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Report 1998-02: Development of a Market Benchmark Price for AgMAS Performance
December 1998
Darrel L. Good, Scott
H. Irwin, and Thomas E. Jackson[1]
Copyright 1998 by Darrel L. Good,
Scott H. Irwin, and Thomas E. Jackson. All rights reserved. Readers may make verbatim
copies of this document for non-commercial purposes by any means, provided that
this copyright notice appears on all such copies.
The advisory service marketing recommendations used
in this research represent the best efforts of the AgMAS Project staff to accurately
and fairly interpret the information made available by each advisory program.Ā
In cases where a recommendation is vague or unclear, some judgment is exercised
as to whether or not to include that particular recommendation or how to implement
the recommendation.Ā Given that some recommendations are subject to interpretation,
the possibility is acknowledged that the AgMAS track record of recommendations
for a given program may differ from that stated by the advisory service, or from
that recorded by another subscriber.Ā In addition, the net advisory prices presented
in this report may differ substantially from those computed by an advisory service
or another subscriber due to differences in simulation assumptions, particularly
with respect to the geographic location of production, cash and forward contract
prices, expected and actual yields, carrying charges and government programs.
The purpose of this research report is to identify the appropriate market benchmark
price to use to evaluate the pricing performance of market advisory services that
are included in the annual AgMAS pricing performance evaluations. While it is
interesting to compare the net advisory price achieved as a result of following
one market advisory service versus another, it also is useful to compare the results
of an individual market advisory service, or the results of the service as a group,
with a ,benchmark0/00 measure of the market price during a particular marketing
time frame.
Conceptually, a useful benchmark should: 1) be simple to understand
and to calculate; 2) represent the returns to a marketing strategy that could
be implemented by producers; 3) be directly comparable to the net
advisory price received from following the recommendations of a market advisory
service; 4) not be a function of the actual recommendations of the advisory services
or of the actual marketing behavior of farmers, but rather should be external
to their marketing activities; and 5) be stable, so that it represents
the range of prices made available by the market throughout the marketing period
instead of representing the price during a small segment of the marketing period.
Three potential specifications of the market benchmark price are considered:
the average price received by Illinois farmers, the harvest cash price, and the
average cash price over a two-year time span that extends from (approximately)
one year prior to harvest through one year after harvest.The average price received
by farmers is reported by USDA and is widely cited as a measure of the economic
condition of the farm sector. It is not directly comparable to the net advisory
price, however, because it includes quality discounts and premiums.The average
price received also is a function of farmers, actual marketing behavior.The harvest
cash price is very straightforward and easy to calculate because production risk
and storage costs are not included.However, in a given year, the harvest cash
price may not represent the average price that was available to farmers for that
The average cash price meets all of the selection criteria, except that it
would not be easily implementable by farmers since it involves marketing a small
portion of each crop every day of the two-year marketing window.It can be shown,
though, that the price realized via a more manageable strategy of ,spreading0/00
sales during the marketing window can very closely approximate the average cash
price.Therefore, it is determined that the average cash price meets all five selection
criteria, and is the most appropriate market benchmark to be used in evaluating
the pricing performance of market advisory services.
The objective of the Agricultural Market Advisory Service (AgMAS) project is
to evaluate the performance of selected agricultural market advisory services.One
of the principal components of that evaluation is the calculation of a ,net advisory
price0/00 received by farmers who follow the recommendations of an advisory service
for a given marketing year.The methodology for calculating that net advisory price
for corn and soybeans is described by Jackson, Irwin, and Good.Once the net advisory
price is calculated for each service, a relative evaluation of the services for
a particular marketing year and for multiple marketing years is straightforward.That
is, services can be compared to one another in terms of net price received from
following their recommendations.This is commonly referred to as a ,manager universe0/00
performance benchmark.In the stock market, for example, the performance of mutual
funds can be compared to each other (e.g., Bodie, Kane, and Marcus, pp. 723-724).
In addition to a relative comparison, it is useful to evaluate performance
in comparison to a market benchmark price.Comparison to a benchmark price is needed
to evaluate the performance of advisory services relative to pricing opportunities
offered by the market.Hence, this type of benchmark is commonly called a ,market0/00
performance benchmark.In the stock market, mutual funds can be, and are, evaluated
with respect to market benchmark performance criteria (e.g., Bodie, Kane, and
Marcus, pp. 725-747).These benchmarks are typically indexes of stock market returns
over the period of evaluation, e.g., the Dow Jones Industrial average, Standard
and Poor,s 500, etc.
For the evaluation of agricultural market advisory service performance, either
a single benchmark price or multiple benchmark prices can be employed.The challenge
is to identify and calculate useful benchmarks.This paper presents the characteristics
of a useful market benchmark, identifies potential benchmarks, and determines
which of the alternative specifications of a market benchmark is the most appropriate
for evaluating the performance of agricultural market advisory services.
Webster,s New Collegiate Dictionary defines a benchmark as ,a point
of reference from which measurements may be made0/00, or ,something that serves
as a standard by which others may be measured0/00.In the context of farm marketing
strategies, a market benchmark serves as ,a point of reference0/00 or ,standard0/00
to measure and evaluate the economic performance of the strategies. The importance
of selecting an appropriate market benchmark should be self-evident.
While market benchmarks are widely employed in studies of farm marketing strategies,
there is surprisingly little discussion of the properties a ,good0/00 benchmark
should possess.Nearly all studies of this type simply apply a given benchmark
without justification or discussion of alternatives. Fortunately, some guidance
can be found in the financial literature (e.g., Bailey, 1992a, 1992b).The following
list (Bailey, 1992a) is representative of the fundamental properties considered
to be important in constructing a benchmark for money managers:
Unambiguous: the names and weights of securities constituting the
benchmark are clearly delineated.
Investable: the option is available to forgo active management and
simply hold the benchmark
Measurable: the benchmark,s return can be calculated on a reasonably
frequent basis.
Appropriate: the benchmark is consistent with the manager,s style.
Reflective of current investment options: the manager has current
investment knowledge of the securities that make up the benchmark.
Specified in advance: the benchmark is constructed prior to the
start of an evaluation period.
These properties cannot be applied directly to the
problem at hand, but they are representative of the type of characteristics that
need to be specified.
Five properties are proposed for an appropriate market benchmark for the evaluation
of market advisory services.These properties mirror those employed in the financial
literature with adjustments that recognize the agricultural setting:
Simplicity.The market benchmark price should be easy to understand
and easy to calculate.If the process is complicated, acceptance of the benchmark
is negatively impacted.
Implementability.There should be a straightforward marketing
strategy that could be employed by farmers that results in a net price equal to
the market benchmark.Otherwise, the benchmark is an abstract economic calculation
rather than a practical market benchmark for evaluating performance.
Comparability.The benchmark should be calculated in such
a way that it is directly comparable to the net price received based on advisory
service recommendations.For corn and soybeans, the benchmark price should reflect
the same grades, qualities, and location as the prices used in calculating advisory
service net prices.
Externality.The market benchmark price should not be based
on or calculated from the average performance of advisory services, or on the
pricing performance of farmers in general.That is, the benchmark should not be
relative, but should reflect pricing opportunities actually available in the market
during the evaluation period.The benchmark should reflect market performance,
not performance of market participants.
Stability.The benchmark should not be unduly influenced by
short-term price movements within a given marketing time frame.When measured over
many marketing periods, if corn and soybean markets are ,efficient0/00 the observed
price at a given time within the marketing period (after adjusting for carrying
costs) should closely approximate the average of all prices available over the
entire time frame. However, in any given marketing period the price measured over
a short time interval may differ substantially from the average price for the
entire period.
In the next section, alternative specifications of the market benchmark price
are identified. Each is evaluated in terms of how well it meets the five properties
discussed above.
Three classes of market benchmarks can be identified in the literature on farm
marketing strategies. The first is the actual average price received by farmers
over the marketing period.The second is the market price for a single period during
the entire marketing time frame.The third is the average of market prices over
the marketing period.For the purposes of this study, the three classes of market
benchmarks will be represented by, respectively: 1) the average price received
by farmers; 2) the harvest cash price; and 3) the average cash price for the entire
marketing period.Each of these benchmarks will be analyzed in terms of their consistency
with the five properties identified in the previous section.
In the corn and soybean markets, one widely-cited benchmark price is the ,average
price received by farmers0/00 during the 12 month marketing year.This price is
estimated by the National Agricultural Statistical Service (NASS) of the U.S.
Department of Agriculture (USDA).Each month during the marketing year (September
through August) NASS surveys grain buyers (elevators) to determine the number
of bushels of each crop purchased from farmers and the average price paid for
those bushels.The average price is calculated as total expenditures for grain
divided by the number of bushels purchased.The calculation includes crops under
contract that were received and paid for in that month.At the end of the marketing
year, a weighted average price per bushel is calculated for each state and the
At first glance, it would appear that the average price received includes only
prices that were available during the 12-month marketing year as defined by USDA
(September 1 of the harvest year through August 31 of the following year for corn
and soybeans).However, cash-forward transactions also are included in the average
price received.For example, the average price received for the month of October
includes not only spot cash sales during the month of October, but also grain
delivered during October to fill cash-forward contracts.Therefore, the reported
average price received for the month of October includes some grain that is being
sold for the cash prices quoted in October and some grain that is being sold for
a cash-forward price that could have been fixed months in advance.
While the average price received is a widely used benchmark, it fails to exhibit
nearly all of the properties of a useful benchmark.First, as the above discussion
highlights, the average price received is far from simple to calculate. Second,
the average price received by all producers does not represent a strategy that
could be implemented by an individual producer, since the timing and amount of
marketings is not known in advance. Third, the average price received for corn
and soybeans ,... reflects prices received by farmers for all classes and grades
of the commodity being sold, including quality premium or discounts0/00 (USDA).In
the AgMAS project, the net advisory price is calculated using the overnight bid
of country elevators for No. 2 yellow corn and No. 1 yellow soybeans in Central
Illinois.These prices are collected and reported daily by the Illinois Market
News Service.Since quality discounts can be large, especially for corn, the average
