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Hide Forgot
From Bugzilla Helper:
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux i686; en-US; rv:1.0.1) Gecko/20020830
Description of problem:
I realize your desire to "do your own thing (TM)." But, rather than looking at
providing the same icons for Gnome and Kde, think about the cross-platform
issues. I control my department's desktops. We are still a Windows shop but
are ramping up on Linux. For now we switch between them. I want the Mozilla
icon consistent between platforms. Don't go messing with third part icons.
Same holds true for Open Office. I won't be able to transition users if the
"sesame street school of computers (TM)" rules don't apply ("one of these things
is not like the other...")
Joseph A. Farmer
Supervisor, Network Services
State of Wisconsin, Department of Financial Institutions
Version-Release number of selected component (if applicable):
How reproducible:
Steps to Reproduce:
1.Load Redhat
2.Wrong icons
Actual Results: I was annoyed.
Expected Results: Standard icons should be the same on all platforms. They
were the same on Windows 2000 and Redhat 7.3.
Additional info:
There are those of us that are making headway in getting Linux onto the
"corporate desktops." Your intent was to make it easier. You are making it harder.
Sorry, wontfix. (Besides, that's a generic "web browser" icon - it can launch
things other than just Mozilla.)
You can change it too, you know. :P


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SOURCE: Giggles N' Hugs
March 15, 2013 19:26 ET
LOS ANGELES, CA--(Marketwire - Mar 15, 2013) - Giggles N' Hugs, Inc. (OTCQB: GIGL), an upscale family restaurant and play space, plans to open its second location in the Westfield Topanga mall in Woodland Hills, California on March 23, 2013.
The new Giggles N' Hugs location is situated in the number one entrance of the mall, located next to Target and above the giant two story carousel that sits inside. The 6000 SQF space houses a full kitchen and seating for 150PPL, as well as a custom designed one of a kind 2000SQF interactive play area complete with 12 foot tall story book castle towers with connecting sky bridges, a 26 foot magnificent pirate ship complete with a 25 FT long zip line spanning a giant padded ball pit, 12 foot tall tree tower that takes you to a 30Ft long rope bridge stretching over the pirate ship and linking to the castle towers. You'll find a dragon climber with side-by-side slides and an option to continue up and into a lookout tower that's complete with a spiral slide. There is also a designated area for crawlers and toddlers as well as several toddler-sized, themed slides throughout the play area.
Giggles N' Hugs is the pioneer and only restaurant that brings together high-end, organic food with the play elements and entertainment for children. Giggles N' Hugs offers an upscale, family-friendly atmosphere with a play area dedicated to children ages 10 and younger. The restaurant has a high-quality menu made from fresh, organic foods that are enjoyed by both children and adults. With nightly entertainment such as magic shows, concerts, puppet shows, face painting and arts and crafts, Giggles N' Hugs has become the number one destination for families wanting healthy food in a casual and fun atmosphere.
Westfield Topanga, more commonly known to locals as the Topanga Mall or Topanga Plaza, is a two-story shopping mall that consists of 279 tenants spread across three sections. It is located on Topanga Canyon Boulevard in Woodland Hills in the Western part of Los Angeles' San Fernando Valley. The mall, owned by The Westfield Group, is anchored by Macy's, Nordstrom, Neiman Marcus, Target, and Sears.
A $330 million renovation was completed in 2008, which included the addition of over 100 new stores including new anchors, Target and Neiman Marcus, a substantial renovation to the existing anchor stores, a new food court, a two-story carousel and three parking garages.
In July 2007, Westfield revealed partial plans to link Westfield Topanga with their other local indoor mall, the Westfield Promenade, which is less than two blocks away. In addition to the two major malls, Westfield owns a small, outdoor shopping center located on the same major boulevard. The company's plans involve renovating the outdoor mall and making it a hub for people traveling between the three shopping locations.
Once completed, the three mall complex will be the largest in California with 3.8 million square-feet.
Joey Parsi founded Giggles N' Hugs in 2007 after what he describes as a "void in the marketplace" for restaurants that encourage children to be themselves and play while parents can enjoy a quality meal in a casual setting without being made to feel uncomfortable as is often the case when you dine out with young children.
In addition to its family-friendly vibe, Giggles N' Hugs is also known for their own creation called "Mom's Tricky Treat Sauce," which hides pureed vegetables in kids' favorite meals such as pizza, pastas and macaroni and cheese.
"We plan to extend the quality experience of our differentiated concept into on-brand products that can be sold within our physical locations and through outside retail partners," said Joey Parsi, Giggles N' Hugs founder, president and CEO. "These items will include branded children's clothing, frozen foods with our Mom's Tricky Treat Sauce, coloring books, toys and other children related products."
Giggles N' Hugs has become a hot spot for all parents including Hollywood celebrities such as Adam Sandler, Mark Wahlberg, Halle Berry, Jennifer Garner and Ben Affleck, among others. Giggles N' Hugs has also been featured in many news and entertainment publications such as Bloomberg Businessweek, Forbes, People Magazine, US Magazine and the New York Post.
"We anticipate that the newest location in the Topanga Mall will perform as strong as, if not better than Giggles N' Hugs Century City, thereby increasing the total revenues and cash flow of the company substantially in comparison to where we are today," said Joey Parsi, Chairman and CEO of Giggles N' Hugs.
About Giggles N' Hugs
Giggles N' Hugs, Inc. (OTCQB: GIGL) is an upscale, family restaurant and play space where play time, healthy food and happy parents converge. The restaurant is designed to create a fun, casual, family atmosphere where children 10 and under can interact with their parents and each other while enjoying freshly prepared, organic, nutritious and reasonably-priced food. Giggles N' Hugs also features daily live entertainment and shows. Headquartered in Los Angeles, CA, Giggles N' Hugs operates one restaurant in the Westfield Mall in Century City, CA and is now opening their second location in the Westfield Topanga Shopping Center in Canoga Park, CA. For more information, please visit www.gigglesnhugs.com.
Giggles N' Hugs
Joey Parsi
Giggles N' Hugs
Joey Parsi
See all RSS Newsfeeds

subset: commoncrawl


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Kevin Spacey revealed he is taking the necessary time to seek "evaluation and treatment" in a statement given through his PR representatives Wednesday night. Staci Wolfe of Polaris says, "Kevin Spacey is taking the time necessary to seek evaluation and treatment. No other information is available at this time."
The statement came just days after the actor issued an apology over allegations he made unwanted sexual advances on a 14-year-old Anthony Rapp. In it, Spacey both apologizes for his behavoir admitting he is "horrified" by the story and had a drinking problem at the time so he doesn't remember the assault, and came forward to say he is living openly as a gay man. Reactions by the public have largley condemned Spacey's apology for perpetuating an age-old idea that pedophilia is related to being a homosexual.
Netflix was quick to act announcing after the apology was issued Monday they would be canceling the House of Cards after this season. They later revised that announcement to suspend production indefinitely. No criminal charges have been filed yet against Spacey but the hammers continue to drop on him as more victims come forward with horrifying allegations against the veteran actor just this morning including from an actor and a filmmaker who claimed Spacey "groomed him" has a child.
The young man who came forward Monday told BBC in an interview that he woke up to the actor laying on top of him when he was 17, he started crying and Spacey got the hint and went back to bed. The victim who prefers to remain anonymous said, "It seems he was grooming me. For me, I never let on that that's what I was interested in. I never discussed it, nor did I want it… He was either very stupid or he was predatory — or maybe a little of both. I was uncomfortable at best, traumatized at worst, emotionally."
The allegations are very disturbing and it appears Spacey has been living openly not just as a gay man but as a sexual predator and grooming young teens for years.
On Twitter:
@ErvinProduction
Tips? Info? Send me a message!
Source: http://deadline.com/2017/11/kevin-spacey-seek-evaluation-and-treatment-abuse-allegations-1202199949/
Typical Circle the Wagons stunt. IF caught, seek treatment (Vacation) to protect $$$$ and career. Once the vacation is over, announced CURED and use PC to demand forgiveness.
It should be noted he NEVER shalt treatment for over 20 years, until he was caught and it effected his $$$$$ and career.
Sorry, he is a Gay Pedophile that preyed on young actors for generations. He should get treatment like any other Hetro or Gay Pedophile would ……in PRISON.


