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Global Water Automation & Instrumentation Market 2018-2023: Analysis by Water Automation Solutions (DCS, SCADA, PLC), Water Instrumentation Solutions, End-User Industry, and Geography - ResearchAndMarkets.com
DUBLIN--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Aug 9, 2018--The "Global Water Automation and Instrumentation Market - Segmented By Water Automation Solutions (DCS, SCADA, PLC), Water Instrumentation Solutions, End User Industryand Geography - Growth, Trends, and Forecasts (2018 - 2023)" report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering.
The global water automation and instrumentation market was valued at USD 10.97 billion in 2017 and is projected to reach a value of USD 22.46 billion by 2023, at a CAGR of 12.69% over the forecast period, 2018-2023.
Currently, global issues, such as potable water shortage, poor water quality, and high processing and supply costs are boosting the demand for automation technologies in the water & wastewater treatment industry. Usage of PLC-based systems to control the movement of water through the dam gates and in water level is increasing with rise in investments in dams across the world.
Water instrumentation solutions, like liquid analyzers and level transmitters, are helping chemical and pharmaceutical industries maintain precision. Although high price of sensors might challenge the growth of the market, the reduced operational costs due to their use brings down the total cost of ownership.
Key HighlightsWater Scarcity is Pushing Adoption of Water Automation and Instruments Pressure Transmitter Witness Highest Growth Rate Asia-Pacific Occupied Major Market Share
Developments in the MarketJuly 2017 - Rockwell Automation announced its collaboration with Hon Hai Precision Industry Co. Ltd, also known as Foxconn, to implement connected enterprise and industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) concepts for smart manufacturing.
Companies FeaturedABB Group Siemens AG Schneider Electric SE GE Corporation Rockwell Automation Inc. Mitsubishi Motors Corporation Emerson Electric Yokogawa Electric Corporation Endress+Hauser Pvt. Ltd. Meadwestvaco Corporation EurotekIndia Phoenix Contact NALCO MJK Automation BlueWater Automation
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction
2. Research Approach and Methodology
3. Executive Summary
4. Market Dynamics
5. Global Water Automation & Instrumentation Market Segmentation
6. Competitive Intelligence - Company Profiles
7. Investment Analysis
8. Future of the Water Automation & Instrumentation Market
For more information about this report visit https://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/wxxqvc/global_water?w=4
View source version on businesswire.com:https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180809005312/en/
CONTACT: ResearchAndMarkets.com
Laura Wood, Senior Manager
For E.S.T Office Hours Call 1-917-300-0470
For U.S./CAN Toll Free Call 1-800-526-8630
For GMT Office Hours Call +353-1-416-8900
Related Topics:Water Treatment,Industrial Automation
SOURCE: Research and Markets
Copyright Business Wire 2018.


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Your kingdom come Your will be done
On earth as it is in heaven
Matthew 6:10
In this book, you will discover God's will and purpose in bringing heaven to earth. For too long, we have desired and yearned to leave earth, along with all its problems and complications, without ever longing to see God's kingdom and will established on earth.
The author explains and answers several key questions pertaining to the Kingdom of God, such as: what is God's Kingdom? Is God's Kingdom here and now? What is my role in this Kingdom? And so on. Alec unveils hidden truths from Scripture and challenges modern day theology concerning God's Kingdom. As you open its pages, you will begin to understand and experience a different meaning of our mandate and responsibility as children and citizens of God. Come along as we discover the power, majesty, and beauty of God's Kingdom that will revolutionize your life and ministry.

subset: commoncrawl


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Your Email:
Your Name:
Global Resource Inc. - Your Own Phone Headquarter At Your Service
USA, 14 March 2018 -- If you are looking for a reliable telephone provider for your guest room or for your hotel then you are on the right track... Feel free to contact us for the detailed information
Market is full of numerous service providers who all set to serve customers with an extreme to satisfy them. Despite all this, they are something missing, as for long service units of the market, like guest houses and hotels need some momentums which induce an amazing factor in it. Yes, we are talking about stuff present in the room except for wooden furniture, this clearly makes things clear. Here we are talking about Telematrix Handset 1.9Ghz DECT 6.0 Guest Room Cordless 985591HDKIT Black units, yes; it has potential to accentuate the beauty of your place.
Have you seen an advertisement in the newspaper about the comfortable Tempur mattresses in the hotel? If yes, and being a prominent member of the service industry, you want to deliver similar services to your customers, then you don't have to worry as we not just retail comfy tempur but also stock them in wholesale which means that if you place an order on our website, we will make sure that it will reach to your business in the without any further delay.
You may have observed an exponential increase in tourism in America that's why hotel rooms are highly in demand. Global Resource is the leading supplier of Tempur Pedic mattresses and that's why we can easily entertain bulk orders too.
For more introducing luxury is the sole intention behind buying rustic telephone sets then you don't need to worry as we are going to help you even in your tight budget. Just log into the website and find the service you want to explore and then you are good to go... Isn't it easy...? Indeed it is...
So what are you thinking now? Get in touch with us and find finest range of old looking E203 - 4GSK Teledex E Series Two Line Analog Cordless 1.9Ghz, HDTV's PBX and other items within your budget... If you are not ready to make a purchase then you can even add your preferred stuff in wishlist too. This will further help you in further selection. For more visit the website http://www.hotelphonehq.com
About the organization:-
Global Resource is the renowned e-commerce giant who is all set to serve the customer with their best services. Undoubtedly products like guestroom phone which are shared on our website are of prime quality moreover have potential to provide the same look to your house that you are looking for a long.. Isn't it great...
GLOBAl RESOURCE, INC.
4177 Louetta Road #12
Spring, TX USA 77388
Phone: 281-214-1111
Toll Free: 877-406-9779
Fax: 866-208-7885
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OMICS International organises 3000+ Global Conferenceseries Events every year across USA, Europe & Asia with support from 1000 more scientific societies and Publishes 700+ Open Access Journals which contains over 50000 eminent personalities, reputed scientists as editorial board members.
Preeclampsia is a disease mainly occurs in pregnant ladies. This disease characterized by high blood pressure and it also damages the other organs of the body. This Preeclampsia disease usually starts after 20-25 weeks of pregnancy in a woman whose blood pressure is in normal stage. Even for simple complications in blood pressure may be a sign of Preeclampsia. Left untreated, preeclampsia can lead to serious — even fatal — complications for both you and your baby. If you have preeclampsia, the only cure is delivery of your baby. If you're diagnosed with preeclampsia too early in your pregnancy to deliver your baby, you and your doctor face a challenging task. Your baby needs more time to mature, but you need to avoid putting yourself or your baby at risk of serious complications.
Sometimes Preeclampsia may develop without any symptoms. High blood pressure may develop slowly, but more commonly it has a sudden onset. Monitoring your blood.
Treatment: The main cure for preeclampsia is only delivery. You're at increased risk of seizures, placental abruption, stroke and possibly severe bleeding until your blood pressure decreases. Of course, if it's too early in your pregnancy, delivery may not be the best thing for your baby. If you're diagnosed with preeclampsia, your doctor will let you know how often you'll need to come in for prenatal visits — likely more frequently than what's typically recommended for pregnancy. You'll also need more-frequent blood tests, ultrasounds and nonstress tests than would be expected in an uncomplicated pregnancy. Possible treatment for preeclampsia may include: Medications to lower blood pressure, Corticosteroids, Anticonvulsant medications
Statistics:In Finland, the analysis in Women of advanced maternal age (AMA) exhibited more preeclampsia (Hypertension) (9.4%) than younger women (6.4%). They had more prior terminations (<0.001), were more likely to have a body mass index (BMI) >25 (<0.001), had more in vitro fertilization (IVF) (<0.001) and other fertility treatments (<0.001) and a higher incidence of maternal diabetes (<0.001) and chronic hypertension (<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression indicated that women of advanced maternal age (AMA) had higher rates of: preterm delivery before 37 weeks 19.2% (OR 1.39 CI 1.24 to 1.56) and before 34 weeks 8.7% (OR 1.68 CI 1.43 to 2.00) low Apgar scores at 5 min. 7.1% (OR 1.37 CI 1.00 to 1.88), Small-for-Gestational Age (SGA) 26.5% (OR 1.42 CI 1.28 to 1.57), Asphyxia 12.1% (OR 1.54 CI 1.34 to 1.77), Caesarean delivery 50% (OR 2.02 CI 1.84 to 2.20) and admission to a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) 31.6% (OR 1.45 CI 1.32 to 1.60).