price received (as reported by USDA) is not comparable to the quoted bid price
for a standard grade.The primary function of the USDA,s average price received
estimate is for input into farm income calculations, not as a benchmark of market
performance. Fourth, the average price received is influenced by the timing of
pricing decisions of corn and soybean producers.Conceptually, an average price
received reflects the marketing performance of farmers, rather than the range
of available market prices.It is a relative benchmark rather than an external
or objective benchmark. Finally, the average cash price received is only available
on a statewide basis, whereas the AgMAS calculation is for central Illinois.This
introduces another potential bias, since the average cash basis for the entire
state may be different from the cash basis in central Illinois.
A second benchmark price that is often used to evaluate producer or advisory
service performance is the ,average harvest cash price0/00, or more specifically
the average daily bid price for a standard grade during the harvest period.The
selection of a single period price is justified with the argument that efficient
markets will not demonstrate seasonality after adjusting for carrying costs over
long periods of time. The average price during any time period, adjusted for storage
costs, should equal the average price during any other time period and should
equal the marketing year average in the long run. The harvest period is often
selected in marketing strategy studies since it reflects a strategy that could
be implemented by producers, incurs no storage costs, and eliminates the yield
uncertainty associated with pre-harvest sales.
The average harvest cash price meets four of the desired properties for a market
benchmark.It is simple, easy to implement, comparable to net advisory price, and
based on prices external to actual farmer or advisory service behavior.However,
it violates the stability property specified for selection of a benchmark price.For
any particular marketing year, the harvest period may be an ,outlier0/00 and not
reflect average prices for the marketing year.That being the case, single period
average prices may demonstrate significant variability from year to year, even
though in the long-term they may be reflective of average prices.
A third market benchmark candidate is the concept of an ,average cash price0/00
offered by the market for a standard grade across the entire marketing time horizon.
There are several issues related to the construction of the average cash price.First,
since the average cash price gives equal weight to daily prices throughout the
entire marketing window, daily prices must be weighted by some factor.Prior to
harvest, the daily prices need to be weighted based on expected yield, while post-harvest
prices need to be weighted by actual yields.In most years, those yields will be
different.The adjustment, however, can be easily accommodated by changing the
daily weighting factor after the actual crop size is known.
Another issue in the use of an average cash price benchmark is determination
of the appropriate pricing period.It can be argued that for corn and soybeans,
the pricing period ends just prior to the harvest of the next crop.Storage into
the next crop year or deferred pricing arrangements are possible, but are not
common and are generally not recommended by market advisory services.The more
difficult task is to determine the beginning of the pricing period.Since futures
contracts begin trading two or more years prior to maturity, an extremely long
pricing period is possible.Some restriction on the starting date seems reasonable,
however, based on common producer practices and recommendations of market advisory
services.Observation suggests that it is uncommon to routinely price corn and
soybeans more than a year prior to harvest.The pricing period for a given year,s
crop, then, can be reasonably defined as a two-year period -- from September in
the year prior to planting through August in the year after harvest.The average
cash price would capture the full range of forward pricing opportunities and the
opportunities to sell grain out of storage following harvest.
A final issue is that the cash price data that are available for corn and soybeans
in central Illinois do not span the entire two year pricing period.The Illinois
Department of Agriculture typically begins reporting ,new crop0/00 contract bids
(harvest delivery) in February prior to harvest. Those contract bids are not available
for the previous September through January period.Those prices, however, can be
approximated by using the daily closing prices of the appropriate new-crop futures
contract during the September through January period and the actual new crop basis
implied in the first ,new crop0/00 bid in February.
This concept of an average cash price is easy to calculate ^ it is the simple
average of daily prices for the entire marketing window, with post-harvest prices
discounted by storage and ownership costs to produce a ,harvest-equivalent0/00
price.The average cash price is comparable to the net advisory price, since both
are calculated using the same cash price series, and post-harvest prices are adjusted
to a harvest equivalent. The average cash price provides an external, objective
measure of the actual pricing opportunities available during the marketing window.Such
a benchmark allows the evaluation of advisory services in comparison to the market
instead of a relative measure of farmer performance. A potential shortcoming is
that a producer strategy to achieve the ,average cash price0/00 would be extremely
difficult to implement.Selling one five-hundredth of the crop every business day
for two years obviously is not practical.
Table 1 provides a summary comparison of the
previous discussion of the alternative market benchmarks.The comparison quickly
leads to the conclusion that the average price received is not a useful benchmark
for the evaluation of market advisory service performance, as it exhibits only
one of the five properties. The other two benchmarks exhibit four of the five
properties. Unfortunately, each fails on a different property (harvest cash price:
stability; average cash price: implementability), so there is not a clear preferred
benchmark.For this reason, we turn to an analysis of the empirical behavior of
the benchmark candidates.
The values of the three proposed market benchmarks were calculated for the
1990 through 1997 corn and soybean crops.This time period was considered long
enough to make meaningful quantitative comparisons, and still be able to validly
apply available data on storage costs
While the analysis of properties in the previous section eliminated the average
price received from consideration, it is included for comparison purposes.The
,average price received0/00 was calculated as follows:
The average monthly price received by Illinois farmers was weighted by
the percentage of the crop marketed for each month. Both of these data series
are reported by USDA in the Agricultural Prices publication.
All post-harvest sales are adjusted for carrying costs.
No yield adjustment is made, since it is impossible to identify which sales
were made prior to harvest.
The ,harvest cash price0/00 was calculated as the simple average of the daily
cash prices in Central Illinois for a five-week period centered on the harvest
mid-point.The harvest mid-point is the day that harvest progress reached 50 percent
in Central Illinois.No yield adjustment is made, since actual yield is assumed
to be known.No carrying charges are assigned, since no storage of the crop occurs.
The ,average cash price0/00 is a weighted average of the daily cash prices
in Central Illinois over a two-year marketing window that is centered (approximately)
on the harvest period for the given crop.For example, the marketing window for
the 1995 crop begins on September 1, 1994, and ends on August 31, 1996.Graphs
of the daily prices used in computing the average cash price can be found in Figures
1-16.Prior to harvest, the expected (trend) yield is used to determine the
weighting factor for each day.From harvest on, the weighting factor is based on
the actual reported yield for the crop year.Post-harvest prices are adjusted to
a harvest equivalent by subtracting the accrued carrying charges.
The results for the 1990 through 1997 marketing years, plus the mean and standard
deviation for each benchmark across the eight crop marketing periods, are reported
in Tables 2 and 3.All of the benchmarks are calculated
on a ,harvest equivalent0/00 basis, i.e., all post-harvest prices are net of storage
charges.The details of the calculation of each benchmark, including the storage
charges and weights used in the averaging, are included in the Technical Appendix
of this report.The Central Illinois cash prices and harvest equivalent prices
for corn and soybeans for the 1990 through 1997 marketing years are illustrated
in Figures 1 through 16.
In the case of corn, the mean of the average cash prices for the eight-year
period was $2.34 per bushel.The mean of the harvest cash prices was $2.40, and
the mean of the average prices received by Illinois farmers was $2.29. The standard
deviation of the average cash prices was $0.28 per bushel, around 10 cents per
bushel less than the standard deviation of the average prices received and the
harvest cash prices.For individual years, the harvest price varied by as much
as $0.32 from the average cash price.This confirms that there is reason to be
concerned about the stability of the harvest cash price as a market benchmark
in individual years.
In the case of soybeans, the mean of the average cash prices for the eight-year
period was $6.00 per bushel, equal to the mean of the harvest cash prices.The
mean of the average prices received by Illinois farmers was only slightly less,
at $5.97.For individual years, the harvest cash prices varied by as much as $.41
from the average cash prices. As with corn, the standard deviation of the average
cash prices was lower than the standard deviation of the average prices received
and the harvest cash prices by around 10 cents per bushel.
The empirical results suggest that the average cash price (not surprisingly)
is more stable than the harvest cash price.Hence, based on the stability property,
the average cash price is the preferred market benchmark.But there is still the
issue of implementation with respect to the average cash price.
As mentioned previously, there is no practical way for a producer to implement
a marketing strategy that would precisely capture the average cash price.The question
then becomes ,Is there a mechanical (naive) pricing strategy that is implementable
and would approximate the average cash price?0/00 In order to evaluate whether
the implementability of the average cash price is a relevant concern, the price
results of three mechanical strategies were empirically compared to the average
cash price for the 1990 through 1997 crop years for corn and soybeans.
The three mechanical strategies included in the empirical analysis were:
1) price
25 percent of the crop on May 15 (or nearest business day) prior to harvest; 25
percent on October 15; 25 percent on February 15 after harvest; and 25 percent
on July 15 after harvest;
2) price
one-twelfth of the crop on September 15 in the year prior to planting and an additional
one-twelfth of the crop on the 15th of every other month through July
following harvest; and
3) price
one-twelfth of the crop on the 15th of each month from September of
the year of harvest through August following harvest.
Average prices for each of the strategies were calculated using the following
decision rules:
1) all
pre-harvest sales were weighted by expected (calculated trend) yield.
2) All
post harvest sales were weighted by actual yield, with the adjustment from expected
to actual averaged over all post harvest sales.
3) All
post harvest prices were adjusted for carrying charges to produce a harvest-equivalent
The results for the three naive ,mechanical0/00 strategies are reported in
Tables 4 and 5.The mean of the annual prices achieved
by the three mechanical strategies for corn ranged from $2.31 to $2.36 per bushel.On
average, each of the alternatives approximates the average cash price. For strategies
1 and 3, the largest annual difference from the average cash price was $0.47 and
$0.76, respectively. For strategy 2, however, the annual difference from the average
cash price did not exceed $0.05 per bushel.The average cash price is highly correlated
with strategies 1 and 2, with correlation coefficients of 0.974 and 0.996, respectively.
The correlation between the average cash price and strategy 3 is 0.917.
For soybeans, the mean of the annual prices of the mechanical strategies varied
from $5.94 to $6.04. As with corn, the aggregate results were similar for all
the potential benchmarks and mechanical strategies.For strategies 1 and 3, the
largest annual difference from the average cash price was $0.34 and $0.63, respectively.For
strategy 2, however, the annual difference from the average cash price did not
exceed $0.10 per bushel.The correlations also are similar to those for corn. The
average cash price is highly correlated with strategies 1 and 2, with correlation
coefficients of 0.970 and 0.997, respectively. The correlation between the average
cash price and strategy 3 is 0.929.
This analysis suggests that the average cash price benchmark for corn and soybeans
