text:
Computing basics. Ruurd Kuiper
- Kathryn Nash
- 2 years ago
- Views:
1 Computing basics Ruurd Kuiper October 29, 2009
2 Overview (cf Schaum Chapter 1) Basic computing science is about using computers to do things for us. These things amount to processing data. The way a computer processes data, is by executing programs of algorithmic nature. Algorithms are recipes, in terms of a basic statements for simple, one step, transformation of data into new data, and control statements to order the steps. A programming language provides basic statements and control statements to write programs that make the computer perform such tasks - this particular issue is addressed in the lectures and exercise classes for Java programming that form the main part of this course. For this practical part the lecture notes Object Oriented Programming with Java, Par I, with the accompanying exercises, by Kees Huizing and Ruurd Kuiper, are used. Other, more conceptual issues remain that are relevant for a basic understanding of computer science. These are addressed in the present lectures and handouts, using the book Principles of computer science, by Carl Reynolds and Paul Tymann, Schaum s Outline Series, MacGraw-Hill, The following issues are addressed. 1. What is a computer? 2. What can a computer (not) do? 3. What can a computer (not) do efficiently? 4. How do we get a computer to do things? 5. How do we know that a computer does (not) what we want? 6. What should we (not) use a computer for? 1
3 Chapter 1 What is a computer? (cf Schaum Chapter 2,3, 4) A computer is a machine that can be programmed to perform a data processing task, i.e., storing and retrieving data values, and transforming data values to new data values using algorithms. A program, written in a programming language like for example Java, for a specific data processing task consists of the instructions to the computer how to perform that task; this is called software. The machinery on which the program is executed, i.e. is turned into activity, is called hardware. 1.1 Turing machines (Schaum pp 25 28) A computer processes data, by executing programs of algorithmic nature. This amounts to executing basic statements, in an order prescribed by control statements. As programs are written by humans, the statements in a programming language are human-understanding oriented to a considerable extend and also may vary among programming languages. To understand what the essence of algorithmic data processing is, the Turing machine (TM) (introduced in 1936 by Alan Turing) is used: a conceptual computer with a fixed program and arbitrary input. A TM consists of the following. 1. A tape, divided into cells that each contain a symbol or a blank,, from a finite set. The tape is infinite to the right. 2. A head that reads and writes one symbol (possibly a ) in the cell under it and can move left, right or be stationary. 3. A finite number of, numbered, states and a special halt state. 4. A finite instruction table of five-tuples: (current state, current symbol, overwriting symbol, next state, direction to move). The TM overwrites the cell the head is over and moves the head over the tape according to the instructions. A TM starts in state 1, positioned at the extreme left of the tape, and if it halts, it halts in the halt state. The program in this version of the Turing machine is the instruction table. Programming such a Turing machine for a specific task means writing the corresponding instruction table. Note, that different input can be given by putting different values on the tape. 2
4 To bring such a Turing machine intuitively closer to a programmable computer, it is desirable to be able to write the instructions (the program ) for a specific task on the tape rather than to have to change the instruction table of the Turing machine. It is possible to define a so called universal Turing machine, with a fixed, universal, instruction table, and input the instructions for a specific task on the tape. The idea is, that part of the instructions in the fixed instruction table transform the specific instructions on the tape in such a manner, that the universal Turing machine behaves just like a Turing machine that would have the instructions on the tape as its instruction table. The feeling that a Turing machine captures the essence of computability is phrased in the Church-Turing thesis as: If something can be effectively computed, i.e., there exist a stepwise, always terminating, recipe to do the calculation for any input, than a Turing machine can be constructed that does this. NB This can only be a thesis (a belief not a, provable, theorem), as the notion of effective computability is an intuitive and not a formal one. Furthermore, a realistic programming language can do what a Turing machine can: it is Turing equivalent. To support this claim, observe that in a realistic programming language, it is possible to program a Turing machine. The claim (following from the Church-Turing thesis) the other way around can be supported by showing that all basic operations of a language as executed by a computer can be modeled by a Turing machine. 1.2 Hardware (cf Schaum Chapter 3) The Von Neumann architecture reflects the (Universal) Turing Machine structure: the memory corresponds to the tape, the CPU corresponds to the instruction table; the stored program corresponds to the instruction put on the tape and the interpretation rules being present in the CPU. 1.3 Software (cf Schaum Chapter 4, 6 pp 95 98) The high level language basic and control statements reflect the Turing machine instructions. The machine language basic and control statements reflect the Turing machine instructions. Translation from high level language into machine instructions or an intermediate format (Java s byte code) is provided by the compiler. 3
5 Chapter 2 What can a computer (not) do? (cf Schaum pp 28 29) As argued in chapter 1, the intuitive question what is a computer can, according to the Church-Turing thesis, be formalized as: a computer is equivalent to a Turing machine. Therefore, the question what can a computer (not) do, becomes equivalent to the question what can a Turing machine (not) do. Theorem 2.1 (Halting problem) There exists no algorithm that, for all Turing machines M and all inputs i decides whether M(i) halts. (Decides means that the algorithm itself halts on any input and give a yes/ no answer.) Proof: Assume there exists H(#M, i) that for all machines and all inputs decides termination: H(#M, i) returns yes if M(i) terminates and returns no if M(i) does not terminate (I use returns yes if M(i) terminates rather then if M(i) terminates return yes to indicate that M(i) terminates is a property rather than a guard that can be evaluated.) define X(#M) if H(#M, #M) == yes do not terminate else (i.e., if H(#M, #M) == no) terminate If X(#X) terminates H(#X, #X) == no X(#X) does not terminate: Contradiction. Else (i.e., if X(#X) does not terminate) H(#X, #X) == yes X(#X) terminates: Contradiction. So H(#M, i) cannot exist. We also discussed in how far there were realistic problems that could not be solved algorithmically. NB This is advanced material, meant to give some idea about what the issues are and how to approach the various problems - it is not required for the exam. Theorem 2.2 (Tiling problem) Whether or not a given set of tiles T can be used to tile the upper half of an infinite plane, starting at the bottom with a specific tile, cannot be decided algorithmically. Proof (sketch): A Turing machine can be constructed that translates the tiling problem to the halting problem, thus showing that also the Tiling problem cannot be decided algorithmically. We now take a somewhat closer, more precise look at these questions. Definition 2.1 (Language) A language L over an alphabet Σ is a set of words w Sigma : finite strings built from letters from Σ. 4
6 Definition 2.2 (Recognizing a language) A Turing machine M recognizes a language L if for each word w Σ, it returns yes and halts iff w L, and it returns no and halts or it loops iff w / L. Definition 2.3 (Accepting a language) A Turing machine M accepts a language L if for each word w Σ, it returns yes and halts iff w L, and it returns no and halts iff w / L. Consider the following language A T M = { M, w M is a Turing machine and M(w) = yes} to see, as stated in the two following theorems, that there are languages that are recognizable but not decidable. Theorem 2.3 (Recognizability of A T M) There exists an algorithm that, for all Turing machines M and all inputs i decides whether M(i) halts. Proof: Built the following machine. Use the (universal) Turing machine to simulate M, run it on w, if M(w) = yes return yes, if M(w) = no return no, else (i.e., if M(w) loops), loop. This machine recognizes A T M. Theorem 2.4 (Undecidability of A T M) There exists no algorithm that, for decides A T M. Proof: You can do this yourself: it is very much analogous to the proof of the Halting problem. There are even languages that are not recognizable. Theorem 2.5 (Non-recognizable languages) There are not recognizable languages. Proof (sketch): A set is countable if it has the same size, i.e., can be brought into 1-1 correspondence with the natural numbers. The set of Turing machines is countable. Because: any Turing machine can be represented as a finite string - which can be regarded as a natural number. The set B of infinite binary sequences is uncountable. Because of diagonalization: Assume all binary sequences can be put next to the natural numbers. Make a new binary sequence that differs in the first digit from the first one listed, in the second digit from the second one listed etc. - this new one is not in the list. Contradiction. The set of languages over alphabet Σ is uncountable. Because the set of all languages over an alphabet Σ has the same size as B. Namely, each language has a unique characteristic sequence in B, as follows. The characteristic sequence s 1, s 2,... for language L is build as follows: All words over Σ are: Σ = {w 1, w 2,...}. s i = 1 iff w i L, s i = 0 iff w i / L. So there are more languages than Turing machines, so there are not recognizable languages. Remark: The complement of a language L over alphabet Σ is Sigma \L.The complement of A T M is not recognizable. (You can prove this yourself, using that A T M is recognizable and that (show!) a language is decidable iff both it and its complement are recognizable ;-) 5
7 Chapter 3 What can a computer (not) do efficiently? (cf Schaum Chapter 2) As explained in chapter 2, there are problems that cannot be solved algorithmically. A more refined analysis shows, that there are also problems hat cannot be solved in a practical sense, because there is no efficient algorithm. Efficiency comes in two kinds: in terms of time and in terms of space. 3.1 Time complexity (Schaum pp 17 25) For time complexity, the notions of computation step and order of magnitude are crucial. 3.2 Space complexity For space complexity, the notions of memory cell and order of magnitude are essential. Often there is a trade-off between time- and space complexity. 6
8 Chapter 4 How do we get a computer to do things? (cf Schaum Chapter 4, pp 44 53) There are two answers to this question: high level programming languages and software engineering. We only consider high level language: they enable to partition a programming problem. In programming, there are many situations where something is too complex to be dealt with conveniently as a whole. The general approach of partitioning can often be applied in such situations. Here a general description of the approach is given, followed by a specific application to the case of methods. Partitioning means dividing something complex into less complex parts that can, to some extent, be treated separately. The approach is based on two ideas. For ease of explanation, the case for two parts is considered. The first idea is composition: making the whole from less complex parts that put together form the whole. To reduce complexity, making a separate part should be simpler than making the whole directly. This requires that when making one part, not all the details of the other part should have to be considered. Similar holds for putting the parts together. The second idea in the partitioning approach is therefore to make an abstraction of a part: a description of a part that provides only the information necessary to make the other part. Similar for putting the parts together. That such an abstraction can be made, depends on choosing relatively independent parts. The idea of partitioning is now applied to the method, to partition a data manipulation task into subtasks. Applying the idea of composition, we declare and define several methods, with different names, in a class, that each contain the description of a subtask. One method is, as usual, started from main. This starts the processing; from this method others are started, called, these may call other methods, and so on. A method call takes place when control arrives at a statement that consists of the method name followed by a (often empty) pair of parentheses. In this way the parts are combined. The process of defining methods is called grouping and naming : grouping of code in a method that has a name by which it can be called. This code can be used repeatedly and at different places in the code by writing a call where desired. Applying the idea of abstraction, we write a short description of the effect of the method on the instance variables as a comment just before the method declaration. The various methods manipulate the data stored in the instance variables of the class. These variables are accessible for all methods: it is the data manipulation that is partitioned, not the data storage. The partitioning of data storage is done by creating more than one object from a class - and also more classes. 7
9 Chapter 5 How do we know that a computer does (not) what we want? To start with, a formal specification of the desired behavior is needed, because otherwise it is unclear what it is that we want the computer to do. For this, think of the remarks about abstraction in chapter 4 and the remarks about verification in the lecture notes. The behavior is described using assertions, invariants and pre-/postconditions. Then there are three main approaches to verify whether or not a program satisfies a specification: testing, model checking and proving. In testing, test runs of the program, on example inputs, are performed, and the outcomes compared to the specification. Testing can show presence of errors (in test runs), but not show general absence of errors (in all runs) if infinitely many runs exist and only finitely many runs can be tried. Model checking is appropriate if only finitely many different states occur and a finite model of the runs can be given. Then all possible runs can be checked, and thus presence as well as general absence of errors can be shown. Proving properties is appropriate when no finite model exists. Limitations are, that no general proof algorithm can exist (because if such an algorithm existed, it would be able to decide halting, which would contradict the Halting Problem). The situation is even worse: there is no proof system that enables, even with human proof construction, to prove all properties that can be specified and are true of a program. 8
10 Chapter 6 What should we (not) use a computer for? (cf Schaum Chapter 9)... 9
FORMAL LANGUAGES, AUTOMATA AND COMPUTATION REDUCIBILITY ( LECTURE 16) SLIDES FOR 15-453 SPRING 2011 1 / 20 THE LANDSCAPE OF THE CHOMSKY HIERARCHY ( LECTURE 16) SLIDES FOR 15-453 SPRING 2011 2 / 20 REDUCIBILITYMore information
CS 3719 (Theory of Computation and Algorithms) Lecture 4
CS 3719 (Theory of Computation and Algorithms) Lecture 4 Antonina Kolokolova January 18, 2012 1 Undecidable languages 1.1 Church-Turing thesis Let s recap how it all started. In 1990, Hilbert stated aMore information
Notes on Complexity Theory Last updated: August, 2011. Lecture 1
Notes on Complexity Theory Last updated: August, 2011 Jonathan Katz Lecture 1 1 Turing Machines I assume that most students have encountered Turing machines before. (Students who have not may want to lookMore information
A TM. Recall the A TM language: A TM = { M, w M is a TM and M accepts w.} is undecidable. Theorem: The language. p.2/?
p.1/? Reducibility We say that a problem Q reduces to problem P if we can use P to solve Q. In the context of decidability we have the following templates : If A reduces to B and B is decidable, then soMore information
Computability. COMP2600 Formal Methods for Software Engineering. Katya Lebedeva. Australian National University Semester 2, 2016
Computability COMP2600 Formal Methods for Software Engineering Katya Lebedeva Australian National University Semester 2, 2016 Slides created by Katya Lebedeva COMP 2600 Turing Machines 1 Definition ofMore information
Computational Models Lecture 8, Spring 2009
Slides modified by Benny Chor, based on original slides by Maurice Herlihy, Brown Univ. p. 1 Computational Models Lecture 8, Spring 2009 Encoding of TMs Universal Turing Machines The Halting/AcceptanceMore information
CSE 135: Introduction to Theory of Computation Decidability and Recognizability
CSE 135: Introduction to Theory of Computation Decidability and Recognizability Sungjin Im University of California, Merced 04-28, 30-2014 High-Level Descriptions of Computation Instead of giving a TuringMore information
Theory of Computation Prof. Kamala Krithivasan Department of Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Madras
Theory of Computation Prof. Kamala Krithivasan Department of Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Lecture No. # 31 Recursive Sets, Recursively Innumerable Sets, EncodingMore information
CS154. Turing Machines. Turing Machine. Turing Machines versus DFAs FINITE STATE CONTROL AI N P U T INFINITE TAPE. read write move.
CS54 Turing Machines Turing Machine q 0 AI N P U T IN TAPE read write move read write move Language = {0} q This Turing machine recognizes the language {0} Turing Machines versus DFAs TM can both writeMore information
Turing Machines: An Introduction
CIT 596 Theory of Computation 1 We have seen several abstract models of computing devices: Deterministic Finite Automata, Nondeterministic Finite Automata, Nondeterministic Finite Automata with ɛ-transitions,More information
Turing Machine and the Conceptual Problems of Computational Theory
Research Inventy: International Journal of Engineering And Science Vol.4, Issue 4 (April 204), PP 53-60 Issn (e): 2278-472, Issn (p):239-6483, www.researchinventy.com Turing Machine and the ConceptualMore information
Outline. Database Theory. Perfect Query Optimization. Turing Machines. Question. Definition VU , SS Trakhtenbrot s Theorem
Database Theory Database Theory Outline Database Theory VU 181.140, SS 2016 4. Trakhtenbrot s Theorem Reinhard Pichler Institut für Informationssysteme Arbeitsbereich DBAI Technische Universität Wien 4.More information
6.080 / 6.089 Great Ideas in Theoretical Computer Science Spring 2008
MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 6.080 / 6.089 Great Ideas in Theoretical Computer Science Spring 2008 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.More information
Lecture 2: Universality
CS 710: Complexity Theory 1/21/2010 Lecture 2: Universality Instructor: Dieter van Melkebeek Scribe: Tyson Williams In this lecture, we introduce the notion of a universal machine, develop efficient universalMore information
(IALC, Chapters 8 and 9) Introduction to Turing s life, Turing machines, universal machines, unsolvable problems.
3130CIT: Theory of Computation Turing machines and undecidability (IALC, Chapters 8 and 9) Introduction to Turing s life, Turing machines, universal machines, unsolvable problems. An undecidable problemMore information
Sets and Subsets. Countable and Uncountable
Sets and Subsets Countable and Uncountable Reading Appendix A Section A.6.8 Pages 788-792 BIG IDEAS Themes 1. There exist functions that cannot be computed in Java or any other computer language. 2. ThereMore information
THE TURING DEGREES AND THEIR LACK OF LINEAR ORDER JASPER DEANTONIO Abstract. This paper is a study of the Turing Degrees, which are levels of incomputability naturally arising from sets of natural numbers.More information
The Halting Problem is Undecidable
185 Corollary G = { M, w w L(M) } is not Turing-recognizable. Proof. = ERR, where ERR is the easy to decide language: ERR = { x { 0, 1 }* x does not have a prefix that is a valid code for a Turing machineMore information
Computability Theory
CSC 438F/2404F Notes (S. Cook and T. Pitassi) Fall, 2014 Computability Theory This section is partly inspired by the material in A Course in Mathematical Logic by Bell and Machover, Chap 6, sections 1-10.More information
CAs and Turing Machines. The Basis for Universal Computation
CAs and Turing Machines The Basis for Universal Computation What We Mean By Universal When we claim universal computation we mean that the CA is capable of calculating anything that could possibly be calculated*.More information
Automata and Computability. Solutions to Exercises
Automata and Computability Solutions to Exercises Fall 25 Alexis Maciel Department of Computer Science Clarkson University Copyright c 25 Alexis Maciel ii Contents Preface vii Introduction 2 Finite AutomataMore information
The Classes P and NP
The Classes P and NP We now shift gears slightly and restrict our attention to the examination of two families of problems which are very important to computer scientists. These families constitute theMore information
