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Research needs
Authors: Dr Andrew Jones and Sue Everett, for Flora locale
Conserving genetic diversity in woody species and woodland ground flora
Risk assessment
encourage appropriate research to fill gaps in knowledge about native plant genetics, with priority to gathering data and information needed to inform the development of policy and practical action (relevant to implement the UK Biodiversity Action Plan).
This document aims to identify these priorities from the point of view of Flora locale and its interests, which are:
to promote and advance the conservation and enhancement of native wild plants and their associated biodiversity, with particular regard to creative conservation, ecological restoration and the conservation of genetic diversity.
The following explanatory text is drawn from the "rationale" developed for Session 1 of the workshop held in 1999 on research needs for "Introductions, Translocations and Genetic Conservation". Please refer to Annex 1 for the report from this workshop.
The emphasis of many habitat BAPs, the agri-environment programme and the UK forestry strategy is now upon ecological restoration, involving large scale plantings and sowings of native plants to "re-create" habitats, reduce habitat fragmentation and generally enhance the biodiversity value of the wider countryside. Current restoration activity (including native woodland replanting and establishment) involves:
the introduction and establishment of non-native genotypes, varieties and cultivars of native species (e.g. hybrid Sorbus, Common Alder Alnus glutinosa from Hungarian sources cone size in the non-native trees is up to 35% larger than in native trees which may occur close by planted ones, rye-grass cultivars)
the introduction and establishment of non-native species that are related to native species (dogwoods Cornus spp., Spanish Bluebell Hyanthoides hispanica)
translocations of native species (e.g. Wild Thyme from Scotland planted on arable reversion grassland in southern England).
At the same time, biotechnology research is resulting in the development of modified varieties of native plants, as well as relatives of native plants that might be widely established in the countryside for agriculture, forestry or amenity purposes. Alongside this, traditional plant breeding has, over the past few hundred years resulted in the selection and widespread introduction of agricultural and horticultural cultivars of many common-place natives, such as clovers and grasses.
As the popularity of organic farming increases, there is already evidence of increasing interest in the utilisation of other native species (e.g. Lotus corniculatus, Trifolium pratense) in agriculture, with the probability that large quantities of DUS (Distinct, Uniform and Stable) registered cultivars will be utilised. There is also increasing interest in utilisation of wild species for biomass production with the implications that large tracts of land could be planted with monocultures of cultivars that have living wild relatives existing within the same region.
Trees exhibiting certain external and morphological characters (e.g. "phenotypically superior characters" such as straight tree trunks and lack of epicormic growth) have been increasingly "selected" for forestry and landscape purposes. In recent years these have been widely planted in hedgerows, ancient woodlands and in new native woodlands, in preference to "wild" examples. Trees and shrubs of non-native (often Central or Eastern European) origin, are all too often introduced in places close to where native populations of the same species occur (e.g. early-budding, mildew-susceptible and thornless Common Hawthorn of continental European origin used in hedge planting) Jones, A.T. & Hayes, M.J. & Sackville-Hamilton, R. The effects of provenance on the performance of Crataegus monogyna (Hawthorn) in hedgerows. J.Appl.Ecol. In press. A recent study of Alder, showed that trees of non-British (probably Hungarian) origin had been established close to wild populations growing in a European Special Area of Conservation, and that the introduced trees were superficially very different.
Tree selection is now being expanded, using improved techniques based on traditional plant breeding as well as genetic modification, to produce new varieties for timber production and horticultural use. Knowledge of the actual or likely impacts (which could be beneficial, neutral or detrimental) of all these activities on the genetic diversity represented within native plant species (especially those which are key components of fragmented BAP habitats, such as those represented by seminatural grasslands, wetlands and ancient woodlands) is extremely poor. Also the knock on effects or benefits to associated fauna are mostly unknown.
Compared to the issue of genetic modification of species, the introduction of hybrids, cultivars and non-native planting stock has received little attention to date, and no environmental risk assessment protocols or regulation concerning protection of the environment from such "releases" exist. Neither is this issue considered within existing R & D into utilisation of "selected" or "modified" native plants (e.g. in agriculture or forestry). The strategic research needs are, however, likely to be broadly similar.
Identification of research priorities
Many of the research priorities we have identified have relevance and application to countries outside the UK. Some could therefore benefit from collaborative approach to this research, and an information collation exercise, with respect to other countries of the European Union, the United States and Australia (the latter two countries being ones where there is already significant relevant research activity as well as practical action).
In the context of the UK, we have identified two groups of habitats where we consider research is a particular priority: grasslands and woodlands/hedgerows/scrub. This is because the majority of restoration effort that is currently involving plant introductions is for these habitats or their associated species.
However, the research objectives we have identified for these habitats could also be applied to others if resources permit, although for some other habitats (e.g. heathland and moorland) restoration is tending to follow the precautionary principle with respect to plant introductions, concentrating on natural regeneration (habitat management) or introducing seed from similar areas in the locality.
Our proposals should be read in conjunction with the Forestry Commission document (Genetic Variation and Conservation of British Native Trees and Shrubs: Current Knowledge and Policy Implications) and the report of the 1999 workshop (reproduced at Annex 1). The former report is available from the Forestry Commission or the Stationery Office.
1. Local/regional genetic distinctiveness and patterns in variation for selectively neutral genes/micro satellites - to survey regional genetic differentiation in common grassland plant species including dominants and key community components.2. Grassland genetic diversity - to measure genetic variation in plant populations for some common grassland species in relation to grassland management, area and isolation.3. Genetic/phenotypic flexibility - to measure variation in life history in response to changes in grassland management and climate change.4. To measure the importance of genetic variation in new habitats.
5. Seed harvesting and introduction strategy - optimising the transfer of genetic variation from donor to recipient habitat
All of these threats require investigation in terms of their implications for grassland conservation and it is argued that more emphasis should be urgently given to studies of grassland plant species genetic variation, as a cornerstone of grassland habitat health. Research has been devoted to loss and fragmentation of habitat in terms of metapopulation studies but the focus in the UK has mainly been on animal species. Climate studies have focused on whole community response to warming and drought and not studied the detailed behaviour of species at a population level.
There has been no work on the significance of grassland restoration, which is the main thrust of the UK Habitat Action Plan for lowland grasslands, for the conservation of plant species genetic variation. There is a need to urgently evaluate the remaining genetic diversity of both rare and common plant species, including habitat building block species and its significance in relation to continued survival of wildflower species in increasingly unpredictable grassland habitat. This information is important in refining precautionary policy on species sourcing and movement in terms of habitat restoration.
Objective 1
With the exception of studies on the evolutionary history of a few tree species (oak, Scots pine), most studies have focused on rare species, including those that have shown alarming decline and those with ancient, restricted distribution.
Scant work has been carried out on the regional and local patterns of selectively neutral genetic variation in common ecological building block species and associated species. It is important for the conservation of our flora that we are aware of the detailed subspecific taxonomic status for selected species and the distribution of these taxons across the UK. Such patterning constitutes a record of the history and evolution of the British Flora and may also encompass major axes of adaptive variation within species. This information can be used to refine our judgement in terms of sourcing for habitat restoration.
Objective 2
It is important to screen for levels of genetic variation within the populations of key species in remaining grassland in relation to the numerous threats they face. Habitat fragmentation, climate change and environmental quality are key threats, but increasingly poor grassland management caused through livestock shortages may reduce population size and impoverish gene-pools. Other risks associated with intensive farming (e.g. introduction of GMOs and selectively bred plants) may reduce weed diversity causing a knock-on loss in pollinator diversity and abundance. Monitoring of levels of population genetic variation (measured as heterozygosity, proportion of polymorphic loci) within species for key grassland habitats should be a priority.
Objective 3
Genetic/ phenotypic flexibility - to measure variation in life history in response to changes in grassland management and climate change
Objective 4
Objective 5
Seed harvesting and introduction strategy - optimising the transfer of genetic variation from donor to recipient habitat.
The science of habitat restoration has not been fully developed, especially in terms of the sampling and transfer of genetic variation from donor to recipient habitats. More information would allow us to adopt best practice methodologies in reconstructing habitats. The extent to which we can generalise in our methodology based on breeding system, life history strategy and habitat occupancy is unclear and more information might provide us with best-fit options. Questions we may ask, with the assumption that we should collect from local sources include:
How locally do we collect for a habitat type or individual species?
How do we sample (by hand-collection, brush harvesters, hay bales, green hay) variation at donor sites in terms of pattern and scale in order to maximise carry over to recipient sites?
Do we repeat sampling during each growing season to reinforce the richness of genetic variation?
What are the impacts of seed harvesting on population processes and genetic variation at the donor site?
- What approaches and techniques are most likely to deliver biodiversity objectives for successful grassland restoration and conservation of plant genetic diversity (e.g. Is inoculation of recipient sites that have already been reverted to grassland, or managed as naturally-regenerated set-aside, more efficient in terms of resources and results than agricultural scale sowing of expensive seed on to bare land?; Is repeat sowing a useful and successful technique to ensure sustainable populations are established?); what are their comparative costs and timescales needed; what changes are needed to current policy to implement the necessary changes?
What is the maximum number of generations that a crop can be harvested before shifts in genetic variation take place?
Are there shifts in life history strategy within species in the process of wildflower seed production?
If a species is to be grown as a crop, what rules should there be for separating cops that represent different origins for a single species? Should plants of different origins be grown only in their regions of origin?
The Forestry Commission recently issued a consultation paper on Genetic Variation and Conservation of British Native Trees and Shrubs (Ennos et al., 2000) and the recommendations put forward in this document should be pursued.
There is also increasing interest in "holistic" woodland creation. Until now, new woodland plantings have been confined to planting trees and shrubs, but techniques for introducing ground flora have been recently developed. Woodland ground flora species tend to be slow colonisers and many populations are isolated as a result of habitat fragmentation. Within and between individual native woods there may well be considerable genetic variation within a single species. Over a larger area, such as an English Natural Area, or a region, there could be significant genetic variation. There is, however, a major fear that the interest in woodland ground flora introductions will fail to recognise these differences and that plant users will buy and use "off-the-shelf" seed and plants obtained commercially and of unknown origin. This "quick-fix" approach is what already happens with most habitat creation - designed to suit institutional budget cycles and other imperatives which have very little to do with best practice for biodiversity.
Research is clearly needed to inform future policies for such introductions and so as to ensure that in the desire to re-create "native" plant communities, such reintroductions are carried out in accordance to best practice and in the interest of genetic as well as habitat conservation.
A major product of this research would be guidance on plant sourcing that could be used by restoration ecologists and others involved in procuring and using native flora for large-scale habitat creation projects. Until such research data is forthcoming, Flora locale recommends the precautionary principle for plant sourcing, i.e. sourcing plants from the local area, particularly within or close to ecologically sensitive zones, contract-collect-grow or natural regeneration (where feasible). Details of Flora locale's guidance on plant sourcing can be found here
The priorities identified below are both for woody and non-woody woodland and hedgerow species.
1. Local/regional genetic distinctiveness and patterns in variation for selectively neutral genes/microsatellites - to survey regional genetic differentiation in woody species and associated ground flora
2. Genetic diversity in woodland and hedgerow species: to measure genetic variation in plant populations for some common species in relation to habitat management, area and isolation.
3. Seed and genet harvesting and introduction strategy: optimising the transfer of genetic variation from donor to recipient habitat.
Objective 1
Local/regional genetic distinctiveness and patterns in variation for selectively neutral genes/microsatellites: to survey regional genetic differentiation in woody species and associated ground flora
