text: Fix Macs Using Apple Diagnostics to Troubleshoot Your Mac's Hardware Apple Diagnostics Replaces Apple Hardware Test in 2013 and Later Macs Share Pin Email Print franckreporter / Getty Images Macs Basics Symptoms by Tom Nelson Tom Nelson has written hundreds of articles, tutorials, and reviews for Other World Computing and About.com. He is the president of Coyote Moon, Inc. Updated October 20, 2018 Apple has provided testing software for its Mac lineup for about as long as I can remember. However, over time the test suite has undergone changes, been updated, and advanced from being included on a special CD, to being able to perform the tests over the Internet.In 2013, Apple changed the testing system once again. Abandoning the older Apple Hardware Test (AHT), and AHT over the Internet, Apple moved on to Apple Diagnostics, to help users find out what might be wrong with their Macs. Although the name has changed to Apple Diagnostics (AD), the purpose of the app has not. AD can be used to find problems with your Mac's hardware, including bad RAM, issues with your power supply, battery or power adapter, failed sensors, graphics problems, issues with the logic board or CPU, wired and wireless Ethernet problems, internal drives, bad fans, camera, USB, and Bluetooth.Apple Diagnostics is included on every 2013 or later Mac. It's installed on the original startup drive and invoked using a special keyboard shortcut when booting up the Mac.AD is also available as a special boot environment that is downloaded over the Internet from Apple's servers. Known as "Apple Diagnostics over the Internet", this special version can be used if you have replaced or reformatted the original startup drive, and thus erased the AD version that was included at the time of purchase. The two forms of AD are for all purposes identical, although AD over the Internet involves a few extra steps to launch and use. Using Apple DiagnosticsRemember, AD is for Mac models from 2013 and later; if your Mac is an earlier model, you should follow the previously mentioned Apple Hardware Test or AHT over the Internet.Start by disconnecting any external devices connected to your Mac. This includes printers, external hard drives, scanners, iPhones, iPods, and iPads. In essence, all peripherals except the keyboard, monitor, wired Ethernet (if that is your primary connection to your network), and mouse should be disconnected from your Mac. If you're using a Wi-Fi connection to the Internet, be sure to write down the access information, specifically, the name of the wireless network and the password you use to access it.Shut down your Mac. If you're unable to shut down using the normal shutdown command under the Apple menu, you can press and hold the power button until your Mac turns off.Once your Mac is turned off, you're ready to start Apple Diagnostics or Apple Diagnostics over the Internet. The difference between the two is the keyboard command you use at startup, and the need for an Internet connection to run AD over the Internet. If you have AD on your Mac, that's the preferred version of the test to run. It doesn't require an Internet connection, although if you have one, you'll be able to access Apple's help system, which includes diagnostics notes based on AD error codes that may be generated.Let's Start the TestHere's what you need to do to run the Apple Diagnostics test:Press your Mac's power button.Immediately hold down the D key (AD) or option+D keys (AD over the Internet).Continue to hold down the key(s) until you see your Mac's gray screen change to Apple Diagnostics.If you use a wireless connection, you'll be asked to connect to your Wi-Fi network, using the information you wrote down earlier. Apple Diagnostics will begin with your screen displaying a Checking Your Mac message, along with a progress bar.Apple Diagnostics takes 2 to 5 minutes to complete.Once complete, AD will show a brief description of any issues uncovered, along with an error code.Write down any error codes that are generated; you can then compare them with the error code table below.Finishing UpIf your Mac generated errors during the AD test, you can send the codes to Apple, which will result in an Apple support page being displayed, showing options for repairing or servicing your Mac.To continue to the Apple support site, click the Get Started link. Your Mac will restart using OS X Recovery, and Safari will open to the Apple Service & Support web page.Click the Agree to Send link to send the AD error codes to Apple (no other data is sent).The Apple Service & Support website will show additional information about the error codes, and the options you can take to resolve the problems.If you would rather just shut down or restart your Mac, simply press S (Shut Down) or R (Restart). If you would like to rerun the test, press the command+R keys.Apple Diagnostics Error CodesAD Error CodesError CodeDescriptionADP000No issues foundCNW001 - CNW006Wi-Fi hardware problemsCNW007- CNW008No Wi-Fi hardware detectedNDC001 - NDC006Camera issuesNDD001USB hardware issuesNDK001 - NDK004Keyboard issuesNDL001Bluetooth hardware issuesNDR001 - NDR004 Trackpad problemsNDT001 - NDT006Thunderbolt hardware problemsNNN001No serial number detectedPFM001 - PFM007System Management Controller problemsPFR001Mac firmware issuePPF001 - PPF004Fan problemPPM001Memory module issuePPM002 - PPM015Onboard memory problemPPP001 - PPP003Power adapter issuePPP007Power adapter not testedPPR001Processor problemPPT001Battery not detectedPPT002 - PPT003Battery needs to be replaced soonPPT004Battery requires servicePPT005Battery not installed correctlyPPT006Battery requires servicePPT007Battery needs to be replaced soonVDC001 - VDC007SD Card reader issuesVDH002 - VDH004Storage device issueVDH005Can't start OS X RecoveryVFD001 - VFD005Display issues encounteredVFD006Graphics processor problemsVFD007Display issues encounteredVFF001Audio hardware problems It's possible that the AD test won't find any issues, even though you're having problems you believe are related to your Mac's hardware. The AD test is not a complete and comprehensive test, although it will find most of the common issues associated with hardware. If you still have problems, don't rule out such common causes as failing drives or even software issues. Continue Reading