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Benjamin West (b. 1775) of Hanover County, Virginia:
His Probable Genealogical Connections
to the Wests of Colonial Caroline County, Virginia
A Project for West Family DNA Group #5
By Ben West
June 27, 2010 (Rev. August 5, 2013)
Abstract: In this writing, I seek to relate a theory about how Benjamin West (b. 1775) of Hanover
County, Virginia and of West DNA Group #5 could be genealogically connected to the Wests of Colonial Caroline County, Virginia. This theory is bolstered by a 25 out of 25 Y-chromosome marker DNA test match between a male West descendant of Benjamin West (b. 1775) of Hanover County and that of a male West descendant of Robert West (b. 1834) of Caroline County, Virginia.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Benjamin West (b. Ca. 1775-1780) of Hanover County, Virginia is the earliest proven ancestor
of Mr. AW, a match and participant in West Family DNA Project Group #5. The 1810 Census
of Hanover County reveals a Benjamin West who was of 26 years of age and yet under 45.
The 1820 Census entries for Hanover County further disclose a Benjamin West who was the
overseer for a plantation of Thomas Root. A Benjamin West, however, is not listed with a
separate Census entry himself for that year. Group #5 researchers and I have not yet consulted
other records for this Benjamin West in Hanover County.
Among Caroline County, Virginia records, West researcher Hal Beumer found a Benjamin West
who may be one and the same as the Benjamin West of Hanover County. I myself believe
strongly that the Hanover County Benjamin West is, in fact, the same as a Benjamin West
who first appears in Caroline County, Virginia records in 1800. What follows are my reasons:
Therese Fisher in "Marriages of Caroline County, Virginia 1777-1853," lists a Benjamin West
who married Nancy Clarke on November 13th of that year (1800) as a first supporting piece of evidence.
This item of evidence is significant, as the Benjamin West of Hanover County, Virginia was
married to a woman named Nancy. I highly doubt that many Benjamin Wests who happened to
be married to a Nancy in central Virginia existed at the same time, and therefore, I believe that
these Benjamin Wests of Caroline and Hanover are the same person. However, unfortunately,
no definite proof so far exists to corroborate my theory. An analysis of further records, though,
bolsters my theory to a firm degree:
There are another six and one fourth pages left in this article compiled by Ben West that makes his theory very plausible! If anyone is interested in reading the full article (of which I strongly suggest) please request it from Ben West:


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Coming up on this week's show, in the cinema section Stuart and Andrew take a look at the return of those friendly mutants who are trying to stop the end of the world in X-Men: Apocalypse and Tom Hanks stars in drama A Hologram for the King.
In the home release section we take a look at hard hitting drama Spotlight, financial drama in The Big Short, Sci-Fi drama with The 5th Wave, gross out comedy Dirty Grandpa, comedy sequel Kindergarten Cop 2, on-shot thriller Victoria and first-person horrorPandemic, we also have the latest box office/home release top 10, movie news and our movies of the week.
Let us know your thoughts below, @NerdFollowing on Twitter or on Facebook


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There are several ways to ingest cannabis. One of the most popular is, of course, smoking flower or concentrate. But for many patients, inhaling isn't the best option as they could be suffering from lung cancer, asthma, emphysema or simply trying to avoid lung irritation.
For this reason, other ingestion methods like tinctures and edibles may make you feel more comfortable adding cannabis to your medical routine.
What you'll learn in this post:
(Click any of the section titles below to jump right to it)
Healthier Tastes in Infused Foods
Healthier Tastes in Infused Foods
While the edible market has seen huge growth over the past couple of years, product options remain limited. Many of the edibles currently on the market are rich, sugary foods like brownies, gummies, and cookies. But more and more health conscious patients and recreational users are looking for more beneficial infused foods to keep their pot ingestion guilt-free.
Some brands like Pura Vida, Auntie Dolores, and Cleaning Healing are rising to the challenge of providing healthier cannabis food options like granola bars, pecans, and even infused pizza sauces. But these products can be hard to find and expensive if used as your main medicine. So, the most cost effective option would be to infuse your own foods and meals at home.
Making Infused Foods
It seems like everyone has at least one teenage or college story about trying to make edibles using homemade cannabutter or canna oil. These stories often end with brownies that are either too heavily or too lightly medicated and a kitchen reeking of burnt weed.
When it comes to product development, the innovative new cannabis world is pushing the envelope. There are now key tools that'll help make your cannabis infusions more easily and quickly, plus they'll all look great in your kitchen! Once you have infused your own oil or butter, you can use it to enhance healthy foods like sauteed vegetables, salad dressings, whole grain pastas and more.
Let's take a look at a few of these devices built to make infusing foods easier, more cost effective, and less messy.
Products That'll Help Infuse Your Food
Levo Oil Infuser ($200)
At first glance, LEVO's oil infusion machine looks like any other slick, modern kitchen gadget. You could easily mistake it for a Keurig coffee machine or cool new espresso maker. With three different color options (silver, black and copper) and a sleek design, LEVO will blend perfectly into your kitchen.
This machine makes it easier, and way less messy, to infuse any type of oil or butter. While you can infuse oils and butters with typical herbs like rosemary or thyme, you can just as easily use fresh cannabis flower instead.
To use LEVO for infusing cannabis, simply turn on the machine, remove the pod and add the dried cannabis. Then place the pod back in the reservoir, add the oil or butter of your choice, and set a desired temperature and cooking time. For infusing oil, LEVO suggests cooking it for 2.5 hours between 160° and 175°F.
The best part? All of LEVO's components are dishwasher safe, making cleaning as easy as ever.
The LEVO is the highest price point on this list, but also the most robust device. It's a great option if you're going to infuse your own oils and butters frequently, and the price tag is well worth the convenience.
Magical Butter Machine ($175)
Similar to LEVO, the Magical Butter Machine allows you to easily make infused butters, oils, lotions and more, but it takes a few additional steps. The machine itself consists of an all-in-one large metal pot, immersion blender and a heating unit. Its stainless steel design will fit in with all of your modern kitchen appliances and look very comfortable on your kitchen counter.
First you must decarboxylate the cannabis flower yourself using this machine. Use a high heat silicone container to make decarbing the cannabis easy to do in a conventional or toaster oven. After decarbing your cannabis flower, you can add it to the Magical Butter Machine with melted butter, oil, or lotion; then, simply let the machine do the work.
The immersion blender will make sure your decarbed flower is churned perfectly throughout your concoction, ensuring an even distribution throughout whatever medium you choose. The company suggests using 7 to 14 grams of decarboxylated cannabis flower, or other herb, per cup of oil, butter or lotion.
After about 2 hours of cooking at 160°F, pour the contents through the purity strainer (included) and into a bowl. Check out their website (link above) for a full how-to video.
Mota Pot ($50)
The Mota Pot is an easy, no frills, low cost option for infusing butter with cannabis at home. The Mota Pot looks like your average, stainless steel stovetop espresso maker, only with a twist! It has three parts: a base, a filter, and a kettle.
After decarboxylating your cannabis, twist off the base and remove the filter. Stuff one stick of butter and a quarter cup of water in the base. Next, replace the filter and add 5 grams of decarbed cannabis flower on top of the filter. Screw the base back to the kettle. Place the kettle on top of a stove burner at medium to low heat until it begins to steam.
When the kettle starts to steam, pour the now liquid THC butter into a bowl; it'll separate from the water as it cools in the fridge, where it should be left for at least a couple hours. Once cooled, pour out the water off the top of the mixture and enjoy your homemade cannabis butter!
The Mota Pot is the most affordable option on this list, making it a great option for those who are beginners with homemade cannabis infused foods and who aren't sure how often they will make them. Plus, you can make your daily coffee with it.
You'll be saving a good chunk of change going with this more affordable alternative, so treat yourself to a $15 palm mincer. Palm Mincers are a much faster way of grinding the 5 to 7 grams of cannabis flower you will need to make your cannabutter.
There you have it! Hopefully one of these distinct options will give you the freedom to experiment in the kitchen and create some delicious,effective and memorable meals.


