text:
|Laser touch panel reflective surface aberration cancelling
|Blue et al.
|Touch panel and method for controlling same
|Person et al.
|Touch entry using discrete reflectors
|Light distribution and detection apparatus
|Solid-state optical position determining apparatus
|Touch panel system and method for using same
|Person et al.
|Ambient-light-responsive touch screen data input method and system
|Light collecting and redirecting means
|Adler et al.
|Photoelastic touch-sensitive screen
|Touch panel input apparatus
|Integrated touch paint system for displays
|Beining et al.
|Video display touch detection digitizer
|Two dimensional optical position indicating apparatus
|Optical gating scheme for display touch control
|Deitch et al.
|Non-contact X,Y digitizer using two dynamic ram imagers
|Co-ordinate detection system
|Weissmueller et al.
|Position detection apparatus
|Funk et al.
a computer interface screen having a screen surface comprising a main area extending between a pair of parallel borders, a filet border adjacent a first of said pair of borders and a second border area adjacent a second of said pair of borders;
a raster scanner means forming the screen surface along a plurality of rows from the first to the second of said pair of borders at a raster frequency, having
means for indexing after a cycle of the raster frequency from one of said rows to another of said rows across the screen in a second direction approximately perpendicular to the first direction, so as to cycle through said plurality of rows at a scanning frequency and
means for illuminating within a cycle of said scanning frequency a first and a second plurality of edge points within said first border area and said second border area, respectively, said first and second plurality of edge points being arranged in a periodic spacing in said second direction, and said spacing being so that the inverse of the time period from illuminating one of said first and second plurality of edge points to a next of said first and second plurality of edge points, respectively, is equal to a predetermined pattern frequency which is greater than said scanning frequency and less than said raster frequency
first and second light reflective surfaces adjacent to the first and second borders, respectively, the first reflective surface reflecting the light luminescing from said first plurality edge points across the screen surface in a direction toward the second border and the second reflective surface reflecting the light luminescing from said second plurality edge points across the screen to the first border;
means for receiving the light luminescing from said first plurality of edge points reflected by said first reflective surface, said means having a spatially separated first and second light receiving means proximal to said second border, and for generating a first and second detection signal in response;
means for receiving the light luminescing from said second plurality of edge points reflected by said second reflective surface, said means having a spatially separated third and fourth light receiving means proximal to said first border, and for generating a third and fourth detection signal in response;
bandpass filter means for receiving said first, second, third, and fourth detection signals, substantially suppressing frequencies other than said pattern frequency, and generating a filtered first, a filtered second, a filtered third, and a filtered fourth detection signal, respectively, in response;
means for determining a position of an object blocking one or more of a light reflected by said second reflective surface from reaching the first and second light receiving means and a light reflected by said first reflective means from reaching said third and fourth receiving means based on said filtered first, filtered second, filtered third, and filtered fourth detection signals.
a computer interface screen having a screen surface comprising a main area extending in first direction between a pair of parallel borders extending in a second direction, a first border area extending along a first of said pair of borders and a second border area extending along a second of said pair of borders;
a raster scanner means for scanning the screen surface in the first direction at a raster frequency, and having means for means for illuminating a first substantially continuous vertical bar within said first border area and illuminating a second substantially continuous vertical bar within said second border area, said illuminating being repeated at a scanning frequency,
first and second periodically reflective surfaces adjacent to the first and second borders, respectively, the first periodically reflective surface reflecting, in a spatially periodic manner, with a periodicity in said second direction, the light luminescing from said first substantially continuous vertical bar across the screen surface in a direction toward the second border, the second periodically reflective surface reflecting, in a spatially periodic manner, with said periodicity in said second direction, the light luminescing from said second substantially continuous vertical bar across the screen surface in a direction toward the first border,
means for receiving the light luminescing from said first substantially continuous vertical bar periodically reflected by said first periodic reflective surface, said means having a spatially separated first and second light receiving means proximal to said second border, and for generating a first and second detection signal in response;
means for receiving the light luminescing from said second substantially continuous vertical bar periodically reflected by said second periodic reflective surface, said means having a spatially separated third and second fourth receiving means proximal to said first border, and for generating a third and fourth detection signal in response;
bandpass filter means for receiving said first, second, third, and fourth detection signals, substantially suppressing frequencies other than a predetermined pattern frequency, said pattern frequency being proportional to the scanning frequency divided by said periodicity, and generating a filtered first, a filtered second, a filtered third, and a filtered fourth detection signal, respectively, in response; and
means for determining a position of an object blocking one or more of a light reflected by said second periodic reflective surface from reaching the first and second light receiving means and a light reflected by said first periodic reflective means from reaching said third and fourth receiving means based on said filtered first, filtered second, filtered third, and filtered fourth detection signals.
The present invention relates to a touchscreen input device for computers. More specifically, the invention relates to reflecting a CRT light pattern across the CRT surface to create signals used to determine the position of a pointer.
A Touchscreen is one of the most intuitive input devices for computers. It has been used extensively in public applications such as banks, kiosks, restaurants, ticket services, medical facilities, education, and places of recreation. Its application is steadily expanding. Many different methods have been used to realize a touchscreen input function. One of the oldest, and still the most widely used method, is the optical frame. It was described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,267,443 entitled "Photoelectric Input Apparatus", issued May 1981 to Carroll et al., as shown in FIG. 1, 100. It utilizes a plurality of light emitters (103 and 105) and a plurality of light sensors (104 and 106) to detect the position of the pointer 110 (finger or pencil). In a typical device, an array of 32 infrared light emitting diodes 103 is placed at the bottom of the screen, and an array of 32 light sensitive diodes 104 is placed at the top of the screen. A pointer 110 (finger or pencil) may block the light emitted from one emitter to one or two adjacent light detectors. Therefore, it provides 63 touch points in the horizontal direction. In addition, an array of 20 light emitting diodes 105 is placed at the left-hand side of the screen, and an array of 20 light detectors 106 is placed at the right-hand side of the screen. This makes 39 touch points in the vertical direction. On a 13-inch monitor 102, the resolution is 0.17 inch, or 4.4 millimeters. By lining up more photodiodes, the resolution can be improved. However, the manufacturing cost will be increased in proportion. Besides, there is a physical limit imposed by the size of photodiodes.
A number of alternative methods using visible or invisible light for touchscreen input have been proposed to improve the resolution and to reduce the manufacturing cost (mainly by reducing the number of light sources and light detectors), as documented in the following U.S. Patents. U.S. Pat. No. 4,459,476, entitled "Co-ordinate Detection System", issued Jul. 10, 1984 to Weissmueller et al, teaches to use the light emitted from two adjacent sides of the CRT as the light source, whereas on the two opposite sides, two arrays of light detectors are placed. By using radiation-emissive material excited by a flying spot of energy (an electron beam), the device can eliminate the two arrays of light-emission devices. However, the scanning frequencies for the vertical and horizontal directions are very different. Typically, the vertical scan frequency is between 50 to 90 Hz, and the horizontal scan frequency is 25 to 60 kHz. Therefore, at least one of the light sources has to be generated separately. Besides, as seen from the Figures in the patent, the construction of the CRT is quite different from the standard CRT, which requires a substantial additional manufacturing cost. These factors offset the benefit of eliminating the separate light-emitting devices. U.S. Pat. No. 4,507,557, entitled "Non-Contact x,y Digitizer Using Two Dynamic RAM Imagers", issued Mar. 26, 1985 to Tsikos, teaches the use of two light-emitting diodes, a set of mirrors, and two DRAM imagers for position detection. However, a DRAM imager together with its control electronics are more expensive than an array of photodiodes. U.S. Pat. No. 4,553,842, entitled "Two Dimensional Optical Position Indicating Apparatus" to Griffin, uses a rotating photodetector to replace the array of photodetectors. These mechanical devices can be slow, expensive, and prone to mechanical failures. U.S. Pat. No. 4,621,257, entitled "Video Display Touch Detection" to Brown describes a similar arrangement as in U.S. Pat. No. 4,459,476. Light is emitted from the top side and the left side of the CRT light source, whereas on the arrays of photodetectors are replaced by two CCD strips located at the back of the CRT. Since the cost of a CCD strip and the associated electronics is more expensive than that of an array of photodiodes, it does not show an advantage over the previous inventions. U.S. Pat. No. 4,703,316, entitled "Touch Panel Input Apparatus" to Sherbeck, uses four light sources, located at the four corners of the screen, and two arrays of photodetectors, placed on the opposite sides of the screen. This apparatus reduces the cost of the light sources, but the cost of the two arrays of light detectors is still present. U.S. Pat. No. 4,710,760, entitled "Photoelastic Touch-Sensitive Screen" to Kasday uses a transparent screen made of photoelastic material to deflect two beams of polarized light. The manufacturing cost of the photoelastic material will probably be higher than the Carroll system described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,267,443. U.S. Pat. No. 4,782,328, entitled "Ambient-Light-Responsive Touch Screen Data Input Method and System" to Denlinger, uses two CCD line-scan image sensors located at two adjacent corners of the monitor screen to detect the change of light pattern due to the presence of a pointer near the screen. Ambient light is utilized as light source. The CCD image sensors arc expensive, and the complication of discriminating the signal from the finger and the signal from the change of environmental conditions is at question. U.S. Pat. No. 4,811,004, entitled "Touch Panel System and Method for Using Same" to Person et al. uses two light sources and two light detectors for position detection. To make scanning light beams, two vibrating reeds with mirrors are used to reflect the light beams, thus to create two independent scanning light beams. A problem is that the behavior of the mechanical vibrators depends on the environmental conditions and is subject to wear. U.S. Pat. No. 4,820,050, entitled "Solid-State Optical Position Determining Apparatus" to Griffin, U.S. Pat. No. 4,980,547, entitled "Light Distribution and Detection Apparatus" and U.S. Pat. No. 5,196,835, entitled "Laser Touch Screen Reflective Surface Aberration Cancelling" to Blue et al., are variations of U.S. Pat. No. 4,553,842, which have the same problem with the mechanical motion parts.
Prior art exists that proposes using the light from the margins of the CRT monitor and four light detectors to make a touchscreen input device. Although the feasibility of the approach is demonstrated, enormous problems were encountered with regard to noise and interference. The signal from one edge of the monitor to the light detectors at the other edge of the screen is very small. The interferences come from three sources: the magnetic field of the horizontal scanning coil; the light from the active screen; and the the environmental light. In addition, the afterglow (slow decay) of the phosphor makes the signal variation (per horizontal line) much smaller. All those factors prevented the effective operation of this apparatus.