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By: Hartley, L. P.
Price: $2.25
Quantity: 1 available
Good Clena,t ight, no marks, light tanning, 2nd printing.
Title: The go Between
Author Name: Hartley, L. P.
Categories: All,
Publisher: Avon: 1971
Binding: Paperback
Book Condition: Good
kg: 1.00 lb
Seller ID: 320143
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At some point, we all have trouble sleeping—bad day at the office, not eating right, rough night—it seems almost any daily rigor can take its toll on our precious slumber.
While sleep aids are readily available, they can do more harm than good. But it appears medical cannabis can naturally and safely put you to sleep without pills or counting sheep. Here we'll explore this effect and more behind medical marijuana and insomnia, including:
Is cannabis good for insomnia?
What are marijuana's effects on insomnia?
Can I get medical marijuana for insomnia?
If so, how do I get prescribed medical weed for insomnia?
What research exists around medical marijuana and insomnia?
What you'll learn in this post:
(Click any of the section titles below to jump right to it)
How MMJ Interacts with Insomnia
Best MMJ Products to Treat Insomnia
Where to Find These MMJ Products
MMJ & Insomnia Patient Testimonials
MMJ & Insomnia Doctor Testimonials
What Is Insomnia?
Insomnia is a common sleep disorder that makes falling and/or staying asleep difficult, resulting in lack of energy and focus. It can be mild to severe, depending on frequency and length.
There are three types, classified by symptom duration:
- Transient: lasts a few days to a few weeks.
- Acute/short-term: continues for several weeks to a few months.
- Chronic: persists at least three times a week for more than six months.
Causes of Insomnia
In rare cases insomnia can be an illness itself, not attributed to any medical, psychiatric or environmental causes. While its roots aren't well understood, without proper diagnosis some sufferers cope by napping, worrying about sleep, and drinking coffee and alcohol—which only worsen the problem. Sleeplessness persists and obsession grows more severe, creating a fear-driven cycle that becomes the insomnia's main cause.
The most common cause, it's a symptom of a variety of medical, psychiatric or environmental conditions. The first step is to identify possible triggers in daily life leading up to bedtime that could prevent a good night's sleep.
These are usually obvious to the individual and relate to one or a combination of the following factors:
- Stress: daily routine, personal problems and responsibilities, traumatic or life changing events (death, divorce, job loss).
- Psychological: fear, mental and sleep disorders.
- Physiological: medical conditions, chronic pain (arthritis, fibromyalgia, acid reflux), exhaustion, inflammation, and diseases (cancer, diabetes, Parkinson's).
- Lifestyle: poor diet/lack of nutrition, travel or work schedule, and bad sleep habits (erratic bedtime, naps, disruptive sleep environment).
- Stimulants & sedatives: sugar, MSG, simple carbs, cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, opioids, alcohol, prescription and over-the-counter medications (Midol, Excedrin, Advil).
- Hormonal shifts: testosterone and estrogen fluctuations.
Signs of Insomnia
- Difficulty falling asleep at night.
- Waking up in the middle of the night.
- Waking up too early.
- Not feeling rested the next day.
- Looking tired (baggy eyes, bloodshot eyes, dull skin).
- Irritability, anxiety, depression.
- Forgetfulness, carelessness, low motivation.
- More accidents/errors at school or work.
- Headaches.
Insomnia Drug Treatments
Popular nonbenzodiazepines Ambien (Zolpidem), Lunesta (Eszopiclone) and Sonata (Zaleplon) successfully decrease the time it takes to fall asleep and increase sleep time by about 25 minutes, only 10 minutes faster than a placebo, so it's possible that these pills change your mindset more than anything.
Despite being helpful for some, their numerous potential side effects often outweigh the benefits, which include addiction, amnesia, drowsiness, hallucinations, weird dreams, and even suicidal thoughts.
Most over-the-counter (OTC) sleep aids include antihistamines that, if used repeatedly, decrease their tranquilizing effects and require a stronger dosage. This abundant use can increase side effects like daytime drowsiness, the exact opposite effect, along with constipation, dry mouth, fuzzy vision and the inability to urinate.
Common medications are Diphenhydramines (Benadryl, ZzzQuil, Unisom SleepGels) and Doxylamine succinates (Unisom SleepTabs, Kirkland Signature Nighttime Sleep Aid, CVSHealth Nighttime Sleep-Aid).
Dietary Supplements
Available as capsules, tablets, teas and extracts, alternative medicines like valerian root, passionflower, lemon balm and chamomile have proven to help relax the body and induce sleep. Melatonin helps regulate the body's natural sleep-wake cycle and reduces how long it takes to fall asleep. Vitamin B12, calcium, and magnesium also play key roles in sleep and are available in similar forms.
Other Insomnia Treatments
Lifestyle Change
Bad habits lead to scarce and poor sleep. If they persist insomnia can increase the risk of stroke, high blood pressure, and cardiovascular disease.
Break them and create a regular routine that emphasizes a positive sleeping environment, diet and exercise. This improved lifestyle will minimize stress and, as a result, will enhance your sleep quality, length, and overall health. Start with some of these natural remedies and stick to them before taking any OTC or prescription drugs.
Sleep & Hygiene
- Have clean sheets, soft blankets, supportive pillows and a spacious mattress.
- No working or eating in your sleep area.
- Take a warm shower or bath before bed.
- Read a book in bed before falling asleep.
- Wear pajamas or bedtime clothes to remind your brain it's bedtime.
- Refrain from stimulating activities and stressful situations before bed.
- Avoid exposure to bright screens before bed (TV, smartphone, computer).
- Dim the lights and/or light candles so your eyes gradually adjust to the darkness before going to sleep.
- Go to bed at the same time every night and wake at the same time every morning.
- Sleep in a dark, quiet room.
- Sleep in a mild climate, depending on preference, that isn't too cold or too hot.
- Wear a sleeping mask and/or earmuffs to block all distracting sights and sounds.
- Listen to calming music or use a white noise machine.
Physical & Mental Exercise
- Frequent stimulating exercise at least 30 minutes a day (jogging, swimming, lifting weights) and/or relaxation techniques (yoga, meditation, tai chi). The more energy you use during the day, the sleepier you'll feel at bedtime.
- Morning workouts are best as they affect body rhythms that affect sleep quality, and provide a shot of adrenaline needed to endure the day. If you insist on a nighttime workout don't do it close to bedtime; raised body temperature could take hours to drop, making it harder to sleep.
- Light breathing techniques before bed can improve mood and sleep.
- Replace negative sleep thoughts and feelings with positive ones.
- Eat natural, fresh foods.
- Cut out fast and processed foods.
- Avoid heavy late night meals (a small snack may help).
- Avoid fatty, spicy and acidic foods that could cause acid reflux.
- Abstain from caffeine and alcohol 8 hours before bed. Both are diuretics and alcohol inhibits the deep sleep that makes you feel rested.
Insomnia Facts & Figures
- 30 to 35% of Americans have symptoms of insomnia.
- 9 to 15% of Americans experience daytime difficulties because of insomnia.
- Over 50% of Americans regularly lose sleep because of stress and anxiety.
- 15 to 20% have a short-term insomnia disorder.
- 10% have a chronic insomnia disorder.
- 35% of insomniacs have a family history of insomnia.
- Women are more likely to suffer from insomnia than men.
- Nearly 100% of people who suffer from a mental disorder also experience insomnia.
- 95% of insomniacs try prescription sleeping pills.
- 60% drive while sleepy.
- 37% fall asleep at the wheel.
- 100,000 car accidents occur (with 1,500 fatalities) a year because of sleepy driving.
- The U.S. economy losses more than $150 billion every year from a sleepy workforce.
- Insomnia costs the U.S. government $15 billion every year in health costs.
- People today sleep 20% less than 100 years ago.
How Medical Marijuana Interacts with Insomnia
The body's endocannabinoid system isn't just responsible for unlocking cannabis' pleasing psychoactive effects. It also helps regulate metabolism, the circulatory and respiratory systems, and other bodily functions like sleep.
While there isn't much definitive evidence to illustrate how medical marijuana and insomnia react, cannabinoids like THC naturally regulate the sleep/wake cycle, increase drowsiness and therefore help you fall asleep faster, so it could actually be the result of a defective endocannabinoid system.
Best Medical Marijuana Products to Treat Insomnia
Unlike energetic and inspiring sativas, indicas and indica-dominant hybrids are ideal since they naturally produce relaxing, sedating effects that calm restless nerves and quiet sleepless nights. They can also reduce symptoms associated with illnesses (pain, inflammation, anxiety) that also keep you awake.
Some of the best indica strains for insomnia are Granddaddy Purple, Northern Lights, Querkle, Ogre Berry, and Tahoe OG Kush. Inhaling (smoking or vaping) produces fast, almost instant results that last around 3 to 4 hours and should be taken 1 to 2 hours before bed.
Some beneficial edibles include Sensi Chew Insomnia, Indica Cheeba Chews, and Day Dreamers Indica chocolates. Consuming edibles takes time but produces heavier and longer knockout effects that last about 6 to 8 hours and should be taken 3 to 5 hours before bed.
Where to Find These Medical Marijuana Products
It's important to know that while product categories and anecdotal info can help steer you in the right direction, everyone is different and can experience variations in effects and duration. So it's best to start slow with a small dosage, especially with edibles, and simply work your way up from there.
Despite how easy it is to get weed from an unlicensed source, don't self-diagnose or self-medicate. Instead get a California cannabis card or a New York medical marijuana card online from one of NuggMD's qualified doctors and find out which strains, edibles and other mmj products are right for you. The process lets you ask the doc anything about medical marijuana and insomnia.
We also advise you do some research in advance. Read product reviews on our blog, ask your friends, consult with the cannabis dispensary's budtender taking your order (whether online cannabis delivery or storefront), or even go so far as to ask your primary physician what he or she thinks.
Positives of Medical Marijuana Use
- Decreases the time it takes to fall asleep.
- Influences the sleep cycle by increasing slow-wave (deep) sleep, a crucial step to the body's restoration process.
- Longer sleep time and quality, especially when taken before bed.
- Respiratory stability from adjusted serotonin signals, keeping sleep steady and uninterrupted.
Negatives of Medical Marijuana Use
- Stress, anxiety and insomnia from withdrawal if used too frequently.
- Possible next day grogginess and fogginess from too much THC (especially with edibles).
- Shortened or blocked dream sleep a.k.a. rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which appears necessary to maintain memory, behavior and a positive attitude throughout the day.
- REM rebounds create more frequent and vivid dreams due to a lack of REM sleep.
Studies on Medical Marijuana and Insomnia
An early 1970s experiment indicated that medical cannabis could aid insomnia by increasing deep sleep and decreasing middle of the night interruptions. A 20mg THC dose reduced the time it took to fall asleep by almost an hour while just a 10mg increase offset the result. More clinical trials are needed to understand how mmj can better treat it and where to find the best strain to treat the root problem/s.
Depending on its ratio to THC, CBD appears to also help, only without the enjoyable mind altering effects. Another study determined that CBD, more so than THC, helped lab rats sleep better. It extended sleep time, affected REM sleep (suggesting it might also suppress dreaming), and contained alerting properties similar to stimulants yet had an equalizing effect that could help control sleep deprivation.
Patient Testimonials
"Prescription medications for insomnia are intended only for short-term use, but unfortunately, insomnia is not a short-term problem for me. I find that cannabis is effective for me 95% of the time." –Anonymous
"I'd be the first person to say 'no way' to using pot and had never used it before. Now I'm a believer…It has been life changing. It not only helps with my insomnia but also calms down my intestinal issues. I was on Ambien for 3 years and glad to be off it." –Rex L.
"I am an 85 year-old retired Firefighter who had never really been interested in smoking, or even trying medicinal marijuana, but my grandson convinced me to try [medical marijuana] for my pains and insomnia…I have to say, I was very pleased…I was asleep in about 30 minutes and had the best night sleep that I have had in a long time. I am now a believer and a patient for life." –Bill F.
"Over the year I've suffered from chronic insomnia and tried numerous drugs and things to deal with my sleeplessness. Lately it's gotten worse, threatening my ability to even drive in a straight line. I accidentally found cannabis and as just like that, I know how to get a good night's sleep." –Kay S.
Doctor Testimonials
"Patients who use cannabis to 'relax' may be treating the anxiousness sometimes associated with depression. Cannabis aids the insomnia sometimes present…"—Dr. Jay Cavanaugh
"…marijuana worked like a charm in resolving insomnia…There were patients that came off of highly-addictive daily pharmaceutical drugs for chronic pain, anxiety, and insomnia and, instead, were using marijuana…" —Dr. Rachna Patel
Further Reading


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Welcome to Day 6 of my 25 Days of Christmas event here at the Crafty Scrapper! Thank you so much for visiting. I appreciate your comments :) (check out my post from November 30 to see what all the hoop la is about!)
Also, today is the day to post my Crafty Gals project!
I am a part of a new blog group over on SCS. We are the Crafty Gals Blog Group. We have 11 super sweet ladies.
This is our first challenge. We'll be having one each month.
This month was just a "kick off" challenge. I asked the ladies to make a Holiday project keeping the number 3 in mind. "The Power of Three" challenge required them to use 3 layers (card base doesn't count as a layer), 3 images (or an image with 3 things on it), 3 embellishments and only 3 different colors. Not 1, not 2, not 4....3 and no more! :)
Oh yes, and your sentiment could NOT be on the outside of the card.
Now that I think about it, this challenge had lots of "no, no's" hahahaha
So, this challenge required a good bit of thinking. What was I thinking?!!! LOL Oh well, I tried my best to stay within the "guidelines"....here's what I made....
I made my card base 5"x4.25" That way I'd have room for my 3 ribbons at the top (they are sticking 1/2" out at the top). My ribbons are real red and early espresso. My card stock colors are crumb cake, real red and early espresso (and white on image). I have to admit I used a little ice blue on the background of all the reindeer so my coloring is red, brown, green and a hint of ice blue. Once I distressed my layers and inked around the edges, I still felt like it needed something so I added the white gel pen dots.
As for the image, I HAVE NO CLUE WHO MAKES IT! If any of you know, please tell me! I love this image, I want this stamp! But alas, I received this image in a swap and do not know the vendor. PLEASE LET ME KNOW IF YOU HAVE AN IDEA!
Thank you so much for stopping by! Please take a minute to see what the other Crafty Gals made for this challenge. Their blogs are listed in my sidebar, over there -------->
Until next time...


