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Website for a Stylish furniture shop
Budsjett £20-250 GBP
We can not help you with the design. We need someone to come up with the design.
We need a fully responsive (Mobile, tablet, Laptop, PC and etc) website for a furniture shop. As products are very modern and stylish, We need to have a very modern and stylish platform.
Website will be used for all the products as ecommerce for all over clients.
- Design the website
- login/register button
- Fully accessible platform for customers when they log in
- Voucher code and discount code
- Email confirmation for each purchase to us and customer - INC design of the invoice
- Upload more than 250 products
- Accessible backend to update or amend anything
and couple of more points.
If you think you have the experience or have done something like that before, please send me the links of you creation.
41 frilansere byr i snitt £356 for denne jobben
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Conferences and banquetsWe want to do business with you
Our hotels, located in Granada and Seville, two of the most important Andalusian cities, chosen for the great event organizers for its cultural diversity and wide offering to the congressman, have fully equipped convention halls (screens, canyon, wifi , audio...) for the big events, as well as multifunctional meeting rooms to cover events of different sizes.
The congress and business tourism is a growth industry that generates annual revenues in Spain of over 4,500 million €, according to Turismo Andaluz, which expects from 2009 to 2019 a 85% growth worldwide, 47% in Europe and 64% in Spain.
In Andalucia, business tourism is critically important in the tourism sector, assuming the high income in our territory. This is motivated by a number of factors, among which a good location in southern Europe, a favorable climate, the quality of the hotel facilities and the existence in the Andalusian region of a network of congressional and fair infrastructure, among which 17 conference centers specifically created or adapted for holding these events.
In this context, Abades Hotels want to add to the hotel offer a commitment to reach unbeatable quality infrastructures, high professionalism and services with a high added value: a gastronomic offer aligned to the needs of the event, comprehensive advice before and during the event, complete packages with all kinds of amenities: comfortable room, different options to enjoy your free time with visits to the city or points of interest, special benefits for extended stays to combine business and pleasure.

subset: commoncrawl


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안녕하세요... Hello Hello my loverlys! Whelp if you remember last week I posted a card about this amazing group to 1: Inform you of their comeback... 2: Suck you into the world of B.I.G... because lets be honest.. if you weren't sucked in already then you were missing out.
So of course as soon as I realized the MV dropped I was eager to share it with you. This MV is no different than any of their other hard hitters. I enjoyed it to the fullest. The colors, the theme, the amazing dancing, and of course... the song. Personally I loved the drum/dance/rap break down... I was really into it... Well watch it and let me know what you guys think!! Lets show some love the B.I.G (Boys In Groove)!!!
What did you think? Do you like it? Do you like them? Let me know!
Until Next time my loverlys!
@KPopBeat OUT!!
KpopINT Chairs:
KpopINT Fam:
H- @HaleyHerbig
U- @unnieARMkeY
X- @xxkarlah
Z- @Znae
(A/N: KPopINT & KPopBeat do not own these videos or pictures. Credit goes to owners.)


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I've charted so many dreams to reality in my life – and an abundance of blessings have been gifted me from the Heavenly Father – from attending a Christian university when I was teen, to then getting married and raising our beautiful kids as a stay-at-home mom, to living overseas as a missionary, to being able to live and work side by side with the husband of my dreams for 35 years – my life has been rich and full.
I'm embarking on a new journey to fulfill another dream … being successful working from home. I'm excited as all get out! Hubby is on board and supportive of me plus, I get to work alongside of our oldest daughter, Janna, and other amazing women and men – like Brittany, Rachael, Nikki, Michael, Joey, Melanie, Joshua, Amanda … so many fine folks, all desiring and help me come to success.
Having a dream is one thing – charting your dream is what you do to bring that dream to reality. No one can do your part. It takes preparation, planning and hard work. Dreams becoming reality always involve persistence and stamina for when the going gets rough. Coming upon obstacles is a given but overcoming them is pure joy. In It Works! we have training videos and files that deal only with the experience of charting to your desired goal. Conquer that goal and set forth to the next. Simple and complex as that. And the journey to desired goals is as lovely as you wish to make it. Although advice is offered, strategies set forth, your journey is all about you and your story – special and truly yours. I'll tell you now that strangers will become business partners, business partners turn into friends and the fun begins! Celebration – one for another – is a way of life.
Are you following your own dreams? Will they become your own reality? Will you be able to live comfortably on your retirement? Do you have what you need now to help others in need? Do you feel frustrated at the end of the month? All of these questions prompted me to say Yes to this opportunity. NOW just may be a very good time for you!
I am on the look-out for business partners who desire fun Friendship and FREEDOM. I guarantee, it's going to be full of challenges, but also, exciting and beautiful … this Journey to Diamond.
Message me on my facebook page or text me at 336-262-0318 for more information!


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Annual planning with European retailers and a policy based not on price but on weekly bunch tomato supplies - Fresh Guru is making itself known on the tomato world and its produce is demanded all over.
Alessio Orlandi
"We are pleased with how things have started off. We established partnerships with a few retail chains in Germany, Austria and Switzerland and have a few contacts with the UK and Spain as well. What seems to be most appreciated is our continuous supply and high quality," explains sales manager Alessio Orlandi.
Harvesting of the latest transplants will start over the next few days, meaning the 12 hectares of greenhouses in Ostellato (Ferrara) will become fully productive. Fresh Guru has a business mentality that is still rare in Italy: hefty investments are made to guarantee production thanks to a protected environment; contracts are not based on day-to-day dynamics but are actually annual for weekly supplies; jobs are created as well as opportunities for a territory that wouldn't otherwise have much; state-of-the-art technology is implemented to reduce waste to a minimum; organic and integrated production methods are used to avoid using chemical products.
Pollination is carried out using bumblebees. Thanks to a wireless hive closing system, the insects don't fly in the dark and therefore don't risk dying.
Parasites are almost entirely dealt with using useful insects. The crop is practically organic, even though only field crops can be certified as organic. Anyway no chemicals are used.
Fri-El Greenhouse
Alessio Orlandi - sales manager
Email firstname.lastname@example.com
Web: www.fri-el.it


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A double blow has been taken by the New Zealand national team with LottoNL-Jumbo's George Bennett and sea level world hour record holder Jaime Nielsen both forced out of the UCI World Road Championships which begin on Sunday.
Outstanding rider George Bennett has confirmed his withdrawal from the New Zealand team for the UCI Road Cycling World Championships starting in Norway. Bennett has not recovered sufficiently from a virus that forced his withdrawal initially from the Tour de France, when he was among the leading contenders, and then from the Vuelta á Espana after his illness flared again.
"The last few weeks has been a real battle with the virus that took me out of the Tour and pushing myself too hard for the Vuelta was not a good option," Bennett said. "In the end I wasn't getting better and instead of risking the big goals for next year my team wanted me to stop.
