text:
When budgets are tight, firms and legal departments wisely question every expense. They often postpone technology upgrades to avoid or reduce costs. In reality, there are a number of hidden costs of not upgrading and they may end up costing more than the expected savings.
Over the course of my career, the legal profession has incorporated technology into daily life to the point that it is considered critical—and not just for billing and accounting. As with automobiles, technology today does more but also costs more than it did 5 or 10 years ago.
Technology projects and ongoing maintenance also have costs. Beware the temptation to cut them too far. When deciding whether to upgrade, look at the less-obvious costs of standing still while your competitors and partners pass you by. Total the short-term savings of not upgrading your technology and then get ready to subtract. I created the illustration below, "Costs of Not Upgrading," for the original article, but it has been omitted from the archive version. The graph shows a number of cost items that most offices will encounter. They are categorized into direct versus indirect and hard versus soft costs.
Be sure to factor in these probable consequences of not keeping your technology fairly up to date:
1. Growing Impact of Disruptions – What does down-time cost you when an old system falters or your staff encounters incompatibility obstacles?
2. Increasing Costs of Catching Up – Are incremental costs that spread the pain over time better than a huge outlay to catch up years later?
3. Injury to Reputation and Business Development Efforts – Will your customers and future customers develop a poor impression if your technology lags?
4. Missed Opportunities to Save – Are there new capabilities available that can produce savings to offset upgrade costs?
The current economy can actually help you here. Almost every tech vendor out there now has discounts, incentives and faster delivery times than they did when business was booming. You may be able to obtain significant price concessions if you act soon and even lock them in for later. Just like major corporations today are driving deflation in their supply chains, technology customers have significant bargaining power in price, delivery schedules and other contract terms that will not be there when the economy takes off again. So much so, that a number of software vendors are giving away their software these days, according to this article on WSJ.com (subscription may be required).
Another benefit to upgrading when business is slower: less disruption to your customers and clients. Take advantage of the lull by ramping up for the chaos that is likely when many sectors take off at once later this year.
Whether obvious and predictable or more remote and intangible, there are costs incurred when not upgrading. The hidden costs of delaying upgrades can easily overcome the more apparent costs of staying current. Take another look at the project costs analysis before making that technology budget cut. Now may be the best time to boldly upgrade. The conservative mantra of "a penny saved is a penny earned" should yield to the wiser advice -- "do not be 'penny wise' and 'pound foolish.'"


text:
The quarter mile puzzle
This sample project is the start of a puzzle you will will need to complete yourself! Your goal is to go further than the distance, in less time than the goal, and look realistic doing it. There may even be some bugs to fix in the code!
There are parts of ideas for making this work hidden in the project, you'll have to learn to use them all to make it across the finish line in time. The answer is *not* provided, and there are multiple ways to finish. Just don't cheat by removing fuel costs, RPM limits, or anything else too clever.
Notes and Credits
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Posted in Media Releases on Thursday, 19 March, 2015
Mr RAMSEY (Grey) (10:58): by leave—I have spoken on this issue and this report before and I had received advice that I would be given an opportunity to contribute today. I was very keen to do so because quite a few things have changed since the delivery of the report to the par... ... more
Posted in Media Releases on Wednesday, 18 March, 2015
Mr RAMSEY (Grey) (20:25): Australia is undoubtedly open for business. We are open for free and fair trade, but we are not open for unfair trade. That is why we have laws against the dumping of products into our Australian market. I am currently the chair of the House of Represe... ... more


text:
First Comic
Latest Comic
Fan Art
Timeo Sinistros
Tim/ Timmy/ Padfoot (like Sirius in HP)
Sept. 13th
Grim (black dog) / Turning into one is really hard for him.
Timeo is a quiet guy, but not shy at all. He's the kind of person who doesn't bother others and doesn't do anything in their business.He's really kind, but he can get really mad if we bother him on something he doesn't like. He and his siblings are living with their big cousin Kyle, because when he was only 7 his mother left them and few months later his father suicide, so he never talk anything about his parents to anyone. He has 3 big brothers Ryan, Criss and Derek and a little sister Adriana. Even if he looks like a real man, he loves cuddly animals, but also horror/action films, games, skateboard, sculpting woods, martial arts and steaks. He dislikes sweets, football, to be bothering when he sculpt, bad guys and mostly CARROTS!
Suenagaku Drury
Suen or Sen
May 1st
Jian, the bird. A mythical bird supposed to have only one eye and one wing: a pair of such birds dependent on each other, inseparable, hence, represent husband and wife.
To strangers: Sen is a cold person. He doesn't like being touched by people he doesn't know. He is violent as well and easily snaps. To Friends: He is sarcastic and an ass; however, he is loyal and can be nice at times. He enjoys hanging out and playing basketball. With Starla, Timeo, and Celeste he's up for anything. Those three are his BFFLs To Love interest: He loves Celeste so much. He would do anything for her. Sen is quite lovey dovey over her, and doesn't mind showing it.
(being edited)
Celeste Marie Malone
February 14
Husky/Wolf Demon Mix
Celeste tends come off as quiet and shy; however, she is not those personality traits. In fact, she can be 'bite' back if somebody is rude to her. She always has something to say even if it's the wrong thing. The wolf demon cares about all her friends to the point of putting herself in harm's way to protect them. In a way, she's a very good huntress as she'll hunt down those that harm her friends. She is a wolf after all.
Celeste was not born in the city. She was born into the pack that her mother used to consider home. She was the product of a rogue wolf demon and a female, high placed wolf demon. Due to the rogue status of the male wolf, her pregnancy wasn't held in high regard; however, they had allowed her to stay with the pack due to her friendship with the alpha female. When Celeste was born, everybody had adored her. The alpha male wasn't so thrilled about the new female pup; however, he tolerated Celeste due to his bond with the alpha female.
When Celeste around a few years old [wolf demons age slower than actual wolves], she had noticed that her mother was not anywhere near her. Searching for her mother, she had spotted the she-wolf with the alpha male. He was harshly talking to her before he just smashed her against a tree. Celeste yelped in shock as she tried to go help the silver female. Unfortunately, the alpha female had held her with a paw. Celeste couldn't do anything while the lead wolf just tortured her mother. He had come to realize that Celeste was a nuisance due to her black fur coloring. It meant death and hard-living for the pack that carried a black furred wolf demon. Managing to escape, the small she-wolf bit the back of the alpha's neck. He howled before shaking her into a tree. Celeste fell with a thud as she managed to get on her paws. Her mother just looked at her in a fearful way. Growing, Celeste's eyes started to glow a light, icy blue color. She froze the alpha male's paws to the forest floor before running off. But, before she could escape, he freed a paw and managed to give her the three scars that are on her shoulder.
The both of them managed to escape to the city. Her mother had turned into a human, grabbed some clothes, and wrapped the crying wolf pup in a blanket. Eventually, she managed to find a job that gave them a home, and then she sent Celeste to school. Celeste gladly went to a school. It was in high school that she met a lot of good friends and somebody even more.
Estella Lucette Dae
Stella or Stell
December 21st
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text: But sadly, the usual contrived standard of title. The shot above, taken from a waterbus on the way to Russell Island, is of Clarke's Point, the tip of Lamb Island at the very top right of this blog's title image. At high tide as here, it's under water, but you can walk it at low tide. I've shown that previously, here.


text:
Lazar Kaganovich
published on occasion of the
25th of July 1991
- 25th Day of Death -
November 22, 1893 - July 25, 1991
Lazar Kaganovich
- once a great Bolchevik leader who had fought alongside Lenin and Stalin -
became a
"Corpse of Bolshevism" (Enver Hoxha)
"Revisionism is the idea and action which leads the turning of a country from socialism back to capitalism, the turning of a communist party into a fascist party, it is the inspirer of ideological chaos, confusion, corruption, repression, arbitrarily, instability and putting the homeland up for auction."
"Thus, after this forlorn attempt, these former co-fighters of Stalin's, who had associated themselves with the slanders made against his glorious work, were described as an «anti-party group» and received the final blow from the Khrushchevites. No one wept over them, no one pitied them. They had lost the revolutionary spirit, were no longer Marxist-Leninists, but corpses of Bolshevism. They had united with Khrushchev and allowed mud to be thrown at Stalin and his work"
(Enver Hoxha - "The Krushchevites")
Greeting message of solidarity
Greeting message of the Comintern (SH)
on the 25th anniversary of death of Lazar Kaganovich
July 25, 1991 - July 25, 2016
After the death of Comrade Stalin, Kaganovich, one of his most loyal comrades, quitted the world-historical scene of the revolutionary class struggle of the world proletariat. Kaganovich did not correctly understand the task by which the world communist movement was faced after Stalin's death - namely the revolutionary destruction of the power of modern revisionists, the restoration of the dictatorship of the proletariat, and the struggle for the restoration of socialism on an international scale. Kaganovich was not able to fight against the power of the modern revisionists in a proper Bolshevik way, and he capitulated. The new world-historical question of the struggle against the power of the modern revisionists could be solved only in a revolutionary way - namely full steam to rush forward and overthrow the new Kremlin Tsar, similar as Kaganovich did it against the old Czar in the October Revolution. After the murder of Stalin this would be the only way to fulfill the legacy of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin honorably. Kaganovich did not follow this Bolshevik path, so it is our duty to criticize him and to learn from his mistakes. None of the old Bolsheviks could thus take Stalin's place of honor as his successor. The successor of Comrade Stalin became Comrade Enver Hoxha, the 5th Classic of Marxism-Leninism. As the oldest survived Bolshevik, Kaganovich outlived even the Socialist Albania without wasting any words about comrade Enver Hoxha, the leader of the international struggle against modern revisionism, in general, and against Soviet revisionism, in particular.
Some comrades ask us about the correct attitude towards such former Bolshevik leaders who have, in the end, lost their revolutionary spirit . Our attitude is clear: we defend their merits, and we criticize their lost revolutionary spirit. No Bolshevik is born into the world as a master of Bolshevism. And not every Bolshevik leader died automatically as a Bolshevik. So, if we speak about "corpses of Bolshevism", we must ask us, ourselves, what kind of Bolshevist leader Kaganovich really had been, namely before he became a "corpse of Bolshevism". And this is the reason why we honour the Bolshevik period of Kaganovich's life on his 25th Anniversary of death.
The Comintern (SH) draws a demarcation line towards those who deny the correct attitude of comrade Enver Hoxha on Kaganovich and who try unavailingly to revive this "corpe of Bolshevism". The Comintern (SH) criticizes also those who want to forget the former merits of those Bolshevik leaders who proved to be not strong enough and who gave up the fight. The first attitude is a rightist deviation and the second attitude a "leftist" deviation. "Corpes of Bolshevism" must be burried, but Bolshevist merits will never die. Bolshevist merits can neither be forgotten, nor can they be burried.