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Hotel Neri, Barcelona
Hotel Neri is located in the heart of Barcelona's Gothic Quarter, set in two historical and aristocratic houses, one of them being a medieval palace from the XII century. This hotel was created when the two mansions merged together in the 18th century. The building's original period of charm has been preserved and enhanced by the hotels sophisticated and contemporary style. Only a few steps from the city's Cathedral and a short distance from the bustling Las Ramblas, La Boqueria market and the Picasso museum… Is the perfect place to discover Barcelona.
This unique palace hotel has 22 rooms and suites, some decorated with murals on gold and silver, others with balconies or terraces. Every room has its own particular charm with a beautifully finished quartzite stone bathroom and all come fully equipped.
Neri Restaurant brings together tradition and modernity in an intimate, noble and welcoming atmosphere exuding harmony, romanticism and magic. Take your taste buds on a traditional Mediterranean journey with a touch of medieval added. You can also enjoy a cocktail beneath the sunny skies of Barcelona on the rooftop garden terrace.


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Atna/Nawada: Nine French tourists were on Sunday deported from Bihar for allegedly violating certain visa rules during their stay in the state, DGP Abhayanand said.
He said the tourists, who were on visit to India as part of `Bharat Samvad Yatra`, were stopped by police in Nawada yesterday when they were attending a public meeting organised by social organisations having links with Naxal groups.
"The state police headquarters decided, in consultation with competent officials in New Delhi, to deport them," the DGP told PTI.
When the foreigners were asked to show their passports and visas, they were found to be violating certain visa rules as to whether they could participate in any such programme, SP (Nawada) SL Das said.
He said the tourists were then detained at a police outpost and later shifted to the circuit house in Nawada at night.
After a fire broke out in the circuit house kitchen this morning, the tourists were asked to wait in the campus and the matter was informed to the state police headquarters, he said.
Das said the foreigners were brought to Patna, about 100 km from Nawada, and finally deported late this evening.
The SP said the tourists were detained for security reasons as the police feared that their visit to remote villages or inaccessible places in the Naxal-hit district might cause harm to them.


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Toronto-Dominion Bank on Thursday posted an 8% increase in its fiscal fourth-quarter earnings, largely on improved results from its Canadian retail and wholesale banking divisions, but the bank missed analyst expectations and warned of more challenging operating conditions in 2015.
TD, Canada's biggest bank by assets, earned 1.75 billion Canadian dollars ($1.54 billion), or 91 Canadian cents a share for the three months ended Oct. 31, up from C$1.62 billion, or 84 Canadian cents a share, a year earlier.
Earnings for the quarter were affected by items, including the amortization of intangibles, that amounted to C$62 million, and C$54 million of integration charges for TD's acquisition of MBNA Canada's credit-card portfolio.
Adjusted to strip out extraordinary items, earnings rose 3% to C$1.86 billion, or 98 Canadian cents a share. Analysts polled by Thomson Reuters were expecting a profit of C$1.05 a share.
"We are pleased to finish out the year with strong total adjusted earnings," said newly-minted Chief Executive Bharat Masrani, who replaced Ed Clark, TD's former CEO, in the top job on Nov. 1.
"As we look ahead to 2015, we expect the operating environment to be more challenging. We will focus on organic growth, delivering legendary experiences across every channel, and increasing productivity while investing for the future," Mr. Masrani said.
Adjusted earnings from the bank's Canadian retail division rose 7% in the quarter. Loan and deposit growth, along with higher wealth assets under management, partly offset higher expenses in the division. TD's U.S. retail unit, meanwhile, recorded flat earnings on an adjusted basis, even as expenses fell.
Looking ahead, the bank warned that it is expecting "moderated earnings growth" in fiscal 2015 due to a "more challenging operating environment" for its mainstay domestic retail bank. Similarly, the U.S. retail unit will likely only experience "modest earnings growth" in 2015, TD said.
The bank, which posted a 31% increase in wholesale net earnings, left its quarterly dividend unchanged at 47 Canadian cents.
Earlier Thursday, smaller rival Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, this country's No. 5 lender, reported a fourth-quarter profit that slipped nearly 2%, falling just shy expectations.
CIBC and TD are the third and fourth banks to report fourth-quarter earnings. Bank of Nova Scotia, which is Canada's third-largest lender, will wrap up earnings season for the "Big Five" lenders on Friday.
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- March 9, 1944 - March 20, 2016
- Chelsea, Massachusetts
of Henry's Passing
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Memories & CandlesPrevious
"Going to miss you Murph. So many laughs over the years!! Always there to help anyone with anything.Behave yourself Murph!!!!
1 of 10 | Posted by: A friend
"Brother and I grew up on the same sreet in Roxbury. He was always full of fun. He was a good guy. He will be missed. May you rest in peace Brother.
2 of 10 | Posted by: Netty Doyle (Trombley) - Whitman, MA
"henry was a great guy he would do anything for you he was very kind and a gentle person. we talk every night. he will be miss greatly. love you kay
3 of 10 | Posted by: kay mccormick - south boston, MA
"brother was a very kind person he would do any thing for you he was my life and my strength.we talk every night.he will all ways be remember. love kay
4 of 10 | Posted by: A friend
"My Love and prayers He will be missed. He was a great guy.May he rest in peace.c
5 of 10 | Posted by: edie gallant - Chelsea MassMm
"R.I.P. Henry ! You were a good man!
6 of 10 | Posted by: Don-Jackie Hayes - Clearwater, FL
"Cheriann, I extend my deepest sympathies to you and your family with hope that condolences and prayers help comfort you with your loss.
7 of 10 | Posted by: Donna Amari - Abington, MA
"Dear friend(muff)nickname we called him. We will miss your sence of humor,always joking & making people feel welcomed. I am so happy we have so many...Read More »
8 of 10 | Posted by: Marilyn&wally johnston - FL
"I always remember cousin Henry making us all laugh, telling jokes, & being a happy person.
My mother Pat, Aunt Ruthy & Uncle Stevie always remained...Read More »
9 of 10 | Posted by: Kathleen & Stephen McNally - MA
"With deepest sympathy rest in peace
10 of 10 | Posted by: Paul &Mary constantino. Chubby - FL
MURPHY, Henry T., Jr.- Of Chelsea, formerly of Quincy and Lynn, March 20th at the age of 72. Devoted father of Cheriann O'Connor, her husband Michael and their children Riley and Madison all of Quincy. Son of the late Henry T., Sr. and Edith (Lynch) Murphy. Brother of Rita Corey and her husband Chuck, Carol Sullivan and her husband Robert, and Thomas Murphy all of Florida, Paul Murphy and his wife Carol of Fall River, and the late Edith Shenett and her late husband Al. Also lovingly survived by his companion, Edith Gallant of Chelsea, his former wife Ann Crickett and her husband Brian of Quincy, their daughter Robyn Davidson and her husband Matt of Weymouth as well as many nieces, nephews, cousins and friends. Family and friends are kindly invited to attend Visiting Hours in the Smith Funeral Home, 125 Washington Avenue, CHELSEA on Friday, March 25th from 4-8 PM with a Prayer Service being held at 5 PM. Following cremation, interment services will be held at New Calvary Cemetery at a day and time to be announced. Late member of Teamsters Local 25.


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Music aficionados can dig for that rare musical recording or old and recent soundtracks at the Universal Record Show. Records, CDs and videos by artists from Elvis to REM, Madonna to Judy Garland are available from about 40 vendors in two rooms of the Beverly Garland Hotel in North Hollywood.
* Universal Record Show, Beverly Garland Hotel, 4222 Vineland Ave., North Hollywood. 10 a.m.-4 p.m. $3; parking free. (310) 395-1344.
"Random Acts of Evil," written and directed by Alice Champlin for T.H.A.W. (Theatre of Hope for Abused Women), is a new drama telling five stories of child abuse, premiering at the Bitter Truth Theatre.
* "Random Acts of Evil," Bitter Truth Theatre, 11050 Magnolia Blvd., North Hollywood, Sundays, 2 p.m. through Feb. 15. $7. (818) 766-9702.


