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Bugtussle is 100 acres of mostly wilderness on the Northside that, depending on who you talk to, is complete nirvana or utter hell.
Evelyn Williams Schuh's parents built a house on the family-owned land and lived there from 1948-52. Her mother, Grace Williams, was not a fan, particularly after that wandering cow poked its head in an open kitchen window and mooed in her face.
She didn't like the bugs, the wildlife, the remoteness, the lack of civilized amenities.
She was a city girl and preferred their St. Nicholas home.
Her husband, Frank, a hunter and fisherman, adored the place and felt a bond since his father had homesteaded the land.
Schuh, about 18 at the time, remembers having a ball out there. She was 22 when her mother won what could have been called the Battle of Bugtussle (if it had been called Bugtussle yet) and her parents moved back to town.
Then Sue Spencer arrived.
Spencer and her late husband, Robert, bought the property from the Williams family. At the time, the Spencers were headed to Africa - he was a mining engineer and the family followed his work - and wanted a summer home to come back to.
The Spencers had some requirements.
"We must have trees and woods and water, and we did," she said.
They also had snakes and alligators and bugs and those roaming cattle. And they were isolated from the rest of the world.
But the beauty of the pristine land, which is on Bogey Creek overlooking what is now the Timucuan Preserve, won them over.
"He thought it was heaven," Spencer said of her husband.
Still, Spencer kept its out-in-the-middle-of-nowhere qualities in mind when she searched for a fitting name. She said Methodist circuit rider preachers of the late 1700s and 1800s traveled on horseback along a "circuit" of numerous rural churches. The last, most remote church, the one at the end of their long, exhausting journey, was called Bugtussle, she said.
So she anointed the Spencer wilderness as Bugtussle.
In the almost 60 years she has lived there since - in between mining expeditions and then in retirement - she watched development move closer and closer. She watched a nearby cattle ranch transformed into a housing development. She watched the massive JEA cooling towers rise from the ground and impede an interrupted view across the marsh.
"Sad," she said.
And she's worried about Bugtussle's future.
Now 92 and a widow, Spencer, a lifelong conservationist, is working with the North Florida Land Trust to protect the beloved land so future generations will be able to experience a real live wilderness.
The Spencer mining expeditions ranged from Africa to South America to Australia. Three sons came along. Spencer had so many adventures during those overseas trips that she wrote books chronicling her experiences - including "African Creeks I Have Been Up" and "More Creeks I Have Been Up" - and loves to tell those stories to visitors.
But she had just as many adventures at Bugtussle.
One recent morning, Spencer and Schuh, the daughter of the land's previous owners, met for the first time. After a fond hug in the driveway of Spencer's modest home on the property, they talked and laughed about aging and shared stories about the land they both loved.
"I'm 92. You're just a spring chicken," Spencer said to Schuh, who is 82. "I am getting shorter by the day."
Schuh, who lives on Jacksonville's Westside, had long wanted that sitdown.
She knew of Spencer from her parents, knew of her books and read in the Times-Union about her hopes for the land. Schuh had a few false starts before they connected. Unable to reach Spencer by phone, she drove to Bugtussle a few years ago - and found it still as remote as she remembered.
"I drove out, but I was afraid if I got out of the car somebody might shoot us," Schuh recalled with a laugh.
She finally got out of the car when Bonnie Barnes, executive director of the Land Trust, drove the two of them to visit Spencer.
"I sat here 50 years waiting," Spencer said.
She told stories about "illegal things" she's done at Bugtussle over the years, one of which involved one of those roaming cows.
"I kept crying about cows eating my rose bush. It was the only bush I had," she said.
The cow somehow ended up shot and "all evidence" thrown in the creek, except for what she thought would be a few "perfect steaks," she said. But these cows were not grass fed, so the steaks were not perfect.
"Terrible. Raw, wild animal. Just terrible," she said.
Schuh remembered seeing an area church baptize people in the creek.
"I spent a lot of time out here," she said. "Beautiful country. … Huge old pecan trees."
The family would have picnics on the water, her father would fish.
"My dad loved it," she said. "My mother kept complaining, 'This is the closest to hell I've ever been. We've been living in the woods.' She said, 'Sue named that place right.' "
Schuh heartily endorsed Spencer's intent to preserve the land. So would her father, she said.
"I am so happy what you're doing with it," she said. "Daddy would be beside himself [with joy]."
The conservation of Bugtussle is well under way.
Spencer family members hold interests in the land as shareholders for a family corporation. In 2006, as developer interest increased, they sold a 6-acre tract called Bogey Landing to the Land Trust, a Beaches-based group that buys and conserves scenic, natural, agricultural and open land in seven Northeast Florida counties. The Spencers also gave the Land Trust first right of refusal on other Bugtussle property.
That was the beginning of the Bogey Creek Preserve project.
The importance of the preserve stems not only from the land's pristine nature and status as home to uplands, lowlands and all sorts of wildlife. The property also "protects two very important streams that feed Clapboard Creek and the St. Johns River," Barnes said.
"It's important to our organization to protect properties adjacent to our critical watersheds. By doing so, we're helping protect our water supply," she said.
When funds are available, the Land Trust hopes to buy 67 more acres of Spencer land and 15 acres from another landowner to complete the preserve.
Sue Spencer hopes they pull it off.
Beth Reese Cravey: (904) 359-4109


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Life Skills Trainer (Sebago House PT 20)
Primary Location: ME-MESebago-986 Sebago Rd
Function:Direct Support Professional (Care Givers)
NeuroRestorative Maine
All Shifts Available - $13+/Hr.
NeuroRestorative Maine offers Neurorehabilitation, Neurobehavioral and Supported Living programs for adults with brain injury and other neurological challenges. We enable participants to receive the appropriate level of supervision, services and supports based on their individual rehabilitation goals.
NeuroRestorative Maine is a partner of The MENTOR Network, a national network of local human services providers offering quality, community-based services to adults and children with intellectual and developmental disabilities, brain and spinal cord injuries and other catastrophic injuries and illnesses, and to youth with emotional, behavioral and medically complex challenges as well as their families. With opportunities from coast to coast, when you join NeuroRestorative Maine and The MENTOR Network, you'll make a difference every day and help to provide quality of life enhancing services to individuals across the country.
- High school diploma or GED
- PSS, DSP, or CRMA preferred but not required
- Six months to one year of experience in the human services industry preferred
- Valid driver's license from state of residence