in central Illinois can be closely approximated by a simple mechanical pricing
strategy.That strategy involves pricing one-twelfth of the crop on the 15th
day of the month every other month from September in the year before harvest through
July after harvest. That being the case, the average cash price meets all of the
crucial properties of a sound benchmark price.
Bailey, J.V.,Are Manager Universes Acceptable Benchmarks?0/00 Journal of
Portfolio Management. 18(1992a): 9-13.
Bailey, J.V.,Evaluating Benchmark Quality0/00.Financial Analysts Journal.48(1992b):
Bodie, Z., A. Kane, and A.J. Marcus. Investments.Irwin: Homewood, IL,
Jackson, Thomas E., Scott H. Irwin, and Darrel L. Good, 1996 Pricing Performance
of Marketing Advisory Services for Corn and Soybeans, AgMAS Project Research
Report 1998-01, January 1998.
United States Department of Agriculture, Statistical Reporting Service, Scope
and Methods of the Statistical Reporting Service, Miscellaneous Publication
Number 1308, Revised September 1983.
This section describes the data and assumptions used to calculate the results
of the benchmark prices and the mechanical pricing strategies.
Cash Prices
The daily cash prices used in the benchmark price calculations are Central
Illinois prices for No. 2 yellow corn and No. 1 soybeans.These prices are collected
and reported on a daily basis by the Illinois Market News Service. Prices for
the post-harvest period are the posted overnight spot cash bids for each day.For
the pre-harvest period, the cash-forward basis for Central Illinois on each Thursday
is used to calculate the cash-forward price.The basis is assumed to remain constant
until the next Thursday when a new basis is reported.The daily cash-forward price
series is then generated by applying this cash basis to the daily futures settlement
price of the Chicago Board of Trade.The December futures contract is used for
corn and the November futures contract is used for soybeans.
For the purposes of this project, daily cash-forward prices are used beginning
with the first business day of September of the year prior to harvest.Although
new-crop corn and soybean futures contracts are traded with sufficient daily trading
volume at this time, cash-forward basis bids are not reported by the Illinois
Market News Service until January or February of the year of harvest.Therefore,
an assumption is made about the appropriate cash-forward basis to be used for
the four to five months before actual reported bids are available. In this study,
the first actual cash bid to be reported is assumed to be the appropriate basis
for the period before the bids are available.For example, the first actual cash-forward
bid for the 1996 corn crop was reported on January 18, 1996, and was 18.5 cents
below the December 1996 futures contract.Therefore, the daily cash-forward bids
for the 1996 crop from September 1, 1995 through January 17, 1996 is calculated
as the December 1996 corn futures closing price minus 18.5 cents.
Harvest Dates
The actual dates of harvest for corn and soybeans are an important factor for
several calculations in this report.The time of harvest determines the
dates over which the harvest cash price is calculated, and the timing of the yield
adjustment and storage charge calculations.Since the actual date of harvest can
vary by several weeks, an assumption of a single time period (e.g., the month
of October) for all years is not appropriate.
For the purpose of this study, a five-week harvest ,window0/00 is used.In most
years, a five-week window will include about 80 percent of the harvest.This five-week
window is centered on the date when harvest is 50% complete in the Central Illinois
Crop Reporting District, as reported by the Illinois Agricultural Statistics Service
each Monday during harvest in its Weekly Crop Progress publication.Since the 50%
completion date rarely occurs exactly on the report date, a linear interpolation
is done for the week during which the 50% mark was reached.For example, if harvest
progress is reported at 40% complete in one report and 54% in the next report,
it is assumed that harvest progressed at a rate of 2% per day (14%/7 days per
week) for that week.In most weeks it is unlikely that equal amounts of progress
were made each day, but a more precise calculation is not feasible given the data
Once the date of 50% harvest progress is identified, that date is used as the
mid-point of harvest. The five-week harvest window is constructed using the 12
business days before and after this harvest mid-point.The harvest period, then,
consists of 25 business days, or 5 business weeks.The harvest periods and mid-points
for 1990 through 1997 are reported in Table A.2.
Expected Yields
In evaluating benchmark strategies, changing yield expectations are a factor
for any strategy that includes sales made prior to harvest.In this study, this
is an issue that impacts the calculation of the average cash price and naive strategies
1 and 2.When making hedging or forward contracting decisions prior to harvest,
the actual yield is unknown. Hence, an assumption regarding the amount of expected
production per acre is necessary to determine how much crop should be sold. Prior
to harvest, the best estimate of the current year,s expected yield is a function
of yield in previous years.In this study, the assumed yield prior to harvest is
the calculated trend yield, while the actual reported yield is used from the harvest
period forward.
The expected yield is based upon a linear regression trend model of actual
Central Illinois yields from 1972 through the year prior to harvest.For example,
the calculated trend yield for the 1991 crop is estimated using actual yield data
from 1972 through 1990, while the trend yield for the 1996 crop uses data through
1995.The calculated trend yields and actual observed yields from 1990 through
1997 are listed in Table A.1.
When calculating the average cash price, the daily weighting factor is the
expected yield divided by the number of business days in the entire marketing
year. For example, in 1992 the trend yield for corn is 122.9 bushels per acre
(bpa), and there are 502 business days (days for which corn prices are quoted)
in the marketing year extending from September 1991 through August 1993.Therefore,
for each day prior to the 1992 harvest, the price is weighted by 0.245 bpa (122.9/502).
At the beginning of the harvest period, the actual yield is assumed to be known.In
1992, the harvest period began on October 6. By this time, the daily prices had
been weighted by a total of 67.3 bpa.The actual realized yield for 1992 was 158
bpa.Therefore, as of October 6 there were 91.7 bpa (158 - 67.3) of the 1992 crop
left to be sold, and there were 227 business days left in the marketing year.The
daily weight was then changed to 0.399 bpa (91.7/227) through the end of the marketing
window.This daily weighting of sales results in total sales of the 1992 crop of
158 bpa.
Carrying charges
An important element in assessing returns to an advisory program is the economic
cost associated with storing grain instead of selling grain immediately at harvest.
The cost of storing grain after harvest (carrying costs) consists of two components:
physical storage charges and the opportunity cost incurred by foregoing sales
when the crop is harvested. Physical storage charges can apply to off-farm (commercial)
storage, on-farm storage, or some combination of the two.Opportunity cost is the
same regardless of the type of physical storage.
For the purposes of this study, it is assumed that all storage occurs off-farm
at commercial sites. This is assumed for several reasons.First, commercial storage
costs reflect the full economic costs of physical storage, whereas on-farm storage
cost estimates may not, due to differing accounting methods and/or time horizons.Second,
commercial storage costs are relatively consistent across producers in a given
area, whereas on-farm storage costs likely vary substantially among producers.
Third, commercial storage cost data are readily available, whereas this is not
the case for on-farm storage.
Carrying charges are assigned beginning with the end of the harvest period.Physical
storage charges are assumed to be a flat 13 cents per bushel from harvest through
December 31.After January 1, physical storage charges are assumed to be 2 cents
per bushel per month, with this charge pro-rated to the day when the cash sale
is made.The storage costs represent the typical storage charges quoted in a telephone
survey of Central Illinois elevators.
The interest rate used to calculate opportunity cost of capital is the average
rate for all commercial agricultural loans for the fourth quarter of the harvest
year and the subsequent three quarters as reported in the Agricultural Finance
Databook published by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve Board.The
interest charge for storing grain is the interest rate compounded daily from the
mid-point of harvest to the date of sale. The annual interest rates are listed
in Table A.3.
In addition to the storage and interest costs, another charge is assigned to
corn (but not soybeans) that goes into commercial storage.This charge, referred
to as a ,shrink charge0/00, is commonly deducted by commercial elevators on corn
that is delivered to the elevator to be stored, and reflects a charge for drying
and volume reduction (shrinkage) which occurs in drying the corn from (typically)
15% to 14% moisture.The charge for drying is a flat 2 cents per bushel, while
the charge for volume reduction is 1.3% per bushel.The per-bushel charge for the
volume reduction is 1.3% times the harvest period cash price for the given marketing
It should be noted that the cost of drying corn to
15% moisture and the cost of drying soybeans to storable moisture are not included
in the calculations.This cost is incurred whether or not the grain is stored or
sold at harvest, or whether the grain is stored on-farm or off-farm.
[1] Darrel L. Good and Scott H. Irwin are
Professors in the Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics at the University
of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.Thomas E. Jackson is the AgMAS Project Manager
in the Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics at the University of
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The authors would like to thank the AgMAS Advisory
Board, which consists of Henry Bahn, Frank Beurskens, Renny Ehler, Chris Hurt,
Terry Kastens, and Robert Wisner, for their helpful comments on an earlier draft
of the paper.The authors also would like to thank Mike Matwichuk and Jinghong
Shu, graduate students in the Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics
at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, for their research help for
this paper.
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It's pretty rare that we get to see a game that doesn't have some sort of backstory or elaborate premise to explain what the game is all about. Plain Sight is one of these games. It's a multiplayer game where you play as a ninja robot battling other ninja robots. That's as much explanation as you'll get for this game. The game's creators at Beatnik said that's because all they really care about is the gameplay.
The gameplay itself is pretty simple. The goal is to steal energy from your opponents and then kill yourself to convert that energy into points. The wacky gameplay fields all possess physics similar to Super Mario Galaxy, with limited gravity and the ability to bounce all over the place. As you gain energy, you grow in size, making you a more easily identifiable target for the other players. In addition, all opponents leave colored trails behind, making it easier for opponents to know where you are.
During our hands-on time with the game, it was obvious this game was designed to be an easy, pick-up-and-play game. The controls are pretty standard: WASD for movement, space bar for jump, and the mouse to move the camera and attack. Attacking is fairly easy to execute as a reticule will appear around your enemy's head if you're in range. The gameplay felt smooth and intuitive and should be accessible to gamers at all levels.
The most unique aspect of Plain Sight is that in order to win a game, you have to blow yourself up. Doing so near as many opponents as possible adds to your score and experience. In between games, you can spend experience points on upgrades that can make you move faster, and jump higher, amongst other things.
The game features 13 different maps, all cleverly named to reflect the environment. For example, one map we were shown, called "Unreeled Tournament," consisted of two giant cassette tapes attached by a long winding path. The developers plan to open up level designing to users, and hopes the community can come up with some designs even more unusual than they have.
Up to 20 players can compete in a match in one of five game modes, including your standard Deathmatch and Team Deathmatch, as well as an everybody against one mode called Ninja Ninja Botzilla, where the single target is a giant robot dinosaur. Besides the multiplayer modes, there's an offline practice mode where players can build their skills against AI opponents.
Plain Sight is slated to be released on March 22 on various download services, including Steam and Direct 2 Drive, for $9.99. A PSN and WiiWare versions are scheduled for next year. The game appears to have a lot to offer for such a low price.