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MALDEN (AP) -- State education officials have planned a pair of meetings to address the implementation of federal education law and smoothing the path to college.
The Board of Elementary and Secondary Education has scheduled a special meeting in Malden on Monday to discuss a proposed accountability plan and timeline for the federal Every Student Succeeds Act.
The law requires that states establish high academic content standards, and schools must teach all students those standards to help prepare them for college and careers.
The boards of Elementary and Secondary Education and Higher Education have a joint meeting scheduled for Tuesday at Bridgewater State University.
The board members will discuss the Massachusetts Early College Initiative and the next-generation MCAS high school exams.
The boards will then meet separately.


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Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-83088-1 - Invertebrate vision - by Eric Warrant and Dan-Eric Nilsson
Invertebrate photoreceptor optics
Animals sustain their life by accumulating the necessary energy from their environment, requiring the continuous acquisition of information with their sensory systems. The prime sensory instrument of many animals is the visual system, with the photoreceptors in the retina as the main elements sampling the visual information. To gain insight into the spatial and spectral properties of the photoreceptors, it is essential to understand the optics of the eyes. The optics of invertebrate eyes and their photoreceptors, the theme of this chapter, has been described in many excellent reviews published in the recent decades (Snyder and Menzel, 1975; Miller, 1979; Snyder, 1979; Land, 1981; Nilsson, 1989; Warrant and McIntyre, 1993; Land and Nilsson, 2002). Here, we discuss a number of recent developments.
Vision starts when a visual pigment molecule absorbs a photon. The absorbed light energy excites the molecule, which then goes through a series of photochemical steps and ultimately causes phototransduction, that is, triggers the chain of molecular processes that results in a neural signal (see Chapter 2). The visual pigment molecules are embedded in a specialised organelle of the photoreceptors that is constructed from an intricately folded part of the cell membrane. Accordingly two main types of photoreceptors can be distinguished, ciliary and rhabdomeric photoreceptors, depending on the cellular origin of the visual pigment-bearing organelle: a cilium or a stack of microvilli, respectively (Eakin, 1972; Arendt et al., 2004). This structure often adopts a cylindrical shape and thus acts as an optical waveguide, since the material within the cylinder, with a high concentration of cell membranes composed of phospholipids and proteins, has a higher refractive index than the watery surroundings.
The way visual pigments are packed into an optical waveguide has important functional consequences. Light that enters the eye and is channelled into the waveguide has an enhanced chance of being captured by the visual pigment molecules. This light channelling is restricted to paraxial directions, and therefore the waveguide properties confer directional sensitivity on the photoreceptive element. A lens, a light-funnelling cone, and/or diaphragms determine in addition the spatial sensitivity of the photoreceptor. The spectral sensitivity, another important characteristic of photoreceptors, is mainly determined by the absorption spectrum of the visual pigment, but spectral filters and other optical factors can have distinctly modulatory effects. Although the basic principles of photoreception appear to be universal for animal vision, an enormous diversity of eyes exists, especially in the invertebrate kingdom. This indicates that the constraints for realising a functional visual organ are not very strict.
Invertebrates encompass prokaryotes, single-celled organisms, as well as highly developed eukaryotes, organisms with a complex neural organisation. Accordingly, photodetection can be quite primitive, based on membrane patches with light-sensing rhodopsin molecules, as in Chlamydomonas (Nagel et al., 2003), or involve accumulation and processing of optical information mediated by an advanced visual system (Land and Nilsson, 2002). In the latter case we can distinguish between the single-lens eyes of, for example octopus, where the lens maps the environment onto a vast array of photoreceptors, and the compound eyes of crustaceans and insects, equipped with numerous facet lenses that focus light on a limited number of photoreceptors, usually eight or nine. The set of photoreceptors in the latter case forms, together with the dioptric system and supporting cells, an eyelet, called an ommatidium. Almost any imaginable intermediate between the 'simple' single-lens and 'complex' compound eye type can be found in the invertebrate kingdom. For instance, spiders have eight single-lens eyes, together covering the optical environment, whereas the eyes of strepsipteran insects are composed of several lens–retinae assemblies that are neither well-focused systems nor compound eyes (Pix et al., 2000), although their origin may well be closely related (Buschbeck et al., 2003). Furthermore, in addition to their pair of compound eyes, insects often have three ocelli, small eyes with one ill-focused lens and a retinal array of photoreceptors (Land and Nilsson, 2002).
In the following sections, we will highlight the optical principles applied in invertebrate visual systems by considering a few exquisite, exemplary cases. The well-studied eyes of flies (specifically Drosophila) and butterflies (notably Pieris rapae) will serve as a scaffold for a more general discussion of invertebrate eyes. However, first a brief survey of invertebrate visual pigments will be given, because light absorption by the visual pigments is the central and fundamental process of vision and, furthermore, the visual pigment absorption spectra play a crucial role in the tuning of other, accessory optical components of the eye.
1.2.1 Visual pigment chromophores
Visual pigments are chromoproteins with a molecular weight of about 40 kD, due to c. 380 amino acids, one of which covalently binds the 11-cis isomer of a light-sensitive prosthetic group referred to as the chromophore. The main chromophore of both invertebrate and vertebrate visual pigments is retinal (RAL1), the aldehyde of vitamin A1 (retinol). 3,4-didehydroretinal (RAL2), commonly encountered in vertebrates (fish, amphibia, and reptiles), has been identified in crayfish as well (Suzuki and Makino-Tasaka, 1984). Many insect species, for example flies and butterflies, employ instead 3-hydroxyretinal (RAL3), derived from 3-hydroxyretinol, vitamin A3 (Vogt, 1989). This even occurs in two enantiomeric forms, (3R)- and (3S)-11-cis 3-hydroxyretinal (Seki and Vogt, 1998). Both RAL1 and RAL3 have been found in dragonflies (Seki et al., 1989) and fireflies (Hariyama et al., 1998). In a cephalopod, the firefly squid Watasenia scintillans, (4R)-4-hydroxyretinal (RAL4) exists in addition to RAL1 and RAL2 (Matsui et al., 1988; Seidou et al., 1990; reviews: Gärtner, 2000; Yokoyama and Yokoyama, 2000). The visual pigments have received various names, depending on both the absorption spectrum and their chromophore, but it is a matter of convenience to use simply rhodopsin as the generic name for all visual pigments.
Light-sensing rhodopsin-like pigments exist in lower organisms, for example in the unicell Chlamydomonas, where two rhodopsins using RAL1 act as light-switched ion channels and mediate phototaxis and photophobic responses (Nagel et al., 2003). The parent state exists in the all-trans form, which is photoconverted to the 13-cis configuration (Gärtner, 2000).
1.2.2 Visual pigment absorption spectra
Whereas all five types of natural chromophores by themselves absorb exclusively in the ultraviolet, the absorption spectrum of a visual pigment can extend anywhere from the ultraviolet (UV) to well into the red. The visual pigments absorbing appreciably at wavelengths visible for the human eye have an absorption spectrum consisting of two bands, a main α-band, half-width about 100 nm, and a secondary β-band, which is restricted to the UV and has an amplitude much smaller than that of the α-band.
Extensive comparative research on the absorption spectra of several different visual pigments has shown that the spectral shape can be well described by rather simple mathematical formulae, called templates, containing only one parameter, the peak wavelength of the α-band, λ max (e.g. Stavenga et al., 1993; Govardovskii et al., 2000). The fortuitous property of visual pigments that a single value characterises the spectral shape must be intrinsic to the molecular structure and amino acid composition, but in which way is unknown. Figure A shows the absorption spectra of visual pigments absorbing maximally in the UV, blue (B), and green (G) wavelength range, with peak wavelengths λ max = 350, 440, and 530 nm, respectively. Accordingly the rhodopsins are called R350, R440, and R530. The main α-band and the smaller β-band are clearly seen in the R530 spectrum. For R440, the β-band merges with the α-band, whilst the two bands are no longer distinguishable in the spectrum of R350.
1.2.3 Visual pigment photochemistry and phototransduction
A successful capture of a photon by a rhodopsin molecule causes the chromophore to isomerise from the 11-cis to the all-trans form. This is followed by thermally driven conformational changes of the opsin, which end in the metarhodopsin state, because invertebrate metarhodopsins are thermostable, at least for several minutes. In natural daylight conditions this longevity is sufficient for the visual pigment molecules to absorb another photon, which then results in reconversion of the metarhodopsin into the native rhodopsin state.
The photochemical conversions of the rhodopsins to their metarhodopsins and vice versa proceed via a number of intermediary states, within a time span of a few milliseconds. The molecular pathways seem to be very similar for rhodopsin to metarhodopsin conversion in both
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vertebrates and invertebrates (Hamdorf, 1979; Stavenga et al., 2000; Vought et al., 2000). However, whereas invertebrate metarhodopsins are thermally stable, vertebrate metarhodopsins rapidly thermally decay, resulting in a complete separation of opsin and chromophore.