We must criticize Kaganovich especially that he has not followed the path of Enver Hoxha, who had hoisted and defended the Stalin banner. If Kaganovich had really been a Bolshevik opponent of the Soviet revisionists, he would have supported socialist Albania and would strengthen a Hoxhaist opposition in the Soviet Union. Kaganovich has not done this, namely as opposed to the "Revolutionary (Bolshevik) Communists of the Soviet Union" [programmatic call, 1969 (?)].
Well, all has not been said and done on Kaganovich, and the last chapter of the history of Bolshevism is not yet written. We will continue to search for the historical truth, obtaining more knowledge and expand our horizons, to make us a more objective picture of all the collaborators of the Classics of Marxism-Leninism, and we will, of course, correct our misinterpretations necessarily.
New Bolsheviks will follow the old Bolsheviks, this is for certain - and history has shown that not all of them died or will die as Bolsheviks. This is inevitable, because we must never forget that the class struggle can not be carried out otherwise than under the harmful influence and anti-communist pressure of world capitalism. And that also applied to the class struggle in the former Soviet Union, against the power of the new bourgeoisie under the leadership of the Soviet revisionists. One must judge on Kaganovich according to his position and role opposite to the modern revisionists in the Soviet Union.
How do we fight today for Bolshevism, which was created by Lenin and Stalin ? We keep Bolshevism alive by firmly relying on its historical pillars which must be continuously further developed. We must learn to master the Bolshevist method for the destruction of the globalized world of capitalism, and after that, for the construction of the globalized world of socialism.
For us international Bolshevists it is always the duty to learn not only from the mistakes and weaknesses of the old Bolsheviks, but above all, from their great heroic deeds. Above all criticism we must not forget: Without the old Bolsheviks, there were no October Revolution. Without the old Bolsheviks there would be no emancipation of the working class from capitalism. Without the old Bolsheviks there would be no dictatorship of the proletariat. Without the old Bolsheviks there would be no socialist society. Without the old Bolsheviks there would be no victory over fascism. Without the old Bolsheviks Bolshevism could not be spread all over the whole, and so on ... Let's never forget the slogan of Lenin: "Bolshevism is a method for all."
We are not Trotskyists who demonize Stalin and the Stalinist leaders and who drag the Stalin-Era in the mud. And we are not Trotskyists who obtain the confidence of Stalin by fraud. Both the open anti-Stalinists and hidden anti-Stalinists collaborate for the purpose to vilify shamefully the Bolshevist achievements of Stalin and his close comrades at the top of the party before the masses. So there are a number of Trotskyite-bourgeois writers who dragged the name Kaganovich through the mire. We vehemently pillory these dirty writers and unmask their lies. Finally, it was also a merit of Comrade Kaganovich, having been at the forefront of the fight against the "Block of Rights and Trotskyites" and defended Bolshevism against opportunism honorably. Those who have forgotten this historical truth, can not be true Bolsheviks because this is grist to the mill of the anti-Bolshevists. And we criticize simultaneously those who have forgotten Enver Hoxha's meaningful characteristic words about the "corpses of Bolshevism". Kaganovich's gave up the Bolshevist fight against the social-fascist, social-imperialist Soviet Union, and therefore he became an accessory to the crimes of the modern revisionists. This debt remains and can not be extinguished. We Stalinist-Hoxhaists do not grant Kaganovich amnesty, and as well not similar veteran Stalinists. Nobody can repay historical debt through former merits. Nevertheless, Bolshevik merits can be extinguished by nothing and nobody, even not by fatal historical mistakes which have been made by Kaganovich and others later on. This is the reason why we Stalinist-Hoxhaists have the historical duty to defend the Bolshevik merits unconditionally, both in general and in particular - no ifs, no buts. Otherwise we would deny our own history of Bolshevism. And this is, what the Trotzskyite really aim for. But we will do this service neither to the bourgeoisie, nor to her fifth column ! We are the ones who hold high the banner of Bolshevism. And we defend the banner of Stalin against all those forces that try to drag it through the dirt - no matter directly or indirectly. The world bourgeoisie has not stopped and will never stop, blaming Kaganovich for incredible "crimes" in the period of Lenin and Stalin. We Stalinist-Hoxhaists, however, criticize first and foremost the mistakes that he had made after Stalin's death, thus under the dictatorship of the new Soviet bourgeoisie.
It belongs to the long-known warfare of bourgeois propaganda against communism to condemn the merits of the Bolsheviks as an alleged "crime". Therefore we must fight back such anti-communist attacks, in general, and especially concerning the name of Kaganovich. Kaganovich's great contributions to Communism will remain unforgotten and unassailable. The open enemies of Bolshevism deny the merits of the Bolsheviks while the hidden enemies praise them, however only as a means for camouflage. You can never be a Bolshevik if you do not fight for the defense of the history of Bolshevism. And you can not fight for the defense of the history of Bolshevism, if you deny simultaneously the history of the Bolshevik leaders, such as Kaganovich, who lived and fought for Bolshevism. After all, we defend Kaganovich for the period when he was called by the party of Lenin and Stalin on his post - namely with the date when he became a member of the Bolshevik Party in the year 1911.
Now, let us enumerate some stages of his Bolshevist life:
On November 22, 1893 Lazar Kaganovich was born. He was the oldest Bolshevik and reached the proud age of almost 100 years. His birthplace is the village Boars (Chernobyl region). He grew up in a poor family of dealers (suppliers of cattle to the slaughterhouse). He attended primary school and went to Kiev in search of work when he was 13 years old. He found work in a tannery (shoe factory). He played an active role in the unions of tanners.
In 1911 he participated in the revolutionary movement, together with his older brother Michael. Kaganovich was a member of the RSDLP (B) Kaganovich since 1911. Exactly 50 years later the Khrushchevites expelled him as a member of the "anti-party group" after the XXII Congress of the CPSU in 1961. And all his applications for reentry into the revisionist party were rejected.
In 1915, Lazar Kaganovich was arrested and deported to his native village Boars. From there, he went into hiding and moved with his wife Maria Yuzovka (marriage in 1924) to the city of Donetsk, where he was Deputy Chairman of Yuzovsky Council and Chairman of the unions of tanners after the February Revolution. In the spring of 1917, the party called Kaganovich to the army. In March and April 1917, he was the chairman of the military organization of the Bolsheviks in Samara. In June 1917 he participated in the meetings of the All-Russian conference of military organizations of the RSDLP (B) in Petersburg, where he was elected to the All-Russian military organization office. After he returned from the army, Kaganovich was arrested again. After his release, he was sent back to the front. Kaganovich became an active fighter of the Red October.
After the Great October Socialist Revolution L. M. Kaganovich in 1918 belonged to the organizers of the Red Army and was commissioner of organizational and propaganda department of the Red Army, where he could take personal contact with a number of prominent Bolsheviks. In midsummer 1918 Kaganovich was sent to Nizhny Novgorod, which was a frontline city then. Here he worked from May 1918 to August 1919 as chairman of the Nizhny Novgorod regional committee of the RCP (B) and Gouvernement's Executive Committee.
From September 1919 to August 1920 he defended the city of Voronezh, where he became chairman of the Voronezh Revolutionary Committee and the Executive Committee of the government.
In the years 1920 - 1921 he fought at the front in Turkestan, where he was a member of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (B), the CEC Turkestan, People's Commissar of the Workers 'and Peasants' Inspection of the Turkmen SSR and Chairman of Tashkent City Council.
Since 1921, he took over leadership roles in the union work as secretary of the Moscow Committee.
In his first publications he treated theoretical questions about ideology.
In 1922, after Stalin was General Secretary of the Central Committee of the RCP (B), Kuibyshev recommended him for work in the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the RCP (B). Kaganovich was entrusted with tasks of organization and supply. In this field he took over more and more responsible functions.
1923 L. M. Kaganovich was candidate of the Central Committee of the RCP (B) until he was taken as a full member in May 1924.
From June 1924 to December 1925 was Kaganovich member of the Organization Bureau of the Central Committee.
From June 1924 to April 1925 he was Secretary of the Central Committee of the RCP (B). Here, Kaganovich worked side by side with the other secretaries of the CC of the CPSU (B), such as Stalin, Molotov, Kuibyshev. He proved for Stalin as an indispensable aid in the top party leadership, especially in the fight against the "opposition". Kaganovich achieved great merit in the fight against the "Block of the Trotskyists and Rightists", in particular against Zinoviev, Kamenev, Bukharin and Rykov, against the Trotskyists.
In April 1925 L. M. Kaganovich was appointed General Secretary of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine. Concerning the solution of the question of NEP, Kaganovich was fully on the side of Stalin and paved the way to building a socialist economy in Ukraine. In particular, he headed there the major project of the Dnieper Power Station.
In June 1926, L. M. Kaganovich became candidate of the Politburo of the CPSU (B).
In July 1928, the party called him back to Moscow, in order to work there again as a secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU (B).
In the first half of the 30s Kaganovich was at the height of his career.
With Molotov he participated in the all-Ukrainian Party Conference, in 1930, when he supported the collectivization policies of Stalin.
Since July 1930 he had been a member of the Politburo of the CPSU (B) (until 1952 !).
In December 1930 Stalin appointed him as deputy of the party, after Molotov was appointed Chairman of People's Commissars of the Council of the USSR. Lazar took over the top position in the Organization Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPSU (B) and in a number of key departments of the Central Committee. He even took over the chairmanship of the sessions of the Politburo of the CPSU (B) while Stalin was on vacation. Kaganovich chaired numerous committees of the Politburo.
In the years 1930 - 1935 L. M. Kaganovich was first secretary of the Moscow Committee of the CPSU (B).
In this responsible position, he mobilized the party organization and the working people of Moscow and the Moscow region for the implementation of the decisions of the Central Committee of the CPSU (B) concerning the capital master plan of reconstruction.
In 1931 Kaganovich brought the construction of the famous Moscow Metro into being. On May 13, 1935 it was decided on a proposal by Stalin CEC, to name the Moscow Metro "Kaganovich". Since 1955, under Khrushchev, the name "Kaganovich" was deleted . During his tenure as Secretary of the Moscow Committee of the Communist Party Kaganovich changed considerably the overall picture of the city of Moscow and its environment.
