text:
A carbohydrate (/kɑːrboʊˈhaɪdreɪt/) is a biomowecuwe consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usuawwy wif a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water) and dus wif de empiricaw formuwa Cm(H2O)n (where m may be different from n). This formuwa howds true for monosaccharides. Some exceptions exist; for exampwe, deoxyribose, a sugar component of DNA,[1] has de empiricaw formuwa C5H10O4.[2] The carbohydrates are technicawwy hydrates of carbon; structurawwy it is more accurate to view dem as awdoses and ketoses.
The term is most common in biochemistry, where it is a synonym of 'saccharide', a group dat incwudes sugars, starch, and cewwuwose. The saccharides are divided into four chemicaw groups: monosaccharides, disaccharides, owigosaccharides, and powysaccharides. Monosaccharides and disaccharides, de smawwest (wower mowecuwar weight) carbohydrates, are commonwy referred to as sugars.[3] The word saccharide comes from de Greek word σάκχαρον (sákkharon), meaning "sugar".[4] Whiwe de scientific nomencwature of carbohydrates is compwex, de names of de monosaccharides and disaccharides very often end in de suffix -ose, as in de monosaccharides fructose (fruit sugar) and gwucose (starch sugar) and de disaccharides sucrose (cane or beet sugar) and wactose (miwk sugar).
Carbohydrates perform numerous rowes in wiving organisms. Powysaccharides serve for de storage of energy (e.g. starch and gwycogen) and as structuraw components (e.g. cewwuwose in pwants and chitin in ardropods). The 5-carbon monosaccharide ribose is an important component of coenzymes (e.g. ATP, FAD and NAD) and de backbone of de genetic mowecuwe known as RNA. The rewated deoxyribose is a component of DNA. Saccharides and deir derivatives incwude many oder important biomowecuwes dat pway key rowes in de immune system, fertiwization, preventing padogenesis, bwood cwotting, and devewopment.[5]
Starch and sugars are de most important carbohydrates in human diet. They are found in a wide variety of naturaw and processed foods. Starch is a powysaccharide. It is abundant in cereaws (wheat, maize, rice), potatoes, and processed food based on cereaw fwour, such as bread, pizza or pasta. Sugars appear in human diet mainwy as tabwe sugar (sucrose, extracted from sugarcane or sugar beets), wactose (abundant in miwk), gwucose and fructose, bof of which occur naturawwy in honey, many fruits, and some vegetabwes. Tabwe sugar, miwk, or honey are often added to drinks and many prepared foods such as jam, biscuits and cakes.
Cewwuwose, a powysaccharide found in de ceww wawws of aww pwants, is one of de main components of insowubwe dietary fiber. Awdough it is not digestibwe, insowubwe dietary fiber hewps to maintain a heawdy digestive system[6] by easing defecation. Oder powysaccharides contained in dietary fiber incwude resistant starch and inuwin, which feed some bacteria in de microbiota of de warge intestine, and are metabowized by dese bacteria to yiewd short-chain fatty acids.[7][8]
- 1 Terminowogy
- 2 Structure
- 3 Division
- 4 Monosaccharides
- 5 Disaccharides
- 6 Nutrition
- 7 Metabowism
- 8 Carbohydrate chemistry
- 9 See awso
- 10 References
- 11 Sources
- 12 Externaw winks
In scientific witerature, de term "carbohydrate" has many synonyms, wike "sugar" (in de broad sense), "saccharide", "ose",[4] "gwucide",[9] "hydrate of carbon" or "powyhydroxy compounds wif awdehyde or ketone". Some of dese terms, speciawwy "carbohydrate" and "sugar", are awso used wif oder meanings.
In food science and in many informaw contexts, de term "carbohydrate" often means any food dat is particuwarwy rich in de compwex carbohydrate starch (such as cereaws, bread and pasta) or simpwe carbohydrates, such as sugar (found in candy, jams, and desserts).
Often in wists of nutritionaw information, such as de USDA Nationaw Nutrient Database, de term "carbohydrate" (or "carbohydrate by difference") is used for everyding oder dan water, protein, fat, ash, and edanow.[10] This incwudes chemicaw compounds such as acetic or wactic acid, which are not normawwy considered carbohydrates. It awso incwudes dietary fiber which is a carbohydrate but which does not contribute much in de way of food energy (kiwocawories), even dough it is often incwuded in de cawcuwation of totaw food energy just as dough it were a sugar.
In de strict sense, "sugar" is appwied for sweet, sowubwe carbohydrates, many of which are used in food.
Formerwy de name "carbohydrate" was used in chemistry for any compound wif de formuwa Cm (H2O)n. Fowwowing dis definition, some chemists considered formawdehyde (CH2O) to be de simpwest carbohydrate,[11] whiwe oders cwaimed dat titwe for gwycowawdehyde.[12] Today, de term is generawwy understood in de biochemistry sense, which excwudes compounds wif onwy one or two carbons and incwudes many biowogicaw carbohydrates which deviate from dis formuwa. For exampwe, whiwe de above representative formuwas wouwd seem to capture de commonwy known carbohydrates, ubiqwitous and abundant carbohydrates often deviate from dis. For exampwe, carbohydrates often dispway chemicaw groups such as: N-acetyw (e.g. chitin), suwphate (e.g. gwycosaminogwycans), carboxywic acid (e.g. siawic acid) and deoxy modifications (e.g. fucose and siawic acid).
Naturaw saccharides are generawwy buiwt of simpwe carbohydrates cawwed monosaccharides wif generaw formuwa (CH2O)n where n is dree or more. A typicaw monosaccharide has de structure H–(CHOH)x(C=O)–(CHOH)y–H, dat is, an awdehyde or ketone wif many hydroxyw groups added, usuawwy one on each carbon atom dat is not part of de awdehyde or ketone functionaw group. Exampwes of monosaccharides are gwucose, fructose, and gwycerawdehydes. However, some biowogicaw substances commonwy cawwed "monosaccharides" do not conform to dis formuwa (e.g. uronic acids and deoxy-sugars such as fucose) and dere are many chemicaws dat do conform to dis formuwa but are not considered to be monosaccharides (e.g. formawdehyde CH2O and inositow (CH2O)6).[13]
The open-chain form of a monosaccharide often coexists wif a cwosed ring form where de awdehyde/ketone carbonyw group carbon (C=O) and hydroxyw group (–OH) react forming a hemiacetaw wif a new C–O–C bridge.
Monosaccharides can be winked togeder into what are cawwed powysaccharides (or owigosaccharides) in a warge variety of ways. Many carbohydrates contain one or more modified monosaccharide units dat have had one or more groups repwaced or removed. For exampwe, deoxyribose, a component of DNA, is a modified version of ribose; chitin is composed of repeating units of N-acetyw gwucosamine, a nitrogen-containing form of gwucose.
Carbohydrates are powyhydroxy awdehydes, ketones, awcohows, acids, deir simpwe derivatives and deir powymers having winkages of de acetaw type. They may be cwassified according to deir degree of powymerization, and may be divided initiawwy into dree principaw groups, namewy sugars, owigosaccharides and powysaccharides[14]
|Cwass (DP*)
|Sugars (1–2)
|Gwucose, gawactose, fructose, xywose
|Sucrose, wactose, mawtose, trehawose
|Sorbitow, mannitow
|Owigosaccharides (3–9)
|Oder owigosaccharides
|Raffinose, stachyose, fructo-owigosaccharides
|Powysaccharides (>9)
|Amywose, amywopectin, modified starches
|Non-starch powysaccharides
|Gwycogen, Cewwuwose, Hemicewwuwose, Pectins, Hydrocowwoids
DP * = Degree of powymerization
Monosaccharides are de simpwest carbohydrates in dat dey cannot be hydrowyzed to smawwer carbohydrates. They are awdehydes or ketones wif two or more hydroxyw groups. The generaw chemicaw formuwa of an unmodified monosaccharide is (C•H2O)n, witerawwy a "carbon hydrate". Monosaccharides are important fuew mowecuwes as weww as buiwding bwocks for nucweic acids. The smawwest monosaccharides, for which n=3, are dihydroxyacetone and D- and L-gwycerawdehydes.
Cwassification of monosaccharides[edit]
Monosaccharides are cwassified according to dree different characteristics: de pwacement of its carbonyw group, de number of carbon atoms it contains, and its chiraw handedness. If de carbonyw group is an awdehyde, de monosaccharide is an awdose; if de carbonyw group is a ketone, de monosaccharide is a ketose. Monosaccharides wif dree carbon atoms are cawwed trioses, dose wif four are cawwed tetroses, five are cawwed pentoses, six are hexoses, and so on, uh-hah-hah-hah.[16] These two systems of cwassification are often combined. For exampwe, gwucose is an awdohexose (a six-carbon awdehyde), ribose is an awdopentose (a five-carbon awdehyde), and fructose is a ketohexose (a six-carbon ketone).