The peak absorption wavelengths of invertebrate rhodopsins range from the UV to the orange. An interesting, but not yet explained fact, is the intimate relation between the peak wavelengths of the rhodopsins and their metarhodopsins. When λ max (R) < 500 nm, then λ max (M) > λ max (R), that is, the metarhodopsins of UV and blue rhodopsins are bathochromic (long-wavelength) shifted; and if λ max (R) > 500 nm then λ max (M) < λ max (R), that is, the metarhodopsins of green and orange rhodopsins are hypsochromic (short-wavelength) shifted (Fig. 1.2).
The absorption amplitude of the α-band of metarhodopsin is usually much higher than that of the native rhodopsin, due to the all-trans configuration of the chromophore (Hamdorf, 1979). The molar absorbance of invertebrate rhodopsins, ε max (R), varies from 34 000 to 43 000 M −1 cm −1 (Stavenga and Schwemer, 1984). The ε max (M) of insect
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metarhodopsins is higher by a factor of about 1.7, similar to the ratio between the molar absorbances of 11-cis and all-trans-retinal, being 24 900 and 43 400 M −1 cm −1 , respectively. However, ε max (M)/ε max (R) of cephalopods and crayfish is distinctly lower, 1.2 to 1.5 (Stavenga and Schwemer, 1984), and in many crabs, this ratio is close to 1 (Cronin and Forward, 1988), possibly due to incomplete isomerisation.
Rhodopsin conversion and metarhodopsin reconversion, occurring in a visual pigment-containing tissue, can be directly monitored by measuring the changes in the absorption spectrum and then calculating absorbance difference spectra. Study of the photochemistry of visual pigments in vivo is possible via the distinct fluorescence of invertebrate metarhodopsins, which is also a convenient means to visualise the organelles that contain the visual pigments (Cronin and Goldsmith, 1982; Stavenga et al., 1984; Oberwinkler and Stavenga, 1998).
The metarhodopsin can bind a G-protein, and this step forms the start of the phototransduction process (Hardie, 2001; Chapter 2). The affinity for G-protein coupling is short-lived, however, due to inactivation of metarhodopsin by phosphorylation and binding of an arrestin molecule (Hardie, 2001; Huber, 2001). Photon absorption by the inactivated metarhodopsin results in an inactive rhodopsin state, but subsequent arrestin shedding and dephosphorylation yields a rhodopsin that is ready for another round in triggering the phototransduction chain. In case metarhodopsin is not photoreconverted, it is enzymatically degraded and subsequently replaced by newly synthesised rhodopsin. Optical measurements have demonstrated that completion of this pathway takes several minutes to hours, depending on the species (Bernard, 1983; Schwemer, 1989; Vanhoutte and Stavenga, 2005).
1.2.4 Sensitising pigments
A special photochemical pathway has been developed by higher Diptera. They have a class of visual pigment that is unique among both invertebrate and vertebrate rhodopsins, because it employs a sensitising pigment. The main blue-green rhodopsin of Drosophila, Rh1 (Table 1.1), binds 3-hydroxyretinol, which absorbs in the UV (Kirschfeld et al., 1977). It functions as a second chromophore, as it transfers the energy absorbed from a UV-photon to the principal chromophore, 3-hydroxyretinal. When the latter is in the 11-cis hydroxyretinal configuration, the transferred energy causes molecular excitation and
Table 1.1. Visual pigments in Drosophila
|R1–6, R7r
|R7, 8 marg, R7p
Rh1 is the main, blue-green‐absorbing visual pigment of the fruitfly, located in the peripheral photoreceptors, R1–6, as well as in the central photoreceptor of the dorsal region, R7r (i.e. the central photoreceptor that looks red with fluorescence light microscopy). The violet-blue-absorbing Rh2 exists in the ocelli. The UV visual pigment Rh3 is found in the dorsal eye margin in both central photoreceptors (R7marg and R8marg). It also occurs elsewhere in the eye in R7p photoreceptors (i.e. those looking pale in transmission), but the other class, R7y (looking yellow in transmission), contains a slightly different UV visual pigment, Rh4; the corresponding R8 photoreceptors use blue (Rh5) and green (Rh6) rhodopsins, respectively. The third and fourth rows show λ max , the wavelength (in nm) where the rhodopsin (R) and metarhodopsin (M) absorb maximally (Hardie, 1985; Salcedo et al., 1999).
chromophore isomerisation, leading to the usual rhodopsin–metarhodopsin conversion (and the subsequent triggering of the phototransduction chain). Similarly, energy transfer from the 3-hydroxyretinol to the all-trans chromophore of metarhodopsin results in reconversion of the metarhodopsin into rhodopsin (Minke and Kirschfeld, 1979).
The 3-hydroxyretinol, acting as a sensitising pigment for the visual pigment, strongly enhances the photoreceptor sensitivity in the ultraviolet (Hardie, 1985). However, because the UV content of natural illuminants is minor (Fig. 1.1B), the effective sensitivity enhancement is probably limited to about 10% (Stavenga, 2004b).
1.2.5 Visual pigments and the photic environment
Evidence is accumulating that insect visual pigments fall into three major clades, in line with the view that different molecular classes covering the three spectral ranges, UV, blue, and green–red, arose early in the evolution of insects (Briscoe and Chittka, 2001). Which visual pigments an animal adopts is presumably dependent on the spectral distribution of light in its environment, commonly characterised by a so-called daylight spectrum (Lythgoe, 1972). A daylight spectrum (as that in Fig. 1.1B) gives the irradiance, the light flux arriving at a surface from all directions, with dimension photons per unit time and area. The irradiance is negligible below 300 nm, rather low in the ultraviolet, and steadily climbs with increasing wavelength. Although a daylight spectrum is frequently used in visual analyses, it does not necessarily represent the spectral light distribution to which a visual system is tuned, because photoreceptors receive radiance. A photoreceptor in the dorsal eye area of a flying bee normally detects the radiance of the blue sky, whilst a ventral photoreceptor samples the green grass (Fig. 1.1B). The composition of the spectral receptors of a visual system may hence depend on the eye region and the piece of environment in the habitat that the photoreceptors observe on average.
The three rhodopsins of Fig. 1.1A are exemplary for the case of the honey bee, Apis mellifera (Peitsch et al., 1992). The honey bee has eight main photoreceptor types, where the majority have a green-absorbing rhodopsin (G, Fig. 1.1A), whilst an UV- and a blue-absorbing (B) rhodopsin serve a small minority of the photoreceptors. With a ratio UV:B:G = 1:1:6 (Section 1.5), the weighted sum of the three absorption spectra yields spectrum S of Fig. 1.1C, assuming that the peak absorption coefficient of the three rhodopsins is identical. Figure 1.1C shows that the bee photoreceptors together cover a broad wavelength range, from the UV to the orange-red, with a distinct preference for the green. Considering that an important task of bee eyes is to discriminate flowers in a green world, this may suggest that the dominance of green receptors in the bee eye is an adjustment to the weighted sum of the photon fluxes from different natural sources. In fact, a weighted sum of the environmental radiance spectra of Fig. 1.1B with a dominant green component approximates spectrum S of Fig. 1.1C.
A point to consider here is that various optical factors will modify the effective light flux reaching the photoreceptors. The first one is the dioptric system, which in the bee consists of a facet lens and a crystalline cone. These elements not only act together as a light-focusing system, but also as a spectral filter, because they are not fully transparent. As an example, Fig. 1.1C shows the transmittance of the cornea (C), of a moth (Bernhard et al., 1965), which is high throughout most of the visible wavelength range, but rapidly decreases at shorter wavelengths. Multiplication of sensitivity spectrum S with corneal transmittance C yields sensitivity spectrum L, which is somewhat reduced, especially near 300 nm. This reduction will be unimportant for vision, however, because the photon flux in nature is minor in the far-UV (Fig. 1.1B). Low transmittance of the dioptric system in the far-UV will therefore not seriously limit sensitivity.
A set of three visual pigments seems in general to be sufficient for covering the main visual wavelength range, as this situation is not only encountered in the bee, but in many invertebrate species, for example the moth Manduca sexta (White et al., 2003) and the butterfly Vanessa cardui (Briscoe et al., 2003). However, the spectral sensitivities of the photoreceptors have often been diversified, by adding visual pigment types (Kitamoto et al., 2000; Briscoe, 2001) and/or by applying spectral filters (e.g. Marshall et al., 1991; Arikawa et al., 1999a, 2005; review: Briscoe and Chittka, 2001).
The set of three rhodopsins of Fig. 1.1B is adequate for colour vision, but the wavelengths of maximal colour discrimination depend on the relative spectral positions of the different rhodopsins. The fine tuning of the absorption peaks presumably occurs by tinkering with special amino acids, located near the retinal chromophore, as the intramolecular interactions are responsible for the visual pigments' spectral characteristics (Briscoe, 2001). Tuning of its visual pigment absorption spectra to the animal's needs will be an important and ongoing aspect in the evolution of vision.
1.3.1 Pigment classification and location
When the only pigments in an eye are visual pigments, it will perform rather poorly. Virtually any eye therefore contains high concentrations of darkly coloured, photostable pigments, the so-called screening pigments. Their function is to prevent the absorption of stray light by the visual pigments, because that would degrade spatial acuity. The screening pigments of insect eyes include the (quite appropriately named) ommochromes, pterins, and carotenoids (Kayser, 1985). Crustaceans derive their ocular pigments from the same classes, and also utilise melanins and purines (Shaw and Stowe, 1982). The pigments are bound to proteins concentrated in granules, cross-section c. 0.5 μm, which densely pack the screening pigment cells. The primary pigment cells of insect eyes envelop the crystalline cone, whilst the secondary pigment cells stretch from cornea to basement membrane, the limiting layer proximal to the retina. In crustacean eyes, the corresponding pigment layers are sometimes called distal and proximal pigment cells (see Stavenga, 1989).
The pigment cells favourably execute their screening task when the pigment is optically dense throughout the wavelength range where visual pigments absorb, and indeed this is generally the case, but certainly not always. Furthermore, as is elaborated below, the screening action can be dynamic, depending on light conditions.
© Cambridge University Press