subset: commoncrawl


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John Ernest Colepeper1,2
Male, #9427, (20 Sep 1900 - 18 Nov 1962)
|George Kopper Culpeper of Barbados and South Africa (29 Sep 1862 - 30 Nov 1921)
|Mary Florence Lamb of Scotland (14 Aug 1875 - 1958)
|From DNA and genealogical evidence we conclude that John Ernest Colepeper is a member of the International branch whose most recent common ancestor is either William Culpeper of Hunton and Wigsell, or the Rev. William Culpeper of Barbados.
|This surname is sometimes spelled Culpepper.
|This surname is sometimes spelled Culpeper.
|20 Sep 1900
|John was born at South Africa on 20 Sep 1900.1
|World War I*
|say 1918
|He served in World War I say 1918.2
|Death of Father
|30 Nov 1921
|His father George Kopper Culpeper of Barbados and South Africa died on 30 Nov 1921 at Durban, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa.2
|say 1938
|He married Gertrude Mary Ward at South Africa say 1938.
|He was photographed in 1938 at South Africa.2
|Birth of Son
|31 Jan 1939
|His son Ian George Colepeper was born on 31 Jan 1939 at South Africa.
|World War II*
|between 1940 and 1945
|He served in World War II between 1940 and 1945
(His son Ian George Colepeper reported: "In 1941, John was in Egypt where he was the Regimental Sergeant Major (W.O.2 ) of the 2nd Anti-Tank which was part of the 2nd South African Division in the Western desert. Most of these chaps got taken prisoner by Rommel at Tobruk, but John and his crew sneaked out during the night before Tobruk fell.")2
|Death of Mother
|His mother Mary Florence Lamb of Scotland died in 1958 at Durban, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa.2
|He was photographed in 1961 at South Africa.2
|18 Nov 1962
|He died at South Africa on 18 Nov 1962 at age 62.
|20 Nov 1962
|His body was interred on 20 Nov 1962 at Stellawood Cemetery, Durban, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa.3
|Gertrude Mary Ward (20 Jan 1905 - 16 Jul 1982)
|say 1938
|He married Gertrude Mary Ward at South Africa say 1938.
|The Culpepers of Barbados and the Colepepers of South Africa: Descendant Chart
|Last Edited
|11 Aug 2011
- E-mail written 1998-2006 to Warren Culpepper from Richard Clark Culpeper (#9447), 139A Little Norway Road, Station F, RR 3, Site 3, Compartment 11, Oliver & Paipoonge Township, Thunder Bay Ontario P7C 4V2 Canada, Phone 807-625-6341, e-mail address.
- E-mail written 1999-2008 to Lew Griffin and Warren Culpepper from Ian George Colepeper (#36386), South Africa, (deceased 2008).
- E-mail written 1999-2008 to Lew Griffin and Warren Culpepper from Ian George Colepeper (#36386), South Africa, (deceased 2008).
It became a tradition after WW2 to be cremated in SA and erect memorial plaques - the memorial plaques of my parents' (John & Mary) are in Stellawood Cemetery, also in Durban.


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When it comes to breast cancer, early detection is key. Join our surgeon and learn about breast health and mammography.
This is a free event, but seating is limited.
Join us at 5:30 p.m. for light refreshments and a mini health fair. Presentation begins at 6 p.m.
Register below or call (937) 558-3988


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Amy L. Doneen
Bradley F. Bale, MD and Amy L. Doneen, ARNP are co-founders of the Bale/Doneen Method, which they teach to healthcare providers. Their research on cardiovascular disease prevention has been published in such respected medical journals as Atherosclerosis, Post Graduate Medicine, Journal of the National Medical Association, Journal of Clinical Lipidology, Cardiology Roundtable, Physician's Weekly, Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, and ADVANCE for Healthy Aging. Doneen is the medial director of the Heart Attack & Stroke Prevention Center in Spokane, Washington. She is Adjunct Professor at Texas Tech Health Science Center's School of Nursing and is currently in the doctoral nursing program at Gonzaga University.


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Beautiful Oak Hills home comes with paid for solar! This Move-in ready 2,436 square foot 3 bed 2 bath single story home has been well maintained and upgraded by the current owners. Sitting on nearly an acre of property in a quiet neighborhood this home features, an open kitchen with granite counters and newer appliances, large living room with brand new wood burning stove, additional 20'X30′ bonus room with tile flooring, large guest bedrooms, inside laundry and a large master suite with dual sink vanity and private sitting porch. The solar system was added less than 5 years ago and will be paid for upon closing. Lot features 2 outdoor sheds, plenty of space for R.V. parking and toy storage perfect for any lifestyle.
Updated on November 3, 2018 at 9:57 pm
10864 Muscatel Oak Hills
10864 Muscatel Oak Hills


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One of the most promising news surrounding White Shark Media Company is that the firm has managed to overcome some of the challenges its customers have been going through. It is common for a newly created firm to go through problems and it is not different with White Shark Media Complaints. Ability to go forward is achieved through realizing problems and having a solution finding approach to create a better service platform for the customers.
White Shark Media Company has had a number of complaints put forward by customers but efforts have been laid to out to bring harmony and a better service platform.
Some complaints that were posted and their solutions
White Shark Media is a consultancy agency, and their most important task is communication. In their early days of operation, their clients didn't feel as if their communication were good enough since to get hold of their contact person was frustrating since they had to go through a receptionist. As a result, they had to implement a way to correct it;
Each and every month or as requested they had a client, and SEM Strategist review their result of thirty days and sent out the monthly report in advance of the meeting. Their meeting took place in an online conference tool known as GoToMeeting. Online conference system allows the company to share a screen, so they it is easy to go through the release and the AdWords account while the clients are seeing. This plan worked and was praised by many clients. Learn more about White Shark Media Complaints: https://twitter.com/whitesharkmedia and http://blog.whitesharkmedia.com/typical-complaints-from-white-shark-media-clients-and-how-we-make-sure-they-never-happen-again
The system allowed their customers to be able to contact a person directly this was a big relief for many of their customers. Once a person sign in he or she gets an email with the information contact information for your contact person and the person's executive. This boosted their communication significantly.
A person signing in with an individual who agrees on everything but afterward he end up getting a contact person who cannot help him or her in any way. To deal with this, their Senior SEM Consultants ensured they followed every client from the moment they signed in up to the optimization process.
In conclusion as a result of many complaints that people posted they made a lot of changes which a result carried them forward and put them in a better place.
For inmates housed at state and federal correctional institutions across the nation, having a line of communication with family, loved ones, and others, is a vital provision that they rely on and put their faith every day. For persons seeking to maintain contact with an inmate, the company that facilitates this line of communication is also trusted and depended upon to be a secure, reputable and reliable service. In most states, the leading prison telecom provider is Global Tel Link, which provides not only inmate telephone services but also video visitation and scheduling and inmate funding services for commissary accounts.
Recently as reported by PR Newswire, Global Tel-Link, commonly referred to as GTL, has been linked to reports of serious breaches of integrity and wrongdoings in the state of Louisiana that have spanned an on-going period for years. These findings will be reviewed by Securus Technologies, a national provider of criminal and civil justice technology solutions that focuses on public safety, corrections, investigation and monitoring. Your text to link… The initial findings, which were discovered by investigations of the Louisiana Public Trade Commission (LPTC), included a list of wrongs that included overcharging customers, adding time to calls to inflate costs, charging higher rates than what was allowed, and billing customers for duplicate calls. Watch this video on Youtube.
Securus Technologies hopes to bring about a halt to the unfair and wrong practices that GTL has reportedly engaged in as well as to raise public awareness about the operations of and billing methods of prison communication providers in the US. Securus will review the accusations against GTL and the findings of the LPTC with a series of press releases scheduled to be released over the next six months.
For more info, visit Securus' crunchbase page.
Related links:
Without compliance officers many businesses today would find themselves in serious trouble and facing and endless stream of litigation. Compliance officers create policies and procedures to help companies run their businesses without breaking laws and sullying their reputations. As business regulations and restrictions become more complex and more difficult to navigate, the well-trained, experience compliance officer has become indispensable. It is no longer a position filled by some inexperienced bureaucrat to appease the public. The modern compliance officer must be able to identify, prevent, and solve sophisticated business problems.
In times past, the compliance officer was window dressing. A mere rubber stamp for the policies of corporate leaders. Today the business world requires activist compliance officers that fight tooth and nail to ensure safe business practices are enacted and followed. Failure to do so can leave a company in dire straits. That is why the compliance officers being hired nowadays must be well-educated individuals with a deep understanding of the industry in which they work and the laws governing it.
Helane Morrison is an excellent example of a successful modern compliance officer. Morrison has a solid educational background, a deep and clear understanding of the law, and over a decade worth of experience investigating businesses to make sure they comply with the relevant laws and do not take advantage of their customers. A new York native, Morrison has a bachelor's degree from Northwestern University, a law degree from UC Berkley, and practiced law for 10 years. After leaving the San Francisco law firm with which she was a partner, Morrison took a position with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
For 11 years Helane Morrison was head of regional enforcement for the SEC's San Francisco office. While there she investigate companies to make sure they were in compliance with all applicable laws. Morrison won numerous cases against major companies guilty of fraud or misconduct. So when she became chief Compliance Officer for Hall Capital Partners in 2007, she knew exactly what regulators would be looking for and the types of practices she had to make sure her company avoided. Her education, experience, and work history were just the preparation she needed for the position with the California-based financial services company. She had legal and investigative experience and an impeccable reputation.