From 22 to 23 June 1931, the session of economists was held at the CC CPSU (B). At the consultation attended representatives of the Supreme Economic Council of the USSR, all its subordinated economic organizations and also the People's Commissariat for Supply of the USSR. Stalin delivered the speech. The work of the consultation was supported by Molotov, Voroshilov, Andreyev, Kaganovich, Mikoyan, Shvernik, Kalinin, Ordzhonikidze and Kuibyshev.
On October 25, 1931
Stalin, Voroshilov, Ordzhonikidze and Kaganovich received in the Kremlin the delegation of shock workers of the "Stalin" car factory (formerly "AMO" car factory) who produced the first trucks and buses in the USSR.
In the summer of 1932 Kaganovich traveled as head of a large government delegation to the North Caucasus, where he threw light on the sabotage of supplying the state with wheat and rye.
From 15 to 19 February 1933, the first Union Congress of shock workers of collective farms took place in Moscow. The Congress discussed the issue of Bolshevisation of collective farms and the tasks of the spring sowing. At the congress spoke Stalin, Molotov, Kaganovich, Kalinin, Voroshilov and Budenny.
In 1933, Kaganovich headed the agricultural department of the Central Committee of the CPSU (B). He led among others the political departments of the MTS and state farms, and this with great success.
On October 3, 1933
Stalin, Molotov, Voroshilov and Kaganovich congratulated the team of Stratostats "USSR" for the fulfillment of the governmental order to explore and conquer the stratosphere.
In October 1933
Stalin, Molotov, Voroshilov and Kaganovich welcomed the participants of the motor race on the route Moscow - Kara-Kum - Moscow.
On October 17, 1933
Stalin, Molotov, Voroshilov and Kaganovich congratulated the members of the expedition for undersea work for successful salvage of the icebreaker "Sasdko" from the seabed of the Arctic.
On November 20, 1933 Stalin, Molotov, Kalinin and Kaganovich received the delegation of shock workers of collective farms of the Odessa area and they had a talk with them on the work of the collective farms.
On December 23, 1933 Stalin and Kaganovich received the delegation of shock workers of collective farms of the Dnepropetrovsk region and they had a talk with them about the collective-farm construction and the supply of the village with industrial goods.
He was chairman of the Central Commission for controlling the ranks of the party. Kaganovich headed the purification of the party in the years 1933-1934.
From January 26 to February 10, 1934, the XVII. Congress of the CPSU (B) took place. At the XVII. Congress of the CPSU (B), L M. Kaganovich spoke on "Organizational matters of the party and the Soviets." L. M. Kaganovich's report was adopted by the congress and also the decisions on organizational questions (Party and Soviet construction). The new party statute was adopted, too.
After the XVII Congress of the CPSU (B), the Secretary of the CC of the CPSU (B), Kaganovich, was elected Chairman of the Party Control Commission of the Central Committee of the CPSU (B). Later, in the years 1937 - 1939, Kaganovich was significantly involved in the party purges.
In 1934 he directed the Transport Committee of the CPSU (B) and the Council of People's Commissars, later the Transport Department of the Central Committee of the CPSU (B).
In the years 1935 - 1944, L. M. Kaganovich was People's Commissar of Railways of the USSR.
Since 1937 he was also People's Commissar of Heavy Industry.
From January 1939 he was appointed to the post of People's Commissar of the fuel industry.
From October 1939 to July 1940 he was people's commissar for the oil industry.
From August 1938 to 1946, he officiated at the same time as deputy chairman of the Council of People's Commissars.
During the Great Patriotic War (1941 – 1945) L. M. Kaganovich was member of the State Defense Committee, and he was a member of the Military Council of the North Caucasus. He fought at the Transcaucasian fronts. His brilliant feats of arms against the fascist invaders in the Caucasus were legendary. The victory of the Battle of Stalingrad was possible, not least, through the defeats of the Nazis in the Caucasus. The war years were a difficult time for all Soviet peoples and the leaders of the Soviet state. Lazar Kaganovich was primarily responsible for the smooth operation of railways, which had a special meaning in the war. The widely diversified rail network in the USSR served in the war not only for the huge military transports but also for the relocation of thousands of factories to the eastern regions of the country (Siberia). It is thanks to organizational skills of Kaganovich that the railway functioned trouble-free during the war and that all the difficulties were mastered brilliantly. Undoubtedly, this was a personal merit of the "Iron Commissar", L. M. Kaganovich. During the Great Patriotic War, Kaganovich performed prodigies of logistics.
On November 5, 1943, Kaganovich was honored by decree of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR for his outstanding achievements in the field of rail transport under the difficult conditions of war. Kaganovich was bestowed with the title "Hero of Socialist Labor", and he reveived the Order of Lenin and the gold medal "hammer and sickle" (number 56). In the party, Kaganovich was considered the "fireman" or the "locomotive" of the Politburo, who solved problems and difficult situations with Bolshevik hardness and steely determination.
In December 1944 , L. M. Kaganovich was deputy chairman of the Transport Committee of Ministers of the USSR.
1946 - 1947 he was Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR.
In 1947, L. M. Kaganovich was elected first secretary and member of the Politburo of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine.
1947 - 1953 - Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR.
From 1947 he was responsible for the control of the Ministries of the complex of heavy industry, transport and reconstruction as Deputy Prime Minister.
1950, Kaganovich was deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
L. M. Kaganovich was elected as a member of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee by the Plenum of the CC of the CPSU in October 1952 (after the XIX. Congress of the CPSU).
1953 - 1957 was Kaganovich first deputy chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (thus,beside other leading posts in service under the revisionist leadership of Khrushchev after the death of Stalin !!)
* * *
It is known that Stalin, shortly before his death, was not contented with the old guard of the Bolsheviks (including Kaganovich). He sharply criticized them. Therefore they had to take a back seat, and were replaced by a younger leading group (among others: Khrushchev).
In regard of Khrushchev and Brezhnev, it is important to know that Kaganovich wasn't uninvolved in promoting their career and in their coming to power. Kaganovich knew Khrushchev quite good in the Ukraine - long before the October Revolution. In his memories, Kaganovich mentioned that Khrushchev was exposed even as an active Trotskyist in the years 1923 and 1924 .
What does that mean ? This means that Khrushchev was not on Stalin's side but on the hostile side of Trotsky. And this in the face of the critical moment of the decision on the successor of Lenin.
Secondly, Khrushchev rehabilitated the enemies of Stalin after his death (among others the Trotskyites). Khrushchev even manipulated the Collective Works of Lenin in defence of Trotsky (the alleged "Lenin's Testament")
Khrushchev fought against Stalin before he became leader of the Bolshevik party, and Khrushchev fought against Stalin after the death of Stalin. This proves that Khrushchev was fighting against Stalin secretly in the Stalin era, too [ "for Stalin in words - and against Stalin in deeds"].
It was possible to prepare the overthrow of Stalinism only behind the mask of the personality cult which was promoted and accelerated, especially by Khrushchev.
So, if the personal promotion of Khrushchev by Kaganovich was already a serious error in the early days, then the capitulation of Kaganovich after the death of STAlin is all the more grievous. It was a gross misjudgment of Kaganovich that this Trotskyist Khrushchev would have "perceived his error" and allegedly on track to Stalinism. Kaganovich did not realize, or underestimated the danger that this was just a deception of the enemies of Stalin. In consideration that Kaganovich was extraordinarily skilled in the struggle against the enemies of the party, especially in his responsible function as Chairman of the Party Control Commission of the Central Committee of the CPSU (B), his underestimation of the danger of Khrushchev was unpardonable.
Admittedly, we must give credit to Kagonovich that he removed Khrushchev from the post of the First Secretary of the Ukrainian Party organization, in the years 1946 and 1947 - when Kaganovich had to intervene for the reconstruction of agriculture after a drought.
Whether Kaganovich has or has not acted "in good faith", in the result Kaganovich had contributed to Khrushchev's career.
Kaganovich informed Stalin in time about the Trotskyist background of Khrushchev, that's right. And it is also true that Stalin was warned about Khrushchev. And it is also true that the "anti-Party group" succeeded to depose the Trotskyite revisionist Khrushchev, but only for "a few hours" as Comrade Enver Hoxha had described it in his book "The Khrushchevites" :
"The positions of the revisionist reactionaries were becoming stronger and their opponents in the Presidium, Malenkov, Molotov, Kaganovich, Voroshilov and others, now began to see more clearly the revisionist intrigue and the diabolical plans which Khrushchev hatched up against the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the state of the dictatorship of the proletariat. At a meeting of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the party in the Kremlin, in the swnmer of 1957, after many criticisms, Khrushchev was left in the minority, and, as Polyansky told us from his own mouth, Khrushchev was dismissed from the task of the first secretary and was appointed minister of agriculture, since he was an «expert on kukuruza»*. *(maize (Russian in the original) However, this situation did not last more than a few hours. Khrushchev and his supporters secretly gave the alarm, the marshals surrounded the Kremlin with tanks and soldiers and gave orders that not even a fly was to leave the Kremlin. On the other hand, aircraft were sent to the four corners of the Soviet Union to gather up the members of the Plenum of the CC of the CPSU. «Then,» said Polyansky, this product of Khrushchev, «we entered the Kremlin and demanded admission to the meeting. Voroshilov came out and asked what we wanted. When we told him that we wanted to enter the meeting, he cut us short. When we threatened to use force he said: 'What does all this mean?' But we warned him: 'Mind your words, otherwise we shall arrest you.' We entered the meeting and changed the situation.» Khrushchev was restored to power.
Thus, after this forlorn attempt, these former co-fighters of Stalin's, who had associated themselves with the slanders made against his glorious work, were described as an «anti-party group» and received the final blow from the Khrushchevites. No one wept over them, no one pitied them. They had lost the revolutionary spirit, were no longer Marxist-Leninists, but corpses of Bolshevism. They had united with Khrushchev and allowed mud to be thrown at Stalin and his work; they tried to do something, but not on the party road, because for them, too, the party did not exist.
All those who opposed Khrushchev, in one way or another, or were no longer necessary to him, were to suffer the same fate."
Besides, it can't be denied that Kaganovich (in his speech at the XX. Congress of the CPSU), did not open the fire against Khrushchev, who slung mud at comrade Stalin in his criminal secret speech to the Congress.
The lesson is that the enemies of Stalin had secretly prepared their seizure of power for many years, aiming for the transformation of the dictatorship of the proletariat into the dictatorship of the new bourgeoisie, the greatest damage in the history of world communism.
Even the criminal Brezhnev began his path to power, on the recommendation of Kaganovich. Once come to power, the leaders of the Soviet expelled Kaganovich from the party as a member of the " hostile party group". Who was suspected to be a Stalinist, was eliminated by the modern revisionists in one way or another.