In spite of the numerous proposed improvements, currently the only touchscreen input device known to the inventors that viably uses light as a means of detection is still the oldest Carroll design. (The others use capacitance, resistance, surface acoustic wave, or strain gauges, all of which are more expensive compared to the optical frame.) The problem of improving the resolution as well as reducing the cost of optical touchscreen input devices remains unresolved.
It is an object of this invention to provide an improved touch screen input device.
It is an object of this invention to provide an improved touch screen input device that locates the position of a screen pointer quickly and accurately.
It is an object of this invention to provide an improved, inexpensive touch screen input device that uses little more than existing screen hardware and is not affected by the system noise generated by the raster scan.
These and other objects of the present invention are realized by providing a new kind of touchscreen input device which has a much better resolution but uses fewer components than the traditional optical frame. The present invention substantially improves the touch screen performance and reduces the manufacturing cost.
The present invention comprises a CRT monitor that has two strips of light patterns produced in the unused area of the CRT screen, typically at the right and left margins. In a preferred embodiment, the light patterns are created by a simple electronic circuit, whose output signal is coupled to the video amplifier of the CRT. The light patterns are created to have a unique pattern frequency, determined by the electronic circuit. The light pattern frequency is carefully selected to be easily discriminated, such that environmental disturbances and interference signals from within the CRT itself (such as the magnetic coil, and the light from the active screen area) can be effectively rejected. The light patterns in the margins of the CRT screen are deflected by reflective surfaces. The reflective surfaces are positioned in proximity to the strips of light patterns and reflect the light across the surface of the CRT. Four single photodetectors (detectors), preferably one located at each of the four corners of the CRT screen, are used to monitor the streams of reflected light. When a pointer (finger or pencil) is positioned on or near the surface of the CRT, the stream of light is blocked. The precise time of the blockage is detected by two or more of the sensors, which provide enough information to determine the pointer position.
FIG. 1 is a drawing of a prior art optical-frame touchscreen device.
FIGS. 2A and 2B are a front and cross-section view, respectively, of the touchscreen input device of the present invention.
FIG. 3 shows the relation between the position of the pointer and the time sequences of the light pulses received by each of the four light detectors or alternatively the detector pulses generated by each of the light detectors.
FIG. 4 is a schematic showing one preferred way of creating an electrical signal for making the light patterns of a unique frequency.
FIG. 5 shows voltage versus time graphs to illustrate how the signals shown in FIG. 4 are combined with inherent CRT signals to control the CRT electron beam to produce the light patterns.
FIG. 6 is one preferred hardware embodiment for creating the the electric signal shown in FIG. 4.
FIGS. 7A and 7B show a perspective view and a top projection view, respectively, of one preferred design of the light reflectors.
FIG. 8 is a typical circuit for the band-pass filter and amplifier to filter the signal from the light detectors.
FIG. 9 is a schematic of a preferred circuit to detect the timing of the light blocked by the pointer.
FIG. 10 is the typical waveform found after the analog amplifiers.
FIG. 11 shows the calculation of the X-Y coordinates of the pointer from the locations of the obstruction of light.
FIG. 12 is the resolution distribution on the CRT screen.
FIG. 13 depicts light reflectors having non-reflective horizontal grooves for generating a frequency of light patterns.
The present invention is a novel modification of a CRT monitor of a computer that uses the light emitted from the CRT in a novel way as the source of signal to make the CRT a touchscreen input device. In other words, the invention inexpensively and effectively modifies the design of the CRT monitor to create a touchscreen input as an intrinsic function. The present invention can be made during the manufacturing process of the monitors with a small incremental manufacturing cost. In one preferred embodiment, the additional parts include a simple circuit (that can be a single chip or other means) to generate light patterns on the unused area of a CRT screen, a plastic reflector, four light detectors (e.g. silicon PIN photodiodes) with analog amplifiers, and a circuit for inputting the position signals into the computer.
A depiction of one preferred embodiment of the new touchscreen input device is shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B. On the unused area of the CRT 202, preferably at the left margin 217 and the right margin 219, two rows of light patterns 204 are generated. The light is reflected by a pair of mirrors 205 to become parallel to the surface of the CRT. Four light detectors 206 arc placed at the four corners of the CRT. When a pointer 110 is in the active area of the CRT 203, at least a part of the light of the light pattern 204 is blocked from the detector 206. Using the location of the light blockage with respect to two or more detectors and other information, the position of the pointer 110 can be determined.
A critical novel feature of this invention is the creation of a unique frequency (in time and space) of the light pattern. The light pattern frequency is chosen to be different from the frequencies of the noises (internal and external) found at the CRT so that the light pattern frequency and, therefore, information about the blockage of the light pattern at any given location can be effectively picked up, amplified, and transferred to the computer.
If the light pattern 204 frequency is near the horizontal or vertical scan frequencies, it is very difficult to detect the onset positions of light blockage. This is because there are large signal noises at the CRT with these frequencies. The environment light, which varies with the line frequency (50 Hz or 60 Hz), and its overtones, has a frequency close to the typical vertical scan frequency and is much stronger (hundreds or thousands of times) than the light from the CRT edge. Also, the light pattern 204 frequency 260 cannot be near the horizontal scan frequency for two reasons. First, the magnetic field of the horizontal scan is so strong that it will obscure the optical signal even with a sophisticated magnetic shield. Second, the phosphor used on CRTs has a finite decay time to avoid flickering. Therefore, the variation of the light intensity with time is much smaller than expected, which makes the light pattern frequency 260 more difficult to detect.
The present invention avoids these problems by creating the light pattern 204 with a frequency 260 in time and a frequency in space that is much higher than the frequency of the vertical scan and the line frequency, and much lower than the horizontal scan frequency. This light pattern 204 can be generated by using a circuit to create a video signal for generating lighted edge points 210 of the light pattern 204 (where the raster crosses the border 202 of the CRT) to occur in a predetermined spatial sequence and time frequency. Any number of these sequences, i.e. time and space frequencies 260 of the the light patterns 204, can be chosen to be at a much different rate than the horizontal and vertical scan frequencies (and other noise.) This video signal can be created either using hardware or using software to selectively light the bright edge points 210 of the light pattern 204. For example, for VGA monitors, the horizontal scanning frequency is 31.5 kHz. The light pattern sequences 204 can be chosen to appear as a group of m bright dashes (for illustration purpose, let m=1) every n (for example, n=2, 3, 4, 6, or 8) horizontal scans. The frequency of the light pattern 204, in relation to the raster frequency, is then
|Ratio n Signal Frequency (kHz) Spatial resolution (lines)
2 15.75 480
3 11.8 320
4 7.88 240
6 5.9 160
8 3.94 120
As shown, these light pattern 204 frequencies 260 are indeed much higher than the vertical scan frequency and line frequency (71 Hz and 60 Hz respectively), and much lower than the horizontal scan frequency (in this case 31.5 kHz). Therefore, using a band-pass filter, the two sets of interfering signals can be rejected efficiently, and the signal of pointer blockage (which is carried on the light pattern 204 frequency 260) can be detected clearly. More than one light dash can be grouped to give greater light intensity. Also, by choosing different n, a desirable trade-off between stability and resolution can be achieved.
The light patterns 204 that are reflected across 220 the screen face 200, are detected by the detectors 206, preferably one of which is located in each of the screen 200 corners (A-D). Each of these detectors 206 generates a detector signal that is based on the light pattern 204 it detects. In a preferred embodiment, the lighted edge points 210 are bright dashes 210. In the presence of a pointer 110, some of the bright dashes of the light patterns 204 are blocked to at least two of the detectors. In this way, the blockage information, that is related to the position of the pointer 110 on the screen is carried by the light pattern frequency 260. The blockage information therefore, is also represented in the detector signals detecting a light pattern 204 with some blocked bright dashes.
As the position 250 of the pointer changes on the screen, the bright dashes 210 of the light patterns 204 detected at each detector 206 are different because the light patterns 204 are altered by the blocked lighted dashes 210, as shown in FIG. 3. FIG. 3 shows the pointer 110 at various positions (351-359) on the active display area 203. Below each screen 200 representation (301-309), there is a plot of detector signal received versus time for each detector 206 (A-D). The horizontal scale of each plot of the Figure represents time. The total length of the horizontal scale is the time of a complete raster scan (e.g. one vertical scan). For a VGA monitor, the time of a complete raster scan is about 14 msec. In the absence of a pointer 110, the light from the bright dashes 210 detected by the four light detectors A, B, C, and D span the entire time scale. With the presence of a pointer, some of the detector signals, representing the light from the bright dashes 210 of the light pattern 204, are missing. This is because the light from the bright dashes 210 to the respective detector 206 is blocked at that time. The time (in reference to the start of the vertical scan) that the light from the bright dashes 210 is blocked to the respective detector 206 is related to the location of the pointer 110. Therefore, depending on the actual location (351-359) of the pointer 110, the timing of the missing detector signals (311-319 and 321-329) are different, as shown by the nine plots of FIG. 3. The X-Y position and the size of the pointer can be determined by the timing of these detector signals (typically 360). If the pointer is located in one of the four regions, as shown in 301 though 304, the missing detector signals (311-314 and 321-324, respectively) occur to pairs of detectors 206 for each position (351-354) of the pointer 110. If the location of the pointer crosses one or more of the borders of the four regions, as shown in FIG. 3 (305-308), some of the missing detector signals will occur at the beginning or the end of the stream. Therefore, three or more detectors are affected. If the pointer is at the center of the screen, all four detectors are affected, as shown in FIG. 3 (309). The processing of the detector signals will be discussed in detail below.
FIG. 4 shows the details of a timing diagram of the electrical pulses used for generating the light patterns 204 in the left 217 and right 219 margins of the CRT screen 200. In this particular embodiment, the pulses are generated by an electronic circuit. The origin of the signal is the horizontal synchronization (h-syn) pulse 405. On the one hand, the rising edge of the horizontal sync pulse 405 triggers three (411-413) nonstability circuits. The monstability circuits 411 and 412 each generate two consecutive pulses (421-424) of a width about 0.5 psec. The interval 460 between the two pulses, typically 531 and 532, is about 5 gsec, which is generated by monstability 412. The first pulse of each pair will be used (see below) to create the bright dash 210 at the end of a horizontal scan (e.g., the right side 219) while the second pulse of each pair will be used to create the bright dash 210 at the start of the next horizontal scan (e.g., the left side 217). (The 5 μsecond spacing 460 between the pulses in each pairs is used to permit the electron beam to fly back.)