"I'm not able to get to worlds in the condition needed to make an impact and so it's best to pull out."
Added to that is the fact that New Zealand track team member Jaime Nielsen has also been forced to withdraw from the women's time trial due to illness in her build-up in Europe. Nielsen recently set the fastest sea level time for the one-hour time trial at the Avantidrome in Cambridge.
There will be no replacements for either rider for the individual time trial, with 11 riders to compete in the championships which begin on Sunday local time for the Team Time Trial among professional teams.


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by Joey Martineck
"Ma-waige. Ma-waige is what brings us together today. Ma-waige, that blessed arrangement, that dream within a dream…"
~The Princess Bride
From my earliest days, I have always desired marriage. And now at this moment, my desire for marriage has never been as strong as it is today. This is precisely why I am beginning a discernment year to form me for celibate priesthood.
Confused? Me too.
I love girls. They are so pretty!! I have known so many beautiful married couples that have really inspired me. I long deeply within me to have kids and be a father, a good dad. And just being honest, here are a couple of other things that appeal to me about marriage:
- Sex whenever you want it with your spouse.
- Never feeling lonely again.
- Being perfectly, totally loved by someone forever.
You can imagine then why I was shocked to discover some of the following that the Church teaches and what married couples have shared openly with me:
- It is sinful to lust for your wife.
- You can still feel lonely in a marriage.
- You are not married to your spouse in heaven.
What do you mean it's not okay to lust for your wife? Isn't that the point of waiting until marriage? I was pissed at God in hearing these things. I felt cheated because I had been faithfully following the Church's teaching for several years. I didn't fall away from my faith in college but grew in it. In fact, I worked very hard to repress many desires in my heart that I assumed were bad. That's the holy thing to do, right?
Why at times did I feel so freakin empty inside? Why at night did I so often toss and turn in my bed unable to sleep? Why did my life feel like it didn't have any meaning? I just got to find the right girl, I kept telling myself. It will all get better once I get married.
Then, I was exposed St. Pope John Paul II's Theology of the Body and it totally blew my mind. Far from merely a teaching about marriage, the Theology of the Body draws far back to address the deepest and most basic questions of human existence: What does it mean to be human? Why did God make us male and female? What is purpose sex and of desire?
In Ephesians 5, St. Paul says that the two becoming one flesh is a great mystery but he goes further and says that it is speaking something about the marriage of Christ and the Church. God is speaking to us in a big way through our bodies. And yes, this includes sex!
"The body, in fact only the body, is capable of making visible what is invisible: the spiritual and the divine. It has been created to transfer into the visible reality of the world, the mystery hidden from eternity in God, and thus to be a sign of it." (TOB 19:4)
And what is the mystery hidden from eternity in God?
"God himself is an eternal exchange of love, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, and he has destined man to share in that exchange." (CCC, 221)
This is the answer I was craving for!!! God wants to marry us! He wants to draw us in to his eternal exchange of love. And he wants us to live our lives as a gift in his image, to reveal, anticipate, and proclaim the marriage of Christ and the Church.
I was right in my discernment. I am called to marriage – that is to heavenly marriage. And so are you. I found out that most of what I was longing for in earthly marriage was ultimately what I am longing for in heavenly marriage. Earthly marriage is so beautiful! But at best it is only a sign that points to heavenly marriage (that's why you're not married to your spouse in heaven). What a super husband I would be to expect total fulfillment of all my infinite desires from my wife? How much my heart needed to be changed from viewing her as an object to be used instead of as a person to be loved – in which my life becomes about making a total gift of myself to her.
But the desires, the loneliness, and the hunger I felt and still feel is not bad. It's powerful. It's pointing toward the wedding banquet of the lamb that we are destined for in heaven! If handed over to him, The Holy Spirit gives new form to our strongest desires. He redirects our groaning in this life toward the redemption of our bodies where we will be married to the perfect spouse: Christ! He is the only love that can satisfy, the perfect bridegroom. Go ahead, ask a really faithful married person. They will tell you that they love their spouse but they know that they can't be everything for each other. In a holy earthly marriage, it is about getting each other to heaven – to the bridegroom.
I don't think I was capable of making an honest discernment of priesthood before learning the teaching of Theology of the Body. The celibate skips the sign of earthly marriage in anticipation of the heavenly marriage proclaiming to the world that this is what we are all really looking for and it's real! JPII's teaching freed me to be able to begin an honest discernment of my vocation. It allowed desires for priesthood grow in my heart in which I would make a total gift of myself to the Church.
You are called to be a gift. If you want to learn more about the Theology of the Body, a great place to start is Fill These Hearts by Christopher West or Theology of the Body for Beginners by Christopher West.
God bless,
Joey Martineck
Joey Martineck is currently in a formal discernment program with the Archdiocese of Atlanta, GA for the Catholic Priesthood. He graduated from Georgia Tech in 2012 with a Bachelors degree in Computer Engineering. For the past two years, he has been working for Texas Instruments as a Technical Sales Rep in the automotive semiconductor industry supporting a large account in Indiana. For fun, Joey loves acting, writing, and dancing.


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Stereoboard.com is a Ticket Comparison Service. Prices are set by sellers/promoters & may be above, below or at face value
Rick Springfield Tickets, Tour Dates & Concerts 2018 / 2019 ♫
Rick Springfield is an Australian rock singer-songwriter known for his time in 60s rockers Zoot, and more so, his ensuing solo career. An award-winning performer and musician, he began releasing his first solo records in the 70s, often featuring in the Australian Albums chart, but it wasn't until the 80s that he found global fame.


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Hillcrest HS Springfield, MO Alumni List
Last names starting with "U"
Select letter of last name to filter the alumni list
Looking for Hillcrest High School Springfield, MO alumni not listed? If so, check out Classmates.com® - hundreds of more HHS alumni have posted their profiles.
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Check out all of the names of the Hillcrest High School alumni that attended high school in Springfield that are listed above. Registering will allow you to join the directory. We also encourage you to keep up to date on news and reconnect with Hillcrest High School alumni.


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6 Water treatment and pathogen control
- Sherman Evans
- 3 years ago
- Views:
1 2 Removal processes This chapter considers various processes for removal of microbes from water. In particular, it discusses: pretreatment broadly defined as any process to modify microbial water quality before, or at the entry to, a treatment plant; coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation by which small particles interact to form larger particles and settle out by gravity; ion exchange used for removal of calcium, magnesium and some radionuclides; granular filtration in which water passes through a bed of granular materials after coagulation pretreatment; slow sand filtration in which water is passed slowly through a sand filter by gravity, without the use of coagulation pretreatment World Health Organization. Water Treatment and Pathogen Control: Process Efficiency in Achieving Safe Drinking Water. Edited by Mark W LeChevallier and Kwok-Keung Au. ISBN: Published by IWA Publishing, London, UK.