How should Kaganovich have lead the fight against the modern revisionists? To this end, there is only one clear answer:
Kaganovich should have to follow the Stalinist-Hoxhaist way, latest after he had been expelled in 1961. However, Kaganovich didn't do this.
A revisionist degenerated party can never be turned back into a Bolshevik Party. A revisionist party needs to be smashed and on its ruins the Bolshevik Party must be re-established. That is the only correct Bolshevik way to reconquer the power of the proletariat. The Bolshevik party can not be rebuilt with the revisionists, but only in the fight against the revisionists. Of course, you also have to try to penetrate the Revisionist Party. As a Bolshevik you must "take the fortress from inside." But Kaganovich submitted his applications for accession to the revisionist party is not with the intention of weakening and decomposing the Revisionist Party from the inside, and with the aim to gain suitable members for the reconstruction of the Bolshevik Party. Kaganovich was afraid of the necessary violation of the "unity", was afraid of the inevitable split, did not practice the tactics of factionalism with the revolutionary aim of destroying the revisionist party. Lenin was a hundred times right when he used the method of split and factionalism in the case if the majority in the party was lost. And this happened not only for one time in the history of the Bolshevik Party. Kaganovich did not practice this important Leninist doctrine of the Bolshevik Party after Stalin's death. Capitulation is tantamount to betrayal because, without the restoration of the Bolshevik Party, the proletariat can never escape from the clutches of the modern revisionists, can not win the socialist revolution to overthrow the new bourgeoisie, can the dictatorship of the proletariat not be restored, can the restoration of capitalism not be transformed into the restoration of socialism, etc., etc..
All this is not done. After the death of Stalin there is no longer a Bolshevik Party in Russia. Therefore, it is very important to create a Russian Section of the Comintern (SH). These are the main lessons from Kaganovich mistakes and failures.
The Comintern (SH) is well advised to always reckon with the risk of being transformed into a revisionist International and therefore we must always be prepared for such a dangerous situation. We must always be vigilant. If the revisionists have already penetrated into our party, then it is much harder to get rid of them afterwards. If the Comintern (SH) actually would fall into the hands of neo-revisionists, then we must not repeat the mistake of Kaganovich. A revisionist degenerated Comintern (SH) must necessarily be smashed by us. And if necessary, we would have to start again from scratch for the reconstruction of the Comintern (SH). However, if we always rely on the party doctrine of the 5 classics of Marxism-Leninism, then our Bolshevik world party will ultimately remain as the winner over all kinds of revisionists.
Let's always defend the Stalinist merits of Comrade Kaganovich, but simultaneously let us never forget to learn from the mistakes that Kaganovich has committed especially after Stalin's death.
Wolfgang Eggers
Comintern (SH)
July 25, 2016
XVII Congress of the CPSU (B)
Report on the organizational problems of party and soviet construction
Construction of the subway and the plan of the city of Moscow
L. M. Kaganovich
Purging the Party
L. M. Kaganovich
This letter was published in part in the collection: J. V. Stalin, Marxism and the National and Colonial Question, Moscow 1934, pp. 172-173
To Comrade Kaganovich
and the Other Members of the Political Bureau
of the Central Committee, Ukraine C.P.(B.)
April 26, 1926
Works, Vol. 8, January-November, 1926, pp. 157-163
I have had a talk with Shumsky. It was a long talk, lasting over two hours. As you know, he is dissatisfied with the situation in the Ukraine. The reasons for his dissatisfaction may be reduced to two main points.
1. He considers that Ukrainisation is progressing far too slowly, that it is looked upon as an imposed obligation and is being carried out reluctantly and very haltingly. He considers that Ukrainian culture and the Ukrainian intelligentsia are growing at a rapid pace, and that if we do not assume control of this movement it may by-pass us. He considers that the movement should be headed by people who believe in Ukrainian culture, who are or want to be acquainted with it, who support and are capable of supporting the growing movement for Ukrainian culture. He is particularly dissatisfied with the conduct of the top leadership of the Party and trade unions in the Ukraine, which, in his opinion, is hindering Ukrainisation. He thinks that one of the principal faults of the top leadership of the Party and trade unions is that it does not draw Communists who are directly linked with Ukrainian culture into the direction of Party and trade-union work. He thinks that Ukrainisation should be carried out first of all within the ranks of the Party and among the proletariat.
2. He thinks that if these shortcomings are to be corrected, it is necessary in the first place to alter the composition of the Party and Soviet top leadership with a view to its Ukrainisation, and that only on this condition can a change of sentiment in favour of Ukrainisation be brought about among the cadres of our functionaries in the Ukraine. He proposes that Grinko should be appointed to the post of Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars and Chubar to the post of Political Secretary of the C.C., Ukr.C.P.(B.), that the composition of the Secretariat and the Political Bureau should be improved, and so forth. He thinks that unless these and similar changes are made, it will be impossible for him, Shumsky, to work in the Ukraine. He says that should the Central Committee insist, he is prepared to return to the Ukraine even if the present conditions of work are left unchanged, but he is convinced that nothing would come of it. He is particularly dissatisfied with the work of Kaganovich. He thinks that Kaganovich has succeeded in putting Party organisation work on proper lines, but he considers that the predominance of the organisational element in Comrade Kaganovich's methods renders normal work impossible. He is convinced that the effects of the organisational pressure exerted by Comrade Kaganovich in his work, of his method of relegating higher Soviet institutions and their leaders to the background, will make themselves felt within the very near future, and he cannot guarantee that these effects will not take the form of a serious conflict.
Here is my opinion.
1. As regards the first point, there is some truth in what Shumsky says. It is true that a broad movement in favour of Ukrainian culture and Ukrainian public life has begun and is spreading in the Ukraine. It is true that we must under no circumstances allow that movement to fall into the hands of elements hostile to us. It is true that a number of Communists in the Ukraine do not realise the meaning and importance of that movement and are therefore taking no steps to gain control of it. It is true that a change of sentiment must be brought about among our Party and Soviet cadres, who are still imbued with an ironical and sceptical attitude towards Ukrainian culture and Ukrainian public life. It is true that we must painstakingly select and build up cadres capable of gaining control of the new movement in the Ukraine. All that is true. Nevertheless, Shumsky commits at least two serious errors.
Firstly. He confuses Ukrainisation of the apparatus of our Party and other bodies with Ukrainisation of the proletariat. The apparatus of our Party, state and other bodies serving the population can and should be Ukrainised, a due tempo in this matter being observed. But it is impossible to Ukrainise the proletariat from above. It is impossible to compel the mass of the Russian workers to give up the Russian language and Russian culture and accept the Ukrainian culture and language as their own. That would be contrary to the principle of the free development of nationalities. It would not be national freedom, but a peculiar form of national oppression. There can be no doubt that with the industrial development of the Ukraine and the influx into industry of Ukrainian workers from the surrounding countryside, the composition of the Ukrainian proletariat will change. There can be no doubt that the composition of the Ukrainian proletariat will become Ukrainised, just as the composition of the proletariat in Latvia or Hungary, say, which was at one time German in character, subsequently became Latvianised or Magyarised. But this is a lengthy, spontaneous and natural process. To attempt to replace this spontaneous process by the forcible Ukrainisation of the proletariat from above would be a utopian and harmful policy, one capable of stirring up anti-Ukrainian chauvinism among the non-Ukrainian sections of the proletariat in the Ukraine. It seems to me that Shumsky has a wrong idea of Ukrainisation and does not take this latter danger into account.
Secondly. While quite rightly stressing the positive character of the new movement in the Ukraine in favour of Ukrainian culture and Ukrainian public life, Shumsky fails to see its seamy side. Shumsky fails to see that, in view of the weakness of the indigenous communist cadres in the Ukraine, this movement, which is very frequently led by non-communist intellectuals, may here and there assume the character of a struggle to alienate Ukrainian culture and public life from general Soviet culture and public life, the character of a struggle against "Moscow" in general, against the Russians in general, against Russian culture and its highest achievement—Leninism. I shall not stop to prove that this is becoming an increasingly real danger in the Ukraine. I only want to say that even certain Ukrainian Communists are not free from such defects. I have in mind such a generally known fact as the article of the Communist Khvilevoy in the Ukrainian press. Khvilevoy's demand for the "immediate de-Russification of the proletariat" in the Ukraine, his opinion that "Ukrainian poetry must get away from Russian literature and its style as fast as possible," his statement that "the ideas of the proletariat are known to us without Moscow art," his infatuation with the idea that the "young" Ukrainian intelligentsia has some kind of Messianic role to play, his ludicrous and non-Marxist attempt to divorce culture from politics—all this and much else like it sounds (cannot but sound!) more than strange nowadays coming from the mouth of a Ukrainian Communist. At a time when the proletarians of Western Europe and their Communist Parties are in sympathy with "Moscow," this citadel of the international revolutionary movement and of Leninism, at a time when the proletarians of Western Europe look with admiration at the flag that flies over Moscow, the Ukrainian Communist Khvilevoy has nothing better to say in favour of "Moscow" than to call on the Ukrainian leaders to get away from "Moscow" "as fast as possible." And that is called internationalism! What is to be said of other Ukrainian intellectuals, those of the non-communist camp, if Communists begin to talk, and not only to talk but even to write in our Soviet press, in the language of Khvilevoy? Shumsky does not realise that we can gain control of the new movement in the Ukraine in favour of Ukrainian culture only by combating extremes like Khvilevoy's in the communist ranks. Shumsky does not realise that only by combating such extremes can the rising Ukrainian culture and public life be converted into a Soviet culture and public life.
2. Shumsky is right when he asserts that the top leadership (Party and other) in the Ukraine should be Ukrainian. But he is mistaken about the tempo. And that is the main thing just now. He forgets that there are not enough purely Ukrainian Marxist cadres for this as yet. He forgets that such cadres cannot be created artificially. He forgets that such cadres can be reared only in the process of work, and that this requires time. . . . What would be the effect of appointing Grinko to the post of Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars at this moment? How might such a step be assessed by the Party in general and the Party cadres in particular? Will they not take it to imply that our line is to depreciate the weight and prestige of the Council of People's Commissars? For it cannot be concealed from the Party that Grinko's Party and revolutionary standing is considerably lower than Chubar's. Can we take such a step now, in the present period of the revitalisation of the Soviets and of increasing weight and prestige of the Soviet bodies? Would it not be better, both in the interest of our work and in the interest of Grinko himself, to forego such plans for the time being? I am in favour of the Secretariat and Political Bureau of the C.C., Ukr.C.P.(B.), as well as the top Soviet bodies, being reinforced with Ukrainian elements. But it is wrong to represent matters as if there were no Ukrainians in the leading organs of the Party and Soviets. What about Skrypnik and Zatonsky, Chubar and Petrovsky, Grinko and Shumsky—are they not Ukrainians? Shumsky's mistake is that, while his perspective is correct, he disregards the question of tempo. And tempo is now the main thing.