Each carbon atom bearing a hydroxyw group (-OH), wif de exception of de first and wast carbons, are asymmetric, making dem stereo centers wif two possibwe configurations each (R or S). Because of dis asymmetry, a number of isomers may exist for any given monosaccharide formuwa. Using Le Bew-van't Hoff ruwe, de awdohexose D-gwucose, for exampwe, has de formuwa (C·H2O)6, of which four of its six carbons atoms are stereogenic, making D-gwucose one of 24=16 possibwe stereoisomers. In de case of gwycerawdehydes, an awdotriose, dere is one pair of possibwe stereoisomers, which are enantiomers and epimers. 1, 3-dihydroxyacetone, de ketose corresponding to de awdose gwycerawdehydes, is a symmetric mowecuwe wif no stereo centers. The assignment of D or L is made according to de orientation of de asymmetric carbon furdest from de carbonyw group: in a standard Fischer projection if de hydroxyw group is on de right de mowecuwe is a D sugar, oderwise it is an L sugar. The "D-" and "L-" prefixes shouwd not be confused wif "d-" or "w-", which indicate de direction dat de sugar rotates pwane powarized wight. This usage of "d-" and "w-" is no wonger fowwowed in carbohydrate chemistry.[17]
Ring-straight chain isomerism[edit]
The awdehyde or ketone group of a straight-chain monosaccharide wiww react reversibwy wif a hydroxyw group on a different carbon atom to form a hemiacetaw or hemiketaw, forming a heterocycwic ring wif an oxygen bridge between two carbon atoms. Rings wif five and six atoms are cawwed furanose and pyranose forms, respectivewy, and exist in eqwiwibrium wif de straight-chain form.[18]
During de conversion from straight-chain form to de cycwic form, de carbon atom containing de carbonyw oxygen, cawwed de anomeric carbon, becomes a stereogenic center wif two possibwe configurations: The oxygen atom may take a position eider above or bewow de pwane of de ring. The resuwting possibwe pair of stereoisomers is cawwed anomers. In de α anomer, de -OH substituent on de anomeric carbon rests on de opposite side (trans) of de ring from de CH2OH side branch. The awternative form, in which de CH2OH substituent and de anomeric hydroxyw are on de same side (cis) of de pwane of de ring, is cawwed de β anomer.
Use in wiving organisms[edit]
Monosaccharides are de major source of fuew for metabowism, being used bof as an energy source (gwucose being de most important in nature) and in biosyndesis. When monosaccharides are not immediatewy needed by many cewws dey are often converted to more space-efficient forms, often powysaccharides. In many animaws, incwuding humans, dis storage form is gwycogen, especiawwy in wiver and muscwe cewws. In pwants, starch is used for de same purpose. The most abundant carbohydrate, cewwuwose, is a structuraw component of de ceww waww of pwants and many forms of awgae. Ribose is a component of RNA. Deoxyribose is a component of DNA. Lyxose is a component of wyxofwavin found in de human heart.[19] Ribuwose and xywuwose occur in de pentose phosphate padway. Gawactose, a component of miwk sugar wactose, is found in gawactowipids in pwant ceww membranes and in gwycoproteins in many tissues. Mannose occurs in human metabowism, especiawwy in de gwycosywation of certain proteins. Fructose, or fruit sugar, is found in many pwants and in humans, it is metabowized in de wiver, absorbed directwy into de intestines during digestion, and found in semen. Trehawose, a major sugar of insects, is rapidwy hydrowyzed into two gwucose mowecuwes to support continuous fwight.
Two joined monosaccharides are cawwed a disaccharide and dese are de simpwest powysaccharides. Exampwes incwude sucrose and wactose. They are composed of two monosaccharide units bound togeder by a covawent bond known as a gwycosidic winkage formed via a dehydration reaction, resuwting in de woss of a hydrogen atom from one monosaccharide and a hydroxyw group from de oder. The formuwa of unmodified disaccharides is C12H22O11. Awdough dere are numerous kinds of disaccharides, a handfuw of disaccharides are particuwarwy notabwe.
Sucrose, pictured to de right, is de most abundant disaccharide, and de main form in which carbohydrates are transported in pwants. It is composed of one D-gwucose mowecuwe and one D-fructose mowecuwe. The systematic name for sucrose, O-α-D-gwucopyranosyw-(1→2)-D-fructofuranoside, indicates four dings:
- Its monosaccharides: gwucose and fructose
- Their ring types: gwucose is a pyranose and fructose is a furanose
- How dey are winked togeder: de oxygen on carbon number 1 (C1) of α-D-gwucose is winked to de C2 of D-fructose.
- The -oside suffix indicates dat de anomeric carbon of bof monosaccharides participates in de gwycosidic bond.
Lactose, a disaccharide composed of one D-gawactose mowecuwe and one D-gwucose mowecuwe, occurs naturawwy in mammawian miwk. The systematic name for wactose is O-β-D-gawactopyranosyw-(1→4)-D-gwucopyranose. Oder notabwe disaccharides incwude mawtose (two D-gwucoses winked α-1,4) and cewwuwobiose (two D-gwucoses winked β-1,4). Disaccharides can be cwassified into two types: reducing and non-reducing disaccharides. If de functionaw group is present in bonding wif anoder sugar unit, it is cawwed a reducing disaccharide or biose.
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Carbohydrate consumed in food yiewds 3.87 kiwocawories of energy per gram for simpwe sugars,[20] and 3.57 to 4.12 kiwocawories per gram for compwex carbohydrate in most oder foods.[21] Rewativewy high wevews of carbohydrate are associated wif processed foods or refined foods made from pwants, incwuding sweets, cookies and candy, tabwe sugar, honey, soft drinks, breads and crackers, jams and fruit products, pastas and breakfast cereaws. Lower amounts of carbohydrate are usuawwy associated wif unrefined foods, incwuding beans, tubers, rice, and unrefined fruit.[22] Animaw-based foods generawwy have de wowest carbohydrate wevews, awdough miwk does contain a high proportion of wactose.
Organisms typicawwy cannot metabowize aww types of carbohydrate to yiewd energy. Gwucose is a nearwy universaw and accessibwe source of energy. Many organisms awso have de abiwity to metabowize oder monosaccharides and disaccharides but gwucose is often metabowized first. In Escherichia cowi, for exampwe, de wac operon wiww express enzymes for de digestion of wactose when it is present, but if bof wactose and gwucose are present de wac operon is repressed, resuwting in de gwucose being used first (see: Diauxie). Powysaccharides are awso common sources of energy. Many organisms can easiwy break down starches into gwucose; most organisms, however, cannot metabowize cewwuwose or oder powysaccharides wike chitin and arabinoxywans. These carbohydrate types can be metabowized by some bacteria and protists. Ruminants and termites, for exampwe, use microorganisms to process cewwuwose. Even dough dese compwex carbohydrates are not very digestibwe, dey represent an important dietary ewement for humans, cawwed dietary fiber. Fiber enhances digestion, among oder benefits.[23]
Based on de effects on risk of heart disease and obesity in oderwise heawdy middwe-aged aduwts,[24] de Institute of Medicine recommends dat American and Canadian aduwts get between 45–65% of dietary energy from whowe-grain carbohydrates.[25] The Food and Agricuwture Organization and Worwd Heawf Organization jointwy recommend dat nationaw dietary guidewines set a goaw of 55–75% of totaw energy from carbohydrates, but onwy 10% directwy from sugars (deir term for simpwe carbohydrates).[26] A 2017 Cochrane Systematic Review concwuded dat dere was insufficient evidence to support de cwaim dat whowe grain diets can affect cardiovascuwar disease.[27]
Nutritionists often refer to carbohydrates as eider simpwe or compwex. However, de exact distinction between dese groups can be ambiguous. The term compwex carbohydrate was first used in de U.S. Senate Sewect Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs pubwication Dietary Goaws for de United States (1977) where it was intended to distinguish sugars from oder carbohydrates (which were perceived to be nutritionawwy superior).[28] However, de report put "fruit, vegetabwes and whowe-grains" in de compwex carbohydrate cowumn, despite de fact dat dese may contain sugars as weww as powysaccharides. This confusion persists as today some nutritionists use de term compwex carbohydrate to refer to any sort of digestibwe saccharide present in a whowe food, where fiber, vitamins and mineraws are awso found (as opposed to processed carbohydrates, which provide energy but few oder nutrients). The standard usage, however, is to cwassify carbohydrates chemicawwy: simpwe if dey are sugars (monosaccharides and disaccharides) and compwex if dey are powysaccharides (or owigosaccharides).[29]