Finite Automata and Formal Languages
Finite Automata and Formal Languages TMV026/DIT321 LP4 2011 Lecture 14 May 19th 2011 Overview of today s lecture: Turing Machines Push-down Automata Overview of the Course Undecidable and Intractable ProblemsMore information
A Formalization of the Turing Test Evgeny Chutchev
A Formalization of the Turing Test Evgeny Chutchev 1. Introduction The Turing test was described by A. Turing in his paper [4] as follows: An interrogator questions both Turing machine and second participantMore information
3515ICT Theory of Computation Turing Machines
Griffith University 3515ICT Theory of Computation Turing Machines (Based loosely on slides by Harald Søndergaard of The University of Melbourne) 9-0 Overview Turing machines: a general model of computationMore information
Markov Algorithm. CHEN Yuanmi December 18, 2007
Markov Algorithm CHEN Yuanmi December 18, 2007 1 Abstract Markov Algorithm can be understood as a priority string rewriting system. In this short paper we give the definition of Markov algorithm and alsoMore information
Turing Machines, Part I
Turing Machines, Part I Languages The $64,000 Question What is a language? What is a class of languages? Computer Science Theory 2 1 Now our picture looks like Context Free Languages Deterministic ContextMore information
ECS 120 Lesson 17 Church s Thesis, The Universal Turing Machine
ECS 120 Lesson 17 Church s Thesis, The Universal Turing Machine Oliver Kreylos Monday, May 7th, 2001 In the last lecture, we looked at the computation of Turing Machines, and also at some variants of TuringMore information
1 Definition of a Turing machine
Introduction to Algorithms Notes on Turing Machines CS 4820, Spring 2012 April 2-16, 2012 1 Definition of a Turing machine Turing machines are an abstract model of computation. They provide a precise,More information
Introduction to computer science
Introduction to computer science Michael A. Nielsen University of Queensland Goals: 1. Introduce the notion of the computational complexity of a problem, and define the major computational complexity classes.More information
Lecture 39: Extensions to Turing Machines
Lecture 39: Extensions to Turing Machines Aims: To see that extensions to Turing machines add no power. Page 1 of 12 39.1. More Example Turing Machines By naming machines, we can combine complex machinesMore information
We give a basic overview of the mathematical background required for this course.
1 Background We give a basic overview of the mathematical background required for this course. 1.1 Set Theory We introduce some concepts from naive set theory (as opposed to axiomatic set theory). TheMore information
Diagonalization. Ahto Buldas. Lecture 3 of Complexity Theory October 8, 2009. Slides based on S.Aurora, B.Barak. Complexity Theory: A Modern Approach.
Diagonalization Slides based on S.Aurora, B.Barak. Complexity Theory: A Modern Approach. Ahto Buldas email@example.com Background One basic goal in complexity theory is to separate interesting complexityMore information
Lecture 1: Time Complexity
Computational Complexity Theory, Fall 2010 August 25 Lecture 1: Time Complexity Lecturer: Peter Bro Miltersen Scribe: Søren Valentin Haagerup 1 Introduction to the course The field of Computational ComplexityMore information
Automata Theory CS F-15 Undecidiability
Automata Theory CS411-2015F-15 Undecidiability David Galles Department of Computer Science University of San Francisco 15-0: Universal TM Turing Machines are Hard Wired Addition machine only adds 0 n 1More information
Introduction to Turing Machines
Automata Theory, Languages and Computation - Mírian Halfeld-Ferrari p. 1/2 Introduction to Turing Machines SITE : http://www.sir.blois.univ-tours.fr/ mirian/ Automata Theory, Languages and ComputationMore information
THE SEARCH FOR NATURAL DEFINABILITY IN THE TURING DEGREES ANDREW E.M. LEWIS 1. Introduction This will be a course on the Turing degrees. We shall assume very little background knowledge: familiarity withMore information
Introduction to Theory of Computation
Introduction to Theory of Computation Prof. (Dr.) K.R. Chowdhary Email: email@example.com Formerly at department of Computer Science and Engineering MBM Engineering College, Jodhpur Tuesday 28 thMore information
Compiling Scheme to a Micro 2 computer
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Course Notes 7 6.844, Spring 03: Computability Theory of and with Scheme April 22 Prof. Albert Meyer revised April 22, 2003, 1115 minutes Compiling Scheme to a MicroMore information
CS 301 Course Information
CS 301: Languages and Automata January 9, 2009 CS 301 Course Information Prof. Robert H. Sloan Handout 1 Lecture: Tuesday Thursday, 2:00 3:15, LC A5 Weekly Problem Session: Wednesday, 4:00 4:50 p.m., LCMore information
Chapter 7 Uncomputability
Chapter 7 Uncomputability 190 7.1 Introduction Undecidability of concrete problems. First undecidable problem obtained by diagonalisation. Other undecidable problems obtained by means of the reductionMore information
Computation Beyond Turing Machines
Computation Beyond Turing Machines Peter Wegner, Brown University Dina Goldin, U. of Connecticut 1. Turing s legacy Alan Turing was a brilliant mathematician who showed that computers could not completelyMore information
24 Uses of Turing Machines
Formal Language and Automata Theory: CS2004 24 Uses of Turing Machines 24 Introduction We have previously covered the application of Turing Machine as a recognizer and decider In this lecture we will discussMore information
Menu. cs3102: Theory of Computation. Class 17: Undecidable Languages. Alternate Proof Input. Alternate Proof Input. Contradiction! Contradiction!
cs3102: Theory of Computation Class 17: Undecidable Languages Spring 2010 University of Virginia David Evans Menu Another SELF-REJECTINGargument: diagonalization A language that is Turing-recognizableMore information
Notes on Complexity Theory Last updated: August, 2011. Lecture 1
Notes on Complexity Theory Last updated: August, 2011 Jonathan Katz Lecture 1 1 Turing Machines I assume that most students have encountered Turing machines before. (Students who have not may want to lookMore information
Satisfiability of Boolean Expressions
Satisfiability of Boolean Expressions In the previous section, we have analysed in great detail one particular problem reachability in directed graphs. The reason for the attention devoted to this oneMore information
Introduction to Automata Theory. Reading: Chapter 1
Introduction to Automata Theory Reading: Chapter 1 1 What is Automata Theory? Study of abstract computing devices, or machines Automaton = an abstract computing device Note: A device need not even be aMore information
Universal Turing Machine: A Model for all Computational Problems
Universal Turing Machine: A Model for all Computational Problems Edward E. Ogheneovo Lecturer I, Dept of Computer Science, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt Nigeria. ABSTRACT: Turing machinesMore information
Theory of Computation Chapter 2: Turing Machines
Theory of Computation Chapter 2: Turing Machines Guan-Shieng Huang Feb. 24, 2003 Feb. 19, 2006 0-0 Turing Machine δ K 0111000a 01bb 1 Definition of TMs A Turing Machine is a quadruple M = (K, Σ, δ, s),More information
Theory of Computation Lecture Notes
Theory of Computation Lecture Notes Abhijat Vichare August 2005 Contents 1 Introduction 2 What is Computation? 3 The λ Calculus 3.1 Conversions: 3.2 The calculus in use 3.3 Few Important Theorems 3.4 WorkedMore information
Automata Theory and Languages
Automata Theory and Languages SITE : http://www.info.univ-tours.fr/ mirian/ Automata Theory, Languages and Computation - Mírian Halfeld-Ferrari p. 1/1 Introduction to Automata Theory Automata theory :More information
Discrete Mathematics and Probability Theory Fall 2009 Satish Rao, David Tse Note 20
CS 70 Discrete Mathematics and Probability Theory Fall 009 Satish Rao, David Tse Note 0 Infinity and Countability Consider a function (or mapping) f that maps elements of a set A (called the domain ofMore information
Introduction to Algorithms Review information for Prelim 1 CS 4820, Spring 2010 Distributed Wednesday, February 24
Introduction to Algorithms Review information for Prelim 1 CS 4820, Spring 2010 Distributed Wednesday, February 24 The final exam will cover seven topics. 1. greedy algorithms 2. divide-and-conquer algorithmsMore information
6.080 / 6.089 Great Ideas in Theoretical Computer Science Spring 2008
MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 6.080 / 6.089 Great Ideas in Theoretical Computer Science Spring 2008 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.More information
5 Program Correctness
5 Program Correctness 5.1. Introduction For any application, the designer of a distributed system has the responsibility of certifying the correctness of the system, before users start using it. This guaranteeMore information
Sets and Cardinality Notes for C. F. Miller
Sets and Cardinality Notes for 620-111 C. F. Miller Semester 1, 2000 Abstract These lecture notes were compiled in the Department of Mathematics and Statistics in the University of Melbourne for the useMore information
Automata and Formal Languages
Automata and Formal Languages Winter 2009-2010 Yacov Hel-Or 1 What this course is all about This course is about mathematical models of computation We ll study different machine models (finite automata,More information
Super Turing-Machines
1 This preprint differs from the published version. Do not quote or photocopy. Super Turing-Machines B. Jack Copeland 2 1. Universal Turing Machines A universal Turing machine is an idealised computingMore information
Post s (and Zuse s) forgotten ideas in the Philosophy and History of Computer Science.
Post s and Zuse s forgotten ideas in the Philosophy of Computer Science. L. De Mol Post s (and Zuse s) forgotten ideas in the Philosophy and History of Computer Science. Liesbeth De Mol Boole centre forMore information
Classical Information and Bits
p. 1/24 Classical Information and Bits The simplest variable that can carry information is the bit, which can take only two values, 0 or 1. Any ensemble, description, or set of discrete values can be quantifiedMore information
Models of Sequential Computation
Models of Sequential Computation 13 C H A P T E R Programming is often considered as an art, but it raises mostly practical questions like which language should I choose, which algorithm is adequate, andMore information
Reading 13 : Finite State Automata and Regular Expressions
CS/Math 24: Introduction to Discrete Mathematics Fall 25 Reading 3 : Finite State Automata and Regular Expressions Instructors: Beck Hasti, Gautam Prakriya In this reading we study a mathematical modelMore information
Automated Theorem Proving - summary of lecture 1
Automated Theorem Proving - summary of lecture 1 1 Introduction Automated Theorem Proving (ATP) deals with the development of computer programs that show that some statement is a logical consequence ofMore information
Intro to Programming: Basic Definitions
Intro to Programming: Basic Definitions Programming: The planning, scheduling, or performing of a task or event Computer program: A sequence of instructions for a computer to execute Computer: An electronic,More information
Alan Turing and the Unsolvable Problem To Halt or Not to Halt That Is the Question
Alan Turing and the Unsolvable Problem To Halt or Not to Halt That Is the Question Cristian S. Calude 26 April 2012 Alan Turing Alan Mathison Turing was born in a nursing home in Paddington, London, nowMore information
What computers can't do
1997 2009, Millennium Mathematics Project, University of Cambridge. Permission is granted to print and copy this page on paper for non commercial use. For other uses, including electronic redistribution,More information
Math/CSE 1019: Discrete Mathematics for Computer Science Fall Suprakash Datta
Math/CSE 1019: Discrete Mathematics for Computer Science Fall 2011 Suprakash Datta email@example.com Office: CSEB 3043 Phone: 416-736-2100 ext 77875 Course page: http://www.cse.yorku.ca/course/1019 1More information
3. Recurrence Recursive Definitions. To construct a recursively defined function:
3. RECURRENCE 10 3. Recurrence 3.1. Recursive Definitions. To construct a recursively defined function: 1. Initial Condition(s) (or basis): Prescribe initial value(s) of the function.. Recursion: Use aMore information
NP-Completeness and Cook s Theorem
NP-Completeness and Cook s Theorem Lecture notes for COM3412 Logic and Computation 15th January 2002 1 NP decision problems The decision problem D L for a formal language L Σ is the computational task:More information
Discrete Mathematics. Some related courses. Assessed work. Motivation: functions. Motivation: sets. Exercise. Motivation: relations
Discrete Mathematics Philippa Gardner This course is based on previous lecture notes by Iain Phillips. K.H. Rosen. Discrete Mathematics and its Applications, McGraw Hill 1995. J.L. Gersting. MathematicalMore information
CARDINALITY, COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE SETS PART ONE With the notion of bijection at hand, it is easy to formalize the idea that two finite sets have the same number of elements: we just need to verifyMore information
MAT2400 Analysis I. A brief introduction to proofs, sets, and functions
MAT2400 Analysis I A brief introduction to proofs, sets, and functions In Analysis I there is a lot of manipulations with sets and functions. It is probably also the first course where you have to takeMore information
the lemma. Keep in mind the following facts about regular languages:
CPS 2: Discrete Mathematics Instructor: Bruce Maggs Assignment Due: Wednesday September 2, 27 A Tool for Proving Irregularity (25 points) When proving that a language isn t regular, a tool that is oftenMore information
Mathematics for Computer Science
Mathematics for Computer Science Lecture 2: Functions and equinumerous sets Areces, Blackburn and Figueira TALARIS team INRIA Nancy Grand Est Contact: firstname.lastname@example.com Course website: http://www.loria.fr/~blackbur/courses/mathMore information
In mathematics you don t understand things. You just get used to them. (Attributed to John von Neumann)
Chapter 1 Sets and Functions We understand a set to be any collection M of certain distinct objects of our thought or intuition (called the elements of M) into a whole. (Georg Cantor, 1895) In mathematicsMore information
GENERIC COMPUTABILITY, TURING DEGREES, AND ASYMPTOTIC DENSITY CARL G. JOCKUSCH, JR. AND PAUL E. SCHUPP Abstract. Generic decidability has been extensively studied in group theory, and we now study it inMore information
Cardinality. The set of all finite strings over the alphabet of lowercase letters is countable. The set of real numbers R is an uncountable set.
Section 2.5 Cardinality (another) Definition: The cardinality of a set A is equal to the cardinality of a set B, denoted A = B, if and only if there is a bijection from A to B. If there is an injectionMore information
Formal Languages and Automata Theory - Regular Expressions and Finite Automata -
Formal Languages and Automata Theory - Regular Expressions and Finite Automata - Samarjit Chakraborty Computer Engineering and Networks Laboratory Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich MarchMore information
MATHEMATICS: CONCEPTS, AND FOUNDATIONS Vol. III - Logic and Computer Science - Phokion G. Kolaitis
LOGIC AND COMPUTER SCIENCE Phokion G. Kolaitis Computer Science Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA Keywords: algorithm, Armstrong s axioms, complete problem, complexity class,More information
Computing Functions with Turing Machines
CS 30 - Lecture 20 Combining Turing Machines and Turing s Thesis Fall 2008 Review Languages and Grammars Alphabets, strings, languages Regular Languages Deterministic Finite and Nondeterministic AutomataMore information
1. Nondeterministically guess a solution (called a certificate) 2. Check whether the solution solves the problem (called verification)
Some N P problems Computer scientists have studied many N P problems, that is, problems that can be solved nondeterministically in polynomial time. Traditionally complexity question are studied as languages:More information
[Refer Slide Time: 05:10]
Principles of Programming Languages Prof: S. Arun Kumar Department of Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Lecture no 7 Lecture Title: Syntactic Classes Welcome to lectureMore information
Practice Problems for Final Exam: Solutions CS 341: Foundations of Computer Science II Prof. Marvin K. Nakayama
Practice Problems for Final Exam: Solutions CS 341: Foundations of Computer Science II Prof. Marvin K. Nakayama 1. Short answers: (a) Define the following terms and concepts: i. Union, intersection, setMore information
Clock. D Flip-Flop. Flip-Flops and Finite State Automata 3/31/2009
Finite State Machine Design COMP370 Intro to Computer Architecture Flip-Flops and Finite State Automata Finite State Automata (FSA) have states. The system has to remember the current state. Flip-FlopsMore information
Finite Automata and Formal Languages
Finite Automata and Formal Languages TMV026/DIT321 LP4 2011 Ana Bove Lecture 1 March 21st 2011 Course Organisation Overview of the Course Overview of today s lecture: Course Organisation Level: This courseMore information
6.080/6.089 GITCS Feb 12, 2008. Lecture 3
6.8/6.89 GITCS Feb 2, 28 Lecturer: Scott Aaronson Lecture 3 Scribe: Adam Rogal Administrivia. Scribe notes The purpose of scribe notes is to transcribe our lectures. Although I have formal notes of myMore information
CHAPTER 7 GENERAL PROOF SYSTEMS 1 Introduction Proof systems are built to prove statements. They can be thought as an inference machine with special statements, called provable statements, or sometimesMore information
Honors Class (Foundations of) Informatics. Tom Verhoeff. Department of Mathematics & Computer Science Software Engineering & Technology
Honors Class (Foundations of) Informatics Tom Verhoeff Department of Mathematics & Computer Science Software Engineering & Technology www.win.tue.nl/~wstomv/edu/hci c 2011, T. Verhoeff @ TUE.NL 1/20 InformationMore information
Tutorial No. 1 - Solution (Introduction to Computers & Programming)
Tutorial No. 1 - Solution (Introduction to Computers & Programming) Computer Programming and Utilization (2110003) 1. Draw a block diagram of computer architecture. 2. List various components of a computerMore information
CPSC 211 Data Structures & Implementations (c) Texas A&M University [ 313]
CPSC 211 Data Structures & Implementations (c) Texas A&M University [ 313] File Structures A file is a collection of data stored on mass storage (e.g., disk or tape) Why on mass storage? too big to fitMore information
TuringSim - An Universal Turing Machine Simulator for ios
TuringSim - An Universal Turing Machine Simulator for ios 1. Introduction Cristian Stanescu The Turing Machine is a great model for designing general purpose algorithms. Due to its simplicity and flexibility,More information
(Refer Slide Time: 1:41)
Discrete Mathematical Structures Dr. Kamala Krithivasan Department of Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Lecture # 10 Sets Today we shall learn about sets. You mustMore information
(Teams removed to preserve email address privacy)
(Teams removed to preserve email address privacy) Prizes The Millennium Problems: The Seven Greatest Unsolved Mathematical Puzzles Of Our Time Keith J. Devlin Your Inner Fish: A Journey into the 3.5-Billion-YearMore information
Discrete Mathematics Lecture 5. Harper Langston New York University
Discrete Mathematics Lecture 5 Harper Langston New York University Empty Set S = {x R, x 2 = -1} X = {1, 3}, Y = {2, 4}, C = X Y (X and Y are disjoint) Empty set has no elements Empty set is a subset ofMore information
02-201: Programming for Scientists
1. Course Information 1.1 Course description 02-201: Programming for Scientists Carl Kingsford Fall 2015 Provides a practical introduction to programming for students with little or no prior programmingMore information
4.6 The Primitive Recursive Functions
4.6. THE PRIMITIVE RECURSIVE FUNCTIONS 309 4.6 The Primitive Recursive Functions The class of primitive recursive functions is defined in terms of base functions and closure operations. Definition 4.6.1More information
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 6.436J/15.085J Fall 2008 Lecture 1 9/3/2008 PROBABILISTIC MODELS AND PROBABILITY MEASURES
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 6.436J/15.085J Fall 2008 Lecture 1 9/3/2008 PROBABILISTIC MODELS AND PROBABILITY MEASURES Contents 1. Probabilistic experiments 2. Sample space 3. Discrete probabilityMore information
f(x) is a singleton set for all x A. If f is a function and f(x) = {y}, we normally write
Math 525 Chapter 1 Stuff If A and B are sets, then A B = {(x,y) x A, y B} denotes the product set. If S A B, then S is called a relation from A to B or a relation between A and B. If B = A, S A A is calledMore information
Chapter 1. Computation theory
Chapter 1. Computation theory In this chapter we will describe computation logic for the machines. This topic is a wide interdisciplinary field, so that the students can work in an interdisciplinary context.More information
13 Infinite Sets. 13.1 Injections, Surjections, and Bijections. mcs-ftl 2010/9/8 0:40 page 379 #385
mcs-ftl 2010/9/8 0:40 page 379 #385 13 Infinite Sets So you might be wondering how much is there to say about an infinite set other than, well, it has an infinite number of elements. Of course, an infiniteMore information