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Learning Hebrew and finding love at Ulpan EtzionThey couldn't communicate until they each learned Hebrew. Now they are getting married By Jewish Agency Staff 0
They fight for Israel. We make sure they have support.Every year, hundreds of young Jewish adults from around the world make Aliyah and enlist in the IDF through the Garin Tzabar program. Although the new recruits come to Israel alone, the program By Jewish Agency Staff 0
Through Israel-Diaspora bonds, Kol Ami academies help young adults fulfill their dreamsNew York native Tara Feldman, 18, is a staunch supporter of Israel and envisions herself in an IDF combat role. After working to counter antisemitism and defend the Jewish State as a high school By Jewish Agency Staff 0
'None of the stereotypes are true:' Jewish Agency pre-military academy opens Israelis to diversityIsrael boasts a rich mosaic of religion and culture, but recognizing and understanding the country's diversity isn't a given for all young people who call the Jewish State home. For Dror Ovadia, a 19 By Jewish Agency Staff 0
"I never planned to be a leader" — cultivating Jewish leadership around the globeNina Peretz, 34, revived her Berlin synagogue. She is thankful for what she learned as a fellow on The Jewish Agency's Adaptive Leadership Lab Fellowship By Jewish Agency Staff 0
Getting a start in the 'start-up nation'Vladimir and Darya immigrated to Israel with their 2-year-old daughter Liza in March 2016 from Russia. The Jewish Agency helped Vladimir launch a new career in high tech during their stay at The By Jewish Agency Staff 0
Not Just Seeing Israel - Giving BackWhile Yakov Platt had been to Israel before, this time was different. "With Project TEN, I wanted to come to Israel and be active. Not just take a look at Israel - I wanted to help people in By Jewish Agency Staff 0
From Tragedy to Blessing - A Journey to IsraelOrit Yegardo Efraim nearly didn't make it to Israel from Ethiopia. Much of the journey was on foot. As she walked through Sudan, she "started feeling sick and I collapsed. Friends, one on the right By Jewish Agency Staff 0


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High Altitude Subsistence Slope Temperature Aspect Water Wind Soil Clouds. Primary Types of Subsistence/Land Use Natural Adaptation : Make use of indigenous species Modification : Adapt environment to a species or species to environment Agriculture Animal Husbandry Agro-pastoral
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Primary Types of Subsistence/Land Use
Natural Adaptation: Make use of indigenous species
Modification: Adapt environment to a species or species to environment
Animal Husbandry
Multiple Combinations
Agriculture in Mountains MUST Exhibit:
Production Zones (Culturally Created)
A communally managed set of specific productive resources in which crops are grown in distinctive ways. Include Infra-structural features, a specific rationing system of resources (irrigation) and rule making mechanisms that regulate how productive resources are used.
Land Tenure
Rights and Obligations held by different groups or actors over diverse privileges concerning land…Dictates who has the rights to use land, not the right to own land
Households and Communities, Land Creates Communities
Hardy Crops- Barley, Wheat, Quinoa
Maize production….Alfalfa….
Yields versus Maturation Time
Shorter Growing Season and Longer Maturation Period
Crop Rotation and Fallow periods- Soil Fertility and Maintenance
Altitude and Crop Placement- Verticality
Aspect/Cloud Cover and Crop Placement
Double Cropping and Timing
Diurnal Temperatures
Risk of Frost
Sectorial Fallow System (3400-4000m)
Reciprocity and Exchange in the Andes
In the Andes this is crucial to having agricultural system work
Verticality of crop growth and Anexio Villages…Exchanging crops and goods that grow at different altitudes.
"Vertical Archipelago" (Murra)
Symmetrical and Asymmetrical modes of Reciprocity
Waje-Waje- Exact Exchange (account kept, Ayuda-no account)
Minka- Return with goods, more formal, no ties
Voluntad- Kinship
High Protein, Low Fat
Have high fecundity- 1 male and 7 females can produce 360 cuy a year- 77 lbs of meat!
Kept in kitchen-believe that they need smoke
Eat scraps and alfalfa
How does it differ from nomadism, semi-nomadism and seasonal alpine pasture use….?
Ascending Transhumance
Descending Transhumance
Intermediate Stationed Transhumance
Dual Stationed Transhumance
Animals important for food, travel, etc., but are ESSENTIAL for agriculture and fertilization
Camelid/Yak Dung for Fuel-no trees
Sheep Dung for Fertilizer
Pastoral Nomads in the Himalayas- "drokpa"
Mixed Mountain Agriculture
Rhoades and Thompson (1975):
"The key to the success of agro-pastoral transhumance in the alpine valleys is the constant motion, the vertical oscillation of cultivators, herders and beasts following the vicissitudes of climate in an effort to exploit micro-niches at several altitudinal levels"
Is this a valid statement? Do all mountain cultures practice their land-use in this way…What about the case of Limi?
Dr. Pitambar Sharma, Geographical Development Expert: "Mountain culture is different from other cultures. If you go to mountain regions of other parts of the world, say to Bolivia or Ecuador in South America, and come back to the mountains of Nepal, you sense some commonalities. People's capacity to adapt to mountain environment - coping mechanism - is more or less similar no matter which mountain regions of the world they come from."


