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The heliosphere is the vast bubble-like region of space surrounding and created by the Sun. In plasma physics terms, this is the cavity formed by the Sun in the surrounding interstellar medium. The plasma "blown" out from the outer layers of the Sun, known as the solar wind, creates this bubble, filling it and maintaining it against the outside pressure of interstellar plasma, which permeates our galaxy. The solar wind flows outward from the Sun for billions of kilometres, far beyond even the region of Pluto, until it encounters the termination shock, where its motion slows abruptly. The Voyager spacecraft have explored the outer reaches of the heliosphere, passing through the shock and entering the heliosheath, a transitional region which is in turn bounded by the outermost edge of the heliosphere, called the heliopause. The shape of the heliosphere is controlled by the interstellar medium through which it is traveling, as well as the Sun, and is not perfectly spherical.[1] The limited data available and unexplored nature of these structures have resulted in many theories.[2] The word "heliosphere" is said to have been coined by Alexander J. Dessler, who is credited with first use of the word in the scientific literature.[3]
On September 12, 2013, NASA announced that Voyager 1 left the heliopause on August 25, 2012, when it measured a sudden increase in plasma density of about forty times.[4] Because the heliopause marks one boundary between matter originating from the Sun and matter originating from the rest of the galaxy, a spacecraft such as Voyager 1 which has departed the heliosphere, can be said to have reached interstellar space.
- 1 Summary
- 2 Solar wind
- 3 Structure
- 4 Additional heliosphere structures
- 5 Observational methods
- 6 Gallery
- 7 See also
- 8 References
- 9 External links
The idea of Heliosphere is an area of the influence of the Sun, and a major component is magnetic field lines and the solar wind; three major aspects to its edge are the termination shock, the heliosheath, and the heliopause. Five spacecraft have returned much of the data about its furthest reaches including Pioneer 10 (1972-1997; data to 67 AU), Pioneer 11 (1973-1995;44 AU), Voyager 1 and 2 (launched 1977, ongoing), and New Horizons (Launched 2006). A type of particle called an ENA has also been observed to have been produced from its edges. Near the Sun, there is a host of spacecraft that observe the Sun and interplanetary space, and one of the latest to explore nearer to the Sun than ever before is the Parker Solar Probe launched in 2018. Solar observations, such by Solar eclipses that allow observation of the Corona and various types of space observatories also provide data on the Sun and its influences. The study of other Stars can also allow insights indirectly.
Except for regions near obstacles such as planets or comets, the heliosphere is dominated by material emanating from the Sun, although cosmic rays, fast-moving neutral atoms, and cosmic dust can penetrate the heliosphere from the outside. Originating at the extremely hot surface of the corona, solar wind particles reach escape velocity, streaming outwards at 300 to 800 km/s (671 thousand to 1.79 million mph or 1 to 2.9 million km/h).[5] As it begins to interact with the interstellar medium, its velocity slows to a stop. The point where the solar wind becomes slower than the speed of sound is called the termination shock; the solar wind continues to slow as it passes through the heliosheath leading to a boundary called the heliopause, where the interstellar medium and solar wind pressures balance. The termination shock was traversed by Voyager 1 in 2004,[6] and Voyager 2 in 2007.[1]
It was thought that beyond the heliopause there was a bow shock, but data from Interstellar Boundary Explorer suggested the velocity of the Sun through the interstellar medium is too low for it to form.[7] It may be a more gentle "bow wave".[8] Voyager data led to a new theory that the heliosheath has "magnetic bubbles" and a stagnation zone.[9][10]
The 'stagnation region' within the heliosheath, starting around 113 au (1.69×1010 km; 1.05×1010 mi), was detected by Voyager 1 in 2010.[9] There the solar wind velocity drops to zero, the magnetic field intensity doubles and high-energy electrons from the galaxy increase 100-fold.[9] Starting in May 2012 at 120 au (1.8×1010 km; 1.1×1010 mi), Voyager 1 detected a sudden increase in cosmic rays, an apparent signature of approach to the heliopause.[11] In December 2012 NASA announced that in late August 2012 Voyager 1, at about 122 au (1.83×1010 km; 1.13×1010 mi) from the Sun, entered a new region they called the "magnetic highway", an area still under the influence of the Sun but with some dramatic differences.[6] In the summer of 2013, NASA announced that Voyager 1 had reached interstellar space as of August 25, 2012.[12]
Cassini and IBEX data challenged the "heliotail" theory in 2009.[13][14] In July 2013, IBEX results revealed a 4-lobed tail on the Solar System's heliosphere.[15]
Pioneer 10 was launched in March 1972, and within 10 hours passed by the Moon; over the next 35 years or so the mission would be the first out laying out many firsts of discoveries about the nature of heliosphere as well as Jupiter's impact on it.[16] Pioneer 10 was the first spacecraft to detect sodium and aluminum ions in the Solar Wind, as well as helium in the inner solar system.[17] In November of 1972, Pioneer 10 encountered Jupiter's enormous (compared to Earth) magnetosphere, and would pass in and out of it and heliosphere 17 times charting its interaction with the Solar Wind.[18] Pioneer 10 returned scientific data until March 1997, including data on the Solar wind out to about 67 AU at that time.[19] It was also contacted in 2003, when it was a distance of 7.6 billion miles from Earth (82 AU), but no instrument data about the Solar Wind was returned then.[20][21]
Voyager 1, surpassed the radial distance from Sun of Pioneer 10 at 69.4 AU on 17 February 1998, because it was traveling faster gaining about 1.02 AU per year.[22] Pioneer 11, launched a year after Pioneer 10, took similar data as Pioneer out to 44.7 AU in 1995 when that mission was concluded.[23] Pioneer 11 had a similar instrument suite as 10, but also had a Flux-Gate Magnetometer.[24] Pioneer and Voyager spacecraft were on different trajectories, and thus recorded data on the heliosphere in different overall directions away from the Sun.[25] Pioneer and Voyager data helped corroborate the detection of a hydrogen wall.[26]
Voyager 1 and 2 were launched in 1977 and operated continuously to at least the late 2010s, and encountered various aspects of the Heliosphere past Pluto and Neptune.[27] In 2012 Voyager 1 is thought to have pass through the Heliopause, and in 2018 there is some indications Voyager 2 may be experiencing the same threshold.[28]
Solar wind[edit]
The solar wind consists of particles (ionized atoms from the solar corona) and fields (in particular, magnetic fields).[clarification needed] Because the Sun rotates once approximately every 25 days, the magnetic field transported by the solar wind gets wrapped into a spiral. Variations in the Sun's magnetic field are carried outward by the solar wind and can produce magnetic storms in the Earth's own magnetosphere.[clarification needed]
Heliospheric current sheet[edit]
The heliospheric current sheet is a ripple in the heliosphere created by the rotating magnetic field of the Sun. Extending throughout the heliosphere, it is considered the largest structure in the Solar System and is said to resemble a "ballerina's skirt".[29]
Outer structure[edit]
The outer structure of the heliosphere is determined by the interactions between the solar wind and the winds of interstellar space. The solar wind streams away from the Sun in all directions at speeds of several hundred km/s in the Earth's vicinity. At some distance from the Sun, well beyond the orbit of Neptune, this supersonic wind must slow down to meet the gases in the interstellar medium. This takes place in several stages:
- The solar wind is traveling at supersonic speeds within the Solar System. At the termination shock, a standing shock wave, the solar wind falls below the speed of sound and becomes subsonic.