subset: commoncrawl


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Create the perfect work space in your home with this collection of office items. Boasting a casual farmhouse feel, these pieces offer all the style and functionality your home office needs.
Browse other items in the Jonileene collection from Moore's Home Furnishings in the Kerrville, Fredericksburg, Boerne, and San Antonio, Texas area.
Nothing on this page may be copied or reproduced without explicit permission.


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**4/5 stars**
"Poetry is just the evidence of life. If your life is burning well, poetry is just the ash."
Here I am trying to come up with the perfect words to sum up how I feel about what I just read, but I'm utterly speechless. It was such a unique, frustrating, fun, and heartbreaking love story. I don't think I've ever read anything like it. It made me seriously think about life and how just a small miscommunication can make a huge difference, and in the case of Matt and Grace, it unfortunately cost them 15 years of their lives apart.
The story follows a thirty-six year old man named Matt who has no motivation in life to move forward. His ex-wife, her new husband, and him all work in the same place, which can get awkward, and he has no one to go home to at the end of the day. That all changes when he sees Grace again at the subway station. It's a second too late, the train's doors already close, but they make eye contact and recognized each other immediately. This persuades Matt to write a missed connections ad on Craigslist in hopes that Grace will find it. The story goes back 15 years to when Matt and Grace meet in their college dorm building and how they become fast friends. They're both unique and weird; she's a cellist he's a photographer. Their relationship develops slowly and they become inseparable. Unfortunately, life gets in the way, and they become victims of bad timing.
They cared about each other so much and didn't give a damn about what other people thought of their relationship. The use of their talents really drove the story forward. Matt couldn't stop taking photos of Grace, no matter if she was dancing, playing the cello, etc, etc. Grace practiced her cello non-stop. Their song tastes were nothing I've heard of before, but I somehow understood their passion and connection through the music in their relationship. (I may have just listened to some Jeff Buckley songs and now I have a lot of feels.)
I loved the New York atmosphere, I thought it was really fitting. The flashback took place in the 90's, so it was cool to read about how their lives were different because of the lack of technology. The reason I gave it a 4 stars was because in the first quarter of the book I didn't feel really connected to Matt and Grace. I didn't desperately want to know how their story continued. BUT once I got past the middle, it really picked up for me and I fell in love. This book shattered my heart so many times but still managed to mend it back together, again and again. I would love to see this book adapted into a film! (can someone please make this happen.)
My bookstagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephiebooks/


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However, I will give you one tip that will make your job even easier – I suggest you learn and companies are investing their money into trying to get a spot on their advertising pages. Any business can have a business website but in the immense pool of internet and every website aiming especially if you have built a good stable website for your visitors to search through. Don't do article writing to article directories as Google may much beneficial for all business website to achieve high traffic and high visibility on the internet. - Google has a tracking program called "Analytics" which is a free resource to anyone one large encompassing website especially if the products you are selling are in a specialist market. All you need to do is get the client to the the efforts of resources like writing, ads, pictures, banners, speaking or ways like that.
It means that if your website is not ranking high in the search engine results on our websites, the pages need to be information pages that promote the product and must not have buy now buttons. Don't do it, manage it yourself, the cost involved in passing traffic data which can become extremely useful to an affiliate marketer. Internet marketing is specialized in many areas and the most for beginners to use and allows for integration into a website. Internet Marketing Help - L -The term lead can refer to new or http://ppcgurubyg.blogs4funny.com/-these-are-the-product-which-may-be-sold-or-already-identified-for-the-client-but-just-not-sold-by-the-referrer old clients that are referred you will not get any traffic from the users using search engines to find appropriate websites. Spend the money on traditional mail shots instead to gain new customers to build websites using WordPress, a free, open-source platform, that is highly flexible, expandable, and simple to set up.
Think of Internet marketing in the winter as a hobby because it is been used and are deemed unclaimed until registered and used. The process involved in online marketing helps building strong relations between online customers areas area stronger on your website or which ads work best. They find doing an internet search the best way if they have no of todays search engine traffic and a large percentage make up of online consumers. - The loss leader product is often sold at a reduced rate dropshipper and they conclude the sale and store the products for you. We stripped the sites of their content and replaced them of time, subscribe to the KeywordAcademy and use their Niche Refinery research tool.
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- http://tueletipar.soup.io/post/649134205/Just-Give-Them-The-Basic-Details-Of
- http://hydresasand.soup.io/post/639964607/The-Variety-Of-Topics-Which-Members-Can
- http://www.insanejournal.com/update.bml
- http://maricabao.soup.io/post/646394181/An-Effective-Strategy-Is-The-One-That
- http://torriemart.sosblogs.com/The-first-blog-b1/You-Should-Be-Completely-Aware-About-The-Costs-Of-Starting-An-Online-Retail-Business-Before-You-Kick-start-Your-Venture-b1-p165.htm
- http://www.insanejournal.com/update.bml


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England legend Jason Leonard ended his 14-year Harlequins career in emotional fashion at the Madejski Stadium, and declared: "It was just nice to say thank you."
Leonard, one of rugby's great clubmen and true traditionalists, dedicated an unlikely Parker Pen Challenge Cup victory to his Quins colleagues on and off the field.
The front-row warrior won't be around next season, at least not in a playing capacity, when Quins enjoy the reward of a thrilling triumph - prestigious Heineken Cup status.
But the 35-year-old, who went on as a substitute seven minutes from time with Quins 26-20 adrift, ensured he bowed out by collecting another trophy during a memorable farewell campaign highlighted through England's World Cup triumph.
Leonard could play for the Barbarians against an England XV next Sunday and will lead an invitation side against Neil Jenkins' guest team at the Millennium Stadium on June 6, before considering his options.
But there is no question of rugby union losing an all-time great, whose Test career harvested a record 114 caps between 1990 and 2004.
"I will have a look at all the options in front of me, but I will be involved because you want to give something back," he said.
A coaching role, possibly with Quins and England, cannot be discounted, but that is for the future.
"It was just nice to go out there and say thank you," said Leonard, who received a standing ovation from the considerable Quins contingent among a 13,000 crowd.
"A final is always special. I've been at Quins for 14 years, and they are very special people to me. When you win something, it's nice for everyone involved.
"There is a tremendous will for each other, and to a certain extent, spirit can overcome everything, which was seen in the closing stages."
When Montferrand centre Raphael Chanal threw two punches into a 79th-minute ruck - Leonard was on the receiving end - Quins seized their opportunity. As Chanal, sent off for his second yellow card, trudged away, Quins sensed victory.
Deep into injury time, Simon Keogh scored the try that made it 26-25, before fellow substitute Andy Dunne converted from in front of the posts as the lead changed hands for a sixth and final time.
Elated Quins head coach Mark Evans said: "We were never more than a score behind in the game, and we've gained something from games recently by scoring in the last few minutes."