2 6 Water treatment and pathogen control 2.1 PRETREATMENT This section describes some of the processes that can be used in pretreatment of water (roughing filters, microstrainers, off-stream storage and bank infiltration), each of which has a particular function and water quality benefit. Applications of pretreatment include removal of algal cells, high levels of turbidity, viruses and protozoan cysts The various options for pretreatment may be compatible with a variety of treatment processes, ranging in complexity from simple disinfection to membrane filtration Roughing filters A roughing filter is a coarse media (typically rock or gravel) filter used to reduce turbidity levels before processes such as slow sand filtration, diatomaceous earth (DE) or membrane filtration. The American Water Works Association Research Foundation (AWWARF) has reviewed design variables for roughing filters (Collins et al., 1994). Such filters typically have a filter box divided into multiple sections containing gravel beds of decreasing particle size, inlet and outlet structures, and flow-control devices. Examples of common configurations are shown in Figure 2.1. Roughing filters have achieved peak turbidity removals ranging from 60 to 90%; generally, the more turbid the water initially, the greater the reduction that can be achieved (Galvis, Fernandez & Visscher, 1993; Collins et al., 1994; Ahsan, Alaerts & Buiteman, 1996). These filters can achieve similar reductions of coliform bacteria. Pilot studies of various roughing filter configurations (horizontal-flow, up-flow and down-flow) reduced faecal coliform bacteria by % (Galvis, Fernandez & Visscher, 1993). These filters were also combined with a dynamic roughing filter (which contains a thin layer of fine gravel on top of a shallow bed of coarse gravel, with a system of underdrains) to pretreat high turbidity events, and achieved faecal coliform removal of 86.3%. When followed by slow sand filtration, the removal reached 99.8%, with an overall combined treatment efficiency of log units. In a five-month pilot study of a medium gravel (5.5 mm) horizontal roughing filter in Texas City, United States of America (USA), the filter removed on average 47% of total bacteria (as measured by epifluorescence microscopy), 37% of the source water algal cells and 53% of the total chlorophyll (Collins et al., 1994). The researchers found that the roughing filters removed clay particles more effectively when the filter was ripened with algal cells. Addition of alum coagulant before treatment with a horizontal roughing filter improved the filter s performance for turbidity, colour, organic carbon, head loss and filter run length (Ahsan, Alaerts & Buiteman, 1996).
3 Removal processes 7 Figure 2.1 Typical roughing filter configurations (Collins et al., 1994) Microstrainers Microstrainers are fabric meshes woven of stainless steel or polyester wires, with apertures ranging from 15 to 45 µm (usually µm). Such meshes are useful for removing algal cells and large protozoa (e.g. Balantidium coli), but have no significant impact on bacteria or viruses. Microstrainers generally remove about 40 70% of algae and, at the same time, about 5 20% of turbidity (Mouchet & Bonnelye, 1998). The performance of microstrainers for specific applications varies, depending on the type of algae present, as summarized in Table 2.1. Although microstrainers can reduce the amount of coagulant needed, they do not remove smaller species or reproductive forms of algae.
4 8 Water treatment and pathogen control Table 2.1 Performance of microstrainers for various algae Organism Type Percentage removal Diatoms Cyclotella Unicellular Stephanodiscus Unicellular Melosira Filamentous Synedra Unicellular Asterionella Colonial Fragilaria Filamentous Chlorophyceae Chlorella Unicellular Scenedesmus Cenobia (4 8 cells) Pediastrum Cenobia (4 64 cells) Blue-green algae Oscillatoria Filamentous Anabaena Filamentous Adapted from Mouchet & Bonnelye (1998) Off-stream storage In this discussion, off-stream storage refers to a storage reservoir that directly or indirectly feeds a potable water intake. The effects of off-stream storage are difficult to generalize because important physical, biological and chemical processes are influenced by hydrological and limnological characteristics of the reservoir. For example, round reservoirs and lowland impoundments influenced by strong winds can be represented as homogeneous biotypes because they are mixed effectively. On the other hand, long reservoirs whose depth increases with length are best represented as a series of interconnected individual basins (Bernhardt, 1995). The characteristics of reservoirs created by construction of a dam will differ from those of a natural or artificial lake. Oskam (1995) summarized the self-purification processes that improve water quality in off-stream reservoirs (Table 2.2). The major factors that influence these processes are the degree of compartmentalization, the hydraulic residence time, the shape and flow through the reservoir, and the quality of the source water. Certain processes can also degrade water quality; for example, poorer quality of the impounded water can result from failure to: manage algal growth; control influx of nitrogen, phosphorus or other contaminants; limit faecal contamination from run-off of surrounding areas or roosting birds.
5 Removal processes 9 Table 2.2 Self-purification processes that improve off-stream reservoir water quality Type of process Effects Physical Equalization of peak concentrations (e.g. chemicals, microbes) Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with the atmosphere Evaporation of volatile substances (e.g. solvents) Settling of suspended solids and adsorbed substances (e.g. turbidity, heavy metals) Biological Biodegradation of organic substances Die-off of faecal bacteria and viruses Nitrification of ammonium to nitrate Denitrification of nitrate to nitrogen Phosphorus elimination by phytoplankton uptake (in prereservoirs) Chemical Oxidation of divalent iron and manganese Hydrolysis of polyphosphates and organic esters (e.g. phthalates) Photolysis of humic substances and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons Adapted from Oskam (1995) In a study by Bernhardt (1995), coliform bacteria in dammed reservoirs were reduced by 80 99% when residence times were greater than 40 days, and allochthonous bacteria were reduced by 90 99% when retention times exceeded about 100 days. Kors & Bosch (1995) reported reductions of enteroviruses (1.5 logs), Kjeldahl nitrogen (50%), total phosphorus (60%) and ammonium (70%) for a pumped, off-stream reservoir after about 100 days retention time. Stewart et al. (1997) examined storm events that washed high levels of Giardia cysts (up to cysts/100 l) and Cryptosporidium oocysts (up to oocysts/100 l) into receiving reservoirs. Only one of 29 reservoir effluent samples was positive, suggesting that the cysts and oocysts had become trapped in sediments that settled to the bottom of the reservoir, because unattached organisms settle slowly (Medema et al., 1998). Hawkins et al. (2000) reported complete elimination of Cryptosporidium spikes (i.e. high concentrations) within three weeks in the 2 million megalitre Lake Burragorang reservoir that provides source water for Sydney (Australia). The authors calculated a settling rate of 5 10 metres/day and postulated that sedimentation was accelerated by oocysts clumping with other suspended particles. In a study of three reservoirs in Biesbosch (Netherlands), storage with long residence times (average 24 weeks) resulted in reductions of 2.3 logs for Giardia, logs for Cryptosporidium, 2.2 logs for Escherichia coli and 1.7 logs for faecal streptococci (Ketelaars et al., 1995; van Breemen & Waals, 1998). The die-off kinetics for microbes can be modelled as a first-order reaction dependent on the residence time and short-circuiting (i.e. the decrease in hydraulic