- It was previously thought that, once subsonic, the solar wind would be shaped by the ambient flow of the interstellar medium, forming blunt nose on one side and comet-like heliotail behind, a region called the heliosheath. However, observations in 2009 showed that this model is incorrect.[13][14] As of 2011, it is thought to be filled with a magnetic bubble "foam".[30]
- The outer surface of the heliosheath, where the heliosphere meets the interstellar medium, is called the heliopause. This is the edge of the entire heliosphere. Observations in 2009 led to changes to this model.[13][14]
- In theory, the heliopause causes turbulence in the interstellar medium as the sun orbits the Galactic Center. Outside the heliopause, would be a turbulent region caused by the pressure of the advancing heliopause against the interstellar medium. However, the velocity of Solar wind relative to the interstellar medium is probably too low for a bow shock.[7]
Termination shock[edit]
The termination shock is the point in the heliosphere where the solar wind slows down to subsonic speed (relative to the Sun) because of interactions with the local interstellar medium. This causes compression, heating, and a change in the magnetic field. In the Solar System the termination shock is believed to be 75 to 90 astronomical units[31] from the Sun. In 2004, Voyager 1 crossed the Sun's termination shock followed by Voyager 2 in 2007.[32][33][34][35][36][4][37][1]
The shock arises because solar wind particles are emitted from the Sun at about 400 km/s, while the speed of sound (in the interstellar medium) is about 100 km/s. (The exact speed depends on the density, which fluctuates considerably.) The interstellar medium, although very low in density, nonetheless has a constant pressure associated with it; the pressure from the solar wind decreases with the square of the distance from the Sun. As one moves far enough away from the Sun, the pressure of the solar wind drops to where it can no longer maintain supersonic flow against the pressure of the interstellar medium, at which point the solar wind slows to below its speed of sound, causing a shock wave. Further from the Sun, the termination shock is followed by the heliopause, where the two pressures become equal and solar wind particles are stopped by the interstellar medium.
Other termination shocks can be seen in terrestrial systems; perhaps the easiest may be seen by simply running a water tap into a sink creating a hydraulic jump. Upon hitting the floor of the sink, the flowing water spreads out at a speed that is higher than the local wave speed, forming a disk of shallow, rapidly diverging flow (analogous to the tenuous, supersonic solar wind). Around the periphery of the disk, a shock front or wall of water forms; outside the shock front, the water moves slower than the local wave speed (analogous to the subsonic interstellar medium).
Evidence presented at a meeting of the American Geophysical Union in May 2005 by Ed Stone suggests that the Voyager 1 spacecraft passed the termination shock in December 2004, when it was about 94 AU from the Sun, by virtue of the change in magnetic readings taken from the craft. In contrast, Voyager 2 began detecting returning particles when it was only 76 AU from the Sun, in May 2006. This implies that the heliosphere may be irregularly shaped, bulging outwards in the Sun's northern hemisphere and pushed inward in the south.[38]
The heliosheath is the region of the heliosphere beyond the termination shock. Here the wind is slowed, compressed and made turbulent by its interaction with the interstellar medium. Its distance from the Sun is approximately 80 to 100 astronomical units (AU) at its closest point.
A proposed model hypothesizes that the heliosheath is shaped like the coma of a comet, and trails several times that distance in the direction opposite to the Sun's path through space. At its windward side, its thickness is estimated to be between 10 and 100 AU.[40] However, observations in 2009 showed that model may be incorrect.[13][14]
The Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecraft have studied the heliosheath. In late 2010, Voyager 1 reached a region of the heliosheath where the solar wind's velocity had dropped to zero.[41][42][43][44] In 2011, astronomers announced that the Voyagers had determined that the heliosheath is not smooth, but is filled with 100 million-mile-wide bubbles created by the impact of the solar wind and the interstellar medium.[45][46] Voyager 1 and 2 began detecting evidence for the bubbles in 2007 and 2008, respectively.[46] The probably sausage-shaped bubbles are formed by magnetic reconnection between oppositely oriented sectors of the solar magnetic field as the solar wind slows down.[46] They probably represent self-contained structures that have detached from the interplanetary magnetic field.[45][46]
The heliopause is the theoretical boundary where the Sun's solar wind is stopped by the interstellar medium; where the solar wind's strength is no longer great enough to push back the stellar winds of the surrounding stars. This is the boundary where the interstellar medium and solar wind pressures balance. The crossing of the heliopause should be signaled by a sharp drop in the temperature of charged particles,[42] a change in the direction of the magnetic field, and an increase in the number of galactic cosmic rays.[11] In May 2012, Voyager 1 detected a rapid increase in such cosmic rays (a 9% increase in a month, following a more gradual increase of 25% from Jan. 2009 to Jan. 2012), suggesting it was approaching the heliopause.[11] In September of 2013, NASA announced that Voyager 1 had crossed the heliopause as of August 25, 2012.[12] This was at a distance of 121 AU (18 billion km) from the Sun.[47] Contrary to predictions, data from Voyager 1 indicates the magnetic field of the galaxy is aligned with the solar magnetic field.[48]
The heliotail is the tail of the heliosphere, and thus the solar system's tail. It can be compared to the tail of a comet (however, a comet's tail does not stretch behind it as it moves; it is always pointing away from the Sun). The tail is a region where the Sun's solar wind slows down and ultimately escapes the heliosphere, slowly evaporating because of charge exchange.[50] The shape of the heliotail (newly found by NASA's Interstellar Boundary Explorer - IBEX), is that of a four-leaf clover.[51] The particles in the tail do not shine, therefore it cannot be seen with conventional optical instruments. IBEX made the first observations of the heliotail by measuring the energy of "energetic neutral atoms", neutral particles created by collisions in the solar system's boundary zone.[51]
The tail has been shown to contain fast and slow particles; the slow particles are on the side and the fast particles are encompassed in the center. The shape of the tail can be linked to the sun sending out fast solar winds near its poles and slow solar wind near its equator more recently. The clover-shaped tail moves further away from the sun, which makes the charged particles begin to morph into a new orientation.