Some of the woody species of woodlands such as Wild Service-tree (Sorbus torminalis) and Small-leaved Lime (Tilia cordata) are comparable with ground flora species in their poor reproduction and dispersal and increasing isolation and would be expected to show high levels of local/regional differentiation calling for genetic research and cautions reintroduction programmes.
Objective 2
Genetic diversity in woodland and hedgerow species: to measure genetic variation in plant populations for some common species in relation to habitat management, area and isolation
Objective 3
Seed and genet harvesting and introduction strategy: optimising the transfer of genetic variation from donor to recipient habitat
2. Identification of biodiversity risk posed by plants that are already widely used or proposed for widescale introduction
Objective 1
Development of risk assessment protocols for application in R & D for new agricultural crops (particularly forestry, fodder and biomass crops).
Protocols for such risk assessment must be produced, so that they can then be adopted within relevant R & D. Flora locale considers that it is currently a significant anomaly that such protocols have been introduced for proposals to introduce Genetically Modified (GM) species, but that they have not been applied to the development of plants bred by "traditional" crop breeding techniques. Clearly this area of risk assessment needs to be addressed not only within the UK but at EU and international level as well.
Flora locale requests that the DETR asks ACRE to consider how this issue, and the research needed to identify existing and imminent risks (see Objective 2 below) might be addressed, initially in a UK context.
We also recommend that appropriate risk assessment protocols are developed that can be applied to any activity, particularly those associated with agriculture or forestry, which are likely to involve the large-scale introduction of a non-native plant species into the countryside, whether related to a native species or not. Recent examples of introductions that should have been subject to prior risk assessment include Miscanthus (a biomass crop), Phacelia (a set-aside cover-crop) and general "game-cover" crops - which can consist of a variety of different exotic and native species introduced from seed of unknown origin.
Objective 2
Investigations should be carried out to assess and catalogue the impacts of current native species introductions on our native flora. Initially, research should focus on grasses (including rye-grass, fescues and bents), clovers, willow clones (already beginning to be introduced for biomass crops), and a selection of timber species including the newly developed "Wildstar" cherry. Risk assessment should consider both direct and indirect biodiversity risks associated with such introductions.
(Extracts from the report Setting the agenda for biodiversity research: Introductions, translocation and genetic conservation. Report of a workshop held on 18 November 1999). Click here to go to the full report)
THEME 1: Genetic conservation, translocations and the introduction of exotic, artificially selected or modified varieties. Focus on plants used in agriculture (including agri-environment), ecological restoration, landscape and forestry.
1.1 Rationale
The rationale has been included in part 1 of the main report.
1.2 Key Issues
Four key issues were identified under Theme 1:
2. Understanding existing patterns and extent of genetic variation
3. Impacts of introductions and policy
4. Developing strategies for genetic conservation
1.3 Topics
The Chairman expressed a view that participants in Session 1 had considered that all the topics they had identified were important. He emphasised that the research programme needed to be progressed at a variety of levels and that much of the work identified would need to be done in parallel, or sequentially (an experience mirrored by the other two sessions, which did not attempt to prioritise either Key Issues or Topics).
The session considered some of the topics in further detail, identifying some:
specific objectives and information needs
potential users and funders of research
organisations which hold relevant expertise.
Key Issue 1: Defining objectives of genetic biodiversity and specifically what Biodiversity Action Plans should include
Topic 1.1: Agree concepts and develop stakeholders' awareness
Consistent use of terms
Agreement on a set of biodiversity objectives for genetic conservation
Improving awareness of the issues (via a revised Biodiversity Action Plan) See Planting with wildlife in mind: the supply and use of native flora for projects in the town or countryside: A cross cutting action plan for UK biodiversity (Flora locale, 2001)
International considerations:
Species range issues (edge of range, etc.)
What other countries have attempted to set genetic biodiversity guidelines?
Topic 1.2: Develop policy and guidelines for implementation
Note: Delivery requires completion of topic 1.1 and 2.2.
Key Issue 2: Understanding existing patterns and extent of genetic variation
An example is to distinguish between genetic variation that is selectively neutral (i.e. that might be useful in helping to distinguish patters of genetic structure within and between populations) and that which is subject to selective pressures (that will potentially have a large effect on survival potential and competitive ability)
Topic 2.1: Data basing/networking of known variability in native species and identifying groups
An understanding of the range of variation in native species is needed before assessments can be made of the impacts of introduced genes. Given that knowledge, it may be possible to divide species, depending on factors of their biology and ecology, into groups that are more or less vulnerable to genetic change. A baseline of existing information will help define priorities for, and direct, future research (Topic 2.2). This necessitates:
Collating published and unpublished data
Making data widely available and accessible.
Topic 2.2: Define research priorities
seeking to identify generic categories/functional groups
selecting model species.
Specific information needs are:
a database (see topic 2.1)
reproductive strategies
historical information (i.e. on selective breeding)
life history parameters.
International: lots of reviews are available via various fora.
Topic 2.3: Measurement of genetic variation (new research)
Identifying variation in relation to population, region, Esc
Separation of neutral (structure) and adaptive variation
Adoption of a comparative approach
Standardised sampling of analytical methods and procedures.
Nature of the research: Science research project
Key Issue 3: Impacts of introductions and policy
The major potential impacts on within-species genetic diversity require different approaches, which involve:
Identifying effects of habitat fragmentation (this links to the DETR Biodiversity Research Support Project workshop 4
Landscape Ecology, Habitat Fragmentation and Land Use Change Scenarios])
Identifying the consequences of different selection pressures.
Nature of the research need: Science research project
Topic 3.2: Assessing the impact of introductions and translocations on non-target species
of hybridisation and introgression
on dependent/specialist herbivores and other species
of changed competitive interactions/disease and other pathogens
on ecosystem function.
Topic 3.3: Longer-term changes in introduced species (2)
The natural processes of evolutionary change mean that there may be long term adaptive change in key species (e.g. in relation to climate change). Such long term change can only be assessed by monitoring genetic change and phenotypic indicators.
Key Issue 4: Developing strategies for genetic conservation
Topic 4.1: Developing national strategies for genetic conservation
Revision of Issue 1
Selection of genotypes for introduction, reintroduction and translocation
Develop policies for ex-situ conservation
Identify the role of nature reserves and in situ genetic resource conservation
Identify the role of improved stock (i.e. selectively bred material) in restoration, etc.
Topic 4.2: Review and revise the regulatory framework
Review the impact of current regulations (e.g. the Seed Regulations) and policies (e.g. for agri-environment schemes)
Develop strategies and guidelines for the supply of plants.
Reserve acquisition
Policies for ecological restoration (e.g. wildlife corridors, habitat networks).
Practitioners in the ecology, landscape/amenity & forestry sectors: people who use plants for agriculture, ecological restoration, landscaping, forestry
Policy makers and project funders: organisations who fund ecological restoration and forestry projects and make sectoral policies (e.g. MAFF, Forestry Commission, Heritage Lottery Fund, Entrust)
Research and development including people and organisations who develop novel plants by selective breeding
Research funders: government and industry bodies which fund relevant R & D
Horticultural & landscape industry
Government bodies with a regulatory function (e.g. DETR, MAFF).
Organisations currently funding research include: NERC, DETR, MAFF, FC, EC, Conservation Agencies and BAP champions.
Common issues identified across all three themes considered in the workshop
1. Understanding the biology and ecology of species and their function in habitats and ecosystems
Together with the introduced and invasive species group (Theme 3) it was recognised that knowledge on the biology and ecology of species is fundamentally important to identify biodiversity impacts of introductions and translocations and for risk assessment.
Other common research topics under this heading include the identification and understanding of: genetics, physiology, behaviour, population dynamics, life history & reproduction (of individual species), distribution, habitat use and preferences (including historical information) patterns and rates of gene flow between introduced or translocated species and their native relatives relationships with other, non-target species (e.g. dependent herbivores) effects on ecological processes (e.g. changed competitive interactions, parasite loading, pathogen dynamics) that in turn may alter the population ecology and dynamics of native species effects on ecosystem function (e.g. large scale habitat modification).
2. Review and collation of information and data
A database on information about introduced species was identified as a high priority, and there was a strong feeling that a focal point needs to be identified to co-ordinate and act as a lead on this work.
The identification of focal points and the collation of data and information were identified as being important to:
facilitate information exchange
encourage collaboration among researchers
promote co-ordination over research
encourage research projects that are needed to fill information gaps
assist with international collaboration (e.g. IUCN initiatives on introduced and invasive species)
deliver more effective information to enable policy-makers and conservation managers to take appropriate and effective action.
3. Priority-setting
This is needed to select species for which new research and study is a priority.
This exercise would need to consider species that might be introduced or translocated in the future, or subject to research and development (i.e. of novel varieties for commercial exploitation), as well as species that had already been introduced or translocated.
4. Prediction, monitoring, impact and risk assessment
Research should identify thresholds whereby change is unacceptable for biodiversity. The identification and understanding of different agents of change is also necessary, to distinguish between changes resulting from natural events (e.g. climate change) and human activities (e.g. artificial stocking). Both direct and indirect impacts need to be considered - an example given by Theme 2 was sea lice infestations of farmed salmon and the use of pesticides to control infestations - and the impact of these on wild salmon populations.
Long-term research is important to monitor and identify temporal changes associated with certain introduced and invasive species, but at present there is very little comparable long-term data. Theme 3 noted examples of introduced species that were once considered as having a significant biodiversity impact but which, after some years, had become well integrated into native habitats and no longer pose a threat.
Data from long-term monitoring was therefore considered important when deciding whether an invasive species should be controlled or eradicated (and how this might be achieved).
5. Biodiversity action: development of tools, strategies and measures
Evaluation and analysis of policy and regulation was identified as a high priority by all three themes. Responsibility for setting policies and regulations are currently dispersed among different sectors (e.g. agriculture, horticulture, forestry, wildlife) and it was felt that the current suite of measures may not best serve, and sometimes conflicts with, biodiversity conservation needs. Theme 1 proposed that biodiversity impact/risk assessment of policy should be considered within any reviews or analysis, and when new policies are under development.
6. Socio-economic research
Such evaluations need to consider any costs that may be associated with
loss of biodiversity and the consequent loss of benefits and services biodiversity provides (e.g. damage caused to inland salmonid fisheries as a result of fishfarm escapes)
the costs to industry arising from introduced species (e.g. cost of dealing with power station water intakes clogged up with introduced bivalves).
Trade and economic exploitation of species are principle purposes and vectors for introductions and translocations - necessitating socio-economic considerations to be addressed by research and conservation action.
Public perception and attitudes were considered important by Theme 3, especially when considering whether an introduced invasive species should be controlled or eradicated. There is wide range of perceptions about introduced species among the public, by science researchers and ecologists. New communities of species, many of them introduced and exotic, have become established in urban areas - and are viewed as being an important part of the urban landscape. Some research underway illustrates that communities of exotic species can be well adapted to the climate and geography of urban areas and this is spawning new areas of research into the ecology of urban environments.
Perceptions and attitudes, either in relation to eradicating certain invasive species or keeping them because they appeared to be beneficial to the urban landscape, are often not based on scientifically-based knowledge (e.g. the degree of threat posed to biodiversity). The importance of developing a scientific rationale for making decisions about species management and control was therefore emphasised. Knowledge of public perceptions and attitudes would need to feed into any subsequent control/eradication strategies that may be developed. A research topic identified by Theme 3 was a decision support system - this would need to take into account socio-economic considerations.
Knowledge of public perceptions and attitudes will also be fundamental to certain research identified by Theme 1 and 2 (and using the results of research to develop policies and other measures). The recent problems experienced by experimental research (field trials) and releases of Genetically Modified Organisms illustrates how important such perceptions and attitudes can be not only in delivering policy but in successful execution of research.