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Nikon D70 @ mm, sec, f/, ISO
Previous · Current · Next
I took this shot a couple of weekends ago when I was getting my 'autumn shots'. It's actually the same tree as one of my previous posts Complex. I was drawn to the scene because the sun made a very brief appearance and lit up the bright patch of grass in the bottom right hand corner. The original colour shot didn't work very well, but I'm quite pleased with how it turned out after converting it to b+w.


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Whoop whoop! SO excited about having the opportunity to officially be a blog contributor for TOWN Magazine. My first event is tonight. We will be attending the Children's Hospital's Night of Courage benefiting Camp Courage. Chelsea and I will be working the room. Clicking pictures and taking names.
Looking forward to what the future holds!


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Houston fashion designer Chloe Dao opened a new boutique this month. Located in Rice Village at 6127 Kirby, the new Dao Chloe Dao space is just a few blocks from her former Lot 8 location. The new boutique is smaller and Chloe's bright, vibrant Spring 2012 collection is on display throughout the store.
When we got the press release about the February launch party for Dao Chloe Dao, we jumped at the chance to attend and get a first look at the new space. Dressed and tressed to kill, we arrived at the boutique a fashionable 15 minutes late. As it turned out, we were actually 24 hours and 15 minutes late -- we entered the wrong date into the event reminder. The upside was that the boutique was 20 minutes from closing, we had the whole place to ourselves and the sales associates were happy to answer our questions and grab us different sizes as we tried on skirts and tops.
The boutique's vibe is relaxed but still chic. Racks are organized by color, with Chloe's designs on display in small groupings throughout the store. Three spacious dressing rooms are located in the rear of the store; the dressing area has both good lighting and good mirrors -- hallelujah. In addition to her own work, there are lots of cute accessories for sale, including computer cases and bags featuring a design repeated in Dao's sign and throughout the store.
Dao didn't just design the dresses, she also had a hand in creating light fixtures and art installations which are located around the boutique. Using the Lumaquilt™ design system by Miami-based designer Dimitry Chamy, Dao created custom backdrops for her mannequins as well as two sculptural light fixtures.
If you like this story, consider signing up for our email newsletters.
You have successfully signed up for your selected newsletter(s) - please keep an eye on your mailbox, we're movin' in!
Visit the new Dao Chloe Dao boutique Monday through Saturday 11 a.m. to 7 p.m. Sunday hours beginning March 4 are 12 p.m. to 5 p.m. In celebration of the Rodeo, Dao Chloe Dao is offering a 25 percent off coupon for a limited time only. Bring in your rodeo tickets to Dao Chloe Dao between now and March 31 and receive 25 percent off one item in the store.


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I recieved intresting txt few days ago from my friend. She found my blog and wrote to me: "I've just finished watching your blog and I realized that I don't know you at all." It doesn't metter how long you know each other, every day you can find out something new and interesting about your friend.
Take care of your friends!


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Inquiry and Contact
Sales and customer services center
Email: email@example.com
Mobile: 977 9851058472 (7 AM to 7 PM) (sms any time)
Contact Person: Bhuban Acharya
Skype: myshopasia
Viber/Wechat/WhatsApp: 977 9851058472
Warehouse/Registered Office/Corporate
Tokha Municipality - 07, Kathmandu, Nepal,
(Near Deurali Janta Pharmaceuticals Factory)
Tel: 977 1 4372677
Showroom and Sampling Factory
Golfutar Height ( Way of Mandikhatar Road - Kathmandu, Nepal)
Tel: 977 1 4372066 (8 Am to 6 Pm)
Welcome to the wholesalepashmina on-line inquiry form. Please complete your details as possible and then "Submit". You will be contacted soon to arrange your order details.
Please note that your details will be kept secure and private. They will not be sold, swapped or passed onto others without your consent.


text: I just sent my new Droid Incredible back because my touch screen became possessed on day 7 of ownership. It would go haywire just turning it on and would either not respond to touches or would randomly hit buttons. I went to Verizon and without any questions just said they would send me a new phone. They said they had not heard of this issue before but they decided to ship me a new one way to quickly. Anyone know if this is an issue on the Droid Incredible WM


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Report From the Obama Townhall Meeting
I'm still in Finland. Here is Wife Rhetorica's report from the Obama townhall event in Springfield:
Considering the Obama campaign office in Springfield officially only opened last Saturday, it would have been understandable if today's campaign stop was a little rocky. But Barack Obama's townhall meeting at Glendale High School ran as smoothly as if his advance team had been living in Springfield all their lives.
Now to the substance of the event: The gymnasium was set up so that the podium was in the middle of the room, allowing Obama to speak "in the round." That effectively created the feeling of a townhall meeting. More than 1,000 of us were crowded into the auditorium, but no one would have been more than 15 or 20 rows from the stage. Thankfully, the local politicians were kept away from the podium. A man from Rogersville, a small town outside Springfield, opened the event by nervously reading some remarks about the difficulty of making it as a blue-collar worker in America today. It was a good enough idea, but I felt for the poor guy, reading too fast and stumbling over somebody else's prose. Fortunately, that part did not last long. Sen. Claire McCaskill, D-Mo., and Obama strode to the podium together, and McCaskill used a call-and-response to introduce the candidate and fire up the crowd.
Obama acknowledged the local pols that wished they were sitting with on the stage, then launched into the economic points from his stump speech. Speaking from notes with no teleprompter, he started with tax cuts and job creation and, in my opinion, garnered mild enthusiasm from the crowd. The first standing ovation came from his promise to overhaul America's health care system. Although he has been accused of doing poorly in question-and-answer situations, he fielded questions for 25 minutes with only one stumble, in my opinion.
The questions did not seem like set-ups; I believe Obama's assertion that there were "no rules" about which questions could be asked. (But I'm going to check this out….one of the audience members who asked a question is a friend of a friend, so I want to learn more about this directly.)
In his answers, Obama used humor deftly to come across as a "regular guy" and showed concern for people's personal situations without seeming like a panderer. Most of his answers were devoted to reiterating points from his stump speech, but he occasionally veered into thinking out-loud. For example, answering a question about solving the energy crisis, he pulled out the well-rehearsed "We need to have an Apollo project for energy. That's the spirit of America: Yet set a goal and then you figure out how to get to the goal." But within 30 seconds, he was encouraging everyone in the room to get their tires inflated and their cars tuned up to avoid wasting fuel and suggested that by changing building codes—which is largely a local issue, not a federal one—America could dramatically improve the energy use of the built environment.
Notably, although he was selling his plan for another "stimulus" package of up to $2,000 per family, the audience did not faint with excitement to either of his pitches on that topic. What did draw huge applause: "I don't take PAC money and I don't take money from registered lobbyists." When a questioner asked how Obama would force big corporations to improve their environmental practices, he said, "There's going to be a fight" over global warming, but he didn't take a swing today. He spoke briefly about climate change, then launched into an explanation of how lobbyists influence Congress and called on citizens to make their own concerns heard. "I'm not trying to silence business. I just want to make sure your voice is as loud as the business voice."
My favorite question of the day came from a young guy on the floor just two rows from the stage. He asked a real question, with a quick follow-up: "May I have a fist bump?" Obama complied.