6 10 Water treatment and pathogen control residence time in a vessel) (Oskam, 1995). For relatively rapid removal rates (kvalues > 0.05/day), the degree of compartmentalization has a positive effect on water quality. Therefore, a series of three or four smaller reservoirs would be better than one large impoundment. With estimated k-values of 0.07/day for removal of Giardia and Cryptosporidium, and 0.13/day for enteric viruses, compartmentalization in three or four reservoirs would increase the removal effect to times that achieved by a single basin (Oskam, 1995). For reservoirs with short retention times (and therefore limited self-purification), the raw water pumping schedule can be used to improve water quality, by avoiding periods of source water contamination. For example, in a study of the Delaware River (USA), peak levels of microbial contaminants were associated with high levels of turbidity following rainfall events (LeChevallier et al., 1998). By operating the source water pumps to avoid these peak events, levels of Giardia and Cryptosporidium times higher than normal were avoided Bank infiltration Bank infiltration refers to the process of surface water seeping from the bank or bed of a river or lake to the production wells of a water treatment plant. During the water s passage through the ground, its quality changes due to microbial, chemical and physical processes, and due to mixing with groundwater. The process can also be described as induced infiltration, because the well-field pumping lowers the water table, causing surface water to flow into the aquifer under a hydraulic gradient. Bank infiltration can be accomplished through natural seepage into receiving ponds, shallow vertical or horizontal wells placed in alluvial sand and gravel deposits adjacent to surface waters, and infiltration galleries. Bank infiltration has been widely used in European countries and is of increased interest in many other countries. Variations on the underground passage concept include soil aquifer treatment, injection of surface water for underground passage and aquifer recharge. The advantages of bank infiltration are summarized in Table 2.3. The efficiency of the process depends on a number of factors: the quality of the surface water (turbidity, dissolved organic matter, oxygen, ammonia and nutrients), the composition and porosity of the soil, the residence time of the water in the soil and the temperature. This efficiency can vary over time, depending on the difference in level between the source water (e.g. river stage) and groundwater. This difference can influence the degree of groundwater mixing and the residence time of the infiltrated surface water.
7 Table 2.3 Advantages of bank infiltration Removal processes 11 A natural pretreatment step requiring little chemical addition Reduced turbidity and particles Removal of biodegradable compounds Reduction of natural organic matter and less formation of disinfection by-products Reduction of bacteria, viruses and protozoa Equalization of concentration peaks (e.g. moderation of spills, temperature, etc.) Dilution with groundwater Adapted from Kuhn (1999) Concern about groundwater under the direct influence of surface water has caused some confusion about how to regard bank infiltration. Clearly, this process is under the direct influence of surface water; however, in the USA, the Surface Water Treatment Rule (USEPA, 1989a) does not consider the infiltration process as contributing to water treatment. In a study of the Grand River in Ontario (Canada), removal of algae and diatoms ranged from 4.8 to 7.2 logs when the quality of the collection well was compared to the raw water (Clancy & Stendahl, 1997). No Giardia or Cryptosporidium were detected in the collector wells, although these protozoa were frequently detected in the river water. Figure 2.2 shows the relationship between the concentration of algae and the theoretical flow-path distance for wells along the Great Miami River at Cincinnati (USA), with approximately 1 log reduction for every 8.5 m (28 ft) of separation from the source water (Gollnitz, Cossins & DeMarco, 1997). Schijven and Rietveld (1997) measured the removal of male-specific coliphage, enteroviruses and reoviruses at three infiltration sites, and compared the measured values to those predicted by a virus transport model. They found a 3.1-log reduction of bacteriophage within 2 m (6.6 ft) and a 4.0-log reduction within 4 m (13.2 ft) of very fine dune sand. Phage levels were reduced by 6.2 logs through riverbank infiltration over 30 m (98 ft) of sandy soil. In all cases, enteroviruses and reoviruses were eliminated to below detection limits (> 2.6 to > 4.8 log removals). The virus transport model corresponded reasonably well with the measured results, producing calculated removals ranging from 2.5 to 15 logs. In studies being conducted by the American Water Works Service Company and the Johns Hopkins University, monitoring of three river bank infiltration systems along the Wabash, Ohio and Missouri rivers (USA) have shown complete removal of Clostridium and bacteriophage indicators (Table 2.4) and substantial reductions in biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) and assimilable organic carbon (AOC), which can stimulate bacterial growth in distribution system pipelines (Ainsworth, 2004). These data indicate that bank infiltration can be highly effective for removal of microbial contaminants.
8 12 Water treatment and pathogen control Figure 2.2 Relationship between algae concentration and theoretical flowpath. Adapted from Gollnitz, Cossins & DeMarco (1997) 2.2 COAGULATION, FLOCCULATION AND SEDIMENTATION Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation are used in conjunction with subsequent filtration. These processes are summarized below. Coagulation promotes the interaction of small particles to form larger particles. In practice, the term refers to coagulant addition (i.e. addition of a substance that will form the hydrolysis products that cause coagulation), particle destabilization and interparticle collisions. Flocculation is the physical process of producing interparticle contacts that lead to the formation of large particles. Sedimentation is a solid liquid separation process, in which particles settle under the force of gravity. Excellent reviews of these processes are available (Gregory, Zabel & Edzwald, 1999; Letterman, Amirtharajah & O Melia, 1999). With respect to coagulation and flocculation, most bacteria and protozoa can be considered as particles, and most viruses as colloidal organic particles.
