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Common chimpanzee
The common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), also known as the robust chimpanzee, is a species of great ape. The common chimpanzee is usually called the chimpanzee (or "chimp"), though this term can be used to refer to both species in the genus Pan: the common chimpanzee and the closely related bonobo, formerly called the pygmy chimpanzee. Evidence from fossils and DNA sequencing shows both species of the genus Pan are the sister taxon to the modern human lineage.
|Common chimpanzee[1]
|Male in La Vallée des Singes at the Romagne, France
|Female with infant in Kolmården Wildlife Park in Sweden
|Scientific classification
P. troglodytes
|Binomial name
|Pan troglodytes
(Oken, 1816)
|distribution of common chimpanzee
1. Pan troglodytes verus (green)
2. P. t. ellioti (gray)
3. P. t. troglodytes (red)
4. P. t. schweinfurthii (blue)
Simia troglodytes Blumenbach, 1776
The common chimpanzee is covered in coarse black hair, but has a bare face, fingers, toes, palms of the hands, and soles of the feet. It is considered more robust than the bonobo, weighing between 40 and 65 kg (88 and 143 lb) and measuring about 63 to 94 cm (25 to 37 in). Its gestation period is eight months. The infant is weaned at about three years old, but usually maintains a close relationship with its mother for several more years; it reaches puberty at the age of 8 to 10. Its lifespan in the wild is 36 years[3] and its lifespan in captivity is about 50 years.
The common chimpanzee lives in groups which range in size from 15 to 150 members, although individuals travel and forage in much smaller groups during the day. The species lives in a male-dominated, strict hierarchy, which means disputes can generally be settled without the need for violence. Nearly all chimpanzee populations have been recorded using tools, modifying sticks, rocks, grass and leaves and using them for acquiring honey, termites, ants, nuts and water. The species has also been found creating sharpened sticks to spear Senegal bushbabies out of small holes in trees.
The common chimpanzee is listed on the IUCN Red List as an endangered species. Between 170,000 and 300,000 individuals are estimated across its range in the forests and savannahs of West and Central Africa. The biggest threats to the common chimpanzee are habitat loss, poaching and disease.
The common chimpanzee was named Simia troglodytes by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach in 1776; Lorenz Oken moved it to the new genus Pan in 1816. The species name troglodytes is a reference to the Troglodytae (literally "cave-goers"), an African people described by Greco-Roman geographers. Blumenbach first used it in his De generis humani varietate nativa liber ("[Book] on the natural varieties of the human genus") in 1776.[4][5] This book was based on his dissertation presented one year before (it had a date 16 September 1775 printed on its title page) to the University of Göttingen for internal use only,[6] thus the dissertation did not meet the conditions for published work in the sense of zoological nomenclature.[7]
The English name "chimpanzee" is first recorded in 1738. It is derived from Vili ci-mpenze[8] or Tshiluba language chimpenze,[9] with a meaning of "mockman" or possibly just "ape". The colloquialism "chimp" was most likely coined some time in the late 1870s.[10]
Evolutionary historyEdit
Despite a large number of Homo fossil finds, chimpanzee fossils (genus Pan) were not described until 2005. Existing chimpanzee populations in West and Central Africa do not overlap with the major human fossil sites in East Africa. However, chimpanzee fossils have now been reported from Kenya. This would indicate that both humans and members of the Pan clade were present in the East African Rift Valley during the Middle Pleistocene.
DNA evidence suggests the bonobo and common chimpanzee species separated from each other less than one million years ago (similar in relation between Homo sapiens and Neanderthals).[11][12] The chimpanzee line split from the last common ancestor of the human line around six million years ago. Because no species other than Homo sapiens has survived from the human line of that branching, both chimpanzee species are the closest living relatives of humans. The lineage of humans and chimpanzees diverged from that of the gorilla about seven million years ago. A 2003 study argues the common chimpanzee should be included in the human branch as Homo troglodytes, and notes experts say many scientists are likely to resist the reclassification, especially in the emotionally-charged and often disputed field of anthropology.[13]
Four subspecies of the common chimpanzee have been recognised,[14][15] with the possibility of a fifth:[16][17]
- Central chimpanzee or tschego, P. t. troglodytes, in Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Western chimpanzee, P. t. verus, in Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, and Ghana
- Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, P. t. ellioti (also known as P. t. vellerosus),[14] in Nigeria and Cameroon
- Eastern chimpanzee, P. t. schweinfurthii, in the Central African Republic, South Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, and Zambia
- Southeastern chimpanzee, P. t. marungensis, in Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda: Colin Groves argues that this subspecies is the result of enough variation between the northern and southern populations of P. t. schweinfurthii.[17]
The adult male common chimpanzee weighs between 40 and 60 kg (88 and 132 lb), the female weighs 32 to 47 kg (71 to 104 lb).[18] However, large wild males can weigh up to 70 kg (150 lb) and males in captivity, such as Travis the Chimp, have reached 91 kg (201 lb).[19][20][21] Head-body length (from the nose to the rump while on all fours) ranges from 63 to 94 cm (25 to 37 in).[21][22] Males can measure up to 1.6 m (5 ft 3 in) tall while standing and females up to 1.3 m (4 ft 3 in) tall. Their bodies are covered by coarse, black hair, except for the face, fingers, toes, palms of the hands, and soles of the feet. Both its thumbs and big toes are opposable, allowing a precise grip. The common chimpanzee is both arboreal and terrestrial, and spends its nights in the trees, while most daylight hours are spent on the ground.[23]
Its habitual gait is quadrupedal, using the soles of its feet and resting on its knuckles, but it can walk upright for short distances. The common chimpanzee is a 'knuckle walker', like the gorilla and the bonobo,[23] in contrast to the quadrupedal locomotion of the orangutan, a 'palm walker' that uses the outside edge of its palms. It is the anatomically closest relative of the human.
The common chimpanzee is a highly adaptable species. It lives in a variety of habitats, including dry savanna, evergreen rainforest, montane forest, swamp forest and dry woodland-savanna mosaic.[24][25] In Gombe, the chimpanzee lives in subalpine moorland, open woodland, semideciduous forest, evergreen forest, and grassland with scattered trees.[25] At Bossou, the chimpanzee inhabits multistage secondary deciduous forests, which have grown after shifting cultivation, as well as primary forests and grasslands.[26] At Taï, it can be found in the last remaining tropical rain forest in Ivory Coast.[27]
The chimpanzee has an advanced cognitive map of its home range and can repeatedly find food.[25] The chimpanzee makes a night nest in a tree in a new location every night, with every chimpanzee in a separate nest other than infants or juvenile chimpanzees, which sleep with their mothers.[28] Leopard predation is apparently a significant cause of mortality in chimpanzees at Taï and Lopé National Parks.[27][29] Chimps are generally hostile towards leopards and may mob the predators and even kill their cubs.[30] Lions may have preyed on the chimpanzees at Mahale Mountains National Park, where at least four chimpanzees could have fallen prey to them.[31] Although no other instances of lion predation on chimpanzees have been recorded, the larger group sizes of savanna chimps may have developed as a response to threats from these big cats.[31] Isolated cases of cannibalism have also been documented.[32]
The chimpanzee is an omnivorous frugivore. It prefers fruit above all other food items and even seeks out and eats them when they are not abundant. It also eats leaves and leaf buds, seeds, blossoms, stems, pith, bark and resin. Insects and meat make up a small proportion of their diet, estimated as 2%.[25][33] While the common chimpanzee is mostly herbivorous, it does eat honey, soil, insects, birds and their eggs, and small to medium-sized mammals, including other primates.[25][34] The western red colobus ranks at the top of preferred mammal prey. Other mammalian prey include red-tailed monkeys, yellow baboons, bush babies, blue duikers, bushbucks, and common warthogs.[35]
Despite the fact that common chimpanzees are known to hunt, and to collect insects and other invertebrates, such food actually makes up a tiny portion of their diet, from as little as 2% yearly to as much as 65 grams of animal flesh per day for each adult chimpanzee in peak hunting seasons. This also varies from troop to troop and year to year. However, in all cases, the majority of their diet consists of fruits, leaves, roots, and other plant matter.[36][37] Female chimpanzees appear to consume much less animal flesh than males, according to several studies.[38] Goodall documented many occasions within Gombe Stream National Park of chimpanzees and western red colobus monkeys ignoring each other within close proximity.[39][40]
It is suspected that human observers can influence chimpanzee behavior. It is suggested that drones, camera traps and remote microphones should be used rather than human observers.[41]
Group structureEdit
Common chimpanzees live in communities that typically range from 20 to more than 150 members, but spend most of their time traveling in small, temporary groups consisting of a few individuals, "which may consist of any combination of age and sex classes".[28] Both males and females sometimes travel alone.[28] The common chimpanzee lives in a fission-fusion society and may be found in groups of these types: all-male, adult females and offspring, both sexes, or one female and her offspring. Chimpanzees have complex social relationships and spend a large amount of time grooming each other.[42]
At the core of social structures are males, which roam around, protect group members, and search for food. Males remain in their natal communities, while females generally emigrate at adolescence. As such, males in a community are more likely to be related to one another than females are to each other. Among males is generally a dominance hierarchy, and males are dominant over females.[43] However, this unusual fission-fusion social structure, "in which portions of the parent group may on a regular basis separate from and then rejoin the rest,"[25] is highly variable in terms of which particular individual chimpanzees congregate at a given time. This is mainly due to chimpanzees having a high level of individual autonomy within their fission-fusion social groups. Also, communities have large ranges that overlap with those of other groups.
As a result, individual chimpanzees often forage for food alone, or in smaller groups (as opposed to the much larger "parent" group, which encompasses all the chimpanzees which regularly come into contact and congregate into parties in a particular area). As stated, these smaller groups also emerge in a variety of types, for a variety of purposes. For example, an all-male troop may be organized to hunt for meat, while a group consisting of lactating females serves to act as a "nursery group" for the young.[44] An individual may encounter certain individuals quite frequently, but have run-ins with others almost never or only in large-scale gatherings. Due to the varying frequency at which chimpanzees associate, the structure of their societies is highly complicated.
Male chimpanzees exist in a linear dominance hierarchy. Top-ranking males tend to be aggressive even during dominance stability.[45] This is likely due to the chimp's fission-fusion society, with male chimps leaving groups and returning after extended periods of time. With this, a dominant male is unsure if any "political maneuvering" has occurred and must re-establish his dominance. Thus, a large amount of aggression occurs 5–15 minutes after a reunion.[45][46] During aggressive encounters, displays are preferred over attacks.[45][46]
Males maintain and improve their social ranks by forming coalitions, which have been characterized as "exploitative" and are based on an individual's influence in agonistic interactions.[47] Being in a coalition allows males to dominate a third individual when they could not by themselves, as politically apt chimps can exert power over aggressive interactions regardless of their rank. Coalitions can also give an individual male the confidence to challenge a dominant male. The more allies a male has, the better his chance of becoming dominant. However, most changes in hierarchical rank are caused by dyadic interactions.[45] Chimpanzee alliances can be very fickle and one member may turn on another if it serves him.[48]
Low-ranking males commonly switch sides in disputes between more dominant individuals. Low-ranking males benefit from an unstable hierarchy and have increased sexual opportunities.[47][48] In addition, conflicts between dominant males cause them to focus on each other rather than the lower-ranking males. Social hierarchies among adult females tend to be weaker. Nevertheless, the status of an adult female may be important for her offspring.[49] Females in Taï have also been recorded to form alliances.[50] Social grooming appears to be important in the formation and maintenance of coalitions.[51] It is more common among adult males than adult females.
Chimpanzees have been described as highly territorial and are known to kill other chimps,[52] although Margaret Power wrote in her 1991 book The Egalitarians that the field studies from which the aggressive data came, Gombe and Mahale, use artificial feeding systems that increased aggression in the chimpanzee populations studied, so might not reflect innate characteristics of the species as a whole.[53] In the years following her artificial feeding conditions at Gombe, Jane Goodall described groups of male chimps patrolling the borders of their territory, brutally attacking chimps which had split off from the Gombe group. A study published in 2010 found that the chimpanzees wage wars over land, not mates.[54] Patrol parties from smaller groups are more likely to avoid contact with their neighbors. Patrol parties from large groups even take over a smaller group's territory, gaining access to more resources, food, and females.[25][48]
Mating and parentingEdit
Chimpanzees mate throughout the year, although the number of females in oestrus varies seasonally in a group.[27][55] Female chimps are more likely to come into oestrus when food is readily available. Oestrous females exhibit sexual swellings. Chimps tend to be promiscuous, and during estrus females mate with several males in her community,[25] and males have large testicles for sperm competition. However, other forms of mating also exist. A community's dominant males sometimes restrict reproductive access to females. A male and female can form consortship and mate outside their community. In addition, females sometimes leave their communities and mate with males from neighboring communities.[25][56]
These alternative mating strategies give females more mating opportunities without losing the support of the males in their community.[56] Infanticide has been recorded in chimp communities in Gombe, Mahale, and Kibale National Parks. Male chimps practice infanticide on unrelated young to shorten the interbirth intervals in the females. Also, accounts of infanticide by females have been reported; cases of female infanticide may be related to the dominance hierarchy in females or simply isolated pathological behaviors.[25][49]
Care for the young is provided mostly by their mothers. The survival and emotional health of the young is dependent on maternal care.[25] Mothers provide their young with food, warmth, and protection, and teach them certain skills. In addition, a chimp's future rank may be dependent on its mother's status.[25][27] For their first 30 days, infants cling to their mother's bellies. Newborn chimps are helpless; their grasping reflex is not strong enough to support them for more than a few seconds. Infants are unable to support their own weight for their first two months and need their mothers' support.[57]
When they reach five to six months, infants ride on their mothers' backs. They remain in continual contact for the rest of their first year. When they reach two years of age, they are able to move and sit independently.[57] By three years, infants move farther away from their mothers. By four to six years, chimps are weaned and infancy ends.[57]
The juvenile period for chimps lasts from their sixth to ninth years. Juveniles remain close to their mothers, but they also have more interactions with other members of their community. Adolescent females move between groups and are supported by their mothers in agonistic encounters. Adolescent males spend time with adult males in social activities like hunting and boundary patrolling.[57]
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Chimpanzees use a variety of facial expressions, postures and sounds to communicate with each other.[25] Chimps have expressive faces which are important in close-up communications. When frightened, a "full closed grin" causes nearby individuals to be fearful, as well. Other facial expressions include the "lip flip", "pout", "sneer", and "compressed-lips face".[25] When submitting to a conspecific, a chimp crunches, bobs, and extends a hand. When in an aggressive mode, a chimp swaggers bipedally, hunched over and arms waving, in an attempt to exaggerate its size.[25] Chimps beat their hands and feet against the trunks of large trees, an act known as "drumming".[58]
Vocalizations are also important in chimp communication. The most common and important call in adults is the "pant-hoot". These calls are made when individuals are excited.[25] Pant-hoots are made of four parts, starting with soft "hoos" that get louder and louder and climax into screams and sometimes barks; the former die down to soft "hoos" again as the call ends.[58] Submissive individuals will make "pant-grunts" towards their superiors.[25][49] Chimps use distance calls to draw attention to danger, food sources, or other community members.[25] "Barks" may be made as "short barks" when hunting and "tonal barks" when sighting large snakes.[58]
Tool useEdit
Nearly all chimpanzee populations have been recorded using tools. They modify sticks, rocks, grass, and leaves and use them when foraging for honey, termites, ants, nuts, and water. Despite the lack of complexity, forethought and skill are seen in making these tools and should be considered such.[59] While it has been known since Jane Goodall's 1960s discovery that modern chimpanzees use tools, research published in 2007 indicates chimpanzee stone tool use dates to at least 4,300 years ago.[60]
A common chimpanzee from the Kasakela chimpanzee community was the first nonhuman animal reported making a tool, by modifying a twig to use as an instrument for extracting termites from their mound.[61][62][63] At Taï, chimps simply use their hands to extract termites.[59] When foraging for honey, chimps use modified short sticks to scoop the honey out of the hive, that is, if the bees are stingless. For hives of the dangerous African honeybees, chimps use longer and thinner sticks to extract the honey.[64] Chimps also fish for ants using the same tactic.[25][59]
Ant dipping is difficult and some chimps never master it. West African chimps crack open hard nuts with stones or branches.[27][59] Some forethought in this activity is apparent, as these items are not found together or near a source of nuts. Nut cracking is also difficult and must be learned.[27] Chimps also use leaves as sponges or spoons to drink water.[65]
A recent study revealed the use of such advanced tools as spears, which West African chimpanzees in Senegal sharpen with their teeth, being used to spear Senegal bushbabies out of small holes in trees.[66] An eastern chimpanzee has been observed using a modified branch as a tool to capture a squirrel.[67]
When hunting small monkeys such as the red colobus, the chimpanzee hunts where the forest canopy is interrupted or irregular.[68] This allows it to easily corner the monkeys when chasing them in the appropriate direction. Chimps may also hunt as a coordinated team, so that they can corner their prey even in a continuous canopy.[68] During an arboreal hunt, each chimp in the hunting groups has a role. "Drivers" serve to keep the prey running in a certain direction and follow them without attempting to make a catch. "Blockers" are stationed at the bottom of the trees and climb up to block prey that take off in a different direction. "Chasers" move quickly and try to make a catch. Finally, "ambushers" hide and rush out when a monkey nears.[68] While both adults and infants are taken, adult male black-and-white colobus monkeys will attack the hunting chimps. In Gombe, the chimpanzee also fears adult female colobus monkeys, and prefers to snatch infants from their mother's bellies without harming the mothers.[25] Male chimps hunt more than females. When caught and killed, the meal is distributed to all hunting party members and even bystanders.[68]
Chimpanzees and humansEdit
In cultureEdit
Chimpanzees are rarely represented in African culture, as the natives regard them as too similar to humans and thus "too close for comfort". They were even thought to have kidnapped and raped women. The Gio people of Liberia and the Hemba people of the Congo have created blocky and crude masks of the animals. The mask may have a smile which suggests drunken anger, insanity or horror. They wear these masks when teaching young people how not to act; performing rituals where they act wildly and uncivilized. They may also act out these rituals during funerals, representing the "awful reality of death".[69]