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It is National Walk Your Pet Month!
This month is not specific to dogs.
While I am not sure about walking Iguanas, and I have not even attempted to put my cats on a leash I do know our Lyla loves it when she gets walks.
Even though she has a large fenced yard to frolic in, something about seeing that leash just gets her all excited!
I believe it is partially knowing she gets to explore places outside the yard.
Perhaps it's the thought of maybe going for a ride to get to some new place to adventure though.
I know its always the time spent together with her humans.
As common as walking your dog may sound, for some it is not that simple!
National Walk Your Pet Month Things That Pose Problems:
There are many obstacles that may get in the way of walking your pet.
Location, mobility issues for the pet or the human, finding safe places to walk, bad weather, and personal medical problems to name a few.
All of these things can make walking with your pet difficult, or even impossible.
National Walk Your Pet Month, Things That Can Help:
Hiring someone to walk our pets for us may be handy.
Dog walkers are quite common in metropolitan cities, but in rural areas or smaller cities dog walkers are not that common, and more expensive.
For some, however, this may be a great alternative if you suffer from a medical, or mobility issue that keeps you from walking your pet.
Granted you miss out on spending that time together, but at least you are left with the great feeling of knowing your pet had the chance to explore and heighten their natural senses.
If it is your pet with mobility problems there are so many wonderful items on the market these days to help such as pet strollers.
Pet strollers can be used with most any pet and come in different colors, and sizes.
While your pet may not be getting exercise on stroller walks they can enjoy some outdoor time with you.
Some pets can handle a limited time walking but need breaks, so strollers and carriers work well for pets who can't walk as far or as long.
National Walk Your Pet Month – Other Options:
If you prefer to bike but do not like leaving your dog out you can now use a bicycle leash to "walk" your dog.
Another product that may help some are wheelchair walkers for dogs as well as support harnesses.
Asking family to help is another great option. This can give pre-teens a way to assume responsibility, promote good pet care, and even earn them some pocket change.
If the weather is a problem in your part of the world do consider pet coats and boots.
This not only helps keep your pet warm but will also provide a layer of safety on their paws from salt deicer that can be harmful to animals.
National Walk Your Pet Month – When You Just Can't:
If getting out is simply not an option there are alternative at home dog walkers to help make sure your pet is getting the exercise they need such as dog treadmills, and pacers.
All of the above-listed items can easily be found on Chewy.com and Amazon.
To be sure that walking your pet is more enjoyable for the both of you, have access to plenty of water.
We tend to think about carrying water more in the warmer months but hydration is important even when it is cold outside.
Walk your pet with friends, and their pets.
If your furbaby is social, join a dog walking group, or call up a friend and their pet to join you.
I will admit, our Lyla is not very social and prefers to walk alone with us.
We have tried, but not all dogs are willing to share their time with their humans.
Our Lyla has mobility issues and I know that walking her for too long can be very uncomfortable.
National Walk Your Pet Month – Final Thoughts:
I also know however that walking her is important to her health and well being.
Dogs are like people in a lot of ways.
They need not only physical exercise but they do like to get out of their norm.
Just because Lyla has a yard does not mean she is without the desire to explore outside of it.
Even though Lyla is not very social, we do attempt to get her near other pets.
We know since she lost her brother Glover, and Mama Dog Brandy, that getting close to another dog has been a challenge for her.
Maybe one day she will just happen to like another pup and become friends.
Walking your pets is healthy for them emotionally, and keeps their senses sharp!
Dogs love to sniff around, and a new smell for a pet is like getting a new pair of boots to us!
Drop me a comment and let me know of ways you spend quality time with your pet.
I would love to hear how you keep your pets healthy, engaged, socialized, and exercised.


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Donghai Bridge, sometimes called East Sea Grand Bridge, is the first sea-crossing bridge in the China. It was the longest cross-sea bridge in the world until Hangzhou Bay Bridge opened on 1 May 2008. This 20-mile, six-lane bridge was opened for the public in Dec, 2005. Stretching across the East China Sea, the graceful cable-stay structure connects Shanghai to Yangshan Island, set to become China's first free-trade port (and the world's largest container port).
Although Donghai Bridge only held the title "the longest trans-oceanic bridge in the world" for a few years before the Hangzhou Bay Bridge was finished in 2008, Donghai Bridge is still proud of being the first sea-crossing bridge in China.
Donghai Bridge is designed into an S-shaped because of the safety issue. It starts at Shanghai Luchao Harbor, and crosses the open sea to the Phase I junction of Xiaoyangshan Harbor. Aiming to prevent this bridge being damaged by the typhoons and high waves which are frequently attack this region, $1.2 billion was invested to this project.
China Donghai Bridge is 32.5 kilometers long with three sections. The part on the land is 3.7 kilometers, the part between Luchaogang Dam to Dawugui Island is about 25.3 kilometers, the part between Dawugui Island to Xiaoyangshan Island is 3.5 kilometer. The width of Dongshan Bridge is 31.5 meters. Dongshan Bridge gets a 100-year, service guaranteed with an 80km/h speed limit.
The completely Donghai Bridge improved the traffic situation in Shanghai. It provided a basic to quicken the paces of the Yangshan Harbor project and the construction of Shanghai international shipping center.
Credit by : http://www.topchinatravel.com/china-attractions/shanghai-donghai-bridge.htm


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Looking for a more complete Lettings service?
Searching for a Letting Agent with experience, expertise, industry knowledge and a great reputation?
Well we ALL claim to have that!
How about a professional yet personal service?
Again, most agents offer this "unique" level of service to their Landlords.
What about maximum exposure for your property across the UK's largest property portal websites?
It's no secret - we all advertise in the same places!
So why bring your business to The Property Pad? What makes us so different? It's really quite simple. Alongside all of the above (and much, much more!) we absolutely love what we do, and this makes us really good at it! We have a genuine passion for providing excellent customer service which is built on having complete transparency for each and every Landlord, Tenant and Student.
We keep it fair, we keep it honest, we keep it simple!
For information on our Services & Fee Structure


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In the blink of an eye, the week long fashion-a-thon was coming to an end. The final event for the 2012 Perth Fashion Festival at Government House, 'Giving Back Is The New Black', was a fitting finale for a hugely successful, fashionable week. Bird-like creatures, created a guard of honour on the red carpet. They pecked, flocked and … [Read more...]
Perth Fashion Festival…A Bygone Era
An Evening with Flannel was billed as the premier event of the 2012 Perth Fashion Festival. It didn't disappoint! It was a stylish, sophisticated affair. The museum catwalk space was totally transformed into a decadent, Great Gatsby-style lounge. Models draped over vintage cars, greeted guests upon arrival. This was an indication that a very … [Read more...]
Perth Fashion Festival 2012: Fashion Forward
Time to add some sparkle and fluoro pizzazz to my Perth Fashion Festival outfits! It was to be a BIG night with two much anticipated shows. The Student Runway first, followed by Ae'lkemi by Alvin Fernandez. The Student Runway show is one of my favourite PFF events (I guess because I used to design and sew all my own outfits back in my … [Read more...]
Perth Fashion Festival: Ta Daa! PFF 2012 Opening Night…
The 14th Perth Fashion Festival is officially open and Perth's fashionistas are out in full force!! Bubbles flowed and cameras snapped at the Town Hall last night, as 'onefellswoop' showcased their elegant, draped, 2013 collection, 'An Illusive Tribe'. Mariella (below) and her team, created a spectacular event. Now … [Read more...]


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The Tsilhqot'in National Government has added its voice to those concerned about the province's approval of a discharge permit for the Mount Polley Mine.
The TNG says under the current permit Quesnel Lake will be contaminated in a "dilution zone" in order to meet water quality guidelines.
The provincial discharge permit calculates water quality from 100m from the discharge point in Quesnel Lake.
TNG Tribal Chairman Joe Alfonse says while they do support the mine re-opening, they're biggest concern is the environment.
The TNG would like to see any discharge from the mine should be treated to a level that meets guidelines before it is put into the lake.
Alfonse says the full impact of the massive 2014 tailings pond breach won't be known for years.
He adds that, while fish are still abundant, many of his people are worried that the fish are contaminated.