9 Table 2.4 Effects of bank infiltration Removal processes 13 Distance Total Clostridium Bacteriophage Sample from river (m) BDOC (mg/l) AOC (µg/l) cfu/100 ml Somatic pfu/100 ml Male-specific pfu/100 ml Site Terre Haute Wabash River Collector < 0.13 < 0.13 Well #3* < 0.13 < 0.13 < 0.13 Site Jeffersonville Ohio River Well # < 0.13 < Well # < 0.13 < 0.13 < 0.13 Site Parkville Missouri River Well # < 0.13 < 0.13 < 0.13 Well # < 0.13 < 0.13 < 0.13 AOC = assimilable organic carbon; BDOC = biodegradable dissolved organic carbon; cfu = colony forming units. * Water from this well is not dominated by infiltration Conventional clarification Efficiency of conventional clarification Conventional clarification typically refers to chemical addition, rapid mixing, flocculation and sedimentation (usually in a rectangular basin). Removal of particles depends mainly on the terminal settling velocity of the particles and the rate of basin surface loading or overflow. The efficiency of the sedimentation process may be improved by using inclined plates or tubes. For conventional treatment processes, chemical coagulation is critical for effective removal of microbial pathogens. In the absence of a chemical coagulant, removal of microbes is low because sedimentation velocities are low (Medema et al., 1998). A chemical coagulant destabilizes microbial particles (e.g. by neutralizing or reducing their surface electrical charge, enmeshing them in a floc particle or creating bridges between them) and allows particles to come into contact with one another. Flocculation of microbial particles creates aggregates with sufficient settling velocities to be removed in the sedimentation basin. When properly performed, coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation can result in 1 2 log removals of bacteria, viruses and protozoa. However, performance of full-scale, conventional clarification processes may be highly
10 14 Water treatment and pathogen control variable, depending on the degree of optimization. For example, in a report summarizing the performance of treatment plants from various countries, average microbial removals for coagulation and sedimentation ranged from 27 to 74% for viruses, 32 to 87% for bacteria (total coliforms or faecal streptococci) and 0 to 94% for algae (Gimbel & Clasen, 1998). It is difficult to interpret full-scale data for Cryptosporidium and Giardia because these protozoa are found at very low levels, and methods for their detection have limitations (LeChevallier et al., 1991). Factors that can result in poor clarification efficiency include variable plant flow rates, improper dose of coagulant, poor process control with little monitoring, shear of formed floc, inappropriate mixing of chemicals, poor mixing and flocculation, and inadequate sludge removal (USEPA, 1991). In addition to metallic coagulants (e.g. alum or ferric), it may be necessary to use polymeric coagulation, filter aids or both to produce low turbidity levels (< 0.1 nephelometric turbidity unit, NTU) especially for high-rate filtration (> 2.71 l/m 2 s). Preoxidation with chlorine or ozone can improve particle removal by sedimentation and filtration (Yates et al., 1997; Becker, O Melia & Croker, 1998). In some cases, treatment plants are being designed with intermediate ozonation, specifically to aid in particle removal by sedimentation and filtration (Langlais, Reckhow & Brink, 1991). Using jar tests, Bell et al. (2000) reported removal of bacteria (E. coli vegetative cells and Clostridium perfringens spores) and protozoa (Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts) as typically of 1 2 logs (Figure 2.3). Overall, iron-based coagulants were slightly more efficient than alum (aluminum hydroxide) or polyaluminium chloride (PACl); however, sitespecific water-quality conditions had a greater effect on removal efficiencies than did the type of coagulant. Coagulation conditions (i.e. dose, ph, temperature, alkalinity, turbidity and the level and type of natural organic matter) affected the efficiency of removal, with slightly better overall microbial reductions under ph conditions optimal for removal of total organic carbon (i.e. ph 5 6.5).
11 Removal processes 15 Figure 2.3 Removal of bacteria and protozoa under optimal coagulation conditions. Adapted from Bell et al. (2000) Viruses Figure 2.4 shows that different viruses may respond quite differently to coagulation conditions. For example, the bacteriophage MS2 and human enteric poliovirus are removed at a fairly high efficiency ( logs), whereas the phage PRD-1 and enteric echovirus are removed at a much lower rate ( logs). The differences in virus removal are most pronounced for alum. Similar differences in virus adsorption have been observed in granulated gels (Mouillot & Netter, 1977). It is evident that the effect of coagulation differs for various viruses, and that it may be unwise to extrapolate the data on viruses to other, untested viruses. Protozoa Haas et al. (2000) reviewed data from four bench-scale or pilot-plant studies for coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation of Cryptosporidium oocysts. The authors selected data from studies where the coagulant type, coagulant dose, ph, temperature and mixing conditions were described. Using 24 data points, they found that oocyst removal depended on coagulant concentration, polymer concentration and process ph. The model had an excellent fit to the data (R 2 of
12 16 Water treatment and pathogen control 0.94); however, the fit decreased when data from other studies were added to the model. The authors concluded that additional data are needed, especially from studies that fully describe coagulation and flocculation conditions. An optimal coagulation dose is the most important factor for ensuring effective removal of cysts and oocysts by sedimentation and filtration (Logsdon et al., 1985; Al-Ani et al., 1986; Logsdon, 1990; Bellamy et al., 1993). Impaired flocculation was one of the factors in the 1987 outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in Carrollton, Georgia (USA) (Bellamy et al., 1993). In a study of eight water filtration plants, Hendricks et al. (1988) concluded: without proper chemical pretreatment Giardia cysts will pass the filtration process. Lack of chemical coagulation or improper coagulation was the single most important factor in the design or operation of those rapid rate filtration plants where Giardia cysts were found in finished water with proper chemical coagulation, the finished water should be free of Giardia cysts, have few microscopic particles and have turbidity levels less than 0.1 NTU [nephelometric turbidity units]. Figure 2.4 Removal of viruses under optimized coagulation conditions. Adapted from Bell et al. (2000).
13 Algae Removal processes 17 Coagulation and sedimentation can be effective for removal of algae, although care must be taken to remove these organisms without disrupting the cells, as this may release liver or nerve toxins. Generally, coagulation appears not to cause the release of algal toxins, provided that oxidants are not added (Yoo et al., 1995b). Coagulation and sedimentation are not very effective at removing algal toxins; studies have shown removal levels ranging from 0 to 49%. However, addition of powdered activated carbon to the clarification process can increase removal levels to 90% or more, depending on the carbon dose, type of carbon, toxin level and organic matrix (Yoo et al., 1995b). A natural coagulant derived from shrimp shells (termed chitosan) was shown to be effective, removing more than 90% of the algae Chlorella and Scenedesmus quadricuda at neutral to alkaline ph conditions, using chitosan doses of more than 10 mg/l (Chen, Liu & Ju, 1996) High-rate clarification High-rate clarification was first used in the 1930s, and it grew in popularity during the 1970s and 1980s. It involves using smaller basins and higher surface loading rates than conventional clarifiers, and is therefore referred to as highrate clarification. Processes include floc-blanket sedimentation (also known as solids-contact clarification ), ballasted-floc sedimentation, and adsorption or contact clarification. In floc-blanket sedimentation, a fluidized blanket increases the particle concentration, thus increasing the rate of flocculation and sedimentation. Ballasted-floc systems combine coagulation with sand, clay, magnetite or carbon to increase the particle sedimentation rate. Adsorption or contact clarification involves passing coagulated water through a bed where particles attach to previously adsorbed material. High-rate clarifiers can be as effective as or even more effective than conventional basins for removal of microbes. The choice of an appropriate blanket polymer is important for optimal operation (Gregory, Zabel & Edzwald, 1999). Bell, Bienlien & LeChevallier (1998) reported turbidity removals of 98% for a solids-contact, sludge blanket clarifier (raw water turbidity NTU, settled water NTU), 89% for internal slurry recirculation (raw water turbidity 4 10 NTU, settled water NTU) and 61% for circular flocblanket purification unit clarification (raw water turbidity NTU, settled water average 0.97 NTU). Baudin & Laîné (1998) evaluated three full-scale treatment plants and found complete removal (> logs) of Giardia and Cryptosporidium by pulsator clarifiers. The units produced a log removal of turbidity. Other investigators (Hall, Pressdee & Carrington, 1994)