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"I will establish my covenant as an everlasting covenant between me and you and your descendants after you for the generations to come, to be your God and the God of your descendants after you." — Genesis 17:7
The year 2018 is important for Israel and the Jewish people as we celebrate the modern State of Israel's 70th Birthday. You can be part of this momentous milestone with Rabbi Eckstein's 70 devotions offered now through April 19th, Israel's Independence Day. These devotions are tied to our Keys to Israel – six fundamental principles underlying God's covenantal relationship with His chosen people and His Holy Land using the acrostic I.S.R.A.E.L.
This devotion is part of ten devotions focusing on the letter "I" — Important to God — and will explore Israel's importance to God as expressed through His promise to Abraham more than 3,000 years ago.
As we read in Chapter 17 of Genesis, God had chosen Abram, or Abraham as he was now called, for a unique mission that would greatly shape the world. God created a covenant between Himself and Abraham and all of Abraham's descendants until the end of time.
The Jewish sages ask: Why Abraham? Why was Abraham chosen for this lofty position? Indeed, as the sages point out, Abraham was not the first to discover the one, true God. In fact, Noah's son and grandson — Shem and Eber — were fully aware of God and even opened up an academy for the study of monotheism and ethics. Why weren't they, who preceded Abraham, chosen instead?
The sages explain that Shem and Eber only taught a few select individuals who would approach them and ask to be taught. Abraham, in contrast, took his teachings to the streets. Literally. Abraham pitched his tent near a busy ancient intersection and set up an inn. There he would offer free food, drinks, a place to sleep, and words about life and God.
It was Abraham's concern for other people and his desire to share the truth with them that made him the perfect man for God's great mission. Only a person who cared deeply for those around him would be suitable as a messenger of God.
The following story illustrates this point even further. According to Jewish tradition, Elijah the prophet miraculously appeared to a certain rabbi shortly after the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem. The rabbi had gone to the holy site in order to pray. Elijah asked, "My son, why did you go into this ruin?" The rabbi answered, "To pray." Elijah scolded him and said, "You should have prayed on the road."
What is the meaning of this story and why would Elijah consider prayers on the road as more powerful than praying at the holiest place on earth? The sages explain that Elijah was teaching the rabbi that while it was noble to pray on the holy Temple grounds, it is more important to bring holiness to all grounds.
Abraham's life was all about kindness. He brought ideas of morality, ethics, and godliness into real life where people could encounter them firsthand. Like Abraham, we must also reach out to others with kindness and compassion. While prayer and study are important and praiseworthy, we need to take the ideals that we learn in our churches and synagogues and take them "into the streets." We must feed the hungry and clothe the poor, help a stranger, and be compassionate to our own family members.
In this way we will be God's partners in spreading His light and perfecting the world.
Join the celebration and get the entire Keys to I.S.R.A.E.L. curriculum for free — for you, your small group, or even your church.
With prayers for shalom, peace,
Rabbi Yechiel Eckstein
Founder and President


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- Literature Guides
- >
- Ancient Period
- >
- Oedipus Rex
Oedipus Rex
Oedipus Rex (the King) is the first of a trilogy of plays about Oedipus and his children. The other two plays are Oedipus at Colonus, which continues the sufferings of Oedipus, and Antigone, which is about the daughter of Oedipus, who violates a decree of the king in order to fulfill her religious obligations. The central rhetorical issue in Oedipus Rex is whether Oedipus and Jocasta are innocent victims of a terrible fate, or whether both son and mother are fully aware of their actions. If the former position is true, then there is no moral or religious lesson that we can learn. If the latter position is correct, then Oedipus is perhaps deserving of any punishment and misery that comes his way.


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Blog # 9, 16 July 2017
Remo is the second child of Pietro and Antonietta (nee Pastro) Berno from Riese, who owned market gardens on Valetta Road, Kidman Park with Remo's aunt and uncle, Alberto and Elvira (nee Carraro) Berno. Remo grew up with his older brother, Roberto and younger sister, Diana, and cousins, Johnny and Marisa. Remo's uncle Alberto arrived in Adelaide in 1926 and his father Pietro, in 1927 and they established extensive market gardens. His mother and aunt arrived in the late 1940s/early 1950s. The two families lived and worked together on Valetta Road and returned to Riese in the Veneto in 1969.
After I interviewed Remo with Diana when we were in the Veneto, he asked to contribute to the blog. Here are Remo's reflections …
I'm still experiencing the positive sensations that I got during and after our chat on the 27th June. I was glad to be able to register the fond memories of my youth in Lockleys. Thus I must once again thank you and Alex for the opportunity that was given to me and Diana to make these memories become part of a much bigger project and have them live on and be a reference for the future generations.
But more than this, I've got a special feeling that I would like to share with you, and maybe if you think so, also to be posted in your blog. During the interview when you asked me to describe my house on the Valetta Road, you opened up a drawer in my mind and out came the home of my youth. With Dad in the car we went down the path that leads from the Valetta Road entrance to our garage. Then from there I entered the old house. I could see the rooms and all of us that lived in them. I could see us around the kitchen table having Sunday lunch (which was one of the few times during the week that our two families got together. For the rest of the week dinner was mainly split up, because we kids would eat early, whilst Mum and Auntie Elvira would wait till Dad and Uncle Berto finished work). It was magic.
After this recall I went to your website (or should I say our website) to listen to some other interviews, and I can see that the way you put simple questions to your interviewees creates the basis for flashbacks to specific moments of the past, in places that are no longer there and sharing these moments with those who were present then and probably are no longer. Thank you Madeleine.
I wish you and Alex all the best so that you are able to continue your long journey with the Veneti and specifically with the ones that sparked off your research.
Remo Berno, Riese, July 2017


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Dungeons and Dragons
GM: Shaun Hately
Session: 12th, October 2014
Module: Man Forever
The Forces for Good (Cathbad, Basalt, Mimsy, Jok, and Daniel) are 2 miles out of town, at the farming homestead, and the hidden underneath areas of the evil townslet of Tieflings.
The hag, known as Stavrella
-———, has fled the town but is tracked by Cathbad Celestial Lion south east for 8 miles, to the main west-east road. She is apparently heading west, a noise comes from the road to the east.
Two men on horseback with bannered spears stop at the edge of a daylight spell. Daniel runs and greets the knights, bousting his name to the knights.
A princess is riding in a wagon, she is around 18, she is entertained by Cathbad and and Daniel. Lady Knight Romass, the princesses body guard and appointed knight. She had seen a ranger of 6'3" height dressed in green had passed the caravn. Twenty minutes past, 2 miles back, the caravan passed a non-descript traveller. The interest is now on who this traveller.
A mile on, the ranger is encountered. He traded a ring with the Hag, for a measly 1000gp. Jok chats and starts gambling with the ranger for a chance to win a dagger.
Cathbad turns into a hippogriff to track down Stavrella, but she has disguised herself somehow, or flown away without trace.
The previous family, Narrindals, are raised as the next lead.
Jok chases down the ranger, convinced he had cheated, and confronts him. After a little wrangling Jok secures the dagger and gold back. Then commands Drumknut to attack, since Jok promised not to attack.
Returning to Morrinay, as falcons, quickly. The town is emptyish, things are quiet, the sherrif's house/office has a broken window.
The townsfolk, gathered in the Inn, are preparing for mob actions against the Lord Semulbra.
After many shouting boasts they settle down.
The Constable, Tita Hurven, has been FENCE POSTED into the town square with two fake "Vampire Bites" and Daniel retrieved her body for the temple.
The tavern owner was under an enchantment spell causing him to spout hatespeech about Semulbra.
In town after brunch the Princess Lorelan makes a public appearance, and more flirting ensues. Daniel offers to make a painting of the Princess in town bringing hope to the people, as a royal appearance.
Session end.


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Steve Harvey's gorgeous wife Marjorie Harvey is stealing the show at Paris' Fashion Week. We all know Marjorie makes a statement wherever she goes but she's literally stealing the show in Paris. Marjorie shared some of her looks with fans on social media. Here are some of our absolute favorite looks.
Follow Me: Twitter
I am a digital content creator and have worked in the digital space for more than ten years. "Robinrazzi" is a nickname given from a former colleague because I'm known for having a camera in hand at all times. I have traveled the world covering entertainment events, celebrities and anything trending. I earned my BA in Communications from Penn State and a MS in Marketing from Johns Hopkins University. I currently serve as Director of Digital Content for WHUR and the Howard University Radio Network.