On the other hand, the rising edge of the horizontal sync pulse 405 triggers a counter 430 to create a square wave 435 with a frequency which is an integer factor of the frequency of said horizontal sync pulse 405. To make the string of signals synchronous to the vertical scan, the vertical synchronization pulse 440 is used to clear the counter 430. The stream of consecutive pulses (421-424) is then modulated by the square wave 435 to create an alternating stream of double pulses 450. As shown, the fundamental period of this pulse sequence is 126 μsec, or a frequency of 7.88 kHz. This frequency is distinctly different from all the system and environmental signals. By applying the alternate double pulses 450 on a video amplifier, a composite video signal to generate the desired pattern of light from the bright dashes is created, as shown in FIG. 5.
As shown in FIG. 5, 405 is the vertical sync pulse of the CRT. The beginning edge 522 of the blanking pulse 521 of the original video signal at the output stage, is about one microsecond later than the beginning edge of the vertical sync pulse, 501. The blanking pulse 521 is generated by the CRT to suppress the electron beam from exciting the screen during each fly back. (Note that the video signals, typically 525, appear between the blanking pulses 521 and 523.) The timings of the monstability circuits 411 through 413 are adjusted to create two brightening pulses 531 and 532. These two pulses 531 and 532 are also represented as the pairs of pulses shown in FIG. 4. These two pulses 531 and 532 are coupled to the original video signal 520 to create a composite video signal 540. After being amplified and inverted, the two pulses 531 and 532 cause the composite video 540 to have two low-voltage pulses, one at its beginning 545 and one at its end 546. These low voltage pulses 545 and 546 generate two bright dashes in the borders 217 and 219 of the CRT screen, 204. Certain light edge points (dashes) can be selected to be lighted or not. To do this, the pulses 545 and 546 do not appear at every horizontal line. For example, to make a n=4, m=2 pattern, for every four lines, two lines will have these pulses 545 and 546, and two others do not. This edge point selection determines the light pattern frequency (in time and space) that carries the position signal (light blockage).
FIG. 6 shows an example of an actual circuit for generating the stream of pulses 450. In this circuit, the beginning edge of the horizontal synchronization pulse 405 from the computer is connected to the clock input 603 of a counter 430, for example, MM54HC161. The CLEAR 609 input of the counter 430 is connected to the vertical synchronization pulse 440, also from the computer. The QB output 611 is sent to the CLEAR input 629 of a series of monostable multivibrators (monstability) 411 through 413, for example, MM54HC221A. The horizontal synchronization pulse 405 is connected to the input 615 of the first monstability 411, which is then followed by two monstabilities 412 and 413. The output (621 and 651) from the first 411 and the third 413 monstabilities is fed to an OR circuit 660 and the OR circuit output 450 is used to make the composite signal 540, which is then sent to the input point of the video amplifier.
If the manufacturing process of the CRT is allowed to be altered, a preferred embodiment is to use a short-afterglow infrared phosphor at the left 217 and right 219 margins of the screen. The pulses 450 arc sent to the input points of all three color video amplifiers. The silicon PIN photodiodes 206 used as detectors are most sensitive to near infrared light (about 800 nm). Using filtering materials, the visible light can be completely blocked. However, actual experimental showed that although the infrared phosphor may improve the performance, it is not an absolute necessity. Any existing CRTs can be used. The green and blue phosphor of ordinary CRTs (P22) has a shorter afterglow time (40 μsec) than the red phosphor (1 msec). It was found experimentally that the green and blue phosphorous of existing color CRT monitors are appropriate for the operation of the touchscreen device.
Alternative preferred embodiments of the circuit in FIG. 6 are possible, and are within the scope and contemplation of the invention.
For example, the three monstabilities can be replaced by a clock and a counter. The circuit can be made as one specially designed chip, without any capacitor and trim resistor.
Further, the light pattern can also be generated using software. Then, this input device can be retrofitted to existing monitors. However, in this embodiment, the light pattern occupies some areas at the left and right edges of the active screen 203. Thus, the existing application softwares may need to be modified, or new applications may need to be developed.
FIGS. 7A and 7B show, by a perspective and a top projection view, respectively, shows a preferred design of the plastic light reflector 700. It is made of plexiglass or any transparent plastics with an index of refraction larger than 1.4. The reflector 700 consists of two vertical bars 701 of about 5-10 mm thick. On the inner side 710, the shape 703 of the bar conforms with the CRT surface 702 at the location 706 of the light pattern. On the outer side 704, the bar 701 has a 45° surface. This surface can either be completely flat or slightly curved. A properly designed curved surface will improve the reflected light intensity but may be more difficult to manufacture. The intensity of reflected light increases with some curved surfaces because the curved surface acts a focusing mechanism. The inner surfaces 703 of the bars 701 arc glued on the CRT surface with a transparent adhesive to eliminate two reflective surfaces. The light pattern 204 of the CRT is transmitted through the bars 701 and reflected by the 45° surface through total reflection to become roughly parallel to the CRT surface. As an option, the two vertical bars 701 arc connected with a thin (3-5 mm) plastic or glass plate 705 which covers the active area 203 of the CRT. The mirror image of the light pattern from the surface of the plate 705 nearly doubles the light intensity at the light detector. Also, it gives a user a sense of touch. Because the thin plate 705 is vulnerable to scratching (for plastics) and breaking (for glass), this plate 705 can be made as a replaceable part. Because the plate 705 is not a essential functional element, the accuracy of its positioning is not critical, and it is simply a rectangular piece of thin plastic plate, so that the cost of its replacement is negligible.
In the actual manufacturing process, the plastic reflector may include some additional strengthening ribs, the mounting ports for the light detectors and the amplifiers. Those can be molded in a single manufacturing step.
An alternative embodiment of the reflectors is to use metal mirrors or metallized mirror surfaces.
Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 13, by engraving a series of non-reflective horizontal grooves 902 on the mirrors 904 (or plastic reflectors), the specific frequency can be created by using a uniform light bar (not shown) at the right margin and the left margin of the CRT screen. For example, by engraving 100 evenly spaced horizontal grooves on the mirror strip, for a VGA monitor, a signal frequency of about 7.1 kHz is generated.
FIG. 8 shows an example of the analog amplifier 800. An important function of the amplifier 800 is to pick up the useful signal and to reject various kinds of noise. One large noise common to these systems is the magnetic field of the horizontal deflection coil. For VGA monitors, this frequency is 31.5 kHz. Other noise is the room light and the magnetic field of the power line, which contains the fundamental and many overtones of the 60 Hz source. By choosing a light pulse frequency of the light pattern 204 from the bright dashes 210 between these two noises and using a band pass filter 810, the true signal of the light pattern 204 can be picked up. For VGA monitors, an example of the chosen frequency (in time) is 7.88 kHz, 1/4 of the horizontal scan frequency. After amplification 820, the analog signal is sent to a comparator 830, to compare with an adjustable fixed voltage. The result is a series of TTL pulses (either 0V or +5V) representing the light pattern 204.
Alternative methods for such band-pass filtering comprise switch-capacitor filters, and phase-sensitive detection methods such as used in lock-in amplifiers. These methods can be used for multiple-frequency detection, because the frequency can be programmed or changed by changing the reference frequency.
FIG. 9 is a schematic of the digital circuit which converts the output of the comparator 830 to a stream of digital signals which the computer can receive through the serial port (or the parallel port). FIG. 10 shows the corresponding waveforms. The vertical synchronization signal, 1001, is used for the reference of the counters, 905 and 906. The output from counter 605 is the clock pulse for counters 905 and 906. The signal from the light detectors, after amplification and filtering, 1002, is sent to a comparator/missing pulse detector 903 with level 1003. The output of the comparator portion (not shown) of item 903, 1004, is sent to a missing pulse detector portion (not shown) of item 903, which generates a waveform 1005. The counters 905 and 906 are started with a delayed signal from the vertical sync pulse 1001. The timing of it is after the starting of the pulse sequence 1004. The falling edge of the output of the missing pulse detector, 1005, is used to terminate counter 905. The rising edge of 1005 is used to terminate counter 906. Therefore, the content of counter 905 reflects the starting position of the pointer, and the content of counter 906 reflects the ending position of the pointer. The contents of the counters are then transmitted to the computer via the series port or parallel port. The digital circuit can be made either from a programmable logic circuit or as an application specific integrated circuit.
The X-Y coordinates of the pointer can be calculated from the start points and end points of the pulse sequences, that is, the contents of the counter as sent to the computer. The calculation procedure is shown in FIG. 11. The quantities H and W are the height and width of the rectangle spanned by the four light detectors, respectively. The origin of the coordinate system is the left upper corner of the rectangle. In region AB, the light detectors A and B are intercepted. The coordinates of the pointer are ##EQU1##
In region CD, the light detectors C and D are intercepted. The coordinates of the pointer are ##EQU2##
In region BD, the light detectors B and D arc intercepted. The coordinates (if the pointer are ##EQU3##
In region AC, the light detectors A and C are intercepted. The coordinates of the are ##EQU4##
The resolution on the entire region is not uniform. The maximum resolution is in around the center of the screen. For a 13 inch VGA monitor, the horizontal scanning frequency is 31.5 kHz. According to the ratio between the horizontal frequency and the signal frequency, the maximum resolution is
|Ratio Signal Frequency (kHz) Resolution (mm) (lines)
2 15.75 0.45 (480)
3 11.8 0.675 (320)
4 7.88 0.9 (240)
6 5.9 1.35 (160)
8 3.94 1.8 (120)
Near the borders, the resolution is worsened, as shown in FIG. 12. In a preferred embodiment, to achieve a relatively uniform resolution, the light detectors must be placed at four points substantially outside the active screen. Such a condition means that the height of the strips of the light pattern should be greater than the height of the active screen. Actually, by creating the light pattern with a circuit, as shown in FIGS. 4 through 6, the height of the light pattern strip is naturally greater than the height of the active screen 203. The optics requires that the horizontal positions of the light detectors be outside the patterns by at least a distance from the screen surface to the center of the reflective surface. Therefore, the condition is naturally satisfied. Hence, the low-resolution regions of the input device near the borders of the screen are naturally avoided.
One skilled in the art given this disclosure could develop alternative equivalent embodiments that are within the scope and contemplation of the present invention. For example, since the resolution (of pointer 110 detection) is determined by the density of light sources (dashes) in the light pattern, the spatial frequency 260 of the dashes 210 can be increased to increase the resolution.
Therefore a much improved accuracy can be gained by increasing the density of light sources (dashes 210) in the light pattern 204. Note that the light pattern 204 spatial frequency 260 and therefore the apparatus positioning accuracy, is not limited by the physical size of photodiode light sources. In addition, the light intensity can also be varied by changing the spatial frequency of the light pattern 204. This can be done by choosing a spatial pattern with lighted dashes (edge points) in groups of more than one to increase the intensity of the light reflected at the location of the dash grouping.
The four photodetectors and the associated circuits are the only significant additions to the manufacturing cost of the monitor with the touchscreen function. Therefore, the present touch screen input apparatus can be manufactured with a much lower incremental cost than prior art touchscreen input devices. In addition, the present invention has no mechanical moving parts that are subject to wear.