In Western popular culture, chimpanzees have been commonly stereotyped as childlike companions, sidekicks or clowns.[70] They are especially suited for the latter role on account of their prominent facial features, long limbs and fast movements, which humans often find amusing. Accordingly, entertainment acts featuring chimpanzees dressed up as humans have been traditional staples of circuses and stage shows.[70] Westerners have also been disturbed by the chimps' resemblance to humans as well as their "frank sexuality".[69]
Field studyEdit
Jane Goodall undertook the first long-term field study of the common chimpanzee, begun in Tanzania at Gombe Stream National Park in 1960. Other long-term study sites begun in 1960 include A. Kortlandt in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo and Junichiro Itani in Mahale Mountains National Park in Tanzania.[71] Current understanding of the species' typical behaviours and social organization are formed largely from Goodall's ongoing 50-year Gombe research study.[53]
Genome ProjectEdit
|NCBI genome ID
|Genome size
|3,323.27 Mb
|Number of chromosomes
|24 pairs
Human and common chimpanzee DNA are very similar. After the completion of the Human Genome Project, a Chimpanzee Genome Project was initiated. In December 2003, a preliminary analysis of 7600 genes shared between the two genomes confirmed that certain genes, such as the forkhead-box P2 transcription factor which is involved in speech development, have undergone rapid evolution in the human lineage. A draft version of the chimpanzee genome was published on September 1, 2005, in an article produced by the Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium.[73]
The DNA sequence differences between humans and chimpanzees is about 35 million single-nucleotide changes, five million insertion/deletion events, and various chromosomal rearrangements. Typical human and chimp protein homologs differ in only an average of two amino acids. About 30% of all human proteins are identical in sequence to the corresponding chimp protein. Duplications of small parts of chromosomes have been the major source of differences between human and chimp genetic material; about 2.7% of the corresponding modern genomes represent differences, produced by gene duplications or deletions, during the roughly four to six million years since humans and chimps diverged from their common evolutionary ancestor. Results from human and chimp genome analyses, currently being conducted by geneticists including David Reich, should help in understanding the genetic basis of some human diseases.
Common chimpanzees have been known to attack humans.[74][75] In Uganda, several attacks on children have happened, some of them fatal. Some of these attacks may be due to the chimpanzees being intoxicated (from alcohol obtained from rural brewing operations) and mistaking human children[76] for the western red colobus, one of their favorite meals.[77] Human interactions with chimpanzees may be especially dangerous if the chimpanzees perceive humans as potential rivals.[78] At least six cases of chimpanzees snatching and eating human babies are documented.[79]
A chimpanzee's great strength and sharp teeth mean that attacks, even on adult humans, can cause severe injuries. This was evident after the attack and near death of former NASCAR driver St. James Davis, who was mauled by two chimps before they were killed while celebrating a birthday for Moe.[80][81] Another example of chimpanzees being aggressive toward humans occurred in 2009 in Stamford, Connecticut, when a 200-pound (91 kg), 13-year-old pet chimp named Travis attacked his owner's friend, who lost her hands, eyes, nose, and part of her maxilla from the attack.[82][83]
Link with human immunodeficiency virus type 1Edit
Two types of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infect humans: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is the more virulent and easily transmitted, and is the source of the majority of HIV infections throughout the world; HIV-2 is largely confined to west Africa.[84] Both types originated in west and central Africa, jumping from primates to humans. HIV-1 has evolved from a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVcpz) found in the common chimpanzee subspecies, P. t. troglodytes, native to southern Cameroon.[85][86] Kinshasa, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, has the greatest genetic diversity of HIV-1 so far discovered, suggesting the virus has been there longer than anywhere else. HIV-2 crossed species from a different strain of HIV, found in the sooty mangabey monkeys in Guinea-Bissau.[84]
Status and conservationEdit
Chimpanzee are a legally protected species in most of their range and can be found both in and outside national parks.[2] Between 172,700 and 299,700 individuals are thought to be living in the wild,[2] a decrease from about a million chimpanzees in the early 1900s.[87]
The biggest threats to the common chimpanzee are habitat destruction, poaching, and disease.[2] Chimpanzee habitats have been limited by deforestation in both West and Central Africa. Road building has caused habitat degradation and fragmentation of chimpanzee populations and may allow poachers more access to areas that had not been seriously affected by humans.[2] While deforestation rates are low in western Central Africa, selective logging may be done outside national parks.[2]
Chimpanzees are a common target for poachers. In Ivory Coast, chimpanzees make up 1–3% of bushmeat sold in urban markets.[2] They are also taken in pet trades despite it being illegal in many countries where they live.[2] Chimpanzees are also hunted for medicinal purposes in some areas.[2] Capturing chimpanzees for scientific research is still allowed in some countries, such as Guinea.[2] People sometimes kill chimpanzees that threaten their crops.[2] Chimps may also be unintentionally maimed or killed by snares meant for other animals.
Infectious diseases are a main cause of death for chimpanzees. They succumb to many diseases that afflict humans, because the two species are so similar.[2] As human populations grow, so does the risk of disease transmission between humans and chimpanzees.[2]
On 12 June 2015, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service announced it will classify all chimpanzees, both wild and captive, as endangered under the Endangered Species Act. Before this ruling, only wild chimpanzees were listed as endangered, while captive chimpanzees were listed as threatened under the act.[88][87] The final rule was published in the Federal Register of 16 June 2015 (80 FR 34499), and came into effect 90 days after publication on September 14, 2015.[88]
See alsoEdit
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
- Anthropopithecus
- Bili ape
- Prostitution among animals
- Chimp Haven
- Great ape personhood
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach and the Chimpanzee
- Theory of mind
- The Third Chimpanzee
- Planet of the Apes
- Mefou National Park
- Homininae
- List of apes – list of notable individuals
- ^ Groves, C.P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., eds. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 183. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Humle, T.; Maisels, F.; Oates, J. F.; Plumptre, A.; Williamson, E. A. (2016). "Pan troglodytes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T15933A17964454. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
- ^ Vaupel, James W.; Alberts, Susan C.; Baudisch, Annette; Strier, Karen B.; Stoinski, Tara S.; Pusey, Anne E.; Fedigan, Linda M.; Bronikowski, Anne M.; Brockman, Diane K.; Altmann, Jeanne; Zarulli, Virginia; Torres, Catalina; Schoeley, Jonas; Scheuerlein, Alexander; Nemeth, Laszlo; Lenart, Adam; Conde, Dalia A.; Barthold, Julia A.; Jones, Owen R.; Rau, Roland; Colchero, Fernando (2016-11-29). "The emergence of longevous populations". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (48): E7681–E7690. doi:10.1073/pnas.1612191113. PMC 5137748. PMID 27872299.
- ^ p. 37 in Blumenbach, J. F. 1776. De generis hvmani varietate nativa liber. Cvm figvris aeri incisis. – pp. [1], 1–100, [1], Tab. I-II [= 1–2]. Goettingae. (Vandenhoeck).
- ^ AnimalBase species taxon summary for troglodytes Blumenbach, 1776 described in Simia, version 11 June 2011
- ^ Kroke, circa 2010. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach. Bibliographie seiner Schriften. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag, No. 1 and 2.
- ^ Ride, W.D.L. et al. (eds.) (1999) Art. 8.1.1. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 4th ed., The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, ISBN 0853010064.
- ^ Company, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing (2011). "chimpanzee". American Heritage Dictionary (5th ed.). Retrieved August 31, 2018.
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- ^ "chimp definition | Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
- ^ Won YJ, Hey J (February 2005). "Divergence population genetics of chimpanzees". Mol. Biol. Evol. 22 (2): 297–307. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi017. PMID 15483319.
- ^ Fischer A, Wiebe V, Pääbo S, Przeworski M (May 2004). "Evidence for a complex demographic history of chimpanzees". Mol. Biol. Evol. 21 (5): 799–808. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh083. PMID 14963091.
- ^ Pickrell, John (May 20, 2003). "Chimps Belong on Human Branch of Family Tree, Study Says". National Geographic News. National Geographic. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
- ^ a b Groves, Colin. (2001) "Primate Taxonomy", pp. 303–307. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, ISBN 9781560988724.
- ^ Hof, Jutta; Sommer, Volker: Apes Like Us: Portraits of a Kinship, Edition Panorama, Mannheim 2010, ISBN 978-3-89823-435-1, p. 114.
- ^ http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/suppl/2016/10/27/354.6311.477.DC1/aag2602-de-Manuel-SM.pdf
- ^ a b Groves, CP (2005). "Geographic variation within eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes cf. schweinfurthii Giglioli, 1872)". Australasian Primatology.
- ^ Cawthon Lang; K. A. (13 April 2006). "Primate Factsheets: Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)". Retrieved 29 January 2012.
- ^ "Chimpanzee Attack Revives Calls for Federal Primate Law". Fox News. 18 February 2009. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
- ^ Eskeletons. Eskeletons.org Retrieved on 2013-04-18.
- ^ a b Burnie D and Wilson DE (Eds.), Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife. DK Adult (2005), ISBN 0789477645
- ^ WCMC Species sheets
- ^ a b Janssen, Ellen and Paul (2006). "Chimpanzee Fact File". African Wildlife Foundation. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
- ^ Poulsen JR, Clark CJ (2004). "Densities, distributions, and seasonal movements of gorillas and chimpanzees in swamp forest in northern Congo". Int J Prim. 25 (2): 285–306. doi:10.1023/B:IJOP.0000019153.50161.58.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Goodall, Jane (1986). The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior. ISBN 978-0-674-11649-8.
- ^ Sugiyama Y, Koman J (1987). "A preliminary list of chimpanzees' alimentation at Bossou, Guinea". Primates. 28 (1): 133–47. doi:10.1007/BF02382192.
- ^ a b c d e f Boesch C, Boesch-Achermann H. (2000) The chimpanzees of the Taï Forest: behavioral ecology and evolution. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
- ^ a b c Van Lawick-Goodall, Jane (1968). "The Behaviour of Free-Living Chimpanzees in the Gombe Stream Reserve". Animal Behaviour Monographs (Rutgers University) 1 (3): 167.
- ^ Henschel P, Abernethy KA, White LJ (2005). "Leopard food habits in the Lopé National Park, Gabon, Central Africa". Afr J Ecol. 43 (1): 21–8. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2004.00518.x.
- ^ Byrne, Jennifer M. E.; Takasaki, Hiroyuki; Byrne, Richard W.; Hiraiwa-Hasegawa, Mariko (2008-09-11). "Aggression toward Large Carnivores by Wild Chimpanzees of Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania" (PDF). Folia Primatologica. 47 (1): 8–13. doi:10.1159/000156259. PMID 3557232. Retrieved 2009-07-03.
- ^ a b Tsukahara T (10 September 1992). "Lions eat chimpanzees: The first evidence of predation by lions on wild chimpanzees". American Journal of Primatology. 29 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350290102.
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- ^ Guernsey, Paul (2009-07-04). "WHAT DO CHIMPS EAT?". All About Wildlife. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
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- ^ "What do Chimps Eat?". 2009-07-04.
- ^ Stanford, Craig. "The Predatory Behavior and Ecology of Wild Chimpanzees". USC. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
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- ^ "Chimps on the hunt". BBC Wildlife Finder. 1990-10-24. Retrieved 2009-09-22.
- ^ Van Lawick-Goodall, Jane (1968). "The Behaviour of Free-Living Chimpanzees in the Gombe Stream Reserve". Animal Behaviour Monographs. 1 (3): 191.
- ^ Watched chimps change their hunting habits
- ^ The Chimpanzees of Tanzania". Wild Kingdom. December 31, 1976.
- ^ Goldberg TL, Wrangham RW (1997). "Genetic correlates of social behavior in wild chimpanzees: evidence from mitochondrial DNA". Anim Behav. 54 (3): 559–70. doi:10.1006/anbe.1996.0450. PMID 9299041.
- ^ Pepper JW, Mitani JC, Watts DP (1999). "General gregariousness and specific social preferences among wild chimpanzees". Int J Prim. 20 (5): 613–32. doi:10.1023/A:1020760616641.
- ^ a b c d Muller, MN. (2002) "Agonistic relations among Kanyawara chimpanzees", pp. 112–124 in: Boesch C, Hohmann G, Marchant LF, editors. Behavioural diversity in chimpanzees and bonobos. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521006139.
- ^ a b Bygott, JD. (1979) "Agonistic behavior, dominance, and social structure in wild chimpanzees of the Gombe National Park", pp. 73–121 in: Hamburg, DA, McCown, ER (eds.) The great apes. Menlo Park: Benjamin-Cummings, ISBN 0805336699.
- ^ a b de Waal, FBM. (1987) "Dynamic of social relationships", pp. 421–429 in: Smuts BB, Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM, Wrangham RW, Struhsaker TT (eds.) Primate societies, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0226767167.
- ^ a b c Nishida, T., M. Hiraiwa-Hasegawa. (1986) "Chimpanzees and Bonobos: Cooperative Relationships among Males". pp. 165–177 in B.B. Smuts, D.L. Cheyney, R.M. Seyfarth, R.W. Wrangham, T.T. Struhsaker (eds.) Primate Societies. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0226767167.
- ^ a b c Pusey AE, Williams J, Goodall J (1997). "The influence of dominance rank on the reproductive success of female chimpanzees". Science. 277 (5327): 828–831. doi:10.1126/science.277.5327.828. PMID 9242614.
- ^ Stumpf, R. (2007) "Chimpanzees and bonobos: Diversity within and between species", pp. 321–344 in: Campbell CJ, Fuentes A, Mackinnon KC, Pancer M, Bearder SK (eds.) Primates in perspective. New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0195390431.
- ^ Watts DP (2001). "Reciprocity and interchange in the social relationships of wild male chimpanzees" (PDF). Behaviour. 139 (2): 343–370. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.516.3624. doi:10.1163/156853902760102708.
- ^ Walsh, Bryan (2009-02-18). "Why the Stamford Chimp Attacked". TIME. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
- ^ a b Power, Margaret (December 1993). "Divergence population genetics of chimpanzees". American Anthropologist. 95 (4): 1010–11. doi:10.1525/aa.1993.95.4.02a00180.
- ^ "Killer Instincts". The Economist. 2010-06-24.
- ^ Wallis J. (2002) "Seasonal aspects of reproduction and sexual behavior in two chimpanzee populations: a comparison of Gombe (Tanzania) and Budongo (Uganda)", pp. 181–91 in: Boesch C, Hohmann G, Marchant LF (eds.) Behavioural diversity in chimpanzees and bonobos. Cambridge (England): Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521006139.
- ^ a b Gagneux P, Boesch C, Woodruff DS (1999). "Female reproductive strategies, paternity and community structure in wild West African chimpanzees". Anim Behav. 57 (1): 19–32. doi:10.1006/anbe.1998.0972. PMID 10053068.
- ^ a b c d Bard KA. (1995) "Parenting in primates", pp. 27–58 in: Bornstein MH, editor. Handbook of parenting. Volume 2, Biology and ecology of parenting. Mahwah (NJ): L Erlbaum Associates, ISBN 0805837795.
- ^ a b c Crockford C, Boesch C (2005). "Call combinations in wild chimpanzees". Behaviour. 142 (4): 397–421. doi:10.1163/1568539054012047.
- ^ a b c d Boesch C, Boesch H. (1993) "Diversity of tool use and tool-making in wild chimpanzees", pp. 158–87 in: Berthelet A, Chavaillon J (eds.) The use of tools by human and non-human primates. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0198522630.
- ^ Mercader J, Barton H, Gillespie J, et al. (2007). "4,300-year-old chimpanzee sites and the origins of percussive stone technology". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (9): 3043–8. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.3043M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0607909104. PMC 1805589. PMID 17360606.
- ^ Goodall, J. (1986). The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 535–539. ISBN 978-0-674-11649-8.
- ^ Goodall, J. (1971). In the Shadow of Man. Houghton Mifflin. pp. 35–37. ISBN 978-0-395-33145-3.
- ^ "Gombe Timeline". Jane Goodall Institute. Archived from the original on 2008-01-25. Retrieved 2009-03-05.
- ^ Stanford CB, Gamaneza C, Nkurunungui JB, Goldsmith ML (2000). "Chimpanzees in Bwindi-Impenetrable National Park, Uganda, use different tools to obtain different types of honey". Primates. 41 (3): 337–41. doi:10.1007/BF02557602.
- ^ Sugiyama Y (1995). "Drinking tools of wild chimpanzees at Bossou". Am J Primatol. 37 (1): 263–9. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350370308.
- ^ Viegas, Jennifer (April 14, 2015). "Female Chimps Seen Making, Wielding Spears". Retrieved April 15, 2015.
- ^ Huffman MA, Kalunde MS (January 1993). "Tool-assisted predation on a squirrel by a female chimpanzee in the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania" (PDF). Primates. 34 (1): 93–8. doi:10.1007/BF02381285.
- ^ a b c d Leipzig G (2002). "Cooperative hunting roles among Taï chimpanzees" (PDF). Human Nature. 13 (1): 27–46. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.556.2265. doi:10.1007/s12110-002-1013-6. PMID 26192594.
- ^ a b Hope B. Werness (2007). The Continuum Encyclopedia of Animal Symbolism in World Art. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 86. ISBN 978-0826419132.
- ^ a b Van Riper, A. Bowdoin (2002). Science in popular culture: a reference guide. Westport: Greenwood Press. pp. 18–19. ISBN 978-0-313-31822-1.
- ^ Cohen, Joel E. (Winter 1993). "Going Bananas". American Scholar. pp. 154–157.
- ^ Goldman D, Giri PR, O'Brien SJ (1987). "A molecular phylogeny of the hominoid primates as indicated by two-dimensional protein electrophoresis". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84 (10): 3307–11. Bibcode:1987PNAS...84.3307G. doi:10.1073/pnas.84.10.3307. PMC 304858. PMID 3106965.
- ^
Chimpanzee Sequencing; Analysis Consortium (September 2005). "Initial sequence of the chimpanzee genome and comparison with the human genome". Nature. 437 (7055): 69–87. Bibcode:2005Natur.437...69.. doi:10.1038/nature04072. PMID 16136131.
Cheng Z, Ventura M, She X, et al. (September 2005). "A genome-wide comparison of recent chimpanzee and human segmental duplications". Nature. 437 (7055): 88–93. Bibcode:2005Natur.437...88C. doi:10.1038/nature04000. PMID 16136132.
- ^ Osborn, Claire (2006-04-27). "Texas man saves friend during fatal chimp attack". The Pulse Journal. Retrieved 2006-06-27.
- ^ "Chimp attack kills cabbie and injures tourists". London: The Guardian. 2006-04-25. Retrieved 2006-06-27.
- ^ "'Drunk and Disorderly' Chimps Attacking Ugandan Children". 2004-02-09. Retrieved 2006-06-27.
- ^ Waterman, Tara (1999). "Ebola Cote D'Ivoire Outbreaks". Stanford University. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
- ^ "Chimp attack doesn't surprise experts". MSNBC. 2005-03-05. Retrieved 2006-06-27.
- ^ "Online Extra: Frodo @ National Geographic Magazine". Ngm.nationalgeographic.com. 2002-05-15. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
- ^ "Birthday party turns bloody when chimps attack". USATODAY. 2005-03-04. Retrieved 2006-06-27.
- ^ Argetsinger, Amy (2005-05-24). "The Animal Within". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2006-06-27.
- ^ Sandoval, Edgar (2009-02-18). "911 tape captures chimpanzee owner's horror as 200-pound ape mauls friend". New York: Nydailynews.com. Archived from the original on February 19, 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
- ^ Gallman, Stephanie (2009-02-18). "Chimp attack 911 call: 'He's ripping her apart'". CNN. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
- ^ a b Reeves JD, Doms RW (June 2002). "Human immunodeficiency virus type 2". J. Gen. Virol. 83 (Pt 6): 1253–65. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-83-6-1253. PMID 12029140.
- ^ Keele BF, Van Heuverswyn F, Li Y, et al. (July 2006). "Chimpanzee reservoirs of pandemic and nonpandemic HIV-1". Science. 313 (5786): 523–6. Bibcode:2006Sci...313..523K. doi:10.1126/science.1126531. PMC 2442710. PMID 16728595.
- ^ Gao F, Bailes E, Robertson DL, et al. (February 1999). "Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes". Nature. 397 (6718): 436–41. Bibcode:1999Natur.397..436G. doi:10.1038/17130. PMID 9989410.
- ^ a b St.Fleur, Nicholas (12 June 2015). "U.S. Will Call All Chimps 'Endangered'". The New York Times Company. The New York Times. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
- ^ a b U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. "U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Finalizes Rule Listing All Chimpanzees as Endangered Under the Endangered Species Act". fws.gov. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
- General references
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, De Generis Humani Varietate Nativa, 1775.
- Tutin CE, McGrew WC, Baldwin PJ (1983). "Social organization of savanna-dwelling chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes verus, at Mt. Assirik, Senegal". Primates. 24 (2): 154–173. doi:10.1007/BF02381079.
External linksEdit
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Common chimpanzee.
|Wikispecies has information related to Common Chimpanzee
- DiscoverChimpanzees.org
- Chimpanzee Genome resources
- Primate Info Net Pan troglodytes Factsheets
- U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Species Profile
- New Scientist 19 May 2003 – Chimps are human, gene study implies
- Video clips and news from the BBC (BBC Wildlife Finder)
- View the common chimpanzee genome in Ensembl
- Human Timeline (Interactive) – Smithsonian, National Museum of Natural History (August 2016).