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Is It Marital Property?
By Thomas A. ElliotDecember 2010
Approximately 30 years after the enactment of Equitable Distribution Law, courts continue to grapple with issues of statutory interpretation pertaining to the classification of property as marital or separate. In Fields v. Fields, 15 N.Y.3d 158 (2010), handed down on June 10, the Court of Appeals addressed the issue of whether the husband's interest in a certain rental property, which was purchased by him during the marriage using his separate funds for the down payment, should be classified as marital or separate property. The court, with two judges dissenting, held that the townhouse in question constituted marital property subject to equitable distribution, notwithstanding the husband's purchase of the property with his separate funds.
Husband Buys Property, Wife Does Not
In Fields, the husband purchased a five-story townhouse in Manhattan approximately eight years after the parties' marriage. The townhouse contained 10 apartments and a basement. The husband paid $130,000 for the property, with a $30,000 down payment. That down payment was derived from funds gifted to the husband from his grandparents, and the balance of the purchase price was financed through two mortgages held jointly by the husband and his mother.
Title was taken solely in the husband's name, initially. However, approximately five years after the purchase, the husband conveyed a one-half interest in the premises to his mother. The property was managed by the husband and his mother as a partnership.
Throughout the marriage, the parties and their child resided in various apartments in the townhouse, at first together and then separately. The parties paid rent to the partnership between the husband and his mother; the partnership managed the building. The other apartments were leased to various tenants, and the rental income derived from them was used to pay the mortgages and other expenses on the property. However, according to the majority opinion, the partnership's bank account was not used exclusively for the building's income and expenses; the husband acknowledged during the trial that he commingled marital funds in the account.
After a hearing before a special referee, the Supreme Court confirmed the referee's report, which recommended that the husband's one-half partnership interest in the townhouse ($1,312,500, or one half of the $2,625,000 value of the townhouse at the time of trial) should be classified as marital property, less a separate property credit to the husband of $30,000, representing the funds he had received from his grandparents for the down payment on the townhouse. The report also recommended that the court award the wife 35% of all martial assets because she had made direct and indirect contributions to the townhouse during the parties' long-term marriage, including by providing services as a spouse and mother. The judgment of the Supreme Court was affirmed by the Appellate Division, with two justices dissenting.
Commingling Dooms Husband's Case
At fundamental issue before the Court of Appeals was whether the husband's interest in the townhouse as a whole should be classified as marital or separate property. The majority, citingDeJesus v. DeJesus, 90 N.Y.2d 643 (1997), stated that there is a "well-settled statutory presumption" that all property acquired by either spouse during the marriage, unless clearly separate, is deemed marital property. The court found that because the townhouse was purchased eight years after the parties' marriage with the intent that it would be used as a marital residence, there was a presumption that it was marital property. The court noted that New York courts have long treated a martial residence that was purchased after the marriage as marital property subject to equitable distribution
The Court of Appeals found that once this statutory presumption was triggered, the burden shifted to the husband to rebut that presumption. To meet this burden, the husband argued that his interest in the townhouse was "acquired in exchange for" his $30,000 down payment and, therefore, the townhouse constituted his separate property pursuant to the statutory definition set forth in Domestic Relations Law § 236(B)(1)(d)(3). The appellate court rejected this argument because the husband's $30,000 down payment covered only a fraction of the purchase price. It held that the use of a "separate property" down payment did not alone establish the property's character as separate property. The remaining $100,000 of the purchase price was financed through two mortgages, and the husband failed to substantiate his claim that he made the mortgage payments solely from the rental proceeds. His testimony at trial that he had commingled marital assets in the partnership bank account from which mortgage payments were made sunk that argument.
In addition, both the husband and wife paid rent to the partnership using income from outside sources. Based on these factors, the court found that the husband had failed to establish that the mortgage loans, which were taken to fund most of the purchase price of the townhouse, were repaid using monies derived exclusively from his own separate property. Based on the foregoing and certain other factors, including the fact that the parties occupied the residence during the marriage, the court concluded that the lower courts properly determined that the husband failed to rebut the statutory presumption that his interest in the townhouse was marital property subject to equitable distribution.
All Do Not Agree
Judge Robert S. Smith, in his dissent, found that the Husband's interest in the townhouse should have been classified as separate property because it was acquired "in exchange for separate property." The dissent argued that a proper analysis of the case would have involved classifying the rental property as the husband's separate property and determining to what extent, if any, the appreciation in value of the husband's interest in the townhouse should be treated as marital property subject to equitable distribution. This analysis would involve a determination of the extent to which the wife's direct and indirect contributions resulted in the appreciation in value of the property.
The dissent also took issue with the majority's finding that marital funds were commingled in the account used to repay the mortgages and, therefore, the townhouse was properly classified as marital property. The dissent stated that there was no evidence in the record to support this conclusion and that neither of the lower courts had found that any martial funds had been used to repay the mortgage loans.
Some Lessons to Take from Fields
The decision in Fields is noteworthy in several respects. First, the court, citing its opinion in DeJesus v. DeJesus, supra, states that there exists a "statutory presumption" that all property, unless clearly separate, is deemed marital property and that it is the titled spouse"s burden to rebut that presumption. Although the term "marital property" is broadly defined in the statute while the definition of "separate property" is highly specific, there is nothing in the express language of Domestic Relations Law § 236 that states that there is a legal presumption that property shall be considered marital. However, notwithstanding the lack of any language expressly stating that such a presumption exists, the Court of Appeals has now, for at least the second time, superimposed such a presumption upon the statute.
The majority in Fields also appears to afford special status to real property that is acquired during the marriage and used by the parties as a marital residence. In its opinion, the court notes that "New York courts have long treated a martial residence that was purchased after the marriage as marital property subject to equitable distribution." The fact that the property was occupied by the parties during the marriage appears to have influenced the decision to classify the property as marital, although the relevance of this factor is not clearly articulated. Justice Smith, in his dissent, notes that there is no provision in the Domestic Relations Law that affords special status to a marital residence as opposed to other types of property.
One More Lesson: Classification Is Key
The decision in Fields is also illustrative of the stakes involved in initially classifying property, especially real property, as marital or separate. If the titled spouse can meet his or her burden of demonstrating that an asset should be classified as separate, then pursuant to the holding in Price v. Price 69 NY2d 8 (1986), the burden shifts to the non-titled spouse who is claiming an equitable interest in separate property to show that the appreciation in value of the property, if any, was due to his or her direct or indirect contributions as a spouse and homemaker. Although this standard is not to be rigidly applied by the courts (see Hartog v. Hartog, 85 NY2d 36 (1995)), it is nonetheless a substantial burden to meet. With respect to real property that is classified as separate property, the non-titled spouse is required to demonstrate that the property has in fact appreciated in value and then to quantify the extent to which the appreciation is due to his or her direct or indirect efforts during the marriage. In most instances, the proponent of such a claim must rely on expert testimony to meet this burden.
In contrast, where an asset is purchased in whole or in part with separate property but is nevertheless classified as martial property, the burden on the non-titled spouse seeking equitable distribution of the asset is not as difficult to meet. In such instances, the party who contributed separate property to the acquisition or creation of marital real property will be relegated to a dollar-for-dollar "source" credit based on the contribution of separate funds, as was the case in Fields. The balance of the equity in the property will be considered marital property, subject to equitable distribution. Once the property is classified as martial property, the non-titled spouse is not required to demonstrate a nexus between his or her contributions during the marriage to the increase in value of the property in view of the fact that the property as a whole is subject to equitable distribution. Thus, expert testimony will not be required to prove the non-titled spouse's equitable distribution claim. It is enough for the non-titled spouse to demonstrate generalized contributions to the marriage.
The foregoing dichotomy demonstrates the importance of the initial classification of property. When confronted with such an issue, the matrimonial practitioner representing the non-titled spouse may be well advised to make an application, through a motion for partial summary judgment, for a pre-trial determination that the property in issue constitutes marital property. If successful, such a determination will dispense with the need to prove at trial, through expert testimony or otherwise, that the appreciation in value of the property at issue is due to the direct or indirect contributions of the non-titled spouse. It may also bolster the non-titled spouse's position in pre-trial settlement negotiations.
The importance of classification issues cannot be overstated. As demonstrated by Fields, even where the non-titled spouse may have a legitimate claim to a share of the appreciation in value of real property which may be classified as separate property, an initial determination that such property should be classified as marital property subject to equitable distribution will generally enhance the non-titled spouse's claims with respect to such property.
Reprinted with permission from the December 2010 edition of NY Family Law Monthly© 2010 ALM Media Properties, LLC. All rights reserved. Further duplication without permission is prohibited, contact 877-257-3382 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
© 2018 Joseph Law Group, P.C. | Attorney Advertising 666 Old Country Road, Suite 303, Garden City, NY 11530 | Phone: 516-542-2000Divorce | Family Law | Child Custody | Child Support | Spousal Maintenance | Post-Judgment Modifications and Enforcement | Pre-nuptial & Post-nuptial Agreements | Collaborative Law & Mediation | Asset & Property Division | Businesses Valuation in a Divorce | Tax Issues in Divorce | Substituting Lawyers | Paternity | Grandparents' Rights | Firm Overview | Attorneys | Testimonials | Press
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subset: commoncrawl