text:
MrDubbs got me thinking this week…in a recent blog post, "What is this change agent Will is talking about?" In his post he described his reaction to an interview with Will Richardson. I found it interesting that he described how he was tempted to take a pessimistic view towards the use of Web 2.0 tools in the classroom, but was trying to keep an open mind. Being the eternal optimist when it comes to the potential for Web 2.0 to transform teaching and learning, I paused to think more deeply about why I hold out such hope for promoting the use of technology and the Web in the classrooms of our College.
Upon reflection I have decided that the short answer to why I am optimistic about the potential of technology, particularly web-based technology, is that I have seen evidence that appropriate use of technology in the classroom often leads to a different way of teaching and learning. Introduction of web-based learning tools also accelerates the achievement of student-centred learning and I am also convinced that adoption of student-centred learning principles results in improved learning outcomes for learners of all ages.
Notice the words "appropriate use"! using the Web to deliver distance learning is often nothing more than traditional teaching delivered on-line; teacher-directed as opposed to learner-directed. The Internet is used to deliver talking head type lectures, with mainly text-based materials, students watching, listening, working individually, and being assessed with traditional assessment tools. The only advantage to this delivery method is that it makes teaching more accessible. It works for some people but it certainly doesn't challenge students to learn differently.
So when does on-line teaching challenge students to learn differently? When it changes to student-centred teaching. Student-centered teaching methods shift the focus of activity from the teacher to the learners. These methods include active learning, cooperative learning, and inductive teaching and learning. Student-centered methods have repeatedly been shown to be superior to the traditional teacher-centered approach to instruction, a conclusion that applies whether the assessed outcome is short-term mastery, long-term retention, or depth of understanding of course material, acquisition of critical thinking or creative problem-solving skills, formation of positive attitudes toward the subject being taught, or level of confidence in knowledge or skills.
On-line teaching , if handled well, provides superb opportunities to model a student-centred approach. It is not enough to simply place print based materials onto a server. Rather electronic delivery offers the hope of increased learner-learner and learner-teacher interaction. It also provides opportunities for learners to access and browse a variety of resources, and then focus on areas of need and interest, so that control for learning is passed on to the learner in a guided way as self-efficacy is increased. EC&I 831 has demonstrated for me the effectiveness of an open, student-centred classroom. I have never learned so much so fast and been so engaged in the process. The fact that our classroom is a virtual one and that we have been connecting with classmates and our professor on-line has enriched the learning process not diminished it. I have been challenged to process and gather information in a different way; encouraged to make meaning from my on-line research and connections and as a result I have become a more capable learner.
Briefly describe one of your "student-centered learning" experiences. Click on the COMMENTS link to get started!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
As you age, your masculinity takes a hit from all angles. It can lower testosterone levels, weaken your sexual performance, deplete energy reserves, shrink muscle strength, affect cardiovascular health, and even bring on stress-induced fatigue. Now you can power up your manhood with Enzyte MRC, and seize the stamina, vigor, vitality, and masculinity every man deserves!
Product Features
- Masculinity Booster to Support Healthy Testosterone Levels
- Sustain Vascular Function for Sexual Response & Male Stamina
- Maximize Muscle Strength & Muscle Mass without Steroids
- Support Energy Levels & Metabolism for Workout Success
- Doctor-Formulated, Made in USA, Great for Men of All Ages