In any case, de simpwe vs. compwex chemicaw distinction has wittwe vawue for determining de nutritionaw qwawity of carbohydrates.[29] Some simpwe carbohydrates (e.g. fructose) raise bwood gwucose swowwy, whiwe some compwex carbohydrates (starches), especiawwy if processed, raise bwood sugar rapidwy. The speed of digestion is determined by a variety of factors incwuding which oder nutrients are consumed wif de carbohydrate, how de food is prepared, individuaw differences in metabowism, and de chemistry of de carbohydrate.[30]
The USDA's Dietary Guidewines for Americans 2010 caww for moderate- to high-carbohydrate consumption from a bawanced diet dat incwudes six one-ounce servings of grain foods each day, at weast hawf from whowe grain sources and de rest from enriched.[31]
The gwycemic index (GI) and gwycemic woad concepts have been devewoped to characterize food behavior during human digestion, uh-hah-hah-hah. They rank carbohydrate-rich foods based on de rapidity and magnitude of deir effect on bwood gwucose wevews. Gwycemic index is a measure of how qwickwy food gwucose is absorbed, whiwe gwycemic woad is a measure of de totaw absorbabwe gwucose in foods. The insuwin index is a simiwar, more recent cwassification medod dat ranks foods based on deir effects on bwood insuwin wevews, which are caused by gwucose (or starch) and some amino acids in food.
Effects of dietary carbohydrate restriction[edit]
Carbohydrates are a common source of energy in wiving organisms; however, no singwe carbohydrate is an essentiaw nutrient in humans.[32] Humans are abwe to obtain aww of deir energy reqwirement from protein and fats, dough de potentiaw for some negative heawf effects of extreme carbohydrate restriction remains, as de issue has not been studied extensivewy yet.[32] However, in de case of dietary fiber – indigestibwe carbohydrates which are not a source of energy – inadeqwate intake can wead to significant increases in mortawity.[33][34]
Fowwowing a diet consisting of very wow amounts of daiwy carbohydrate for severaw days wiww usuawwy resuwt in higher wevews of bwood ketone bodies dan an isocaworic diet wif simiwar protein content. This rewativewy high wevew of ketone bodies is commonwy known as ketosis and is very often confused wif de potentiawwy fataw condition often seen in type 1 diabetics known as diabetic ketoacidosis. Somebody suffering ketoacidosis wiww have much higher wevews of bwood ketone bodies awong wif high bwood sugar, dehydration and ewectrowyte imbawance.
Long-chain fatty acids cannot cross de bwood–brain barrier, but de wiver can break dese down to produce ketones. However, de medium-chain fatty acids octanoic and heptanoic acids can cross de barrier and be used by de brain, which normawwy rewies upon gwucose for its energy.[35][36][37] Gwuconeogenesis awwows humans to syndesize some gwucose from specific amino acids: from de gwycerow backbone in trigwycerides and in some cases from fatty acids.
Carbohydrate metabowism denotes de various biochemicaw processes responsibwe for de formation, breakdown and interconversion of carbohydrates in wiving organisms.
The most important carbohydrate is gwucose, a simpwe sugar (monosaccharide) dat is metabowized by nearwy aww known organisms. Gwucose and oder carbohydrates are part of a wide variety of metabowic padways across species: pwants syndesize carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water by photosyndesis storing de absorbed energy internawwy, often in de form of starch or wipids. Pwant components are consumed by animaws and fungi, and used as fuew for cewwuwar respiration. Oxidation of one gram of carbohydrate yiewds approximatewy 9 kJ (4 kcaw) of energy, whiwe de oxidation of one gram of wipids yiewds about 38 kJ (9 kcaw). The human body stores between 300 to 500 g of carbohydrates depending on body weight, wif de skewetaw muscwe contributing to a warge portion of de storage.[38] Energy obtained from metabowism (e.g., oxidation of gwucose) is usuawwy stored temporariwy widin cewws in de form of ATP.[39] Organisms capabwe of anaerobic and aerobic respiration dat metabowizes gwucose and oxygen (aerobic) to rewease energy wif carbon dioxide and water as byproducts.
Catabowism is de metabowic reaction which cewws undergo to break down warger mowecuwes, extracting energy. There are two major metabowic padways of monosaccharide catabowism: gwycowysis and de citric acid cycwe.
In gwycowysis, owigo- and powysaccharides are cweaved first to smawwer monosaccharides by enzymes cawwed gwycoside hydrowases. The monosaccharide units can den enter into monosaccharide catabowism. A 2 ATP investment is reqwired in de earwy steps of gwycowysis to phosphorywate Gwucose to Gwucose 6-Phosphate (G6P) and Fructose 6-Phosphate (F6P) to Fructose 1,6-biphosphate (FBP), dereby pushing de reaction forward irreversibwy.[40] In some cases, as wif humans, not aww carbohydrate types are usabwe as de digestive and metabowic enzymes necessary are not present.
Carbohydrate chemistry[edit]
Carbohydrate chemistry is a warge and economicawwy important branch of organic chemistry. Some of de main organic reactions dat invowve carbohydrates are:
- Carbohydrate acetawisation
- Cyanohydrin reaction
- Lobry de Bruyn–van Ekenstein transformation
- Amadori rearrangement
- Nef reaction
- Wohw degradation
- Koenigs–Knorr reaction
- Carbohydrate digestion
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- ^ Jenkins DJ, Jenkins AL, Wowever TM, Thompson LH, Rao AV (February 1986). "Simpwe and compwex carbohydrates". Nutrition Reviews. 44 (2): 44–9. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1986.tb07585.x. PMID 3703387.
- ^ DHHS and USDA, Dietary Guidewines for Americans 2010.
- ^ a b Westman EC (May 2002). "Is dietary carbohydrate essentiaw for human nutrition?". The American Journaw of Cwinicaw Nutrition. 75 (5): 951–3, audor repwy 953-4. doi:10.1093/ajcn/75.5.951a. PMID 11976176.
- ^ Park Y, Subar AF, Howwenbeck A, Schatzkin A (June 2011). "Dietary fiber intake and mortawity in de NIH-AARP diet and heawf study". Archives of Internaw Medicine. 171 (12): 1061–8. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.18. PMC 3513325. PMID 21321288.
- ^ Johnston CS, Tjonn SL, Swan PD, White A, Hutchins H, Sears B (May 2006). "Ketogenic wow-carbohydrate diets have no metabowic advantage over nonketogenic wow-carbohydrate diets". The American Journaw of Cwinicaw Nutrition. 83 (5): 1055–61. doi:10.1093/ajcn/83.5.1055. PMID 16685046.
- ^ Ebert D, Hawwer RG, Wawton ME (Juwy 2003). "Energy contribution of octanoate to intact rat brain metabowism measured by 13C nucwear magnetic resonance spectroscopy". The Journaw of Neuroscience. 23 (13): 5928–35. PMID 12843297.
- ^ Marin-Vawencia I, Good LB, Ma Q, Mawwoy CR, Pascuaw JM (February 2013). "Heptanoate as a neuraw fuew: energetic and neurotransmitter precursors in normaw and gwucose transporter I-deficient (G1D) brain". Journaw of Cerebraw Bwood Fwow and Metabowism. 33 (2): 175–82. doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2012.151. PMC 3564188. PMID 23072752.
- ^ Horn RS. "Integration of Metabowism". medbio.info.
- ^ Maughan, Ron (June 2013). "Surgery Oxford". www.onesearch.cuny.edu.
- ^ Mehta S (9 October 2013). "Energetics of Cewwuwar Respiration (Gwucose Metabowism)". Biochemistry Notes, Notes.
- ^ Maughan, Ron (June 2013). "Surgery Oxford". www.onesearch.cuny.edu.
- "Compowition of foods raw, processed, prepared" (PDF). United States Department of Agricuwture. September 2015. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
Externaw winks[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media rewated to Carbohydrates.
|Wikiqwote has qwotations rewated to: Carbohydrate
- Carbohydrates, incwuding interactive modews and animations (Reqwires MDL Chime)
- IUPAC-IUBMB Joint Commission on Biochemicaw Nomencwature (JCBN): Carbohydrate Nomencwature
- Carbohydrates detaiwed
- Carbohydrates and Gwycosywation – The Virtuaw Library of Biochemistry, Mowecuwar Biowogy and Ceww Biowogy
- Functionaw Gwycomics Gateway, a cowwaboration between de Consortium for Functionaw Gwycomics and Nature Pubwishing Group