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Photo Flash: American Stage Offers Unprecedented Access with a Bold New Experiment
As American Stage celebrates its 40th Anniversary season, the Saint Petersburg professional theatre company is announcing a new initiative focused on the long-term future of the organization by developing the next generation of theatre professionals, theatre audiences and advocates. Beginning January 1, 2018, American Stage is making live theatre free to young people under the age of 20.
"As I thought about the American Stage's role as an arts leader, I began to think more seriously about our responsibility to this art form and to the community we serve," said Producing Artistic Director, Stephanie Gularte. "With a quickly evolving cultural landscape, there are some questions that need to be addressed with some urgency: Who will shape the future of the American theatre? Who will perform on, design and direct for our stages? Who will market, advance and lead our theatres? And who will fill the seats, champion our programs and engage with our work?"
These questions led Gularte, along with her leadership team at American Stage, to create an unprecedented initiative committed to developing the future artists, audiences and advocates of professional live theatre in Tampa Bay. The Young Americans initiative is comprised of three major pillars of forward-looking opportunities, including one pillar which is being considered a bold experiment for the year 2018.
Pillar #1: The American Stage apprenticeship program is dedicated to building the skills and careers of future theatre artists and arts leaders. This year-long residency provides young people who have recently completed their undergraduate degrees, to be fully immersed in American Stage's operations and programming, receiving hands on experience and impactful mentoring by industry professionals to prepare them for careers in the theatre.
Pillar #2: The Under 30 Pass offers unlimited theatre to young people under the age of 30 for only $15 per month. Pass holders may attend American Stage mainstage productions, improve, cabaret, American Stage in the Park as often as they like.
Pillar #3: The Under 20 Free Passport is a bold experiment in 2018 that allows young people under the age of 20 to have access to American Stage's full mainstage season at no cost.
"With our Young Americans initiative, teens and young adults will have unprecedented access to our work and will have the opportunity to make theatre a regular part of their lives," said Gularte. "The initiative is exciting, it's bold, and it's absolutely imperative: live theatre must engage today's youth to survive and thrive."
The third pillar, making professional live theatre free to young people under the age of 20 is a particularly ambitious effort aimed at eliminating cost as a barrier to this art form. It is also a potentially risky move for the theatre. With full priced tickets covering only 55-60% of the costs of producing, giving away thousands of dollars of ticket inventory is sure to have a financial impact.
The theatre is counting on the generosity of the community and arts supporters to help fund this initiative and to keep it going throughout 2018 and beyond. Scott Wagman and Beth Houghton, two Saint Petersburg residents actively involved in the philanthropic community recently offered a $25,000 matching gift, specifically to support the Young Americans initiative.
"Beth and I love American Stage and were inspired by the Young Americans initiative to increase accessibility by radically cutting costs for students and young people," said Wagman. "We are happy to support this outstanding initiative and are gratified that American Stage trustees and supporters were able to meet our match of $25,000."
The company is preparing for an aggressive outreach plan with the community to let young people know of this opportunity and to find additional supporters who will help sponsor effort. Said Gularte, "We believe in this effort and are committed to making it work for the community and for American Stage."
Guests at American Stage during the Young Americans Initiative announcement on Giving Tuesday.
Guests at American Stage during the Young Americans Initiative announcement on Giving Tuesday.
Guests at American Stage during the Young Americans Initiative announcement on Giving Tuesday.
American Stage Teen Class students at American Stage during the Young Americans Initiative announcement on Giving Tuesday.
Producing Artistic Director, Stephanie Gularte announcing the Young Americans Initiative on Giving Tuesday.
Producing Artistic Director, Stephanie Gularte announcing the Young Americans Initiative on Giving Tuesday.