text:
In what has been a miserable season for Indians' first baseman Ryan Garko, Wednesday would have to be the low point.
At least one would hope it is.
Garko was removed during the Indians 10-7 loss to the Rays for standing at home plate after hitting a ball he thought would go foul.
It did not.
Garko's been in a tight race with Rafael Betancourt and Asdrubal Cabrera for Most Disappointing Indian This Season.
There are several other candidates, to be sure, but the three listed above have stood out.
After batting .289 with 21 homers last season, Garko has regressed in 2008. His power numbers are way down (he has eight homers) and his average is .239.
The reason Garko can separate himself from the other two on the list is because his fall was so unexpected.
Relievers blow up all the time. Betancourt is just another one in a long line of pitchers who have struggled (or in Rafael's case, imploded) trying to string two quality seasons together.
Cabrera was up for so little time last season, you wondered what would happen when pitchers got a book on him. The pitchers adjusted, he didn't in his sophomore season. Such a thing happens to many rookies.
But Garko's problems are hard to figure out.
He came up late in the lost season of 2006, and hit. He continued to do so in 2007, winning the first base job.
This season, the 27-year old player looks lost.
With his struggles, he has opened up another hole that the Indians will need to plug in the offseason. Maybe Garko can rebound, but it would be foolish for the Indians to assume he will.
They took that approach with Travis Hafner, and look what happened.
Labels: MLB