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Oh yeah, a Jabba box set would be sweet.
Or a Hoth Luke with Tauntaun and Wampa.
A Taun Taun and Wampa would be awesome, but i still want a Jabba box set first. Just imagine, Jabba with his Base, Salacious Crumb, Bib Fortuna, and maybe a Gamorrean Guard.
Best price I've seen for one of these:Series 4 Luke in Stormtrooper Disguise
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subset: commoncrawl


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Ridgefield facing potent Southington in semfinals
Fresh off his program's first state playoff victory in 11 years, Ridgefield High football coach Kevin Callahan and his team had little time for celebration. In fact, their task may have gotten significantly more difficult, with less time to prepare for a potentially greater challenge.
The eighth-seeded Tigers, who upset top-ranked Newtown 35-33 Tuesday, will battle No. 4 Southington Saturday at 2 p.m. at West Haven High School in the Class LL semifinals. Southington routed No. 5 Norwich Free Academy 52-14 Tuesday in the quarterfinals and, despite begin seeded lower than Newtown, could pose an even stiffer test for Ridgefield than Tuesday's previously undefeated opponent.
And an added caveat: Callahan and his staff have had all of three days to prepare for this state semifinal showdown.
"The three-day turnaround coming off such a physical game will be challenging," Callahan said. "You know with high school kids when even the smallest thing goes awry it can throw them off. Our bus got lost on the way to the St. Joseph game and we played our worst game. That being said, in the post-season there is no regular routine for anybody. It's unchartered territory to be playing this late. We'll be fired up, though. We're not happy with one win."
Ridgefield (10-2) did a great job bottling up Newtown's spectacular running back Cooper Gold on Tuesday. Gold, who entered the game with over 1,500 yards rushing and 17 touchdowns, was held to 82 yards and one score as the Tigers built a 35-13 third-quarter lead. And while Newtown's pass attack is potent, the task for the Tigers Saturday figures to be even greater against Southington (10-1).
"They have about a 70-30 pass-to-run ratio and are a stronger vertical threat so it's going to be a huge challenge for us," Callahan said. "They have a very capable running back in Tyler Hyde, (899 yards rushing, 16 touchdowns), but their quarterback (Stephen Barmore, 2,550 yards passing, 35 TDs, five INT) has a great arm and has committed to Yale. Newtown and Southington are similar on offense but Southington has a more multi-faceted offense with two or three very good receivers (led by Alex Jamele; 63 receptions, 1,314 yards, 24 TDs)."
Ridgefield, of course, knows all about multi-faceted offenses. The Tigers, with quarterback Ryan Dunn, run the spread. Dunn has completed 64 percent of his passes for 2,066 yards and 26 touchdowns. His top receiving threat is Andrew Chuma (54-711-9).
But what has caused major headaches for opposing defenses is the presence of record-breaking senior running back Will Bonaparte. Bonaparte, who rushed for 226 yards and three touchdowns on 36 carries against Newtown, has a Ridgefield record 1,525 yards and 16 TDs on 215 attempts this season.
"Bonaparte gives us our edge," Callahan said. "There are not a lot of teams that have that kind of weapon, especially those who run the spread."
In other words, the last three days of preparation wasn't exactly a picnic for Southington, either.
NOTES: Ridgefield won the state championship in 2002 but had gone 0-4 in state playoff appearances since then. ¦ The Ridgefield-Southington winner will meet the survivor of the Fairfield Prep-West Haven semifinal in the Class LL state final on either Dec. 13 or 14th at Central Connecticut State University. Prep beat Glastonbury 33-23 Tuesday and is seeded seventh while West Haven, a 51-26 winner over Hall Tuesday, is sixth. ¦ Ridgefield's losses were to St. Joseph and Darien while Hall handed Southington its only setback. All three of those opponents qualified for the state playoffs.