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I wanted to show off beautiful present a friend made for my birthday this last month. This isn't the only piece of hers she's shared; I've also received a beautiful vase and Christmas ornament. But this one was just astonishing, how she managed to combine into one piece so many beloveds. I am known to buy random beautiful boxes for no other reason than I am obsessed with boxes, so it's very shape is intriguing. ;) But it's surface design, probably that of a fish (as we're both pisces), also makes me think of dragons. I was born in the year of the dragon according to Chinese astrology, so it fits both so perfect.
Thank you, Alyss! I love it!


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Improperly constructed or poorly maintained wells can act as a direct pathway for surface contaminants such as manure, petroleum products, and fertilizers to enter the groundwater.
Stewarding our shared groundwater resource helps communities maintain healthy water supplies for families, fish, and our future.
This cost-sharing initiative will:
If your well does not have a secure, vermin-proof cap or cover, you may be able to replace the well cap yourself. However, some types of caps require a well driller or pump installer to install correctly as it is more easily dropped into the well and sometimes involves working with the pump's wiring. It is not recommended that well owners try to install this type of well cap on their own.
Upgrades / retrofits done to the well casing must be performed by a qualified well professional. Grading / mounding of the ground around the well can be done by the homeowner.
See this BC Ministry of Environment brochure: Upgrading Wells in Pits
Please Note: With respect to surface seal retrofits (upgrades), this work is not done solely as a matter of course (i.e. just because it is an older well and not likely to have a seal). In many cases the cuttings or rock flour surrounding well casing acts as an adequate seal, and trying to install a seal later can damage the well or effectiveness of whatever seal exists.
The surface seal can be retrofit in cases where a Qualified Well Driller recommends it, because of physical evidence such as a visible unfilled annular space, visible seepage on the inside of the casing from shallow fractures or from where the casing intersects bedrock, or if one is able to physically move the casing around (loose casing), or geochemical evidence that suggests entry into the well of shallow surface water such as high total coliforms. The methods to retrofit a surface seal vary depending on the nature of the problem, and can be technical (e.g. installing an internal liner, or over-drilling the existing casing), and not just a case of pouring a few bentonite pellets down the outside of the well head.


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The premier accounts receivable management and collection app for QuickBooks Desktop
ARCollect enables you to manage ALL your collections activities directly from your AR aging summary: Email, make notes, save Promises to Pay, assign reasons for non-payment, and track every unpaid invoice until it is paid. Works with Online & Desktop.
AR Collect
Overview & Pricing
If you have a debtors book, this app is for you.
ARCollect is an online accounts receivables application with proven effectiveness based on user results.
- It's a multi-user solution and works on any browser.
- Any company that runs a debtors book will benefit from improved visibility of the daily collection activities, and improved cash flow, due to the collection tools provided by ARCollect.
- ARCollect keeps track of contact notes and makes it easy to follow up on collection activities. You can also easily track and quantify specific reasons for unpaid invoices.
- It has powerful email functionality, with multiple templates, and auto email. The email templates are specifically formatted to gain instant customer attention and response.
*Ideal For Accountants, financial controllers, administrators.
Unlimited emails and unlimited users all included in flat monthly price.
QuickBooks Desktop
R549 per month
QuickBooks Online
R449 per month
Features and Benefits
Dynamic AR aging summary
Save and view your collection notes and Promises to Pay / Reasons for Non-Payment directly on your AR aging summary. Send smart payment reminders in a single click, with PDF invoices attached.
Collection notes
Contact your customer, make a note, and maintain a full contact history, plus date-driven follow up Action notes. Track notes by collection agent.
Smart Payment Reminders
Email smart payment reminders that get your customer's attention. There are 7 customizable email templates. PDF invoices are automatically attached if you check the PDF option. The result? Faster collections, improved cash flow.
Categorize reasons for non-payment
Excuses excuses excuses – or genuine reasons for late payment? Identify and quantify reasons for delayed payment. Then take action.
Email Payment Reminders or Statements
Select multiple (or all) customers directly from the AR Aging Summary that you want to email. Send the payment reminder in one click. You can attach PDF invoices. There are 7 customizable templates to choose from. You can choose to filter the AR Aging Summary by aging bucket, and make your email selections based on the aging period. The auto-email feature enables you to email past due customers based on the number of days past due.
Auto email payment reminders
ARCollect makes it easy to stay on top of past due invoices by constantly monitoring the number of days past due for each invoice. You decide how many days past due will trigger the payment reminder to be sent. Your customers receive a neat reminder listing all past due invoices, the number of days past due (or number of days remaining until due date), and the PDF invoices attached.
CRM for Receivables Management
You can see your last contact note on the AR Summary. Drill down, and see a full notes history associated with each customer or invoice. See who made the notes, and when they were made. Maintain a full history of notes, and stay on top of your customers reasons for late payment.
Right Networks Hosting
If you run QuickBooks Desktop on Right Networks hosted facility, ARCollect works perfectly in this environment! We use the QuickBooks Web Connector that is already installed in your QuickBooks set-up, making it easy and secure to get ARCollect installed within this environment.


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Hello NASCAR degens! Race one of the Chase is in the books and Martin Truex is still the guy to beat. I had him in 100% of my LUs so that helped but my Kyle Busch stacks didn't go so well when he couldn't overcome his bad luck and penalties. A couple of well placed cautions and he would've been the lucky dog which could've changed the whole race. Short on time this week so want to get onto New Hampshire.
Also I wrote half of this before qualifying and finished during/slightly after. I disregarded that info into my analysis and will still do same updates on my Twitter with thoughts after analyzing post qualifying and both practices Saturday.
Big Dogs
Martin Truex Jr. $10,500: Nothing I can say here that is new. Shocked he's not the highest salary and will most likely be the favorite to win every week in the Chase despite the track. Always runs at the front, leads laps, and turns fastest laps. Worth the price from here on out.
Kyle Busch $10,700: Should battle Truex for the highest price and favorite each week. He looks to be the only car to contest Truex week in and week out but there's still a lot of racing left. Five T10s in L9 races here and has also led over 50 laps in five of those. If no penalties (or run ins with Brad Kes) he figures to be a factor at the end.
Kevin Harvick $10,100: Runner up last week and may be finding his stride at the right time. Defending champ of this race, five of six T5s, and has led plenty of laps here. If you want to be unique, starting with Harvick is a great option.
Mid Pack
Kyle Larson $9,500: Significant drop in price for Larson, which I'm going to take advantage of. Failed inspection here in July causing him to start last but that didn't stop him from a runner up finish. He has three T3 finishes here in his 7 career starts. For this price, you can't get a better value for a car that seems to run at the front consistently and will contest for the win.
Ryan Blaney $8,000: Hasn't been great here with an average of 16.2 but did finish 11 & 12 at New Hampshire last year. Is a great option at this price IMO. Only one T10 in L5 races this year so price is low. Worth buying for the reward factor.
Erik Jones $7,800: Another young gun to buy low with a high ceiling. Blew a tire here in July which led to a bad finish and he'd rather not talk about Chicago last week. I'll be using him with the thought that he will get back on track this week.
Daniel Suarez $7,500: Underpriced driver of the week. Finished 6th in July in his debut and made quite the impression. He's cooled off a bit from two months ago but contesting for a T10 is on the radar almost weekly and with his run in July, don't be surprised at more.
The Rest
Ty Dillon $6,700: I've mentioned you can almost count Ty for a finish of 18-23. He finished 16th in July in his New Hampshire debut and expect the better side of his average this weekend.
Chris Buescher $6,200: He's getting back to the price where I can play him confidentially. Best finish here is 25 but I feel the price is right. Knowing his ability and equipment is better than the past, running in the low 20s or better is within reach.
Michael McDowell $6,000: News came out this week that McDowell will be out of a ride as Kahne is taking over next year. Gotta be a risky play as they haven't been running as well recently but maybe the pressure of the decision will loosen them up and run freely again. Especially with McDowell knowing he's looking for a job.
Boogity boogity boogity! Let's go win some lobster!
*Weekly disclaimer: This was written before qualifying. Be sure to make note of any car/engine changes and qualifying position as value may change once starting position is established