Additional heliosphere structures[edit]
The heliopause is the final known boundary between the heliosphere and the interstellar space that is filled with material, especially plasma, not from our own star, the Sun, but from other stars.[53] Even so, just outside the heliosphere (i.e. the "solar bubble") there is a transitional region, as detected by Voyager 1.[54] Just as some interstellar pressure was detected as early as 2004, some of the Sun's material seeps into the interstellar medium.[54] The heliosphere is thought to reside in the Local Interstellar Cloud inside the Local Bubble, which is a region in the Orion Arm of the Milky Way Galaxy.
Outside the heliosphere there is a forty-fold increase in plasma density.[54] There is also a radical reduction in the detection of certain types of particles from the Sun, and a large increase in Galactic cosmic rays.[55]
The flow of the interstellar medium (ISM) into the heliosphere has been measured by at least 11 different spacecraft as of 2013.[56] By 2013, it was suspected that the direction of the flow had changed over time.[56] The flow, coming from Earth's perspective from the constellation Scorpius, has probably changed direction by several degrees since the 1970s.[56]
Hydrogen wall[edit]
According to one hypothesis,[57] there exists a region of hot hydrogen known as the hydrogen wall between the bow shock and the heliopause. The wall is composed of interstellar material interacting with the edge of the heliosphere. One paper released in 2013 studied the concept of a bow wave and hydrogen wall.[8]
Another hypothesis suggests that the heliopause could be smaller on the side of the Solar System facing the Sun's orbital motion through the galaxy. It may also vary depending on the current velocity of the solar wind and the local density of the interstellar medium. It is known to lie far outside the orbit of Neptune. The current mission of the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft is to find and study the termination shock, heliosheath, and heliopause. Meanwhile, the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) mission is attempting to image the heliopause from Earth orbit within two years of its 2008 launch. Initial results (October 2009) from IBEX suggest that previous assumptions are insufficiently cognisant of the true complexities of the heliopause.[58]
In August 2018, long-term studies about the hydrogen wall by the New Horizons spacecraft confirmed results first detected in 1992 by the two Voyager spacecrafts.[59][60] The hydrogen is being detected by extra ultraviolet light, which is possible may come from another source, but the detection by New Horizons corroborates the earlier detections by Voyager at a much higher level of sensitivity.[61]
Bow shock[edit]
It was long hypothesized that the Sun produces a "shock wave" in its travels within the interstellar medium. It would occur if the interstellar medium is moving supersonically "toward" the Sun, since its solar wind moves "away" from the Sun supersonically. When the interstellar wind hits the heliosphere it slows and creates a region of turbulence. A bow shock was thought to possibly occur at about 230 AU,[31] but in 2012 it was determined it probably does not exist.[7] This conclusion resulted from new measurements: The velocity of the LISM (Local Interstellar Medium) relative to the Sun's was previously measured to be 26.3 km/s by Ulysses, whereas IBEX measured it at 23.2 km/s.[62]
This phenomenon has been observed outside the Solar System, around stars other than the Sun, by NASA's now retired orbital GALEX telescope. The red giant star Mira in the constellation Cetus has been shown to have both a debris tail of ejecta from the star and a distinct shock in the direction of its movement through space (at over 130 kilometers per second).
Observational methods[edit]
Detection by spacecraft[edit]
The precise distance to, and shape of the heliopause is still uncertain. Interplanetary/interstellar spacecraft such as Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, New Horizons and Voyager 2 are traveling outward through the Solar System and will eventually pass through the heliopause. Contact to Pioneer 10 and 11 has been lost.
Cassini results[edit]
Rather than a comet-like shape, the heliosphere appears to be bubble-shaped according to data from Cassini's Ion and Neutral Camera (MIMI / INCA). Rather than being dominated by the collisions between the solar wind and the interstellar medium, the INCA (ENA) maps suggest that the interaction is controlled more by particle pressure and magnetic field energy density.[13][64]
IBEX results[edit]
Initial data from Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX), launched in October 2008, revealed a previously unpredicted "very narrow ribbon that is two to three times brighter than anything else in the sky."[14] Initial interpretations suggest that "the interstellar environment has far more influence on structuring the heliosphere than anyone previously believed"[65] "No one knows what is creating the ENA (energetic neutral atoms) ribbon, ..."[66]
"The IBEX results are truly remarkable! What we are seeing in these maps does not match with any of the previous theoretical models of this region. It will be exciting for scientists to review these (ENA) maps and revise the way we understand our heliosphere and how it interacts with the galaxy."[67] In October 2010, significant changes were detected in the ribbon after 6 months, based on the second set of IBEX observations.[68] IBEX data did not support the existence of a bow shock,[7] but there might be a 'bow wave' according to one study.[8]
Of particular interest is the Earth's interaction with the heliosphere, but its extent and interaction with other bodies in the solar system have also been studied. Some examples of missions that have or continue to collect data related to the heliosphere include (see also List of heliophysics missions):
- Solar Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer
- Solar and Heliospheric Observatory
- Solar Dynamics Observatory
- Ulysses (spacecraft)
- Parker Solar Probe
During a total eclipse the high-temperature corona can be more readily observed from Earth solar observatories. During the Apollo program the Solar wind was measured on the Moon via the Solar Wind Composition Experiment. Some examples of Earth surface based Solar observatories include the McMath–Pierce solar telescope or the newer GREGOR Solar Telescope, and the refurbished Big Bear Solar Observatory. (see also [[List of solar telescopes])
- In 1992, Pioneer and Voyager probes detected Lyα radiation resonantly scattered by heliospheric hydrogen.[69]
- As of March 2005, it was reported that measurements by the Solar Wind Anisotropies (SWAN) instrument on board the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) have shown that the heliosphere, the solar wind-filled volume which prevents the Solar System from becoming embedded in the local (ambient) interstellar medium, is not axisymmetrical, but is distorted, very likely under the effect of the local galactic magnetic field.[70]
- As of 2008, there is a previously unpredicted narrow ribbon of ENAs.[14]
- As of October 2009, the heliosphere may be bubble, not comet shaped.[13]
- As of October 2010, significant changes were detected in the ribbon after 6 months, based on the second set of IBEX observations.[68]
- As of June 2011, the heliosheath area is thought to be filled with magnetic bubbles (each about 1 AU wide), creating a "foamy zone".[30] The theory helps explain in situ heliosphere measurements by the two Voyager probes.