14 18 Water treatment and pathogen control have reported similar efficiencies for floc-blanket clarifiers. A combination of preozonation and use of a solids-contact sludge blanket reportedly improved clarification of Giardia and Cryptosporidium-sized particles by about logs (Wilczak et al., 1991). Pilot plant studies of a sand ballasted-floc system showed effective removal of turbidity and particle counts (Jeschke, 1998). In addition, microscopic particulate analysis of raw and settled water showed an average 3.9-log removal of algae, and 4.5-log removal of diatoms (Jeschke, 1998). Floc formed on magnetic particles can be rapidly removed by using magnets within the sedimentation process (Gregory, Maloney & Stockley, 1988; Bolto, 1990; Anderson et al., 1993). The magnetic particles can be collected and regenerated for reuse Dissolved air flotation In dissolved air flotation (DAF), bubbles are produced by reducing pressure in a water stream saturated with air. The rising bubbles attach to floc particles, causing the agglomerate to float to the surface, where the material is skimmed off (Gregory, Zabel & Edzwald, 1999). DAF can be particularly effective for removal of algal cells and Cryptosporidium oocysts. It is most applicable to waters with heavy algal blooms or those with low turbidity, low alkalinity and high color, which are difficult to treat by sedimentation because the floc produced has a low settling velocity. The effectiveness of DAF for treating algal-laden, humic, coloured water is illustrated by the comments of Kiuru (1998), who indicated that the only type of treatment plants built in Finland since the mid-1960s have been DAF plants. A 1.8-log removal of the algae Aphanizomenon and Microcystis was achieved by pilot-scale DAF. Similar results ( log removals) have been obtained in full-scale studies (Mouchet and Bonnelye, 1998). DAF is also effective in the removal of cell-associated algal toxins (Mouchet and Bonnelye, 1998). Plummer, Edzwald & Kelley (1995) reported that, depending on the coagulant dose, DAF achieved log removal of Cryptosporidium oocysts, whereas conventional sedimentation resulted in log removal. The performance of DAF for oocyst removal depended on the ph, coagulant dose, flocculation time and recycle ratio of the saturated water stream. Other researchers have confirmed the effectiveness of DAF for oocyst removal, particularly when polyelectrolyte coagulant aids are added to help stabilize the floc (Hall, Pressdee & Carrington, 1994).
15 2.2.4 Lime softening Removal processes 19 Precipitative lime softening is a process in which the ph of the water is increased (usually through the addition of lime or soda ash) to precipitate high concentrations of calcium and magnesium. Typically, calcium can be reduced at ph , although magnesium requires ph This distinction is important because the ph of lime softening can inactivate many microbes at the higher end (e.g. ph 10 11), but may have less impact at more moderate levels (e.g. ph 9.5). In precipitative lime softening, the calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide precipitates are removed in a clarifier before the water is filtered. The microbial impact of lime softening can, therefore, be a combination of inactivation by elevated ph and removal by settling. Logsdon et al. (1994) evaluated the effects of lime softening on the removal and disinfection efficiency of Giardia, viruses and coliform bacteria. Coliform bacteria in river water (spiked with raw sewage) were inactivated by 0.1 log at ph 9.5, 1.0 log at ph 10.5 and logs at ph 11.5 for 6 hours at 2 8 C. Bacteriophage MS2 was sensitive to lime softening conditions, demonstrating more than 4-log inactivation in the ph range of within 2 hours. Hepatitis A virus was reduced by 99.8% when exposed to ph 10.5 for 6 hours. Poliovirus was the most resistant virus tested, requiring exposure to a ph level of 11 for 6 hours to achieve a 2.5-log inactivation. Reductions were less than 1 log when exposed for 6 hours to a ph of less than 11. The viability of Giardia muris cysts (measured by excystation) was not significantly affected by exposure to ph 11.5 for 6 hours. Cryptosporidium viability (measured using dye exclusion) was not affected by exposure to ph 9 for 5 hours (Robert, Campbell & Smith, 1992). Jar tests of precipitative lime softening at ph 11.5 resulted in 4-log removal of viruses and bacteria, and 2-log removal of Giardia and Cryptosporidium, due to combined effects of removal by sedimentation and inactivation through high ph (Bell et al., 2000). Limited full-scale data suggest that 2-log removal can be achieved through sedimentation by precipitative lime softening (Logsdon et al. 1994) In-line coagulation In-line coagulation can be used with high-quality source waters (e.g. those where turbidity and other contaminant levels are low). The coagulants are added directly to the raw water pipeline before direct filtration. Typically, the coagulants are added before an in-line static mixer, and it is not necessary to use a basin for sedimentation. In-line coagulation permits the particle destabilization
16 20 Water treatment and pathogen control necessary for effective particle removal by filtration, but does not remove microbes by sedimentation. 2.3 ION EXCHANGE Ion exchange is a treatment process in which a solid phase presaturant ion is exchanged for an unwanted ion in the untreated water. The process is used for water softening (removal of calcium and magnesium), removal of some radionuclides (e.g. radium and barium) and removal of various other contaminants (e.g. nitrate, arsenate, chromate, selenate and dissolved organic carbon). The effectiveness of the process depends on the background water quality, and the levels of other competing ions and total dissolved solids. Although some ion exchange systems can be effective for adsorbing viruses and bacteria (Semmens, 1977), such systems are not generally considered a microbial treatment barrier, because the organisms can be released from the resin by competing ions. Also, ion exchange resins may become colonized by bacteria, which can then contaminate treated effluents (Flemming, 1987; Parsons, 2000). Backflushing and other rinsing procedures, even regeneration, will not remove all of the attached microbes. Impregnation of the resin with silver suppresses bacterial growth initially, but eventually a silver-tolerant population develops. Disinfection of ion exchange resins using 0.01% peracetic acid (1 hour contact time) has been suggested (Flemming, 1987). 2.4 FILTRATION Various filtration processes are used in drinking-water treatment. Filtration can act as a consistent and effective barrier for microbial pathogens. Figure 2.5 shows the most commonly used filtration processes in potable water treatment, the pore size of the filter media and the sizes of different microbial particles. These size spectra are useful for understanding removal mechanisms and efficiencies, and for developing strategies to remove microbes by different filtration processes.