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The Federation of Albanian Associations in Greece opened another school of Albanian language in the city of Artemis in Greece.
On the March 7, known as National Teacher's Day in Albania, the Federation said the school was the teachers' community contribution of Albanian emigrants living in the area."It is the obligation of everyone, Federation President Edmond Guri said
to open as many Albanian language learning courses to preserve Albanian national identity."
Some of Albanian learning courses operate for 15 years in several Greek cities, while the needs of the children of the community of Albanian emigrants to preserve their mother tongue are great.
League of Albanian Teachers in Greece and other organizations have expressed the need for support with basic textbooks and materials from the Albanian Ministry of Education.
In the city of Thessaloniki, Mother Teresa Association organized a festive ceremony with parents and children on March 7. Albanian Language Teachers urge the Albanian authorities to turn their attention to the support of this community.
The economic crisis in Greece has put in difficultes the community of emigrants who emigrated to this country after the nineties.
Although there is no official data, it is estimated that tens of Albanian learning courses are opened in Greece by Albanian were every year learn Albanian about 1,500 Albanian children.
The efforts for learning Albanian language in Greece Monday, March 07, 2016 Rating:


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The problem:
This week my Laptop running Windows 8.1 got a Windows update that caused my mail, calender and contacts apps to not work. I tried doing a system restore to before the update but that didn't fix the problem.
The solution:
I fixed the problem by uninstalling the Mail app and then go to the Windows store and re-install the Mail app.
I hope that is information helps someone else out.


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I'm a hip hop/rap fan.
Of course I'm also one of those folks who feel like its feel off tremendously as I've gotten older.
And, I'm not even that old. Just old enough to not like this bullshit I'm hearing.
This guy is one of the people that keeps me listening to one of the genre's I grew up on.
His name is Joe Budden
I'm not going to go into his catalog or where he came for and where he is. As usual I really don't review at all here. I suggest. I suggest you listen to this:
Also shout out to EManny. He is an awesome up coming singer. He's also the guy whos singing the hook and background vocals. He has a wonderful voice. I first of heard him also by listening to Joe Budden. Get familiar with him as well.


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As the slow-motion air campaign unfolds over ISIS-held territory, we will inevitably see the Gaza-fication of the khalifat as their fighters and artillery move into big city neighborhoods, guaranteeing civilian casualties in the event of further air strikes.
This has become a jihadi staple – the maximization of civilian casualties on both sides, and then releasing photos of dead babies to a complicit worldwide media. The curious thing, from a PR standpoint, is that both the targeting of, and hiding behind, civilian populations are clear war crimes. Yet no one is clamoring to bring rabid Islamists to the Hague for trial.
Part of the problem with "war trials" is that combat operations don't lend themselves to the collection and preservation of evidence, but in the case of firing unguided rockets at cities, towns and communities (in the case of Hamas already), and the placing of heavy weapons in and around schools, hospitals, places of worship and residential neighborhoods are prima facie war crimes.
To paraphrase Israeli Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu, the moral difference between the jihadi and the West is that they use their civilians to protect their weapons and we use our weapons to protect our civilians.
While the worldwide political left is forever weeping over even the most trivial civil rights transgression by the West, it baffles me that the intentional production of civilian mass casualties brings not a peep from them. Unless, of course, the worldwide "civil rights" movement is actually an unapologetic anti-West movement. This would be only of academic interest except that the acceptance of jihadi tactics as legitimate figures significantly into the continuation of their cause. They use the oft reprinted images of "dead babies" in effective recruitment and fundraising social media campaigns. The propaganda value of unchallenged claims of Western barbarianism is matched only by its irony.
It's the moral equivalent of excusing Jeffrey Dahmer because of an eating disorder.


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This site is entirely user-supported. See how you can help.
Latitude: 51.2977 / 51°17'51"N
Longitude: -0.6461 / 0°38'45"W
OS Eastings: 494493
OS Northings: 156266
OS Grid: SU944562
Mapcode National: GBR FBN.KHB
Mapcode Global: VHFV6.RN91
Entry Name: Burrow Hill Cottage
Listing Date: 13 December 1984
Grade: II
Source: Historic England
Source ID: 1029632
English Heritage Legacy ID: 288127
Location: Pirbright, Guildford, Surrey, GU24
County: Surrey
District: Guildford
Civil Parish: Pirbright
Built-Up Area: Pirbright
Traditional County: Surrey
Lieutenancy Area (Ceremonial County): Surrey
Church of England Parish: Pirbright
Church of England Diocese: Guildford
1/66 Burrow Hill Cottage
Cottage. C17. Timber framed, clad in red brick in rat-trap bond across the front,
rendered gable ends and boarded on first floor to rear; plain tiled roof. 2 storeys.
End stacks. Regular front with 2 horizontal sliding sashes across the first floor,
two 3-light casement windows below under gauged brick heads. Central board door under
cambered head. Pentice roof extensions to ends, half glazed to right. C20 extensions
set back to rear right. Rear first floor jettied.
Listing NGR: SU9449356266
This text is from the original listing, and may not necessarily reflect the current setting of the building.
Other nearby listed buildings


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Does the picture above hurt your eyes and mind? Do you recoil with horror, realizing how wrong the writer was? Unfortunately, that writer is in very good – if misguided – company.
Every time I teach American grammar to my adult students, at least one brave soul – who is usually speaking for many – admits to using apostrophes at the end of words, without really knowing why. If pressed, most people just say the word looks better with it.
But there are good reasons to use apostrophes, as with all the other punctuation marks. The fact that a word "looks better with an apostrophe" is not a good reason. The fact that your boss "likes it that way" is not a good reason. The fact that it's a foreign word is NOT a good reason.
Most of the time, the apostrophe gets thrown at the end of a plural word, and I don't know why. In both British and American English, regular plurals are formed by adding s or es to the word, not an apostrophe.
So work with me here. You can have one cat or a litter of cats. One lion or a pride of lions. One dog or two dogs. One son or several sons. One house lot or several lots. One house or many houses. One taco or a bunch of tacos. One pizza or many pizzas. One burrito or a few burritos.
Got it? Great! Now please go teach it to the masses . . . (And despite what the picture above shows – the plural of classes has no apostrophe.)


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NEW YORK (MarketWatch) -- The president and chief executive of Wal-Mart Stores Inc. WMT, -1.67% said Tuesday in a Fox News interview that the retailer hasn't totally ruled out the idea of obtaining an industrial loan company (ILC) charter, despite having withdrawn its application for one earlier this month.
"We'll take another look at it," H. Lee Scott, Jr., told Neil Cavuto of Fox News Network in an interview, referring to company attempts to obtain an ILC charter from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. ILCs are the only type of bank that can be owned by a commercial company.
Earlier this month, the Bentonville, Ark.-based Wal-Mart, the world's largest retail conglomerate, withdrew its ILC application after it encountered stiff resistance, notably from community banks that claimed that Wal-Mart was seeking to move into full-scale branch banking.
Scott told Cavuto that the application was withdrawn as it "became very controversial and very political... (and) became very clear we're not going to be able to do that."
"We're looking at how we can make a bite out of that apple," Scott said, adding that being able to undertake ILC functions would benefit its customers whom, he described, are "in many ways underserved."
Scott said 20% of Wal-Mart's customers are without checking accounts and Wal-Mart does a lot of customer business using wire transfers and money orders that he acknowledged has been "quite profitable."
Wal-Mart has said that it wanted to use the ILC charter to process credit cards and other customer payments.
-Contact: 201-938-5400


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We put on a lot of Roots and Americana style music but Keegan McInroe is the real deal, hailing as he does from Fort Worth in the Lone Star State. In 2003 he founded rock & roll outfit, Catfish Whiskey. Since 2008, he has performed primarily as a solo artist performing and rambling all over Texas, the United States, and Europe.
Weaving threads from old country, old blues and folk together with his own unique voice and perspective, Keegan creates an original tapestry of American roots music, earthy and lyric driven. We fully expect him to be accompanied at this show by a rogues gallery of local musical friends. Watch this space…
As usual with The Hive, entry is free, be there around 830 pm.


