finance & accounting, Financial services
- Job function
- Consultant
- Job level
- Management
- Hours
- Full time
- Contract
- Permanent
- Listing type
- Job vacancy
The Government Services Delivery Centre (GSDC) is currently looking for a Manager to join the team. We manage funds on behalf of a number of government departments and donors to help improve the lives of the world's poorest and most vulnerable people. We bring integrity, insight and innovation to deliver distinctive programmes and shape the future of grant funding both nationally and internationally.
GSDC is located in our Belfast office and is designed to provide technical support to major projects delivering transformational change both nationally and in a number of developing countries across the globe. The practice is growing rapidly and is projected to more than triple in size over the next three years, creating great opportunities to develop current and new skills.
As a Manager in an expanding team, you will be part of a team delivering a number of services to large scale consulting assignments for the National Government Services sector.
You will have professional qualifications (either in part or full) in accountancy (Accounting Technician/Chartered Accountant), you will ideally also have project management experience and /or qualifications.
You will have the capability and enthusiasm for supporting the growth of GSDC and see value in managing enduring business relationships. You will be determined and demonstrate drive and focus in supporting a range of life changing projects across both the UK and the developing world.
You will be based in Belfast, but on occasions may be required to travel. Therefore the role may involve some travelling and overnight stays away from home.
About the role
If you have a passion for client service, are driven by high quality, and have an appetite for taking a role in an expanding team, this opportunity is for you.
As part of a plan to grow GSDC over the next 3 years, we are currently appointing a balanced mix of experienced staff members that will form the core of our business going forward.
As a Manager in our team will need to:
Share and celebrate team successes;
Seek opportunities to add value to client account planning;
Seek new learning opportunities to stay technical and relevant;
Show cultural dexterity my modifying behaviour to the environment
Maintain a fresh perspective on global and cross-cultural issues; and
Manage a variety of viewpoints to build consensus and create positive outcomes for all parties.
Need to travel/overnight stays away from home (Occasionally)
The specific technical skills we are looking for include:
Essential skills needed for the role:
Recognised accountancy qualification (either fully or part qualified);
Good project management skills;
Good written and oral communication skills;
Proven ability to produce quality work under pressure and to tight deadlines;
People management skills and experience; and
Highly proficient in the use of Microsoft Office applications.
Desirable skills sought for the role:
Degree qualified
Recent experience of fund management and administration either in a funding organisation or in a recipient organisation (eg NGO);
Recent experience of working as part of a large team on multiple large scale, high profile assignments for key public sector clients;
Recent experience of complex transformational programmes with a range of commercial models;
Hold a current project management qualification (eg Prince 2);
Sector experience in central government/education/ international development/ international aid; and
Language skills.
In Consulting we deliver practical, far-sighted advice that gets straight to the heart of clients' business issues and delivers amazing results by helping our clients improve the way they operate, reduce costs, manage risks, leverage talent or fundamentally change the way they do business, the work you do will be all about helping organisations of all shapes and sizes work smarter and grow faster. You could find yourself working with household names in a diverse range of industries – everyone from big-name broadcasters and high-street banks to multinational telecoms operators and energy companies.
The skills we look for in future employees
All our people need to demonstrate the skills and behaviours that support us in delivering our business strategy. This is important to the work we do for our business, and our clients. These skills and behaviours make up our global leadership framework, 'The PwC Professional' and are made up of five core attributes; whole leadership, technical capabilities, business acumen, global acumen and relationships.
Learn more here www.pwc.com/uk/careers/experienced/apply
We work in a changing world which offers great opportunities for people with diverse backgrounds and experiences. We seek to attract and employ the best people from the widest talent pool, as well as those who reflect the diverse nature of our society. And we aim to encourage a culture where people can be themselves and be valued for their strengths. Creating value through diversity is what makes us strong as a business and as an organisation with an increasingly agile workforce, we're open to flexible working arrangements where appropriate.
Learn more here www.pwc.com/uk/diversity


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Outside the program, expectations for the Central Connecticut State football team coming into the season weren't especially high. Perhaps the Blue Devils would be able to win more games than they had the year before, when they went 2-9.
After losing its first three games to begin the year, it looked like it might be more of the same for CCSU. But the Blue Devils have responded by winning five straight as they entered their bye week.
Now sitting at 5-3 overall and tied atop the Northeast Conference standings, CCSU has put itself in position to compete for its first NEC title since 2010.