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As we all know that the Era of Internet (especially YouTube) or we can say Digital Marketing has been establishing day after day. Every single guy wants to make (as some are making) their career through the internet. Now you'll see the Top 10 World Richest YouTubers 2018. Most of the people choose Blogging for their Career but some choose YouTube. It is one of the most entertaining and educative media on the social network. Numerous videos get uploaded every passing hour. Researchers are saying that YouTube is the second largest Search Engine in the world. People becoming Millionaires and Billionaires just through the YouTube. Have you ever thought who are the Top 10 Richest YouTubers? well stats getting changed every single hour, So the data we are providing to you are of the current month.
Top 10 World Richest YouTubers in 2018
Shay Carl is YouTuber OG and one of the first vloggers on the YouTube. He started YouTube around 10 years ago and still uploads his videos almost every single day of him and his family. Moreover, he has two big channels with a combined total of 2.7 Billion views which earned him around $2.7 million. The majority of Shay's wealth comes from MAKER STUDIOS a YouTube MCN network. Maker Studios was founded by Shay Carl and other 8 people including fellow YouTuber Philip DeFranco. They sold to the Disney for a whopping $500 Million. His estimated net worth of $50,000,000.
2. Meet The Vloggers
It is a family vlogging channel run by Laila Swann and her brother Kel. Their YouTube channel is pretty small as compared to the other on the list, they have only 24 Million views The source of their wealth mostly come from their parents. In one of their video, they try to buy a Mercedes by the cash. They own many expensive cars like Lamborghini, A Mercedes AMG GT, an Aston Martin, Bently GTC, Audi R8, Ferrari 458 Spyder.One time they even tipped a waiter 17000 Euros. Their estimated net worth is $20,000,000+.
He took fame with his viral prank videos but now he focuses on daily vlogging. His vlogs showcase him and his family doing interesting things every day like playing with a fire and skydiving. He is the one of the most popular YouTuber of this year with each of his dailyvlogs getting at least 2 Million views. Roman's Two channel have a combined total of 3.75 Billion views earning is around $3.7 Million. He also advertises many products in his videos which make him a ton of money. Roman also runs his own clothing Brand SMILE MORE from where he makes a ton of money too. He has estimated net worth of $8,000,000.
4. Family Fun Pack
It is a vlogging channel made primarily for children. This channel shows the life of two parents and their five children doing fun things like dress up in an iron man suit and goes to the fair. This massive channel although everybody doesn't know about it. this channel has over $6.9 Billion views which earned them around $6.9 Million from it. They have multiple videos with hundred of millions of view which are crazy for a vlog channel. Their estimated net worth of $7,000,000.
5. BF vs GF
BF vs GF is run by Jese Wellens and Jeana Smith who used to be boyfriend-girlfriend. They use to upload vlogs every day but since the break up they only upload around Vlog a week. Jesse and Jeana have two YouTube channels. BF vs GF and Prank vs Prank with a combined total 4.47 Billion views with earned around $4.4 Million from it. They earn money from other things like merchandises. Their net worth of $5.000.000.
Casey Neistat is thought to be the best vlogger on YouTube.be. He puts a lot of effort into the filming and editing his vlogs and does many interesting things like travel around the world and tells his life stories. His YouTube channel has 1.07 Billion views which earned him around $1 million. He sold his TV series to HBO for $2 Million which earned him a lot of money. Companies give offers him so many free stuff as he has the many followers like Samsung phones, boosted board electric skateboards. Casey has estimated net worth of$4,000,000.
ALSO READ: Top 11 Richest Professional Bloggers of the World
It is the wealthiest vloggers from the Dubai who uploads every day. The vlogs show doing awesome things like hanging out with famous rapper Silento and billionaire entrepreneurshipSaying Yalcin. MO's channels have 322 MILLION views so that earned him $322k. However, he comes from a wealthy family. His sister owns a Lamborghini Hurricane and MO owns a Mustang GT California special who he bought for in cash. It hard to say his net worth but estimated is $3,000,000+.
He is a popular YouTuber who become famous for his pranks but now focuses on dailyvlogging. Moreover, he is a lot more open with his viewers than most vloggers are which is the likable thing. Fousey has two big channels with a combined total of 1.88 billion views which earned him around $1.8 Million from it. Fousey also earns money from other things like going on tours, starring in movies and selling merchandise. He has bought many things with his YouTube fortune. the net worth of $3,000,000.
Adam Saleh is a vlogger from NYC that does many interesting things in his vlogs like traveling to Dubai And hanging off a cliff. He has two youtube channels with a combined total of 503 Million views so that earned him around $500k from it. He also earns money from other things too like going on tour. Adam Saleh has estimated net worth $1,000,000.
He is 16 years old up and coming YouTube vlogger. His vlogs show him doing many entertaining things like cliff diving and trampoline tricks. Tanner's YouTube channel has 230Million views which earned him around $230k. Tanner also makes money with affiliate links from companies like Uber and Vault Scooter. He was able to purchase a white Nissan GT-R. Tanner Fox has estimated net worth of $250,000.
Above you saw Top 10 world Richest YouTubers in 2018, I hope you liked it and get inspired to start your own YouTube Channel. You Can give your views in a comment box, we love to know that
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- Jacob Zuma's Biography and Net Worth as the Ex-President of South Africa