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This past Wednesday I had to run errands all morning and was thankfully able to leave Rad at home with Brian. I had to get my eyes dilated and there is nothing worse that having to deal with an 18 month old while not being able to see up close.
I got a text from Brian (from his fancy new phone to my fancy new phone) that said: "This is what you get when you leave the kids at home with daddie..." and then this picture:
To make it even funnier, Brian taught him how to rub his head, which he did for me when I got home. Sometimes you just gotta sit back and laugh, you know?
This was Wednesday, it is now Saturday and he still has the 'hawk. We will keep it for a while, I think.

subset: commoncrawl


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This week's haul has been mostly about fashion, but there were some neat finds for the home, too. Take this mid-century modern-style vase I found at Value Village for $2.99. I've been seeing this shape everywhere, in design magazines, on Etsy, blogs, you name it. But it's not like I can just go shopping at Hollace Cluny and buy some designer ceramic vases that cost as much as rent, so you can imagine my delight at finding a knock-off here in PEI for so little! Good things come to those who thrift.
Cheers! Happy hunting!


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Sports Relief
The Erme were really excited to take part in Sport Relief 2018. The money raised by the children will be spent by Comic Relief to help people living incredibly tough lives, both at home in the UK and across the world's poorest countries.
The sports council came up with lots of ideas on how to raise money for this worthy cause. On the 23rd of March, everyone in school including teachers dressed up as a sportsman whilst donating a £1. Our sports councillors offered their face painting talents to the school. All the children brought in coppers to create a mile around the playground. both KS1 and KS2 playgrounds.
We really appreciate your support and hope that you had fun helping our school to raise lots of money for Sport Relief!
Balance and Bikeability at The Erme
Children from years 3 and 4 under took their level 1 cycle training. This involved starting off, pedalling and stopping, pedalling along using gears and being able to stop and being aware of other users. Children from year 5 and 6 undertook level 2 cycle training through Pedal Power. This involved biking on local streets, giving them a real cycling experience. At Level 2 the children had to:
The children did really well as they undertook the training in harsh weather, with the cold and rainy conditions adding an extra element to the experience. Well done to all those who took part and gained confidence/ understanding when cycling on the road.
Foundation, Year 1 and Year 2 completed the Balanceability programme this week. The children had a great time learning the fundamentals of balance, core stability, gross and fine motor skills and the essential confidence that comes with the process of learning a new life skill.
Gymnastics KS2 Final
On the 22nd of November, two teams from the Erme competed against teams from Shaugh Prior and Cornwood Schools. Children were given time to practise their routines which they then performed to judge and parents. All teams showed excellent skills and teamwork. Both teams from the Erme performed brilliantly. Well done to Immy, Warren, Ryan, Dorothy and Oliver. J, who came second, closely followed by Jake, George, Paige, Tom and Isabelle in fourth place.
By Immy Richards
Sainsbury's School Games: Year 4s Football Festival
On Tuesday, 19th of September we went to the ICC to compete in the year 4 football festival. The 7 players were Jake, Jasmine, Alesha, Ray, Malakai, Maty and Peter. Ten teams entered the competition in total: Woodlands, Manor, Modbury, Sparkwell, Yealmpton, Cornwood and Shaugh Prior, Stowford and lastly the Erme Primary school. The pitch was split into 3: pitch 1 was near the entrance, pitch 2 was in the middle and pitch 3 was at the far end. Our first match was against Sparkwell. We took the lead early on with a goal scored by Maty, followed by another goal by Jake. We won the match 3 nil. The second match Issue 3 was against Modbury where we drew 0v0. The next match was against Cornwood and Shaugh Prior. Shaugh Prior took the lead with a goal in the first half of the game. With determination we scored another goal, ending the game as a draw. Our final match was against Yealmpton. Unfortunately we lost 1 nil to them. Well done everyone.
By Jake and Maty
Year 3/4 Football Festival at Ivybridge Community College
On the 19th September 2016 our team of Chloe, Holly, Hannah, Jake, William, Lewis and Luke played football at ICC on Tuesday after school. We didn't win but we all had fun and had lots of exercise. We played against Shaugh prior, Woodlands A, Newton Ferris and each game was 6 minutes long. Our star goalie was Hannah as she saved an amazing penalty! Well done everyone.
By Chloe Jones and Holly Shail
Sports Day
In the morning children participated in a morning of sports carousels. Each house family were award points which went towards their house colour. The afternoon events were the class fun races and the year groups runs. Well done to those medal winners. Congratulations to Holly Williams who received the sportsmanship cup. This cup was awarded because of her positivity, encouragement and going above and beyond.The overall winners this year were YeELLOW house. I would like to say a massive thank you to Mr Monks, Mrs Parkin, Mrs Dunn, Mrs Richards, Mr Perkins, Miss Clements, Mrs Readey, Mrs Chalmers, Mr Smith, Mrs Bailey, Miss O'Driscoll and Mr Penhallurick who volunteered their time to help. Well done Erme Primary!
Multiskills Event
On Tuesday, 13th June, children competed in a KS1 multi skills event. Children were put into teams that represented the countries England, Spain, France, USA, Australia, Brazil and Greece. Each team engaged in seven different activities in which their scores were recorded. All of the children thoroughly enjoyed themselves. Staff were very impressed with the sportsmanship shown during the competition and with the help that the Year 6 children gave. The two winning teams will go on to compete in a Moorsway Federation final against teams from Cornwood and Shaugh Prior Primary Schools at Cornwood Primary School.
Ten Tors
Junior Ten Tors Congratuations to Evan, Abby, Tiana, Amber, Sophia, Freya, Beth , Seth and Freddie who on Friday 9th and Saturday 10th June, navigated themselves around 10 of Dartmoor's tors. The children were taking part in the Junior Ten Tors event. The event is held every year and the aim is for teams of 8 year 6 children to navigate themselves to 10 different tors over a day and a half covering approximately 18 miles. Each team is accompanied by 2 members of school staff and the children camp out on the first night putting up their own tents and cooking themselves a simple meal on camping stoves. The second day was extremely wet but the children never complained or thought about giving up. Well done to them all.
Gym and Dance Show
On the 7th of March years 5 and 6 from the Erme Primary School went to the Ivybridge community college for the Gym and Dance Show. The show was with 9 other schools in the Ivybridge area. Our piece was called Ice-bear after book written by the author Jackie Morris. Our piece was inspired by her dedication to save animals and based on a polar bear, which was played by Cara, being poached by hunters. The music we danced to was called I'm not a hero. We thoroughly enjoyed learning the routine and working as a team. We hope all the parents who came to watch us were inspired. By Freya and Amber Y6
Gymnastics Final
On the 2nd March, KS2 took part in a gymnastics day. The morning session gave children the opportunity to plan and practice their sequences ensuring it had the required elements for the afternoon competition. The children demonstrated cooperation, enthusiasm and their gymnastics knowledge. All10 teams performed their routines and two teams were selected to represent The Erme. On the 15th March the two teams represented The Erme in the federation final agents Shaugh Prior and Cornwood schools. Congratulations to Tiana, Sophia, Evan H, Issy, Oliver and Isaac M who came third and congratulations to Maddie, Alex, Jess, Josh, Immy and Laurence for their brilliant teamwork and fluency.
Ball Skills
On the 16th November Milly, Immy , Scarlett, Kyran, Laurence,Henley and Freddie went to the Ivybridge community college. When we got there we did a warm up including jumping jacks, star jumps, spotty dogs and plain jumping. We then had a go at four activities including; volley ball, basketball, cricket and netball. We did a carousel of every activity working on different skills. For each activity we practised lots of skills and then played a game using them. It was good fun!!
KS2 Handball Tournament
On Tuesday 1st November all of KS2 took part in a handball tournament run by Premier Sports coaches. All the children were divided into mixed age group teams, named after a variety of countries, just like the world cup! On the 14th of November the two winning teams will go on to represent The Erme in the federation final against Shaugh Prior and Cornwood. Congratulations to team Spain- Alex, Jacob, Jess, Laurence and Josh and team South Africa- Henley, Luke, Maddie, Tianne. There was some great team work and sportsmanship. Good Luck for in the final!
High Five Netball Tournament
On Tuesday 18thof October children from the Erme primary school went up to the community college to play against between teams. We were split into different groups where we then played Ugborough, Shaugh prior, Yealmpton, Stowford and Cornwood. We drew all of our games except one, which we lost against Shaugh Prior 1-0. We felt our defence was excellent because we were intercepting balls and jumping as high as we could. We also had an incredible attacking team. We came fourth out of eleven teams.Well done Erme primary school!
By Alex and Zach
Year 5/6 girls football festival at Ivybridge community college
On Tuesday 27th of September 2016 the year 5/6 girls: Tiana, Cara, Amber, Freya, Abby, Sophia and Nicole all went to the Ivybridge Community College to play a football tournament against 11 other schools. Our first match was against Modbury,We were all nervous about playing our first game. Cara's point of view, "I was nervous I would not be good at playing football but I am glad I did it!" We made some excellent passes which resulted in our first goal of the match scored by Nicole's knee. Nicole's point of view, "I was a bit shocked that I scored the first goal with my knee." With some tricky moves from the other side we defended to the best of our ability with us scoring another goal by Cara, winning the match 2-0. We then played Yealmpton A with us unfortunately losing one- nil. With our high spirits we went into our next game against Woodlands. Tiana pulled off some awesome football moves which out witted the other team providing an excellent pass to Nicole which turned into a goal. Tiana's point of view, "it was good and me and the rest of the team had fun we came 3rd and I was quite surprised about that, there was a couple of hard games good bye" Our Goalie- Abby was very focussed when the other team attempted a goal. The defence were hot on the opposition heels. Lastly our last match was against Shaugh prior our first goal was kicked by Abby with the others help to tackle shaugh prior; Tiana scored the two final goals which left us winning the game when shaugh prior didn't score any goals! After we had we finished our games we all had a rest and some of us had fun playing with the school football. After that they announced who the winners are in first place was manor, second was Yealmpton and third was the Erme.