With communist greetings,
J. Stalin
To Kaganovich, Molotov.
Pravda fell flat on its face with its articles about the trial of the Zinovievites and Trotskyites. Pravda failed to produce a single article that provided a Marxist explanation of the process of degradation of these scum, their sociopolitical complexion, and their real platform. It reduced everything to the personal element, to the notion that there are evil people who want to seize power and there are good people who hold power, and fed this paltry mush to the public.
The articles should have said that the struggle against Stalin, Voroshilov, Molotov, Zhdanov, Kosior, and others is a struggle against the Soviets, a struggle against collectivization, against industrialization, a struggle, consequently, to restore capitalism in the towns and villages of the USSR. Because Stalin and the other leaders are not isolated individuals but the personification of all the victories of socialism in the USSR, the personification of collectivization, industrialization, and the blossoming of culture in the USSR, consequently, the personification of the efforts of workers, peasants, and the working intelligentsia for the defeat of capitalism and the triumph of socialism.
They should have said that whoever fights against the party and the government in the USSR stands for the defeat of socialism and the restoration of capitalism.
They should have said that talk that the Zinovievites and Trotskyites have no platform is a fraud on the part of these scum and a self-deception by our comrades. These scum had a platform. The gist of their platform was the defeat of socialism in the USSR and the restoration of capitalism. It wasn't to these scum's advantage to talk openly about such a platform. Hence their claim that they don't have a platform, which our bumblers took at face value.
They should have said, finally, that the degradation of these scum to the level of White Guards and fascists is a logical outgrowth of their moral decline as opposition leaders in the past. As far back as the X party congress, Lenin said that if a faction or factions persist in their errors in their struggle against the party, under the Soviet system they will, without fail, slide down to the level of White Guardism, the defense of capitalism, a struggle against the Soviets, and must, without fail, merge with the enemies of Soviet rule. This proposition by Lenin has now been brilliantly confirmed. But Pravda, unfortunately, failed to make use of it. That is the spirit and direction in which agitation should have been conducted in the press. All this unfortunately has been missed.
Nos. 29 and 30
6 September 1936
September 6, 1936 (Sent from Sochi on 6 September at 4:05 a.m. (RGASPI, f. 558, op. II, d. 94, l. 31.))
Address to the Solemn Meeting on the Opening of the L. M. Kaganovich Metro
14th May, 1935
Comrades, wait! Do not applaud in advance, said Stalin jokingly, – you do not yet know what I am going to say to you. (Laughter and applause).
I have two corrections dictated by the comrades sitting right here. (Comrade Stalin made a large sweep of the hall with his hand). The matter can be presented as follows.
The Party and the State have given decorations for the success of the construction of the Moscow Metro, the first with the Order of Lenin, the second with the Order of the Red Star, the third with the Order of the Red Flag of Labour, the fourth with the Charter of the Central Committee of Soviets.
But here is the question. What to do with the others, what to do with the comrades who worked just as hard as those who have been decorated, who have put as much into their work with their ability and strength? Some among you seem to be happy and others are perplexed. What should we do? That is the question.
Therefore, we want to repair this mistake of the Party and of the State in the face of all honest people. (Laughter and lively applause). I am not an amateur in making long speeches, therefore allow me to expound on the corrections.
First correction: for the successful work of the Metro construction, congratulations on behalf of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the U.S.S.R., to the shock workers, the whole collective of mechanics, technicians, working men and women of the Metro construction. (The hall greets the propositions of Comrade Stalin with cheers and a loud ovation – all rise).
Even today, it is necessary to correct our mistake by congratulating the workers of the construction of the Metro (applause). Do not applaud me: it is the decision of all the comrades.
And the second correction, I tell you it directly. For the particular merits in the cause of mobilization, deserved by the Komsomols in the successful construction of the Moscow Metro, I decorate with the Order of Lenin, the organization of Komsomols of Moscow. (More applause and ovations. Smiling, Comrade Stalin applauds with all the people assembled in the Hall of Collonades). It is also necessary to correct this mistake today and publish it tomorrow. (Holding up the paper of corrections, Comrade Stalin addressed the audience simply and warmly). Perhaps, Comrades, it is a small thing, but we have not been able to invent anything better.
If we could do something else, go ahead, tell us!
Saluting the workers and builders of the Metro, the director leaves the tribune. The operators of the concrete mixers, the shaft sinkers from the mines, the welders, the engineers, the foremen, the professors, the working men and women, happy people, leave the hall filled with joy, applauding and shouting "Hurrah for beloved Stalin!"
In the sixth row, a young girl in a pink sweater stood up on a chair and addressing herself to the presidents, shouted with emotion, "A Komsomol Hurrah for Comrade Stalin!"
The ovation continued for several minutes, and when finally the cheering stopped, Comrade Stalin asked the assembly once again "What do you think? Are these enough corrections?"
And again the hall responded with a lively ovation.
15 May 1935
To the Collective of the Constructors of the Moscow Underground
January, 1944
I congratulate the men and women workers and the technical engineering workers of the construction of the Moscow Underground; the Order of Lenin is av/arded them for their successful achievements during the difficult conditions of war, the construction of the third section of the Moscow Underground.
The construction of the Underground in the conditions of war is not only of economic and cultural significance, but also of defensive significance. The Party and the Government greatly appreciate the self-sacrificing work of the Underground construction workers.
I express the firm conviction that in the future the builders of the Underground will, by their heroic work and the intensity of their efforts, ensure the realization of the task of the State Committee for Defence - the completion of the fourth section of the Moscow Underground.
I wish the utmost success to the Collective of the Moscow Underground Construction.
J. Stalin
Речь НКПС Л.М. Кагановича
Выступление народного комиссара путей сообщения Лазаря Моисеевича Кагановича на празднование дня железнодорожника в 1938 году (кадры из фильма "Честь").
Lazar' Kaganovich speaks at Sergey Kirov funeral
Lazar Kaganovich and Joseph stalin
Речь Л.Кагановича (советская кинохроника)


text: Burgundy.io generates new words, but no banal syllable-musher is this. It uses a recurrent neural network to find uncannily English-sounding terms. The results are quite periper, with a burledish sense of humor, and the best of them take on a laventine quality. The minimalist web design is a bit anterine, though. Read the rest


text:
Ogbo Awoke Ogbo
Travelling once between Warri and Patani, I drove into one of those malfeasant police roadblocks – a stupid colonial vestige that my historian friend traced back to the "resurrected Glover Hausas" of the 1860s. British colonist, Lt. Glover, conscripted 18 freed Hausa slaves of the Northern Province and constituted them into a local brute force called "Glover Hausas" or "Glover's Forty Thieves." That was the unsanitary origin of the "Nigerian Army" and Nigerian Police Force."
In other parts of the world, they are simply called "The Police." In Nigeria they added "Force" to it. And that defines their pervading mentality of force, brute, disrespect of the citizens, slap, shoot, reckless driving on the road, punish, incarcerate without due process.
Anyway, they asked me to park my car. I did. By the time one of them peeped through my car window to ask their usual "wey your particulars," the local gin that oozed from his mouth and nostrils nearly anesthetized me. They were seven. All armed.
"Oga, your paper no complete." (Meaning: your vehicle papers aren't complete.)
"Really?" I asked, because my vehicles papers were and are always complete. "Which of them is missing?"
"Certificate of entitle (sic) … wey your certificate of entitle?"
All my life, I'd never heard about a vehicle license document called "certificate of entitle."
I made a quick situational calculation: this was a forested and lonely area. It was already getting late. I had money and other valuables in the car. (Those who live in Nigeria would understand the trepidation.) And here were seven drunk policemen asking me for a non-existent document just to anchor extortion. This was no time to argue.
I reached into my pocket and brought out a wad of cash, held it up. "Officer, is this the certificate of entitle?"
"Of course, yes!" he screamed gleefully. "Carry go!"
I'm alive to tell, thankfully.
My point: it's dangerous out there. If you don't want to encounter them, lock up yourself and stay indoors.
There are also armed robbers and kidnappers along notorious highways. Many citizens are languishing in kidnapper dens in the forests and abandoned buildings in the city. You might be a victim, even though the odds of getting kidnapped in Nigeria are 1 in 200 million. So, stay indoors, and be safe! Don't go out to look for food for your family or hustle for your children's school fees. Keep safe!
Have you nursed the ambition to start your own business? The odds of a business, surviving the first 12 months in this crazy economy, is one in thousands. As at 2013, the Small and Medium Enterprises Development Agency of Nigeria (SMEDAN) and National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) survey revealed over 37 million MSMEs in Nigeria, mostly in the informal sector.
Those are 37 million hustlers unleashed in the streets everyday! That represents 37 million "red ocean" competitors to your new business idea! You'd better not start yours because they will eat your lunch. Your odds of failing within the first 3 months are high. Not to talk about multiple taxation demons you'd attract if you dared register your company and open doors for business. Stay indoors and be free from these troubles! Don't start anything. Besides, you're still young. There's still time.
Even at that, finding capital is hard. Borrowing from the banks is suicidal. I still haven't finished settling my own bad loans with two banks. It's hard dealing with bank debt collectors. They won't let you sleep. They'll call, email and visit your house and office at odd hours. You don't want all that stress, do you? Better stay indoors and watch the League … if you have electricity.
The moment your head pops up in a coconut plantation, something will fall on it. The moment you hit the streets, anything could happen. Anything you didn't plan or negotiate for.
The moment you speak up against evil and injustice, the powers that be will come after you. They'll put a bullet through your head. They did it to Luther King Jr. They did it to Dele Giwa. They did it to Saro Wiwa.
Or they'll put you away and silence you for 27 years. They did it to Mandela. You can't afford 27 years of excommunication, can you? So, you'd better shut up, tiptoe into your bedroom and quietly curl under your warm blankets. Stay there! Conform and let your years roll quietly by.
And don't forget to keep your children indoors! Don't send them to school unless it's a walking distance from your sitting room to the classroom. Don't even send them to school. They might be bullied. They might be sexually harassed by fellow students or the staff of the school.
They might hurt themselves while playing in the school field. And they might be psychologically traumatized if other children trounce them in the exams. Keep them at home. Tuck them neatly and safely under their bedsheets and turn off their lights. Make sure you surround them with soft and fluffy teddy bears. Lower the lights and the blinds because a burglar might see them through the windows.