- As of May 2012, IBEX data implies there is probably not a bow "shock".[7]
- As of June 2012 at 119 AU Voyager 1 detected an increase in cosmic rays.[11]
- Between late August and early September 2012, Voyager 1 witnessed a sharp drop in protons from the sun, from 25 particles per sec in late August, to about 2 particles per second by early October.[71] It was later determined that it entered interstellar space on August 25, 2012.[4]
- August 2018, long-term studies about the hydrogen wall by the New Horizons spacecraft confirmed results first detected in 1992 by the two Voyager spacecraft.[59][60]
These depictions include features that may not reflect most recent models.[7][13][14][30]
Moving heliosphere, showing a heliosheath filled with magnetic bubble "foam" (red)[30]
Fragment of the film Sentinels of the Heliosphere, tracking some researching satellites deployed to analyse the Sun
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- ^ a b "Complete Archive for Astrobiology Press Release, News Exclusive, News Briefs". 2010-10-02.
- ^ Thomas., Hall, Doyle (1992). "Ultraviolet resonance radiation and the structure of the heliosphere".
- ^ Lallement, R.; Quémerais, E.; Bertaux, J. L.; Ferron, S.; Koutroumpa, D.; Pellinen, R. (March 2005). "Deflection of the Interstellar Neutral Hydrogen Flow Across the Heliospheric Interface". Science. 307 (5714): 1447–1449.(SciHomepage). Bibcode:2005Sci...307.1447L. doi:10.1126/science.1107953. PMID 15746421.
- ^ "Voyager probes to leave solar system by 2016". NBCnews. 30 April 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
- "Heliopause Seems to Be 23 Billion Kilometres". Universe Today. December 9, 2003. Retrieved 2007-08-08.
- "Space probes reveal Solar System's bullet shape". COSMOS magazine. May 11, 2007. Archived from the original on May 13, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-12.
External links[edit]
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|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Heliosphere.
- Moving into Interstellar Space (Artist Concept)
- "Cassini Data Helps Redraw Shape of Our Solar System" 2010
- Publications in Refereed Journals
- Voyager Interstellar Mission Objectives
- The Heliosphere (Cosmicopia)
- NASA GALEX (Galaxy evolution Explorer) homepage at Caltech
- The Solar and Heliospheric Research Group at the University of Michigan
- Ribbon at Edge of Our Solar System: Will the Sun Enter a Million-Degree Cloud of Interstellar Gas this century ?
- A Big Surprise from the Edge of the Solar System (NASA 06.09.11)
- Schwadron, N. A.; et al. (6 September 2011). "Does the Space Environment Affect the Ecosphere?". Eos. 92 (36): 297–301. Bibcode:2011EOSTr..92..297S. doi:10.1029/2011eo360001.


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Conference Tools for 2016 TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition
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2016 TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition
Fatigue in Materials: Fundamentals, Multiscale Modeling and Prevention
Presentation Title
Multiaxial Thermo-Mechanical Loading at High Temperature on a Ni-based Single Crystal Superalloy
, Vincent Bonnand, Jonathan Cormier, Didier Pacou, Jose Mendez
On-Site Speaker (Planned)
Abstract Scope
The development and exploitation of gas-turbine blades cast from nickel-base superalloys in single crystal form has been one of the most successful industrial and commercial ventures relating to advanced structural materials over the last twenty years. These limiting components are used in the hot section of the engine and are therefore subjected to high-temperature creep deformations in addition to multi-axial loading. This extreme thermo-mechanical environment leads to phase transformations, multi-axial stresses, and microstructure gradients which dramatically alter the mechanical properties, as already observed for a short overheating at 1200 °C inducing a transient strengthening mechanical behavior during uniaxial and multi-axial creep-fatigue experiments. By using a microstructure-sensitive model written under a crystal plasticity framework, the role played by the microstructure on the viscoplastic response of a Ni-based single crystal superalloy is elucidated and the lifetime estimated.
Proceedings Inclusion?
Planned: Publication Outside of TMS (Indicate publication title and publisher if known.)
3D Characterization of the Propagation of Physically Small Fatigue Cracks in Forged High Strength Steels
A 3-D Model for Quantification of Fatigue Weaklink Strength in an A713 Cast Aluminum Alloy (Note: This presentation will also appear in the poster session.)
A 3-D Understanding of the Anisotropy in Fatigue Crack Nucleation in an AA7075 T651 Al Alloy Plate
Advances in Modeling of Fatigue Thresholds
Crystal Plasticity Finite Element Modelling of Fatigue Crack Nucleation from Non-metallic Inclusions in PM Nickel Based Superalloy
Design for Fatigue Crack Growth Resistance in Structural Light Metal Alloys: Recent Developments and Steps Forward
Design of Cold-Spray 6061 Aluminum Alloys for Fatigue Crack Growth Resistance in Structural Components, Coatings, and Repairs
Detecting the Precursor to Fatigue Crack Initiation in Nanocrystalline Ni-Fe Using Synchrotron Diffraction
Dislocation Patterns under Cyclic Loading in Multiple Slip
Effect of Pore Voxel Size on Driving Forces for Fatigue Crack Initiation in a Single Crystal Ni-Base Superalloy
Evaluation of Fatigue Crack Initiation Mechanism and Its Driving Forces in a Polycrystalline Nickel-base Superalloy Using Experiments and Computations (Note: This presentation will also appear in the poster session.)