subset: commoncrawl


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I love spring roll. Whenever I want to lose weight fast, I eat spring roll at lunch time for like a week. Believe or not, I lose weight.
– All kinds of vegetable you want : I prefer lettuce
– Spring roll wrapper
– Pork bell
– Shrimp
– Warm water
– Sauce : please follow this link
Start :
– Boiling 6 cup of water, add 1 tea spoon of salt and a piece of onion and pork belly. Boiled until it done, use a chopstick or a fork to check.
– Boiled or steamed shrimp
– Boiled noodle, you can easy find noodle at any Asian market
– Warm water
– Take a rice wrapper and dip it in to warm water and waiting for 2 second then wrap.
– Place shrimp then vegetable, pork and noodle on the wrapper then roll. Done
– Sauce :
There are many kinds of spring roll sauce, if you can't stand the fish sauce please don't try this. Lets get hoisin sauce, mustard or a tea soon of salt, 1/2 tea spoon of pepper and lemon lime to make a paste.
If you'd love to try fish sauce, please following this link
One response to "How to make Vietnamese spring rolls ( goi cuon )"
how many spring rolls do you eat for lunch? What is the serving size?


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Brad Pitt's Parents: Grandkids Bonding Time!
William Pitt and Jane Pitt, the parents of superstar Brad Pitt, take their grandkids — Maddox, 8, Pax, 6, Zahara, 5, Shiloh, 3 — for a fun family walk around Venice, Italy on Friday afternoon (April 16).
Maddox and Shiloh were seen taking turns jumping around. Shiloh looked adorable in her striped sailor outfit while the equally fashionable Zahara held onto a Hello Kitty clutch.
Pax was seen holding onto grandpa William's hand.
Angelina Jolie has been busy shooting The Tourist with Johnny Depp.
20+ pictures inside of grandparents William Pitt and Jane Pitt getting in some quality time with their grandchildren…


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Handmade Harvest 2016 (DentonTX)
Mathew Nguyen
What an awesome weekend for shows! The people were awesome, vendors were great and the weather this weekend was unbeatable!! Show was between 10-4 and the crowd was great. 1st time attending the show and I would definitely be coming back next year to attend.
We set our booth (5x8) up within about 30 mins or so, and took some time to figure out where each item was going to go since this was our first time in the space to see it next to other vendors.
Smooth day in the books and we are so glad to be apart of it! I look forward to this next year and all our other shows we are doing before end of the year. Thanks for the support everyone!


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WikiD (Wiki/Data) Jeffrey A. Young OCLC Office of Research email@example.com DLF Fall Forum Charlottesville, Virginia 8 November 2005
Introduction WikiD Overview OAI Ancestry Using the OAI-PMH… Differently ERRoLs Ancestral Limitations Synthesis of Available Solutions A Quick Glimpse at OpenURL 1.0 Sample Applications Walkthrough
WikiD Overview Ward Cunningham describes a wiki as "the simplest online database that could possibly work".describes The cost of this simplicity is that wikis are generally limited to a single collection containing a single kind of record (viz. Wiki Markup Language records). Wiki Markup Language WikiD (Wiki/Data) extends the wiki model to support multiple collections containing arbitrary schemas of XML records with minimal additional complexity. WikiD
Using the OAI-PMH… Differently OAI + XSL + content + extension verbs Used OAI-PMH as an interactive web service The addition of an XSL Stylesheet reference in OAI responses provided a human interface without disrupting its intended purpose of automated harvesting Dare to store XML content in the OAI records element Sharp criticism for daring to add OAI extension verbs Extract content from OAI GetRecord Perform HTTP redirect to dc:identifier in oai_dc record OpenURL Spec Registry: http://www.openurl.info/registry/http://www.openurl.info/registry/ info URI Registry: http://info-uri.info/http://info-uri.info/
Extensible Repository Resource Locators (ERRoLs) Decouple extension verbs from the OAI mechanism Extend principles to any repository registered at UIUC One way to think about ERRoLs is as a resolver for OAI repository and item identifiers, with various resolution targets (using rule-based URL construction) HTML renderings of OAI verbs Raw extraction and crosswalks Content dereferencing Extensible services, protocols, and XSL Stylesheets RSS OpenURL 0.1 Customized via OAI Identify elements SRW/U
Limitations of ERRoLs ERRoL pushed the boundaries of OAIs harvesting mandate The ERRoL URL encoding rules were non-standard http://errol.oclc.org/orpubs.oclc.org.rss http://errol.oclc.org/orpubs.oclc.org.rss Many OAI repositories were too slow and/or unreliable I was the only one exploiting ERRoL to its full potential I was requested to update from OpenURL 0.1 to 1.0 Every OAI repository I operated was configured differently I needed a way to update my repositories online Coincidentally, I was playing with a wiki around this time and was disappointed with its performance and features
Synthesis of Available Solutions Instead of transforming OpenURL requests into ERRoL requests, I could flip it and use OpenURL as my core infrastructure. I could merge my OAI repositories into a single version-controlled database divided into Collections Each collection can have its own native metadataFormat XSL Stylesheets provide the user interfaces and crosswalks Use SRW/U as the database API The SRW community developed an Update web service protocol I developed WebEdit to bridge the gap between HTML forms and the XML-based Update service This gave me everything I needed to create a wiki-style application to manage multiple collections of structured datasets Conventional wiki capabilities could be contained in a single collection within the general model The conventional wiki collection could serve as a user interface for the creation and maintenance of the various collections
Pears DB Engine File system SRW/UUpdate WikiD OpenURL 1.0 WebEdit Servlets & Data Flows
OpenURL 1.0 Most people continue to think in terms of OpenURL 0.1: Deliver the appropriate copy of a journal article OpenURL 1.0 abstracts the 0.1 function: Supply the appropriate service related to an identifiable resource The words appropriate, service, identifiable and resource are left to the imagination of developers OpenURL 0.1 is thus an application of OpenURL 1.0 WikiD is another example of an OpenURL 1.0 application: identifiable resource can be anything (but typically refers to internal collection items) and appropriate service can mean anything (but typically refers to wiki- style functions)
Support for Multiple Collections CollectionWikiPages is the primary bootstrap collection and gives WikiD its out-of-the-box Wiki functionality Consider that many conventional wiki implementations treat certain types of WikiNames as special (e.g. WikiNames that begin with the word Category) In the same spirit, CollectionWikiPages treats WikiNames that start with the word Collection as special This special class of WikiNames allows users to create, reference, and manipulate collections in much the same way they would create and reference wiki pages.
OpenURL 1.0 Resolver A standard for performing context-sensitive services on referents (e.g. rendering of wiki markup records) http://alcme.oclc.org/openurl/docs/pdf/z39_88_2004.pdf WikiD installation is configured to recognize wiki-type services display edit delete etc. For this application, the OpenURL resolver is embed in the WikiD code rather than running as a sibling web-app http://www.oclc.org/research/projects/openurl/default.htm
Wiki/OpenURL 1.0 Mapping OpenURL Entity Type IdentifierBy Value Metadata By Reference Metadata Private Data Referentinfo:sid/localhost:CollectionWikiPages:FrontPage/SubPage Referring Entity http://localhost/wikid/FrontPage RequesterUser ID (if authenticated) Service Typeaction=edit Resolver Referrerinfo:sid/oclc.org:WikiD
Pears A record-based database system http://www.oclc.org/research/software/pears/default.htm
SRW/U Search/Retrieve Web/URL Service A SOAP/REST search service standard http://www.loc.gov/z3950/agency/zing/srw/brief.html http://www.oclc.org/research/software/srw/default.htm
Update Update Web Service A database update web service standard created by the SRW/U community http://srw.cheshire3.org/docs/update/ Enhanced to support file system-based version control of documents
WebEdit A lightweight open-source web-based record editor Accepts HTML form submittals and transforms them into XML documents that conform to a desired XML Schema Forwards the generated XML document to a corresponding Update service
WikiD An lightweight wiki front-end to an OpenURL 1.0 resolver This combination supports wiki-enhancements for managing fielded data collections http://outgoing.typepad.com/outgoing/2005/05/metawiki.html doGet/doPost processing Transforms a Wiki URL request into an OpenURL 1.0 ContextObject representation Issues the ContextObject to the OpenURL resolver Relays the resolver results back to the client
Reference Links WikiD project page http://www.oclc.org/research/projects/wikid/ WikiD demo http://alcme.oclc.org/wikid/ Open WorldCat contributed content (example) http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/58795737&tab=r eviews http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/58795737&tab=r eviews OCLC DeweyBrowser http://deweyresearch.oclc.org/ddcbrowser/a14
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The Senate Finance Committee should stand firm and vote to kill keno, the fast-action gambling game championed by the Schaefer administration. And the Senate's budget panel ought to lend a hand by showing the governor how to balance the budget without reliance on this addictive game.
Casino-style keno isn't confined to closely supervised gambling halls: the lottery agency is hooking up terminals at every convenience store, bar and restaurant it can find.
The dangers are obvious. Worcester County was so concerned about taverns offering cheap "happy hour" drinks to patrons for putting money on the keno games every five minutes that it has banned the practice. With keno offering a 5 percent skim to retailers, addictive gambling could increase. The presence of keno machines in bowling and pizza outlets will lead to far more under-age gambling.