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There's a scandal brewing in Utah over a list of alleged illegal immigrants that was sent to a number of government leaders with a demand for action. A conservative bastion in the west, even the lone Democrat in Utah's congressional delegation, Jim Matheson, votes with his Republican colleagues almost as often as he does with Nancy Pelosi. As the immigration debate across the country has heated, Utah has kept pace and proposals have been floated to introduce legislation that would mirror Arizona's. (To be honest, the legislator, Stephen Sandstrom, and his proposals have been both pilloried–here, here, and here, and praised–by the "Patrick Henry Caucus"–though not necessarily in that order).
Suffice to say, between Arizona's new law, the federal lawsuit regarding the law, a very hotly contested Utah Senate race, the ambient energy of angry Tea Party-ists, and the proposed legislation to match Arizona's have all combined to create a sometimes heated atmosphere around the current immigration debate. Then someone compiled and sent a letter containing 1,300 names of alleged illegal immigrants. Reported by the Salt Lake Tribune:
The list includes their birth dates, telephone numbers and addresses. In a few cases, the list also included Social Security numbers and employers. Almost every surname is Latino.
Also inside was an unsigned letter, dated April 4, from a group calling itself "Concerned Citizens of the United States" and addressed to "Customs and Immigration."
The group said they "strongly believe" people on the list are undocumented immigrants who should be deported. The names were compiled, according to the letter, by observing the individuals.
"We then spend the time and effort needed to gather information along with legal Mexican nationals who infiltrate their social networks and help us obtain the necessary information we need to add them to our list," the letter explains.
The accuracy of the list is unclear. Some phone numbers were disconnected or answered by a different person.
Apparently the list was sent to a number of individuals in state government, as well as the media. It contained, in addition to their personal information, a demand for action.
The mysterious list — almost entirely including Latino surnames — came with a cover letter demanding people on the list be "deported immediately" with a call to "DO YOUR JOB AND STOP MAKING EXCUSES! WE DEMAND ACTION."
Needless to say, the letter raises a number of issues, not the least of which is how was the information obtained and compiled, and, because of concern that state government data bases were used to find the information, Utah Governor Herbert, as well as several state agencies, is looking into it.
Herbert on Tuesday ordered several state agencies to determine whether computer records were accessed inappropriately to create the detailed list, which arrived by mail Monday at media outlets, law enforcement agencies, and the state House and Senate.
"If it reveals any kind of evidence of wrongdoing or release of private information we will turn it over to the Attorney General's Office," said Angie Welling, Herbert's spokeswoman.
Utah law makes it a misdemeanor to disclose government data not meant for public dissemination, though there are protections for whistle blowers. The list included names, addresses, birth dates, phone numbers, and 31 social security numbers. Also included: the names and dates of birth of 201 children, and the due dates of six pregnant women. Almost every surname is Latino.
According to a privacy attorney quoted in the Salt Lake Tribune, even gathering the information may be illegal.
Compiling and distributing the list itself could be illegal. If the compilers took data from state or local databases not available to the public, they could be charged with a misdemeanor under state law, said Jeff Hunt, a Utah media attorney. If the group lied to obtain the data, that could be fraud.
Asked whether he was aware of similar efforts, Hunt said, "I've never heard of anything close."
And, of course, immigration advocacy groups are furious over the disclosure of the privacy information contained in the letters, as well as what sending the letters does for the debate in Utah over immigration.
Frank Cordova, president of the group Central Civico Mexicano, said the release of the information is destructive to efforts to bring people together to reform immigration policy, "rather than trying to cut so many people's throats and hurt them in the manner this is coming down."
"I can't even imagine being a brown person and being undocumented, and to find yourself on a list or on the other side [wondering] when someone is going to put you on a list if your name's not there right now," he said.
So, I ask you, as was asked by KVNU's Jason Williams: "Vigilante wing-nuttery, or just "concerned citizens" demanding action?"
Predictably, the "usual suspects" are scrambling to disavow and condemn the letter.
Ron Mortensen, a spokesman for the Utah Coalition on Illegal Immigration, objected to the methods behind the list and the tactic of making people's private information public. Mortensen also told KTVX Channel 4, "Nobody should be acting on this information. If this gets out into the public I'd say disregard it. It is not a proven source. It is not proven information so just disregard it." His objections are prudent, since media investigation has already uncovered erroneous information on the list. Another activist, Eli Cawley of the Utah Minuteman Project, said he also disapproves of the list because he doubts its accuracy and it could disparage American citizens. But Cawley also said the effort reflects the compilers' frustration with illegal immigration.
And yet, the "usual suspects" are not that angry about the letter. After all, while it's completely unacceptable to break the law to enter the country, breaking the law to deport illegal immigrants is probably ok by their rationale. KSL reported:
"If you had a legitimate list that didn't unnecessarily or negligently point out citizens and legal residents, then I think that would serve the greater interest," [Utah Minuteman Project co-chair Eli] Cawley told KSL Newsradio Tuesday.
Cawley says the interest of protecting the people of Utah outweighs the privacy of illegal immigrants.
"It's probably against some privacy laws," Cawley said. "But I think in the interest of preserving our civilization, preserving our society and protecting the people of the state of Utah, I think that's a greater interest than protecting the privacy of some individuals."
Besides, Cawley says he believes intrusions into privacy happen all the time.
"I think my phone calls are monitored, and I believe my information is gone through by any number of different groups, so yeah, our privacy is definitely compromised," Cawley said.
Cawley says he should have been the one putting the list together, if he had the information.
[emphasis added]
Hmmm…so it's ok to break the law as long as it's in the interest of preserving our civilization. And what exactly about illegal immigration is destroying our civilization?
Also predictably, the letter has set off a storm of response. As reported by the blog Voice of Deseret, the comments on the stories have been rolling in fast and furious:
[…] KSL's initial July 12th story attracted 832 public comments, and their July 13th follow-up has attracted 867 comments so far.
Also of concern is the origins of the list and what it means for legal immigrants that have Hispanic names. Calls by reporters found that the list was not entirely accurate as some of the individuals said they were here legally. Others are afraid of having their families torn apart as legal immigrants are left behind when undocumented immigrants are deported.
"My mother-in-law was almost in tears when she heard about it." Guadalupe is not concerned for herself. She says she has her documents. She is concerned for other members of her family. "Just for someone putting a name on here, we all can be torn apart," she said.
One woman who asked to remain anonymous said she feared for her future, "Because I have a son and he is from here and I don't want them to take him away." She admitted that she and her family do not have the proper documents to be in this country, but she said in 9 years they have earned their own way, paid taxes, been a help to some and a burden to none. She wants to know why that wasn't taken into consideration by the people who made the list. She pleaded, "They need to understand before acting."
Who sent the list?
So beyond just the list, what else is in the letter? Who are these anonymous individuals and why do they hide behind a cloak of anonymity? According to them, they are–
[…] simply citizens who continue to see the degradation of our country caused in part by the continuing presence of illegal aliens who are allowed to stay in our country. Some of the women are pregnant and steps should be taken for immediate deportation.
Ok, so they probably aren't very happy with the direction the country has taken recently, and they place the cause of that direction squarely at the feet of pregnant Mexicans. Really. They use the word Mexican in the letter. They go on:
We welcome any person into our country who has come here legally and is totally self-sufficient.
The underline is their emphasis, not mine. So we can learn that these people also are not welcoming of people who have come here legally BUT are not self-sufficient. So does that mean everyone not self-sufficient has to go back to their country of origin? And what does self-sufficient mean? That you grow your own produce, raise your own beef, and sew your own clothes? That you pay cash for your home or built it from materials that you produced yourself? That you never took out a loan to pay for a car (made in Japan, or by a Japanese company), to pay for education (a loan subsidized by the US government in a Stafford Loan or Pell Grant), or to buy a home (also subsidized by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac)? That you don't put your money in an FDIC insured bank account? That you don't use public transit (also subsidized with federal and state money)? That you don't drive on the interstate (produced with federal money)? Attended public schools (subsidized with state and federal money)?
Apparently, self-sufficiency is pretty important…so important that it was underlined instead of "legally." Someone give me heads up if they know ANYONE that is totally self-sufficient.
But that's just a part of the letter. Read the whole thing, here.
The last thing that really sticks in my craw is the anonymity of the group. Why anonymity? If they are so confident that they are doing the right thing, and not breaking any laws, why hide their identities? What's wrong with standing behind their beliefs? Are they cowards? Are they criminals now that they've broken the law to stalk these individuals and out them to the world?
Stay tuned. Immigration is a touchy topic, and it doesn't cut down the usual party lines. Sending letters like this to the public and to government agencies does little to help resolve a major public issue. Rather, it divides and polarizes and makes it difficult to bring the appropriate parties to the table. Hiding under the guise that they "love" their country and "love" the Constitution does not compensate that they are acting without love for how and why their country was founded and what the Constitution was intended to do.
Nor does it show much love for their fellow-man, a slightly higher law than state or federal law. Whether or not these undocumented or illegal immigrants are breaking the law, the manner in which this letter was propagates, and it's very existence, as well as the extremely prejudicial language used within it displays a disregard for illegal immigrants as human beings, not to mention a superiority in status of those who drafted it. It is one thing to actively advocate for immigration reform; it is another thing entirely to cast the debate into a fight over the future of civilization, "our" civilization, using racial and ethnic overtones. I belong to that civilization, and I see nothing in it that does not leave room for others to participate in it.
(Thanks to the Salt Lake Tribune, KSL, Voice of Deseret, KVNU For the People, and ABC4.
Related articles by Zemanta
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- You: Utah list claims to name 1,300 illegal immigrants (latimes.com)


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- The children find these arrangements easy to manage, even those who haven't been learning for very long. The most popular piece being 'Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer'
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- Just that the Carol 'O Little Town of Bethlehem ' is the American Version but it is still very pretty.
Udgivet den: 13 januar 2017


text: I have a rising 7th grader for next year, and I'm trying to determine which science class would be best. He's a strong reader, dislikes math (although he does OK), and is not particularly interested in textbook science. He's had a lot of hands-on engineering/Mindstorms/simple machine sort of stuff and has enjoyed that. MS Science I really appears more of a 5/6th grade level class, although of all the Tiner books, he is most interested in the History of Medicine. Exploring Planet Earth (also in MS Sci I) appears to be more of a social studies text--not that it's a bad thing--but I was looking for science. Is MS Sci I challenging enough for an average 7th grade student? Or should I go with MS Sci II?