17 Removal processes 21 DE = diatomaceous earth; MF = microfiltration; NF = nanofiltration; RO = reverse osmosis; UF = ultrafiltration. Figure 2.5 Pore size of filter medium and size of microbial particles 2.5 GRANULAR HIGH-RATE FILTRATION Granular media filtration is the most widely used filtration process in drinkingwater treatment. A comprehensive review of granular media filtration processes is provided by Cleasby and Logsdon (1999). Under optimal conditions, a combination of coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation and granular media filtration can result in 4 logs or better removal of protozoan pathogens with chlorine-resistant cysts. This section discusses granular filtration other than slow
18 22 Water treatment and pathogen control sand filtration (described in Section 2.6). Slow sand filtration is discussed separately because the low filtration rate (< 0.4 m/h) used in this process means that the design and operating criteria, and the mechanisms for removal of microbes are considerably different from those of rapid-rate granular filtration Design of granular filtration In granular filtration, water passes through a filter consisting of a packed bed of granular materials. Microbes or microbe-associated particles are removed as they deposit on the filter medium. The removal occurs within the granular medium (depth filtration) rather than on the top layer only (cake filtration). After a period of operation, the head loss increases (i.e. the pressure increases) or the effluent quality deteriorates to an unacceptable level. The filter then has to be cleaned by backwashing, after which it performs poorly during a ripening period before achieving a stable level of performance. Passage of microbial pathogens during the ripening period can be very high. Various strategies are used to minimize this effect, including: filter to waste wasting the initial filtered water; slow start limiting the initial filtration rate until the filtrate quality is acceptable; delayed start leaving the filter inactive for a time following backwash, before bringing it into operation; filter aid adding a filter aid to the wash water supply. Granular filters can be constructed as monomedium (e.g. silica sand), dual media (e.g. anthracite coal and sand) and trimedia (e.g. coal, sand and garnet). Granular activated carbon is used when both filtration of particles and adsorption of organic compounds are desired. Depending on raw water quality, granular filtration can be operated in three different modes: conventional, which includes addition of coagulants (rapid mixing), flocculation (slow mixing), sedimentation and filtration; direct filtration, in which the sedimentation step is omitted; in-line filtration, in which both flocculation and sedimentation steps are omitted. Conventional treatment is appropriate for most source waters, whereas direct and in-line filtration are used for raw waters with a consistently good quality (low turbidity and colour).
19 Removal processes Mechanism of action of granular filtration Removal of microbial pathogens by granular filtration does not rely on physical processes alone. Comparing the pore size of granular filters with the size of most types of microbe (as in Figure 2.5), it is evident that effective removal of microbes by granular filtration cannot rely on physical straining alone, at least at the initial stage of a filter run. The removal of particles by granular filtration is considered to involve two steps: transport of particles from suspension to filter medium, followed by attachment of particles to the medium (Yao, Habibian & O Melia, 1971). The transport step depends on the physical and hydrodynamic properties of the system. Transport mechanisms include diffusion, interception and sedimentation. Factors such as size and density of microbes, size and depth of filter medium, and filtration rate affect transport efficiency. In the case of motile microorganisms, an additional mechanism is the active movement of the cell (Hozalski & Bouwer, 1998). Attachment is determined by the surface and solution chemistry of the system (Tobiason & O Melia, 1988). Unfavorable interactions between particles and the filter medium must be avoided so that particles can attach to the medium. Chemical coagulation is used before filtration to destabilize particles; this step is the single most important factor in determining filtration efficiency. Without proper chemical pretreatment, rapid rate filtration works as a simple strainer and is not an effective barrier for microbial pathogens Importance of chemical coagulation pretreatment The importance of chemical coagulation pretreatment for removal of microbes by granular filtration has been emphasized by numerous studies. Al-Ani et al. (1986) conducted a pilot-scale filtration study for low turbidity waters (< 1 NTU). Without chemical pretreatment, the removal by filtration averaged 69% (0.51 logs) for Giardia and 28% (0.14 logs) for turbidity. Adding alum and polymer filter aids increased the removal efficiency to more than 95% (1.30 logs) for Giardia, 99% (2 logs) for total coliform bacteria and 70% (0.52 logs) for turbidity. Other process variables such as filtration mode (direct and in-line filtrations), filter media (monomedium with sand, and dual-media with sand and anthracite) and temperature (5 C and 18 C) did not significantly affect the filtered water quality. Varying the filtration rate from 5 to about 20 m/h had little effect on removal of Giardia, total coliform bacteria and heterotrophic bacteria, but increased turbidity in the filtered water.
20 24 Water treatment and pathogen control Robeck, Clarke & Dostal (1962) reported that, when alum was used as a coagulant, the removal of poliovirus type 1 by a pilot-scale dual-media filter was more than 98% (1.70 logs). Ongerth (1990) conducted pilot studies for conventional and in-line filtration. Without any chemical addition, removal of Giardia cysts averaged 75% (0.60 logs) for conventional treatment and 64% (0.44 logs) for in-line filtration. With optimal chemical pretreatment, the removal increased to 98% (1.70 logs) for conventional treatment and 93.6% (1.19 logs) for in-line filtration. Nieminski & Ongerth (1995) evaluated the removal of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts over two years at pilot and full-scale filtration plants, operated under direct filtration and conventional treatment modes. Dual-media filters with anthracite and sand were used. Giardia and Cryptosporidium were effectively removed when coagulation conditions produced filtered water of low turbidity ( NTU). Under optimal coagulation conditions, the average removal of Giardia was 3.3 logs or more, and the average removal of Cryptosporidium was 2.3 logs or more in both pilot and full-scale plants, regardless of the treatment modes (direct filtration or conventional treatment). The authors also investigated correlations between the removal of cysts and surrogate parameters. A high correlation was found between removal of cysts and particles of 4 7 µm and 7 11 µm (R ). There was a lower correlation between removal of Giardia and Cryptosporidium and removal of turbidity (R ). Particle counting was a better indicator of cyst and oocyst removal than turbidity. Log removal of seeded cysts did not correlate with log removal of heterotrophic bacteria (R ), suggesting that heterotrophic plate counts (HPCs) are not a good surrogate to use in evaluating cyst removal. A recent WHO publication (Bartram et al., 2003) discusses the significance of HPCs for water quality and human health Effect of filter media design Swertfeger et al. (1999) evaluated the effect of filter media design on cyst and oocyst removal. Designs included monomedium (sand with a depth of 750 mm), fine dual-media (anthracite and sand with depths of 900 mm and 300 mm, respectively) and deep dual-media (anthracite and sand with depths of 1500 mm and 300 mm, respectively). The feedwater to the pilot systems was taken from the effluent of a sedimentation unit in a full-scale water treatment plant and was in optimal coagulation condition. The authors found no statistical difference in the filtration performance for the different media. Removal of Giardia was 4.4 logs or better, with greater removal efficiency
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Chapter 2.84
2.84.010 Established—Statutory authority.
2.84.050 Organization and procedures.
2.84.010 Established—Statutory authority.
The Commission is established under the authority of Section 11964.5 of the Health and Safety Code and in compliance with SCCC 2.38.060. [Ord. 4278 § 2, 1993].