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SOAR Position Statement
This section contains the SOAR position statements as well as Alderman response letters about issues within Streeterville.
SOAR's position statement of the initial review of the proposed development of the Tribune Tower.
SOAR's position statement of the initial review of the proposed development of 400 N. Lake Shore Drive.
Alderman Reilly's invitation to community members about an upcoming Community Meeting on the topic of the 400 N. Lake Shore Drive Development.
SOAR's letter to Alderman Reilly pertaining to the proposed Aerial Cable Cars on Riverwalk.
SOAR's letter to Alderman Hopkins pertaining to Wildberry's proposed Sidewalk Cafe.
Alderman Reilly's letter to neighbors pertaining to the Firewater Tavern's liquor license approval
SOAR's position on the Firewater Saloon which was sent to the local Liquor Commissioner, Sharon Trotter
Letter SOAR received from Alderman Reilly with his position on the Firewater Saloon
SOAR's letter to Alderman Reilly and Alderman Hopkins pertaining to new developments along the Chicago Riverwalk.
SOAR's position on Ohio Street beach access in response to the shooting along Lake Shore Drive
Letter that SOAR received from Alderman Reilly about the Ohio Street underpass and the parking restrictions he has suggested
This is a letter SOAR received from Alderman Reilly about the Tavern License Moratorium which will be instituted within Streeterville.
This is a letter SOAR received from Alderman Reilly's office about the condition of the Grand Street underpass.
Your support allows our organization to truly soar!
SOAR relies on our members and supporters for financial support. Your continued support allows us to stay highly involved in the community, especially now as the pace of both residential and commercial development continues to boom in Streeterville. And as a 501(c)3 nonprofit, your donation to SOAR is tax-deductible.


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Wed Ze
Women's Base Layer Freshwarm designed for women skiers and snowboarders looking for a warm, breathable ski base layer.
A balance of warmth and perspiration wicking. Its very breathable insert at the back makes this base layer the perfect partner for a long day of skiing.
Warm component, brushed on the inside for better insulation.
Moisture wicking
Absorbent component wicks away perspiration. Insert at the back.
Freedom of movement
Soft component so comfortable against the skin.
Soft component so comfortable on the skin
Warm component brushed on the inside for better insulation thanks to the air layer trapping warm air against your skin. High collar, tight around neck to prevent cold air getting in.
Perspiration Wicking
The main component absorbs and evacuates perspiration thanks to its structure and composition. The back is an area of high perspiration. To wick away perspiration, a back insert with very breathable component has been built into this base layer.
Directions for use
Dressing properly on the ski slopes is important. In order to keep warm and dry, we recommend using the 3-layer rule. The principle is simple: use 3 layers of fabric, each having a particular function. Your skiing base-layer and your liner jacket must produce and retain warmth. Your ski jacket will protect you from the weather conditions. All these layers should be breathable in order to evacuate humidity.
Main fabric : 92.0% Polyester cationic, Main fabric : 8.0% Spandex\r\nYoke : 82.0% Polyester cationic, Yoke : 18.0% Spandex
Storage Instructions
Make sure product is fully dry before storing.
2 Years
Model Code
Women's Base Layer Freshwarm reviews


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Indian subcontinent is a land of scenic beauty with its vast tourist destinations like snow-capped mountains and hill stations in the Northern Himalayan Regions; a strong bastion of indigenous culture, famous and historical temples, tropical forests, backwaters in Kerala, beautiful hill stations in Tamil Nadu, beaches and cosmopolitan cities of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh and wonderful lush islands in the Southern Regions of India; miles and miles of the Thar Desert, colorful cities of Rajasthan like Jaipur, Jodhpur, Udaipur and Bikaner, Goa the most sought after tourist destinations and Mumbai with wonderful beaches and Bollywood all enhances the beauty of Western India; India's mostly rural regions of Bihar, its largest city Kolkata, the temple cities of Puri and Bhubaneswar glorified the Eastern India.
The destinations of India travel is an extremely diverse with vast differences in geography, climate, culture, language and ethnicity across its expanse, and prides itself on being the largest democracy on Earth interlocked with Pakistan to the West, China and Nepal to the North, Bhutan to the North-East, and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the East. Sri Lanka, the Maldives and Indonesia lie to the South-East in the Indian Ocean. In addition, the vast travel destinations of this subcontinent also fed the perennial rivers Ganga, Yamuna, Brahmaputra and Sindhu (Indus) on whose plains India's civilization flourished.