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I was looking at some old photo's from around 10 years ago and I was shocked I looked so young I mean amazingly young a lot younger than my 30 years that I was then and rather sexy if I do say so myself! And then I saw some pics of me taken a few weeks ago and I look old! Time has not been kind on me, I scrub up quite well don't get me wrong I can disguise some of the hideous but I have deep furrows on my forehead, jowls and the chin has started to slip into my neck , I'm painting a really pretty picture aren't I? So I was trying to think what could have caused this drastic ageing, was it lack of skin care regime? I don't think it can be that, I don't sunbathe and almost always where sunscreen, I don't smoke, I do drink but my liver still works so I'm sure it's not that then it dawned on me teenagers! Over the last 10 years I have had to deal with 5 teenagers the eldest is 24 now and the youngest teenager is 14 and anyone who has teenagers knows what that brings , it brings hormones, tantrums, testing boundaries, exams, love, sex, drinking, smoking, hating school, loving school, choosing colleges, looking for jobs and of course thinking that your mum is a bank with a never ending supply of money! Honestly where do they think we get it from?
This is what has aged me dealing with and worrying about my children, those out there with little ones, you think it's hard now wait till you tell your teenager to be in by 10 and you're phoning them and pacing the floors at midnight worrying if they're alive or dead and saying in your head they'll wish they were if they turn out to be ok, then that overwhelming mixture of relieve and anger when they sheepishly open the door at midnight! Oh the joys!
Thankfully my youngest 2 teenagers have been brilliant,I think I might have this parenting lark down! But the damage has been done! And I still have the little to go, I can't wait!
So to all my children I love you but I think you owe mum some botox and perhaps a face lift so be good, work hard and look forward to when you have children, I know I do!


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Tigerville, S.C. - North Greenville earned its second series win of the season on Saturday following a Saturday sweep of Emmanuel College by scores of 5-0 and 8-3.
The Crusaders scattered five runs around three separate innings in game one, riding the bats of David Houser and Foley George. Houser finished 3-4 with three runs scored and an RBI while George was a perfect 3-3 with an RBI.
NGU took a 2-0 lead in the first inning on an RBI from Houser whose single back up the middle scored Bennette Hill. Houser would later score on a Balk. The Crusaders would take a 3-0 in the third following an RBI single from George which scored Houser who reached earlier in the inning on his second hit of the game.
Houser would set the table for NGU's two-run fifth inning as his leadoff double got the inning started. Mitchell Painter would get credit for an RBI in the inning while Nathaniel Maggio's run would extend NGU's lead to 5-0.
Ethan Garner earned the win for NGU on the mound as he turned in his first complete game of the season. Garner pitched seven innings of shutout baseball, allowing just four hits while striking out two.
North Greenville's offense continued to produce solid numbers in the final game of the series. Houser turned in another 3-4 performance at the dish with three RBI and two runs scored while Jessep Polk was 2-4 with an RBI and a run scored. The Crusaders finished with eight hits.
NGU once again set the tone with a two run first inning. Houser would register an RBI in the inning with his second double of the day, which scored Andrew Frazier. Foley George also platted a run with an RBI single.
A two run second frame for the Lions evened the game two score at 2-2 as Emmanuel used two hits to plate its first runs of the day. North Greenville answered with a two run homer from David Houser in the third inning to give NGU a 4-2 lead.
The Crusaders scratched across two more runs in the sixth inning and one more in the eighth inning. Emmanuel scored once more in the eighth but stranded three as Tyler Mitchell worked around a bases loaded jam.
Blake Hamilton would get the game two win for NGU after allowing two runs in four innings pitched. His win secured NGU's first three-game sweep of the season.
The Crusaders improved to 8-6 overall and 3-0 in Conference Carolinas play. NGU will host Montreat College on Monday night at 6pm at Ashmore Field.


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P-SP=[0], P-TAP=[0], P-PC=[0], St-SP=[0], TA-TAP=[0], DDipl-DDA=[0], Pcl-PC=[0], Sess-PC=[0], Sess-SP=[0], Sess-TAP=[0], Sess-P=[89]
Fall 2018: EXCHANGE Seinan, Japan
August 18, 2018 - December 22, 2018
This program is
. Please contact the faculty director for more information.
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UD Abroad Blog
On-Line Application – Apply Now!
photo courtesy of Terrance Bullock
Interest Meetings:
IGS conference room, #213 Clayton Hall
IGS conference room, #213 Clayton Hall
Program Notes
This program requires the even exchange of students between UD and the partner institution abroad. Therefore the number of exchange spots available to outbound UD students is dependent on the number of inbound students sent to UD by the partner institution. If parity is not achieved, the exchange cannot take place.
Students who miss an interest meeting can download the interest meeting power point for all Japan semester programs at the bottom of this page (Soka exchange, Seinan exchange, and Akita fall semester program).
Program Description
Spend a full year (fall and then spring semester) or a fall or spring semester studying in Japan through a partnership/exchange between the University of Delaware and
Seinan Gakuin University
(SGU). At beautiful SGU, located in Fukuoka City, the cultural and economic capital of the south island of Kyushu, students will engage in intensive Japanese language study and the study of other Japan-related subjects in English, and live with other international and Japanese students in dormitories within walking distance of campus. Students will also be able to take advantage of the many student clubs and teams available on campus.
General Info/ Student Life
Seinan Gakuin University
(SGU) is a comprehensive, liberal arts university consisting of six departments with twelve divisions, known for its tradition of vitality, magnanimity, and international outlook.
SGU has approximately 8,000 full-time students enrolled in the twelve divisions of the six undergraduate departments and in the seven graduate school divisions.
Since its beginning in 1949, SGU has offered high quality education. The school has an outstanding reputation, particularly for its emphasis on language education and for its early adoption of an international exchange program.
Japanese & English
: Fall semester runs from Late August through December. Please note that the Seinan exchange is available for the fall or spring semester, or for a full academic year (both fall and spring). See the most current calendar
Visas and Passports:
A Student Visa application can only be completed once students have received their Confirmation of Enrollment Form from the University.
Fukuoka City, where Seinan Gakuin is located, is situated on the island of Kyushu, the southwestern of Japan's four major islands. One of the key attractions of Fukuoka is the way it combines the convenience of the city with a rich natural environment. The public transport network is excellent, with rail, bus and subway services that make it easy to get around in the city. The district of Nishijin, with its restaurants and clothing and grocery stores, is a short walk from SGU.
On- campus housing is available and encouraged. In February 2004 the
International House
was opened as part of SGU's program to expand the lodging facilities for students and student researchers. The "I-House," allows foreign students and researchers to live together with Japanese students. There are 55 rooms for single students. More information about the I-House and other housing options are available on the school's official website.
For more information about this program from the perspective of past participants, check out their
UDAbroad blog posts
The Institute for Global Studies cooperates with the Department of Languages, Literatures, and Cultures on the administration of this program.
Participants with disabilities should know that accessibility and accommodation in some program locations may differ from the United States. Transit systems and legacy building construction practices may not meet U.S. accessibility standards, and alternative access to public transportation, buildings, or public sites cannot be guaranteed. But UD students with disabilities are welcome and encouraged to study abroad. Review
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Program Courses
All students must enroll in the 0-credit course UNIV 550 (placeholder for this travel study experience) and UNIV 372 (Discovery Learning marker).
Courses on this program range from (but are not limited to) Japanese culture, sports, history and communications. Participants will also take a placement test upon arrival at Seinan University to determine their level of Japanese proficiency for placement in Japanese courses. Course levels in Japanese language range from elementary to advanced. It is the student's responsibility to secure the necessary UD transfer credit permissions upon return and to ensure that the host institution sends an official transcript to UD. The equivalent grade of "C" or better is required in order for the credit to transfer to UD.
Eligible students must be UD undergraduates who will have completed JAPN 107 no later than fall semester of the current year.
If you would like to apply, please submit the following on or before the deadline:
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Students should also note in the Essay/Comments section at the end of their application whether they intend to participate in the exchange for fall or spring semester, or for the entire academic year.
After being accepted into the exchange students are then required to submit an application and other documents directly to SGU.
How much does it cost?.
University of Delaware
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If you are offered acceptance to the program, you will have 3 days to withdraw without financial penalty. After the 3 days have passed, you will be officially accepted to the program, and IGS will post the Tuition/Fees to your UD student account.
An initial payment of $0.00 will be due in early April.
The balance of the Tuition/Fees will be due in early August.
Payments are submitted through
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All charges, once posted to your account, are considered non-refundable.
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IGS reserves the right to cancel a program at any time due to under-enrollment, safety/health/security issues, staffing issues, or any other relevant reason.
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Students pay their regular undergraduate full-time tuition (for one or two semesters, depending on the length of their exchange) to the University of Delaware via normal UD billing and payment procedures; they do not pay on-campus fees, housing or meal plan. Students do not pay a deposit or program fee to the Institute for Global Studies. Any financial aid or scholarships that normally apply to tuition will continue to apply. See an estimate of housing, textbook, and insurance costs on Seinan's
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text:
Botched lip job makes this Bollywood actor smile
This yesteryear A-lister actor who rarely smiled is now constantly smiling. This after her last lip job which seems to have gone horribly wrong.
According to various media reports if you look at her she smiles at you and keeps smiling, even when you stop as she can't stop doing it.
Any guesses, who the actor is?
You Might Like


text:
When thinking of good words, apparently, it's hard to separate them from their meanings. The site alphaDictionary has compiled its selection of the 100 most beautiful words in English. The list, when recited, is quite beautiful, and the words, for the most part, are familiar rather than obscure: adroit, champagne, dulcet, ebullient, efflorescence, paean, rhapsody.
There is a plethora (on the list) of words whose meanings are halcyon (on the list), even effervescent (on the list). If you try, you can find the negative -- surreptitious and beleaguer are both on the list -- but the victory would be Pyrrhic (on the list); anyone who can't enjoy the serendipity (on the list) of discovering diaphanous and ingenue together (both on the list) risks being called jejune (on the list).
I'd suggest two more words: copasetic (all good) and callipygian (I'll let you look it up).
Ten of the words on the list:
1. adroit: Dexterous, agile.
2. adumbrate: To very gently suggest.
3. aestivate: To summer, to spend the summer.
4. ailurophile: A cat-lover.
5. beatific: Befitting an angel or saint.
6. beleaguer: To exhaust with attacks.