Fatigue Crack Growth Characterization Using an Integrated Full Field Deformation and Cyclic Plasticity Method
Fatigue in Titanium: Dislocation Mechanisms, Initiation, Hydrogen and Alpha2
Fatigue Monitoring of Metals Based on Physical Data Like Electrical Resistance, Temperature and Electromagnetic Ultrasound
Federation of European Materials Societies (FEMS) International Scholar Presentation: Finite Element Simulations of Short Fatigue Crack Propagation in Three Dimensional Microstructures Obtained by X-ray Tomography
From Strain Localization to Fatigue Damage: Critical Experimental Data to Assess the Effect of the Microstructure
GG-10: Effects of Corrosion Damage on the Fatigue Behavior of Dissimilar Friction Stir Welded Aluminum Alloys
GG-11: Cyclic Deformation, Degradation, and Failure of Paper
GG-12: Microstructural Properties and Four-point Bend Fatigue Characteristic of Ti-6.5Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V Welded Joints by Electron Beam Welding
GG-13: Toward the Use of Machine Learning to Understand the Mechanisms of Complex, Microstructurally Small, Fatigue-Crack Evolution
GG-15: Separating the Influence Factors Resulting from Production Processes on the Fatigue Strength in the HCF/VHCF Regime
GG-16: Surface Roughness Evolution and Point Defect Generation in FCC Single Crystals Loaded Cyclically
GG-1: A Microscopic Study of Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK) under Mean Strain Fatigue Loadings
GG-2: Effect of UNSM and LSP on the Fatigue Behavior of IN718+ at Room and Elevated Temperatures
GG-3: Experimental High Throughput Screening Using Micro Resonant Experiments as a Fundament for Fatigue Life Time Prediction
GG-4: Experimental Investigation of Crack Initiation in FCC Materials in the High and Very High Cycle Fatigue Regime
GG-5: Investigation of Corrosion Fatigue of Duplex Steel X2CrNiMoN22-5-3 Exposed to the Geothermal Environment under Different Electrochemical Conditions
GG-6: Tensile and Fatigue Deformation Behaviors of Extruded Hyper-eutectic Al-Si Alloy
GG-7: Evaluating Fatigue Performance and Residual Stresses Effect on Crack Initiation in High Speed Helical Gears Using Modelling and Experimentation
GG-8: Fracture and Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of As-cast Ti48Al-2Nb-2Cr and Ti 43Al-4Nb-1Mo
GG-9: Martensite Phase Transformation for Type 304L Stainless Steel under Cyclic Loading
High Energy X-ray Studies of Fatigue and Fracture
How to Quantify the Grain Boundary Resistance against Slip Transfer Experimentally by Combination of Geometric and Stress Approach Using Stage-I-fatigue Cracks
Hydrogen Influences on Notched Fatigue Life of Stainless Steels
In-situ Laue Micro-Diffraction during Cyclic Plastic Deformation of Copper under Shear
Influence of Slip System Hardening on the Development of Heterogeneous Intragrain Deformation during Cyclic Loading with Correlation to Diffraction Peak Broadening
Intergranular Strain Evolution near Fatigue Crack Tips in Polycrystalline Materials
Investigating Microstructural Features in Ti-6Al-4V Using CPFEM (Note: This presentation will also appear in the poster session.)
Investigation of Nonmetallic Inclusion-driven Failures
Microstructural Effects on Small-Fatigue Crack Growth in Resistance Spot Welded Sheet 5754 and 6111 Aluminum and Durability Modeling of Eyebrow Cracking in Resistance Spot Welds (Note: This presentation will also appear in the poster session.)
Microstructural Small Flaw Fracture Mechanics for Improved Design Analysis
Microstructure-Sensitive Investigation of Aluminum 2024 Fatigue Damage Precursors using Acoustic Emission (Note: This presentation will also appear in the poster session.)
Microstructure-Sensitive Probabilistic Prediction of Small Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior in a Ni-Base Superalloy
Modeling 3D Microstructurally Small Crack Growth in 7075-T6 Al
Multi-Scale Crystal Plasticity FE Models for Predicting Fatigue in Polycrystalline Metals and Alloys
Multiaxial Thermo-Mechanical Loading at High Temperature on a Ni-based Single Crystal Superalloy
Multidisciplinary Approach for Capturing Fatigue Damage Precursor Effects in Metallic Structures under Dynamic Loading
Ni Base Microstructure Modeling and Its Applications in Fatigue
Probability of Life-Limiting Fatigue Failures in the Titanium Alloy Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo
Quantifying Dislocation Microstructure and Point Defect Evolutions during Cyclic Loading
Quantitative Effects of Texture and Grain Size on Short Fatigue Crack Growth in High Strength Al Alloys by a 3D Microstructural-based Model (Note: This presentation will also appear in the poster session.)
Rapid Evaluation of Titanium Microstructures for Fatigue Resistance through Computationally Efficient Localization Approaches
Reexamining Opportunities in Retirement for Cause for Turbine Rotor Superalloys
Relationship between Galvanic Corrosion and Local Plastic Deformation during Fatigue of Al Alloys
Short Crack Growth and Very High Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Magnesium Alloy WE43 (Note: This presentation will also appear in the poster session.)
Simulation of Grain Boundary/Slip Band Interaction in Polycrystalline Metallic Materials
Statistical Characterization of Multimodal Behavior in Material Properties
Studies of Short Fatigue Cracks
TEM Studies of the Evolution of Dislocation Configurations under Cyclic Loading in Al Alloys
Thermal Fatigue as the Origin of Rock Break-up on Asteroids
Ultra Small Scale High Cycle Fatigue Testing by Micro-cantilevers
Understanding of Fatigue Crack Formation in Ni Superalloy with Inclusions Using HR-EBSD and HR-DIC
Using Ultrasonic Fatigue to Investigate Crack Initiation and Short Crack Growth in the Very High Cycle Fatigue (VHCF) Regime
What Causes the Formation of Crack Initiation Characteristic Region for Very-High-Cycle Fatigue of Metallic Materials?
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text:
I tend to look at it as a percent variance. 2% I'm totally OK with; 5% is where it starts to bug me.
Thanks for the heads up. I've never taken the time to weigh out my grain from them, so I'll be sure to double-check. FWIW, I'm not sure if they package their hops themselves or just relabel them, but they have always been accurate to the hundredth of an ounce on my scale.Their customer service has always been stellar, so I'm all for politely letting them know what happened. Double-check your scale first to make sure it's reading true.
I use mail-order.
what's "Mail Order" ?
What's a telephone call?


text:
(412) 271-0345
Joseph M. Ferriero
Tuesday, October 3, 2017
Visitation at Funeral Home
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text:
Omar Minaya insists the Mets have the chips to make a trade – but barely.
Citing the amount of players given up in the Carlos Delgado and Johan Santana deals, Minaya said: "You have to be careful that you don't continue to go into the farm system … You don't always want to trade your prospects to fill your major league needs."
Minaya insists the Mets aren't opposed to making a deal, but will be cautious. There probably won't be deals like Santana where they deal four or five prospects for one major league commodity.
Translated, if the Mets are to make a splash, it would likely be in the FA market. But, considering their desire to keep their spending down, it would be a middle-tier splash as they will not spend to get John Lackey, Jason Bay or Matt Holliday.
Minaya said it isn't just the Mets, but other teams, because of the need to build payroll flexibility by building from within, teams overall prefer to hold their cards.