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2019 Yamaha YZF-R3
Street Motorcycle for sale by Platinum Powersports in Rockford, Michigan 49341
$4,999Check value with KBB ›
Platinum Powersports
305 Motorcycles For Sale |
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11745 Cedar Rock Dr NE
Rockford, MI 49341
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Motorcycle Overview
New 2019 Yamaha YZF-R3 $4,999
2019 Yamaha YZF-R3R WORLD IS CALLING
Legendary Yamaha superbike styling, advanced twin cylinder engine and ultra-light chassis make it the bike of choice.
Features may include:
- New for 2019
The all-new YZF-R3 features a range of features to boost performance, quality and style. Sleek new bodywork echoes Yamaha's YZR-M1 MotoGP® machine, with high-tech LED lighting and new instruments. A new inverted fork offers enhanced suspension feel and feedback. The lower fuel tank and revised handlebar position improve rider ergonomics. And new Dunlop® radial tires boost grip and road feel.
- Engine
321cc liquid-cooled, inline 2-cylinder engine delivers excellent power and performance throughout the rpm range. With a 180-degree crank design and integrated counterbalancer, the layout minimizes vibrations for a smooth, refined engine character.High-Revving Engine Architecture
With a compression ratio of 11.2:1, double overhead cams (DOHC) and four-valve cylinder heads, the YZF-R3 motor is designed for quick-revving performance and high-rpm efficiency to deliver an exciting ride and broad spread of power.
- Chassis/Suspension
For 2019, the YZF-R3 features an all-new inverted fork with optimized spring and damping settings. The inverted design allows the greater surface area for the sliding tube, significantly improving fork rigidity for sporty front-end feel and feedback without losing real-world comfort. The new fork design also includes an YZR-M1-inspired top clamp for improved supersport style.Monocross Rear Shock
The centrally-mounted single shock design centralizes mass and is tuned to strike a balance between ride comfort and sporty performance, making it capable across a wide range of uses, from urban commuting to trackdays.
2019 Yamaha YZF-R3 Specifications
Motorcycle ID200642600
Stock NumberN/A
Trim Body Style
Exterior ColorYamaha Blue
Custom Exterior ColorN/A
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I first reviewed Audeonic's MidiBridge app back in February 2013. Way back then (well, it is a long time ago in iOS music technology terms), we had only just got Audiobus and were discovering the wonders of sending audio from one iOS music app to another in real time. And while we did have Core MIDI in iOS at that stage, I think it is fair to say that MIDI communication was a bit of a mess. While some of this was down to the limitations of the OS at that stage, the somewhat unpredictable … [Read more...]
MidiBridge update – Audeonic bring iOS8 support to their MIDI utility app
Beatmaker 2 by Intua – music app review
Intua's Beatmaker music app has been around for quite a while. The original version was released as an iPhone app as far back as 2008 and Beatmaker 2 first appeared in February 2011 – for both iPhone/iPod Touch and iPad – and has seen regular upgrades since. In terms of music making, Beatmaker has always been designed to be a complete (stand alone?) compositional environment. The original tools consisted of sample-based drum machine and keyboard instruments, a well-specified sequencing … [Read more...]
iLectric Piano by IK Multimedia – music app review
IK Multimedia will be well known to regular iOS music app fans; they have been one of the music technology manufacturers that have most readily embraced the whole mobile computing environment as a place to make music. With a range of dedicated hardware (for example, iRig, iRig Keys, iRig Mix) and apps (Amplitube, VocaLive, GrooveMaker, DJ Rig, SampleTank, etc.). And, with a number of new products announced at the winter NAMM show back in January (including the iRig HD guitar interface), it's a … [Read more...]
Funkbox by Synthetic Bits – music app review
My own iPad is stuffed full of some brilliant music apps. I've got a number of excellent synth-based apps, at least four guitar amp sims that I'm happy to employ, a selection of very useable (but quite different) DAWs and a range of utility-type apps (including Audiobus and MIDI Bridge), all of which, with a little care and attention, can be combined into a suitable music-making workflow. In terms of it being a 'complete' music production system then I know that, at present, it can't compete … [Read more...]
MIDI Bridge by Audeonic – music app review
Yes, this is going to be a review of the MIDI Bridge music app but, if you have a minute to spare, then just bear with me because I think MIDI Bridge deserves a little bit of context. If you want to skip forward a few paragraphs (to 'the virtual world') then feel free but, if you are up for a quick bit of useful background, then just read on…. I think it is fair to say that Audiobus has caused quite a stir in the iOS music world. In providing a protocol that developers can built into their … [Read more...]


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Glendale National Cemetery
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Glendale National Cemetery
|Nearest city
|Richmond, Virginia
|37°26′10″N 77°14′05″W / 37.43611°N 77.23472°WCoordinates: 37°26′10″N 77°14′05″W / 37.43611°N 77.23472°W
|6.6 acres (2.7 ha)
|Meigs, Montgomery C.
|Architectural style
|Second Empire
|Civil War Era National Cemeteries MPS
|NRHP reference #
|Significant dates
|Added to NRHP
|February 26, 1996
|Designated VLR
|October 18, 1995[2]
Glendale National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located near the city of Richmond, in Henrico County, Virginia. Administered by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, it encompasses 2.1 acres (0.85 ha), and as of the end of 2005 had 2,064 interments. It is closed to new interments.
Glendale National Cemetery was established on May 7, 1866, and named after a farmstead that was on the property at the time. The original interments were the remains of Union soldiers who died at the Battle of Malvern Hill and other nearby American Civil War battlefields.
Glendale National Cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.
Notable interments[edit]
- Corporal Michael Fleming Folland (1949–1969), Medal of Honor recipient for action in the Vietnam War.
- ^ National Park Service (2009-03-13). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
- ^ "Virginia Landmarks Register". Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
External links[edit]
- National Cemetery Administration
- Glendale National Cemetery
- Historic American Landscapes Survey (HALS) No. VA-5, "Glendale National Cemetery, 8301 Willis Church Road, Richmond, Independent City, VA"
- U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Glendale National Cemetery
- Glendale National Cemetery at Find a Grave
- Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
- National Register of Historic Places in Henrico County, Virginia
- Second Empire architecture in Virginia
- 1866 establishments in Virginia
- Protected areas of Henrico County, Virginia
- Cemeteries in Richmond, Virginia
- United States national cemeteries
- Virginia in the American Civil War
- Historic American Landscapes Survey in Virginia