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Givenchy is collaborating with Amanda Seyfried
Mimi ON May 02, 2013 AT 11:11 am
Givenchy is collaborating with American actress Amanda Seyfried for the new Very Irresistible fragrance campaign.
Amanda Seyfried has appeared in a string of outstanding films, including Mamma Mia!, Dear John, Letters to Juliet, In Time and most recently Les Misérables.
Parfums Givenchy Global President Thierry Maman said: "Amanda is a very talented actress with a sparkling beauty and an effortless sense of elegance.We very much look forward to working with her on a new exciting communication campaign."
The new campaign featuring Amanda Seyfried will be unveiled from Fall 2013.


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Hit the beach with this sustainable outfit!/
When it's time to finally soak up the sun and cool off in the water, you want a post-beach outfit that is flattering, classy, and of course ethical. That's why I just love this strappy bodysuit from COSSAC.
The thing I like most about this swimsuit is that it's so comfortable. It has self-tie shoulder straps, has a soft jersey feel, and it's got a wrap look that is flattering and forgiving. Really, what's not to like? But my favorite part is that COSSAC is "sustainably designed and ethically produced…with the aim of minimising wastefulness and maximising usefulness." I can imagine this body suit styled for almost any occasion - talk about versatile!
Of course, it wouldn't be a beach day without a fun wrap skirt, like the one from virtue + vice. This palm-designed wrap is a lightweight blend of sustainable, biodegradable, and cruelty-free rayon, polyester, and silk. It dries quickly, too! The adjustable tie makes it easy for anyone to rock this piece.
You can't hit the beach without some sun protection, which is why I love these Spy Sun Spark shades from the brand Sea2See. Gold and tortoise shell accents complement the body suit well and just look classy! This brand rescues ocean plastic waste and turns it into premium eyewear.
This Mini St. Tropez Tote from designer Kayu is a great addition to any beach or summery look. This cute little tote is made with sea grass and yarn by women cooperatives in the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia. They earn a living wage with Kayu and also preserve their cultural heritage by infusing their culture's textile practices into every piece. Get your mini tote at Amour Vert.
Last but not least, you need comfy, quality shoes that can stand up to the sun and sand. These black leather wrap sandals from Sseko are just the thing! They're made from high-quality leather and have tons of cushioning so you won't have to worry about your feet hurting. Sseko also supports young women in Uganda by employing them and helping them go to college, so your purchase goes a long way.
If you want to shop more tropical palm print, check out this of list of dresses, tops and pants that you will love! (all from ethical brands, of course)


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Paid To Be Shot?
I would first like it to be known that this post is in no way meant to undermine the severity of the Virginia Tech shootings on April 16th, 2007; I sympathize with everyone involved and affected by the tragedy and wish them only the very best during the recovery process.
I came across this New York Times article yesterday following up on the VT shootings. The article mentions the compensation available to the perished victims' families and the recovering victims of the shooting. While I'm glad that there is financial support for those involved, I thought to myself "would I get shot for that much money?"
So I pose this question: would you get shot for $50,000? Would you do it for $90,000? Would you do it for a free education? What is the price in which you would submit to being shot?
For me there is one major component of the proposal that needs to be confirmed before any decision can be made; would I have the chance of dying or would I be guaranteed to live? If I had the chance of dying I would say I ultimately value life more than money and the answer is no. If I was guaranteed to live I would say yes. Yes because that amount of money can be life-changing and physical pain can come from many seemingly harmless places (i.e. recreational sports that yield no financial gain).
I'm curious: would it be worth it to you?
- Mitch G