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From Bernama
HANOI — The mortality rate of non-communicable diseases in Vietnam is four times higher than that of infectious diseases, accounting for 67.34 percent of deaths from diseases, according to the Ministry of Health.
Ministry of Health logo
The ministry's statistics for 2011 also showed that the morbidity rate from non-communicable diseases was 62.72 percent or 2.4 times higher than that from infectious diseases at 25.89 percent, reports Vietnam News Agency (VNA).
Vietnam has given priority to five groups of non-communicable diseases, namely cardiovascular, cancer, diabetes, chronic respiration and mental disorders. They have been in the national target programme on healthcare since 1999.
Deputy Minister of Health Nguyen Thi Xuyen said all countries in the world are facing increasing morbidity rates of non-communicable diseases, people are able to prevent risk factors of the diseases by maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
Read the full story from Bernama.


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If you have a question that is not listed here please feel free to contact us.
How long will it take before I receive the file after purchase?
Following payment via Paypal, you will be directed to a page containing a link to the file(s). You will also receive an email containing the same link (to the same email address as the one you have set up in Paypal – check your Spam folder if you have not received the email).
The links will expire after 7 days so you should ensure you download the file(s) as soon as possible after purchase.
Once you download the file, save it firstly as a master copy, ie 'Accounting Master' so that you can use it use it in future years, and then save the file again as a current working copy, ie 'Accounting 2011'.
I don't have Microsoft Excel - can I still use the system?
Most of the accounting systems have been set up in Excel using complex formula and macros. These will not work with most open source applications such as Open Office. However, we do have a basic accounting system, which you should be able to use without Excel. The systems do not have banking reconciliation or mileage and the categories cannot be changed by the user. It does, however keep allow you to enter your income and outgoings in the same way, produces a P&L summary sheet, and produces a draft Self Assessment to help with completing your tax return. While this is more basic than the other systems, it is extremely easy to use.
I try to enter a figure in a cell and a message appears asking me for a password.
Some cells are password protected to prevent the formula from being deleted by accident. It is likely the cell you are trying to enter data in is an incorrect cell/sheet. Please ensure you read the instructions prior to use. In particular, the entire Summary Sheet is password protected and you cannot enter any data in this sheet. To enter income and expenses you must enter these on the individual monthly sheets.
Can I use this system in future trading years or do I need to re-purchase each year?
Unlike many other systems available, there is no need to repurchase further copies of our Self Employed bookkeeping spreadsheet system, it can be used year after year.
The Government may make certain changes to the annual allowances, for example mileage allowances, writing down allowances etc. This system allows you to amend these figures yourself as they change. You can find the relevant figures on the HMRC site, however Equal Figures will add any changes to the 'Annual Allowances' sheet on this website.
After downloading the file following purchase you save it firstly as a master copy, ie 'Accounting Master', and then save the file again as a current working copy, ie 'Accounting 2011'. That way you can use the master copy in future years.
Do I need bookkeeping or Excel experience?
No bookkeeping is required to be able to use this system. You just need to enter all business income and expenses as they occur in the monthly sheets. The spreadsheets contain complex formula to enable the system to automatically a P&L Summary Sheet as well as a sheet containing the sums you need to complete your own Self Assessment form.
Although you do not need to be an Excel expert, some familiarity with Excel is useful to enable you to find your way around the system. Complex formula have already been entered into many of the cells in the spreadsheets which means the system will automatically update saving you from tedious calculations.
Can I add or delete categories to suit my own business?
This unique system allows the user to change the categories to suit. You simply add/delete categories under the relevant tax headings, click a button and system updates accordingly.
Categories should not be deleted part way through the year if you have already used that particular category – this may affect the totals.
Can I match up the transactions with my bank balances?
Although this system cannot link with your online banking provider, as long as you enter your balance (in the Cells E17 to E21 of the Business Information sheet) when you first start using this Self Employed Accounting System, the running totals will update with each transaction you enter, ie expenses or income. This can apply to bank accounts, petty cash or credit cards.
This allows you to see at a glance how each transaction will affect your bank balance etc.
Overdrawn figures are shown in red. This is only applicable for the system with banking and mileage
I also use my business vehicle for personal use.
If you use your business vehicle for personal use you can enter the relevant percentage use for business in the Business Information sheet on bookkeeping spreadsheet system. This will then automatically calculate any motoring costs by that percentage.
The same applies for telephone and home use.
The figures for rent are not showing through to the P&L/Summary Sheet.
You will need to enter the relevant percentage of business v personal use on the Business Information sheet – it is defaulted to 0% on download. For example, if you are renting premises purely for business you can enter 100%. However, if you are using part of your home, you will need to calculate the relevant percentage figure for business use taking into account the number of rooms you use for business out of the number of rooms in the house, then calculate how much of the time you use those rooms purely for business use.
I calculate my vehicle costs by the number of business miles – can I record this?
There is an easy to use mileage calculator which comes free with this system you can enter both business and personal mileage on this spreadsheet. The costs are then automatically calculated using the current mileage allowances (see Annual Allowances Sheet).
If you use this option you need to enter 'M' in Cell M18 of the Business Information Sheet. Any expense costs you enter on the monthly sheets will still affect the bank balances, and will also show through into the Summary Sheet, however they will not show transpose to the Draft Self Assessment.
Cell R8 of the Business Information Sheet will show the total of all motoring costs and this will allow you to compare the Mileage v Actual Vehicle costs so that you can see which system is best suited to you.his is only applicable for the system with banking and mileage
The figures on the P&L/Summary do not match the ones on the draft Self Assessment
The Summary Sheet will contain totals of all transactions by category that you enter on the individual monthly Income/Expense sheets. It is likely that you will have entered expenses for such things as National Insurance, Tax, personal drawings and other non tax allowable categories. These amounts will not be included in the Draft Self Assessment but will show through to the Summary sheet to enable you to see the exact figures for your income and expense.
What if the government changes annual allowances?
You can easily amend these figures on the Self Employed Accounting Spreadsheet System on the Business Information Sheet where applicable. Following the Budget each year, or following any other Government changes, Equal Figures will enter those figures on the Annual Allowances sheet on this website. Alternatively you can check the figures on the HMRC website.
How will I know which figures to use to complete my Self Assessment?
Whether you use the online system or the paper version for completing your Self Assessment, you will have boxes for each category or, you can enter the total amounts by category or if you earn less than £73,000 you can add simply add a total of all allowable expenses.
The figures on the Draft Self Assessment spreadsheet show you which figures to use transfer over to your form/online form.
My trading year is not April to April – can this system be adapted for my needs?
The Bookkeeping Spreadsheets are set up for a standard April to April accounting year. However, if your trading year is different please feel free to contact us after purchase and the system will be amended for you. Due to the fact that the system will be produced manually this will not be available as an immediate download and will be emailed to you once it has been amended. This may take up to three days depending upon our workload.