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Intergovernmental Organizations and International Agencies
http://www.osce.org/ Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe - With 56 States from Europe, Central Asia and North America, the OSCE is the world's largest regional security organization. It offers a forum for political negotiations and decision-making in the fields of early warning, conflict prevention, crisis management and post-conflict rehabilitation, and puts the political will of its participating States into practice through its unique network of field missions.
http://www.ngocongo.org/index.php The Conference of Non-Governmental Organizations in Consultative Relationship with the United Nations (CONGO) facilitates the participation of NGOs in United Nations debates and decision-making. CONGO is most active at the major UN centres of New York, Geneva and Vienna but its work stretches out to all regions of the world.
http://www.wango.org/default.aspx The World Association of Non-Governmental Organizations (WANGO) is an international organization uniting NGOs worldwide in the cause of advancing peace and global well being.
http://www.au.int/ The African Union
http://www.apec.org/ Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, or APEC, is the premier forum for facilitating economic growth, cooperation, trade and investment in the Asia-Pacific region.
http://www.iaea.org/ International Atomic Energy Agency
http://www.iea.org/ International Energy Agency
http://www1.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/corp_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/home The International Finance Corporation is the largest multilateral source of loan and equity financing for private sector projects in the developing world. Part of the World Bank Group.
http://www.imf.org/external/index.htm International Monetary Fund. Comprehensive research data.
http://www.oas.org/en/ the Organization of American States brings together all 35 independent states of the Americas and constitutes the main political, juridical, and social governmental forum in the Hemisphere.
http://www.oecd.org The mission of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is to promote policies that will improve the economic and social well-being of people around the world.
http://www.wto.org/ World Trade Organization. "The WTO was born out of negotiations, and everything the WTO does is the result of negotiations."
http://www.who.int/en/ World Health Organization is the directing and coordinating authority for health within the United Nations system. It is responsible for providing leadership on global health matters, shaping the health research agenda, setting norms and standards, articulating evidence-based policy options, providing technical support to countries and monitoring and assessing health trends.
http://www.commonwealthfoundation.com/ The Commonwealth Foundation is an intergovernmental organisation to empower charities, non-governmental organisations, professional associations, trade unions, faith groups and cultural practitioners.
http://www.ecowas.int/ The Economic Community Of West African States (ECOWAS) is a regional group of fifteen countries, founded in 1975. Its mission is to promote economic integration in all fields of
economic activity.
economic activity.
http://www.nafta-sec-alena.org/en/view.aspx The NAFTA Secretariat, comprised of a Canadian Section, a Mexican Section and a United States Section, is responsible for the administration of the dispute settlement provisions of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).
http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/ UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
http://www.icj-cij.org/homepage/index.php?lang=en International Court of Justice
http://www.icc-cpi.int/ International Criminal Court
http://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/ Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
http://www.summit-americas.org/default_en.htm The Summits of the Americas are institutionalized gatherings of the heads of state and government of the Western Hemisphere where leaders discuss common policy issues, affirm shared values and commit to concerted actions.
http://europa.eu/index_en.htm Gateway to the EU
http://www.escwa.un.org/index.asp UN Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia
http://www.unece.org/ The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE)
http://www.unescap.org/ The United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) is the regional development arm of the United Nations for the Asia-Pacific region.
http://ec.europa.eu/trade/index_en.htm The Directorate General for Trade of the European Commission is in charge of implementing the common trade policy of the European Union.


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We have three more free horse racing tips lined up for you on Wednesday November 14th, including Desert Creek (pictured, number 1), currently a 4/1 (5.00) chance with Paddy Power. The David Nicholls trained gelding is not the only strong fancy amongst today's racing tips, however…
Recommended bets:
2.50 Southwell – Desert Creek @ 4/1 (5.00) with Paddy Power
3.20 Southwell – Waking Warrior @ 3/1 (4.00) with William Hill
Longshot of the day:
7.55 Kempton – Swiss Cross @ 12/1 (13.00) with Paddy Power
I'm really sweet on the chances of the first of our horse racing tips for Wednesday 14th November, Desert Creek in the 2.50 at Southwell. Currently a best price of 4/1 (5.00) with Paddy Power, that could look enormous come three o'clock as the six year old is in great heart, winning both of his last two starts (including last time out off the same mark). Shirley Teasdale's 7lb claim will be a huge advantage and although he's been unsuccessful twice on the All Weather in the past, he's by a sire whose progeny do very well indeed on artificial surfaces.
Waking Warrior in the 3.20 at Southwell is the next of Wednesday's horse racing tips, currently priced at 3/1 (4.00) with William Hill. This four year old gelding is two from three on Fibresand after a last time out course and distance success and although he's up a fair chunk in the handicap for that, I'm not convinced it will stop him winning again, especially as there's a 7lb claimer in the saddle today.
Our Each-Way longshot tip for Wednesday goes in the 7.55 at Kempton. Swiss Cross is currently rated a 12/1 (13.00) chance with Paddy Power to win an average looking six runner affair despite being returned to what I feel is his best trip for the first time since winning a Class 2 race back in the summer of 2011. He slips to below his mark that day for the first time since and I think he's being underrated and overpriced by the bookmakers today.
Follow us on Twitter @betpal_ and get all of our great horse racing tips!


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Michael Bungay Stanier
Michael Bungay Stanier is the founder and senior partner of Box of Crayons, a company that helps organizations all over the world do less Good Work and more Great Work. They are best known for their coaching programs, helping time-crunched managers coach in 10 minutes or less.
Michael left Australia 22 years ago to be a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford University, where his only significant achievement was falling in love with a Canadian... which is why he now lives in Toronto, having spent time in London and Boston.
He has written a number of books. The best known with almost 100,000 copies sold is Do More Great Work. More recently he has written The Coaching Habit: Say Less, Ask More and Change the Way You Lead Forever. But the one he's proudest of is End Malaria, a collection of essays on Great Work from leading thinkers which raised $400,000 for Malaria No More.


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Lot 136: British Comedy
Lot 136: British Comedy: Selection Of Signed 8 X 10 And 8 X 12 Photographs Etc., By Various British Comedy Actresses Including Barbara Windsor, Penelope Keith, Maureen Lipman, Vicki Michelle, Kate O'Mara, Alison Steadman, June Whitfield, Sandra Bernhard, Julia Davis, Fenella Fielding, Ashley Jensen, Millicent Martin, Joanna Page, Sheridan Smith, Tracey Ullman, Paula Wilcox, Tamsin Greig (Also Signed By Stephen Mangan) Etc. Many Of The Images Are Colour And All Are Boldly Signed, Largely To Clear Areas Of The Images. None Are Inscribed. Vg To Ex, 20] International Autograph Auctions' Autograph Auction September 2015 Saturday, 26th September 2015 Estimate: £80-100
Added from autographauctions.co.uk
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This project developed a statewide stream habitat classification GIS data layer that is necessary for identifying existing and potential habitats of aquatic species.
This project employed Geographic Information System (GIS) models to rapidly evaluate and broadly describe streams based upon organizing and collating up-to-date statewide multi-scale spatial data, capable of characterizing aquatic species habitats. GIS applications are map-based tools that allow users to create searches, analyze geographic information, and create and edit digital maps. The primary data used to code the stream network included climate, ecoregions, ecological drainage units, watersheds, surface geology, landforms, soils, vegetation, and land cover.
The classification scheme used a set of hierarchical stream habitat, non-biological characteristics such as stream order, temperature, rainfall, stream bottom type and adjacent land use. It was assumed that these variables were correlated to the fine-scale stream characteristics important for aquatic species. The scheme involved the application of the stream habitat classification framework, developed by the Missouri Resource Assessment Partnership, to code the stream flowlines of the 1:24,000-scale National Hydrologic Dataset (NHD or digital stream network) for Florida.
The final Florida Stream Dataset (FSD) contains 3,106,943 stream segments with the total length of approximately 165,000 kilometers. The nested aquatic classification system describes each of those segments crossing landscape-level ecosystem/hydrologic units for freshwater areas. The freshwater aquatic habitat classification provides adequate detail for conducting ecological GIS modeling and large-scale statewide and ecoregional assessments, finer watershed level assessments, as well as assessments at a scale of individual stream segments.
Download the Florida Stream Habitat Classification Final Report .
Contact us with comments or questions regarding the Florida Stream Habitat Classification.
FWC Facts:Gar and bowfin, or mudfish, have specially adapted swim bladders that allow them to gulp air at the surface when oxygen levels are low.
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JenoSoft iPhone/iTouch/iPod to Computer 3.9.6
JenoSoft iPhone/iTouch/iPod to Computer Transfer is an easy to use iPod/iPhone utility designed to help you backup all your files from your iPod/iPhone/iTouch. Recover lost or missing music or backup and restore all of your iPod/iPhone/iTouch content; including your favorite songs, videos, photos, Play Lists and more. If you have any iPod/iPhone device, this software is a `must have` utility to keep your iPod/iPhone safe.
Features:* Top-rated iPod transfer software - Easy and simple to use, powerful as well.
* Supports all iPod/iPhone/iTouch models.
* Auto-scans your iPod/iPhone devices.
* Auto-searches by Album/Artist/Genre/Type.
* Simple to install and operate.
* Advanced settings supports Backup Folder Rule.
* Index by Album/Artist/Genre/Type.
* Easily and quickly backup your songs, videos, photos, playlists, podcasts and more from your iTouch/iPhone/iPod to any folder on your PC.
* Supports manage iPhone/iTouch/iPod content, import and export files between devices and computer.
* Supports not only iPod/iPod Nano/iPod shuffle, also iPhone and iTouch.
* Supports play media file directly in our program without third party player.
* Supports manage your iPod device on any computer.
* Supports transfer photos from iPhone/iTouch/iPod to computer.
* Supports locate music or video by ablum/artist/genre easily.
* Supports multiple languages. (English, Spanish, Deutsch, Japanese, Chinese...)
* Good value for money.
iPodtoComputer.exe file was thoroughly tested by our system on Aug 27, 2009 by the three antivirus programs and passed. Is absolutely clean, enjoy!
This archive is 100% safe to download and install.
Have a look at the full JenoSoft iPhone/iTouch/iPod to Computer 3.9.6 antivirus scan reports.
(1.08MB, Extension: EXE)
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Predicted future versions and notices:
The doDownload.com constantly monitors the update of all programs, including information from the JenoSoft iPhone/iTouch/iPod to Computer 3.9.7 changelog file, however sometimes it can happen that data are not complete or are outdated.We assume that author continue's to develop 3.10.0 version with further advanced features, and soon you will be informed. Equally important 4.0.0 upgrades of the program we will continue to monitor. Full JenoSoft iPhone/iTouch/iPod to Computer description has been compared with the overall software database and our algorithm has found the following applications (are showed below).