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An analysis of the political map and expectations
- Marion Gilmore
- 3 years ago
- Views:
1 ORSAM REVIEW OF REGIONAL AFFAIRS No.2, Aprıl 2014 The 2014 Iraqi Parliamentary Elections: An analysis of the political map and expectations Dr. Yasser Abdulhussein Director of Biladi Center for Strategic Studies and Researches - Iraq ABSTRACT This policy brief analyzes the Iraqi domestic political scene in the run up to the 2014 parliamentary elections, arguing that they may represent a turning point in the history of Iraq. It briefly traces Iraq s experience with elections by looking at the recent elections and their results, as well as discussing the changes to the electoral regulations. It examines the main challenges and contested issues that are affecting the political process before the elections, such as the different interpretations of the electoral laws and processes and the reluctance of the people to participate in elections. The brief examines in detail the main coalitions that will be competing in the elections, focusing on the shifts in their structure. The brief also elaborates on the prospects of the coalitions in the election results. The brief then examines the regional and international implications of Iraq s elections, as well as the impact of the regional and international developments on the electoral process. The brief concludes with an outline of the four major lines of divisions within the Iraqi people as regards their attitude in the elections.
2 The 2014 Iraqi Parliamentary Elections: An analysis of the political map and expectations This election reflects the development of the nature of the political process in Iraq after the U.S. withdrawal, and the extent of changes in the attitudes of Iraqi voters. The election process in general is no longer a process that involves the local reality of the state itself, but rather, it clearly affects the overall local and regional political interactions. This is especially so for countries that are located on the axis of the current crises in the Middle East region, which is like moving sands, and hardly experiences stability and steadiness in a world of changes. The coming Iraqi parliamentary elections is considered to be an important event, not only in Iraq, but also throughout the region. Moreover, this election reflects the development of the nature of the political process in Iraq after the U.S. withdrawal, and the extent of changes in the attitudes of Iraqi voters. Election results will demonstrate whether the changes will alter the fundamentals of the political game of the Iraqi political forces. A glimpse at numbers and history If we trace the political process in Iraq since the last elections of the Iraqi parliament (2010) and the provincial elections in 2009 and 2013, this can reveal us a number of features about the basic details of the political and electoral processes in Iraq. This election in 2014 will be the third legislative elections to be held, in addition to the referendum on the constitution which was held in On 15 December 2005, the ballot was held in the third elections after the fall of Saddam s regime, and after the election of the National Assembly, from which the transitional government was emanated. After the vote on the permanent constitution on 15 October 2005, 275 Council of Representatives members were selected, and this new council formed the first government of national partnership in power for four years instead of the interim government, and a number of seats has been allocated for each province in a way proportional to the number of population, while 45 seats were reserved for Iraqi minorities and women have been granted representation (25%). While the 2005 elections witnessed competition of 6655 candidates belonging to 307 political entities and 19 coalitions, the main blocs were: United Iraqi Alliance, list number (555), which achieved 128 seats; and Kurdistan Alliance, list number (730), which achieved 53 seats; and Iraqi National List and the Accordance Front, list number (731), which achieved 44 seats. On 7 March 2010, elections were held for the second Iraqi Council of Representatives, and these elections were held after a delay of more than two months from the scheduled date because of the delay in approving the election law, the discussion about the list of closed and open-list and single constituency and multi constituencies, and the desire of some blocs to postpone the elections. The rate of participation in the 2010 elections reached 55%, and the Iraqi List Coalition came in the first position and achieved 91 seats, followed by the State of Law Coalition with 89 seats, while the National Alliance achieved 69 seats, the Kurdistan Alliance achieved 40 seats, and the Accordance Front got 5 seats. As regards the electoral process in the Iraqi scene in 2014, however, the number of candidates for the Iraqi elections reached 9040 candidates, and all will compete for the seats in the Council of Representatives in the elections that will take place on 30 April These numbers mean that an average of about 28 candidates will be competing for each seat in the Council, and with this situation, the number of candidates in this 2 2
3 ORSAM REVIEW OF REGIONAL AFFAIRS: No.2, APRIL 2014 election increases by about 50% compared to the number of candidates in the elections that took place in 2010, in which 6281 candidates ran. Moreover, there will be elections for the provincial councils in Kurdistan Regional Government in Northern Iraq, for which 713 candidates will be competing. If we compare the April 2014 elections and the Council of Representatives elections in 2010, we find some important differences, which are worth paying attention to. Among these differences, we notice the growing number of participating coalitions and entities. While in the 2010 elections, the total number of coalitions and entities was 86 (12 coalition and 74 entity), in the 2014 elections, there are 107 political coalition and entities (35 coalition and 72 entity). The second point concerns the growing number of candidates. In the 2010 elections, around candidates competed, while in the current elections more than candidates will be competing. The increase in the number of candidates and lists is due to the defections and disintegration among the big alliances, and this is in line with the Sainte - Lague method in calculating votes and distribution of seats which gives a greater opportunity for small and medium lists at the expense of larger lists. The situation leads the latter to make smaller alliances to ensure not to lose its votes and to channel support to the medium lists and blocs. Electoral Power Centers Perhaps the next legislative elections in Iraq will mark a step towards economic development, the rebuilding of the social order in Iraq and the foundations of the state, the consolidation of a fair political system, and guaranteeing the appearance of new values that determine the meaning of belonging to a country unified in land and people. Thus, the elections are considered as the gate of salvation from the frequent crises. It is, however, important to remember that a just modern state is built on the principle of prosperity and economic stability and achievement of justice in the distribution of resources. More importantly, these values can t flourish and consolidate unless democracy becomes the If we compare the April 2014 elections and the Council of Representatives elections in 2010, we find some important differences, which are worth paying attention to. 3
4 The 2014 Iraqi Parliamentary Elections: An analysis of the political map and expectations The existing blocs and coalitions are split into several coalitions, and they reorganized themselves in preparation for the upcoming electoral process. prevalent social culture that transforms into valuable standards in all fields. The parliamentary elections and the parliament in the old Iraq history is not something new. At first glance, democracy appears to be so much in the European civilization that we cannot imagine that the first constituent assembly in history was held in Sumer in the third millennium BC, and it was composed of two councils: the first was the Senate, and the second was the Parliament. But after the fall of the Saddam s regime, Iraq is practicing the electoral experience in a new form, and without any doubt, it is imperative that the changes that took place between 2005 and 2010 elections will reflect on the upcoming elections. It was proven that the Iraqi people, despite their novel experience in democracy and elections, is able to adopt a wise attitude towards the political blocs, and to prioritize their interests to any special considerations, for which they need clearly to move from political polarization to new standards based on efficiency, integrity and professionalism. Three traditional parties with their small allies have been dominating the political processes and sharing the power in the parliament and government. According to the democratic system, each party sought, at that time, to achieve the dream of political majority. However, after a review of the re-formation of the political coalitions and after the changes that happened in the forms of alliances that used to dominate the current political scene, we see that the existing blocs and coalitions are split into several coalitions, and they re-organized themselves in preparation for the upcoming electoral process. As for the National Alliance, it has split into four coalitions. The first is the State of Law Coalition which kept the current structure that includes the Dawa Party, with its two wings, and the independents and other political entities with tribal and secular nature. But what can be observed here is that this coalition was able to pull an important historical ally of the Supreme Council, which was the Badr Organization, 4 4
5 ORSAM REVIEW OF REGIONAL AFFAIRS: No.2, APRIL 2014 which became part of the State of Law Coalition since the provincial elections last year. Secondly, there is the Citizen Coalition which represents the weight of the Supreme Council and its affiliates with an enrollment of some movements and small entities, which were formed recently. Thirdly, the Liberal Coalition represents the Sadrist movement and his supporters. Lastly, the Alliance of National Reform is headed by Dr. Ibrahim Al Jaafari, who entered individually in this election, after he participated with the State of Law Coalition in the provincial elections. The Iraqiya List is also split into three coalitions. The Uniting for Reform includes Osama Al Najafi, Rafie Al Issawi and Jamal Al Karbouli, in addition to the new political names and interfaces recently formed, which all belong to the Islamic Party. The Arab Coalition Al Arabiya Coalition includes Saleh Al Mutlaq and his new ally Mishan Al Jubouri, who was excluded recently from participation, and other entities and movements with Arab nationalist nature. Lastly, National Coalition includes Iyad Allawi who remained with his allies within the Iraqiya list, in addition to new blocs and entities formed by deputies and ministers. Probably it will have a strong presence in the western provinces, ahead of the Arab and united coalitions. This time, the elections will witness civic and democratic movements, while some parties may unite such as the Communist Party and the Democratic Movement and the People s Party in a single civic alliance in most provinces, entitled the Civic Democratic Alliance but the predictions and surveys indicate very modest chances for this coalition in the next elections. This is because of the electoral attitude of the Iraqi people, which is still very far away from those movements and very close to the national and religious discourse, which will be strongly present at the upcoming elections in the light of the current crisis taking place in the country. Variations of the third parliamentary elections There are several problematic issues facing the upcoming elections in Iraq. Firstly, there is the issue of the differences between the political forces on electoral law. This situation is due to the fact that the new law was used in the provincial elections, under which some blocs had been affected negatively by facing a sharp decrease in their votes. At the same time, other blocs had gained votes. The truth indicates that all political blocs are equal in the profit and loss under this law, and this law cannot support the defeated, nor can it alone defeat the victors, as it is just a mechanism for the distribution of seats. Some powers refused to adopt the amended Sainte - Lague method, and experts say that the current parliament is composed of 10 parliamentary blocs allied within three main movements, and such a large number in the previous session led to the complexity of the legislative and regulatory parliament work. The use of Sainte - Lague method may lead to about 20 blocs making their way into the parliament, because the law allows small blocs to rise, which may lead to more complexity in the parliament s work. Moreover, there remain legal loopholes which were created while the law was passed, one of which is that this law eliminates the previous law No. 15 of 2005, but in the text it refers to amending it. Passing the law such quickly and overlooking such problems demonstrates that there exists a strong desire of big international powers to settle the matter. The use of Sainte - Lague method may lead to about 20 blocs making their way into the parliament, because the law allows small blocs to rise, which may lead to more complexity in the parliament s work. 5
6 The 2014 Iraqi Parliamentary Elections: An analysis of the political map and expectations The existing blocs and coalitions are split into several coalitions, and they reorganized themselves in preparation for the upcoming electoral process. The second problem lies in the reluctance of the public from participating in the upcoming elections and the lack of people s enthusiasm for it. People s reluctance is largely because of a sense of frustration towards many issues related to the legislative and executive matters, especially in vital and urgent areas, throughout the 10 years since the fall of the former regime. Such issues involve confronting terrorism, confronting corruption, confronting poverty, the unemployment, the electricity crisis, the housing crisis, the low level of municipal services and basic services, and the unsatisfactory development and reconstruction in the country, despite the presence of huge annual federal financial budget. The religious authority in Najaf may play a role in urging for participation. Actually it happened before that political actors have benefited from the religious authority s support for the elections and the latter s issuance of statements urging people to participate in the vote in all previous elections. Moreover, the reason for the voters reluctance to participate is the low political awareness and the weakness of democratic culture among the public. The people also tend to hold on to the easiest solution such as boycotting, but they forget that the democratic system carries correcting mechanisms within it. Therefore, the people need to be reminded that the best way to reform the bad situation is to participate in the elections for the renewal of blood and removing corrupt officials. As regards the chances of the main competing lists, the following observations can be made. Firstly, the State of Law Coalition. Perhaps, what distinguishes this coalition is its maintaining of the main entities forming it, and the absence of withdrawals or splits in it. On the contrary, it was able to strengthen its presence and support, with the accession of some parties and movements to it, which were previously within the umbrella of the National Coalition and allied with the Supreme Council and the Sadrist Movement in the parliamentary elections in One of those most significant parties and movements were the Badr Organization, the historical ally of the Supreme Council. Nevertheless, some people believe that the first and second term of Maliki did not deliver anything new in terms of services, and not resolving the Anbar battle will affect the results and the chances of the State of Law. Second, there is the Citizen Coalition, of which the Supreme Council and its affiliates form the backbone together with some small movements and parties. Perhaps its chances will be less compared to the State of Law Coalition, because of the presence of certain individuals within the coalition, and also given the coalition s showing in the provincial councils. Third, there is the Liberal Coalition, which is based on the Sadrist movement. Its chances will also be very little because of the Sadrist movement s policies and political attitudes that affected its reputation and popularity, especially in the central and southern provinces. By looking at the fact that it participated with three lists, it can clearly be seen that the coalition was influenced by the decision of the movement s leader, Muqtada Al Sadr, to withdraw from the political scene, after the members of its bloc voted in favor of the privileges of the current Council of Representatives members. Fourthly, the Uniting for Reform is represented by the movements of the Sunni Political Islam forces, which are currently generally going through a relapse in the Arab region. It is also facing 6 6
7 ORSAM REVIEW OF REGIONAL AFFAIRS: No.2, APRIL 2014 tough challenges due to the difficult security situation experienced by the Anbar district generally, and the city of Fallujah particularly since the beginning of the this year. This situation may imply that there exists a big decline in the rate of participation in the elections in those districts, as well as a significant decline in the chances of the Uniting for Reform. As a result, this list might be the biggest loser in the upcoming elections. As for the Arab Coalition, it represents the Sunni Arab Nationalist Movement that witnessed lately a significant decline, which means that the chances of this coalition will be considerably low. Lastly, the National Coalition that represents Iyad Allawi and some allies from other lists and blocks, which joined it recently, may be in a better position compared to the Arab and Uniting for Reform coalitions, especially in the western provinces of Iraq. It is nonetheless expected that there will be a significant decline in its popularity because of the floundering of Iyad Allawi in the leadership, and the deep split of a large number of the list leaders in the current Council of Representatives. The international implications of the Iraqi elections The April 2014 elections will have a significant effect on the Iraqi political scene, since the domestic situation is going through major challenges, especially the fight against terrorism in Anbar, and the relationship between the central government in Baghdad and the local government in northern Iraq. Moreover, other issues concerning the relationship between the executive power and the legislature (Parliament) or other issues will have a significant impact on the nature and form of the next Iraqi government. Politics is subject to the effects of globalization, and is no longer confined within the borders of the countries itself. Iraqi domestic politics also extends beyond borders, because of Iraq s strategic location and importance in the region. Iraq has been one of the most exposed countries in the world to the external developments. Iraq has been affected by the regional and international transformations that are taking place around it, and this is one of the reasons The April 2014 elections will have a significant effect on the Iraqi political scene, since the domestic situation is going through major challenges, especially the fight against terrorism in Anbar, and the relationship between the central government in Baghdad and the local government in northern Iraq. 7
8 The 2014 Iraqi Parliamentary Elections: An analysis of the political map and expectations Washington has the ability to play an important role, not only by providing military assistance, but also through its commitment to the principles outlined in the strategic framework agreement. that caused its political fragmentation. Countries such as Iraq that have regional and international relevance cannot isolate themselves from the changes in their environment. But, such countries often seek to achieve a balance between affecting the events and being affected by the events, in order to keep themselves afloat. This general observation can be applied to Iraq and its current predicament can be summed up as follows: Iraq always is affected by external events, thus it is translated inside Iraq in both negative and positive senses. Therefore Iraq is considered to be the most affected neighbor by the Syrian crisis, the first to be affected by the crisis around the Iranian nuclear file, the first to be affected by the strained relationship between the United States and Saudi Arabia, and the first to be affected by Turkey s fight against the PKK, or by a car bomb in a suburb of Beirut. In the framework of its exposure to the developments around it, Iraq is concerned about the transformations it witnessed in the last months of 2013, most notably the important change in the Syrian crisis in favor of the regime. The second change is about the new resolution to put the Iranian nuclear crisis on the way to solution in more serious way than ever before, while thirdly one can talk about how, as an inevitable result for these transformations, the United States has sought to change its alliances and switch its horses in the region in a way that harmonizes with its new vision in protecting its interests in the Middle East. One can recount such developments as the Iranian-American dialogue and Turkey s resolution process whereby it has initiated communication with the PKK. These developments may affect in a way or another the nature of the next Iraqi political map. The impact of the developments in Anbar remains on the Iraqi arena, since the fight against the so-called terrorist Islamic State in Iraq and Sham (ISIS) has not yet been resolved in military terms. Though the current situation in Anbar might be heading towards stability after the Iraqi army controls more of Anbar areas, especially the border regions near Syria, there still remain some 8 8
9 ORSAM REVIEW OF REGIONAL AFFAIRS: No.2, APRIL 2014 areas where the military solution won t be imposed. According to Anbar people, there are still secure areas, and this may for instance affect the elections there. In this process, it also has appeared that there is a clear division among the tribes and some political forces in Anbar. In this context the upcoming rapid changes may open doors to all possibilities. Because the possibilities for postponing the elections due to security situations have been often discussed, the government worked to facilitate the procedures for the citizens in Anbar, to get to the ballot, and etc. On the other hand, the United States has very few assets to offer in this regard. Nevertheless, Washington has the ability to play an important role, not only by providing military assistance, but also through its commitment to the principles outlined in the strategic framework agreement. These principles include preserving the unity and independence of Iraq, fighting against terrorism, defending democracy, maintaining stability in Iraq, as well as maintaining the flow of oil. As announced clearly by the Obama administration, it is not the U.S. concern to interfere in the internal political affairs of Iraq. Nonetheless, the United States can play an important role that commits to the strategic agreement s objectives. Here, however, there are bureaucratic procedures that impede the U.S. support for Iraq in the realm of security. For instance, despite the Iraqi government s requests of F16 planes, it was only agreed to sell only 12 planes. There are speculations that there is a certain Republican lobby in the United States, and another Gulf Saudi lobby, that seek to present Obama as mistaken in the process of withdrawing from Iraq. As a result, there are vigorous attempts not to allow other arrangements regarding arming the Iraqi army, such as the Russian deal and others. Conclusion Domestically, there is undoubtedly frustration towards the political crisis and its security repercussions on the Iraqi scene. Therefore, in the 2014 elections, the Iraqi voters will be divided into four categories. The first is a large crowd that disgruntles terrorism and interacts with the current government. This group Domestically, there is undoubtedly frustration towards the political crisis and its security repercussions on the Iraqi scene. Therefore, in the 2014 elections, the Iraqi voters will be divided into four categories. 9
10 The 2014 Iraqi Parliamentary Elections: An analysis of the political map and expectations finds representation mostly among the Shiite public, as well as receiving the support of some Sunni tribes that are fighting terrorism as well. The second group consists of the ones who belong to the civil forces and its sympathizers, and perhaps the new law will give them a hope to participate legislatively. This is particularly because of the fact that the law (amended Sainte - Lague method 6.1) favors small and medium sized blocs. The third group represents the ones who belong to the religious forces (not supporting the government). Its constituents are traditionalists and their popularity has experienced deep vibrations due to their recent attitudes towards the Anbar issue, as well as because of what is happening to the political Islamic movement across the Arab countries. The fourth group represents the ones who refrain from participating in the elections, as well as the undecided. They may be waiting for the emergence of a new national alternative. The parliamentary elections of 2014 may represent a turning point in the history of Iraq, where it might provide an opportunity for a real change. It may give the political process a chance to take a fresh breath and put an end to the political fight. ORSAM is an independent think-tank specializing on Middle Eastern affairs. ORSAM seeks to diversify sources of knowledge on the region and establish a channel of communication between the local experts and Turkish academic and policy circles. Toward that end, ORSAM facilitates the exchanges of officials, academics, strategists, journalists, businesspeople and members of civil society from the region with their Turkish counterparts. ORSAM conducts studies on the regional developments and disseminates their results to the policy and academic circles as well as the wider public through various publication outlets. ORSAM publications include books, reports, bulletins, newsletters, policy briefs, conference minutes and two journals Ortadoğu Analiz and Ortadoğu Etütleri. Ortadoğu Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi (ORSAM) Süleyman Nazif Sokak No: 12-B Çankaya / Ankara Tel: 0 (312) Fax: 0 (312)
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Recent Posts
Blue Stone City
Scripture Union Canada has recently released theStory, an online Bible reading guide, and I'm happy to be one of the contributing authors. Click to connect.
Tag Archives: ears
Psalm 17:6 "I call on you, O God, for you will answer me; give ear to me and hear my prayer." Mark 4:9 "Then Jesus said, 'Whoever has ears to hear, let them hear.'" Isaiah 50:4b-5 "He wakens me morning … Continue reading
Posted in Christianity Tagged ears, rebellious