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Super file upload
compile "org.grails.plugins:super-file-upload:0.4"
Super File Upload Plugin
OverviewThis plugin provides support for a file upload progress bar. It uses http://swfupload.org/ and also the jquery progress bar plugin http://t.wits.sg/misc/jQueryProgressBar/demo.php
Author: Peter Delahunty
blog: http://blog.peterdelahunty.com
twitter: http://twitter.com/peterdelahunty
email: [email protected]
CompatibilityThe plugin is currently compatible with version 1.1.x of grails.
InstallationInstallation is very simple as is all grails plugin installations;
grails install-plugin super-file-upload
DocumentationUsage of the super file upload plugin is very simple. All you need to do is add the following gsp tags within your page.
Head setup grails tag :This generates the javascript. It has lots of parameter i will discuss below. Here is a simple tag. You MUST put this tag in your head element on your html page.
<sfu:generateConfiguration fileSize="30" form="bookForm" buttonImageFile="/buttons/browse-button-sprite.png" buttonWidth="104" buttonHeight="30"/>
File upload control grails tagDrop this where you want the file upload control to be rendered
Progress bar grails tagDrop this where you want the progress bar to be rendered
IMPORTANT html Form element onsubmit attributeYou must also supply the onsubmit attribute on the form. This must call the sfuSubmitForm function. Just copy the example above. If you don't do this then nothing will work :)
<form id="bookForm" name="bookForm" onsubmit="return sfuSubmitForm(this);">
Full example of a gsp page with a form.This assumes you have a button image at the url /buttons/browse-button-sprite.png. See more info about the button below.
  <title>Simple form test</title> <sfu:generateConfiguration fileSize="30" form="bookForm" buttonImageFile="/buttons/browse-button-sprite.png" buttonWidth="104" buttonHeight="30"/>  <form id="bookForm" name="bookForm" action="save" onsubmit="return sfuSubmitForm(this);"> Choose file: <sfu:fileUploadControl/>
 Progress bar: <sfu:fileUploadProgressBar/>
 <input type="submit" value="Save"> </form>
How to handle in your controllerYou need to look out for a parameter call uploadedFileId
class DemoController { SuperFileUploadService superFileUploadService def save = { String uploadFilename = params.uploadedFileId if (uploadFilename) { // get the full path name of the file from the temp directory File file = superFileUploadService.getTempUploadFile(uploadFilename) }else{ // file was not uploaded by flash. User might have javascript off def fileStream = request.getFile('sfuFile'); // handle normal file upload as per grails docs } redirect(action:'confirm) }}