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Subject: Re: Questions on RIM and RS.
Sanjay, I think I can partially answer your questions (see in-line below). -- Len At 04:40 PM 4/10/01 , Sanjay Cherian wrote: >Hi, > >Here are a few more questions I had. I would be >grateful if someone could clarify them. The first 2 >are significant enough that they are holding up my >POC implementation. > >[RIM-0.60:276] >If ExtrinsicObject captures metadata for content whose >type is unknown to the Registry and ExternalLink >stores the URI >to content that is external to the Registry, what >interface in RIM captures metadata for content which >is stored in the >Registry and whose type is known to the Registry? This is an important question that could lead to some RIM modifications in Phase 2. But for now, notice that any "content" whose type is known to the Registry is a subtype of ImplicitObject, which in turn is a subtype of RegistryEntry (RIM Figure 2, line 356) and notice that each of these known implicit object types, e.g. ClassificationNode, Package, etc. are listed in Section 7.3.2 as Pre-Defined Object Types (top of page 18). Thus their metadata can be retrieved by query on RegistryEntry! See the examples of <RegistryEntryQuery>'s between lines 1171 and 1200 in the Registry Services document. >[RS-0.88:1795-97] >This definition of ExtrinsicObject contradicts >Registry.dtd. The method for returning a repository item has already been identified as an Issue that needs to be resolved. I was the author of lines 1795-1797, but I'm not knowledgeable about how MIME objects typically get transmitted in XML syntax. I'd like to make sure, however, that any solution to this issue doesn't depend on characteristics of the message transport mechanism (e.g. SOAP) as I think it is desirable that our query synatx be independent of message transport. >A more fundamental question: is it a >good idea to return >repository content within the body of the XML response >rather than including such content as MIME body parts >in the >output document? This is the issue! Solutions solicited. >After all, when registry content is >input into the Registry, it is contained in MIME body >parts, >together with the SOAP:Envelope header and the >SubmitObjectsRequest. > >[RS-0.88:1782-85] >What purpose was RegistryPackage, WithdrawnObject and >ExternalItem meant to serve? These are not present in >RIM. RegistryPackage is meant to be the same as Package in RIM. There is a pending proposal to use the term "RegistryPackage" in RIM instead of just "Package" because the word "Package" is so overloaded. Certainly RIM and line 1782 in RS need to be made consistent. ExternalItem should be replaced by ExternalLink to make it consistent with RIM and that change has already been approved by last Friday's teleconference. WithdrawnObject is meant to identify a repository tem that used to be registered, but has since been deleted from the Registry (this was made possible in Vancouver). It's RegistryEntry may still exist in the Registry, so it has an ID and it's possible to use this ID to ask for the corresponding repository item -- but it's not there anymore. This element gets returned in its place. Note! Nikola has already asked that this treatment be put on the Issues list, and it has been. >[RS-0.88:1790] >How is repositoryURL different from contentURI (in >ExtrinsicObject, as defined on 2760)? It's not! Last Friday's teleconference already approved changing line 1789 (not 1790!) to be "contentURI" instead of "repositoryURL". >Thanks, >Sanjay. > > >===== >Sanjay J. Cherian >Software Architect >Sterling Commerce >Irving, TX > >(469)524-2753 > >__________________________________________________ >Do You Yahoo!? >Get email at your own domain with Yahoo! Mail. >http://personal.mail.yahoo.com/ > >------------------------------------------------------------------ >To unsubscribe from this elist send a message with the single word >"unsubscribe" in the body to: email@example.com ************************************************************** Len Gallagher firstname.lastname@example.com NIST Work: 301-975-3251 Bldg 820 Room 562 Home: 301-424-1928 Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8970 USA Fax: 301-948-6213 **************************************************************
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Graduate Dean's Dissertation Fellowship
To provide one year financial assistance to students nearing completion of a terminal (PhD, EdD, or MFA) degree.
Eligibility for Nomination
Candidates will be considered only through nomination by their academic unit. They must be in the process of writing the dissertation, and anticipate completion by the end of the following year. Previous Recipients/Nominees will not be eligible. Recipients of the award (not alternates) may hold up to a .25 graduate assistantship assignment during fellowship year.
Nomination Procedures
Graduate units may not submit more than one nomination in a given year. Nomination forms must be accompanied by:
- finalized committee membership
- a transcript of the candidate's graduate work.
- a 3 to 5 page dissertation proposal, summary, and timeline
- a statement written by the candidate, describing the impact of funding in ensuring that the student completes dissertation within the year and contributions of dissertation to academics from other fields
- letters of support from the candidate's major advisor and the graduate unit chair or faculty coordinator, including information directly related to the issue of completion and the ability of the student to complete the dissertation within the year (2 letters needed).
- IRB (submitted)
- The UNM Dean's Dissertation Fellowship Nomination Form
Please submit nominations to Margaret Gonzales (email@example.com).
The stipend consists of $8,000 for the academic year. This award does not cover tuition or fees. Half of the award is given in the fall semester. Recipients are required to submit a written progress report at the end of the fall semester. The spring term stipend will not be disbursed until the progress report is submitted.
Nomination Deadline
Nomination materials must be received at Graduate Studies no later than 5:00 p.m. on March 8, 2019. Nomination materials are evaluated based on the quality of statement and and letters of support, including the ability to convey contributions of the dissertation to other fields, financial need, and ability to complete the dissertation within the year.
For additional information contact Margaret Gonzales at firstname.lastname@example.com


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Cover of Four Weddings and a Funeral
Acclaimed Indo-American statesman Rajan Zed, in a statement in Nevada (USA) today, said this was a golden chance for Bollywood to prove that it could produce a world class product with domestic talent, technology, and finances about a major turning point in India's history when British handed over the power to India.
Rajan Zed, who is chairperson of Indo-American Leadership Confederation, argued that with more familiarity with their own turf, Bollywood was expected to do more justice with the topic.
Controversial "Indian Summer", which was expected to begin shooting in India in February next, has reportedly been put on back burner because of cost consideration, estimated between 30 to 40 million dollars. Logistical issues of shooting in India, creative constraints in depicting some controversial topics, and recession were reported to be other reasons for shelving the project, besides belt-tightening at the Universal Pictures.
Oscar winner Cate Blanchett (Elizabeth) was reportedly selected to play Lady Edwina Mountbatten, wife of last British viceroy of India, in this movie portraying last days of British rule in India, while Golden Globe winner Hugh Grant (Four Weddings and a Funeral) was reportedly tipped as last British Viceroy in India Lord Louis Mountbatten. Filmfare Award winner Irrfan Khan (Slumdog Millionaire) was anticipated to play India's first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. Government of India officials, after scrutinizing the script, reportedly conditionally showed green light for its shooting to go ahead.
Aimed at a release in 2011, this Universal Pictures and Working Title Films drama was to be reportedly directed by BAFTA winner Joe Wright (Atonement) and written by Oscar nominated William Nicholson (Gladiator), and would have shown Mountbatten handing over the power during the summer of 1947 to Nehru. It was based on the book "Indian Summer: The Secret History of the End of an Empire" by Alex von Tunzelmann. Film was reportedly to follow the important events during India's Independence. It was planned to be shot in capital Delhi, Punjab, Jammu-Kashmir, and other parts in India.
There are about sixteen movies already with the name of "Indian Summer", first released in USA on June 21, 1912. "Indian summer" is an informal expression for the period of warm, sunny weather in autumn.


text:
Archive for February 2011
- In: journal
- 3 Comments
I barely could watch the online live feed on my facebook friend Ripley giving birth to a new liter. She's been in delivery all day and she looks exhausted.
The live feed in happened now (if you happen to get this soon after I post and care to watch)
For me it brought back memories I don't care to remember but it was exciting just the same.
Did I mention we got a new facebook page?
Yea, Ma is still fighting to get my old one reinstated but she made a new one for us just in case they don't give it back.
Look for Pamela Autumns_Ma
That's us!!
I got a super nice Valentine's day card from my Boyfriend Jack in Idaho. We've had a long distance relationship for over a year.
He's a sweetie!!
I also got a card from my BFF Miss Scout in Chicago.
And I got some fun toys and special yummy cookies from Missy, Steve and Justin in North Carolina.
I want to give a shout out to my furpal JAKE, It's his 3rd year anniversary of being in his furever home.
Congrats Jake!! You are a super special wire fox terrier!
I also want to say how deeply saddened we are by the passing of a good furpal SARGE.
He is loved and will be sorely missed!
Farewell my friend until we meet at Rainbow Bridge someday!
Me and Ma are planning some special event in the next few weeks so watch for more news here!
Until then I send Lakie Loving to all!
Posted February 12, 2011on:
- In: journal
- 8 Comments
Today FACEBOOK deleted my account because I cannot prove I am who I am.
With over 2050 facebook friends and two years of photos, notes, videos, games and memories FACEBOOK had deleted my life without any notice.
And many of my FB friends are being deleted. People are sickened and sad. TEARS! REAL TEARS. Facebook has devastated me and so many wonderful peoples …our lives turned upside down. This isn't a joke. These are real poeple who love their animals and have formed lasting bonds with people all over the world. We share photos and send gifts and cards and letters to each other. Autumn has her life with me, all the memories with me on her facebook account which is now GONE.
I'm completely devastated.
Super week in the Super Bowl
Posted February 10, 2011on:
- In: journal
- 3 Comments
WoW! What a week it's been!
First there was Saturday preparing for the Super Bowl and the the BIG GAME on Sunday where WE WON!!
I knew we were going to win because I had a lucky Green Bay Packer scarf sent to me from my Welsh Terrier pal Cody and his Ma Sue.
They live in Wisconsin too but north of us. Sue and all her furkids wore lucky scarves too!
Yes, It was Green Bay Packers against the Pittsburg Steelers in the Super Bowl 45 and the Packers went all the way!
Then all the parties began!!
There were fireworks and firecrackers blaring throughout the entire state of Wisconsin. Somehow the noise didn't seem to bother me. I guess I was too excited and enjoying all the humans out on the streets screaming and chanting Go Pack Go!
Monday was the day the Packers returned to Titletown. That's what they call Green Bay, Wisconsin because it's where Vince Lombardi coached the Packers to their first Super Bowl and started the championship streak. They've won the championship a record number of 13 times and brought home the Lombardi Trophy 4 times.
There were tons of people lining the streets as the players drove by on buses to Lambeau Field, the home of the Packers. It was a big deal to see the trophy being brought "home".
Tuesday was the official celebration of the Packers and the entire Packer organization at Lambeau Field. They, of course, sold out every seat as fans stood in the freezing cold to cheer their favorite players and especially the Super Bowl MVP Aaron Rodgers.
But now things are starting to calm down a little bit.
And it's really really super cold outside.
Ma bundled me up to the point I could barely walk when she took me outside!!
Until next time, hope all my friends are doing well. If it's cold where you are then stay warm. If it's hot where you are…you can always come visit me!!
Love Always,