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SKW & Associates is a full service architectural and engineering firm. Our staff professionals include Architects, Civil & Structural Engineers, Landscape Designers and Land Surveyors. Established in 1986, by Donald T. Kan, SKW & Associates has extensive experience in variety of different types of projects including: new construction and modernization of public schools, institutional and government projects, corporate office buildings, shopping centers, master land planning and subdivisions.
Our experience and expertise extends beyond the design and engineering of the projects. We are also licensed general contractors and we feel that this exposure has given us a greater insight into the overall process. Efficiency of design and construction cost is one of the primary principles that we profess and practice.
SKW & Associates is more than just an architectural firm. We are a diversified team of professionals who are dedicated to exceeding our client's expectations and we look forward to the opportunity of working with you.
David J. Starck, Principal Architect
Bachelor of Architecture, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA
California C 22903, Hawaii AR 8533, Florida AR96048 & NCARB 47,971
As the principal architect, David Starck will have the overall responsibility for the design, scheduling, coordination and quality control of every project. Mr. Starck, a graduate of Cal Poly and a licensed architect since 1991, has been with SKW & Associates for 25 years and has experience in various types of projects including, commercial projects, private schools and churches, and with an emphasis in public school design and construction.
For the last 13 years, Mr. Starck has had the experience of being the district architect for Sylvan Union School District, in Modesto, California, overseeing projects including five elementary school modernization projects, a new $28M Daniel Savage Middle School campus, a new classroom and multi-purpose building addition at Somerset Middle School, fire alarm and communication upgrades, a new central kitchen facility, a new transportation & maintenance building for the district's corporation yard and several portable classroom building projects.
He is also a district architect for Modesto City Schools, Merced County of Education, Mariposa School District, and The Turlock School District.
Mr. Starck will personally oversee the entire project from design through the completion of construction, including managing and coordinating field questions, requests for information and project submittals ensuring the project runs smoothly in a cost effective manner while at the same time compliant with DSA requirements and the California Building Code.
Donald T. Kan, Principal Engineer
Civil Engineer – California C 36676, Oregon 13561, Washington 36261, Nevada 7412
Structural Engineer – Arizona 20993
As the principal engineer, Donald Kan, will be responsible for overseeing and performing the engineering for all of the buildings and the site. With more than 26 years of experience, Mr. Kan is extremely knowledgeable in a variety of construction types and materials including concrete, tilt-up construction. Mr. Kan has provided engineering services for many relocatable classrooms and multiple public school projects. Public school projects include the Daniel Savage Middle School Campus, Somerset Middle School Classroom & MPR Building Addition, Sylvan Central Kitchen, Somerset Locker Room Modernization and the Sylvan Corporation Yard / Maintenance Building.
Mr. Kan is a forward thinking engineer and looks for any cost saving possibilities as he approaches his engineering. The advantage of having both the architect and the engineer in the same office improves our ability to communicate openly about the best approach to a project and to provide a complete design that will not only meet the functional need but will maintain the budget as well. Mr. Kan's background in construction has proven to be a valuable tool when evaluating the methodology involved in certain types of projects and the practical field installation limitations and requirements.
Henry Wong, Principal Engineer
Civil Engineer – California C 31008
Mr. Wong has been the principal engineer in our Sacramento office since 1987. Mr. Wong and the personnel in the Sacramento office will provide additional support for engineering, drawing production and DSA coordination.
Allan V. Stevenson, Project Engineer
Civil Engineer – California C 61758
Mr. Stevenson has been with SKW & Associates since 1997. Mr. Stevenson will be assisting Mr. Kan with the site engineering work, including the site utility plans and the on and off site improvement plans. Mr. Stevenson also has provided engineering services for many relocatable classrooms, private school projects and public school projects. Public school projects include the Daniel Savage Middle School Campus, Somerset Middle School Classroom & MPR Building Addition, Sylvan Central Kitchen, Somerset Locker Room building Remodel and the Sylvan Corporation Yard / Maintenance Building and (5) Elementary School Modernization projects.
Chansamone Phanthasy, Project Manager
Bachelor of Architecture, Cal Poly 1997
Mr. Phanthasy has been with SKW & Associates since 1988. During his tenure, he has gained experience in all types of buildings and types of construction. Mr. Phanthasy will be one of the primary production specialists on the team. Mr. Phanthasy assisted with the construction drawings for public school projects that include the Daniel Savage Middle School Campus. Mr. Phanthasy's most recent project was overseeing the production of the Sylvan Corporation Yard / Maintenance Building and assisting with the production of (5) Elementary School Modernization projects.
Gary Olalo, Production Specialist
BS in Architecture, MLQ University, Manila, Philippines
Gary Olalo has been with SKW since 2004. He worked for Kenneth K. Kaestner & Associates for 10 years before joining SKW & Associates, gaining experience on public school projects, adding to his experience in all types of building and types of construction working overseas. Mr. Olalo assisted with several of the public school projects that included working on the construction drawings and checking the contractors submittals for the Daniel Savage Middle School, Somerset Classroom & MPR Building Addition, Somerset Locker Building Remodel, Sylvan District Central Kitchen, Sylvan Corporation Yard / Maintenance Building and Relocatable classroom building projects. Mr. Olalo will be one of the primary production specialists on the team.
Joshua Gregoire, Production & IT Specialist / Landscape Designer
Computer Engineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California
AS in Landscape Architecture, Modesto Junior College, Modesto, California
Mr. Gregoire has been with SKW & Associates for 12 years. Mr. Gregoire oversees all our computer networking system. He is knowledgeable in all aspects of production and he is also our landscape specialist. Mr. Gregoire assisted on the public school project's landscaping drawings and specifications, including the Somerset Classroom & MPR Building Addition, the Sylvan District Central Kitchen, the Sylvan District Office Parking Expansion, and the Sylvan Corporation Yard / Maintenance Building.
Richard Hinh, Draftsman
AS in Architectural Engineering, Modesto Junior College, Modesto, California. Richard Hihn has been with SKW since 1994.
Tim Yee, Draftsman
Sacramento City College, Sacramento, California. Tim Yee has been with SKW since 1991.
Sharon Stephens, Administrative Supervisor
BS in Agriculture Business Management, Stanislaus State University, Turlock, California
AS in General Agriculture, Modesto Junior College, Modesto, California
AS in Soils Science, Modesto Junior College, Modesto, California
AS in Chemistry, Modesto Junior College, Modesto, California
General Contractor's License