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My evaluation of Windows 10 is purely as a gaming OS on my iMac and in that sense it offers less compatibility than Windows 7 with zero added benefit because this late-2013 iMac's GPU will not support DX 12 and it cannot be upgraded and Windows 10 free upgrade licensure is treated as an OEM license tied to the installation hardware therefore the license is useless when I ditch this iMac. I cannot take it with me to a future machine so why bother?
That's where i was coming from above and the advice I think is good unless one already has or can upgrade to a DX 12 card in a system they plan to keep for some time. Then, compatibility issues aside (which I'd concede are not that big a deal or that widespread either) I could see it.
It will be interesting to see what MS does with pricing, etc. when the deal on this runs out. They may value the consumer beta testers enough to keep giving the OS away to them for free so they can ferret out the bugs for the Business users. This seems to be the scheme currently. Consumers get updates whether they want them or not. I think the ability to control this better was just added for Pro versions of Windows 10 wasn't it? I am only following this stuff casually so I might be off there but the various "ring" levels of Windows 10 distribution do last I knew feature consumers being unwitting testers of Windows 10 basically so that those who shell out the big bucks for corporate licensing get more stable operating system software. Everybody wins sort of depending on how you want to see this.
Blizzard Games to Utilize Metal API in OS X
Started by Sneaky Snake, Oct 15 2015 11:39 AM
100 replies to this topic
Posted 18 November 2015 - 01:38 AM
"The time you enjoy wasting is not wasted time." — Bertrand Russell


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0 Members and 1 Guest are viewing this topic.
The other thing I wonder is if cake or fresh yeast has such a short life, how can they sell it in supermarkets where it surely sits for weeks or months in the distribution channels and on the store shelf and at home before it is used. There must be a way they keep it vital.
Paul and Norma,See http://thinktank.pmq.com/viewtopic.php?f=6&t=6179&p=38688&hilit=#p38682. Tom perhaps should have added cake yeast to his list. It was perhaps an oversight. Red Star makes the connection at http://www.redstaryeast.com/lessons/yeast_types__usage/cake_yeast.php.Peter
Norma,Glad you liked the fire story. You don't want to encourage firemen storytelling. There is lots of laughter as well as grief in the job. I think the propensity to create humor is probably a way of coping or dealing with involvement in tragedy. There were guys who were genius at creating practical jokes. It was an outlet. My daughter is a high risk labor delivery nurse and on bad days she goes home and hugs her little boys until they tell her to stop. I have used dry yeast, cake yeast, sourdough, and dry yeast with sourdough to make pizza dough. The cake yeast turns out the best crusts. I bought it in small quantity at a local supermarket and it cost a lot. Second best is dry yeast in very small quantities with long fermentations. Maybe sourdough starters would be also good if they were managed properly, but that is beyond my skill. Bake shops can pay attention to their leavens and starters every day. The home baker can't. I don't know anything about how fresh or cake yeast is prepared, but would guess it is the same organism that is in dry yeast. What I wonder is if it is possible to grow yeast from dry, and make your own fresh. If that is the case, and it is not too much trouble, a home baker could do that and use it and be done with it and not have to worry about managing starter every day. The other thing I wonder is if cake or fresh yeast has such a short life, how can they sell it in supermarkets where it surely sits for weeks or months in the distribution channels and on the store shelf and at home before it is used. There must be a way they keep it vital.
Great post Norma! I finally had time to read thru it all and look at all the pics. Dang, now my stomach is growling and I am remembering my last visit there which was too long ago.I was blown away by Motorino back then and now Keste's is a must visit for my next trip, plus at least one steak on a stick or two.Thanks for sharing!Hog
With much of the Neapolitan focus in NYC on Keste, Motorino EV and Paulie Gee's, the word about Donatella has yet to really hit hard. Three friends who have eaten Neapolitan pizza all over the place have now individually been there and all three say Donatella is now their favorite Neapolitan pizza in NYC. Interesting.I have a few upcoming trips to NYC and am eager to try Donatella. But an entire day devoted to just visiting NYstyle pizza joints comes first.
Cranky, Right now I like the flavors of using natural starters, but will experiment more with cake yeast to see what kind of results I can achieve. Natural starters really arent that hard to use. The dough just has to be watched over time. Norma
Norma, picture 100.jpg that you took from the Empire State reminds me so much of my time in NY so thank you! some amazing deli's around the Empire State building too.Paul
Paul,I am glad that the picture from the top of the Empire State Building does remind you of the time you spent in NY. I have so many pictures that were taken from other trips to NY. I didn't know anything from making pizza back then. I just ate slices or whole pies different times I visited NY. I have tried different foods in NY and most of them were good. Good to hear you liked the Delis around the Empire State Building. What was the most memorable food you ate in NY?Norma
Pigs intestines in China town! lolWas......strange...I have a picture of when my wife and I met Sly Stallone @ a book signing on 5th AVE, I will post it here when I find it......that was a better memory than the pigs guts...
Amazing pictures Norma, your dinner sounds a bit like haggis, have you tried that?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haggis enjoy. lol


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does anybody know how to remove the battery housings of a sunray light system, from the Light and Motion Stingray housing?
Id like to mount them on another type of system, i really like the batteries that they use, and i have plenty from my drills and jigsaws.
Its seems like they should come off, but they feel locked in there, i don't want to damage anything.
Edited by tirzo13, 04 June 2012 - 11:32 AM.


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- Home
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Welcome! This is Angular, a very clean, responsive & super flexible WordPress portfolio theme that makes it easy to showcase your work
1The theme uses a flexible template system that enables you to create stunning pages out of the box with no coding knowledge at all
2The theme comes with several predefined skin options but also utilizes a color and background image switcher, a font-switch for headings and several other layout options.
3You can now setup a wordpress installation that looks like this demo with just a single click of your mouse. Amazing to get started and accustomed to the theme.
4To get your content displayed properly the theme uses wordpress shortcodes. Visual previews help you while creating those shortcodes so you don't need to memorize the codes 🙂


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Yes, You Too Can Have an Eat-In Kitchen: IKEA's Wall-Mounted Drop Leaf Tables
If when you hear the phrase "eat-in kitchen" you think a) yeah right, or b) does standing next to my countertop count?, then to you I say this: consider the wall-mounted drop leaf table. Often even the smallest of kitchens can accommodate this type of table because of its signature space-saving feature: prop it up when you want to use it; drop it down flush against the wall when you don't. If you think you can swing it in your own kitchen, IKEA has three terrific options to choose from, all under $40:
3 Great Wall-Mounted Drop Leaf Tables from IKEA
- 1 NORBO Wall-mounted drop-leaf table in birch, $29.99 from IKEA: Made of solid birch and measuring 31"x23", this is my favorite of all the wall-mounted tables at IKEA. I like the shape and the natural wood.
- 2 NORBERG Wall-mounted drop-leaf table in white, $39.99 from IKEA: A little smaller than the NORBO, this table measures 29"x23" and is made of particleboard with a melamine tabletop, which makes it easy to wipe down. You also get a bit of a wider shelf to work with after you fold the table down.
- 3 BJURSTA Wall-mounted drop-leaf table in brown-black, $39.99 from IKEA: This is the longest and narrowest table of the bunch, measuring 35"x19". It, too, is made of particleboard with an ash veneer, but the clear lacquer coating makes it easy to clean. It also has a decent shelf to store things on when the full table is not in use.
Do you have a wall-mounted drop leaf table in your kitchen?


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MINNEAPOLIS -- Gusty winds and iced-over roadways made for treacherous Midwest travel Friday as a major winter storm headed east over the Great Lakes. Four deaths have been linked to the storm, including three from traffic accidents.
Hundreds of flights in and out of Chicago's two airports were canceled Friday morning, and the city was clearing about 3 inches of snow from its streets, and the Kansas City and St. Louis, Mo., airports both reopened Friday morning but had numerous cancellations and delays."If you went to bed in Chicago last night you did miss the big show," said storm reporter Chris Warren from Lake Shore Drive in Chicago on The Weather Channel on Friday. "Most of the snow fell late last night, generally from midnight until about four in the morning. That was when the heaviest snow was coming down."
(MORE: Winter Storm Q Snow Reports)
The snow began falling in Detroit just in time for the morning rush, turning streets and freeways into a mess.
Head bowed and arms crossed, Detroit resident Patrice Denham pushed forward into the swirling snow. She had just walked several blocks to her townhouse complex's leasing office for a new mailbox key and was heading back home.
"You live in the city of Detroit and you do what you have to do," Denham said referring to the rough winter weather that regularly affects the city. "If it's going to be cold, it's going to be cold. But this has been only an average winter."
Where the storm struck hardest Wednesday and Thursday, impressive snow totals rolled in - 18 inches in the rural southern Kansas town of Zenda; 17 inches in Hays, Kan.; 13 inches in northern Oklahoma; 13 1/2 inches in northeast Missouri and south-central Nebraska; and 12 inches in parts of Kansas City, Mo.
The system lost strength as it moved north and east overnight and into Friday. Illinois' totals ranged from 7.5 inches in west-central Rushville to a mix of sleet and freezing rain in the St. Louis, Mo., suburbs. Dodge County in southeastern Minnesota received 8 inches by Friday morning, and Trempealeau County in western Wisconsin had 7 inches.
Students across a large swath of Kansas spent a second day at home as crews continue to excavate residential neighborhoods. Schools also were closed in parts of Missouri, Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota.
But travel was the main storm-related problem on Friday. In Ohio, which was clipped by the storm, a United plane slid off a slick runway at the Cleveland Hopkins International Airport onto a grassy area, but no injuries were reported.
(MORE: Can Winter Storm Q Help the Drought?)
In the Twin Cities area, Raven Plendl's commute was an hour and a half longer than normal, due to bumper-to-bumper traffic in the heart of the metroplex.
"Down here (in St. Paul, Minn.) it was the worst," Plendl said of where her workplace is located.
The Minnesota State Patrol blamed the snow for over 200 accidents Friday morning. One driver was killed when a vehicle lost control, slid into oncoming traffic and broadsided another vehicle near a St. Paul suburb.
A 12-year-old boy died from injuries suffered in a collision on an icy highway in northern Nebraska on Thursday. A western Iowa woman was run over Thursday by her car, which had gotten stuck on her steep, slippery driveway.
And a 70-year-old woman from Wichita, Kan., died after her car collided with a train. Authorities told The Wichita Eagle that witnesses said her car began to slide before the accident.
Also in Iowa, a bus carrying members of a college softball team was involved in a multi-vehicle crash Friday morning east of Des Moines; no serious injuries were reported.
In some locations, the storm didn't live up to the hype. At the Pilot Flying J station near Interstate 29 in southwest Iowa, shift manager Kelly Malone said Friday his company had taken precautions for employees by reserving rooms at the Super 8 Motel.
"We were prepared for the worst, but it didn't happen that bad," he said. Iowa's snow totals topped out at 9.7 inches near Sioux City.
"To me it was just an average storm, but I'm a person who drives through anything," he said.