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There are paths you can take and several options available when it comes to buying units for your home or office. A few ways to buy shelving and storage are better than others and that is what's discussed here in this report. If you wish to know the best places to purchase all your shelving you have come to the right location. Often when folks wish to find shelving for their home they head down to a furniture store. This is not a good idea unless you would like to purchase very pieces for the room. Shelves from furniture shops are normally the most expensive on the market and there are loads of other options available. Is to go to their local office supplies store. Although they might have some filing cabinets offered and other storage tips for an office, the choice is going to be limited. If you're searching for additional info on slatwall, look into the previously mentioned website.
A shop only has a lot of space so it's not possible to maintain that inventory that is much. What's more, having an office supplies store, not all the shop is devoted to shelving and storage. In fact, there just will not be that choice available as the shop's majority is going to be taken up with desks, office chairs and stationary. If you're looking for the greatest choice available and at the best prices then there is only one solution for shopping online. Going one step further you should shop online at storage unit shop and a shelving. Here you'll discover the greatest choice available. Not only do you have more choice but the prices are better also. Stores just don't have the identical high prices that supply stores or high street shops do. The savings created by having a virtual shop can be passed onto the customer, and usually are. There are also lots of extra discounts available also. You have delivery organized automatically for you, when you buy online. That makes life a lot easier when purchasing bulk products. Think how much time and effort you save when you don't have to organize delivery. You do not need to worry about shopping online because payments are always safe and protected.
You should look out for if you want the very best, If you're searching for a website are numerous things. To begin with, there should be a customer service number or email address at the very least. That way you can ask questions before you buy. The site should look professional too. One of the benefits of websites is that there'll usually be a few testimonials from previous customers displayed. These are very useful because it shows you just how well perceived the company is. Purchasing your items is very simple and safe. There is always a selection of items available at prices lower than those on the high street. If you buy from a specialist shelving and storage shop then you will have helpful and knowledgeable staff on hand. If you shop at a more general store that provides storage as just part of the product range then the customer service staff might not be quite knowledgeable about the shelving and storage for your needs. Whatever sort of storage shelves or shelving units you want to buy there is the best choice online.


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The winds of change blew through Lethbridge at the WHL's trade deadline, but the Kootenay Ice still only see them as one thing: a tough divisional opponent.
The Hurricanes were major sellers on Tuesday, making a blockbuster deal with the Swift Current Broncos in which they gave up 20-year-old leading scorer Giorgio Estephan, 19-year-old winger Tanner Nagel and 19-year-old goaltender Stuart Skinner for a slew of draft picks, prospects and younger players.
Skinner, a draft pick of the Edmonton Oilers, was a major part of the Ice's struggles against Lethbridge this season. Shutting Kootenay out in their only two previous games, his absence and the turnover after the trade leaves a bit of a mystery for the Cranbrook club, as they visit the Windy City on Saturday night.
"[It's] going to be a challenge [that their roster is so different]," said Ice head coach James Patrick. "Obviously, we'll watch their systems and we know what they like to do, [but] my feeling is that they are going to have more young, hungry players in the line-up that are going to present a really big challenge."
Coming over in the trade to the 'Canes are several exciting young players including 2016 fourth-overall draft pick Logan Barlage, and 17-year-old forward Owen Blocker. The team also acquired, at the deadline, overager Brad Morrison, from the Vancouver Giants, who led them (with two goals) to a 6-5 shootout win over the Red Deer Rebels in his first game with them on Tuesday night.
In net, Logan Flodell has taken the reigns from Skinner and earned a 29-save win in his first start since leaving Swift Current.
"They traded away a lot of their good players, but we have to come out with the same attitude [as always] and work hard," said Ice captain Colton Kroeker, who was acquired by Kootenay from Lethbridge during last year's trade deadline. "We obviously can't take them lightly. It's going to be a tough game."
The major focus for the Ice is on their own team. Not big participants in the deadline madness, the team is searching for answers to their 5-game losing streak within their own locker room.
With the worst power play efficiency in the league and seven shorthanded goals let in over the past nine games, the man advantage has been a definite focus for Patrick this week at practice.
"Special teams is such a big part of the game [and] it's an area, over the whole course of the year, that we need to get better at," he said. "We've seen some improvements come in spurts, but we still need work… I think one unit on our special teams has produced for us, with Peyton [Krebs], Brett Davis and Cam Hausinger in front. Our other unit, we've just got to get them on the same page and get them to start working."
As for the number of shorthanded chances against, Patrick said that it's an issue of mental toughness above all else, including their tendency to use four forwards and only one defenceman
"Maybe two or three weeks ago, we were pretty frustrated with it as a staff and we decided to go with two defencemen and nothing really changed," he said. "We still gave up the opportunities. [So] it's a mentality as anything. We cannot get on the wrong side of the puck.
"We have to match the penalty killer's desperation and work ethic and compete and have a little awareness of what's happening… It's been frustrating, but [it's] just young players trying to learn and trying to move forward.
Following a very difficult stretch that included five games in six nights, the coach tried to take full advantage of what will, most likely, be their last opportunity for significant teaching outside of game situations.
"This is the last situation where we have a week of practice for the year and then you're almost into the stretch drive," Patrick explained. "Once you get to the end of this month and into February, [our schedule] is super busy, [so] we want to go over all different areas: fine tune our defensive zone [and] neutral zone; [decide] what to do on a 6-on-5 or a 5-versus-6 to end the games… so, just try and touch on a lot of different subjects."
After 42 games, the Ice have 39 points and are in third place in the Central Division with the Hurricanes, who have played 41 games and have 41 points. The top three teams in the division will make the playoffs and the closest current opponent behind Kootenay are the Calgary Hitmen who have 32 points in 43 games.
After a week of rest and practice, Kroeker believes that the team should be able to be very competitive in their quest to, once again, leapfrog the 'Canes in the standings.
"There's no excuse — it's going to be a huge game," he said. "We have to come out and play 100 percent."
Following up the Saturday night game with a Sunday matinee in Cranbrook against the Saskatoon Blades, newly acquired goalie Matt Berlin should make his debut over the weekend. The team also, however, recalled 2001-born goalie Jesse Makaj on Friday.
The team's second draft round pick in 2016, Makaj was with the team in preseason and has appeared in 11 games with the Greater Vancouver Canadians of the BC Major Midget League this season. In those 11 games, he's posted a goals against average of 3.28 and a record of 5-6-0.
The Ice will also be greatly boosted by the return of top defenceman Martin Bodak.
Away from the team for almost a month, while participating at the U-20 World Junior Championships in Buffalo, New York where he captained Team Slovakia, Bodak brings a lot to the table.
"[Bodak] changes the look of our team quite a bit," he said. "He's our strongest physical defenceman, who can outmuscle guys, win battles, [and] move the puck. He can join the rush too, and he's doing that playing 25 minutes against the [opposition's] top two lines."
Puck drop on Saturday night will be at 7 p.m. and the following day at Western Financial Place, the action will begin at 4 p.m.