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You should have walked out the lavatory With all the containers and say ''hey would you head if i borrow these?" only to see what he'd say.
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Douching may cause an overgrowth of harmful micro organism. This can result in a yeast infection or bacterial vaginosis. If you have already got a vaginal infection, douching can push the microbes triggering the an infection up in the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. This can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, a significant wellbeing dilemma.
My curiosity,rightly or wrongly would've gotten the higher of me and i would NOT have been able to keep silent about this,shocking,I'm sure..................
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If it wasn't for a 1996 Florida law that allowed home-schooled students to compete in high school sporting events, perhaps we would not have Tim Tebow as we know him today.
The New York Jets quarterback was home-schooled through high school, but thanks to the aforementioned state legislation, Tebow was able to join the football team at Nease High School in Ponte Vedra, Florida. The rest is history.
And now, as states across the country follow Florida's example and push legislation allowing home-schooled children to compete in high school activities, Tebow's name has become attached to the movement.
This week the Equal Access to Interscholastic Activities Act--more commonly referred to as the "Tim Tebow Law"-- was signed by Gov. Nikki Haley in South Carolina. The Palmetto State is the 30th state to pass the legislation
While this law will certainly help students in Tebow's position, hopefully it will not produce another Tim Tebow. At this point, one Tim Tebow is enough for all of us.