2.84.020 Purpose.
The Commission shall exercise the following responsibilities in its efforts to achieve the prevention of alcohol and other drug abuse in the County, the successful rehabilitation of those persons affected by alcohol and other drug abuse, and the provision of high-quality public and private programs to eliminate alcohol and other drug abuse in the County.
(A) Advise and report directly to the Board of Supervisors and the County Alcohol and Drug Program Administrator, on policies and goals of the County alcohol and other drug abuse programs, and on any matters concerning the development, administration, funding and review of County alcohol and other drug abuse programs and services, or any other related matters which are referred to the Commission by the administrator or which are raised by the Commission.
(B) Review and evaluate the community's alcohol and other drug abuse program needs, services, facilities and special programs.
(C) Review the County alcohol and drug program plans and any amendments thereto.
(D) Review and approve the procedures used to ensure citizen and professional involvement at all stages of the planning process leading to the formulation and adoption of the County alcohol and other drug abuse program plans.
(E) Participate in the process of planning for alcohol and other drug abuse services in the County.
(F) Determine the needs of persons affected by alcohol and other drug abuse in the County and recommend initiation of programs to meet those needs.
(G) Encourage and educate the public to understand the nature of alcoholism and other drug dependencies and alcohol and other drug abuse problems; and encourage support throughout the County for development and implementation of effective alcohol and other drug prevention, intervention, treatment and recovery programs.
(H) Coordinate, with assistance of the County Alcohol and Drug Program Administrator, the efforts of various public and private agencies and organizations administering alcohol and other drug abuse programs in the County to ensure the effectiveness of such programs.
(I) Communicate and coordinate Commission activities with other County agencies and advisory bodies concerned with alcohol and other drug abuse prevention, treatment and recovery.
(J) Exercise any other responsibilities which may be set forth in the Commission's bylaws approved by the Board of Supervisors.
(K) Promote State and Federal legislation that supports the goals of the Commission. [Ord. 4278 § 2, 1993].
2.84.030 Membership.
(A) The Commission shall consist of 10 members, residents of the County, appointed by the Board of Supervisors. The Commission shall be composed of persons who have a personal commitment to or a professional interest in alleviating alcohol and other drug abuse problems in the community. Persons recovering from alcoholism or other drug addiction should have a minimum of two years' continuous abstinence from alcohol and/or other drugs to become eligible for appointment to or serving on the Commission. The Commission shall not include any person, or his or her spouse, who is:
(1) A member of a board of directors or advisory body or employee of any County-operated alcohol or drug program or provider of alcohol or drug services operating under a contract with the County;
(2) A member of any advisory body to, or a person who holds any similar position or title on a compensated or non-compensated basis in, a program which seeks to or possesses a license pursuant to Chapter 9 of the Health and Safety Code (commencing with Section 11836);
(3) A direct recipient of any State funds allocated under this part pursuant to a contract with the department, which shall include compensation for contracted services from or membership on an advisory body or board of directors of the entity which receives funds;
(4) An employee of the County's Health Services Department;
(5) A member of the Board of Supervisors;
(6) A person on the staff of a member of the Board of Supervisors.
(B) Each Supervisor shall nominate two persons who may reside within the Supervisor's district. Members shall include representatives from various economic, social, and occupational groups, and shall be broadly representative of the demographic characteristics of the County. [Ord. 4560 § 1, 1999; Ord. 4278 § 2, 1993].
2.84.040 Term of office.
(A) Each member shall serve for a term of four years commencing on April 1st of the year in which said member's nominating Supervisor begins a full term. In the event that prior to expiration of his or her term, a member ceases to retain the status which qualified him or her for appointment to the Commission, his or her membership shall terminate and there shall be a vacancy on the Commission which may be filled by nomination of the Supervisor who previously nominated that position.
(B) Any Supervisor may at any time review and remove any Commission member nominated to represent that Supervisor's district. In addition, any Commission member may be removed from office by a four-fifths vote of the Board of Supervisors favoring such removal.
(C) A vacancy shall exist and shall be reported in writing by the Commission Chairperson to the Board of Supervisors, the Clerk of the Board, and the member vacating his or her seat whenever a Commission member fails to attend three regular meetings of either the Commission or of any standing committee created pursuant to SCCC 2.84.050(F) within any 12-month period without good cause entered in the minutes of the Commission. [Ord. 4278 § 2, 1993].
2.84.050 Organization and procedures.
(A) General Organization. The Commission shall comply in all respects with SCCC 2.38.060 unless otherwise provided herein.
(B) County Staff. The Health Services Agency shall provide staff support for the Commission. The County Alcohol and Drug Program Administrator, or his or her designee, shall serve as Administrative Secretary to the Commission and shall participate in all meetings in an advisory role.
(C) Meetings. The Commission shall meet at least monthly in various locations throughout the County. Other meetings may be scheduled as determined by Commission membership and/or by the Chairperson.
(1) Five days prior to each meeting, the following items shall be mailed to each Commission member, to the Health Services Administrator, County Alcohol and Drug Program Administrator and the Directors of Contract Providers of Alcohol and/or Drug Services:
(a) Minutes of prior meeting,
(b) Agenda,
(c) Any written material to be discussed at the meeting;
(2) A quorum must be present in order for any matters requiring a vote to be acted on. A quorum shall be one person more than one-half of the appointed members of the Commission;
(3) The public shall be notified of the time and place of regular and special meetings.
(D) Officers. Members of the Commission shall elect a chairperson, vice-chairperson, and a secretary at the regular April meeting. The duties and responsibilities of the officers are as follows:
(1) Chairperson: presides over meetings, prepares agendas, represents the Commission, and is responsible for communication with the Board of Supervisors;
(2) Vice-Chairperson: assumes the duties of chairperson in his/her absence;
(3) Secretary: records the actions taken at meetings, records pertinent discussion at meetings, prepares correspondence and other written information resulting from or to be discussed at meetings, and notifies members and the public of meetings.
(E) Agendas.
(1) Commission members shall present items for the agenda to the Commission Secretary at least two weeks in advance of the meeting;
(2) The agenda shall include community oral communications limited to nonagenda items. Each item shall be allowed five minutes to state his/her concern during a designated time on the regular business agenda.
(F) Committees.
(1) There shall be three standing committees on alcohol issues, other drug issues, and budget issues. Each standing committee shall be maintained with a minimum of three members of the Commission to be appointed as required by the Commission Chairperson and ratified by the Commission membership;
(2) Other committees, subcommittees or task forces shall be appointed by the Commission Chairperson as needed and ratified by the Commission membership. The Chairperson shall terminate committees, et al., when they have completed their tasks. The Commission Secretary shall notify the Board of Supervisors of the establishment of any committee, subcommittee or task force established by the Commission. [Ord. 4791 § 1, 2005; Ord. 4560 § 2, 1999; Ord. 4278 § 2, 1993].


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