How about your beautiful wife? Don't let her out of the house! Restrict her movement between the kitchen and the "other room." She's very beautiful; the eyes of all those randy men out in the streets must not see her. Or they might admire her or even fantasize her in their arms. She herself might be up to something that you may never find out. Lock her up in the house.
Isn't it strange that God asks man to be strong? Not once or twice but throughout Scripture. Isn't it God's business to be strong? How can He "command" man to be strong? One of my most surprising Scriptures was when God told the motley Israelites wandering the desert, "I have given into your hand Sihon the Amorite, king of Heshbon, and his country. Begin to take possession of it and engage him in battle." Deuteronomy 2:24!
Wait! You've given me something… and you tell me to go fight for it! God's ways are just not our ways. And that's where too many of God's children miss the ascent to life. If you are not strong, you'll never succeed at anything in this life. You cannot survive office politics. You cannot survive family intrigues. You cannot survive the economy. You cannot survive criticisms – wish you knew how many times I'm criticized in a day! And you cannot fulfill your ministry or destiny … if you are not strong.
Jesus commanded the disciples not to rush out and begin engaging the world until they were endued with "power from on High." The young Virgin Mary was told that "the power of the Most High will overshadow" her – to bring about the impossible through her.
You need power – His power – to succeed in your marriage, business, ministry, and career. The world is rough place. But He promised to be with you throughout your life's journey. Emmanuel – God with us. And because He is with you, terror is a myth. Fear is irrelevant – fear of something evil befalling you when you step out to do something courageous. His presence preserves.
One of my most cherished Roosevelt quotes is this one:
"The credit belongs to those who are actually in the arena, who strive valiantly; who know the great enthusiasm, the great devotions, and spend themselves in a worthy cause; who at their best, know the triumph of high achievement; and who, at the worst, if they fail, fail while daring greatly, so that their place shall never be with those cold and timid souls who know neither victory nor defeat."
Ninety-eight percent of humanity are indoor stay-safers … "cold and timid souls who know neither victory nor defeat." Because they never attempted anything harder than lifting a finger. They never put up a fight for their destiny. They never go the extra mile, never persevere with tenacity until God's promises are manifest in them. They give up too soon. They blame everything and everyone but themselves for their failures and low lives.
I pray that you're not one of those "cold and timid souls who know neither victory nor defeat." If you are, I wouldn't want you anywhere 300 feet near me. Stay indoors.
In the meantime, I love you. Stay healthy, wealthy and wise!
In the meantime, I love you. Stay healthy, wealthy and wise!


text:
Micro Class-D
Class-D AMP
Ribbon Speaker
Measurement Mic.
Mini Subwoofer
25 W Power amp
▪ NEW Home Theater
▪ Current projects
▪ Finished
Ribbon Speakers
▪ Subwoofers
▪ Main page
Contact: e-mail
Updated 00-09-03
This project has been started in order to try out the principles of
building an active subwoofer. As I would rather make mistakes on a small scale, I decided
to build a small version first using a small 6,5 inch Peerless speaker I once bought on a
sale (thinking it would come in handy one day).
The subwoofer is housed in a 10,5 l sealed cabinet of heavy MFD
plates. The subwoofer uses the small 25 amplifier to power it, and a small electronic
equalizer which extends the output down to 32 Hz.
This is of cause not a "THX ultra" rated subwoofer and it
will not shake the foundation, but it is though suited for many purposes anyway, and is
not smaller than some commercially available types, used for smaller satellite systems.
The circuits and principles shown here can readily be used for
constructing a larger sub-woofer which can deliver the bass foundation of your dreams!
Peerless CSC Series 850116 176 WR 33 90 SD 8 ohm
Technical Specifications:
8 ohm
143 cm2
6.1 ohm
28.5 l
1.5 mH
36.7 Hz
85.5 db
Max Power
18.5 g
Simulation of the woofer in a 10.5 l sealed enclosure.
As you can see there are usable output down to about 50 Hz which is not too bad but not
good enough to be called a sub-woofer. (Simulation made with PCLoud4).
The parameters for the system is using filling (Rockwool or
The equalizer used here has been presented by J.E Benson and W.
Marshall Leach Jr. members of AES [1] and dates back to the late 70'th.
Theoretically the overall resonance frequency of the system using a
sealed enclosure and the electronic equalizer can be found by:
Using the figures found by the simulation program we
get a new fc = 44.5 Hz, which is a lot better than without the equalizer. The combined
system will have the of a 4. order Butterworth system (bass reflex) with a 24 db/octave
roll off compared with the sealed systems 12 db/octave roll off.
You can for sure find speakers that are better suited
for this kind of system, but this system is not intended as a main sub for THX system and
an fc of 44.5 Hz is actually not bad at all.
There are no magic here the physical laws still exists,
and the speaker still have to move a lot of air to give a high output at low frequencies.
What we get is the possibility to use a smaller enclosure on the expense of having to use
a larger amplifier! Today this is really not a problem, and you'll see more and more
commercially system like the Sunfire True Sub and systems from Velodyne using a relative
small speaker with extreme stroke capability in very small enclosures, powered by a class
D amplifier of more than 1000 Watt.
Back to our system here we can see that we get an extra
gain at 45 Hz of around 3 db which is really not that much and will not require a colossal
amplifier, so we can still go for the use of the small 25 W amplifier posted on these
The circuit is based on three opamps configured as two
2. order high pass filters and a modified differential amp.
The components are straight forward to find using the equations
Using the figures fond by the simulation program and choosing R5 to
be 10 k ohm we get the following values (closest 1% values):
The components can be calculated using this Excel file
A speaker in a sealed box can be simulated in PSpice together with
the bass equalizer. The bass speaker in a sealed enclosure can be simulated as a second
order high pass filter. I have used a Sallen Key configuration for the simulation:
The components can be calculated using the following equations:
Using the Qts and Fc for the Peerless speaker in a 10.5 l box, and
using C = 680 nF gives:
The Spice simulation of the speaker in the sealed box looks quite
the same as was found by the PCLoud simulation tool:
-3 db is at 55,8 Hz exactly as predicted by PCLoud.
The simulation of the whole system can be seen at the figure below:
The red line is the frequency response of the equalizer and the
green line is the result of the whole system (speaker in box + equalizer). -3 db is at 45
Hz as predicted.
The PSpice file for simulating Equalizer #1 can be downloaded
In electronics World February 2000 [2] another equalizer was
presented. It only uses one op-amp but has the ability to lower the resonance frequency
almost arbitrary and even when you can also decide on the Q yourself!!! This seams to be a
bit of a wonder circuit.
The circuit has two break frequencies one at Fc and one at Fe. The
circuit can successfully compensate for the peak at Fc caused by a high Qtc. The roll off
under Fe is only of second order as is the case for the sealed box alone. For equalizer
the roll off is of fourth order, the same as for a bass reflex (vented) box. As the roll
off is only of second order the output will still be reasonable at quite low frequencies.
Don't choose the cut off frequency Fe too low, do remember that the physical laws still
works, and a normal 6,5" speaker is not capable of playing 20 Hz tones at crescendo
levels. If you choose a very low cut off frequency you'll not be able to play anything at
a reasonable level, as the speaker will start hitting the back plate with danger of
damaging the speaker and your mood (this doesn't sound good). As a rule of thumb don't
choose the cut off frequency lower than stated in the table below. Of cause there are
speakers which are of the "long throw" types which are capable of quite long
membrane movements (often denoted as Xmax). For such speakers you can choose lower cut off
frequency. No matter what, you can always try it all out, to change the cut off frequency,
is just a matter of changing 9 passive components. It of cause also depends on both the
number of speakers used and the purpose. For a THX system you really want the possibility
of a high output but as a small sub for your computer you don't need much output at all.
The components for the second equalizer circuit can be calculated
from the following equations. Decide on the lower 3 db point Fe (we = 2 p Fe), the overall Qe and use Ra as
input (start with 10k ohm).
In practice k must be larger than zero which means
Using standard components the -3 db is at 32,4 Hz (we aimed at
30 Hz) and the gain of the filter at this frequency is 8,9 db (see the the figure above,
the red line is the total system and the green line is the equalizer alone). At 20 Hz the
gain is 12 db.
The components used in the simulation:
To get close to the required 62 nF for CB I've used two standard
capacitors in parallel.
Choosing the equalizer
Seeing these results and looking at the versatility of this circuit,
I find it hard not choose second equalizer over the first equalizer presented!
For the most "normal" speakers I would choose the second
equalizer for the following reasons:
In some cases I would choose the first equalizer. As an example take
the new Peerless 10" XLS speaker. A speaker specially made for active subwoofer use
in larger systems (in build a bit similar to the speakers used by Sunfire True Sub and
Velodyne). The speaker has an extensive membrane movement capability (Xmax lin = 2,5 cm ~1
Put this 10" speaker in a 5 l sealed box, use the first
equalizer and get a flat response down to 11 Hz. Bellow 11 Hz the response will fall with
24 db / octave (fourth order), which I would prefer over the 12 db / octave roll off the
second Eq would give, a small protection for all it is worth.
By the way this speaker is more than just interesting, and I'll try
it out as my next subwoofer project. But as it requires a 28 db gain at 20 Hz, it will
require no less than 6300 W to get 100 db output at 20 Hz (not counting in the room
effect)!!!! So a speaker like this will need a little more than my 25 W mini amp!
The input circuit consist of a summing amp to allow a stereo input
to the sub. The input signal can be provided both by a line level from a dedicated
subwoofer output on the preamp or an extra preamp output, or by speaker level taken from
the speaker terminals on the amplifier.
The signal passes a first order high pass filter C1, C2, P1 which
cuts away undesired DC levels on the input. A low pass filter consisting of R3, R4, C3
cuts off frequencies above 10 kHz which is of no use in this construction and would only
bring instability and noise. The summing amp inverts the signal.
The lower cut off frequency can be calculated by:
With the given components this gives a fn = 22,7 Hz. This is ok for
this small speaker but for a larger sub you'll need to get a lower fn using larger C1 and
C2 (2,2uF gives fn = 10,3 Hz).
From the summing amp the signals goes into a second order low pass
filter, which cuts off frequencies that are handled by the main speakers.
I have chosen a second order filter, as this will match a sealed box
roll off characteristic. If you are using the circuit together with a vented system then
just close the vent (roll a couple of socks and pluck them in the port/vent), this will
give you a sealed box instead.
The filter is the well known Sallen Key filter, for which the
components can be bound by:
Where R1 = R2 = R.