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Property Location With a stay at Juhachiro in Gifu, you'll be minutes from Mt. Kinka Ropeway and Gifu City Museum of History. This 4-star ryokan is within close proximity of Gifu Park and Nagaragawa Convention Centre.Rooms Make yourself at home in one of the 78 air-conditioned rooms featuring refrigerators and flat-screen televisions. Complimentary wireless Internet access is available to keep you connected. Private bathrooms with shower/tub combinations feature complimentary toiletries and hair dryers. Conveniences include safes and coffee/tea makers, and housekeeping is provided daily.Amenities Relax and unwind with body treatments and facials.Dining Satisfy your appetite at a coffee shop/café serving guests of Juhachiro.Business, Other Amenities Featured amenities include complimentary newspapers in the lobby, luggage storage, and a safe deposit box at the front desk. Free self parking is available onsite.
- Parking


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'Uncle' and his Motorcycle Diaries
Fixing vehicles, some of World War II vintage, is a passion for Parasnath Mishra, the bike man from Mhow.india Updated: Feb 27, 2009 22:55 IST
With a salt-and-pepper stubble, a quiet demeanour and his 54 years sitting lightly on him, Parasnath Mishra, a motorcycle mechanic from the cantonment town of Mhow in Madhya Pradesh, is often called 'uncle', that Indian address to show respect to someone young enough to be a friend.
Young lads in 150-cc motorcycles drive up to him when he rides into a new town in his 350 cc BSA motorcycle of 1942 vintage, his sari-clad wife as the pillion rider. "They often ask me, 'Uncle, how often did you have to stop?' And I love their amazement when I reply, 'not once'," says Mishra.
The question is asked often because Mishra uses his BSA as a personal taxi — to drive around Mhow and visit places a 100 km
away. For a bike he bought for Rs 800 from an army man in 1980, and spent Rs 12,000 repairing, Mishra's BSA gives him an average of 67 km per litre, thanks to his tinkering with the machine.
And it is this tinkering with motorcycles that recently got Mishra his greatest opportunity — of restoring, albeit with some modifications, a World War II-vintage Triumph that is a rare pleasure to ride. He fitted the shock absorbers and cushion hub to minimise jerks on this powerful machine. He fitted a Harley Davidson rotary oil pump on the magnet port and converted the machine to an electronic firing system."The oil efficiency has increased 60 per cent now, and improved lubrication has enhanced the engine life," says Kunal Mulgaonkar, whose brother Rahul owns this vehicle. He adds that the bike now gives an average of 60 km per litre compared to 15 earlier.
It took Mishra close to 18 months for a job of two months because "I have to run my garage business, my bread and butter, too". But Mishra is one of those who do not live by bread alone. Innovation is in his blood and there are many instances of these in his garage-cum-workshop. Like the air cooler he has assembled out of a discarded fan and motor in his workshop. Here, surrounded by nuts and bolts, screwdrivers and spanners, and two wheelers in various degrees of disrepair, Mishra's brain is constantly at work.
Spare parts of old vehicles are difficult to come by. If he cannot find some part, Mishra is known to sit on a lathe machine and actually make them. Of the bikes he repairs, remodels and retrofits, Mishra says, "I cannot guarantee against a puncture, but the vehicles I maintain will run a thousand kilometer without a hitch."
And this technical expertise did not come from some fancy degree in automobile engineering. Mishra has studied only up to
higher secondary (Class XI) at the local Arya Samaj School. What he knows is what he learnt from his late father who worked at the EME station workshop in Mhow and later in Burma Shell. Mishra's father had fashioned from discarded metal pipes that could "run a kilometer on just a spoonful of petrol". "My brothers and I learnt to ride a motorcycle on this contraption," he adds.
Among the many new-generation motorcycles in the garage are some vintage beauties waiting for Mishra's touch — a Norton, another 1942 model BSA and even a 1952 Italian-make Lambretta scooter. "Working on these old vehicles is much more challenging. Sometimes it is very frustrating because an unavailable spare part can hold up work for a long time. But it is also very satisfying because I have to think how to get that machine working," says Mishra.
And his mind is always at work to do something new — recently, Mishra designed a remote mechanism to start his beloved BSA. What is the use of a remote for a bike? "None. I wanted to try and do it and succeeded," he simply replies.
First Published: Feb 27, 2009 22:54 IST