text:
Wenzel Anton Kaunitz-Rietberg, "Most Graciously Commissioned Report on the Improvement of the Domestic System" for Maria Theresa (April 14, 1773)
page 1 of 7
1mo What kind of ailments afflict the political body.
Ad 1mo Even if one undertakes only a cursory investigation of the domestic situation of the German hereditary lands, one sees all too clearly that they are far from the blossoming condition in which they could be, and that some are a bit feebler, others a bit less so, but all are weakened and so to say emaciated. The people are almost universally poor, oppressed, and troublesome. The rural towns are dreary, overburdened with debt, and diminished in terms of population. Rather than getting stronger, food production, manufacturing, and industry in general, as well as commerce, are falling into greater and greater decline. In ten years of peace, the debt burden of the state has not decreased, but rather increased, and instead of using this time to gather new strength to endure a future war, the hereditary lands assume a sadder appearance every day. In former times, the nobility of the hereditary lands numbered among the richest in Europe; now it is difficult for most of them to procure their own basic necessities. And their own indigence means that they are not in a position to offer the necessary help to their subjects. Members of the clergy, who previously lived in abundance and supported the state with their voluntary contributions, now find themselves in nearly the same hard-pressed circumstances. There is no group that does not feel a distinct diminishing of their inner strength. [ . . . ]
2do Which political illnesses demand the fastest and most urgent attention on account of their danger. [ . . . ]
3tio What sorts of causes give rise to both types of political illnesses.


text:
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text:
- December 14, 1919 - August 2, 2017
- Fort Wayne, Indiana
of Ray's Passing
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Arrangements made by
D O McComb and Sons - Covington Knolls
8325 Covington Rd.
Fort Wayne, IN 46804
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Memories & CandlesPrevious
"I worked for Mr. Zell at Murphy's in Owosso from May of 1962 until Nov 1963. He was a good and fair manager. I always wondered what happened to him...Read More »
1 of 5 | Posted by: Julia Diffin - Chesaning, MI
"Connie, so sorry for your loss. Mary and I relished the deep friendship that developed because of your dad's job and involvement in Galion. Please...Read More »
2 of 5 | Posted by: Doug Court - GALION, OH
"Connie and Gary,So sorry to hear of Ray's passing. He was a very special man.We have many wonderful memories of the times spent with yourfamily.God...Read More »
3 of 5 | Posted by: Chuck Treisch - Galion, OH
"Ray was a devoted leader of the Voyagers Group at church and always made each member feel welcome. He will be missed by many friends. We know he's...Read More »
4 of 5 | Posted by: Barbara and Bill Guthrie - IN
"Connie and Gary,So sorry to hear of Ray's passing, but comforted knowing his faith in The Lord has placed him in His presence. Your family has a...Read More »
5 of 5 | Posted by: Ron and Sharon Vernon - Lancaster, OH
Ray F. Zell, 97, passed away Wednesday, August 2nd, 2017 at Parkview Hospital Randallia in Fort Wayne. Born in Fort Wayne, Ray served as store manager for G.C. Murphy Co. in Galion, OH, Owosso, MI, Indianapolis, and Fort Wayne. He was past president of the Rotary Club in Galion and the Chamber of Commerce in Owosso. Ray was a member of Christ's Church at Georgetowne, started the Voyagers senior group, and served as president of that group for over 25 years. Ray had a wonderful bass voice and sang in church and for other occasions. He started every Murphy store meeting with a solo. He served as the choir director in Owosso and especially loved singing in quartets in Galion and Owosso. He loved golf, fishing, and family vacations. Surviving are his son, Gary A. (Beverly) Zell of Holland, MI; daughter, Connie (Dennis) Dixon of Williamston, MI; grandchildren Cathy ( Rick Cook) Zell of Bath MI. Dennis (Season) Dixon of East Lansing MI. Kerry (Trent) Walton of Denver CO, great grandchildren Miranda Cook, Mia and Lila Dixon, Wyatt and Emery Walton and special friend and companion of 12 years, Patricia Biggs. Ray was preceded in death by his parents, Allen A. and Jennie Zell, beloved wife, of 52 years, Thelma Zell, and his sister, Goldie Smith. Service is 11:00 am Monday, August 7, 2017 at D. O. McComb & Sons Maplewood Park Funeral Home, 4017 Maplecrest Road with calling from 9:30 -11:00 am. Calling also Sunday August 6, 2017 from 3-5 pm at the funeral home. Private burial at Alberson Cemetery, Domestic, Indiana. Memorials may be made to the League for the Blind-Disabled 5821 S Anthony Blvd, Fort Wayne, IN 46816. To sign the online guest book, go to www.domccombandsons.com.


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Brexit and the election of Trump have created an unprecedented sense of urgencyby Sophia Besch / December 26, 2016 / Leave a comment
Citizens of the European Union do not feel safe. As recent surveys have shown, faced with deteriorating security at borders, tensions between Russia and the west, the migration crisis and the threat of terrorism, Europeans feel that the EU is not doing enough to protect them.
Politicians listened and made defence a priority in 2016, discussing it at the mid-December European Council meeting. The result has been proposals to reform the funding and the command of EU operations, and initiatives to strengthen the EU's defence industries. Federica Mogherini, the EU's High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, eventually aims to achieve "strategic autonomy" in defence: that is, the ability to operate without the help of the United States.
This is not the first time that the EU has tried to create a stronger role for itself in defence. But its Common Defence and Security Policy has long been a paper tiger and failed to galvanize member-states into investing real money in their own security. Two recent events, however, have created an unprecedented sense of urgency: the Brexit referendum result and Donald Trump's election as US president. But disagreements over strategic priorities and threat assessments among the EU27 mean that it is far from clear that the the current enthusiasm will be sustained.
Many in Brussels hope that with the UK's imminent departure, the EU can "unfreeze" some of the defence proposals that the country has vetoed in the past and go ahead with, for example, an EU operational headquarters. But thi…


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A$AP Rocky Has Made a Baking Kit Full of A$AP Mob Cookie Cutters
Proceeds from the 'Ginger Bread Mob Cookie Kit' go to the charity founded in the wake of A$AP Yams' death in 2015.
Image via It'Sugar
Christmas merch is always one of the most fun and ridiculous and stupid and cute parts of the holiday news cycle. That's just how life is. We go straight from sometimes good, sometimes underwhelming Black Friday drops right into the bulk of the Christmas songs – shouts to DRAM for his entire festive EP this year – and then into the realm of merch that eases us into the 'not changing out of my pyjamas at all today, thanks' quiet of the holidays. My definite favourite of the festive merch so far this year comes from A$AP Rocky, who, in collaboration with US sweet treat makers It'Sugar, has blessed the world with something very important.
The 'Ginger Bread Mob Cookie Kit' "comes with everything you need to make your very own crew of A$AP homies," including gingerbread mix, a human-shaped cookie cutter, and icing. What more could you ask for? And in the real spirit of Christmas, sales of the kit go towards a great cause: A$AP Mob formed the A$AP Foundation following the death in 2015 of founding member and creative mastermind A$AP Yams. The charity is "Dedicated to the purpose of greater drug abuse awareness + prevention," and "applying methods to minimise the impact of addiction within our communities." The only question that remains: why would you not want to eat A$AP Mob-shaped gingerbread in aid of it?
Follow Noisey on Twitter.