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Barton Watch Bands Nato Strap Review
A New Strap Can Dramatically Change the Look of a Watch
And if you're one who likes to mix it up, tossing your watch on to a nato strap is probably the easiest way to introduce some variety into your horological diet. Changing out a nato strap takes literally ten seconds, meaning that if you wanted the same watch to rock a different look on the daily, all you'd need is a few straps to make it happen.
I purchased a white and navy nato from Barton Bands on Amazon. Once we got to chatting they said they'd send a few my way to check out to go along with my review. Of course I am only too happy to oblige.
You could say that I'm pretty strapped now. For time, of course. Uhh… maybe let's move on to the review.
> Click here to see real customer reviews, specs and prices on Amazon <
Barton's nato straps are super inexpensive, easily found for around $10-$15/ea on Amazon.
Barton Nato Straps Are Inexpensive, Not Cheap
And there is a difference.
First, let's tackle how these straps look. I've got a selection here: orange on grey; navy on ivory; white on navy; grey on black. Barton has sixteen options on their Amazon store in a variety of colors. Most are combinations, with only three being solid colors- the rest are striped.
Looking at the straps under zoom is also impressive; there's no fraying, errant fibers, poorly cut ends, or glued seams. The colors are vivid and don't bleed; borders between two colors are well defined. The entire affair looks great- far better than the $15 price point would suggest.
Check out the high resolution photos in the gallery below if you want to see these things close up.
I thought that I could replace the straps on the Weekender Chronograph, Citizen BM8475-26E Eco-Drive, and the Weekender Fairfield. Unfortunately, I realized too late that the only strap that would fit the black and orange citizen was the ivory and navy strap- d'oh!
These Straps Look Great on the Watch
Swapping the nato straps on the Weekenders only took a few seconds, and the results change the look of both watches entirely. The Chronograph, wearing the white on navy strap, looks sporting; the Fairfield, on smokey grey and orange, suddenly looks youthful.
> Click here to see real customer reviews, specs and prices on Amazon <
How Are They On the Wrist?
Comfortable, for starters. Compared to the original leather that came with both Timex's, the Barton's feel noticeably firmer. Where the original leather from Timex is soft, the Barton nato straps almost feel as if there's some level of integrity to the material. I don't mind the leather from Timex, but I do prefer the Barton's.
You'd think that the strap feeling a little firmer would be a bad thing. In reality, they simply feel durable. The Timex straps show their life story from the moment you begin wearing them; the Barton's look no worse for wear.
The steel hardware also holds up well, fastening securely and withstanding a few good tugs with no signs of distress. Once fastened, the watch isn't going anywhere.
My Overall Impression of Barton Nato Straps
I'm very impressed with these straps (as if the last 500 words of praise didn't make that obvious). When it comes to watches, you often "get what you pay for". These straps though? You can buy them for $12 and they're excellent.
Barton offers them in 18mm, 20mm, and 22mm widths. All come in the standard 10″ length which fits my 7″ wrist just fine. They will fit most men comfortably.
Barton advertises their straps as being water proof and washable – two traits I did not test – and that they are laser cut and ultrasonically welded (to eliminate fraying). The results of their process are quite clear: these are great straps, well worth the $12 they retail for.
Where to Buy
BARTON Watch Bands; Smoke/Pumpkin 22mm Width; Ballistic Nylon and Stainless Steel
(1550 customer reviews)
On their website: BartonWatchBands.com.
Photo Gallery
Barton Watch Bands Makes Some Brilliant Nato Straps
My thoughts For the money these nato straps are excellent. They're comfortable, durable, made well, and look great. The variety is significant and makes it easy to find a new look for your favorite timepiece.


text: I had the opportunity to capture this adventurous family last weekend! My goal is to capture your family interacting and having fun. I'm there to document memories. Well, we sure did with the Coffman family! During our session we picked flowers, played chase, found rocks, and had an abundance of smiles. I also loved that Lauren and Drew took time for just each other and had their own special moment. It's *so* important for the parents to enjoy some alone time during our sessions. Here's a few of my favorites!


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The Caregiver Resources Workshop Series* is a Lunchtime Lecture Series
Addressing the Myriad of Issues, Options & Concerns Facing Caregivers
This series includes information and resources about preparing to become a caregiver, options for and ways to pay for in-home care, managing caregiver stress and burnout, and caring for cognitive impairment. Join other UCI employees, retirees and caregivers for the Caregiver Workshop Series.
*Presented in partnership with the UCI Center for Emeriti and Retirees and your Worklife and Wellness Program.
All Workshops held at the Newkirk Alumni Center Noon to 1 p.m. • Light refreshments served • Limited Seating • FREE PARKING!
Campus Workshops 2015-2016
Tues, Jan 26, 2016 - Caring From a Distance (PDF)
- Distance doesn't mean you can't provide comfort and care for your elderly relative. By devising care strategies, developing emergency plans and building a support system of family, friends and local resources, your elder can have the care and attention he or she needs. RSVP required: email@example.com or 949-824-7769.
Wed, Mar 2, 2016 - When Someone You Love Has Alzheimer's Disease
- When a loved one is diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease the impact on family and caregivers is enormous. This course will address some of the basic considerations involved in caring for and communicating with a loved one who has Alzheimer's disease. The course will cover some of the basic facts of the disease along with the unique challenges and stress it brings to the family. Limited Seating. RSVP required: firstname.lastname@example.com or 949-824-7769.
Click here to view the previous year's, 2014-2015, Workshop Series


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Noise, a ceaseless buzz
Drowning out my silence
Disrupting my peace
Provoking my violence
Stitch your mouth shut
Your words mean nothing to me
Lock me in a room alone
Then throw away the key
Let me enjoy my quiet
Just get out of my head
I don't need to hear this
Give me the silence of the dead.
Lately, I've found that I'm having trouble finding the words. I'm supposed to be a writer, and for some reason I just can't. I've had writer's block before, but that isn't what this is. The ideas are there… the words just aren't. I know what I want to say; I don't know how to say it. The words are stuck somewhere. Caught up on other ideas long forgotten. Lost in some hidden crevice in my mind. I know I know that word. I know I do. Ugh what is that word?
I've forgotten. It was on the tip of my brain, and I lost it. Somewhere in the folds.
Words are supposed to be my skill. My gift. But they're failing me now. My ideas will go unexpressed.
Until I find the words.


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Enna Sona Song from OK Jaanu
Ok Jaanu's album is for sure a good end to 2016. After seducing us with The Humma Song and sending us on a happy trip with the title track, Shraddha Kapoor and Aditya Roy Kapur give us a romantic number sung by Arijit Singh. The title of the song, Enna Sona, might puzzle you and make you think, 'no man, yet again a remake!' but the moment you start listening to it, you get a pleasant surprise..
The song starts with Aditya and Shraddha clicking a selfie to capture the moment after their first fight. Slowly, we are introduced to the romantic moments they have shared with each other, which looks extremely realistic and for sure, sets high relationship goals for all jaanus out there. While the feeling of love sinks in us through Arijit's voice, the visuals have the same effect on the audience. And just like their previous film, Aashiqui 2, rain plays a huge part in their romance in this film too.
But with a sense of love, comes a sense of differences and problems, which Gulzar Sahab has very aptly expressed through his poetic lyrics. The duo, which had cast a spell on the audience with their last outing, have a lot of expectations awaiting them. While Aashiqui 2 was a super hit film of 2013, will Ok Jaanu offer the same magic? Well, only future has the answer to it. The film, which is a Tamil remake of Mani Ratnam's O Kandhal Kanmani, has been directed by Shaad Ali and will release on January 13, 2017.
Song Details
- Music : A. R. Rahman
- Lyrics : Gulzar
- Singers : Arijit Singh
- Guitar & Bass – Keba Jeremiah
- Flute – PMK Naveen Kumar
- Additional Programming – Ishaan Chhabra
- Mixed by Ishaan Chhabra
- Mastered by Suresh Permal
- Music Label : Sony Music Entertainment India Pvt. Ltd.
Song Lyrics of Enna Sona
Enna sona kyun Rabb ne banaya (x4)
Aavan javan te main yaara nu manavan
Aavan javan te main yaara nu manavan
Enna sona, enna sona
Enna sona o…
Enna sona kyun Rabb ne banaya
Enna sona o…
Enna sona o…
Enna sona, enna sona…
Kol hove te sekh lagda ae
Door jaave te dil jalda ae
Kehdi agg naal Rabb ne banaya
Rabb ne banaya, Rabb ne banaya
Enna sona kyun Rabb ne banaya
Enna sona kyun Rabb ne banaya
Aavan javan te main yaara nu manavan
Aavan javan te main yaara nu manavan
More from my site


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Posted: 23 Dec 2017
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All you need to do is Find and book your favorite Driving lessons Instructor in London, UK – Mydl or more info Click Here http://www.mydl.co.uk/


text: This beautiful fellow is Ralphie, a 7 month old Galgo rescued from Spain. Today DBM was called in by Peter and Janet, his new owners of just one week, to settle him in properly and to start him off on the right paw. The Galgo is a very ancient breed of sight hound, bred to chase hares over rough terrain, they can reach speeds of 40 mph, they are endurance runners, slightly smaller than the greyhound and they have no problem sitting unlike the greyhound. They can be very docile pets indoors but they are treated quite cruelly in their native Spain and often destroyed at the end of the coursing season. So here at DBM we fully support the rescue centres that specialise in this sweet loving breed. We went right through the card on Ralphie and immediately positive growth was evident, so a big DBM well done to Ralphie, keep up the good work.