text:
It is particularly important to have proper legal representation if you have been charged with driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs in Nevada. According to state statutes, DUI arrests necessitate two separate hearings: one in which you are responsible for answering for the DUI charges and another in which your status as a licensed driver is assessed.
Fortunately, if your DUI charge is a misdemeanor, your attorney can appear in court in your stead, freeing you from the responsibility to appear personally. This option represents your best chances at getting your charges reduced or dismissed. However, if your attorney cannot reach an agreement with the prosecutor, you are legally entitled to appear before a judge, who has the option of ruling in your favor.
The average DUI defense in either of these cases typically follows one of three avenues:
- Your lawyer challenges the procedure used to administer sobriety tests
- Your attorney argues favor of a false positive on the part of a breath machine
- Your attorney presents a case showing that even trained police officers have a difficult time assessing whether or not a driver is under the influence
Some general facts about DUI offenses everyone should know include:
- The legal blood alcohol limit is .08 in Nevada
- Upon arrest, your driver's license may be revoked or suspended for 90 days
- If arrested, your vehicle may be impounded
If you have been accused of DUI, don't panic. Instead, call on an experienced criminal defense lawyer to help you through this difficult time.


text:
A fiduciary holds a position of trust and must perform to the highest ethical standards with clients having faith in the integrity and abilities of their chosen trust services provider.
The independence of a service provider is an important factor which allows flexibility, quick decision making and an unconstrained ability to choose from a network of professionals to ensure a bespoke and transparent service.
Our highly qualified and experienced fiduciary teams create solutions and provide administration services to families which enable them to manage multiple and complex cross-border assets, to navigate tax and regulatory issues and to plan for both their wealth and their businesses. Before doing so we ensure that they give thought to the following key considerations:
- Are you familiar with the concepts of residence and domicile and how they might impact upon your personal tax position?
- Are there any special tax regimes in your home jurisdiction that might apply to you?
- Are you considering a move to another jurisdiction?
- Are you currently using any form of structuring for the management of family wealth?
- Is there a need for structuring to manage your wealth and protect assets for future generations?


text: SOUTH BEND - Deborah Â?DebbieÂ? Jensen, 47, of South Bend, IN, died Monday in her home. Survivors include her husband, Rick Jensen; daughters, Jaime (Joe) Pyburn and Stacie (Janus Flora) Jensen; a son, Ricky Jensen; granddaughter, Lily Pyburn; a sister, Sherry Redman; and brothers, Robert Britton and David Britton. Services will be at 2:00 p.m. Thursday, Feb. 21, in the Palmer Funeral Home-Guisinger Chapel, 3718 S. Michigan St., South Bend, where friends call from 4 to 8 p.m. Wednesday.


text:
SLAC Today is
available online at:
In this issue:
Fermi Telescope Unites the Near and Far With Gamma Rays From the Sun
Special SLAC Colloquium May 9: "From Afar" in Ethiopia
Second of Two Power Outages at Building 50 This Weekend
Tuesday - May 3, 2011
Fermi Telescope Unites the Near and Far With Gamma Rays From the Sun
In its revolutionary study of the gamma-ray sky, the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope has thus far seen hundreds of distant active galaxies, and nearly 100 pulsars and binary objects in our galaxy, as well as the diffuse glow from particles accelerated in the aftermaths of supernovae. It has even brought the study of high-energy physics closer to home by capturing the gamma-ray output of a solar flare on the surface of the sun.
Now the Fermi Telescope has brought together the astronomically near and far with observations of yet another celestial high-energy process. A recent analysis by the telescope team, led by Igor Moskalenko and Elena Orlando of the Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology at SLAC and Stanford, and Italian colleagues Monica Brigida and Nicolo Giglietto, combed through the first 18 months of observations of the sun from Fermi's Large Area Telescope, or LAT. The team found two distinct components of gamma-ray emission from the direction of the sun. One is coincident with the solar disk; the other extends outward, diminishing significantly by five degrees on the sky away from the sun—corresponding to roughly the distance from the sun to the orbit of Mercury—but not completely disappearing until 20 degrees away. Read more...
Special SLAC Colloquium May 9: "From Afar" in Ethiopia
On May 9, 2011, the SLAC Colloquium committee is pleased to present a special talk by Professor of Anthropology at UC Berkeley Tim White, titled "From Afar," in which he will detail his team's decades of work in Ethiopia, unraveling the story of human evolution.
Darwin and Huxley could only speculate about how quintessentially human features such as bipedal locomotion, enlarged brains, reduced canine teeth, and complex technology had been assembled via the pathway of natural selection. Today, the record of stone tools and animal butchery now extends to 2.5–2.6 million years ago (Ma), demonstrating how deeply technology is embedded in our natural history, and perhaps responsible for the first hominid expansion beyond our African birth continent. The discovery of Australopithecus in Africa early in the 20th Century revealed an earlier adaptive grade—a previously unknown hominid evolutionary plateau. Discovering what might have connected the small-brained, small-canined, bipedal Australopithecus with the last common ancestor we share with chimpanzees, has been a focus of the Middle Awash paleoanthropological project.
For 25 years, White and his team have been working in the Afar desert of Ethiopia, and they have assembled what is now the longest record of early evolution of our hominid family tree. Hominids and extant African apes have each evolved via very different pathways, a finding that Darwin and Huxley would certainly have celebrated. Dr. White will describe the long-term, international geological, geochronological, and paleontological research that led to these discoveries.
The talk will take place at 4:15 in Panofsky Auditorium, and is free and open to all.
Second of Two Power Outages at Building 50 This Weekend
The second of two planned power outages will take place at Building 50 from 7 a.m. this Saturday until about 6 p.m. Sunday as the refurbished Substation 8 is brought online.
Work began last month following the initial power outage, with the work on Substation 8 progressing smoothly and according to schedule, said John Weisskopf, Technical Operations Manager in charge of the project.
"It's gone very well," Weisskopf said. He credits Boris Ilinets, the Facilities electrical engineer assigned full-time to SLAC Computing: "Boris is excellent. He does amazing work."
According to Weisskopf, the outage will require interruptions to certain computing systems—the same systems that were affected during the previous outage, and for which Weisskopf worked closely with users of SLAC computing services to make sure it would be safe to temporarily shut these systems down. Vital computing services will not be affected.
"Everything that was up last time will be up this time," Weisskopf said.
Lab Announcements
Community Bulletin Board
Lab Training
Upcoming Workshops & Classes
View online at http://today.slac.stanford.edu/.


text:
A distributed workforce, human errors, communication breakdowns, wasted trips and lost paperwork often hamper an organization's productivity. Whereas, efficient field services speed service delivery, increase customer satisfaction and boost productivity.
ServiceNow Field Service Management solutions ensure that work orders are assigned to the right person, with the right inventory and tools, at the right time. The spreadsheets, emails and homegrown management tools are replaced with a system of engagement that delivers efficient, fast and effective services – with the ServiceNow platform.
ServiceNow Field Service Management helps enterprises efficiently manage tasks that need to be performed on location. The tasks are mapped to the agent's skills, geographic territory assignments, and available inventory. Field service staff productivity is improved through geo-location tracking, auto-dispatch, auto-routing, and the SLA-based mapping of tasks. Field Service Management works seamlessly with Incident Management by connecting service desk and field service processes, and can also integrate with Asset Management to ensure that the correct parts for a job are available when needed.
Jade Global has successfully implemented ServiceNow Field Service solutions for multiple customers across various technologies including Advanced Scheduler, Depot Repair, Email Center, Field Service, iSupport, Mobile Field Service, Service Contracts, Spares Management, Service Contracts Implementation, Repair Automation, Warranty Tracking, etc. We are a ServiceNow implementation partner and our long track record of successfully implementing ServiceNow products positions us with unique experience and product knowledge to deliver cost-effective and scalable ServiceNow Field Service solutions to organizations.