"People value their prospects more," Minaya said. "As time goes by in the game, I've noticed more value of a player that has zero to three that can perform than in past years. You value those guys that can perform."
The key, remember, is guys who can perform.


text:
Caroline's "Cloud" Room
Like this entry? Favorite it below!
- Name:
- Caroline
- Location:
- Philadelphia, PA
- Division:
- Light
- Inspiration for my palette:
- I wanted to room to feel like and airy and a bit cloud-like
- Colors used in my room:
- Benjamin Moore Wickham Gray
- Tips for using color successfully:
- A nice cool gray makes colors and wood pop. I kept it simple and let the gray background really bring out the beautiful walnut dresser and side table as well as the other antique pieces in the room. I kept the blinds and bedding neutral so that I would not have too many competing colors.
- Palette:
- Cloud


text:
Home » About Us » Learning & Discovery » Educational Visits » Teddy Takes the Train
Teddy Takes the Train
This special Education Session, invites Reception Classes, Nurseries and Pre Schools and bears alike to the Watercress Line.
2018 Dates available for booking now!
21st, 26th, 27th & 28th June '18
3rd, 4th & 5th July '18
Additional dates may be possible in the week before or after, subject to availability.
A £50 deposit secures your preferred date.
- Meet Mrs Bear at Ropley station and help her to find her lost picnic basket.
- Bear spotting activities to do as you travel.
- Show your bear a real steam train.
- Enjoy a picnic at one of our lovely stations.
- Optional Art activities - Make a bear mask, collage a stand-up bear or make a bear puppet
Please click to download full session details.
Children £7, Adults £14 but 1 adult free for every 10 fare paying children. (Under 2's travel free.) Art activities £1 /child, please book your session early to avoid disappointment.
For more information or to book please email email@example.com


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Financial Aid
Welcome to CBU's Financial Aid Department
CBU's team of financial aid administrators are committed to helping you find and secure
the resources you need to finance you educational investment. Find out more about how CBU Financial Aid serves students like you.
To help us better serve you, please visit the linked pages to the left that best correspond to your situation.
Financial Aid Award
Several factors determine the amount and type of financial aid you are offered.
- Your financial need as determined by FAFSA
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A financial aid award consists of gift aid (such as scholarships and grants which do not have to be repaid) and self-help aid (such as student loans and work study which must be borrowed or earned).
What is a FAFSA? Submitting the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) is the starting point for accessing most forms of federal and state aid. Click here to go to the application Web site. Remember to use the free government website.
Students and parents may request an appeal of the student's financial aid award if there has been extenuating circumstances resulting in a significant change to the total family income since the previous year's income. To move forward with an appeal of your financial aid award, please submit a letter of to the Financial Aid Office explaining the change.
All appeals are reviewed on a case-by-case basis according to the guidelines set forth by the U.S. Department of Education. The Financial Aid Office will contact you directly after an appeal is submitted.
If you have any questions regarding your financial aid award letter, please contact the Financial Aid Office at 951-343-4236 or email@example.com.


text:
01 June 2011 04:00
iOS Apps: MetalStorm(via)
"It's the best flight sim/online action game on the iPhone, and one of the best games on the platform full stop."
1 (1 marks)
Founded in late 2003 and heartquartered in France, we are non-profit and independant.
We believe in the open web, think internet services should be sustainable, build for the long term.
While we are re-launching the service, we only accept new members through invitation.


text:
|View Poll Results: Critique of Episode 19
|10 out of 10 : Nearly Perfect...
|9 out of 10 : Excellent...
|8 out of 10 : Very Good...
|7 out of 10 : Good...
|6 out of 10 : Average...
|5 out of 10 : Below Average...
|4 out of 10 : Poor...
|3 out of 10 : Bad...
|2 out of 10 : Very Bad...
|1 out of 10 : Torturous...
|Voters: 106. You may not vote on this poll
|Thread Tools
|2012-11-10, 16:09
|Link #21
Senior Member
Join Date: Mar 2008
Spoiler for GleamEyes Illusion Spell:
|2012-11-10, 16:12
|Link #22
Join Date: May 2010
Location: Unspecified
well I think the monster skill is only effect kirito appearance and how he attack but still keeping his stat. consider how OP is kirito, he become level 90 boss instead standard player when he use that magic
|2012-11-10, 16:13
|Link #23
U mad?
Join Date: Apr 2012
|2012-11-10, 16:19
|Link #25
Senior Member
Join Date: Oct 2011
I think that even if the spell only changed his apperance so was that quite a lot of an advantage anyway and I am not talking about the scare factor even. Monster Kirito had huge reach and could just ignore the shields as he could reach over and around as he pleased. That made a huge change in that fight.
|2012-11-10, 16:40
|Link #27
lost in wonder forever...
Join Date: Mar 2003
Location: edge of my dream in the land of twilight...ZzzZzZ
Kirito is showing some serious signs of PTS Syndrome or he's just a gamer that takes games way too seriously.
Interesting to see Kirito dawn the appearance of a past enemy he encountered and barely survived. I'm starting to wonder if Kirito's Spriggan illusion magic is all based on his fears and experiences.
|2012-11-10, 16:47
|Link #28
Okuyasu the Bird
Join Date: Sep 2009
Location: Alberta, Canada
Age: 27
How would an illusion affect a player's range of attack? That's the main contradictory point behind the spell he used. It's an illusion so it has no physical form.
|2012-11-10, 16:48
|Link #29
Senior Member
Join Date: Oct 2011
|2012-11-10, 16:59
|Link #30
Senior Member
Join Date: Mar 2008
|2012-11-10, 17:00
|Link #31
Kamen Rider Muppeteer
Join Date: Jan 2012
Location: Unknown
Age: 34
Extending reach too big of an advantage? Really now. It's just a skill to have fun with really. As far as I could tell, his stats didn't change. If they hadn't lost focus they still could have won.
I was feeling pissed every time that girl dissed illusion magic. Illusion magic is awesome.
|2012-11-10, 17:28
|Link #34
Kamen Rider Muppeteer
Join Date: Jan 2012
Location: Unknown
Age: 34
|2012-11-10, 17:31
|Link #35
Senior Member
Join Date: Jul 2010
The illusion magic had to do more then just alter appearance, how else can you explain being able to bite down on someone and kill them. Kirito himself even mentions he "lost" his sword in that form so he went at it hand to hand, with the longer reach the shields could no longer block him effectively. Causing the panic in his enemies just made it that much easier to win.
|2012-11-10, 17:31
|Link #36
Book Elitist
Join Date: Jul 2006
Location: Nasuverse
For those who think the politics involving the races in this arc is useless to the overall plot or whatsoever, I have to say your analysis are mediocre and shallow at best.