Here are four things we have learned about CCSU coming out of its bye:
1. The Blue Devils can finally run the football
This might be the biggest key to CCSU's recent success this season. The Blue Devils have proven to be their most effective, both as an offense and as a team, when they are able to run the ball successfully. Cue the five-game win streak.
Although CCSU began the season against three tough teams in Syracuse, Fordham and now No. 19 Youngstown State, the Blue Devils totaled just 274 yards on the ground, averaging 91.3 per game.
In the five games since, CCSU rushed for over 200 in each, totaling 1,185, while producing a 100-yard rusher in each. Cameron Nash went over the century mark in the first four games of the winning streak with Drew Jean-Guillaume rushing for a career-high 126 against Bryant.
This type of offense has taken some of the pressure off quarterback Jacob Dolegala and allowed him to take advantage of the play-action pass for big plays down the field. It has also kept the defense off the field longer and allowed the unit to stay fresh.
The growth of the offensive line has a lot to do with the offense's progression and with CCSU in contention for its first conference title since 2010, the running game will need to continue to play a big part. Persistence it seems, does pay off.
2. The Blue Devils are still looking for the receiving corps to progress
While CCSU has turned into more of a run-first team, it still looks to its passing game for big-play yardage when the opportunities present themselves.
Dolegala has progressed significantly since he first took over the starting quarterback role full time at the beginning of last season. A go-to receiver in the slot or on the outside would only help elevate what has been a good offense as of late even more.
As a whole, the receiving corps is still young and gaining experience and the Blue Devils tend to spread the football around. Courtney Rush has emerged as a deep threat for CCSU during its recent run. The junior leads the team with 320 yards on 13 catches. He also has two touchdowns.
But the second leading receiver is Jean-Guillaume, who has 290 yards and leads the team in catches (21) and touchdowns (3), which speaks to the tailback's versatility as well. Redshirt Freshman Xavier Bass is next with 180 yards.
This will be an area to keep an eye on, especially if teams are able to take away the Blue Devils run game moving forward. CCSU has the athletes, they just have to make the most of their opportunities.
3. The defense is at its best when it takes the ball away
Much like the offense, the defense has become more consistent as the season has gone on. Although the unit has given up more points to opponents (33.4) than the Blue Devils' offense has scored (31.9), the defense has been playing better than those number indicate, especially during the win streak.
During that stretch, opponents are averaging just 20.2 points a game against CCSU with just Wagner, a game that went to four overtimes, scoring more than 21 points.
Having a defensive roster full of veterans, including linebacker Randall Laguerre, safeties Jarrod Cann and Tymir Hinton and defensive lineman Chris Tinkham, helps.
But what has benefitted just as much is the Blue Devils' affinity for taking the ball away.
On the season, CCSU has come up with 11 interceptions - Cann has four and Hinton three - and forced eight fumbles, six of which it has recovered, allowing the defense to get off the field and give the ball back to the offense.
Defense's will always give up points, but this unit appears to have a knack for making plays when it needs to the most. Against Bryant, the Blue Devils forced two fumbles in the fourth quarter, including one right before the Bulldogs were set to score.
It will be interesting to see if CCSU will be able to sustain its hallmark trait this season in what will be the final three most important games to round out the year.
4. The most important part of the schedule remains
Speaking of the final weeks, the Blue Devils might have opened the season with some big-time opponents, but none will be as important as these three, all of which will be conference opponents.
It will be these games that determine if CCSU will be able to maintain its place atop the Northeast Conference standings or fall back into the middle of the pack.
Coming out of the bye, CCSU will host St. Francis (PA) (5-3, 3-1) before traveling to Pittsburgh to face Duquesne (7-1, 4-0) and back at home against Robert Morris (2-6, 0-3).
The players made it known the game against Bryant was about respect and redemption within the conference. The next three weeks will most likely be about the same. The Blue Devils lost to all three of these teams last year.
But it will be against Duquesne, a team that has won a share of the NEC title or won it outright in three of the last six year, that will be the toughest. Entering this week, the Dukes average 34.2 points per game and limit opponents to 21.1.
CCSU might have surpassed its win total from the past three years, but it will be these games that will determine if the Blue Devils are actual contenders.
David Glovach can be reached at (860) 801-5085 or firstname.lastname@example.com On Twitter: @DavidGlovach