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TTS Brand Identity
My longest design project has been the Public Relations Coordinator and Graphic Designer for Texas Transfer Students, a transfer organization at the University of Texas at Austin that provides opportunities for academic and social integration necessary to ease college transition. In order to capture transfers' attention, I knew I wanted to create a brand identity that made this organization stand out amidst the sea of burnt orange and ultimately aimed for a minimalist and timeless aesthetic. The brand was essentially used throughout all social media platforms. I also designed promotional graphics for monthly events with the help of a PR Committee.
Photography | Mario Clark
Color Palette
Facebook Page Design
Facebook Group Cover Designs
T-Shirt Design
TTS Transcendence Campaign
Spring General Meeting Graphics
Fall General Meeting Graphics


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Roberta "Glert" Gold (Vocals) – At a young age, Glert discovered that a hairbrush made a great microphone and at that moment her inner rockstar emerged and she has never looked back. After attending Berklee College of Music in Boston MA, she moved to Las Vegas and performed as a featured vocalist throughout Las Vegas in various casinos including Bellagio, Caesar's Palace and The Hard Rock. She formed the funk/rock group "The Glert" and recorded a CD "On Black Paper" with one of LA's hottest, most progressive producer / engineer-Sally Browder (Rockets from the Crypt, Dwight Yoakam, Young Dubliners). "The Glert" opened for acts like Reel Big Fish, Goldfinger, George Thorogood and Linda Perry (4 Non-Blondes) and was even featured on a NBC TV. Check out her vocals on the YouTube hit motivational song "You Gotta Want It" with over 1.4 million hits.
Ken Gold (Keyboards & Vocals) – Ken is a graduate of Berklee College of Music, and performed all over the world opening or sharing the stage with artists like George Thorogood, Kansas, Cheap Trick, Rick Springfield, Jim Peterik of Survivor and Steven Van Zandt. The founder of Gold Brothers Music, he produces music for film, tv, and advertising internationally. He also writes songs for various recording artists around the globe. Ken has toured Southeast Asia with The Platters. Partnered in a recording studio in Las Vegas where Celine Dion, Christina Aguilera and Gladys Knight recorded. Produced and wrote for international recording artists "Fantasy" with famed producer Jerry Marcellino. [Jackson 5, Bobby Darin, Michael Jackson]. In his spare time, he is an avid air guitarist and Cincinnati Bengals fanatic.
George Pagonis (Drums & Vocals) – George is seasoned musician with a diverse taste in music, playing everything from Latin percussion to hard rock and heavy metal. He was enrolled in the Music Program at William Paterson College studying with veteran percussionists Ray Desroches, Eddy Fay, and Glenn Weber. George has played on several albums over the years as a studio musician, including Passion Pit's "Make Light". He is no stranger to the NewJersey and New York rock scene playing with Harlette and the Swinging Johnsons, and most recently the Van Halen Tribute band, Unchained. George is a hard hitting drummer that puts the beat right through you, and is amazing to watch live.
Dean Anthony (Bass & Vocals) – A veteran of the music scene Dean brings his solid rhythms to Arena. Dean has been involved in a number of projects over the years, most notably Rising Sun recording artists "Platinum", with a release and tour in the early 90's. He is no stranger to the club circuit playing with many tribute acts. Since 1998 he has made his presence known as "Izzy" in the Guns And Roses Tribute "Get Your Guns". Along with his club experience, some of his credits include; Quadrapane Indie release in 2006 (guitar, vocals & bass), Crossfire release 1998 (bass & vocals), and countless studio sessions for semi national artists. A solid "In The Pocket" player, he adds an energetic feel and sound to any project. Dean's proven talent and experience makes him an important part of the Arena experience.
Duane Belotti (Guitars & Vocals) – Duane is a multifaceted creative artist and seasoned musician has performed all over the U.S. and even Trinadad, South America. He has written, produced, and recorded four original album projects. Duane has been featured on WDHA FM radio. As a founding member of the Def Leppard tribute band Adrenalize, he played the role of Phil Collen for over 7 years. He has worked with a variety of artists including Anthony Krizan (The Spin Doctors) and Joe Howell (Greed, Wake Up Rooster). His influences over the years have included: Judas Priest, Ozzy, Queensryche, Scorpions, Kiss, Sweet, Queen, Cheap Trick, AC/DC and Def Leppard. Duane is engaging and a true performer. Come see for yourself – you won't be disappointed.
Duane attended to The Rock n" Roll Fantasy Camp – Hell Bent For Vegas! (Feb 27-March 2) with Judas Priest, Queensryche, and Zakk Wylde. He played "The Grinder" with Judas Priest, "Silent Lucidity" with Geoff Tate and Robert Sarzo of Queensryche, and Zakk Wylde on "Lights Out" by UFO. The weekend also included playing 2 nights LIVE at the House of Blues in Vegas. He also jammed with Lita Ford, Vinnie Appice, Rudy Sarzo, Gary Hoey, Frankie Banali, and Ron Keel. Duane says "One of the best experiences of my life! I had a Blast playing with my idols!!!" Check out the videos, and the write-up on Blabbermouth.net below.
• VID1: The Grinder – Judas Priest
• VID2: The Grinder – Judas Priest
• VID3: Lights Out – Zakk Wylde
• VID4: Silent Lucidity – Geoff Tate
• WEB: Blabbermouth Article


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Our guest on Podcast Beyond Belief last week was Ellen Galinsky, author of Mind in the Making: The Seven Essential Life Skills Every Child Needs. If you're interested in science-based parenting, but don't know where to start, Galinsky's book is an excellent introduction to the topic.
Here's one of her videos with research featured in her book:
We also talked about…
USA Science and Engineering Festival, October 23-24, 2010.
This Week in Parenting Science
* Parenting Magazine discusses why you don't need to be scared of vaccines.
* Children who have better child care as preschoolers perform better as teenagers.
* Childhood psychological problems carry on later into life.
This week, we talked to Dr. Daniel Weissbluth on the effects of media on children. He writes a blog with his father, sleep-expert Dr. Marc Weissbluth, author of Healthy Sleep Habits, Happy Child.
We also discussed "This Week in Parenting Science"…
* No evidence that delaying vaccines helps children in cognitive development.
* Toddler lies are a developmental milestone
* 5th Grade Graduation Astronomy Awards!


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My Diet History
My personal food history has been a relatively healthy one. I grew up in home where my mum cooked pretty much every meal from scratch, and when I was a teenager we adopted a meat free week. My diet wasn't so good at uni, but then again who eats healthily when they're a student? When I moved to London and became more of a "grown-up" I decided that I should probably look after myself more and focus on eating slightly healthier meals.
Unfortunately, around 2 to 3 years ago my mental health took a turn for the worst. I have had quite severe anxiety since I was a toddler, if you'd like to read more about my mental health journey I have a few blog posts all about that here and here. My anxiety would manifest itself in many ways, but with regards to my digestion, I would often throw up after I had eaten or experience extreme heartburn and nausea on a day-to-day basis.
I decided to try cutting out wheat, some types of gluten (I still eat oats), rare red meats and cut down on my dairy consumption. This definitely helped me feel as though I was cleaning out my gut and my inflammation and bloating was reduced massively. I also began to see a therapist about my anxiety and a few years later I am feeling so much better. Talking to someone about my mental health has definitely been the best thing I have done for myself. If you would like to know more about that I filmed a very in-depth YouTube video about my struggles with mental health.
I'm pretty sure this reaction to food was because I was stressed but I also wanted to try cutting out certain types of food to see if that would aid my digestion in any way. Coupled with this feeling of nausea and heartburn I also began to experience quite nasty bouts of constipation, bloating, generally feeling tired run down and a bit beaten up inside. Over the past few years I've probably experienced every single digestion related problem in the book!
What I've Changed in my Diet
Even though I thought I had a healthy diet I was still experiencing bouts of indigestion related problems, mainly bloating. This was so frustrating when I felt like I was working so hard to look after myself. So, fast forward to meeting with Alice. I filled her in on my food and diet history as well as what my lifestyle is like and she began to reveal to me so many things I had never considered before.
Alice suggested to me that I was eating way too many carbohydrates. I had no idea that beans, pulses, and legumes are predominantly starch. I feel as though we're led to believe that things like chickpeas, butter beans, quinoa, and brown rice are very similar to vegetables when in fact they are made up of 80% starch and only 20% protein. To combat this, Alice told me to reduce the amount of carbohydrate-based foods I was eating and incorporate more vegetables as well as fish and meat into my diet.
Mental Changes
If you have tummy issues it might also be a good idea to have proper breaks in between meals. I've tried to cut out snacking, which is so hard! Apparently, your stomach needs at least three hours in between eating so it can work properly. If you can't stop snacking try to fast between 8pm and 8am.
Something else to mention is... ahem, relaxing on the toilet. When I experience constipation it stresses me out so much I don't stand a chance of anything moving. Alice suggested that I take my time on the loo and try slow relaxed breathing, let me tell you the breathing worked a treat!
DIY Tummy Fixers
I'm still not really eating much wheat and gluten, although recently as I've been on press trips and on my hen party weekend I've been indulging in a lot of afternoon teas and other baked goods! I've tried to cut down on the amount of caffeine I've been having. However, I really love coffee and tea and sometimes it's just not worth me cutting things out when I really enjoy them!
A typical at home menu for me looks something like this:
Home-made mackerel pâté on rye bread
Fruit and veg smoothie
Eggs with smoked salmon
I usually have leftovers from the night before for lunch but if I don't have that I make a quick salad or mezze style plate.
I usually have leftovers from the night before for lunch but if I don't have that I make a quick salad or mezze style plate.
Steak salad
Roasted salmon with sweet potato fries
Lots of vegetable soups
Curries with extra protein rich veggie ingredients or chicken
Curries with extra protein rich veggie ingredients or chicken
It's been really nice to get my books back out again and cook slightly different meals for Simon and I. I made a really delicious roast salmon last night with lots of different vegetables and we really enjoyed it. Alice very kindly sent me a copy of her book that she co-wrote with Rachel Kelly called The Happy Kitchen. It has so many amazing recipes that help with mental and physical health. Something I find so useful about this book is the meal planners and the cut out "good mood food index" which lists all the foods that are fantastic mood enhancers.
Along with her friend Rosie, Alice also set up a supplement brand called Equi. I've used their products a few times so if you're searching for something to give your skin and body a little boost have a little look at their website.
Along with her friend Rosie, Alice also set up a supplement brand called Equi. I've used their products a few times so if you're searching for something to give your skin and body a little boost have a little look at their website.
Hopefully after a few months of following my new diet, which to be honest won't be difficult as so far it's delicious and easy and I love it, my stomach and brain will be working in harmony with each other and I'll feel a lot more balanced and healthy. Come on gut I know you can do it!