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Style # 216099
AVAILABILITY: Unavailable for immediate shipment.
Fit & Flare Dress is rated out of 5 by 8.
Rated 5 out of 5 by Joanne16 from Beautiful and elegant Dress This was in my list to get the minute I saw it, finally got it, and it looks and feels just right. Love the way it drapes and flows. Sexy lovely dress A must buy!
Date published: 2016-01-29
Rated 5 out of 5 by Magda1332 from Dress Very elegant. Really good quality. ...............
Date published: 2016-01-26
Rated 5 out of 5 by Styles93 from Great Dress It is a beautiful dress. I think an S would've fit better, but it feels good in an M. Very elegant and the skirt is gorgeous.
Date published: 2015-02-25
Rated 5 out of 5 by TRAVELLER from RECOMMENDATION COMFORTABLE, ACCENTUATES YOUR CURVES, QUALITY FABRIC AND PERFECT LENGTH
Date published: 2015-02-01
Rated 5 out of 5 by Tilac00 from Great dress! Love this dress! I am 5'11 and a size 8/10. I love this dress because it is stretchy and super flattering. I am long and lean so it made my legs look fabulous with it's short nature and accentuated my chest and shoulders! I put a cute black leather wrap belt with it and it made for a perfect NYE party dress in Vegas!
Date published: 2015-01-05
Rated 5 out of 5 by Jflowers from Fitchick Awesome and perfect fit, can't wait to wear it to my next event. It's true to size and fit every curve perfect.
Date published: 2014-12-13
Rated 5 out of 5 by OrangeCoast23 from Sexy chic This is my new favorite dress! I'm 5'7, 125 pounds and the size small fit perfect in length not too short not too long. The material is nice and thick also stretchy. I am a bit curvy and this dress did not make the flare look too wide on my body. It's the cutest sexy chic dress I've ever purchased from Bebe.
Date published: 2014-12-09
Rated 5 out of 5 by jameela from great sexy dress This one shoulder black dress is simple but sexy, fits perfectly and true to size. I am very pleased with this purchase.
Date published: 2014-09-27


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On Oct 29, Sandra Brown's life went underwater, and she's been trying to claw her way to the surface ever since. A native of Staten Island, Brown had weathered many a hurricane and seen the streets flood repeatedly. Fortunately, on this day she heeded warnings on Facebook and noted the way the tree outside her window was bending in the wind.
NEW YORK — On Oct. 29, Sandra Brown's life went underwater, and she's been trying to claw her way to the surface ever since. A native of Staten Island, Brown had weathered many a hurricane and seen the streets flood repeatedly. Fortunately, on this day she heeded warnings on Facebook and noted the way the tree outside her window was bending in the wind.
"I said, 'Time to go.' I knew it would do what it did," she recalled of Hurricane Sandy. She left her rental on one of the low-lying streets behind Cedar Grove Beach. Otherwise, she might have been one of the 23 who died on Staten Island that day, many drowning in the 10- to 12-foot tidal surge that overran beach dunes and hit the densely settled working-class neighborhoods like a tsunami.
Brown returned days later to find her first floor had been destroyed by the salt water. Kitchen appliances, furniture, everything had to be tossed. The streets were choked with mud and debris. Her husband's truck was also totaled, thrown like a toy into a telephone pole, and her boat and trailer were missing.
The trailer she later found in a parking lot by the beach. Her boat had somehow floated around the block and ended up on top of a car one street over.
While it might not seem like a big deal, recovering an old boat she used for pleasure cruises on the Lower Bay in the summer, it was another step in reassembling the puzzle pieces of her life. Ultimately someone lifted the boat off the car and deposited it in a parking space on the street.
As she pondered how to get the boat onto her trailer, the noise and panorama of the relief effort resounded in the background: the ubiquitous generators; the siren from a Red Cross truck crawling the streets, its loudspeaker announcing a free hot meal; the crews of teen volunteers dressed in red and blue T-shirts, wielding hammers, walking from site to site offering their help in demolition work; street corner tents where church groups distributed food and clothing; or the somewhat whimsical "Occupy Sandy" encampment near the beach where big guys in biker T-shirts barbecued food for anyone passing by.
"I can't stop crying," Brown apologized, wiping tears from her cheeks. She was scheduled to meet with a Federal Emergency Management Agency worker that day but was afraid to hope. Her house was a rental, and she couldn't get her landlord to say when he'd fix it. However, he did answer one of her pleas by returning her security deposit, which she took as a sign she wouldn't be going back to the home she'd known for seven years.
"I want him to rebuild that home, and I want to come back here. I love the people out here," she said.
Welcome to Brooke Haughen's world. A 29-year-old Transportation Security Administration inspector from Minneapolis who inspects freight and rail shipments, Haughen was one of more than 6,000 Department of Homeland Security employees across the country who answered a request for volunteers two years ago, to be ready to back up FEMA workers in case of a major disaster such as Sandy.
The agency picked 1,200 and gave them some basic training, but their real schooling began with an all-too-brief two-day session at the National Fire Academy in Maryland before they were deployed to the Massachusetts Maritime Academy's training ship T.S. Kennedy berthed on Staten Island and its sister ship the T.S. Empire State from New York's maritime academy docked in Brooklyn. A second wave of relief workers arrived two weeks later.
Like many of her fellow relief workers onboard the Kennedy, a 540-foot floating classroom for the Buzzards Bay academy, Haughen's full-time job didn't really prepare her for going door-to-door, handing out literature on the help that was available to survivors, and gathering phone numbers and other essential information to begin the application process for federal aid. She expected she might experience some of the notorious New York toughness, combined with some post-Katrina cynicism about the response capability of federal agencies, but found the reality quite different.
"I was expecting a lot of strong personalities, being a little in over my head being from the Midwest," Haughen said. New Yorkers were not only approachable but appreciative, she said.
New Yorkers are also incredibly diverse, both ethnically and in the languages they speak. FEMA had to form language teams to go into neighborhoods where most people spoke Vietnamese, Chinese or Russian. That diversity was also reflected in the makeup of the relief workers onboard the Kennedy.
Daniel Ortega, 28, from El Paso, Texas, works as a mechanic for the Border Patrol, but he served in the Navy Military Police. He saw this as an opportunity to help people. A trip to the Queens community of Breezy Point, where 111 homes were destroyed by fire at the height of the storm, only fed that desire.
"I saw a lot of frustration and appreciation that we were there," Ortega said. "The ride back to the Kennedy that night in the van was very quiet," he said.
The one common desire was to help, to make a difference to those most in need, almost to a fault, said Dave Gronsbell, one of the mentors in charge of so-called Surge teams.
"They all want to be where the action is, where they will do the most good," he said.
Like many of the crew onboard the Kennedy, Dave Maccini of Falmouth didn't have much time to go out and see the areas devastated by what the locals called Superstorm Sandy. The tidal surge on Oct. 29 rose seven feet above Homeport Pier, where the Kennedy is berthed, destroying much of the pier infrastructure, including the electricity, so the crew was busy, putting in long hours with reduced staffing to supply electricity and heat, keep the large bunk rooms clean and provide meals for nearly 500 relief workers. The Kennedy, which departed Buzzards Bay on Nov. 4, is scheduled to be in New York until Dec. 15, according to Rear Adm. Richard Gurnon, maritime academy president.
Maccini, a refrigeration engineer working far below decks in the cavernous engine room, was more isolated from the real purpose of the mission than most. Like others in the crew, he developed an admiration for the work ethic of the federal employees who rose in darkness to grab a quick breakfast, trudge down the gangplank and board vans. They didn't return until 6, 7, sometimes 8 o'clock in the evening, ate their suppers in the ship's large mess hall and retired to their bunks to do it all over again the next day, and the next, seven days a week, for weeks at a time.
"I talked to some of the FEMA guys out back (on the ship's fantail, where some would go to smoke and enjoy the view of the New York City skyline)," Maccini said. "I said, 'What are you guys doing?' And they said they were beating the streets, out looking for people who needed help."
The randomness of the storm's impact made an impression on Maccini.
"One lady said they'd have this family living like a king and a family next door that had nothing. They are there to help and to serve them," Maccini said.
"Most of the people who do this have an open heart," said Keno Koehl, 64, a Customs and Border Protection employee from Indianapolis. "They like meeting and talking to people."


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CHS September Birthday Bash
Join Coronado High School alumni and friends to celebrate September birthdays. This event is the 3rd Saturday of every month. All CHS classes are welcome.
Admission: Free
Cash Bar
Full menu available
To RSVP and see who is attending, Lee created the event "Coronado Multiyear Birthday Bash" on Facebook.
Thanks to Lee McGhee (CHS 1979) for hosting this event every month. Lee is also now in charge of the Facebook group "Coronado Alumni." To keep updated on CHS events, please check out and/or join: Coronado Alumni (direct link to this group).
Thanks as usual to Flicka's for always catering to the CHS crowd! Please stop by and thank him with your business. If you are planning any kind of event or get together you can NEVER go wrong with his location, staff and personal attendance to detail! We love you Flicka!
Important: Do not park at Papa Johns! Your car will be towed if you do. Flicka has a parking agreement with Antique Centre, Rock Church and Antique Trove across the street. Parking there is safe, but be careful crossing Scottsdale Road.