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Care Homes
At all our care homes, we believe that residents have the right to dignity, choice, privacy and independence. Our well-trained staff team actively encourage residents to exercise their rights. Resident's opinions are requested, respected and valued.
Residents are encouraged to make their rooms as homely as possible with whatever personal belongings or small items of furniture they wish to bring with them. Many of our residents choose to have a television or a stereo in their rooms which is encouraged by all the homes.
Visitors are encouraged and welcomed at all times. Friends and family are especially welcome and have an essential part to play in the lives of residents and the home itself.
In line with regulations set by the CQC (Care Quality Commission), all our care home employees have undertaken an enhanced Criminal Records Bureau check and will be checked through the ISA (Independent Safeguarding Authority). All employees are trained to a high standard and many are trained to NVQ Level 2 standard.
All the care homes work within and to the regulations as set out in the Care Standards Act 2000. All our care homes are registered with the Care Quality Commission and are inspected twice a year.
The Croft is a registered care home specialising in providing full time residential care and support for twenty-nine older people. We offer a truly 'home from home' experience within our…Read More
Laughton Croft is a registered care home with nursing which caters for the needs of thirty-six older people who need full time care and support in a residential setting…Read More
Croft House is a registered care home specialising in providing full time residential care and support for twenty-one older people…Read More
Croftlands is our newest care home (opened March 2010) and is a stunning stone building which will be home to 55 residents both residential, nursing and people…Read More
Holme House is a family run care home in a stunning stone building, providing nursing, residential and personal care …Read More


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|Related Products
SmartCallMonitor 1.6
Publisher's Description:
SmartCallMonitor - SmartCallMonitor is the easy-to-use calling and monitoring software for TAPI capable hardware like a telephone system or an ISDN card. It automatically tries to match incoming phone calls with data stored in your MS-Outlook contacts to provide information about the caller (e.g. name, address etc.). Information will be shown in a clearly arranged datasheet. If SmartCallMonitor can not find matching information about the caller in your MS-Outlook contacts it can use an internet reverse search service to obtain information about the caller.
With SmartCallMonitor you always know who is calling and whose call you could not answer. SmartCallMonitor can simplify your daily office routine by monitoring incoming calls, saving information about the caller (e.g. time and date of each call), creating call back reminder and many other features.
SmartCallMonitor V1.0 full functional version is completely free.
List of Changes:
Version 1.6 from 2012-09-03Show all changes
Version 1.5 from 2012-03-30
* Dial and take calls directly
Version 1.4.1 from 2010-12-30
* Improved Outlook look-up: Caller is found regardless of the Outlook contact phone number format.
Version 1.4 from 2010-06-24
* Now with area code recognition and further online services for reverse lookup.
Version 1.3 from 2010-04-15
· The settings dialogue has been completely revised.
Version 1.2.1 from 2010-01-29
* has passed the "Compatible with Windows 7" logo test
Version 1.1 from 2009-11-05
* has passed the "Compatible with Windows 7" logo test
Version 1.0.1 from 2008-12-17
- Initial Version 1.0
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Discussion in 'Buying Tips and Advice' started by munckee, Mar 16, 2006.
PowerMac G4, 300Mhz, 768 Mhz of memory, 40Gig HD. Any thoughts? Would $175 be too much?
They never made a 300mhz PowerMac G4...
It's most likely 350MHz, and what kind of optical drive does it have?
Assuming it's a CD-ROM, ~$140.00
All right, at risk of having someone else snatch it (doesn't sound like its worth what its at anyway), here's the one I'm looking at:
Just want it to be able to run itunes, firefox, and hold a couple of drives instead of buying external enclosures.
Sell the rams, and sell it at lower price.


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Contemporary and confident. American Leather's eye-catching Private Collection combines elevated style and superior craftsmanship to bring the WOW factor. Whether designing a modern masterpiece or transitional oasis, everyone will notice the beauty in the details.
Style shown: Hayden in Dolce Gray Leather
Style shown: Julius in Italian Gray Leather
Style shown: Lexi in Crypton® Calliope Ivory Fabric
Style shown: Mallory in Vintage Belgian Gray Fabric
Style shown: Rayna in Satori Blue Leather


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Ductless Cooling Repair near 18210 PennsylvaniaThursday, May 18, 2017 @ 19:38 PM
Penn Forest Mini Split Systems
Mini divided air conditioning units are smooth with a state-of-the-art design that compliments general home or organisation design. For any Orlando, FL ductless mini split air conditioning and heating setup, repair or upkeep, just call Air Conditioning Specialists today.
Penn Forest, PA Ductless Mini Split Systems Professionals
A ductless mini split a/c system is a great home cooling alternative in Los Angeles. Ductless mini split systems also resolve the issue of cooling and/or heating an area when including ductwork is not practical or too pricey. All Mitsubishi small split cooling outside systems are designed with simple service and maintenance in mind. This outdoor system is straight linked to specific, wall mounted blowers. This cuts the requirement for ductwork out of the formula. The indoor and outdoor elements are connected by a basic avenue including refrigerant and power lines.
Ductless Mini Split A/c Penn Forest, PA - A/C Providers
Ductless air conditioners are set up with an outside compressor and condenser unit that sucks in air, cools it, and channels it via an exterior channel through the wall to an opposing interior unit attached to the wall of a room. Ductless mini-splits utilize copper refrigeration tubing and several air handlers to move air throughout the house.
|City Name
|# of Households
|Area Code
|Penn Forest
Zip codes in Penn Forest: 18210 18229 18235
Penn Forest, Pennsylvania 18210
Ductless Mini Split Air Conditioners in Penn Forest, Pennsylvania
The system does not need duct to be set up in your home or structure. This system can heat and/or cool up to 2 spaces in your home. Sometimes described as mini-split a/c, they have been used in commercial, institutional and retail buildings for nearly 20 years now. You can depend on us to help you select the best system that fits your needs and budget. It's shipment system does not need large ductwork and lets you pick where the cool air will go into the space, making sure visual stability.
Ductless Mini Split Air Conditioning System Installation in PA
If your home in Allentown and the surrounding Lehigh Valley has baseboard or radiator heating and air conditioners in windows, a ductless mini split system can work wonders for you. As with any other home convenience system, your Penn Forest ductless mini split installation must be finished by a qualified professional. We also set up air conditioning, central air conditioning, eco-friendly energy solutions and more.
Penn Forest Ductless Air Conditioners
Rather than heating or cooling an entire house or building, you can target specific spaces with energy-efficient ductless air conditioners. It is estimated that 30% of cooled air is lost in the duct system. Inverter technology mini-split air conditioning achieves 30% more effectiveness operation.


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Where Does It Hurt?
For more information about common causes of pain, click on the name of the area where you are experiencing pain or dizziness.
|*Hip and Leg
|*Ankle and Foot
* PLEASE NOTE: This is a listing of some but not all conditions that physical therapists treat. This page is intended for informational purposes only. This information should not be considered complete and should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. Please contact your physical therapist for more information on the condition that concerns you.


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There are a few reasons why I believe the best way to experience this album is by tracking down a copy of the original vinyl:
1. The cover design is really something to behold. It's so full of tiny intricate detail that the tiny size of the CD jewel case simply cannot do it justice. You can spend hours staring at the Zappa-fied map of the cosmos trying to just understand the meaning of it all. It's really so overflowing with imagination that you can keep yourself entertained for hours without ever taking the record out of its sleeve.
2. The sound quality of it all. For whatever reason, Zappa on CD is a messy affair. It seems that he created the digital masters for the CDs at a time of very primitive digital technology. Frank simply couldn't resist all the bells and whistles and trappings of over using them. Although this album is hardly one of the worst examples, very early-80s digital reverb is dumped all over his catalogue. There is an excellent (albeit dated looking) website that you can spend the rest of your life going over, that boldly attempts to make heads and tails of each and every Zappa release. The original vinyl version is, however, one of the best sounding releases of its day. It's warm, lush and brimming with the full breadth of frequencies that your human hearing is capable of hearing.
But wait, what about the actual music? Hmm, just give me 40 minutes or so to listen to this sucker and I'll get back to you...
Wow, just....wow! I had to stop listening after just the first side because I was so overwhelmed by it all, and I've heard this thing countless times! Where to begin? How about the beginning? Inca Roads! An undisputed Zappa classic in every sense. Originally composed as an extremely complex instrumental, the lyrics about flying saucers landing in the Andes are certainly amusing but hardly the main attractive. Did I mention that this lineup features one of the most talented ensembles ever assembled by Frank Zappa (or anybody for that matter)? Well I should have. The percussion throughout this album is a marvel to gawk at, but nowhere is this more apparent than Inca Roads. Ruth Underwood and Chester Thomson are on fire here. Zappa was always writing the most complex marimba parts for Mrs. Underwood to tackle and she seemingly could handle it all and make it look easy at the same time! And then there is the guitar solo. You can think of this as a song within a song. It's so perfectly constructed and played you'd think Zappa worked on its composition for days, except he didn't. It was improvised live at a concert in Helsinki and pasted on here. Inspirational stuff.
While Inca Roads is the main attraction on side one, the quality throughout never drops. Can't Afford No Shoes is the least Progressive item on the menu, but its lyrics concerning the economic hardship of recession will probably ring truer today then they even did in the volatile 1970s. Sofa #1 may be one of Zappa's grandest instrumentals. You'd think it would have some sort of serious epic meaning behind it if it were not for the reprise that occurs at the end of the album (we'll get there later). Po-Jama People, Zappa's tribute to all those boring dull folks in the world (and boy, are there ever plenty of them) is another guitar showcase. I really can't think of another guitarist that was playing like that in the 70s. The licks here cover the full range from the dirty bluesy intro to the rousing solo in the second half of the track. If you don't have the ending coda stuck in your head for days after hearing it (Wrap 'em up, Roll 'em out, Get 'em out of my way, Hoy Hoy Hoy!) then you simply aren't human. Period.
(Takes a deep breath) Alright, give me another 20 minutes while I indulge in side 2...
Pffffff.....Jeez. Somehow the second side is seemingly more rampant with musical ideas than the first, and it's a whole minute shorter! This is unbelievable stuff. It's the kind of album that conflicts me as a potential aspiring musician and composer. On one hand, I feel so inspired by the sheer amount of musical ideas presented here, and the seamless skill on display executing said ideas, that I feel that there is just so many possibilities to create something likewise. On the other hand, I'm just so intimidated by the fact that all of this came out of one man's head that even trying to create something similar would certainly pale so much in comparison, it's not even worth attempting.
Take, for example, Florentine Pogen. In its first two minutes or so you hear sooo many musical ideas and riffs. How does he do it? They are all catchy and complex yet it flows seamlessly. In fact, the recording on the album was taken directly from this TV performance. That's right, it's all done live! This band was a well oiled machine. They make it look so easy and appear to be having fun while doing it to boot. Chester Thomson was completely wasted during the 80s playing with Phil Collins' Genesis. This is impressive playing. And how about Napoleon Murphy Brock on vocals? You know Zappa discovered this guy playing in some corny night club in Hawaii?
The second last track, Andy, is another contender for 'most musical ideas crammed into a delightful six minute package'. It's Progressive, yet has a bluesy soulful charm that makes it simply addictive to listen to. A masterpiece without a doubt. San Ber'dino is another track that, were it written by anyone else and included on any other album, would be hailed as an all time great song. Sadly, it's packed into an album with so many great pieces and composed by the most prolific artist of its time. It seems almost forgotten in time. And then the album closes with Sofa #2. Reprising the melody of the instrumental from side one, it lyrically is based on the idea that (and I'm not making this up folks) God is singing an ode to a giant maroon sofa that happens to be floating in space, in German! Just look at the album cover! There is the sofa, and there is God's hand, holding a cigar (of course).
You think that putting such silly concepts onto such beautiful melodies may have diminished their impact? You bet. By doing this time and time again throughout his career, Frank Zappa has proven that you can make music that is complex, challenging and progressive without taking yourself at all seriously and being pretentious. Why isn't this album, and many others by Zappa, considered the out-and-out classics that they are? The humour contained in his lyrics are so disarming that you might not even bother to appreciate the musical ideas that he kept churning out throughout his tragically short life.
This album is not the easiest one to get into. It's a dense work that is brimming with some of the best music of the time. My recommendation is to take your time. You'll need to listen to it a few times over before you start to appreciate its genius. Once you do, once you 'get' it, you will undoubtedly regard this album as an all time classic of Progressive Rock. It's Progressive Rock in the truest meaning of the term. Oh yeah, it's fun and catchy too!
On the next instalment, I'm going to take a look at one of the earliest examples of real Progressive Rock, The Mothers of Invention's Absolutely Free.