For a Butterworth response Q = 0,707
We would like to be able to shift fc from lets say 30 to 160 Hz with
80 Hz as the center frequency.
With fc = 80 and R1 = R2 = 10k we get C1 = 282,5 nF and C2 = 140,1
These are not standard but can be obtained by using capacitors in
C1 = 100 nF // 150 nF // 33 nF = 282 nF
C2 = 68 nF // 68 nF // 4,7 nF = 140,7 nF
Now by making R variable we can shift Fc. We'll use a 5 k resistor
in series with a 22 k lin potentiometer for R
P2 is used for adjusting the cut-off frequency. By using a 5 kohm
resistor in series with the 22 kohm linear potentiometer the cut-off frequency can be
adjusted between 30 and 160 Hz. By using a linear potentiometer the cut-off scale is
almost logarithmic. On the figure bellow the cut-off frequency has been calculated as a
function of the potentiometer position (blue curve). The purple line equal the logarithm
of the cut-off frequency, for the scale to be logarithmic the line must be linear
(straight). As can be seen this is not far from being true.
If you are using other components you can use the excel sheet for
calculations, just press here to get it.
The circuit includes a phase inverter, in order to make a better
match with the main speakers that will be placed at a distant from the sub therefore
introducing a delay or phase shift. The phase match is especially important in the cross
over region to get a flat frequency response. The phase inverter is of cause a bit crude
in the sense that only two settings are possible, an adjustable all pass filter would be
far better, but less simple and must therefore wait till another time! You can do a lot in
sense of matching by physically placing the sub in the most optimal way.
Some adjustment must be foreseen!
The circuit for the inverter is straight forward.
The equalizer circuit will normally be build in together with the
power amplifier in the sub it self, and the easiest way to power the circuit is of cause
to connect it to the power amplifiers power supply. Op-amps only handles up to 15-18 VDC
and an regulator is therefore necessary, this will also reduce the noise somewhat. The
regulator is build around two transistors and some passive components. It is quite basic,
reducing the number of components, and does not use feed back. We could have used an
integrated circuit such as the LM78xx/LM79xx series but the presented circuit is cheaper
and just as good for this purpose.
R12 and R13 must be calculated to match the input voltage from the
power amp:
To get a stable voltage over the zenner diode we need some thing
like 2 mA running through it so R12 = R13 = (Vin - 10V) / 2 mA
When using the 25 W amp Vin is 25,5 V and R12 and R13 is therefore
7,75 k ohm (~7k87 as 1%).
A simulation of the power supply was conducted, using +-25,5 VDC as
input but with an 2 V AC signal superimposes. The load was put to 500 ohm between Vcc/Vss
and Gnd (which resembles a n output of +-20mA). As can be seen below the signal was
reduced by 62,5 db above 30 Hz for the negative side and by 75,5 db for the positive side.
This is not best possible result, but it's quite respectable and good enough for this
application. Remember that the op-amps are quite insensitive to PSU imposed noise, and the
relative low gain of the circuit together with the relative high input signals (line
level) no hum should be detectable due to the PSU. Better results could be obtained by
using transistors with higher Hfe.
Here is a simulation of the whole circuit + the simulation of the
woofer. The resulting system is the orange line V(23). The -3 db points lays at about 33
and 85 Hz, quite close to predicted.
It is seen that the low frequency roll off is of 3. order. This is
because the overall equalizer gives a 2. order roll off but the input capacitor C1/C2
gives an additional 1. order roll off.
* R1 and R2 can be calculated when the output power of the connected
power amp is known use the Excel sheet (Input mixer) to find the
needed value. In the case of the 25 W amp R1 = R2 = 133k.
** C10 and C11 must be chosen to withstand the input voltage. With
the 25 W amp chose 35V.
*** A double op-amp has been chosen because there are a lot of types
to choose from (compared to quad or single), if you want to experiment. TL072 is not the
best op-amp but for this use it is a good choice.
To get the Spice simulation file click
Picture of the pcb with components.
The PCB layout is available in post script and HP Laser Jet
compatible printer file (can also be printed on HP Deskjet printers).
When printing the PRN files, just write:
copy "filename".prn lpt1
in a dos command window. This will copy the file to your printer (if
it is connected to lpt1 ..... most likely).
The enclosure is build with dimensions as a cube. The woofer is
firing downwards, facing a bottom plate instead of the floor itself. The bottom plate
provides protection to the speaker under transport. The enclosure is made of MDF which I
think is both easy to work with (you can have it cut for you at the hardware store) and as
it is quite heavy it also sounds quite good.
The box is glued together, only the bottom plate is fastened with
screws, to allow removal. Make sure the box is completely air tight as this is paramount
in order to make it work as predicted.
The mini-sub has now been tested, and it has become clear that the
small 6.5" woofer needs more than 25 watt to perform properly. The small amp simply
is not capable of delivering the voltage needed to drive the digraph to the limits. One
should also remember that we have boosted the lowest frequencies by some 12 db's. The
woofer and equalization circuit was tested with a 150 W power amplifier and now the small
woofer was actually capable of quite a lot of bass. A single 6.5" woofer will never
be able to support a THX system but it with a little more power than the 25 W amp it is
capable of supporting a small satellite speaker set.
I think that if the woofer itself was more efficient and maybe
somewhat larger like a 10" woofer, the 25 W amp would actually be quite enough.
This leaves me with the question of getting more power out of the
mini-amp design! I'll get working on that. I think that it could be modified quite easily
to give something like 75 -100 W quite easily, but it would of cause raise the cost as
well, not least for the power supply. ....... stay posted!
W. Marshall
Leach Jr: Active Equalization of Closed-Box Loudspeaker Systems. JEAS 1981, Volume 29,
Number 6.


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Gabdo, B., Mansor, M., Kamal, H., Ilmas, A. (2017). Robust Efficiency and Output Elasticity of Broiler Production in Peninsular Malaysia.
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
, 19(3), 525-539.
B. H. Gabdo; M. I. Mansor; H. A. W. Kamal; A. M. Ilmas. "Robust Efficiency and Output Elasticity of Broiler Production in Peninsular Malaysia".
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
, 19, 3, 2017, 525-539.
Gabdo, B., Mansor, M., Kamal, H., Ilmas, A. (2017). 'Robust Efficiency and Output Elasticity of Broiler Production in Peninsular Malaysia',
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
, 19(3), pp. 525-539.
Gabdo, B., Mansor, M., Kamal, H., Ilmas, A. Robust Efficiency and Output Elasticity of Broiler Production in Peninsular Malaysia.
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
, 2017; 19(3): 525-539.
Robust Efficiency and Output Elasticity of Broiler Production in Peninsular Malaysia
Article 3
Volume 19, Issue 3
, May and June 2017
, Page
Document Type: Research Paper
B. H. Gabdo
M. I. Mansor
H. A. W. Kamal
A. M. Ilmas
Institute of Agricultural and Food Policy Studies, Putra Infoport, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Receive Date
08 July 2015
Revise Date
10 February 2016
Accept Date
27 August 2016
This study investigates issues on efficiency and elasticity of broiler production in Peninsular Malaysia. Data from 296 broiler farms were subjected to SFA, DEA and bootstrap methods for technical efficiency; Translog and Tobit regression analyses to estimate elasticity of production and determinants of efficiency respectively in broiler production. We found that farmers produce mean efficiency of 94, 95 and 97% with robust for small, medium and large scale farms respectively. Apart from inefficiency, we also found evidence that minimal bias/noise exists in broiler production. Relative to output elasticity, we observed an inelastic relationship in feeds but an elastic relationship in DOC, medications and utilities. Most of the socio-economic attributes (experience, age, education, business status and number of farms) show highly significant statistical relationship with efficiency and with appropriate signs. To ensure production at higher marginal returns and lower marginal costs, farms operating under increasing returns to scale should scale-up production while those producing at decreasing returns to scale need to scale-down production. The study also advocates to farmers to embrace adequate training/better education, contract farming and ownership of fewer number of farms in order to enhance efficiency, productivity and sustainability of the broiler industry.
Main Subjects
Agricultural Economics
1. Aigner, D. J., Lovell, C. A. K. and Schmidt, P. 1977. Formulation and Estimation of Stochastic Frontier Production Function Models. J. Econ., 6:21-37.
2. Alabi, R. A. and Aruna, M. B. 2005. Technical Efficiency of Family Poultry Production in Niger-Delta. J. Central Eur. Agric., 6(4): 531-538.
3. Ariffin, A. S., Mohtar, S. and Baluch, N. 2014. Broiler Industry with Emphasis on Short Supply Chain in Malaysia. Proceeding of International Conference on Technology and Operations Management, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia PP. 34-46.
4. Battese, G. E. and Coelli, T. J. 1995. A Model for Technical Inefficiency Effects In A Stochastic Frontier Production Function For Panel Data. Empirical Econ., 20: 325-332.
5. Begum, I. A. Buysse, J., Alam, M. J. and Van Huylenbroeck, G. 2010. Technical, Allocative and Economic Efficiency of Commercial Poultry Farms in Bangladesh. World Poult. Sci. J., 66:465-476.
6. Bielik, P. and Rajcaniova, M. 2004. Scale Efficiency of Agricultural Enterprises in Slovakia. Agric. Econs. -Czech, 50(8): 331-335.
7. Chang, H. S. 2007. Overview of the World Broiler Industry: Implications for the Philippines. Asian J. Agric. Dev., 4(2): 67-82.
8. Coelli, T. J. 1995. Recent Developments in Frontier Modelling and Efficiency Measurement. Australian J. Agric. Econ., 39(03).
9. Corzo, A. C., Fritts, A., Kidd, M. T. and Kerr, B. J. 2005. Response of Broiler Chicks to Essential and Non-essential Amino Acid Supplementation of Low Crude Protein Diets. Anim. Feed. Sci. Tech., 118: 319-327.
10. Darsi, E., Shivazad, M., Zaghari, M., Namroud, N. F. and Mohammadi, R. 2012. Effects of Reduced Dietary Crude Protein Levels on Growth Performance, Plasma Uric Acid and Electrolyte Concentration of Male Broiler Chicks. J. Agr. Sci. Tech., 14: 789-797.
11. DVS. 2012. Department of Veterinary Services Malaysia: Statistics. http://www.dvs.gov.my/ststistik.
12. Esfahene, M. J. and Khazae, J. 2000. A Study on Efficiency of Broiler Farms in South Khorasan Province. Agric. Econ. Res., 2(4): 185-190.