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The five characters, each hailing from a different village in the Windy Vale, the protectorate of the city of Irongate, were summoned within the community walls with their neighbors by the tolling of a large bell which sounds only in times of great import. A burly priest militant of Erathis and a prefect from Irongate have arrived, and survey those gathered, sometimes speaking to each other, but not with those in the crowd.
The cleric then converses with the commander of the guard contingent, who in turn, accompanied by the village representative, approaches the character and congratulates him/her on being selected to serve the greater glory of Irongate by the will of Lord Ystan. The character is then told to present himself/herself at the Office of Billeting no later than a fortnight hence.
Each character travels southward through the Windy Vale, paralleling the Kendrichee River, which is swollen and flowing rapidly with the runoff from the snowy peaks of the Northern Rim. The journey on foot takes several days.
Upon reaching the northern wall of Irongate, which rests in a bottleneck in the Northern Rim, they see many buildings, apparently of recent construction, and it seems as if an army is being fielded. Asking about, the most likely explanation they hear is that Lord Ystan seeks an impressive display to gain the support of other communities around the Cradle before striking out further to reclaim the glory of ages past. They also learn that this desire to spread the influence of civilization is most likely the result of the counsel of Jendis Sloan, chief advisor to Lord Ystan and High Priest of Erathis.
The bard, Talerion, is first to arrive in the city, confident in his abilities and anxious to make his presence known. He arrives at the Billeting Office and proclaims his arrival to the guard on duty, a young woman by the name of Lisette. Though she clearly would not have any reason to have heard of this young man, she feigns knowedge when the bard acts as if she should have. It is obvious that she finds the bard charming.
The second to arrive is Elhara, a young priestess of Pelor, who politely checks in at the Billeting Office. She then makes her way to Mount Exalt, into which temples dedicated to each of the gods are set. She stays for afternoon services, noticing how much more ritualized services seem to be here than in her rustic village.
Next to arrive in Irongate is the battlemind, Abel, whose first order of business after checking in at the Billeting Office is to sleep, snoring loudly, after spending several nights huddled within a bedroll.
The bard, who had, in the meantime, managed to convince the owner of an inn called A Wicked Grin to allow him to perform later that evening, returns and introduces himself to the now awake battlemind. There is also a third individual present in the billeting barracks, a grizzled veteran name Hufri. The soldier is taciturn and unpleasant, obviously displeased with his upcoming assignment of escorting ambassadors. He does not know to where, and, in fact, the destination seems to matter little to him.
The priestess returns from the temple and meets both the bard and the battlemind, discovering that they have all recently been told to report here. With four days until their scheduled meeting, their time is pretty much their own.
The trio goes to A Wicked Grin several hours after sundown, where the bard climbs the small stage and delivers a talented performance on his lyre. He passes the hat and earns some respectable coin. He then begins working the room, hoping to find information on local occurances, buying pitchers of ale to loosen tongues. And of course, he drinks with all of his new friends. He then, somewhat unsteadily, climbs the stage once more, but the effect of the drink is evident in both his playing and his voice.
They return to billeting for the evening, deciding to return to the tavern on the morrow when it should be less hectic. The bard had learned that the proprietor, a tiefling named Arameekos, would be the best one to ask about opportunites which might provide some coin.
Before dawn, the priestess rises and returns to Mount Exalt, specifically to the Temple of Pelor, to attend morning services. There are only a few devout worshippers at this early hour, and she convinces an acolyte to allow her to speak with one of the priests. She explains to her brother in faith that she is soon to enter into the service of Irongate, though she knows not in what capacity. The priest assures her that it is the policy of the temple to attend to the needs of the clergy, and that aid will be offered if needed.
The priestess returns to the Billeting Office to find her two companions now awake, though suffering from the previous night's excesses. They break their fast and venture to A Wicked Grin about noon. Unlike the evening before, when he had been working frantically to keep pace with the drink orders, Arameekos was now cool and collected, deliberate in both word and movement. He explains that his bartender, Nordan, has seemed to have disappeared with the latest performer, a young woman by the name of Abigail Hart. He would like the trio to go to Nordan's house on Seven Lanterns Row and tell the man that if he does not show for work this evening, he will no longer have a job. Arameekos also tells the party that they may hear rumors that he is involved with illegal and illicit goods which make their way into the city. He does not confirm or deny these rumors, but he does know of another individual, a human by the name of Rattick Thorne, who is somehow getting herbalistic extracts into Irongate. As a concerned citizen, Arameekos would like the group to discover how this is being done and return to him with that information.
The young adventurers make their way to Seven Lanterns Row, a short, narrow street lined on either side by modest homes. There are a number of children playing in the street, and the bard rewards one urchin with a silver coin who tells him which house is Nordan's. They go to the front door and knock, receiving no reply. They knock again, louder, with the same result. A hurried conversation takes place between the three, where the battlemind considers using his shield to bash the door in. The priestess then tries the handle, which she finds to be unlocked. She opens the door to reveal a body lying upon the floor in a pool of congealed blood. She moves to the side of the figure and finds that he is indeed dead, and probably has been for at least a day. A search of the house turns up a plate with dried blood and encrusted hair along the edge.
The three leave the house, and the bard and the priestess fetch a guardsman and tell him of their actions and their find. After being convinced of their innocence, the guard records contact information and tells them that this matter will be investigated. They then return to the inn and tell the news to Arameekos, who seems more concerned with finding another bartender than the death of his employee.
The party once more returns to the Billeting Office, where they meet three figures whom they had not seen before. The first is a quiet, demure man named Gravir, who informs them that he is a scribe who will be accompanying the diplomatic envoy to the city of Beacon, which is set to leave the following day. With this news, and knowing that their own meeting isn't for another three days yet, the party concludes that they have not been selected to be emissaries, as had been speculated.
The other two individuals are roughly the same age as themselves and have also been selected from villages in the Windy Vale.


text:
Forensic Intelligence Hub-Page; Jhéön & Associates, Stephen P. Dresch, Chairman
Inside Detroit's Mafia. David Mygoya and Jeff Taylor. Detroit Free Press. 7/15/96. [File Copy.]
Detroit Organized Crime Prosecution: Detroit Free Press Background Reports, 7/15-7/16/96. David Migoya and Jeff Taylor.
U.S. Indicts 19 in Genovese Mob Case. DON VAN NATTA Jr., New York Times, June 12, 1996. [File copy.]
N.Y. crime family charged in racketeering indictment: Officials say Genovese kept low profile while extorting unions. Reuter and Associated Press, Detroit News, June 12, 1996. [File copy.]
Witnesses against mob get U.S. protection. Norman Sinclair, Detroit Journal, Sunday, March 24, 1996. [File copy.]
Accused mob leaders arraigned. David Josar, The Detroit News, March 20, 1996 [File copy]
Indictment details alleged mob violence. Allan Lengel and Norman Sinclair, Detroit Journal, Sunday, March 17, 1996. [File copy.]
Federal magistrate appoints lawyers for 4 alleged mobsters. John Bebow, The Detroit News, March 19, 1996. [File copy]
Rise of PACs, drugs mean death for mob. Ron French, The Detroit News, March 19, 1996 [File copy]
Betrayal in own ranks could topple mobsters. David Josar, Melinda Wilson and John Bebow, The Detroit News, March 17, 1996 [File copy]
Detroit Mob Busted. Detroit News, March 15, 1996. [File copy.]
FBI builds a case against Detroit mob. Norman Sinclair and Allan Lengel, Detroit Journal, Sunday, December 10, 1995. [File copy.]
A HREF="http://detnews.com/menu/stories/12395.htm">Family lays Jimmy Hoffa to rest. Robert M. Pavich, Detroit News, July 31, 1995.[File copy.]


text:
Sunday January 21st
The Big Red Bench
- Podcast Home
- Download episode
- Subscribe to this podcast
Sunday, January 21st, 2018 - 58 minutes
After the round up of the days action former Munster out half Johnny Holland joins us to discuss Munster's Champions Cup victory over Castres as they look forward to a home quarter final against Toulon. Knocknagree Manager John Fintan Daly joins us to discuss their All Ireland Semi Final victory and we talk to Cork Under 17 Manager John Considine after they won the overall award at the Annual Rebel Og Awards. We have a big preview of Cork's National League double header at Pairc Ui Chaoimh on Saturday night, we hear from Cork Football Manager Ronan McCarthy and Captain Ian Maguire, as well as Hurling Captain Seamus Harnedy and Manager John Meyler.


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EMDR Therapy Consultation Group for EMDR trained and licensed therapists facilitated by Jenny Bridges, LCSW, EMDRIA Approved Consultant
Meetings are generally held on the third Friday of each month from 12-1:30 pm in Lakewood, Colorado. The cost is $45 per 1.5 hour group. These groups are a great way to improve your EMDR Therapy skills, learn new strategies and, if you like, work toward EMDRIA Certification. I also offer individual EMDR Therapy Consultation at a rate of $100 per hour.