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Serological and Histochemical Detection of Chlamydophila psittaci
in Poultry at Live Bird Markets in
Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria
Chlamydophilial infections leading to outbreaks of avian chlamydophilosis in domestic as well as companion birds have been reported worldwide, which reflects in economic loss to the owner and potential zoonotic transmission to humans. Study on the occurrence and prevalence of Chlamydophila psittaci in birds at live bird markets in Kaduna metropolis, Nigeria was carried out using Immuno Comb enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (IC ELISA) and modified Gimenez staining technique (mGS). Sera from 64 local chickens, 43 ducks, 64 pigeons, 64 broilers, 64 exotic layers, 48 turkeys and 64 guinea fowls were examined. Using the IC ELISA, 41.46% (85) and 34.95% (72) from thebirds sampled from Central and Waff Road markets tested positive for C. psittaci, with an overall seroprevalence of 38.00%. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the prevalence of the infection from birdssampled in Central and Waff Road markets. Among various types of birds examined, the highest seroprevalence was recorded in pigeons 67.19% (43), duck 51.16% (22) and guinea fowl 46.88% (30) while the least seroprevalencewere recorded in exotic layers 18.75% (12) and broilers 15.63% (10). Nevertheless, there was significant difference (P<0.05) in prevalence of the infection among the various types of birds examined. The prevalence of the infection by mGS showed 4.10% (9) and 3.40% (7) from Central and Waff Road markets, with the highest prevalence in local chickens 6.25% (4) and 0.0% (0) in turkey. Statistical analysis by Kappa statistics indicate a slight agreement between the two tests. The results of this study confirmed our suspicion about the presence of C. psittaci in birds at live bird markets in Kaduna metropolis. Thus, routine screening of birds in abattoirs, quarantine stations, farms and enlightenment of the general public on avian chlamydophilosis control should be advocated.
Key Words
Birds, ELISA, mGS, Chlamydophila psittaci, zoonotic.
Chlamydophila psittaci is an obligate, intracellular zoonotic bacterium, found in a wide range of birds, including companion, domestic and wild birds worldwide (Harkinezhad et al., 2009). It is the causative agent of psittacosis, also known as ornithosis, parrot fever, or avian chlamydophilosis (AC) (Van Droogenbroeck et al., 2009).Several serovars of C. psittaci have been identified, using monoclonal antibodies, these correspond to 7 genotypes, seven of which (A-F, and E/B) are endemic to domestic poultry and other birds and can be transmitted to humans causing psittacosis or parrot fever (Geens et al., 2005).Earliest descriptions of epidemics of this disease in late nineteenth century Europe, incriminated imported Argentinean parrots as the vector of this malady.However,parrots may have been unduly maligned, as most cases of Avian chlamydophilosis (AC) may well be unconnected with parrots (Meyer, 1965), but also associated with wild birds and poultry species such as pigeons, ducks, geese, turkeys as well as domestic fowls (Vanrompayet al., 2008).
The importance of poultry as a source of human infection became more evident following outbreaks in humans in the 1950s, due to contact with infected turkeys (Meyer, 1965).This refutes the early belief that C. psittaci infections only occur in psittacine birds.Among poultry; turkeys, ducks and pigeons are most often affected while infection of chickens are infrequent (Rawdonet al., 2010). In pigeons, infection is very wide spread especially as a carrier state without clinical symptoms (Pavlack et al., 2000).
Avian chlamydophilosis is an occupational hazard with commercial pet birds' handlers, hobbyists, veterinarians as well as poultry workers exposed to the greatest risk (Fengaet al., 2007). Outbreaks commonly associated with ducks and turkeys farms and abattoirs have been described (Bennedsen and Filskov, 2000). Transmission to humans is common during handling and slaughter of birds (Dickx et al., 2010). Recent studies have indicated that the disease has been on the increase in several parts of the world (Yang et al., 2007).
Avian chlamydophilosis can be economically devastating to producers/farmers and a serious public health problem. It has the potential to cause severe human disease or even death and produces avian respiratory infections which pose a serious threat to industrial poultry production, causing significant economic losses in the US, Europe and China (Laroucau et al., 2009).
Poultry production is a major economic activity in Kaduna State and Nigeria as a country. It contributes significantly to the family income especially in peri-urban and poor rural communities (Sonaiya et al., 2000). It provides the affordable source of protein needed to meet the recommended 0.8g/kg daily protein intake in the country (Shane and Neil, 2006).
There is also intense co-habitation of birds with human both in the cities and in rural areas,where many Nigerians live in close contact with poultry and poultry products on farms, live bird markets, poultry slaughter houses and processing plants, homes, shops, restaurants and during transportation of poultry to markets and other locations with little or no regard for adequate biosecurity (Abdu, 2010). With paucity of information in the veterinary as well as human health services on the epidemiology and public health significance of this disease in Nigeria, there is a need to carry out such a study.The aim of this study is to investigate the presence of C. psittaci in poultry at live bird markets in Kaduna metropolis using serology and histochemical staining techniques.
Materials and Methods
Study Area
The research was conducted in Kaduna State, Nigeria, which is located within the semi-arid sub humid regions of North Central Zone of Nigeria. It lays between longitudes E006.5o – E008.6o (East of Greenwich Meridian) and latitude N09.2o – N11.3o (North of the equator) (FRN, 2009).
Sources of Samples
Two live birds markets (Central and Waff Road markets) were randomly selected, and a total of 411 blood samples were collected from birds at slaughter. This was comprised of 205 birds [32 broilers, 32 exotic layers, 32 local chickens, 32 pigeons 32 guinea fowls, 25 turkeys, and 20 ducks] from central market and 206 (32 broilers, 32 exotic layers, 32 local chickens, 32 pigeons 32 guinea fowls 23, turkeys and 23 ducks) from Waff-Road. The sampling was done over a period of 8 weeks (February to May, 2015), with one visit to each market per week. Sampling was conducted by consent based on pre-sensitization conducted in each market prior to sampling. For the histochemical staining, tissue samples consisting of liver and spleens were aseptically harvested from the same birds sampled above identified by tagging with multiple different colour threads at slaughter.
Blood Sample Collection
For the serological analysis, apparently healthy birds were selected at slaughter and about 2ml of blood were collected and transferred into sterile sample tubes. It was then allowed to stand at room temperature before transporting to the laboratory. In the laboratory, sera were separated by centrifuging the whole blood at 1000g for 10 minutes (WOAH, 2008), then the resultant sera were dispensed into well labeled sterile serum bottles and stored at -20℃ (NVSL, 2006).
Tissue Sample Collection
All samples were collected under aseptic conditions to prevent contamination or cross-contamination. Sampling materials (i.e. forceps, polythene bags and scissors) were made sterile by wrapping in aluminium foil and sterilized in hot air oven (160 ℃) for 1 hour before embarking to sampling site. The harvested tissues were transferred into well labeled sterile polythene bags, and transported immediately together with the blood samples to the Bacterial Zoonoses Laboratory of the Department of Veterinary Public Health Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria in ice packed boxes for analysis.
Detection of C. psittaci Antibodies Using Immuno Comb ELISA Test Kit
The ELISA test Kit for Avian C. psittaci(ImmunoComb® (IC), Biogal, Kibbutz Galed, Israel) is based on a rapid competitive enzyme – linked immunosorbent assay technique that detects immunoglobulin G – antibodies (1gG) against C. psittaciin avian species. Serum samples collected during this study were screened for the presence of antibodies to C. psittaci. C. psittaci IgG level was determined by comparing each specimen's colour to the positive control intensity. A test that yielded colour reaction exceeding that of the negative control was considered positive while that comparable to the negative control were considered negative.
Detection of C. psittaci Inclusion Bodies in Impression Smears of Liver and Spleen by Modified Gimenez (PVK) Stain
The stain kit comprised 10ml ofsolution 1: (450.0 ml distilled H2O and 5.0 ml phenol added to 2.5g basic fuchsin and 50ml of 95% ethanol, incubated at 37°C for 48 hours, filtered and stored in dark at room temperature), 12.5ml of solution 2: (11.65g Sodium phosphate dibasic; 2.47g ; Sodium phosphate monobasic made to 1.0 litre distilled H2O),the staining solution; solution 3: (20.0 ml solution 1 and 25.0 ml of solution 2) let to stand for 10 minutes filtered and used, solution 4;(0.2 g fast green; 100.0 ml distilled water and 0.2 ml glacial acetic acid), and the counterstain; solution 4 (20.0 ml of solution 4 and 50.0 ml distilled water) (OIE, 2012).
Touch impression smear of cut surface of liver and spleen were made on a sterile glass slides and fixed in methanol for 4 minutes. The fixed slides were covered with the staining solution (solution3) then washed after 10 minutes at room temperature. It was counterstained with solution 4, for approximately 2 minutes and then rinsed in tap water, air dried and examined under light microscope at 40X magnification (Andersen and Vanrompay, 2003).
Data Analysis
Data collected at the end of this study were reduced to contingency tables and Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), Version 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used to determine Chi-square test.
Seroprevalence of C. psittaci Specific Antibodies