We should look at the overall picture of the arc and not just focus on the "rescue Asuna" plot-line.
Let's me clarify a couple of things first.
1. What is Kirito doing in ALO?
- Obviously, to check and see if the rumors are correct and if the person in the picture is Asuna.
2. What does Kirito know of ALO?
- Nothing whatsoever. He is a total newbie to the world.
So this leads us to question 3 which is:
- How can a newbie deal with this problem?
The most viable answer therefore is to gather more information on the world.
So how can a total newbie do that?
Just asking questions to random strangers isn't really the most effective way of gathering info in ALO (or any other MMORPGs. Any MMO players can attest to that). It is more effective to befriend a veteran and gather info after instead.
So Kirito befriends Leafa and therefore, has now access to her vast knowledge and experience in the world of ALO plus gaining a friend.
Now, what do we know about Kirito? What are views, beliefs and ideals concerning VRMMOs. What are his experiences regarding it? Everything was answered in the SAO arc.
We already know by now that Kirito cannot and will not betray his friends nor abandon them in their time of need. We already know Kirito is one show boating hero as was shown in the SAO side-stories.
Leafa, now considered as Kirito's friend, is now in trouble. A race war is brewing and Leafa's being suckered into it because it concerns her race and the power balance of ALO will shift to the Salamanders if it was allowed to happen.
Although she didn't ask for Kirito's help, we already know what Kirito will do right? Help her of course.
Now you ask "what's this got to do with rescuing Asuna?"
Let me clarify that for you. What do we know about the World Tree quest? We know that it is:
1. Nobody has every cleared it in the few years of ALO being online
2. There are super high level monsters in the base of the tree leading to the top.
3. Players can't fly to the top.
What are Kirito's thoughts about why it wasn't completed yet?
1. A undiscovered quest.
2. Requires the cooperation of races in order to beat the quest.
So this war of the races will be detrimental to Kirito's main objective, which is to climb the world tree, because he thinks that it's a cooperation of races to beat the quest.
What can Kirito gain if he helps the Sylph-Cait Sith alliance? He can gain their trust, friendship, and most importantly, help in order for him to climb the World Tree to finish his objective.
You see? Everything is intertwined and is ultimately important for the Rescue of Asuna.
It's not just a useless plot to drag the series nor it is like saving the Student Council instead of beating the MostEvilBoss.
As for battles not being consistent, there's an explanation that the Anime missed.
Spoiler for missed info from LN:
|2012-11-10, 17:34
|Link #37
Senior Member
Join Date: Jul 2010
Next episode will be one of the more amusing ones I think considering what's about to happen.
|2012-11-10, 17:39
|Link #38
Join Date: Jul 2012
Location: Flying in the Air
Age: 31
Think of it this way.
Kirito's usual form doesn't look at all frightening even though his inherent stats are monstrous.
That illusion spell then creates an appearance that match those stats.
And since Kirito's have insane over all stats, the spell turns him into a boss monster that looks just as frightening as his stats suggest.
Basically, it's a spell for bluffing.
As for why he's able to one shot everybody, note that he is able to do that even without the transformation. He just needs to land a hit, but those player's formation manage to block him out. The bluff helped him screw up their formation for him to land a solid blow, thus allowing him to annihilate their squad at ease.
|2012-11-10, 17:43
|Link #40
Book Elitist
Join Date: Jul 2006
Location: Nasuverse
I think the illusion spell changes them into an actual monster. So the name "illusion spell" is very misleading. I mean remember what Kirito said?
He said "I was suddenly big and since I didn't have swords, I just grabbed them with my hands."
|Thread Tools


text:
Home > Classes & Events > Event Search Results Detail
This class teaches beauty techniques to women being treated with cancer.
Registration is closed.
Registration is required by calling 800-395-LOOK.
This class teaches beauty techniques to women being treated with cancer. Learn how to stay positive and maintain self-confidence through this exceptional experience taught by specially trained cosmetologist. Each participant will receive a free make-up kit worth $300.00. Participants are encouraged to bring a support person.
Registration is required by calling 800-395-LOOK
Sponsored by the American Cancer Society
All meetings will be at the Genesis Cancer Care Center.
This class is for anyone with cancer & their families to learn more about diagnosis, different treatments, side effects, & how nutrition helps improve outcomes.
At this location Genesis Cancer Care Center Beginning on November 14, 2017


text:
NEW YORK: An overzealous Hugh Jackman fan has been officially indicted after she approached the actor in a gym armed with an electric razor last weekend.
Katherine Thurston was arrested and charged with stalking after she threw the razor at the Les Miserables star while he was working out in New York City last Saturday.
Jackman revealed the woman had been following him and his family for some time, and a grand jury on Saturday indicted Thurston, according to the New York Daily News. The indictment remains sealed until her next court date, which is scheduled for 8 May.
An attorney for Thurston, who allegedly professed her love for Jackman, reveals the 47 year old is being evaluated to determine whether she is mentally fit for prosecutors to continue with the case.
Liz Beal says, "We're trying to figure that out."–WO


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McALLEN � Six Texas Syndicate members and associates have been sentenced to prison for racketeering, violent crimes in aid of racketeering, kidnapping and possession with intent distribute cocaine, U.S. Attorney Jose Angel Moreno announced today.
At a hearing on Monday, Aug. 29, Chief U.S. District Judge Ricardo Hinojosa sentenced the chairman of the Texas Syndicate in the Rio Grande Valley, Jose Ismael Salas, 40 of Edinburg, to 20 years in federal prison without parole for drug trafficking offenses in violation of the racketeering statute. Salas pleaded guilty on April 2, 2009, admitting to committing two acts of racketeering, namely two separate acts of possession with intent to distribute a controlled substance - six kilograms of cocaine on Aug. 12, 2004, and 39 kilograms of marijuana on March 28, 2003, intending to further the goals of the gang.
Five other members or associates of the gang were also sentenced yesterday by Judge Hinojosa including Fidel Valle, 45 of Donna, the source of drug supply to the gang who employed gang members to assist in his drug distribution business. He received 126 months imprisonment for possession with intent to distribute six kilograms of cocaine.