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Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Volume 2010, Article ID 583297, 9 pages
Human Echinococcosis: A Neglected Disease
1General Surgery, Pulido Valente Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal
2Department of Surgery, Medical Sciences Faculty, New University of Lisbon, Portugal
3International Association of Hydatidology, Portugal
Received 9 February 2010; Accepted 20 July 2010
Academic Editor: Hakan Senturk
Copyright © 2010 António Menezes da Silva. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Echinococcosis is among the most neglected parasitic diseases. Development of new drugs and other treatment modalities receives very little attention, if any. In most developed countries, Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) is an imported disease of very low incidence and prevalence and is found almost exclusively in migrants from endemic regions. In endemic regions, predominantly settings with limited resources, patient numbers are high. Whole communities do not have access to appropriate treatment. The choice of treatment modalities is limited because of poor infrastructure and shortage of equipment and drugs. In this context, CE meets the criteria for a neglected disease. Furthermore, the terminology related to the designations around the parasite, its evolution and some therapeutic procedures is not uniform and sometimes inappropriate terms and wrong designations are used based on incorrect concepts. Although all of us know the different aspects of the disease it is pertinent to remember some important points and, above all, to clarify some aspects concerning the hydatid cyst's nomenclature in order to understand better the therapeutic options in the liver locations, particularly the different surgical approaches.
1. Introduction
I have frequently noticed both, in published articles and also in communications during scientific meetings, the use of wrong designations concerning the hydatid cyst, a designation used for Cystic Echinococcosis. It is not a different nomenclature but the use of inappropriate terms, which are based on incorrect concepts. I think it would be useful, for all of us, to use the same nomenclature. It is absolutely necessary that the nomenclature is correct and universally accepted. So, I think it is pertinent to write this paper in order to remember some important points and, above all, to clarify some aspects concerning the hydatid cyst's nomenclature.
Human Echinococcosis is a zoonotic infection caused by larval forms (metacestodes) of tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus found in the small intestine of carnivores. Although there are different species of Echinococcus described, only four of them—E. granulosus, E. multilocularis, E. oligarthrus and E. vogeli—are recognized as taxonomically relevant, and only the first two are pathogenic for humans. To distinguish the diseases caused by these two different species, the World Health Organization (WHO) proposed the designation Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) for the disease caused by E. granulosus and Alveolar Echinococcosis (AE) for the disease caused by E. multilocularis.
The annual incidence of CE can range from less than 1 to 200 per 100,000 inhabitants in various endemic areas [1]. In China and Central Asia the number of population risk is more than 20 million people [2]. The mortality rate (about 2–4%) from CE is lower than that from AE but it may increase considerably if medical treatment and care is inadequate [1].
The annual incidence of AE is generally low in most of the endemic areas (0,03–1,2 per 100,000 inhabitants) but in untreated or in inadequately treated patients mortality is more than 90% within 10/15 years of diagnosis [1, 3].
Despite these important data and the socioeconomic impact [4–6], Echinococcosis remains a neglected disease [7].
2. Cystic Echinococcosis
Cystic Echinococcosis is the most frequent, and in the E. granulosus vital cycle (Figure 1) we consider the adult tape worm, which lives in the intestine of some carnivores (called definitive or final hosts), and the larval phase that develops in the herbivores (intermediate hosts). The intermediate hosts, in which humans are included, are infected by ingestion of eggs within the faeces of the definitive hosts. Hydatid cyst or Hydatidosis is the designation for the larval phase of the E. granulosus.
In primary Echinococcosis, metacestodes cysts develop in various sites from oncospheres after ingestion of E. granulosus eggs. In secondary Echinococcosis, larval tissue spreads from the primary site and proliferates after spontaneous or trauma-induced cyst rupture or after release of viable parasite material during invasive treatment procedures.
3. Hydatid Cyst
3.1. Definition
The hydatid cyst (Figure 2) is composed by two parts: the echinococcal parasite (or hydatid) and the adventitia that involves it, as Devé defined in the beginning of the last century (1911), and there is no reason or legitimacy to modify this definition.
The adventitia is a layer of an inert tissue with fibrosis and variable thickness, which results from the host's organ reaction against the hydatid, which is a foreign body. This layer can be called periparasitic or perihydatidic area, but never pericystic area, as it is sometimes wrongly named, because it is an integrant part of the cyst. An example of this common mistake is the use of the term "pericystectomy" for the excision of a cyst, when removing the adventitia. This term misleads you into thinking that this layer (adventitia) is not part of the cyst, assuming that the cyst includes only the parasite (hydatid) and not the adventitia, which is wrong and opposite to Devé's definition [8, 9].
3.2. Course of Infection and Organ Localization
The eggs of these tapeworms excreted by carnivores may infect various species of natural intermediate host animals and humans.
During the natural course of infection, the fate of the hydatid cysts is variable. Some cysts may grow (average increase: 1–30 mm per year) and persist without a noticeable change for many years. Others may spontaneously rupture or collapse and can completely disappear. Calcified cysts are not uncommon. Spillage of viable protoscolices after spontaneous or traumatic cyst rupture, or during interventional procedures, may result in secondary Echinococcosis.
After an undefined and variable incubation period, infections may become symptomatic if active cysts exert pressure on adjacent tissue and induce other pathologic events. Usually cysts do not induce clinical symptoms until they have reached a particular size. Sudden onset of symptoms may be due to cyst rupture.
In primary Echinococcosis the metacestodes may develop in almost any organ. Most patients (up to 80%) have a single organ involved and harbour a solitary cyst, localized in approximately two-thirds of cases in the liver and in about 20% in the lungs.
3.3. Cyst Composition and Evolution
The hydatid is a sphere composed of two membranes with liquid in its interior (Figure 2). The inner layer is called germinal membrane and the outer layer is called laminated membrane. The germinal membrane (20–25 micron of thickness) is composed by embryonic cells. Its function is to elaborate the different elements of the hydatid. The laminated membrane, which is formed from the previous one, is a white coloured membrane with quitine, and formed by several concentric layers of polysaccharide material. Brood capsules, which contain protoscolices and scolices, develop from germinal layer through a clone mechanism assuring the fertility of the cyst. Scolices are just intussusceptions heads of taenia, so they have got proboscis and hooks too.
The hydatid liquid is clean and clear, "as well as the clean water from its natural source", containing secretions from both the parasite and host and all the elements from the "inner wall" of the cyst, named hydatid sand. It has an identical composition to that of the host's serum (Na, K, Cl, CO2, a density between 1.008 and 1.015, alkaline pH) and some proteins that confer antigenic properties.
Through the slow evolution of a cyst, several events can occur: the death of the parasite due to dysfunction of the germinal membrane (detachment or aging), the "cyst's wall" fissure due to detachment of membranes or micro traumatisms, the transformation of scolices into vesicles (vesiculation) attempting to preserve the specie. These new vesicles, which live into the hydatid fluid, must be called offspring or "daughter" vesicles (The term "daughter cysts" is incorrect, since the cysts do not have daughters, but only the vesicles). These daughter vesicles have the same constitution as well the same mission of the vesicle mother. So, in this way, protoscolices may evolutes into either a new cyst or an adult parasite.
The long-term survival of the hydatid indicates the existence of protection mechanisms against immunity response of the host. The hydatid fluid is the main factor responsible for the antigenic stimulation, but the germinal layer of the cyst is a barrier against immune competent cells of the host. So, it is necessary to have damages in the germinal layer, like fissures or rupture, to get an antigenic stimulation. When this antigenic stimulation occurs, there is a continuous elevation of the immunologic values for an indeterminate time. This elevation also happens after the cyst manipulation (surgery, puncture, etc.).
4. Hydatid Cyst of the Liver
4.1. Ultrasound (US) Classification
In 1981 Professor Gharbi et al. proposed a US classification of the hydatid cysts [10]. In his classification, he considers five types according the natural evolution of the parasite. After him other authors proposed their own classifications (Beggs [11]; Lewall and McCorkell [12]; Caremani et al. [13]; Perdomo et al. [14]; Shambesh et al. [15]), which were nothing but a modification of the classification proposed by Gharbi. So, in 1995 the Informal Working Group on Echinococcosis (IWGE-WHO) proposed the standardization of the US classification. This task, coordinated by Call Macpherson, ends in a new classification, known as WHO classification, which was published in 2003 [16], but it was not universally accepted, due to two main reasons:(i)the difficulty to classify some cysts, normally included in type 3,(ii)the inclusion of all type 4 cysts as inactive (in some of them we found daughter vesicles or fertile liquid).
In order to contribute for a clarification of the first point, it is proposed to divide the type 3, considering a type 3a and a type 3b, as represented in Figure 3 [17, 18]. For cysts type 4 was proposed a new approach: "watch & wait" [17, 18].
On the other hand all we know how it is difficult to define the cyst inactivity, particularly to quantify the cyst content solidification. To contribute for the definition of cyst inactivity, I will try to establish the criteria, based on the cyst solidification, and the way for the quantification of the cyst's content solidified percentage.
4.2. Therapeutic Options/Nomenclature
The aim of the hydatid cyst treatment is the death of the parasite and consequently the cure of the disease [19–21]. It has to be done with a minimal risk and maximum comfort for the patient, and always paying attention to avoid complications, secondary hydatidosis, and relapses.
The methods to achieve the death of the parasite are both the sterilization of the cyst content, using scolicidal agents, or the parasite direct removal, through aspiration or the surgical excision of the entire cyst [17–21].
4.2.1. Sterilization of the Cyst
This method is based on the degeneration of the germinal hydatid membrane and destruction of the viable elements of the hydatid fluid, due to the scolicidal drugs effect, whatever injected into the cyst or orally taken, or by thermal ablation (radiofrequency).
(a) Injection of a Scolicidal Solution into the Cyst Cavity
This is the most ancient method of treatment for the hepatic cysts [9]. It was considered the best method for treatment of simple cysts (univesicular cysts, types 1 and 3 in the actual ultrasound classification). This method consists in puncture of the cyst and aspiration of part of the content to allow the introduction of the scolicidal solution. This solution must stay in the cystic cavity during, at least, 10 minutes. After that the cystic cavity is totally aspirated. In the past this approach was only done by laparotomy, but nowadays we have two more approaches: laparoscopy and percutaneous puncture.