Out of the 205 birds sampled from Central market, 85 (41.46%) were tested positive for C. psittaci while 72 (34.95%) out of the 206 birds sampled from Waff-road market were positive for C. psittaci, with an overall seroprevalence of 38% (Table 1). Although high rate of the infection was recorded in Central market, there was no statistically significant difference (P=0.174) in occurrence of infection between the two locations (Table 1).
During the study, 7 different types of birds were sampled. Sera from 64 local chickens, 64 exotic layers, 64 broilers, 48 turkeys 64 guinea fowls 64 pigeons and 43 ducks were examined. Our investigation detected Cp psittaci specific antibodies in; 10 (15.63%) broilers, 43 (67.19%) pigeons, 22 (51.16%) ducks, 30 (46.88%) guinea fowls, 12 (18.75%) exotic layers, 23 (35.94%) local chickens and 17 (35.42%) turkeys respectively. The highest seroprevalence was recorded in pigeon; 67.9%, followed by guinea fowl with seroprevalence of 46.88%, with the least in broiler having 15.63% seroprevalence (table 2). Statistically, there was a significant difference (P=0.0001) in rate of occurrence of infection among various types of birds examined (Table 2).
Prevalence of C.psittaci Inclusions in Birds by Modified Gimenez (PVK) Stain.
During the study period, liver and spleen were harvested from the same birds sampled for serology at slaughter. C. psittaci inclusion bodies were detected in 16 (3.90%) of the 411 birds examined. Inclusion bodies were detected in 9 (4.40%) of 205 birds examined from central market, and 7 (3.40%) in Waff road, with overall prevalence of 3.90% (Table 3).There was no statistical significance in the prevalence rate of the infection among types of birds examined in the two markets (Table 3).
Among the various types of birds examined, mGS detected C. psittaci inclusion bodies in; 1 (1.56%) broiler, 1 (2.33%) duck, 4 (6.25%) pigeons, 3 (4.69%) guinea fowls, 4 (6.25%) local chickens, 3 (4.69%) exotic layers and 0 (0.0%) in turkey. Statistical analysis indicated no statistical significance in occurrence of the infection between the two markets and among types of birds examined (Table 3 and 4).
IC ELISA test recorded seroprevalence of 38.20% while prevalence rate detected by mGS was 4.90%. Statistical analysis by Kappa statistics indicated a slight agreement between the two tests. The slight agreement indicated that the two tests may detect the infection at a varying rate, though it is pertinent to mention that the two tests are testing for different pathophysiologic parameters (antibody and inclusion bodies) of the infection which are not always accompanied by one another.
In this investigation, the overall seroprevalence of C. psittaci infection in birds examined by IC ELISA test in Central and Waff road markets in Kaduna metropolis was 38.20%. It is lower than the 45.34% reported by Bendheim et al. (1993) in Israel, and higher than that obtained by Maluping and colleagues (2007), in the Philippines where seroprevalence of 25% was obtained from a sample population of 36 birds using the same test methods.
Using a different test method; RIDASCREEN ELISA® test in China, Yang et al. (2007) reported a significantly high seroprevalence of 77.8% from a sample population of 150 broilers, 210 ducks and 165 laying hens. In Bosnia and Hezergovinia, Residbegovic et al. (2006) reported a seroprevalence of 27.6% from sample population of 58 intensive breeding chicken, free-living pigeons and parrots using indirect immunoflourescent test. Thus, the seroprevalence of the infection appear to vary from one country to another. These variations in seroprevalence of positive findings, our study inclusive, could be attributed to difference in test assays, sampling protocols and variation in susceptibility of different species of birds to C. psittaci infection, as well as ecological and geographical diversity. The high variability in seroprevalence of the disease, makes accurate estimation of the transmission of the pathogen entirely impossible (Schnebell, 2004).
In our investigation by mGS, C. psittaci inclusions were not detected in every bird examined especially in turkey where inclusions were not detected in either liver or spleen of the birds examined. This could be interpreted as; either the infection in these birds is in its localized phase and has not yet gone systemic, or the organs were not infected with the organism. It could also be that the organisms were not present in sufficient numbers to be captured by the stain or the smears were thick.
Among the various type of birds examined, it is obviously evident that the highest percentage of seropositivity (46%) was found in pigeons. This result corroborates with those obtained by various workers across the globe. Dovč (1993) in Slovenia reported 66.7% serological positive free-living pigeons and 59.2% in feral pigeons using IIF test. Also using the same test Residbegovic et al. (2006) reported the presence of specific IgG antibodies against C. psittaci in 42.1% of 38 pigeons sera tested. Pavlack et al. (2000), using CF test found 49.2% serologically positive pigeon from city area in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
In most of these surveys, complement fixation test was used, while indirect immunofluorescence and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay tests were employed less frequently, but led to detection of higher percentages of seropositivity (Magnnino et al., 2009).
It is pertinent to mention here that pigeons are extremely adaptable, which enables them to accept breeding places that are unnatural to them e.g. trees or over running ventilation systems. They are gregarious in nature, gathering in swarms in streets, squares, parks, worship places, markets, milling points etc., and do not commute on risky flights for natural food supply but rather search their immediate environment.
The characteristic behavior of these birds aforementioned, facilitate zoonotic transmission of C. psittaci infection to humans.
In Nigeria, a lot of people live in close proximity with these birds both in rural and urban communities. It is a common finding especially in the northern part of the country where these birds are commonly kept, to see houses, roof tops littered with excreta from these birds especially in the rural communities. Thus, the finding of higher seroprevalence of C. psittaci antibody in pigeon in the study area is of a significant public health concern judging from the close interaction between pigeons and humans, since zoonotic transmission of the infection especially via aerososlized infected bird's droppings could easily occur.
Based on different locations studied, our investigation showed that central market recorded higher occurrence (41.46%) rate of the infection than Waff road market (34.95%). This could be attributed to the fact that the later; a private owned facility offers a better sanitary condition compare to the former, where stocking capacity of the plant is not strictly observed and hygienic condition compromised. It was also observed that cages that housed birds in the former are overcrowded and closely situated, thus facilitating easy spread of the infection. In this market domestic birds as well as wild birds are housed together in dirty cages littered with bird's faeces obviously due to space constrains. This environmental stressor could induce increase faecal excretion of the bacterium from infected birds there by contributing to high occurrence of the organism. The detection of C. psittaciin these processing plants especially in central market is of public health significance since employees of these markets most especially evisceration workers and the general public could be at a high risk of contacting the infection.
In our study, apparently healthy birds with no evidence of clinical disease suggestive of C. psittaci infection were examined; however, the organism was detected both serologically and histochemically in these birds. This finding is in agreement with the observation of Gaede et al. (2008), which revealed that genetically related non-classified Chlamydophila spp were found in symptomless chickens during an outbreak of clinical psittacosis.
Thus it could be deduced from our finding that a balanced co-existence is the most common form of chlamydial infection in the study area. This phenomenon has been observed not only in birds, but also in many other animal species (Schachter, 1995). However, this well-balanced host-parasite relationship could be of public health significance, since alteration of this association by environmental factors or human activities could change the latency status of C. psittaci infected birds, predisposing them to clinical disease and possibly zoonotic transmission of the infection to humans. Thus this finding indicated that clinical status is not a reliable standard for diagnosis of C. psittaci infection in birds.
In conclusion, integrated and improved control strategies and measures should be implemented to prevent and control the occurrence of the infection in birds which serve as important source of infection to humans.
Table 1 Seroprevalence of C. psittaci specific antibodies in birds at live bird markets in Kaduna Metropolis.
X2 = 1.846 df = 1 p = 0.174
Table 2. Seroprevalence of C. psittaci at live bird markets in Kaduna metropolis based on poulry type sampled.
X2 = 52.23 df = 6 p<0.0001
Table 3. Prevalence of C. psittaci inclusion bodies detected based on location
X2 = 0.270 df 1 p = 0.603
Table 4. Prevalence of Chlamydophila psittaci inclusion detected based on poultry species examined based on inclusion bodies
X2 = 5.272 df = 6 p = 0.509
Table 5. Comparison of IC ELISA and mGS diagnostic tests
K = 0.123 p = 0.029
We wish to acknowledge the markets officials and laboratory staff during sampling and laboratory analyses for their unfeigned support.
How to cite this article
Jatau, G.A., Reuben, C.R., Chukwu, O.O.C. and Bdliya, M. I. (2016).Serological and Histochemical Detection of Chlamydophila psittaci in Poultry at Live Bird Markets in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria. Microbioz Journals, Journal of Microbiology and Biomedical Research, 2(4).
(Microbioz Journals,Journal of Microbiology and Biomedical Research is peer reviewed Journal of Microbiology and Biomedical Sciences )This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.
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