text:
What You Need to Know About Playpens
Although having a child is a blessing, let us be honest; it can sometimes drive us to the brink of insanity too. The process of being a parent is at its hardest during your child's early years as they are still incapable of being independent and are relying heavily on you as a parent for everything. For example, you will need to carry them around wherever you go, which can be a hassle, especially when you have other tasks at hand. This is where having a playpen can come in handy.
Functions of a Playpen
Playpens typically serve two important functions. First, it provides a safe space for your child to play in when parents need to be a few minutes away from the baby. It prevents your child from accessing dangerous items around the house such as electrical outlets, sharp objects, etc. It can also be used to keep pets away from your baby. Secondly, a playpen is also a great place for your baby to rest or to take a short nap where you can keep an eye on him while you complete any tasks at hand. However, do keep in mind that playpens are not intended to be used as a crib, so it is not advisable to leave your child in one for long periods of time or overnight.
Choosing a Playpen
As there are so many options available today, choosing one is not as easy as it seems. Moreover, as it concerns the safety and comfort of your baby, it is even more important to ensure that you make the right decision. If you do decide to buy a playpen, here are some points to consider:
Floor / Base
The floor or base of the playpen should be able to withstand at least 35 kilograms of static weight and 20 kilograms of bouncing weight to ensure that it can support your baby without giving way. It should also not have any small attachments and fixtures that your baby can pull loose and swallow nor should it have exposed bolt heads as your baby could fall on them and injure themselves if the padding falls out of place.
Another feature to look out for is the frame of the playpen. Serving as the primary support system of a playpen, the frame should be able to support at least 20 kilograms of weight without breaking or bending. The side railings should also be minimum 20 inches (50 centimetres) tall to prevent the baby from climbing out of the playpen. You should also make sure that the hinges will not accidentally cut or pinch your baby. As an extra safety precaution, it is best to look for one with a locking device to avoid the playpen from accidentally collapsing.


text: What do you Run for? Whatever your activity, you can do it in this. Tested by 24 of Women Runs' finest, they are effortless, so you can focus on your next step, move, lunge…or carpool. This short sleeve, v-neck Champion® tee is lightweight, 100% polyester jersey interlock, with Double Dry® wicking; tag-free and has reflective print on the arms. Available in White or Black; Women's S, M, L ,XL.


text:
The Piergallini Family based in Smithfield Ohio, has been in the food and beverage business for 3 generations. As the Ohio Valley's #1 Caterer, Todd Piergallini has been serving the Tri-State for over 20 years.
Today, the catering business is owned and operated by Todd Piergallini and operates exclusively out of St. Florian in Wintersville, Oh. Todd has worked in the family's businesses all his life, starting as a young boy on the family farm and then in the family operated grocery store.
At the age of 23, Todd started catering out of the grocery store. "At an early age, I learned about good solid work ethic from my parents. That is why Piergallini Catering has continued to grow and prosper over the years".
The business continues to blossom because of Todd's commitment to good service, using only the freshest meats and vegetables, the best homemade deserts and breads. All served with Todd's Italian flair handed down over the years thru his ancestors.
St. Florian Hall, is located at 286 Luray Drive in Wintersville, Oh. The facility is Wheel Chair accessible, fully air-conditioned, carpeted and has ample parking for any event large or small.
"Your Food Rocks..."
By Mark EddieL.A. Comedian& Musician
"Just like grandma's home cooking"...
By Willard ScottToday Show NBC


text:
Site Navigation
KGA's mission is to remain exclusively dedicated to the practice and advancement of structural engineering. Intentionally, our work focuses on a variety of project types, including architectural structures, bridges and various infrastructure projects. In all of these areas, we are recognized for our innovative, cost effective and aesthetically sensitive design. Since 1969, KGA has built its legacy on projects that are structurally sound, significant and sustainable.
Kramer Gehlen & Associates, Inc.
400 Columbia Street
Suite 240
Vancouver, WA 98660-3413
Ph. 360-693-1621 (Vancouver)
Ph. 503-289-2661 (Portland)
Fax. (360) 696-1572
Kramer Gehlen & Associates
400 Columbia St, Suite 240 • Vancouver, WA 98660-3413
Vancouver: 360-693-1621 • Portland: 503-289-2661 • Fax: 360-696-1572
privacy, copyright & credits


text:
Superior Ways To Maximize Your Auto Repair Options
Does your car need to be fixed? Do you worry it will in the future? Are you not sure you're choosing the right options? How will you know that you're making the right decision? Read this article to learn everything you need to know about auto repairs.
Do not hire a mechanic until you are sure they have experience with this particular make and model. If the mechanic says they have, then they are likely aware of just what repairs need to performed in order to have your car operating well again.
Make sure all repair records are kept close. Some people keep this paperwork in the glove compartment of their car so it is readily available, if needed. Repair professionals may want to see these records for repair purposes. The records can help them determine what is wrong with your car.
Once an auto shop has made repairs to your car, test drive it to ensure they did a good job prior to paying them. Many people don't take this crucial step and wind up plagued by the same issue that brought them to the shop in the first place.
Wiper Blades
Don't neglect wiper blades. If you see that the wipers aren't cleaning effectively, a new pair is in your future. Wiper blades should at least be changed yearly, and sometimes you need to do this more often.
Before going with a particular shop, get auto repair feedback from your friends. Your loved ones may give you some recommendations to simplify your search. Even after getting a few names, though, do your research. Use the web as a resource to find information about car repair shops.
Be sure you know how often the oil needs changing. Oil has to be changed often for a car to perform properly. If you do not have your oil changed on a regular basis, you are risking serious damage to your engine. Try to remind yourself every 3,000 miles.
Keep in mind that going to the dealer is not something you have to do if you want a vehicle fixed. Good mechanics can be found elsewhere, not only at the dealer's shop. Whoever makes you feel most comfortable is the person who should be doing the car repairs.
It can be dangerous to repair vehicles on your own. Make sure there is somebody nearby to assist if things go wrong. Buy tools that are of a good quality so they're not going to break when you use them. This is very true for things such as tire changing tools. Remember that your jack needs to hold your car up very securely, especially if you are going to be underneath the car. You should think about purchasing a hydraulic floor jack that has approved stands.
Even if your car only seems to have a small issue going on, you should definitely have it looked at. A seemingly small problem may grow into a major one if don't pay attention to it.
You should always get a good warranty when investing in new expensive parts. A mechanic should be asked about if they know whether or not there's a warranty on any of the parts they're going to order. Have a version of this warranty printed up so you can keep it with your records.
If you do not have a lot of money, but need auto repairs, you can visit a vocational school in your area to have the automotive department do repairs. You will pay a very low rate to have students fix your car while being supervised by a licensed mechanic.
Auto Repair
Finding the best solution for auto repair can be simple by following the tips above. Continuing educating yourself on auto repairs to keep up with current pricing and gain a better understanding of your vehicle's needs. You can feel good now that you know more about auto repair.
Blue widgets is a complex topic, which is why you should take the time to research it some more. This article has so much information, you'll be ready to move forward with confidence. Use the information you've learned, and get busy.


text:
There are quite a few things I've been dealing with lately. I consider myself an 'open book' in general but sometimes there are things swirling though my mind that I can't quite grasp, and certainly not tight enough to be able to attach words to them in order to share them with you.
I've been feeling really run-down lately. We've chatted about my difficulty saying 'no' to things before, and I'm pretty much the worst rehab patient when it comes to that. Backslidden is my middle name. I'll say no to things and activities for, um, maybe a weekend before I continue to pile things on. It's a sickness, I tell ya! And honestly, I can't tell you anything specific that is 'too much'. I've been doing it all. But what is lacking is 'me time'. No time for me to read, or bake {on rare occasion}, or craft, or paint my nails, or shave my legs {I went 2 weeks recently}, or organize this closet, or donate those toys. And that makes my house look like a hoarder house again. and it makes me feel both physically and emotionally run-down. The kind of run-down that a good afternoon nap can't fix.
God chose these months of my life to help me learn some pretty important things about myself, though. I have been struggling lately with pregnancy jealousy. I am so ready to have another baby, but we aren't going to and that makes me really sad sometimes. Remember my kidney disease issue? We've been advised by my kidney doctor of all the risks associated for both me and potential baby should we try for another. "I don't really tell people not to have more children, but you shouldn't have more children, but I don't really tell people….just…no". So we made the decision to grow our family in other ways, whatever they may be. That didn"t stop me from having those jealous feelings, though. I have several friends {including my sister!!} who are expecting right now and I found myself craving that. I certainly wasn't jealous of the nausea, and swelling, and all the other icky things that happen to you that nobody ever writes down. I was jealous of the excitement, the anticipation, and the pride that goes along with carrying and delivering life. Sometimes it's hard for me to control those types of deep-seated gut feelings that rear their ugly head. God has been working on changing my perspective, though, and I have truly found a place of contentment which I had been missing previously. I had to put our foster care "status" on hold for a few months and that was a really tough decision, but definitely something we needed to do for the summer {I am watching my friend Tiffany's son Gavin while she works and there's no way I can fit 3 carseats across in my Rav4, though not for lack of trying}. Each time we take in a foster kiddo for respite {temporary care} it is really wonderful and I absolutely love doing that; but lately there has been a sense of relief in me when it is over and we go back to having just Charlotte. Just Charlotte is easy, and fun, and flexible. Just Charlotte means longer periods during the day to get XYandZ finished. I know you mother's of 2+ children know exactly what I'm talking about. That feeling of relief I get tells me that everything I've got going on right now is too much, and I need to take a step back and make some choices.
I recently read something with a few girlfriends that has really resonated with me:
"It's not hard to decide what you want your life to be about. What's hard, she said, is figuring out what you're willing to give up in order to do the things you really care about."
– Shauna Niequist, Bittersweet: Thoughts on Change, Grace, and Learning the Hard Way
We were encouraged to look at the things we do, and the things we don't do. There are a lot of things I am doing right now, which means there are some things I need to not do in order to keep my focus on those in the do column. Right now, in these few months of hecticness and life, I need to not do more children. I always thought I would have a lot of kiddos. And I probably still will down the road, but right now in this moment it's just Charlotte and I'm content. content and thankful. So so thankful for what I have because as many friends as I have who are expecting, I have the same number of friends who are struggling with infertility. and my heart hurts for what they are experiencing.
There are so many things contributing to my 'rundown-ness' lately, I need to re-assess my list of 'I do' and 'I don't do'.
"Deciding what I wanted wasn't that hard. But deciding what I'm willing to give up for those things is like yoga for your superego, stretching and pushing and ultimately healing that nasty little person inside of you who exists only for what people think"
– Shauna Niequist, Bittersweet
Things I do:
I do keep my daughter fed and clothed {most days}. I give 100% while I am at work and need to move some more things over to the "don't" column so I can give 100% to my husband while I am at home too. I host a community group and a women's group in my home {both of which are essential to my survival}. I babysit the sweetest little 5 month old, sometimes I iron my husband's shirts, and once I wore only 7 pieces of clothing for a whole month. I write and I enjoy writing. I sew things {not very well, but i'm learning}. I try to live out Mark 12:30 -31 {paraphrased: Love God, love others}.
Things I don't do:
Right now I don't do more than 1 kiddo. I don't write in my daughter's baby book, or keep her artwork {it goes right in the trash}. I don't run charity races for work. I don't cook. I haven't painted over the sloppy paint job on my baseboards {and I won't}. I don't get my hair cut sooner than 6 months since the last cut. I don't need a spotless house, and I need to stop apologizing for that. I don't tend my veggie garden weekly {meh, it is what it is}.
What are on your do and do not lists?