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Archana Puran Singh is a well-known television and film actress of Indian cinema. She was born on 26th September, 1962 in an upper-class Punjabi family of Dehradun. She completed her schooling in her home-town and at the tender age of 18, she headed towards Mumbai to explore her modeling career. 1962-03-26 00:00:00 female
MUMBAI: It was only sometime back that we reported about Bollywood actor Shreyas Talpade making his foray into television once again with a fiction... read more
MUMBAI: Veteran actor Kiran Kumar will be soon in a dark comedy film titled Marne Bhi Do Yaaro.The movie will be produced by popular actor and... read more
MUMBAI: TellyChakkar was the first to exclusively report the return of popular rib-tickling show Comedy Circus (Optimystix Entertainment) on Sony TV.... read more
Mumbai: The cult comedy series Comedy Circus is all set to return to the TV screens. The show which ran for eight long years gave the industry... read more
Actress-entrepreneur Shilpa Shetty has produced her first small screen live game show. Shilpa shared the show's poster on Twitter on Wednesday. A... read more
Actress Archana Puran Singh has replaced Punjab Tourism Minister Navjot Singh Sidhu on "The Kapil Sharma Show" for a few episodes after he couldnt... read more
Shri Adhikari Brothers (SAB Group) is gearing up for a huge leap in the space of television content. The group will soon launch a flurry of channels... read more
Cheers to Comedy Classes (Optimystix)!!! Let's raise a toast to the hard working team of Life OK's comedy series Comedy Classes. The show, which... read more
Today is a blissful day!Noted television stars Suzanne Bernert (Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat), Raj Singh Arora (Yeh Hai Mohabbatein), Archana Puran... read more
Pretty and bubbly actress Sonal Vengurlekar of Shastri Sisters fame will be back again on the small screen in a comic avatar.This time the lady will... read more
Gear up to once again hear a roaring laughter as you watch TV!Wondering why we say so?The queen of laughter, Archana Puran Singh will soon be back as... read more
Wrestler Sangram Singh, who shot to fame with reality show "Bigg Boss 7" and "Nach Baliye 7" with fiance Payal Rohatgi, is all set to play an... read more
SAB TV is all set to launch a new weekend comedy show inspired from the daily adventures in the life of a Nawaab - The Great Indian Family Drama.... read more
Veteran actress Navneet Nishan is all set to spread smiles in SAB TV's upcoming show The Great Indian Family Drama. This Contiloe Entertainment... read more
Bubbly and sweet comedy artist Bharti Singh said that she never intended to hurt anyone through her act. What are we talking about? Well, in a recent... read more
Celebrities like Vishal Dadlani and Archana Puran Singh are either going to head out of "noisy and polluted" big cities or celebrate the festival...read more
Mumbai Bollywood superstar Salman Khan, who became a part of a celebration for 20 years of "Kuch Kuch Hota Hai",...
MUMBAI:Bollywood's bombshell Urvashi Rautela has started filming for her next project Virgin Bhanupriya. The film also features...read more
Even as one 'reel' househusband (read Mr (s) Tendulkar on SAB) is endearing himself to the viewers, actor Parmeet Sethi recently confessed on Star...read more


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Motorcyclist sent flying from bike at Woongarrah
Suffers broken leg.
A 23 year old motorcyclist has become the second coastie in as many days to be airlifted to John Hunter Hospital with a broken leg.
The young man was thrown off his bike when a 74 year old motorist hit him while turning into mataram road from the southbound lane of the pacific highway around 7:30 last night.
Emergency services closed the Woongarrah scene for several hours while investigating the crash and attending to the man - police say it now appears defective headlights on the bike were the main factor in the collision.
A breath test on the 74 year old driver came back negative.
While there's been another accident in the same area this morning - a car has hit a power pole on wallarah road and blacked out 1700 houses and businesses.
The incident occurred around 5:30 this morning, and Ausgrid is currently working to replace the power pole by 8am.


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Animated/Cartoon introduction video for ticketing website customers
- Status: Closed
- Prize: ₹2000
- Entries Received: 2
Contest Brief
I want a 45-60 second animated/cartoon video created that I can upload to Youtube or share links to prospective customers. The content that I need portrayed in this video is below. This video will be sent to event managers who will host their events on our site. And I would like to present a colourful, energetic side of our company. So extra consideration will be given for any video which meets that requirement and is more lively.
Content to be included:
We run an online ticketing platform for shows, concerts and performances that provides a variety of services to help manage our customer's events better.
We have a strong background in event management and that has helped us understand event managers needs much better.
Our wide range of services include:
a) Hosting your event on our page
b) Selling tickets for your events online
c) Marketing your event to our database
d) Optimising the payment process. Customers can buy tickets in under 5 simple steps
e) Back end portal which allows you to track sales with real time updates
f) Experienced and efficient manpower for assistance and on-ground support if required
Recommended Skills
Top entries from this contest
xtxskif Ukraine
fb54525110b7840 Ukraine
Public Clarification Board
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PHAA Conference
This will be PHAA's (Pennsylvania Homeschoolers Accreditation Agency) 22nd annual High School at Home Conference. It will take place on Monday, April 16, 2018, from 9AM to 5PM at the Bongiorno Conference Center (430 Union Hall Rd., Carlisle PA 17013; Click here for directions). There are sessions especially designed for parents, homeschooled students, and evaluators.
The cost is $39.95, plus an additional $24.95 for additional member of the family who will come. It is too late to pay in advance, but you can show up at the door at 8:30 and pay there, if you wish.
Who is Invited?
- New-to-High-School Parents: Find out how the PHAA high school diploma works, making the transition to high school from a panel of experienced parents whove been there. curriculum options in high school from a panel of evaluators who know what works.
- Experienced Parents: Find out about the getting into college process, preparing students for careers, teaching subject areas at home, and Advanced Placement courses. Also, you can volunteer to participate on a panel for new-to-high-school parents.
- Students: Find out about joining the Excelsior staff and other topics. There will be several student panels that you can attend if you wish..
- Evaluators: There will be a session about how to use the new online transcript program. There will also be sessions outlining how to award credits for the PHAA diploma and how to be a better guidance counselor. Simply by attending, you get an extra year added to your evaluator membership.
During each of the five break-out session time slots during the day, you will have your choice between at four different options. Some are especially designed to appeal to PHAA evaluators, some to appeal to PHAA students, and to appeal to parents. For example, at a break-out session for parents who are new to high school at home, a panel of experienced parents will share their perspectives and answer your questions.
Students: This year we are having two contests as part of the conference:
- Student Speech Contest. Are you looking for an audience for your annual speech? This year you can give a PHED Talk (similar to a TED Talk PHED = Pennsylvania Homeschoolers Educational Discovery!) at our student speech session at PHAA High School at Home Conference. Registrations will be accepted till filled-- register early while there is still room! $50 prize for 1st place and $25 prize for 2nd place. Students will give 5-minute talks sharing unique homeschooling experiences, using Ted Talks as the model. 1st and 2nd place winners will also present their talks to everyone during the afternoon break. If you want to participate, register to present your talk by emailing PHAA (firstname.lastname@example.com) subject line PHED Talks Contest, giving your name and grade level in the body of the message. Registrations will be accepted on a first-come first-serve basis.
- Student Photography Contest. Do you have a photography portfolio (12 to 24 digital photos) that you would like to share with your fellow students? One of the student sessions at the conference will be a Photography Contest. Bring 1224 photos on a thumb drive to the student photography session and be prepared to present them and talk about them for 5 minutes. $50 prize for the 1st place portfolio and $25 prize for 2nd place. Winners will also present their photograph portfolios to everyone during the afternnon break. If you want to participate, email PHAA (email@example.com) subject line: Photography Contest. Include student name and grade level. Registrations will be accepted on a first-come first serve basis. Register early while there is still room!
What attendees said after past conferences:
- Karen Brown (homeschool mom): This year I brought my husband & son to the conference. It helped them get a better picture of homeschooling and meeting others of like mind... Debra Bell's session on online resources should have been attended by everyone. Though slightly overwhelming, it was EXCELLENT -- worth the price of the whole conference."
- Shelly Wilson (homeschool mom): We learned a great amount about college requirements... I really feel prepared to start the college and financial aid process! Thanks for all your hard work!
- Suszanne Troll (homeschool mom): Honestly, I wish I would have come years ago because I like to be prepared. This preparation give me time to adjust to curriculum needs. Thank you for one of the best conferences I've attended. (I loved, also, the teen panels and adult panels -- very informative.)
- Nancy Lanigan (homeschool mom): We came looking for help and alternatives for our high school years. We already have 5 high school graduates (three more to go!) and are very sorry we did not attend before. All sessions attended were very helpful!
- Nanette Blank (homeschool evaluator): Informative sessions.... Meeting other evaluators was very helpful.
- Mary Hill (homeschool student): I thought it was great that high schoolers could interact and share their experiences with each other.
- Cheryl Hanratty (homeschool student): It really gave me an idea of all the choices and possibilities I have to choose from and what to expect after high school.
- Spencer Kondak (homeschool student): I enjoyed meeting new people who are going through the same things as me.
- Hope Adele Pasztor (homeschool student): I always LOVE going to this annual conference. It's a great time of food and fellowship, but most importantly of all, it revs me up for the next year of highschool! I won't begin to tell you how many wonderful academic opportunities have been unearthed here.
- Charis Luna (homeschool student): I liked being able to discuss homeschool education in a group with other kids-- and there was good food!
- Kyle DeMaria (homeschool student): I really enjoyed the layout of the day-- there were nicely spaced breaks. Another thing I liked was the name tags-- they were easy to read and made it a lot easier to socialize. Finally I made a new friend. In the past, I have not met a lot of people my age who homeschool. The bottom line is I really enjoyed this experience and look forward to the next conference.
- Megan Dutill (homeschool student): I really had a wonderful time this year... I especially loved the opportunity to connect with students my age.
Enjoy the Professionalism
Why should other educators go to conference centers for their conferences while homeschoolers bring bag lunches and sit on hard chairs. This conference treats you right. Enjoy the free buffet lunch, the free snacks during breaks, the sessions that are small enough for you to get answers to your questions, the positive atmosphere, and the professionalism of the day and location.