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A nest of tables has been on my wish list for quite a while now, so I was delighted when I came across this set in a local gallery/interiors shop.
Solid, pleasingly geometric, and with a real mid-century vibe, I love the richness of the teak, which works really well with the stained floorboards. These are now happily ensconced in our family room – which regular readers will know is something of a work in progress. So to update – half the walls have been painted (a beautiful, almost Wedgewood blue by Farrow & Ball – Chinese Blue – which unfortunately hasn't really come out in the picture). It's now a matter of finding the time to finish painting – an arduous task considering the hundreds of books that need to be removed before the remaining walls can be painted.
The home-made alcove cupboard is in the process of being emptied (it's amazing how much junk one family can accumulate – wall calendars from 2006, anyone?), and will be removed soon to make room for more bookshelves. Narrow shelves have been installed along one wall, and filled with school pictures of my two boys. I really love the way you can see their features changing as the years pass – a visual history of my babies turning into toddlers, then children… Amazing how it happens!
But enough nostalgia – here's some more examples of how nesting tables can work in so many different interiors:
Image: Desire to Inspire
Image: Design Sponge
Image: Chinoiserie Chic
Image: Martha Stewart
Bedroom, living room, even an in-progress family room – it would appear that a nest is just what every home needs.


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Thursday, February 21, 2013
Oh, Brave New World...
Hey, this self-publishing stuff is fun! The new book, first one I've tried to publish myself, is out and getting some great feedback (example of feedback" "Did the guy who took the cover photo do it by accident after stabbing himself in the foot?")
Not quite sure why I'm finding this so exciting. I've published seventeen books in the traditional manner. I guess one advantage is that I can go to my account on-line and see how many copies have sold, which is more direct feedback than you could ever get with a publisher. Another, I suppose, is having so much control over the process. Whatever it is, I'm enjoying it. Reminds me of driving the golf cart at Maine Maritime Museum. I'm not sure why for a guy who drives a real car every day driving a golf cart is so much fun. It just is.
This self publishing thing would be even more fun if everyone who has not yet bought a copy rushes out and does so immediately. That can be accomplished by clicking here.
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Mixed Leaf Salad with Dates and Apples
By FDL
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Mixed salad recipe ideal for a summer side dich with dates, tomatoes, apples and pine nuts
For the dressing
- Balsamic vinegar 4 tbsp
- OIive oil 4 tbsp
- Mustard 1 tbsp
- Honey 1 tbsp
Info box
- Preparation time
- Recipe category Side
- Recipe yield 4
Drizzle the dates and the apples with a little vinegar and stir all the salad ingredients together.
Place all the ingredients for the dressing in a shaker, shake well and pour over the salad. Arrange on plates, sprinkle with pine nuts and serve immediately.


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Have you ever felt like just driving and not knowing
where you're going and explore the place you find?
Feeling all excited and anticipation of what we'll find. It was beginning to get dark and rain. But with the beautiful views of mountains with snow, fog and lakes. It didn't matter.
After driving two hours we decided to stop and end our driving there around 7pm. We stopped in a small town called smelterville. There was a nice looking hotels with a water park and a sking on silver mountain called silver mountain resort. But unfortunately the hotel was booked. So we headed over to the next hotel, which was way smaller and not as nice, and was expensive. So we took the freeway and took the next exit. As we pulled up to the hotel called wallace inn my husband saw a ferrari and got excited and wanted a picture by it.
As he went in and asked the price I saw, he pulled out his wallet to pay, so I guess where staying here. Lol didn't even have time to play candy crush. He came back and we parked the car. The hotel had a pool so we wanted to swim but didn't have swimwear. And there was a nearby gift shop so we ran over there to get some swimwear but it was a small empty restaurant with no gift shop. So we went back to the car and grabbed our stuff and headed to our hotel room. As we went in our room. I Turned on the light and it looked creepy I couldn't find any other lights. I looked into the bathroom there was a pile of dirty towels it was a mess and the bed was unmade. I freaked out opened the door and told my husband looks like someone was here or they didn't clean it. The place was a mess. We went down to the lobby, me angry. We told them what we saw, they're like do you want another room, Serge was like no that was not pleasant, we don't want to stay here. So we went back home.
That was our travel attempt. Learned a lesson. Small town hotels aren't cheap in parts of idaho. And didn't have a good experience with the hotel.


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Labor candidates for the Inner West Council have today announced a comprehensive sports policy that will see $65 million invested in sport and recreational facilities, as well as the establishment of an Office of Sport within the new Council.
We will also work with local clubs to set ambitious targets for increasing the participation of women and girls in sport. Labor councillors will pursue this as an important tool to reduce gender inequality in our community.
This is the largest and most comprehensive commitment to the funding and support of community sport in the history of the Inner West.
We believe every child should be able to enjoy the health and social benefits of participating in sport. No child should be turned away because they have no space to play.
The Office of Sport will transform the Council's relationship with sporting clubs from one based on ground hire only into a strategic partnership to improve the health and wellbeing of our community.
This Office will provide comprehensive support for clubs through training for coaches and managers, procurement of equipment and uniforms, and health promotion programs.
Sports clubs are the largest network of volunteers in our community, and our plan will make sure they get the recognition, support and investment they need.
Labor is the only party or group to have made any commitment to funding sport and recreation facilities. The Greens, Liberals and independents haven't bothered to put forward a single policy between them.
Local Labor Sport Policy Priorities:
- Investing $65 million over 3 years in sporting fields, parks, playgrounds and pools to deliver the highest-quality facilities for local families and clubs.
- Establishing an Inner West Office of Sport to provide assistance to clubs. This Office will help with the training of coaches and administrators, purchasing equipment, grant applications, ground maintenance, educational programs, and governance.
- Working with clubs to identify bold targets for increasing the participation of women and girls across all sports.
- Establishing new netball courts, of which there are too few, and the first hockey field in the Inner West Council area.
- Provide for longer tenure on home grounds to allow clubs and Council to jointly apply for state and federal grants to upgrade sporting fields.