text:
No products
No specials at this time
No new products at this time
Opera Cake (Chocolate) by Flowers Bangkok. Serving 6-8 people. Birthday cakes delivered anywhere in Bangkok for your birthday or special occaision. Buy cake online and have one of our wonderful cakes delivered to your door with our cake delivery service. We deliver anywhere in Bangkok. What a fantastic way to put a little sunshine into somebody's day! Each cake delivery online arrives in an elegant gift box and includes a greeting card on which you can provide a personal message to your recipient.
*This cake only available for delivery in Bangkok, Nonthaburi, Pathumthani and Samutprakarn.
*For same-day order - If the cake you order is not available, we will substitute with another cake. So, please give us a second choice or let us know by write to us that ex. you don't like chocolate or cheesecake.
*Please order 1 day in advance. All the cakes are made to order with only the freshest ingredients.
*Cake decoration may look different from the picture.


text:
"Know your farmer, know your food." is a common quote we see in many places, including the farmer's market, the supermarket; and even bigger advertising pieces, like commercials, and on social media. But what does it really mean? Many of us may not personally know a farmer, so how do we get the facts about food and agriculture?
Local farmers do have the opportunity to interact with customers, but what about the farmers who produce crops that go into the national food supply? How do we get to talk to them and hear their perspective? Where should those facts be from and who can we trust?
- Why do you farm?
- What do you grow or produce?
- What do you do to stay sustainable?
- What's one thing you really want me to know about your business?
To read the full post and more from Jen, visit jenhaugen.com/boosting-the-agriculture-experience-from-where-you-live.
Jen Haugen is part of U.S. Farmers and Ranchers Alliance's Digital Voices Council. To learn more about the program and bloggers who participate, click here.
All opinions expressed are the writer's own. Funded by one or more checkoff programs.


text:
- This event has passed.
(SC) South Carolina EdTech 2017 Conference
October 25, 2017 - October 27, 2017
SC EdTech offers content and activities that span all areas of educational technology with diverse workshops, presentations, speakers, exhibitors, and recognition events. The conference is managed by the South Carolina Association for Educational Technology (SCAET), a 501c3 non-profit organization.
With over 100 concurrent sessions and workshops, and over 160 exhibit booths, there will be a lot to experience during the three day conference.
Keep up with the latest 2017 conference news under "Latest News" and through the links above. Watch for updates and news related to the conference on this page and its links. Also, follow the EdTech Conference on Facebook and Twitter.
Mark your calendars and make plans to attend EdTech 2017, October 25-27, at the Myrtle Beach Convention Center in Myrtle Beach, SC.
The Board of Directors of S.C.A.E.T. and the Conference Planning Committee, welcome you to SC EdTech and we hope you have an enjoyable, positive, and productive conference experience in 2017.


text: Things to Do to Sell a House Fast for Cash If you are after ensuring that your house gets bought in no time, then you have come to the right place. So that you will be able to make a quick sale of your house, the first thing that you must do is to find a serious buyer who is more than willing to give you quick cash. Because of the recent recession in the global economy, you can observe that the lending conditions of a lot of financial institutions and banks have become tighter than ever. This is why if you will now be having a hard time obtaining some loans just so you can buy yourself a home. This basically implies that if you get a potential buyer who requires financing, then it could take weeks and even months of them filing the loan application and for it to be approved as well. If you wait for this kind of buyer, then you may end up not selling your house to them due to the fact that the buyer might make up their mind because of lack of money and even due to other reasons. So, how will you be able to sell your house fast in exchange for cash? Well, the most ideal solution will be to sell your house to a cash buyer. If you talk about cash buyers, it only takes a few days for you to be handed the cash that you need for your money so that you can pay your bills as well as your mortgages. Once your bills are settled and you have some remaining cash with you, then you know that you have got a good deal that saves you a lot of hassle. There are a lot of benefits that you can get when it comes to selling your house fast in exchange for cash. One of which is that you will be given a free estimate of your house from the cash buyer. The great thing about cash buyers is that you are able to save a few hundred bucks from your pocket. The reason for this is that you no longer need to hire the service of a real estate agent just so you can find potential buyers of your house. You will be shouldering a lot of expenses such as fees and brokerage where the amount that you will be receiving for the house that you are selling already becomes less than what you have expected. In addition, by going through this process, you are not also a hundred percent guaranteed to be making a sale. Because there is no guarantee sale, then this means that you get more tensed and stressed out. You have to wait a few weeks or even months just to get the cash or even a buyer of your house if you do it the traditional way by hiring the services of a real estate agent.Lessons Learned About Properties


text:
This only searches the 2,000 titles on this website, not the 300,000 books in our shops!advanced search
We accept
Sign up to receive our email newsletter for new releases, special offers and more!
We have stores in Western Australia and New South Wales.
CLICK & COLLECT OPTION: Avoid postage cost!
(Option available in address screen on next page after clicking BUY NOW.)
Collect from our Fremantle Warehouse (instantly) or any Elizabeth's Bookshop (WA: 1-2 days, NSW 7-28 days).
Shipping address: Click 'Same as above'
Comments: State at which branch you would like to collect.
We will contact you as soon as your order is available to collect.
Indigenous Australians have a life expectancy almost twenty years below that of other Australians. No other wealthy country has a worse record. But this provokes no sense of national outrage. Author Rosemary Neill argues that since it was adopted 30 years ago, the promise of self-determination has been distorted and betrayed by idealists and conservatives alike. Despite billions of dollars of government spending, indigenous Australians remain far more likely to suffer unemployment, poverty, domestic violence, imprisonment and low levels of education. She believes that meaningful debate about these issues has been paralysed. The Left blames complex problems entirely on the past; the Right looks to that same, discredited past for solutions. She argues that the first step in resolving this national emergency is recognising that it exists. Aboriginal Studies pp. 311 #0716/0417R
Elizabeth's Bookshops have been one of Australia's premier independent book dealers since 1973. Elizabeth's family-owned business operates four branches in Perth CBD, Fremantle (WA), and Newtown (NSW). All orders are dispatched within 24 hours from our Fremantle Warehouse. All items can be viewed at Elizabeth's Bookshop Warehouse, 23 Queen Victoria Street, Fremantle WA


text:
Bellevue Community Picnic 2017
May 20, 2017
Red Caboose Park – Bellevue TN
Bellevue Harpeth Chamber of Commerce
The first Bellevue Community Picnic began in 1978 when D.E. Ryan, at the time, owner of Century 21 Westmeade Realty, wanted to do something special to thank his Bellevue-area clients. Ryan threw a community picnic that involved a small sound system and free watermelons, drawing a crowd of a 1,000 community members.
In the early 1990's the Bellevue Chamber of Commerce took over the organization and management of the picnic. The picnic now has grown into one of the most popular events on the west side of Nashville, drawing close to 15,000 attendees in any given year.
On Saturday, May 20, 2017 the Bellevue Harpeth Chamber of Commerce will host the 40th Annual Bellevue Community Picnic presented by Nashville Christian School. The event is located at Red Caboose Park, 656 Colice Jeanne Rd (Hwy 70), Bellevue, TN 37221 and is a FREE event, open to the public. This year's picnic features a myriad of local vendors, unique food trucks, live music, arts and crafts, inflatables, rides and the day will end with a spectacular fireworks show.
And new this year is our live band karaoke contest, Bellevue Star! Click the link below for more information.
Sponsors of the Picnic will have thousands of eyes on their brand at this year's event. Pre and post event promotion, booth space, signage and on-site recognition make this a great investment for your business. For a private consultation about which sponsorship fits your needs best, call the chamber at 615-662-2737.
Vendor booths are available – and they always sell out. So sign up today to make sure you're represented at the Picnic this year. This is the PREMIERE event in Bellevue and you definitely want to be there.
Food vendors are SOLD OUT
Arts & Crafts vendors must contact Sharon Ingram at Mud Puddle Pottery prior to application. 615-646-0744 or firstname.lastname@example.com
The 40th Annual Bellevue Picnic is set to be the best picnic ever! The picnic features entertainment, rides, inflatables, food vendors, free watermelon, arts & crafts, business vendors, local celebrity mascots, pony rides, and more! New this year – Bellevue Star, a live band karaoke contest. Our entertainment headliner is Resurrection, the best Journey cover band in the land!
The celebration will end with a magnificent fireworks display.
Vendor booth size: 10 x 10
Chamber members receive a substantial discount off booth registration. There are many benefits to membership in the chamber, so please consider joining before you register your vendor booth. Go to the link below to join today.


text:
Here's American model Evan Wadle showing his furry ass in Têtu magazine.
Friday, 31 October 2008
Evan Wadle in Têtu magazine
Thursday, 30 October 2008
Tuesday, 28 October 2008
Monday, 27 October 2008
Best Look - Steve Kim
Hunk Steve Kim in the dresscode that has become a trademark.
Michael di Kappa
Dunkin' Michael
18 yo and 6"3 (190m) tall Michael Lewis showing his basketball skills. Not only a great model, also a talented basketball player.
Sunday, 26 October 2008
Bed Here I Come
I just thought before going to bed, that I should show some models that I found that look hot in bed.
Michael Lewis
Actor Trevor Mahon
Saturday, 25 October 2008
Subscribe to: Posts (Atom)


text:
Body Therapeutics East-West Integrative Medicine
The Therapy Rooms, 2 Neal's Yard, Covent Garden, London, WC2H 9DP
Chinese Herbal Medicine
Herbal medicine has been used for thousands of years in all cultures. Chinese medicine has a detailed system of traditional pharmacology that helps in the healing process of many different conditions. Herbs have specific actions on the body that are recorded in Chinese medicine under numerous categories such as warming, cooling, calming and stimulating.
TreatmentA Chinese herbal formula may contain a combination of many different herbs in order to simultaneously address various different health issues and restore overall balance in the system. Traditional formulas have been carefully developed over centuries of experimentation so that the herbs work together synergistically while potentially harmful side effects are neutralised. Herbal medicine is prescribed according to syndrome differentiation (the particular imbalance presenting in the individual) rather than simply giving the same medicine each time for the same condition.
When administered by a qualified practitioner herbal medicine is both safe and effective. Herbs are always prescribed according to the particular requirements of each individual and the response to treatment is closely monitored.
All our herbal products are sourced from a reputable supplier with accreditation from the Beijing University of Chinese Medicine. There is absolutely no use of animal products or pharmaceuticals in our herbal medicine.