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NEW YORK (AP) -- American Airlines is celebrating the seven-decade service of a New York mechanic who turns 87 next month and has no plans to retire.
Azriel "Al" Blackman was 16 when he started as an apprentice mechanic in July of 1942, long before bag fees, airport security or even the introduction of the jet engine. He was paid 50 cents an hour.
Seventy years later, he still reports to work every day at American's aircraft maintenance hangar at John F. Kennedy International Airport.
"I don't consider it work, really," Blackman said Wednesday. "If you like what you do, it's not work."
The Fort Worth, Texas-based airline invited Blackman to ride on a vintage DC-3 to mark his anniversary with the company.


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Koorosh Zahrai
Edmond Young Professionals is presented by:
Koorosh ZahraiCommittee Member
Koorosh Zahrai is a longtime Edmond resident, real estate developer, and Business Economist. Zahrai has lived in Edmond since he was 8 years old, attending Edmond schools since the 3rd grade. He graduated from St. Elizabeth Ann Seton Catholic School, Bishop McGuinness Catholic High School, and has a Bachelors of Business Administration in Business Economics from the University of Oklahoma's Price College of Business and OU Honors College with the distinction of cum laude.
Zahrai owns a small real estate investment company and is currently V.P. of Business Development for Plaza USA LLC which manages Campbell Corner. Zahrai serves as a member of the City of Edmond's Public Transportation Committee, Downtown Edmond Business Association (DEBA) Board of Directors as Advertising Chair, Edmond Arts Festival Board as Sponsorship Co-chair, and President-Elect of the Edmond Summit Rotary Club. Zahrai graduated from Leadership Edmond Class 31 and donates his time every month to Mobile Meals of Edmond through the Edmond Summit Rotary Club.