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Shock Interview: Welfare Recipient: "I Get to Sit Home… I Get to Smoke Weed…• http://www.shtfplan.com, Mac Slavo
You'd think that emergency funds or government subsidization through programs like welfare would be used to help recipients purchase the things that they need to get by and help them get back on their feet so that they can find meaningful labor and contribute to society, but in a system without cross-checks and billions being dished out year-after-year, many have learned that they don't need to work.
And why should they? You're doing the work for them in the form of taxpayer subsidies that are deducted from your earnings on a weekly basis.


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May 14th, 2009
Win a Joshua Mirror (ON only)
Ontario residents can enter here for a chance to win a Joshua Mirror from Tora Home Design. Didn't I see these on sale at Ikea the other day? Good Luck!
Entry Frequency: single
Open to: ON
Age: age of majority
Comments are closed.
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Want updates of new contests? Join the thousands of members who get our daily email!
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Don't settle for ordinary quarterly reports.
I take a look at three companies that beat market expectations every week, since I believe that it's the biggest factor in a stock beating the market. Leaving Wall Street's pros with stunned expressions can be a good thing. It usually means that the companies have more in the tank than analysts figured. Capital appreciation typically follows.
Let's take a look at a few companies that humbled the pros over the past few trading days.
We can start with ZAGG
The company behind the invisibleSHIELD protective film covers and other accessories for tablets and smartphones saw its quarterly profit more than double to $0.27 a share. Analysts were settling for net income of $0.20 a share. With nearly a third of its shares sold short, trouncing expectations is one way to temporarily silence the skeptics.
The sky's the limit for priceline.com
Finally we have Human Genome Sciences
Moving in the right direction
It's important to keep watching the companies that surpass expectations. Over time, it will be a lucrative experience for investors as the market rewards the overachievers. That's the kind of surprise that we look for in the Rule Breakers newsletter service. Want in? Check out a 30-day trial subscription. If that's not up your alley just yet, you can still check out a free special report detailing the next trillion dollar revolution.
Either way, come back next week to learn about more stocks that blew the market away in the coming days.
If these three victors aren't enough, check out a new report that reveals three hidden winners in a booming niche that will only get bigger in the future. It's a free report, so check it out soon.
Longtime Fool contributor Rick Munarriz calls them as he sees them. He does not own shares in any of the stocks in this story. Rick is also part of the Rule Breakers newsletter research team, seeking out tomorrow's ultimate growth stocks a day early.
Motley Fool newsletter services have recommended buying shares of priceline.com. Motley Fool newsletter services have recommended writing naked calls on ZAGG. Try any of our Foolish newsletter services free for 30 days. We Fools may not all hold the same opinions, but we all believe that considering a diverse range of insights makes us better investors. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.


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Elliott M.
Algebra 1, algebra 2, trig, precalculus
Algebra 1, algebra 2, trig, precalculus
My post graduate experience in mathematics began in 1969 when I was employed as an engineer at Westinghouse Electric Company in Lester, Pa. I was involved in modeling turbine systems and my interest began to focus on probability and statistics. The company encouraged further education and I was happy to oblige them, attending Villanova University at night where I earned a Masters degree in Applied Statistics in 1972. I coauthored several papers that were published in math and statistics journ...
|$40 Per Hour
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Mathematics: Algebra 1, Algebra 2
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WyzAnt is the leading tutoring marketplace on the web with 72,000+ tutors offering private lessons in hundreds of subjects like math, science, test prep, foreign languages, music, computers and much more.
Want more info about Elliott M.? Get free advice from education experts and Noodle community members.


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Three Sport Junior and Senior Athletes
Noble High School's Junior and Senior Three Sport Athletes. From left to right: Logan Torno, Hunter Davis, Cam Johnson, Caleb Chambers, Sam Morse, Emma Hornbrook, Henry Hintermeister, Katie Taylor.
School Board Passes Budget
The MSAD #60 Board of Directors voted unanimously to approve a budget that reflects a 1.26% increase to expenditures and an overall 3.81% increase to taxpayers. We are still dealing with unknown factors, as the medical insurance rate and Special Education Local Entitlement funds have not been provided by those agencies. …
March 2nd – 6th is National School Breakfast Week! The theme this year is "MAKE THE GRADE WITH SCHOOL BREAKFAST"! Our district is celebrating the school breakfast program and…
K-5 Report Card Revision Work is Underway!
An enthusiastic team of teachers convened recently to begin revising and updating the K-5 report card. The goal of the report card revision team is to create a reporting tool that will be useful to parents and students and that accurately represents student progress toward the skills and knowledge outlined…
Blizzard 2015
Thank you to all transportation staff who helped and continue to help with the massive amounts of snow we have received!


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Things to Consider When Looking for the Best Custom Window Blinds
In modern homes, there are curtains. Curtains are pieces of cloth which are used to block light from passing in order to aid sleeping and prevent people from the outside from seeing you. This pieces of cloths are usually hung on the inner side. Curtains have different colors, materials, shapes and size properties. Of late, there are more modern curtains known as the window blinds. A window blind is made of wood, plastic or metal strips which have been tied together using thin strings and straps. Unlike the old curtains, the window blinds can be operated by the use of a remote control. There are two major window blinds categories. We have the custom window blinds and the ready-made window blinds. The following are features of the best window blind companies.
A perfect window blinds company should have a license. The law requires every company and business to have a license in order to operate. A must-have document received from the authoritative councils in order to establish a business is known as the license. In order to be issued with a license, the company must, first of all, achieve the minimum set requirements. A window blinds company should have a license with all the right security features and be unexpired.
A good window blinds company should have a website. The group of pages that give information on a company is known as a website. The information includes the products on sale and their prices, the executive team, customer support, links to social media, reviews and about the company among others. To ease the ordering of the window blinds, the window blinds company should avail the order form on their website. The window blinds companies should have eye-catching websites just … Read More ...


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Karnataka announce squad for Ranji Trophy opener
What's the story?
The Karnataka state cricket team announced a 16 member squad for their Ranji Trophy opener against Assam which will be held from October 14-17 in Mysuru.
The squad boasts a mix of youth and experience but has a few big names missing out as well.
KL Rahul, Manish Pandey, Karun Nair all miss out on the opening game due to their various commitments to the national sides.
Here is the squad:
Vinay Kumar R (c), Samarth R, Abhishek Reddy, Mayank Agarwal, Mir Kaunain Abbas, Pavan Deshpande, Gautam CM (wk), Stuart Binny, Gowtham K, Mithun A, S Arvind, Shreyas Gopal, Suchith J, Nischal D, Sharath Srinivas (wk), Ronit More.
Coach: Shashikanth PV.
Assistant coach: Anil Kumar GK.
Manager: B Siddaramu.
Physio: Jaba Prabhu.
Trainer: Prashanth Pujar.
Video analyst: M Srinivas.
Masseur: Atanu Ghosh.
Logistics manager: A Ramesh Rao.
In case you didn't know...
KL Rahul and Manish Pandey will miss out on the action due to their commitment to the Indian T20I side.
Both of them are included in the squad for the three T20Is, with India winning the first one on October 7. The T20I series ends on October 13 after which there will be a nine-day break before the Men in Blue are back in action again.
Meanwhile, Karun Nair has been included in the Board President XI side to take on New Zealand ahead of the ODI series against them.
The details:
The squad is also bolstered by the presence of Abhishek Reddy, who had suffered a career threating anterior cruciate ligament injury during the Karnataka Premier League in 2016.
He marked his return to the sport with an unbeaten 201 for President's XI in the Safi Darashah tournament in July and followed it up with another ton for KSCA XI in the Dr Thimmappaiah All-India tournament.
Meanwhile, Vinay Kumar will continue to captain the side as they look to achieve their first trophy in two years.
Unfortunately, Karnataka will have to do without the services of Robin Uthappa, who made the switch to Saurashtra for this season.
What's next?
India's big names will miss out on the action in the third round of fixtures as well with both Pandey and Rahul expected to be a part of the ODI squad to take on New Zealand.
Author's take:
Despite the absence of the star players, Karnataka have a lot of strong players in the squad, a few of which have had a decent run in the tournaments leading up to the Ranji Trophy.
Most of the players who are included had a huge part to play in the recently concluded KPL and a few of them will look to carry on their good form from the tournament into the Ranji Trophy as well.


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44 Robinhood Lane, Maggie Valley, NC
$ Click for current price
2 BEDROOMS | 2 (2 full ) BATHROOMS | 1007 SQUARE FEET
Presented By:
Gina Kinder
Keller Williams Great Smokies
Office: 828-926-5155
License #: 226111
Property Description
This great Maggie Valley, NC home will make someone a sweet full time home or enjoy as a weekend get-a-way or summer residence. You will spend many hours on the covered back deck that runs the length of the home. The flat back yard is great for gatherings and games. No stairs to access the main level with large living room that opens to the deck. Galley workable kitchen with pantry and lots of counter space. Master with master bath that has tiled walk in shower. Spacious second bedroom, hall bath and open dining finish off the main level. The full unfinished basement has a work area with sink next to the laundry and a toilet (enclosed room) plus large open room with outside access. Convenient to many local activities including Cataloochee Ski Resort and Tony's Tube World, Nearby is Nantahala Outdoor Resort for some of the best white water rafting around, Smoky Mountains National Park, Pisgah National Forest, horseback riding and hiking. Just 30 miles west of Asheville NC