Percutaneous puncture is known as PAIR (Puncture, Aspiration, Injection (of the scolicide) and Reaspiration) and it is considered the Gold Standard [17, 18, 22–24]; since it is a minimal invasive technique, it is less painful to the patient as well as it has an inferior complication rate; it is less expensive with earlier discharge and activity resumption [17, 18, 23, 25–29].
(b) Oral Administration of Scolicidal Drugs
Nowadays albendazole is the drug chosen for oral treatment of hydatid cysts [30–36]. Its metabolite, the albendazole sulphoxid, is the active component with a half-life of 8.5 hours [37–39]. Albendazole is orally administered, every 12 hours, in a total dose of 10–15 mg/kg/day, during a period called a therapeutic cycle. The minimal period of treatment consists in a whole cycle, which can be repeated if necessary [17, 31, 40, 41]. The scolicide's effect depends on the stage of development of the hydatid and on its germinal membrane integrity too (more effective on young cysts—type 1 and less on type 2 cysts with over 50% of failure rate) [20, 31]. Albendazole is also used in surgery to reduce the internal cyst's tension and prevents secondary hydatidosis [17, 18, 42, 43].
(c) Radiofrequency Thermal Ablation
Radiofrequency thermal ablation has proved to be a safe method to destroy the germinal layer [17, 18, 44, 45]. This method can be done by percutaneous approach using the same kind of needle-electrode employed in the ablation of liver tumors. Because the contents of the cyst are destroyed by heat rather than a chemical agent, the procedure is simpler than the PAIR treatment since it avoids the need to inject a scolicidal agent [44, 45]. However, further investigations are needed to be carried out before it can be recommended as an effective percutaneous treatment.
4.2.2. Parasite Removal
There are two different ways to remove the parasite: the aspiration of the parasite (or hydatid) procedure called Hydatidectomy or the excision of the cyst, which necessarily removes the parasite, procedure called Cystectomy.
(a) Hydatidectomy
This is a procedure that only removes the hydatid (parasite). It is identical to the puncture method to the sterilization of the cyst excepting in what concerns the last step (total aspiration), which is done under high pressure, in order to remove the hydatid membranes and all the remaining contents [9, 17, 46]. This method (conservative procedure) can be performed under laparotomic, laparoscopic, or percutaneous approach. Percutaneous approach is called PEvac (Puncture and Evacuation) and is considered the Gold Standard once it is a minimal invasive technique, it is less painful for the patient, as well as it has less complication rate and less expensive, with earlier discharge and activity resumption [47, 48].
(b) Cystectomy
Cystectomy consists on the excision of the cyst, which ideally should be total, in order to diminish relapses and complications [9, 17–19, 46, 49]. It can be performed through laparotomy or laparoscopy, both by open or closed methods. In both options, the dissection is made on the outside of the adventitia. In the past this dissection was made in sane hepatic tissue to guarantee the complete cyst removal: the parasite (hydatid) and the host tissue that surrounds it (adventitia), but after the works of Peng Xin Yu, the dissection is made in the virtual space between the adventitia and sane hepatic tissue, which is a less bloody space [50].
The open method is performed by opening the cyst, then its aspiration and finally the removal of its content. Only after this step we proceed to the entire cyst "wall" removal [9, 17, 18, 46, 51–53].
The closed method, known as Napalkoff's procedure, consists of the entire removal of the cyst without opening it. When a total resection can damage bilious or vascular structures, must a partial cystectomy be done, despite this is a conservative procedure [9, 17, 18, 46, 51, 52].
Cystectomy can be performed by a video-assisted surgery on selected cases [17, 53–59], namely, small cysts (<5 cm in diameter) with peripheral localization. Since the total cystectomy is the ideal approach, it should be done by the closed method and without using CO2 due to dissemination risk in case of rupture [58].
Another option is the hepatic resection (segmentectomy or lobectomy), in case of great size cysts in which there is a high risk of ischemia for the remained hepatic tissue [17, 46, 51–53]. So, hepatic resection is an option only for selected cases.
The main advantage of cystectomy is the immediate healing of the disease, which is obtained only when the cyst is completely removed whatever with or without hepatic tissue (cystectomy or hepatic resection). Both methods, called radical procedures, have higher risks per-operatively but fewer rates of complications and relapses after surgery. On the other side, conservative methods have less intraoperatively risks but higher rate of long outcome complications and relapses.
Although nowadays the morbidity and mortality of the hydatid cyst surgery have diminished, they cannot be overlooked. The prevention of complications starts with an accurate surgical technique and the necessary caution in the removal of the cysts which are very close to the bilious and vascular intrahepatic structures.
To prevent the relapses, it is very important to protect the surgical field with pads soaked with scolicidal solution [9, 17–19, 46, 51, 52, 58–60]. This procedure will also prevent a secondary hydatidosis in case of spillage of the cyst content during the cyst removal.
5. Definition of Cyst Inactivity
It is difficult to define the cysts inactivity as well as to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy, particularly chemotherapy and percutaneous puncture, which is based on US images. US permit controlling the cyst evolution after the treatment showing the progressive degeneration of its content until the parasite's death [10, 16, 23, 27, 31]. The interpretation of the US images is very important to clarify the parasite activity stage, in order to evaluate the treatment success.
Patients submitted to PAIR are evaluated one week later, in the first and third months, and after that each six months until ranging the inactive stage [23, 27]. In case of anti-infective therapy (Albendazole), the control is done during the first and third months and after that each six months. Once the cysts range the inactive stage, they are evaluated each year in both approaches.
Each observation of the US images is evaluated and compared to the previous one. If there are not any significant alterations, to the previous images, or if we find a persistent liquid image, it is not considered the treatment of efficacy.
The first signal of the therapeutic efficacy is the parasite membranes detaching from the cyst adventitia. These signals are evident in the US images immediately after the final aspiration in the percutaneous treatment (Figure 4(a)) and after the first chemotherapy cycle (Figure 5(a)).
In the subsequent US images, we should observe alterations on cyst content, such as the diminution of the liquid area and its substitution by solid patron giving the cyst a pseudotumoral aspect (Figures 4(b) and 5(b)). The cyst content solidification must continue until the almost total solidification (Figures 4(c) and 5(c)) that allows affirming that the cyst is inactive.
If a simple cyst, according to its US characteristics, after the therapeutic approach, appears with the membranes detached, it means that it evolutes from an active stage (fertile cyst) to a transitional stage (degenerated cyst). This is the proof of the therapeutic efficacy. If, in its evolution, we observe a progressive reduction of the liquid content, like the images (b) of Figures 4 and 5, we can affirm that the therapeutic is successful. Finally if the cyst ranges a heterogeneous patron, mainly solid like the images (c) of Figures 4 and 5, it means the cyst ranged the inactive stage, which corresponds to a content solidification greater than 75%.
We can also observe the cyst vanishing (Figure 6(a)) or the existence of vestiges, like a linear echoic scare (Figure 6(b)).
Resuming, the criteria for the therapeutic efficacy evaluation are(a)parasite's membranes detachment immediately after percutaneous treatment and after the first cycle of chemotherapy,(b)modification of the US patron of the cyst content with the progressive substitution of the liquid content by a solid patron,(c)cyst vanishing or observation of a linear echoic scare (vestiges).
6. Method for Quantification of the Solidified Percentage
Once the cyst content solidification is the criterion to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy, and a solidified area greater than 75% presumes the parasite inactivity, it is necessary to quantify, so precisely as possible, this solidified area. In order to obtain this value, we should proceed as follows:(1)digitalisation of the US images and selection of the cystic area ((b) images of Figures 7, 8, and 9),(2)filter application, by Adobe Photoshop programme, to select the liquid and solid areas of the cyst ((c) images of Figures 7, 8, and 9),(3)image "vectorization" by a Computer Assisted Design (CAD) programme for calculation of the percentage of the solidified area.
By this way, it is possible to know the exact moment at which a cyst under chemotherapy or submitted to percutaneous puncture ranged the inactive stage and, according the same criteria, to know if the therapeutic is being successful or not. This information is achieved by US, which has a relevant role to evaluate the treatment efficacy in the liver hydatid cysts, particularly in the cysts treated by anti-infective drugs (chemotherapy) or submitted to percutaneous puncture, because it allows controlling the cyst evolution after the treatment, showing the progressive degeneration of its content until it ranges an almost total or total solidification, which proofs its inactivity and consequently the parasite's death.
This imaging method is the only way that allows us to affirm the success of the treatment and the cure of the disease. The therapeutic efficacy of the liver hydatid cysts can only be evaluated by imaging methods once it is not yet available by immunological means.
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We are always in need of Day Camp Volunteers!
Camp Fire relies on our amazing adult and teen volunteers to make the magic of Day Camp happen for kids each summer! Volunteering is easy and fun and the best part – making a difference in the life a child! Join us this summer!
All LEAD, Teen Counselor, and Adult volunteers are required to attend two training sessions prior to camp. Volunteers must attend one offsite training held at locations throughout the Puget Sound, there are a variety of days and times to choose from, as well as the onsite training specific to your week of day camp, typically held the Saturday or Sunday prior to that particular week. If you volunteer at more than one week of day camp, you are required to attend the onsite training for each day camp location.
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There is a need for many different skill sets at Day Camp! Adults can volunteer at any of our Day Camp sites except for Camp Sealth as counselors, activity specialists, purchasers, equipment managers or health care managers. Full-time adult volunteers get a $100 discount on day camp registration for their own children. Children of full-week adult volunteers will automatically gain entrance into the camp of their choice and will be immediately taken off the wait list.
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- Camp Site Director: Your fearless Day Camp Leader! The Camp Site Director is responsible for total operation of Day Camp, assigns responsibilities and gives general supervision to all volunteer staff.
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- Health Manager: A medical professional or a certified first aid staff who is responsible for the dispensing of all first aid and medications, and for seeing that good health practices are followed, and for keeping the health records.
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- Purchaser: Are you ready for some tasty Day Camp favorites? The Purchaser plans and buys supplies for Day Camp including food. Commitment includes shopping prior to the start of camp, store runs during camp hours, storing and sorting food items.
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Contact Kerrie Sampelayo, Day Camp Manager, at (206) 826-8941 or firstname.lastname@example.com.


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