13. Emokaro, C. O. and Emokpae, O. P. 2014. Technical Efficiency and Production Elasticity of Broiler Producers in Edo State, Nigeria. Appl. Trop. Agric., 14(1): 59-65.
14. Ezeh C. I., Anyiro C. O., Chucku J. A. 2012. Technical Efficiency of Family Poultry Broiler Production in Umahia Capital Territory of Abia State, Nigeria. Greener J. Agric. Sci., 2(1): 1-7.
15. Gocht, A. and Balcombe, K. 2006. Ranking Efficiency Units in DEA Using Bootstrapping an Applied Analysis for Slovenian Farm Data. J. Agric. Econ., 35: 223-229.
16. FAO. 1996. Rome Declaration on World Food Security. World Food Summit, Rome (Available at: www.fao.org/docrep/003/w3613e/w3613eoo.htm).
17. FAO. 2010. Smallholder Poultry Production-Livelihoods, Food Security and Socio-cultural Significance. (Eds.): Kryger, K. N., Thomsen, K. A., Whyte, M. A. and Dissing, M. FAO Smallholder Poultry Production Paper No: 4.
18. DSM. 2014. Department of Statistic Malaysia, Malaysia Population. www.tradingeconomics.com/malaysia/population.
19. Meeusen, W. and Vanden Broeck, J. 1977. Efficiency Estimation from Cobb-Douglass Production Functions with Composed Error. Int. Econ. Rev., 18: 435-444.
20. Nguyen, T. D. N., Nguyen, T. T. H. and Phung, G. H. 2011. Enhancing Coordination in Chicken Production in Yen the District, Bac Giang Province, Vietnam. J. ISSAAS, 17(2): 104-116.
21. Ojo, S. O. 2003. Productivity and Technical Efficiency of Poultry Egg Production in Nigeria. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 2(6): 459-464.
22. Ravindran, V. 2013. FAO Poultry Development Review. Poultry Feed Availability and Nutrition in Developing Countries: Main Ingredients Used in Poultry Feed Formulations. http://www.fao.org/ docrep/013/al706e/ al706e00.pdf (Accessed July 28 2013).
23. Sharafat, A. 2013. Estimation of Resource-Use Efficiency in Broiler Farms: A Marginal Analysis Approach. Global J. Fin. Bank., 7(7):1-8.
24. Simar, L. and Wilson, P. W. 2000b. A General Methodology for Bootstrapping in Non-parametric Frontier Models. J. Appl. Stat., 27(6): 779-802.
25. Simar, L. and Wilson, P. W. 1998. Sensitivity Analysis of Efficiency Scores: How to Bootstrap in Non-parametric Frontier Models. Manage. Sci., 44(1): 49-61.
26. Simar, L. and Wilson, P. W. 2000a. Statistical Inference in Non-Parametric Frontier Models: The State of the Art. J. Prod. Anal., 13: 49-78.
27. Todsadee, A., Kameyama, H., Ngamsomsuk, K. and Yamauchi, K. 2012. Production Efficiency of Broiler Farming in Thailand: A Stochastic Frontier Approach. J. Agric. Sci., 4(12): 221-231.
28. Udoh, E. J. and Etim, N. A. 2009. Measurement of Farm Level Efficiency of Broiler Production in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. World of Agric. Sci., 5(S): 832-836.
29. Ukwuaba, S. I. and Inoni, O. E. 2012. Resource-Use Efficiency in Smallholder Broiler Production in Oshimili North Local Government Area, Delta State. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 11(11): 700-705.
30. Yusef, S.A. and Malomo, O. 2007. Technical Efficiency of Poultry Egg Production in Ogun State: A Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) Approach. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 6(9): 622-629.
31. Zaghari, M. 2009. Evaluation of Using Phytase Nutrient Equivalency Values for Layer Hens and Broiler Chickens. J. Agr. Sci. Tech., 11: 57-66.
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Hello all
This is just a 'heads up' that we still have 5 unfilled places available on the pelagic trip out of Sydney on December 9th. There have been a lot of interesting sightings over the past few months off the east coast of Australia and it could be an interesting trip. See the website . . . → Read More: Sydney Pelagic – Saturday 9th December – VACANCIES


text:
1 1/2 cups Butter, melted
3 cups White Sugar
1 tbsp Vanilla Extract
6 Eggs
1 1/2 cups all-purpose Flour
1 cup Unsweetened Cocoa Powder
1 tsp Baking Powder
1 tsp Salt
Preheat oven to 350 degrees. Grease a 9x13 inch pan. In a large bowl, blend melted butter, sugar and vanilla. Beat in eggs one at a time. Combine flour, cocoa, baking powder, and salt. Gradually blend into egg mixture. Spread the batter evenly into the prepared pan. Bake in preheated oven for 40-45 minutes or until brownies begin to pull away from the sides of the pan. Let cool before adding frosting.
(NOTE: This isn't a very sweet frosting, but the brownies are super sweet so the contrast is heavenly!)
2 (8 ounce) packages Cream Cheese, softened
1/2 cup Butter, softened
2 - 4 cups (depending on your sweet tooth) sifted Confectioners Sugar
1 tsp Vanilla
In a medium bowl, cream together the cream cheese and butter until creamy. Mix in the vanilla then gradually stir in the sugar until well blended. Store in fridge after use.(If you want chocolate frosting toss in some of the left over cocoa from the brownies!)
Submitted by: Margo
Labels: Cookies + Squares


text:
I founded the Aberdeen Wine Appreciators (AWA) Tasting group back in 1999 and we have around 30 members. Membership spaces are currently available.
The essence of AWA is to give its members the opportunity to try wines which they would not normally try perhaps because of cost, limited availability or preconceptions! I source wines from high street, independant and specialist suppliers to ensure the diversity of the wines which we taste.
Meetings are relaxed and informal with emphasis on group chat about the wines.
Please could I request that perfume/aftershave is not worn.
The venue, unless otherwise stated is the Atholl Hotel on Kings Gate, Aberdeen
Some general points:
Meetings begin at 7.30pm prompt
Please email me at email@example.com for a joining form or call 01224 312076
Thursday 8th November 2018- Fortified and Sweet Wines
Thursday 10th January 2019 - Romania Uncorked
Thursday 7th February 2019
Thursday 7th March 2019
Thursday 4th April 2019
From a planning point of view, it really helps if I know numbers in advance to ensure that we have enough people for the tastings to run and to make sure that I have enough wine! With that in mind, I will continue with the following options:
Members: book and prepay the block of 5 meetings £100 (£20 per meeting).
Members: Book and prepay for the sessions that you are available to attend £25 per session, let me know which meetings you will be attending.
Members: Pay as you go - £25 per meeting, please RSVP as soon as possible when the reminder goes out.
Guest places: Usually available, cost from £25 per meeting depending on theme.
New members: One off joining fee of £5.00
Very excited to announce the
FUTURE MEETINGS: Come back soon for more dates...or email at firstname.lastname@example.com and request to join my mailing list for updates


text:
Before & After Pictures of Patient 298
Procedures Performed: Arm Lift (Brachioplasty), Body Lift, Breast Lift with Implants, Tummy Tuck (Abdominoplasty)Back
Keep in mind each patient is unique and your experience may vary.
Case Number: 298
This 39 year old patient is seen here in her pre-op and 1 year follow up visits. As seen in her before photos, having lost nearly half her body weight, her newly trimmed figure was hidden behind the excess skin around her abdomen and arms. Her breasts had also taken on a "deflated" appearance which she chose to have corrected by including a breast lift with implants along with her abdominoplasty (tummy tuck) and brachioplasty (arm lift). I removed over 5 pounds of excess skin from her abdomen (2317 grams), an additional 1.8 pound from her arms (435g from the right; 387g from the left). To complete her transformation, I performed a breast lift and used 385cc implants to restore a naturally full and youthful appearance to her chest.
Surgeon: Camille Cash, MD


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What is it?
A close relative of onions and leeks, garlic is an herb that has been cultivated and used for millennia for culinary and medicinal purposes. Garlic is rich in sulfuric compounds, most notably allicin and alliin, which help give garlic its characteristic pungent taste and aroma. While the smell of garlic can turn you off, the savoriness it lends to food and the benefits it lends to your health are strong considerations for adding it to your diet. Garlic not only tastes great but can do wonders for cardiovascular health, as well as provide many antibacterial and antiviral remedies for your body.
What health benefits come from eating garlic?
Eating garlic can be a great preventitive measure against heart disease. It has been prveon to increase blood flow and relax blood vessels in humans by aiding in the production of hydrogen sulfide, an important chemical compound that helps improve cardiovascular activity.
Also, garlic is full of chemical messengers that inhibit inflammation in the heart. The combination of sulfur-laced compounds that increase blood flow and relax blood vessels and chemicals that inhibit inflammation make garlic fundamentally important to maintaing a healthy heart. Even if you don't have a history of heart disease, adding garlic to your diet is an important preventitive measure to take against cardiovascular problems in the future.
It also has been known for centuries, if not millennia, that garlic is a powerful antiviral and antibacterial agent. Garlic has been consistently studied and used as traditional remedies for bacterial, as well as fungal, infections. It has been cited by some as a home remedy for the common cold, to treat and prevent gangrene, and to prevent scurvy. Garlic is a fantastic food that treats and prevents a variety of illnesses and diseases that occur in the human body and it is highly recommended to introduce garlic, if you haven't already, into your diet regimen.
What side effects can occur from eating too much garlic?
Garlic, like everything else, should be consumed in moderation. There is such a thing as too much garlic in one's diet. Most recognizable is garlic's ability to cause halitosis, or bad breath. This shouldn't be too surprising if you've ever smelled or cooked garlic, as there is always an overwhelming smell of sulfur. Garlic can also cause indigestion and other gastrointestinal problems due to its blood thinning and blood vessel relaxation qualities. Be careful of how much garlic you use and also be aware that raw garlic is much more potent than cooked garlic.


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Do you ever watch Hell's Kitchen? You may recognize this guy…(I know I think he's HOT TOO) The Bumble Bee Foods Recipe Webisode series featuring Chef Scott Leibfried is about to launch. Here you will find recipes and more featuring the Bumble Bee brand foods. This is the teaser… or visit http://www.youtube.com/bumblebeefoods to watch.
I've got more to share in the coming months…including my trip to Blogher and all the fun there with Bumble Bee Foods! Are you going to Blogher? Be sure to let me know!!
I am a brand ambassador for Bumble Bee foods
1 Comment on Chef Scott Leibfried's Webisodes with Bumble Bee Foods
That Scott is one sexy mother f–ker. I can't wait for the webisodes. More Scott time on youtube. He should have his own show.