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Everyone is talking about how it's the Year of the Conservative Woman. That got me to thinking, who are these women, anyway? What do they do? What do they look like?
So I did a little research and found out that they're beauty queens and bloggers, actresses and politicians. There are even some former welfare moms.
All passionate -- and vocal -- about their beliefs, these women are doing their best to shed the GOP's crusty old white man image. I'd say they're succeeding.
Here, The Stir's handpicked list of 9 sexy, conservative women to watch.
Michelle Malkin, writer
Claim to conservative fame: Blogger, Fox News channel contributor, author of four books, including her most recent Culture of Corruption: Obama and His Team of Tax Cheats, Crooks, and Cronies.
Be a fan on Facebook; follow her on Twitter.
Michele Bachmann, politician
Claim to conservative fame: Elected in 2006, Bachmann is the first Republican woman to be elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from Minnesota. Bachmann raised $1.7 million for her PAC last quarter, and some speculate that she's going to give Sarah Palin a run for her money in 2012.
Visit her Facebook page; follow her on Twitter.
Angie Harmon, actress
Claim to conservative fame: Harmon and her husband, pro football player Jason Sehorn, gave a speech at the 2004 Republican National Convention. Harmon supported Johm McCain for president in 2008, and has said that she would support Sarah Palin if she runs for President in 2012.
Watch her on TNT's new show Rizzoli & Isles.
Star Parker, politician
Claim to conservative fame: A single welfare mother who was "received by Christ," Parker is the founder of CURE, the center for Urban Renewal and Education, a non-profit think tank that provides "a voice of reason on issues of race and poverty in the media and poor communities. Parker is running, unopposed, for the U.S. House of Representatives in the 37th Congressional District in Los Angeles County, California. She's been endorsed by Sarah Palin.
Friend her on Facebook; follow her on Twitter.
Jenny Erikson, blogger, radio show host
Claim to conservative fame: One of The Stir's own Op/Ed bloggers, Erikson also blogs at the Candid Conservative, and hosts the Smart Girl Report every week on From the Right Radio. Get on her good side with a grande non-fat chai tea latte, extra hot, no water.
Follow her on The Stir, and on Twitter.
Carrie Prejean, beauty queen, author
Claim to conservative fame: More than just a pretty face, some say this former Miss California was dethroned because she didn't support gay marriage during the Miss USA pageant. She had a very public tiff with Perez Hilton and wrote a book about her experiences, Still Standing: The Untold Story of My Fight Against Gossip, Hate, and Political Attacks. The book contains a foreword by Fox News commentator Sean Hannity and was recommended by Ann Coulter and Rush Limbaugh.
Dana Loesch, radio/video host, blogger
Claim to conservative fame: Dana appears regularly on Fox News and CNN, co-hosts "Tea Party TV" for PJTV, vlogs for Mamalogues, and hosts her own radio program The Dana Show. She's appeared in Playboy -- though she's all talk, no action. Sorry, boys.
Follow her on Twitter.
Nikki Haley, politician
Claim to conservative fame: Newsweek just did a cover story on this "earthy, attractive, articulate" up-and-comer in the conservative movement. Haley won the Republican nomination for governor of South Carolina tk. If she wins, she'll be that state's first female governor -- as well as the first member of a racial minority (she's a first-generation American of Indian descent) to be governor there.
Be her fan on Facebook; follow her on Twitter.
Sarah Palin, politician, commentator, Mama Grizzly
Claim to conservative fame: As if you don't know, Palin was the first female governor of Alaska, the first female Republican vice presidential nominee, and she seems to be gearing up for a run for president on the GOP ticket, which would make her the first female Republican to do so.
Be her Facebook fan; follow her on Twitter; give her money at SarahPAC.
Images via (top to bottom): Sansreproache/Flickr; Michelle Malkin/Twitter; Michele Bachmann/Twitter; alacoolb/Flicker; Star Parker/Facebook; Kristen Bons; jsr00001/Flickr; Dana Loesch/Twitter; Nikki Haley/Facebook; David Shankbone/Flickr


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HARTSVILLE, S.C. – Freshman midfielder Jordan Roy led the Cobras to a 2-0 win over Converse College on Tuesday (Oct. 1) night at the Coker Soccer Field, after she scored both of the Cobras' goals.
It was a quick start for Roy and the Cobras, as the first goal came just 39 seconds into the game. Roy received a pass off the foot of sophomore forward Jalynn Fortt, and put it into the back right corner of the net for the games first goal.
Roy struck again in the 11th minute of the first half, except this time she received a pass from junior defender Trah Monroe. Roy's second goal of the day allowed the Cobras to head into the locker room with a comfortable 2-0 lead at the break.
Competition became much thicker in the second half, as neither team would surrender a goal. Roy's two goals in the first half however would prove to be enough to preserve the Coker victory.
Coker's next competition will come this Saturday (Oct. 5) against Catawba in a South Atlantic Conference match up. Game time is slated for a 1:30 PM start time.
McDonalds Player of the Game: Jordan Roy


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I just learned myself that Eva Kipler of EvaK designs passed away on October 30th. For anyone that has been digi-scrapping for a while, I'm sure you have seen her around and picked up some of her gorgeous kits over the years. I remember almost instantly, she became one of my favorite designers. I'm not sure why or how, but I do know she was only 45 years young, almost the same age as my hubby. She leaves behind a husband and children, who I'm sure are at a tremendous loss without her.
I just wanted to let y'all know so that anyone that wished to pay their respects online could do so and not feel bad if you hadn't heard yet and got to let her family know how special she was. I know she had mad many cyber digi friends over the past several years. Below, I will attach all the links to any of her spots that I noticed her hubby and/or creative team posted the update.
Her personal FB Page
Her Designing FB Page
Her Blog/Website


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Join us for an inside peak of our retail and commercial operations. This walking farm tour includes our farm history, a stop by the bee hives and seeing our greenhouses that produce over 300,000 USDA Certified Organic herb and vegetable plants each year. Discover our beginnings as a lavender farm to now being a nursery on a farm specializing in herbs and vegetable plants. Each adult enjoys a free ice cream upon completion. This is an outside walking tour so please dress accordingly. No registration required for tours.
Tours are approximately 30 minutes.
|Event Date
|08-12-2016 12:00 pm
|Lavender Fields


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Opinion: Zero Dark Thirty's Snub
Columnist Bret Stephens on why progressives hate the film Zero Dark Thirty and director Kate Bigelow's Oscar snub. Photo: Associated Press
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
... I ... worse but billions of dollars ... we are still little closer to the guitar and ... I I ... welcome back to Opinion Journal Live by Mary Kissel with the editorial board you're looking at scenes from a bigger lows ... zero Dark thirty ... very very popular movie of blockbuster about the effort to kill ... actually to capture ... this turned out kill ... al Qaeda leader Osama bin Leyden ... well ... Hollywood turnout for the Golden Globes are dark on Google has nine zero Dark thirty ... didn't take the top prize but at least it was in contention ... it's not the same for the Oscars global view columnist Bret Stephens is here to tell us ... what is wrong with Cate ... Brett welcome what is the beef was capable ... whoa that's a great question I mean she directed this film which is has been ... critically ... received incredibly well critically I think it's the Number one of the box office now ... some an amazing movie ... and in fact the movie didn't actually take surprises for nominations at the US for best picture best ... of best actress in and in a leading role ... best screenplay ... but I think this may be the first time in at least twenty five years when a picture that scene contention for best Oscar ... doesn't even have its best picture doesn't even have its director ... nominee say or ask yourself well our politics in fall fall of the December ... three senators um um ... etc McCain from ... Arizona ... Senator Feinstein from California head of the Senate intelligence Committee and Sen Levin as well from from Democrat from ... Michigan ... sent a letter to Sony Pictures denouncing zero Dark thirty because they allege ... that the movie seemed to endorse torture I don't think the movie does any any such um ... any sustained while it seems like in an odd way ... Hollywood is caving to political pressure and Kathryn Bigelow is being ... zeroed out of zero Dark thirty I think a very unfortunate for her but ... um people will take away their own views of the film no matter what the of the motion picture and ... all its extraordinary DCL Hollywood picture house like Sony pictures ... standing up for freedom of speech and standing up for true portrayals of ... what we're actually facing out there in the war on terror I know look you know what I've been really interesting okay so Hollywood has this narrative Friday ... that especially in the nineteen forties and nineteen fifties for the House UN American activities committee Kwok ... there were a bunch of bullies in Washington who were trying to ... impose their narrow moral judgment ... on people in Hollywood when Collingwood were simply trying to ... tell the truth is they saw artistically Boeing zero Dark thirty is not a document reads an action flick okay ... so this is the view that you know can right wing politicians in Washington are trying to ... shut it all Hollywood what to do when I mean we've left wing politicians in Washington ... issuing these edicts there's also been a call for a Senate investigation ... and what is called when you when it's basically conceding its full into wash and it's not standing up for freedom of speech some really ... nice people in Hollywood are on the left in on the side of of of freedom of expression and press ... it the ended the day don't you think that Hollywood needs to reacted will eventually react to what the markets as ... we look at these towns of Khan down in recent years that ... you denigrate the troops that ... raise questions about the motivations for us going to war on Iraq ... the way all the show little interest in euro and zero Dark thirty a film that tells the truth about what was actually ... a very daring and compelling ... story of how to get the world's most wanted terrorists and people are flocking to the box office isn't there a lesson there well I mean all to be one but you know people in pursuit of their ideological agendas will go bankrupt before ... before acknowledging that maybe there is um there's another point of view ... and by the way ... you know it's it's it's the only foolish and wrong headed it's kind of stupid because ... you can have and many people to have objections not only to torture but to ... you know these enhanced interrogation techniques ... it as a moral matter ... and still sit pragmatic we maybe they didn't contribute something as people like former Attorney General Mike the case of the two former CIA director ... Michael Hayden said they did not contribute to it's it's a finding on told that we find them on how much that's a matter of debate ... but ... they can make that basic distinction so it's very unfortunate day that so many people four of them very hard laughed ... aam are coming on against a movie which I think is being vindicated ... at the box office located global view calmness Bret Stephens thank you so much for being with us ...