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This feels like it is the smallest eComXpo event I have attended so far , both in that there appear to be less exhibitors (thought I count about 120) and it is running for fewer days. That said the first day has been very good and I've picked up better contacts in the first day this year than I did in total at the past shows.
The event this year is kind of split into two sections eComXpo and eTailXpo though the two 'shows' could easily have been combined into one, and were as far as the main navigation was concerned, making it easy to visit exhibitors from both sides of the show.
I've not been to any of the presentations yet, I'll save that for tomorrow.


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Group Home for Boys
The group home for boys ages 13 and above in Alfonso, Cavite provides a wholesome home environment, educational opportunities, values re-orientation and development, health and medical services as well as skills training. The aim of the Group Home is to prepare those young adults for independent living and to live responsibly. The Group Home offers a family environment to approximately 25 boys.


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Civilization VI will release with a big new feature called Districts. They allow you to turn your cities into a cultural heaven. It will help push social development to make your creation the dominant civilization of all.
According to Art director Brian Busatti, "In Civ IV we had these blobs of cities," Busatti says. "If you had a temple in there, you had to really search for it. It was a cool visual aspect, but it didn't promote gameplay."
Meanwhile, in the new game you can create theaters, museums, galleries etc and put them in one single district. You can also create an industrial district and so on.
Moreover, you can replace districts as your civilization progress. For example, you can remove a farming area and place a scientific district because your civilization don't need an outdated food supply system.
Civilization VI features a lively world that is much more colorful compared to previous entries. Developers wanted to make sure they don't make it dull and drab, of course, you will be playing this game for a long time.
Civilization VI would require you to make more active choices and be more engaged. We have previously discussed how Firaxis changed things dynamically across the board and this is just one example of that.
Science will also work very differently in Civilization this time around thanks to an added level of realisim.
Civilization VI is a turn based stretagy game that will release on PC later this year on October 21. How are you liking the new Civilization game? Share what you think in the comments below.


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Tuesdays, August 2, 9, 16, and 23, 2016
3:30 p.m. – 5:30 p.m. | Instructor: Terra Feast, Curator of Education
$45 ($60 non-members)
Pre-registration deadline: Wednesday, July 27, 2016
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Cookie and I visited Vegas a few weeks ago and after a few cocktails she determined to do some flashing. We stayed at the Hard Rock and ate dinner at a place fittingly called the "Pink Taco". Albeit the food was good it was not even close to taste of Cookie's pink taco!
December 2018 8:40:33
A gf and I were snooping around this old chased building. We were having a ball, and went upstairs to explore further (of course we had a little "fun" too!) I got the best set of classy black and whites that I'm sure you will enjoy!
December 2018 2:6:33
Just want to wish everyone "Happy Holidays". I sent these to my hubby for Christmas, and I thought I would share them with you. He'll be home from Iraq briefly, and I might have some for Naturist projects then. I hope you'll see me shortly. Love Ya!
December 2018 20:37:47
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bet that moss smells like an old tuna
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Yeah, I don't like that either. I'm going to attempt to liquidate it.
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It's tragic that some people make such terrible choices.
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Jan 2017
Trade, technology, regulation and relationships all look set to be high on the corporate treasurers' agenda in 2017.
It's fair to say that 2016 was something of a rollercoaster ride for treasurers around the world. As such, when asked to predict what shape 2017 will take, the word that first springs to mind is 'uncertainty'.
On 23rd June, the world was shocked by the UK's decision to exit the European Union. More was to follow with Donald Trump's election victory in November, as well as the resignation of Italian prime minister Matteo Renzi in December, following the resounding defeat of his referendum on constitutional reforms.
Recent political events have the potential to impact treasurers in a number of different ways, from funding to investments. As such, treasurers will be watching events closely in 2017 – particularly the upcoming elections in France, Germany and the Netherlands.
"With the geopolitical changes that are happening, we see that trade agreements that are being proposed will have an important impact on what 2017 – and beyond – is going to look like," says Venkatesh Somanathan, Global Head, Supplier Finance Solutions at Deutsche Bank. "We are living in a period of slower economic growth, with some headwinds on the horizon, which means that some of these trade agreements may take some time to batten down. There may be a recalibration or a pivoting of some of these countries into different blocs of agreements."
The trade finance gap is likely to be an important consideration this year: the Asian Development Bank (ADB's) 2016 Trade Finance Gaps Survey identified a trade finance gap of $692bn in developing Asia, including India and China.
Somanathan points out that this gap slows down trade growth. "You can attribute this to various things – the commodity cycle is one, but we also see that regulatory expectations applying to financial institutions increasingly require them to do a lot more in order to continue to do trade finance.
"While some banks address this by investing in technology and people, some others find it easier to limit their presence. Rather than being present in more countries, they find it profitable to get back to their home markets and focus on a smaller number of countries. This kind of response could further accentuate the problems which are slowing down trade growth." As such, Somanathan says that 2017 could be a crucial year in seeing how these trends play out.
Aside from the changing political landscape and developments in technology, the following trends and topics are also likely to be significant in 2017:
Mark Smith, Global Head of Liquidity Management Services at Citi, says that investing in automation and security will be another priority for treasurers in 2017 – not only as a means of achieving efficiency gains, but also to increase the security of treasury operations.
In keeping with the last few years, regulatory change continues to be a major area of focus – and this is set to continue in the coming 12 months.
Daniel Jefferies, Group Treasurer of Equiniti Group says that in the current low rate environment, both banks and corporates are looking to get the most out of their relationships.
According to Smith, treasurers are continuing to be more engaged in driving business decisions on topics such as how and where best to set up working capital frameworks and liquidity pools.
While the core priorities of treasurers continue to be on managing cash, liquidity and risk effectively, the events of 2016 mean that treasurers are likely to be entering January with a greater sense of caution about the coming year. If treasurers took just one message from last year, it would be to expect the unexpected.