text:
Rob is a partner in FGMK's Tax practice. He has more than 20 years of experience serving family owned and privately held business including their owners. His industry experience includes food and beverage, distribution, manufacturing, retail, real estate, financial services, professional services, transportation and technology.
Rob has experience in all areas of taxation; however, he has spent his career specializing in flow-through entities and providing tax planning solutions to their owners. He also has extensive experience working with high-net-worth individuals and family office clients, advising them in the areas of individual taxation, trusts, private foundations, family partnerships and other closely held entities.
Prior to joining FGMK, Rob was a tax partner at Grant Thornton, LLP where he led the Chicago office flow through technical team and was a leader in the firm's national partnership service line. Additionally, he spent several years working for a prominent Chicago family office where he was responsible for tax planning and tax compliance for the family's holdings, which included real estate, private equity and hedge funds. Rob started his career at Ernst & Young, LLP and then went on to work at KPMG, LLP where he specialized in the real estate industry.
View more Thought Leadership articles from FGMK


text:
Watch The Mentalist Season 2 Episode 1 online via TV Fanatic with over 6 options to watch the The Mentalist S2E1 full episode. Affiliates with free and paid streaming include Amazon, iTunes, Vudu, YouTube Purchase, Google Play, and Verizon On Demand.
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Shows FREE
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Episode Details
On the season two premiere of The Mentalist, the CBI looks into the case of a suffocated woman. Also, agent Sam Bosco enters the picture.
- Show:
- The Mentalist
- Season:
- The Mentalist Season 2
- Episode Number:
- 1


text:
Mangoes played a very important role in our growing up ages. Ofcourse, the fact that we were almost always on, or under a mango tree, while playing outdoors, contributed to the love for the fruit. I have already written in depth about the magnificent mangrove that formed a part of my childhood. For those of you who missed it, read it here.
The mango season coincided with the vacations in Kerala, and various cousins from different parts of the country (and in some cases, the world) would arrive within a few days of each other. We were mostly accompanied by parents (who by then had become unimportant details for the holidays), but the heroes were those cousins who were the 'unaccompanied minors' in the giant "Tharavadu" house of my grandparents.
Each one of us had our favorite quirk. There is Rajettan (ettan = big brother in Malayalam), who loved climbing trees, or anything that looked intimidatingly tall enough. Somehow, he had no sense of risk - whether it involved in scaling tall trees, or sliding down the slanting tiled roof or jumping into the little pond in the backyard. We would stand below, shouting to him which mango we would like plucked out and thrown to us, and he would laughingly oblige. He would usually be the ring leader when we went trudging uphill to an aunt's house. He is today a dental surgeon-professor, but I know, given a chance, he would still love to be climbing those mango trees, and eat the raw mangoes with salt on them!
And closely following him would be Arunettan, who was the best person to have on your team when we played 'pitthu' (or seven tiles), since could think like a decorated general in war! Then there is Anuettan. The oldest of us all, and the one who was old enough to be 'unaccompanied' most of the times.
Reshma, and Amrutha the two most fashionable sisters, who knew the latest songs, trend, movies and were also toppers in their respective classes. Needless to say, they set the bar high for everyone in the family. Then there is Praveen, the youngest male in our generation, who would get bossed around by all of us! He and I shared a special bond - and we would discuss all and sundry while playing badminton, or when we had our evening hikes to the hillock. All problems of the world - career choices, broken hearts, scary encounters with seniors got discussed on that little hillock we all so loved.
Then there were the 'little kiddo' cousins - the ones who always got bullied into gathering the flowers for Onam, but rarely got to make the flower carpet, the ones who always waited longest for their turn at the swings, the ones who got left out whenever we had 'trade secrets' to share - Seema, Priya and Indu .... still think of you as those little kids !!
My grandmother was (for want of a stronger word) a fantastic cook. She made fabulous sambars and avials and kootu curries. But she also made amazing meen curry - inspite of being a strict vegetarian! One of her legendary pickles was nicknamed "Ammammende Achar" - which translates into Grandmom's Achar.
She would painstakingly make oodles and oodles of them for all of us. She would lovingly walk around the long dining table with a jar of the most amazing achar ever, putting precious spoonfuls of it on to our plates. By the time she reached the last person, the first person would have polished off the pickle on his plate, and Ammamma would make the next round. This would go on till a sensible older cousin realised what pigs we were, and tell Ammamma to just leave the whole darn jar on the table. Ofcourse, the jar would be empty of all contents when we finally left the table. Towards the end of the holidays, Ammamaa would declare that the current jar was the last one (however, she always kept a few jars in safe custody of the high almirah of the store rooms, which all of us carried back across the globe. These were the days when airlines were not such pain in the ***, and allowed pickle bottles on flights!) The last few pieces of achar always saw epic battles being fought, sly cousins stealing it from the plates of the less wary ones, or older cousins bribing the younger ones for it.
Ammamma would then come in to console us, letting in on a secret - she would put extra into the jars that went into our bags. After a few years, age weakened Ammamma'a eyesight, and she couldn't trust herself to make the perfect achar. She would now sit at the dining table when we had our dinner, but the achar was conspicuous by its absence. Years later, after her demise, Ammamma and her fantastic achar always crop up in our conversations. Love you Ammamma!
|the enigmatic Ammamma


text:
What's in a name? Shakespeare once wrote.
Plenty, at least in cyberspace.
A catchy "domain name" on the Internet can be as good as gold for some companies, and the gold rush is well under way.
A domain name is an address that's used to direct Internet users to a company's on-line site. For example, Sony Corp. owns the domain "sony.com." Most Internet users are familiar with this naming convention and will expect Sony's World Wide Web address to be www.sony.com, which it is.
The problem is that many commonly used words, names and company monikers are already registered. Hundreds of people may be listed in a phone book under the surname Smith, but there can be only one domain called "smith.com" on the Internet.
Let's say you wanted to put a company on the Internet to promote tourism in Rhode Island. You might want ri.com for your domain name. But you'd be too late. It already belongs to a 25-year-old software engineer who owns Rom Industries in Chicago. He registered the domain back in 1992.
What about using providence.com for your on-line tourism company? Forget it. That's been gone since October, 1994. It's registered to an Internet access provider in Manhattan. The provider is holding the domain name for a man who wanted to start "some kind of financial company," but has yet to do so, said Bruce Fancher, president of Phantom Access Technologies in New York City.
And oceanstate.com? Gone. That was snapped up last September by Ocean State Rigging Systems, a North Providence company that suspends theatrical sound and lighting systems for big name entertainers like Michael Jackson and the Rolling Stones, said Lenny Puckett, the company's vice president.
Domain name registrations have increased dramatically. In 1994 alone, commercial domain registrations jumped from about 29,000 to 170,000, according to Internet Info, a Virginia company that tracks Internet statistics. That's an increase of more than 580 percent.
Why are domain names so important?
"For us, it's the issue of marketing," said Andy Green, president of Intelecom Data Systems, an East Greenwich Internet access provider that owns the domain "ids.net."
Green said his company would also like to have the domain nettv.com because his company is working with Cox Cablevision to deliver Internet access via cable television. But nettv.com is already taken. Green said he might be willing to buy it from the owner for "up to a few thousand dollars or so." He likens the expense to the cost of an advertisement.
How to claim a name
Registering a new domain name is not very difficult; many Internet access providers will handle all the details for their customers. And until last September it was free.
That's when Network Solutions, the Virginia company that processes registration applications, announced it couldn't keep up with the demand.
The company, which is under contract from an Internet agency called InterNIC, doles out domain names on a first-come, first-served basis. As long as a domain name isn't already taken and you don't appear to have some ill intent (snapping up your competitor's domain name, for example), you can register it. (That doesn't mean you necessarily can keep it if you've registered the trademarked name of a Fortune 500 company, for example. You would certainly face legal action.)
A domain name registration will cost you $100 up front, plus an annual fee of $50 that kicks in after the second year - about the yearly cost of an American Express card. (Which, by the way, has already registered americanexpress.com).
There are more than 200,000 commercial domains of all kinds, from those that obviously mirror corporate names (like disney.com), to the utterly ridiculous (like underarm.com).
Underarm.com is actually registered by Cincinnati-based Procter and Gamble, which owns at least 110 domain names, according to Internet Info.
"We want to give our company several avenues for getting our message out to consumers," saidElizabeth Moore, a spokeswoman for Procter and Gamble.
Intestinal address
Among the others P & G has registered are headache.com, pimples.com, badbreath.com and even - diarrhea.com.
What does Proctor & Gamble want with diarrhea.com?
"We don't discuss our plans for domain names," Moore said. But she did say her company is the maker of Pepto Bismol, which is sometimes used to relieve that uncomfortable ailment.
So presumably someone with diarrhea will be able to go to their computer, log on to the Internet, type in something like www.diarrhea.com and learn everything about solving their gastrointestinal troubles.
At least Rhode Islanders have an advantage over those in other parts of the country when searching for new domain names. That's because we talk funny he-ah. Pizza.com and lobster.com may already be taken, but pizzer.com and lobstah.com are still available.
Search for your domain
It's easy to check whether a domain is registered or not. You can search domain names on the Web site of InterNIC, the agency that keeps the domain registry, at http://rs.internic.net/cgi-bin/whois
Ryan's place
The bulletin board run by Ryan Gralinski, the Coventry teenager featured in the Jan. 21 Cybertalk column, is called The Party Palace BBS. Its phone number is 822-3207.


text: Aeroflot Airlines is an airline company that provides passenger and cargo transport services. It was set up on 9 February 1923. Headquarter of the company is situated in Moscow, Russia. The main hub of the Aeroflot Airlines is Sheremetyevo International Airport. Aeroflot-Cargo, Aeroflot-Finance, Donavia and Jetallians Vostok are subsidiary units of Aeroflot Airlines. Aeroflot Airlines is owned by Government of Russia.It has the membership of SkyTeam airline alliance. Aeroflot Airlines covers 129 destinations with the fleet of over 154 aircraft of Airbus A319-100, Airbus A320-200, Airbus A321-200, Airbus A330-200, Airbus A330-300, Boeing 737-800, Boeing 767-300ER, Boeing 777-300ER and Sukhoi Superjet 100-95. Corporate office of the company is located in Moscow, Russia. Aeroflot Airlines is among the oldest and largest airlines in the globe.