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4-H Pony Pals meeting — On Broadway Dance Studio, 106 Dingmans Place, Route 739, Dingmans Ferry, Pa., 6:30 p.m. March 1. This club is still accepting new members. It is also looking for another leader. 4-H is open to ages 8-18. 570-296-3400. March 1-3
PJMS Drama Club presents "Cinderella" — Port Jervis Middle School auditorium, 118 E. Main St., Port Jervis, N.Y., 7 p.m. March 1, 2 and 7 p.m. March 2, and 3 p.m. March 3. 845-858-3148.
Fourth annual Breakfast With the Cat in the Hat — Erie Trackside Manor, 1 Jersey Ave., Port Jervis, N.Y. Three seatings: 8:30 a.m., 9:30 and 10:30 a.m. March 2. All proceeds benefit St. Mary's Little Lambs Early Childhood Learning Center in Port Jervis. $15, $8 for children. 845-858-4208.
LGBT Adoption Workshop — St. Peter's Lutheran Church, 31 W. Main St., Port Jervis, N.Y., 10 a.m.-2 p.m. March 2. Free workshop for members of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community who are considering starting a family through adoption. Sign up at stpetersportjervis.org or call 845-856-1033.
Minisink Valley Teachers' Association tricky tray — Minisink Valley High School gym, 2320 Route 6, Slate Hill, N.Y. Doors open at 11 a.m. March 2. Calling begins at 1 p.m., with more than 200 baskets. All proceeds go to scholarships for Minisink Valley High School graduates. For more information, contact Anna Hamilton at email@example.com or 845-355-5200.
Grace Episcopal Church Soup Sale — 85 E. Main St., Port Jervis, N.Y., 11:30 a.m.-1:30 p.m. March 2. $5 per container. 845-856-3026.
Tricky tray — Vernon Township High School, 1832 County Road 565, Glenwood, N.J., March 2. Doors open at 5 p.m. Calling begins at 6:30 p.m. All proceeds go to Glenwood Baptist Church. Coffee and baked goods for sale. Tickets sold at door. 973-332-0009.
"Easy Does It" Hikers — Pocono Environmental Education Center (PEEC), 538 Emery Road, Dingmans Ferry, Pa., 10 a.m.-noon March 3. Easy hike, slow pace and interpretive natural history. Free. 570-828-2319. peec.org.
Port Jervis Soap Box Derby sign-ups — Port Jervis Youth Center, Pike Street, Port Jervis, N.Y., noon-3 p.m. March 3 and 6. Registration fee $100 per car. Go to pjsoapboxderby.com, print and complete all paperwork, and see meeting and practice dates. For more information, call Wayne Addy at 845-800-1000.
Matamoras Recreation Committee annual public meeting — Matamoras Borough Hall, 10 Ave. I, Matamoras, Pa., 1 p.m. March 3. Recreation Committee has responsibility to manage Airport Park, Firefly Field and all athletic fields. Anyone who wants to use the park for special events can find information or make reservations at this meeting. Light refreshments served. Call Jane Drake at 570-491-4202 or George Featherman at 570-491-5140.
Lenten Soup Lunch — Drew United Methodist Church, 49-51 Sussex St., at corner of East Broome Street, Port Jervis, N.Y., noon March 6. $3. Speaker is the Rev. George Hafemann. Lunch includes soup, bread, beverage and dessert. 845-856-3423.
Upper Delaware Council regular monthly meeting — UDC office, 211 Bridge St., Narrowsburg, N.Y., 7 p.m. March 7. Open to public. 845-252-3022. upperdelawarecouncil.org.
March 7-9
March Rummage Sale — Deerpark Reformed Church, 30 E. Main St., Port Jervis, N.Y., 9 a.m.-1 p.m. and 4-7 p.m. March 7, 9 a.m.-1 p.m. March 8, and Bag Day 9 a.m.-noon March 9. 845-856-1946.
March 9
Glass-blowing demonstrations and factory tours — Gillinder Glass, 39 Erie St., Port Jervis, N.Y., 10 a.m.-3 p.m. March 9. Guest artists return March 9 and April 13 to demonstrate the craft of hand-blown glass. $5, $4 for children and seniors. 845-856-5375. email@example.com.
4-H Rough Riders Horse Club meeting — Pocono Ranchlands Stable, Bushkill, Pa., 10 a.m. March 9. 4-H is open to ages 8-18. 570-296-3400.
Stars of Tomorrow Tricky Tray — Port Jervis High School, 10 Route 209, Port Jervis, N.Y., noon March 9. Doors open at noon, calling to start at 2 p.m. Free admission. Tickets $1 per sheet, 50/50, special tables, raffle prizes, door prizes. Kids welcome. Refreshments available. Proceeds benefit scholarship fund. Sponsored by Business & Professional Women's Club of Port Jervis. Snow date March 10. 845-858-7892. email@example.com.
Matamoras Westfall Historical Society meeting — Westfall Township Municipal Building, Delaware Drive and LaBarr Lane, Westfall Township, Pa., 2 p.m. March 10. Lecture by guest speaker Frank S. Salvati: "Sullivan's Campaign: Washington's attempt to take the Iroquois out of the War for Independence." Bad-weather date March 17.
Community Action Against Crime (CAAC) meeting — Riverview Inn, 400 Shay Lane, Matamoras, Pa., 7 p.m. Learn crime prevention and safety. There will be an important community announcement at this meeting. Complimentary beverages and snacks. 570-491-2173.
Pike County AARP Chapter 3455 St. Patrick's Day Party — Riverview Inn, Matamoras, Pa., noon March 12. Entertainment by singer and musician Joey Vincent. All welcome. $28. Reservations required. To reserve or for more information, call Martyn Freed at 570-491-5323.
Bus trip to Royal Manor Dinner Theater — Sponsored by Port Jervis Senior Citizens Club. Bus will leave at 9:30 a.m. March 13 from Burger King parking lot, 100 Pike St., Port Jervis, N.Y., and return from Garfield, N.J., at 5:30 p.m. $46 for club members, $51 for guests. Includes transportation, dinner and show, "My Wild Irish Rose." Call Joan Wagner at 845-856-3247 ASAP.
Lenten Soup Lunch — Drew United Methodist Church, 49-51 Sussex St., at corner of East Broome Street, Port Jervis, N.Y., noon March 13. $3. Speaker is the Rev. Alfred Jaeger. Lunch includes soup, bread, beverage and dessert. 845-856-3423.
Parent workshop: "How to Become Your Child's Reading Coach" — Delaware Valley Middle School library, 258 Route 6 and 209, Westfall, Pa., 6:30 p.m. March 13. Hosted by Parent Education Network. Participants will explore strategies to use with their children to increase reading skills. All parents and family members welcome. Call 570-296-1810 to register.
Museum Muse 4-H Club meeting — Columns Museum, 608 Broad St, Milford Pa., 4:30-5:30 p.m. March 14. 4-H leader and historian Roxanne Scott will guide members through exploration of art, genealogy, birds, musical instruments, old clothing or whatever else sparks children's interest and imagination. Club will meet weekly for 6-8 weeks on Thursdays, starting March 14. End project will be writing a pamphlet for other children who visit the museum. 4-H is open to ages 8-18. Call 570-296-3400.
Workshop: "Managing Conflict" — Pike County Administration Building, Commissioners' Meeting Room, 506 Broad St., Milford, Pa., 6:30-8:30 p.m. March 14. Participants will learn to recognize common causes of conflict, stages of conflict, and learn techniques for managing or resolving conflict. $10. Register at pakeys.org or call 570-296-3400.
St. Patrick's Day Supper — Grace Episcopal Church, 85 E. Main St., Port Jervis, N.Y., 4-7 p.m. March 16. Corned beef, cabbage, soda bread. $10, age 12 and under $5. Takeout available. 845-856-3026.
Tricky tray — Minisink Valley High School gym, 2320 Route 6, Slate Hill. N.Y., 5 p.m. March 16. Calling at 6:30 p.m. Proceeds benefit Minisink Valley High School Class of 2013. 845-355-5150.
Deerpark Republican Committee St. Patrick's Day Dinner — Port Jervis Elks Lodge, Route 6, Port Jervis, N.Y., 6:30 p.m. March 16. Dinner will honor Orange County Clerk Donna L. Benson as 2013 Republican of the Year. "Team Deerpark 2013" will make a special announcement. Tickets $40. Checks payable to Deerpark Republican Committee can be sent to P.O. Box 306, Westbrookville, NY 12785. To RSVP or inquire about a journal ad, call Karl Brabenec at 845-477-5720.
Sons of Norway Bernt Balchen Lodge No. 3-566 regular meeting — Central Volunteer Fire Department Hall, 574 Westcolang Road, off Route 590, Bohemia, in Lackawaxen, Pa., 2 p.m. March 17. Installation of new officers and celebration of St. Patrick's Day. Lodge will serve corned beef sandwiches, homemade desserts, coffee and tea. New members welcome. Call 570-729-7628 or 570-226-4007 for more information.
NCC Art & Lecture Series — Northampton Community College, Monroe Campus, Community Room, 205 Old Mill Road, Tannersville, Pa. 6 p.m. March 18. An evening of musical and literary fun with Justin Purtill and Rick Madigan. Free. 570-688-4191.
March 19
15th annual Chefs Do Dinner — Best Western Inn at Hunt's Landing, MIlford, Pa., 5:30-9:30 p.m. March 19, to benefit Center for Developmental Disabilities. $100. Call Lisa Randazzo, director of development, at 570-296-3992, ext. 264.
March 20
Lenten Soup Lunch — Drew United Methodist Church, 49-51 Sussex St., at corner of East Broome Street, Port Jervis, N.Y., noon March 20. $3. Speaker is the Rev. Ben Willis. Lunch includes soup, bread, beverage and dessert. 845-856-3423.
Lenten Soup Lunch — Drew United Methodist Church, 49-51 Sussex St., at corner of East Broome Street, Port Jervis, N.Y., noon March 27. $3. Speaker is the Rev. Nancy Vonderhorst. Lunch includes soup, bread, beverage and dessert. 845-856-3423.
Deja Brew Coffeehouse — Northampton Community College, Monroe Campus, Community Room, 205 Old Mill Road, Tannersville, Pa. 5 p.m. March 27. Professional acoustic duo Side Arm performs favorite cover tunes, and NCC students show off their talent during the open mic session. Proceeds go to Stephanie Rivera Scholarship Fund. For more information, email email@example.com or call 570-620-9221.
3rd Ward Neighborhood Watch meeting — Neversink Engine Company, corner of Canal and Orange streets, Port Jervis, N.Y., 7 p.m. March 27.
Kevin Donahue Benefit — Tom Quick Inn, 411 Broad St., Milford, Pa., noon-10 p.m. March 30. Fundraiser to help with medical bills for a 27-year-old Milford police officer and firefighter receiving intensive chemotherapy for Stage 3 cancer. $25. Food & beverage provided. 50/50 & raffle. Call Peter Mango at 570-807-8416 or Jennifer Fliegel at 973-219-6718, or go to facebook.com/k.donahuebenefit.
Toy train show and sale — Greenville VFW Post 3175, 1316 Route 6, Greenville, N.Y., 9 a.m.-3 p.m. April 6. Hosted by Tri-States Railway Preservation Society of Port Jervis. Three operating train layouts. Railroad vendors, all scales and all brands. Admission $5, free age 11 and younger. Free parking. Refreshments available at VFW Hall. 845-651-7872.


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A one-click make over program from ArcSoft.com
I recently purchased a new camera, a nice 16 mega pixel Fuji. It came with a bundle of software and one of them was the Perfect365. I did not know anything about it, but installed it anyway.
My cousin sent a montage with the pictures that he paid a designer to create. He asked what I thought of it and wanted an honest reply.
Needless to say I did tell him what I thought of the design. So he sent a bundle of pictures and asked for some ideas.
I used the Perfect 365 for the first time on the images to clean up the faces. It did a nice job. there was just a bit more touching up that I wanted.
I color corrected the images and wondered why an image of the Irish countryside with all the nice greenery around the house was turned into a black and white image. It made no sense. So I took a bit of time and started to work the layout in Photoshop.
I used some styles, filters and masks that were refined.
A big difference. What do you think?
To add to this my cousin lives in Ireland and I in the United States. I have never met him face to face, but have known him for the past 15 years. One of my hobbies is researching our family history and this is how we found each other. We shortly found that the information I had and the information he had came from the same sources. My great aunt and cousin started researching the family back in the 1940's and I received all of my aunts notes from my mother. Our cousin who lived in New Zealand and who corresponded with my aunt had given my cousin his notes. So the sharing continues and with greater results.
This is a great way of using Photoshop with other programs to speed up our work.