text:
Damn it all to hell. And today was such a good day, too.
"Rowdy" Roddy Piper, WWE legend, star of the John Carpenter classic THEY LIVE, kicker of asses, and chewer of bubblegum, has passed away of cardiac arrest in his sleep at the age of 61.
Born Roderick George Toombs in Saskatchewan, Canada, he joined the WWF (now the WWE) in 1984, playing up his Scottish ancestry and earning himself the nickname "Rowdy" with his antics and quick wit.
He was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2005 and named one of the organizations 50 top villains, earning himself legions of fans across the globe with his highly publicized bouts against the likes of Hulk Hogan and Mr. T. Of course, in the hearts of horror fans everywhere he will always be remembered as the mysterious drifter "Nada" from Carpenter's anti-Reaganomics cult classic.
Carpenter himself shared his grief with this heartbreaking tweet:
I'm devastated by the passing of my friend Roddy Piper. Great wrestler, underrated actor, dear friend. Rest in peace, Rod.
— John Carpenter (@TheHorrorMaster) July 31, 2015
Well, so much for enjoying Wet Hot American Summer: First Day of Camp this weekend. Or anything. Ever again. I hope you all find a way to honor Roddy in the way you deem best, whether it be cracking open your THEY LIVE Blu-Ray for the hundredth time, dusting off those old WWE tapes, or breaking your jaw on the biggest wad of Dubble Bubble you've ever chewed.


text:
Greetings music lovers! Music has always been a big part of the Pinard family's Christmas celebration. I sang in my high school choir each Christmas, performing some of the best loved traditional carols and less familiar choral pieces to a packed auditorium. Throughout Nathan's education, he too participated in his school's Christmas/Winter music programs, and of course we always had Christmas music playing in our home so Nathan grew up with all the classics. Musically speaking, Christmas songs consist of some of the most beautiful melodies ever written, and have inspired musicians of each generation to arrange their own rendition of these well loved carols. Continue reading Throwback Thursday Christmas!
Tag: penny whistle
Throwback Thursday~The Shepherd's Call
One of the greatest joys a musician can have is participating in the creation of music. For composers, songs and music find various pathways into the listening world. Some argue that writing music is a technical process which involves a certain mechanism of the human brain…but there are some melodies that when first heard, resonate so richly in the heart and the ear that you may think you have heard them before-or that they have always been.
I can think of several well known melodies which fit that description: "O Danny Boy" comes immediately to mind; "Silent Night"; Paul McCartney's "Yesterday", and for fans of classical music, well known arias like "O Mio Babbio Caro". These pieces are imbued with an emotional component that, depending on your personal taste in music, can easily evoke a special time or place in your life.
This was my experience when I first heard Nathan's composition The Shepherd's Call. I remember hearing the first strains of this Celtic inspired piece years ago wafting up from our basement home studio. I literally stopped what I was doing and drew in my breath at the beauty of it. And not just the beauty of it, but the haunting familiarity of it; as if I had heard that melody before, long ago-like the resonating sweetness of a beautiful dream one faintly remembers upon waking up. I listened as Nathan orchestrated the track then recorded the solo part on a 10 dollar penny whistle. I racked my brain trying to recall where I had heard that music before and figured it was from some popular film soundtrack. It was instantly hummable and it delicately hurt my heart-but in that good way music can sometimes hurt.
Later when I questioned Nathan about what he had been playing, when he told me it was his own composition I was floored. Not that I didn't think him already capable of writing gorgeous music. I just didn't know he could write THAT kind of gorgeous music.
Although the piece has been performed live twice; once by a full college orchestra and once by a small church orchestra-The Shepherd's Call has been under wraps for a number of years, just waiting for the world to discover it. Our intention for this piece is to turn it into an actual song to be recorded by Celtic vocalist http://siobhanowen.com
The lyric has not even been written yet, and who knows if it will even retain the working title of The Shepherd's Call, but please enjoy this rare recording of the instrumental version, certain to transport you to a familiar, heart tugging moment in time…and have a musical day!
Bonnie Anne~the IA team
Photo © Copyright Nigel Mykura and licensed for reuse under this Creative Commons Licence.


text: TeLPI Performance in Subjects With Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer Disease: A Validation StudyAlves, Lara PhD*; Simões, Mário R. PhD†; Martins, Cristina PhD‡; Freitas, Sandra PhD*; Santana, Isabel PhD§Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders: October-December 2013 - Volume 27 - Issue 4 - p 324–329 doi: 10.1097/WAD.0b013e31827bdc8c Original Articles Abstract Author InformationAuthors Article MetricsMetrics APA guidelines for the evaluation of age-related cognitive decline and dementia emphasize the need for baseline (premorbid) data against which current performance can be compared. As this information rarely exists, clinicians must rely on instruments especially designed for estimation of premorbid abilities. No such instrument was available in Portugal until the development of the TeLPI, an irregular words oral reading test. This study aims to examine TeLPI's validity as a measure of premorbid ability in the spectrum of aging cognitive decline, from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to moderate Alzheimer disease (AD), by the analysis of its stability in normal versus impaired samples. A total of 104 patients, classified into 2 clinical groups, MCI (n=53) and probable mild to moderate AD (n=51), were compared with a group of cognitively healthy controls (C_MCI: n=53; C_AD: n=51) and matched for sex, age, education, and residence. As expected, the Mini-Mental State Examination and Montreal Cognitive Assessment results were significantly different between the groups (AD<MCI<controls), reflecting the severity of cognitive impairment. TeLPI median scores of controls, MCI, and probable AD patients were comparable after correcting for years of education, revealing no significant effect of cognitive impairment on TeLPI performance, and suggesting its validity for estimating premorbid intelligence in subjects with cognitive decline and dementia. *Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences †Psychological Assessment Lab, CINEICC, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences ‡Department of Languages, Literatures and Cultures, Center of General and Applied Linguistics §Department of Neurology, Coimbra University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal Supported by the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology) through a PhD fellowship (SFRH/BD/37748/2007) and by PIC/IC/83206/2007. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Reprints: Lara Alves, PhD, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Rua do Colégio Novo, 3001-802 Coimbra, Portugal (e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com). Received July 23, 2012 Accepted September 16, 2012 © 2013 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.


text:
Paying taxes Honestly?
Most people I know pay taxes and also file tax returns. However to say that they file taxes honestly is a little difficult to say.
As a social psychologist if you do analyze why people do not pay taxes, the following seem to be the reasons:
a. Does not seem reasonable: Why should I pay taxes which take away so much of my income when I am not sure that there is some direct benefit to me? In an environment when people are breaking out of joint families, it is difficult to ask a person in Gujarat to pay for some development that may / may not happen in Bihar.
b. Many people are cheating: There is not enough evidence that others are paying honestly, so why should I pay. May be right or wrong, but this seems to be a psychological reason.
c. Leaders are cheating: No clue whether this is true or false in India, but in the US of A, every person who was appointed to the White House paid back taxes. In fact Charles Rangel, head of the President's main tax-writing committee, admitted to many mistakes and errors that forced him to resign. How can the common man be expected to fill out the form (after deciphering which form, which edition, etc.) taxes correctly when the Secretary of the Treasury and Chairman of the Direct Taxes Committee cannot?
d. It is too complicated: Filing tax returns means going to a CA and paying huge fees. There is a whole industry out there which has to be fed to 'explain' an Act which is supposed to impact everybody above the poverty line. This is ridiculous that Finance Minister after Finance Minister promises to simplify taxation provisions, but ends up complicating it much more. Sad, but true.
e. Consequences of getting caught: Are there any consequences of getting caught? In most cases where businessmen get caught, the cost of coming out of the tax net is less than the cost of paying all the taxes :). Most of it goes to the guy who can catch and almost nothing to the government. But since nobody is complaining, I guess it works.
f. No advantages of paying tax: If I buy a railway pass I get to travel by train, if I buy a toll pass I get to use the toll bridge, what advantages do I get for paying Income taxes? Well nil. In an economy where all actions are done with some expectations, paying taxes is too complicated!
g. When I walk into a MBA class on 'ethics' and ask them which bills do we pay on time. All of them say 'Phone bill' and 'Electricity bill' . On asking 'Why' they say "if we do not pay, it will get cut off". Clearly we pay if we need FURTHER USAGE of the same resource. So if a person is leaving town and going away for good, he/she does not mind leaving the grocer, doctor, milkman, paperman,….high and dry? Well not all of us will do this, but the taxman is not really an 'ethical' priority.
more to go..but later perhaps.
Post Footer automatically generated by Add Post Footer Plugin for wordpress.


text:
- Verified
L A Meyer - [Bloody Jack 04] - In the Belly of the Bloodhound
- Device: iPhone | iPad | Nook | Sony | Kobo
- File Format: EPUB
- Size: 406.54 KB
- Version: 5.0
- Added: Aug 17, 2012 (6.3 Yrs Ago)
Since the King of England has place a cost on her mind and named her a sailing, Jacky Faber has no option but to remain out-of-sight. Wishing for a secure hiding spot, she returns to the Lawson Peabody School for Girls in Boston, however the relaxed does not last long. On a-class field visit to Boston Harbor, girls are kidnapped and forced into the store of the Bloodhound, a vessel destined for the slave markets on the Barbary Coast where they'll be set up on the auction block and sold into Arabic harems. Jacky would not imagine heading down with no battle, however the fragile Lawson Peabody women have been in over their heads.Read More