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As a website maintainer one usually needs to reduce the average image file size on a website in order to save bandwidth. A tool I just started using on linux is pngquant to reduce the size of my site's PNG images prior to upload. This is based on a Nairobi linux users group thread. Pngquant also is available for windows and mac on their website.
In the case of JPEGs I manually convert them to PNGs using gimp or use the convert tool in a one line command to automatically convert all JPEG images to PNGs in a given folder as in this post here.
convert *.jpg *.png
Install pngquant and via terminal. I use Ubuntu 16.04.
sudo apt install pngquant
I then use pngquant to reduce the all PNG file sizes in the folder as detailed here.
pngquant --speed 1 --verbose *.png
The input image file from a previous post is thus reduced from 47kB to 23kB. Here is a direct visual comparison below:


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2nd Conference on Composites & Advanced Materials Industry
Conference Theme: Taking Composite Sector to the Next Level in India
Conference Day 1: Key Sessions
Government Policy for composites in India (Panel Discussion)
- What are the initiatives taken by the government till 2013
- Highlighting the recent initiatives adopted by the government
- How the policies could change the future of composites products in India
Mr. Avik Bhattacharya, Director, Boeing
Anindya Ghosh, MD, Owens Corning India
Rajendran Subbiah, CGM, BEML India
Terry Fry, General Manager, Asia Pacific Leader, PPG Fiber Glass
Session Chairperson: JK Trivedi, Aztech Composites Pvt. Ltd.
How is global economic scenario affecting the Indian composites market (Panel Discussion)
- How the global scenario is affecting the India market
- What are the imperatives of the rising dollar?
- What should be the solution to increase the consumption of composites application
R. N. Gupta, Director, Revex Plasticizers
Mukund Bhore, Dow Chemical International
Biswajit Sarma, PPG Fibre Glass
Remon Veraart, MD, Binani 3B India
Session Chairperson: JK Trivedi, Aztech Composites Pvt. Ltd.
DIAB experience in developing new Sandwich Composite applications – Mr. Lars-Magnus Efraimsson, DIAB
Technical Textile: Emerging Growth and Opportunities
- Advanced Technical Textiles and Emerging applications - Dr. PKC Bose, MD & CEO, Saertex India
- Recent advancements in Textiles, Nonwoven and Fibres
Structural Assembly Solutions for Composites - Vikram Patil, Business Leader – Adhesives, Ashland India Pvt. Ltd
Conference Day 2: Key Sessions
Review on the Indian Composites Industry
- Rohacell high performance core for light weight advance sandwich composite solution, Hitesh Shah, Evonik Degussa
- Integration of composites into body structure for Automotive Application – Mr. Pradeep Kumar Verma, Henkel
- How the polices could change the future of composite products in India – E Rangareddy , Founder & CEO, Enti Innovations
- FRP Corrosion resistance Applications- T. Ramakrishnan, Assistant Vice-President - Technology, Ashland India Pvt Ltd
- Insights on Indian Composites Market – Mr. Ritesh Gandecha, Market Analyst, Lucintel
- Light weight Composites with Polyurethanes
Polyurethane: A market outlook for the PU industry in India
- Review of the global polyurethane market landscape with focus on latest developments in India
Mr. K Ramamurthy, President, Indian Polyurethane Association
Ruchin Shrivastava, Head of Technical Services and Development, Bayer MaterialScience
Rajesh Oommen, VP, Harita-Fehrer Pvt Ltd
Design and composites: For the Better in composites
- Epotec Epoxy Systems for Industrial Applications – Nitin Metkar, DGM, Epoxy Division, Aditya Birla Chemicals
- Process Technology Advancements to aid on advanced carbon fiber development - Nina M. Hsu, Harper International
- Graphene oxide inducted synthetic metal-a modern composite - Dr. Girish Mukundrao Joshi, VIT Vellore
- Cost Effective Structural Health Monitoring of Composites using Smart Sensors – Dr. Raju, Structural Analyst, QuEST Global Engineering
- Physical and Mechanical Properties of Kevlar/Carbon Fibers Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Hybrid Composites - Dr. Mohammad Jawaid, ITFFP
Aerospace: Future in Composites
- General overview of the Aero composites activities in India - Dr.N.SHAMARAO, ADA, Min Of Defense
- Aerospace Offset Market Opportunity in India - Swaminathan.V, Aerospace Consultant, Surge Engineering
Wind Sector: The rise of new technologies
- Innovation for materials in Wind Energy
- How to build a blade with a longer life
- Wind Turbine Blades: Design, Construction and environmental effects - Shankar K. Sarpate, Head of Wind Turbine Blades, Gamesa
Automobile Sector: Spotlight on Present and Future Application
- History and use of Advanced Composites in Motor Sport / Formula 1 – Ian Thomson, Technical Director, Moldex
- Existing and Upcoming applications of composites in automobiles
The Recent Initiatives for Composite Application in the New Sectors
- Growth of Composite Industry in India- Trained Manpower - Vasant Uchil, Composites Consultant
- Wood Plastic Composites (WPC) and its applications in the building & construction industry – Anomitra Chakravarty, Director, KPS Consultants
- Sustainability Analysis of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Polymer Composite Products – Mr. Venkata K Upadhyayula, Sabic
- Impact Behaviour of Sandwich GFRP-Foam-GFRP Composites – Prof. VK Srivastava, IIT BHU
- Timber substitute composites from natural fibres and industrial wastes - Dr. Asokan Pappu, CSIR, AMPRI
To book your seat, contact Gauri Srivastava +91-9873800387, email@example.com


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Creative Wiltshire, Chippenham Museum's first exhibition in its newly opened gallery space, features the work of many influential artists who moved to North Wiltshire during the 20th century. Open until 17 March 2018 and free to visit, the exhibition features works by well-known artists such as Howard Hodgkin and Robin Tanner displayed alongside examples of pottery and silver produced in the local area.
The majority of works on display have been acquired as a result of the Creative Wiltshire project, which is collecting and celebrating the work of the county's creative people. The project is run by the Wiltshire and Swindon History Centre, in partnership with Swindon Museum and Art Gallery and other participating museums, archives and local studies libraries to widen collections and ensure that creativity is better represented.
Nearly all artists featured in the exhibition relocated to North Wiltshire during the 20th century for work, study or a simpler life. For them the area provided new inspiration for their creativity, producing artwork directly responding to the local landscape.
A highlight of the Creative Wiltshire exhibition is newly acquired painting Studio Interior with Nude by William Brooker. Chippenham Museum purchased the painting with the support of Art Fund and Arts Council England/Victoria and Albert Museum Purchase Grant Fund. Further funding was also given by the Heritage Lottery Fund Creative Wiltshire Project.
Brooker painted the work in 1953 whilst teaching at Bath Academy of Art at Corsham Court. The school attracted some of the most important names in post-war British Art to teach and study at Corsham. The painting is believed to show the interior of the painting studio where many of them would have worked.
Creative Wiltshire will be the first exhibition in Chippenham Museum's new temporary exhibition space and marks the launch of an exciting new exhibition programme accompanied by a series of associated talks, activities and events.
Supported using £48,000 of public funding by Arts Council England, the exhibition space will allow the museum to develop bigger and better exhibitions, borrow amazing objects from National Museums such as the British Museum and the V&A and tell more of the fascinating stories that make Chippenham and surrounding villages so special.
Chippenham Museum is run by Chippenham Town Council and tells the story of the people and history of Chippenham and the surrounding villages from prehistoric times up until the present day. The museum, located in the Market Place, is free to explore and open Monday to Saturday 10am – 4pm.
The museum's Creative Wiltshire exhibition is open from 20 November 2017 to 17 March 2018.


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Sorry to point out the obvious, but the Department closed schools and sold sites through the 1980s and 1990s. The most obvious and notorious example was the sale of the Beacon Hill site ten years ago. Most of the disposals were do to catastrophically falling enrolments in a bevy of underperforming schools. I was there.
Where the state government chose to spend money, enrolments stabilised (again, on the North Shore and around the Western Suburbs). The situation regarding sectoral enrolments is far more complex and usually does not involve schools in direct competition at the local level. Parents choose of all sorts of reasons.
This article is from the June 23 issue of The Sydney Morning Herald Digital Edition. To subscribe for $4.50 a week, visit http://smh.com.au/digitaledition.
Andrew Stevenson
SYDNEY'S wealthier suburbs have largely abandoned government high schools, according to the latest census data.
Across the greater Sydney area the percentage of students attending public high schools rose slightly in the five years since the last census, creeping from 55.7 per cent to 56 per cent and arresting a long-term downward trend.
But in areas such as the lower north shore and eastern suburbs public high school students are in a tiny minority. In the North Sydney-Mosman area only 22.7 per cent of high school students attend a government school. There are more (23.5 per cent) at Catholic high schools, with a majority of high school students (53.8 per cent) now enrolled in independent high schools.
'' Think about it; the population has been increasing and the density has been increasing with the policies adopted in the last 10 years but when was the last public high school built in inner Sydney, eastern suburbs or the north shore?'' asked Mr Pound. (Answer: Turramurra High in 1968.)
Public high schools remain the most popular option in much of Sydney. Two in every three high school students in Bankstown are at government schools. Public schools also dominate enrolments in Parramatta (62.6 per cent), Sutherland (62.3 per cent) and Liverpool (61.9 per cent).
In the inner west less than half of high school students (45.3 per cent) are in the government sector. Yet in Penrith only a bare majority of students (51.5 per cent) now attend a public high school, with Catholic schools (33.9 per cent) the most popular option.
The president of the NSW Secondary Principals' Council, Lila Mularczyk, pointed to an increase in student numbers in northern Sydney this year. '' The current data we have actually shows there are increases in many of the regions around NSW,'' she said.
'' I applaud and respect the parents who continue to enrol their children in the rich and embracing public education system.''
Copyright © 2012 The Sydney Morning Herald


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Jimmy Robinson wins Senior Club Championship
Many congratulations to Jimmy Robinson on winning the 2014 Senior Club Championship with a superb gross score of level par 72. Jimmy included 6 birdies in his round and always looked in control of his game.
Runner-up with a score of 80 gross was Tommy Rossi and in third place was the defending champion, Michael Stewart who shot an 81 gross.
Jimmy is pictured receiving the cup from Paul Banford, Captain.