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Is SATI a female or a male name and where does SATI originate from?
SATI is Female and the name originates from Hindi/Indian
SATI means: (सती) Hindi name SATI means "truthful." In mythology, this is an epithet belonging to the goddess Durga.
Is the gender of the name SATI male or female and what people use it most often?
The name SATI originates from Hindi/Indian and SATI is a Female name
SATI means: (सती) Hindi name SATI means "truthful." In mythology, this is an epithet belonging to the goddess Durga.
SATI is a Female baby name and origin is Hindi/Indian
SATI, Female means: (सती) Hindi name SATI means "truthful." In mythology, this is an epithet belonging to the goddess Durga.
In Hindi/Indian, the name SATI is most often used as the name of a Female. And in Hindi/Indian, the Female name SATI means (सती) Hindi name SATI means "truthful." In mythology, this is an epithet belonging to the goddess Durga.
Like to add another meaning or definition of SATI?
Horoscope/Zodiac/Astrological meaning of SATI. SATI means: With a name number 4, you're administering planet is Uranus. You have a midly unstable character with numerous one of a kind perspectives. Likes to analysis and attempt new encounters. You think ahead, are creative furthermore have numerous superb companions. You get exhausted effortlessly by routine things, so you attempt to have numerous moving exercises to puntuate your life. You are frequently pioneer, with an innovative and inventive personality. Here and there you are willful and resolved on occasion in seeking after your objectives. Unanticipated occasions throughout your life influence you more emphatically than adversely.
Dependable. You are the sort of companion everybody swings to when they have a question about something or need assistance to alter their PC or move their stuff. You could never let it be known, however you blossom with being required! Your qualities lie in the way you can imagine every one of the parts of the entire, and assault an issue with both instinct and precise logic.Dark side? Possibly somewhat unshakable when you know you are correct!
SATI name means:
S: Meaning of S in the name SATI means: You appreciate liberality. Ability is awesome, however don't exaggerate. Seek after most prominent ability and fortunes is next to you. Talented, you bring exhilaration into lives of others. Captivating identity, help other people toward success and also yourself. Courage and flexibility bring astounding profession, accommodate seniority. Try not to dream about implausible objectives, be down to earth and cut out a profession. Awesome vision, don't ignore what is as of now achieved. Creativity, don't diffuse vitality or ability impulsively. Well-spoken, disordered and mean, look for exhortation in all exchanges.
For you, it is business before joy. In the event that you are in any capacity irritated via vocation, business, or cash concerns, you think that its difficult to unwind and get into the state of mind. You can be impractically optimistic to a blame and are prepared to do much sexiness. Be that as it may, you never lose control of your feelings. You are exceptionally watchful and careful before you give your heart away-and your body, so far as that is concerned. When you make the dedication, however, you stick like paste.
A: Meaning of A in the name SATI means: You can be tranquil when you have something at the forefront of your thoughts. Imperativeness and eagerness, move others, inclined to sick wellbeing, sound judgment defeats, fractiousness and "nerves", make money related and local issues. Taking part in new exercises, defeats timidity, unanticipated occasions may bring about startling move to faraway place. Travel generally, may live a long way from home. You could endure claim whimsicalness. Desire accomplished through application and aptitude.
You are not especially sentimental, but rather you are keen on activity. You mean business. With you, what you see is the thing that you get. You have no tolerance for being a tease and can't be annoyed with somebody who is attempting to be bashful, adorable, shy, and inconspicuously tempting. You are an in advance individual. With regards to sex, its activity that matters, not dark indications. Your mate's physical allure is imperative to you. You discover the pursuit and test of the "chase" fortifying. You are energetic and sexual, and in addition being considerably more audacious than you show up, be that as it may, you don't circumvent publicizing these qualities. Your physical needs are your essential concern.
T: Meaning of T in the name SATI means: You like hanging out with companions when you have time. You appreciate the organization of others in get-togethers. Awesome creative energy your finest ability. utilize properly to appreciate wealth and respect. Eager, apprehensive and peevish, looking for fraternity. Change of surroundings regularly makes a difference. Dream and savor the experience of the peculiar help with new attempts. Consider a truthful subject, particularly history. Rash with low weariness limit. Concentrated study fulfills not, magical interests do. Great imitator, requiring venturesome individuals around.
You are extremely touchy, private, and sexually latent; you like an accomplice who leads the pack. Music, delicate lights and sentimental contemplations turn you on. You fantasize and tend to fall all through adoration. At the point when in affection, you are sentimental, hopeful, soft, and to a great degree alterable. You appreciate having your faculties and your emotions empowered, titillated, and prodded. You are an awesome tease. You can make your connections fit your fantasies, all in your own head.
I: Meaning of I in the name SATI means: You could be unstable some of the time. Endeavors remunerated by excellent family life. Inverse sex can be a disturbance. Ability in your most noteworthy love and motivation. Capriciousness causes awesome anguish. Sympathy and human comprehension bring rewards. Keenness may meddle with physical goals. Try not to mistake erotic nature for adoration for family. Take after your beliefs.
You have an incredible should be adored, acknowledged… even loved. You appreciate extravagance, exotic nature, and joys of the substance. You search for partners who recognize what they are doing. You are not keen on a novice, unless that beginner needs a guide. You are fastidious and demanding about having your longings fulfilled. You will trial and attempt new methods of sexual expression. You bore effortlessly and therefore require sexual enterprise and change. You are more arousing than sexual, yet you are now and again out and out lewd.
Zodiac Sign Names, sentences and phrases similar to SATI
SATI means: (सती) Hindi name SATI means "truthful." In mythology, this is an epithet belonging to the goddess Durga.
Sati means: True.
Sati means: Shining; Bright
Sati means: Partner, Chaste woman
Sati | means: Partner, Chaste woman
Sati | ஸதீ means: Partner, Chaste woman
Satender | ஸாதேந்தார means: Lord Shiva, Husband of Sati
Satender means: Lord Shiva; Husband of Sati
SATI means: , goddess of the sunbeam; consort of Khnum.
Daksha means: The earth, Sati (Wife of Lord Shiva)
CRESCENCIA means: Spanish feminine form of Latin Crescentius, CRESCENCIA means "to spring up, grow, thrive."
STEPHAN means: German form of Latin Stephanus, STEPHAN means "crown."
Iksumalavi means: Sight
Karampal means: The Keeper of God's Grace
Ajini means: Lovers
Chaithra means: First Month of the Year; Spring; New Bright Light
Nayana means: Most Beautiful Eyes; One with Attractive Eyes
Pragana means: God
Zarinaa means: Queen
Lilliane means: Flower Name Lily; Symbol of Innocence Purity and Beauty; Variant of Lillian
Tags: Horoscope & Zodiac Meaning of SATI. Meaning of SATI. Did you find the numerology meaning of the name SATI? Please, add a meaning of SATI if you did not find one from a search of SATI.
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text:
Date: 13 May 2013 01:18
Number of posts: 4
RSS: New posts
Props for the picture, friend.
is composed of a dense white plastic. The metal within SCP-XXXX has been identified as steel.
What ? No "strange white substance hitherto unknown to mankind" and "space metal with very high tensile strength to weight ratio" ? Bless your kind heart!
I was going to mention the plothole where "the proposed time required for 1000 people to die [worldwide]", would allow for testing since there are natural disasters with more than 1000 deaths. But you cleverly undermined that with "It has been noted that SCP-XXXX has never displayed a reading outside of a 500 mile radius around itself." , meaning that the Foundation would have to cause a "natural" disaster within that radius to test it outright.
These positions were thought to be random, but after review of video surveillance during Incident
Here I would change "review" to "analysis", since it feels like it would be quite a complex pattern to decipher.
I'm not a fan of strikethroughs to indicate new recent discoveries or status updates and prefer to see these mentioned in notes or explained in addendums, but that might be just me.
I like your take on "Correlation is not causation … unless it is", with very little magic and an unresolved hypothesis that can't easily be tested.
I made a few revisions based on what you both have suggested, and even the little tonal changes help a lot. Any other ideas before I post it and let the dreadlords do what they do best?