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The Long and The Short of Gold Investing• http://www.lewrockwell.com, By Peter Schiff
But gold's fortune has shifted in the past two years, and finishing 2013 down 28% seems to have sealed its fate – at least in the eyes of the short-term speculators. In reality, the same forces that are stabilizing stocks and suppressing gold are also the fundamental reasons long-term investors have been buying gold since the turn of the new millennium. The so-called recovery we're now experiencing is just a lull in a storm that hasn't yet abated.
Losing Touch With Reality
From the fiscal cliff at the beginning of the year to the budget stalemate and government shutdown in the fall, the US was not exactly a model of financial stability in 2013. Yet with each of these stories, the markets shrugged off any large dips and went on to reach record high after record high.


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Here is a classic case of how unorganised I am... and why I need this blog to keep me motivated. I wanted to make a planner this year that satisfies my requirements rather than those of some stationary company, and so embarked on a plan to make my own with my humble little laptop.
Low and behold I'm only just finishing it off, and we are nearly into the second week in January! The good news is, that I haven't gone back to work yet.... Organisation? Who needs organisation during the holidsay? Pfft! Ahem. Cough cough.
Anyway, I thought I would share a sneaky peek with you all of what is coming, because it is oh so pretty and oh so simple and yet suits my needs perfectly. I will have a double page A5 spread of a week to view calendar:
And of course, scheduling tools for cleaning and blogging:
I still have some other odds and ends to add, but I am so pleased with how these look. I've been playing with the format for about 10 days now and I think I finally have it the way I want it! Hopefully having a pretty organised file will encourage me to pursue the organisation I desire!
Thanks for stopping by,
Let me know what you think... leave a comment or send an email to passthecaffeine {at} gmail {dot} com
Saturday, 5 January 2013
Sneak preview: 2013 organiser
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The fumbling bumbling Peter, of the Twelve Apostles, wrote this at the end of his first epistle –
Your adversary, the devil, prowls around like a roaring lion, seeking someone to devour.
— 1 Peter 5:8b [context vv. 6-10]
Only a blind, deaf-mute would not notice that something sinister is roaming about, seeking its prey … yet, gazing upon the devastation current devastation to our peace and sanctity, one would think even the challenged must sense its presence.
Whatever this "something" is, it's a fat rogue of a creature, all covered in soft wool, blinding like snow in the noon sun; but like Red's wolf, its blood dripping fangs betray it to the vigilant and discerning.
Victims abound, so even in Dust Bowl times its gullet is full – though not filled, its belly round – though not jovial. Princes and governments grovel at its feet; tycoons and leaders swoon at the sound of its name.
Whole generations are dying off, once great nations stumble, the prurient and wicked rise up out of the flares of Gehenna's outburst. Principles once held sacred by our ancestors we flick aside like an errant ant on society's sleeve.
Virtues once taught inside the vaulted marble walls of the world's Universities are now shunned by the Kindergarten teacher as irrelevant. Instead, every atom of man's intellect is taught as inspired orthodoxy.
Like so many Van Winkles, vast populations slumber … all seem unaware the sky is falling or that Hans Brinker is a no-show at the dike of man's doom. Their handlers ignore their muffled snores, grateful for their wards' chronic narcolepsy.
All, in dreaminess and reverie, are chasing a cottontail down the rabbit hole into oblivion, unmindful of their destination … believing, quite sincerely, that their view is the only rational and reasonable view of our lives and times. They are chasing after a rainbow and expect to hold the world in their hand … and if not in their hand then in their pocket.
The Bible sums up "all that is in the world" in three categories: "the lust of the flesh and the lust of the eyes and the boastful pride of life." [1 John 2:16 ]
One social scientist inadvertently corroborated the Scriptures in his reconstruction of the development of American and British scandals:
sex scandals (flesh: sexual immorality), financial scandals (eyes: materialism/greed) and what he calls 'power scandals' (world: pride/privilege/position) in Britain and the United State.
We've seen enough of these to last a lifetime … but more and worse are coming.
Evil in drag rears its ugly head and the multitudes roar with approval, not realizing the beast from Hell will devour its enemies first and then, when done, it will come for its friends. And the last idiot sacrificed on its tongue will exclaim, "Kooooolllll!" Such is the path we are on.


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Areas of Focus
We offer grants in five categories.
The Future of the Foundation
The Foundation's vision is to be a resource for and partner with eligible organizations to make the Alleghany Highlands a civically engaged, prosperous region that builds upon its assets to produce vigorous opportunities for all its residents to succeed.
Our Vision
The Alleghany Foundation Announces Board Changes
Martha Atherholt of Clifton Forge is the newest member of The Alleghany Foundation Board of Directors. She was named to the board during its annual meeting on Friday, July …Read More


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Easy create beautiful and professional Emblems!
Fonts used are impact and steelfish http://www.fontsquirrel.com/fonts/steelfish
Includes Flat Design Banners Volume 1!Easy to use Flat Design Banner Brushes.
Create every shape in every color you like!
This file Contains: 10 vector based illustrator art-brushes. Very easy install with ZXP File* "how to use" example file. 40 ready made banners in a single ai file.
Installation: Methode 1* The easiest way to install this product is by using the adobe extention manager. Double click "flatdesignbanners.zxp" follow the instructions and please discard the safety warning. The installation is now done.
Methode 2 If you are using a non suported version of Illustrator you can still install our art-brushes. go to the install location of Illustrator on you computer and find the folder "presets". open up the folder with your localisation (for english use "en_US"). in there you will find a folder called "Brushes" (Or the translation of brushes in your language). Open this one and create a new folder called "Art and Pepper". Now past into this folder the "flatdesignbanners.ai" file. The installation is now done.
Use 1. Start Illustrator.
2. Open your file or create a new file.
3. Draw a line that represents your banner.
4. Now in the top bar go to Window>brushlibrary>Art and Pepper>Flat design banners
5. With your line selected, select the banner you want to use. 6. Have fun!
supports adobe illustrator cs5, cs6 and cc
*requires Adobe Extension Manager. The Easy Install function supports us and nl language versions of Illustrator only. In other versions the files can still be installed manualy. If you would like to help us extend our easy products to your language version please contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com


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The day of the EU referendum result I set out clearly my position on Brexit. While I voted Remain and was deeply disappointed by the result, the outcome of the referendum was clear. The UK voted for Brexit, and it would be unthinkable to try and override this democratic free vote. I said I was confident that with strong and stable government we could rise to the challenge and my position is unchanged.
We don't rerun General Elections or Referenda in this country no matter how we feel about the outcome, and in my opinion to try and do so would be democratic poison. That is I voted to trigger Article 50 to start the process of withdrawing from the EU, however this does not mean that I am not representing my constituents but rather I must now do so more rigorously than ever as we begin negotiations and secure trade agreements.
I intend to play my full part as Parliament helps to secure the best possible deal for the UK, and I will be working to protect local jobs and support economic growth and of course ensuring that the rights of EU nationals living in the UK are properly protected in the upcoming negotiations once Article 50 is invoked.
I am also clear that we must work to protect our life sciences industry, Oxfordshire boasts a world leading science and innovation sector and we cannot afford to let our science superpower status slide. A particularly important aspect of this is our membership of the European Atomic Energy Community, or Euratom, which enables the Culham Centre for Fusion Energy to host the JET project- Europe's largest nuclear fusion device. The nuclear research underway at Culham is truly ground-breaking, many of my constituents are employed there and Euratom provides 60% of its funding.
The UK's membership of Euratom and the EU are 'uniquely legally joined' and as such we must withdraw from Euratom as we exit the EU. I was furious to find out from the publication of the Bill put before Parliament rather than from Ministers that this was legally necessary, but I am not going to help by being outraged. I will help by representing my constituents employed at Culham, and so I personally spoke to the Brexit Minister and the Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, Rt Hon Greg Clark MP. Going forward we must ensure that the physicists and scientists at JET are properly informed and consulted about the future of Euratom throughout discussions.
I am working to ensure that we protect the vital research projects that our membership of Euratom provides and that we are able to retain the specialist skills we currently attract due to our world class science and research base.
I have written formally to the Brexit Minister to request a meeting with myself and those employed at Culham, and I am making representations to the Treasury regarding securing the funding for the JET project to 2020 so that we can be sure that not only are jobs protected but so too is the future of the energy security of our nation.
Parliament has voted to enable the Prime Minister to invoke Article 50 and now, as negotiations get underway to leave the EU and to form agreements with other countries, I will be working hard to protect local jobs and prosperity in our area as I always have done. In order to deliver the desired outcome, in the local and national interest, we will need to have a full and proper discussion with the EU on every aspect of membership.
Ultimately, my view is that the outcome of the referendum has to be respected and I hope I've made it clear that I will be working tirelessly to secure a good deal for Oxfordshire.