On July 28, 2009,Valle pleaded guilty to the federal felony drug charge acknowledging that on Aug. 12, 2004, upon being contacted by Salas, Valle agreed to sell approximately six kilograms (approximately 13 pounds) of cocaine to Salas's associates. That drug load was found and seized by law enforcement officers during a traffic stop of a Ford pickup seen leaving Valle's residence in Donna on Aug. 12, 2004.
Romeo Rosales, 41 of Raymondville, an admitted Texas Syndicate gang member who was convicted of kidnapping Amancio Pinales-Garcia, was sentenced to 151 months imprisonment. Reyes, son-in-law of the kidnapping victim, sought a monetary reward to turn over Pinales-Garcia to unknown subjects in Mexico.
Pinales-Garcia was shot several times in the low torso during the struggle and subsequently died in Mexico. Rosales pleaded guilty to kidnapping Pinales-Garcia on March 3, 2009.
Noel De Los Santos, 33, of Donna, was sentenced to 240 months imprisonment for violent crimes in aid of racketeering, that is, for the murder of Crisantos Moran on March 20, 2003. According to trial testimony, Moran had been ordered by the Texas Syndicate to kill a rival gang member who lived near Penitas.
De Los Santos and Jose Armando Garcia, both Texas Syndicate gang members, agreed to accompany Moran to commit the murder. However, Moran failed to carry out the order as given. Instead, De Los Santos and Garcia shot and killed Moran for failing to carry out the order. On Aug. 10, 2010, Garcia was convicted of racketeering and violent crimes in aid of racketeering and was sentenced to life in prison on Jan. 5, 2011.
Cristobal Hernandez, 31, and Arturo Rodriguez, 28, both of Brownsville, were sentenced to 120 and 240 months imprisonment, respectively, for violent crimes in aid of racketeering arising from the murder of Marcelino Rodriguez in June 2007. After members of the Texas Syndicate obtained a copy of a sealed court document from an employee of a McAllen area law firm which represented Marcelino Rodriguez in a federal case, the murder of Marcelino Rodriguez was approved by the leadership of the Texas Syndicate.
Hernandez and Arturo Rodriguez were recruited by Raul Galindo to commit the murder. Galindo shot Marcelino Rodriguez in the back of the head while Arturo Rodriguez set the vehicle on fire with gasoline. On Aug. 10, 2010, Galindo was convicted of violent crimes in aid of racketeering and tampering with a witness, victim or an informant. On Jan. 5, 2011, Galindo was sentenced to life imprisonment.
All six of the defendants sentenced yesterday are in federal custody and will remain in custody pending transfer to Bureau of Prisons facilities to be designated in the near future.
All 13 charged in this case have been convicted and sentenced to prison. Juan Pablo Hinojosa, who was convicted by a federal jury of racketeering and violent crimes in aid of racketeering, was sentenced to life imprisonment on Jan. 5, 2011. On Jan. 28, 2010, Benjamin Piedra pleaded guilty to violent crimes in aid of racketeering and was sentenced to 120 months confinement and three years of supervised release on Feb. 22, 2011.
Adan Roberto Ruiz pleaded guilty to criminal information charging him with conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute less than 50 kilograms of marijuana, while Jorge Puga pleaded to a criminal information charging him with possession with intent to distribute 39 kilograms of marijuana. Ruiz and Puga received 52 and 37 months, respectively.
Joel Carcano Jr. pleaded guilty providing false statements - admitting he lied to Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) agents when he falsely stated he did not provide a copy of downward departure motion to Texas Syndicate members. This document was used as the basis to order the murder of the government's informant. On Feb. 22, 2011, Carcano was sentenced to 52 months custody and a three-year-term of supervised release.
The investigation leading to the federal charges and subsequent conviction of these admitted Texas Syndicate gang members was conducted by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, the Texas Department of Public Safety and the Hidalgo County Sheriff's Office. Assistant United States Attorney Robert Wells, Jr. prosecuted the case.


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David Beckham may be on his way out, but MLS commissioner Don Garber was clear during Monday's "state of the league" conference call that the league now is in a far different place than it was back when the English icon signed nearly six years ago.
"We needed David Beckham in 2007 to help drive our credibility," Garber said. "We don't need anything today."
In that vein, the commissioner trumpeted the record average attendance and number of sellouts MLS enjoyed this year, its new television partnership with NBC, the addition of a 19th club in Montreal and more milestones that highlighted "clearly the most successful season in our league."
That season, MLS's 17th, will conclude Saturday with the MLS Cup final pitting the host LA Galaxy against the Houston Dynamo (4:30 p.m. ET, ESPN).
With stability ensured, Garber spent some 90 minutes addressing issues of growth: expansion, youth development, new stadiums and new investment. It all started, of course, with a look at Beckham's much-discussed option to become an MLS owner. The highlights of Garber's address:
Beckham's buy-in
When he inked his historic five-year deal with the Galaxy in early 2007, Beckham and MLS struck a unique arrangement: When he was through playing, he would have the right to exercise an option to become an owner.
Since reported to be around $25 million, that buy-in would be considerably less than the market rate. The Montreal Impact paid $40 million in the spring of 2010 and the price certainly isn't dropping.
"At that time, remember where Major League soccer was," Garber said Monday. "I believe we had 12 teams in the league. We had not yet had the television relationships that we have today. We had probably half the number of soccer(-specific) stadiums and the league was just more immature. What we were looking for was a long-term partner in building this league, someone who was committed to working with us in creating more value for everyone. That's the role that David played."
Garber said there was "still a lot of work to do to figure out how this option gets exercised," but Beckham's apparent interest in finishing his playing career overseas won't force an urgent agreement.
The commissioner confirmed that Beckham will not be able to purchase an interest in the expansion club planned for New York City. But the Galaxy, part of the up-for-sale AEG sports empire, are an intriguing possibility.
"There is a possibility for him to work with the league office to find ways to transfer that option into an opportunity in LA," Garber said. "It's way too premature to even talk about that or to even speculate what that would look like, but that opportunity does exist."
Competition format
"Consistency will be the theme for us in 2013, something we've strived to achieve over the last couple of years and have been unable to do so," Garber said.
With that, he confirmed that the 34-game regular season and playoff format (including an MLS Cup final at the site of the participant with the better record) will remain in place next year. The one change will be an earlier start. After kicking off on March 10 this season, MLS will open its 18th season on March 2, its earliest launch ever.
"We'll do everything possible to not schedule games again during World Cup qualifying dates. We will have a lighter schedule during the (CONCACAF) Gold Cup (in July)," Garber said.
Complaints from clubs about the new playoff format, which added a second game to the conference finals and retained the preliminary-round matches introduced last year, focused on the compressed schedule. For example, LA played its first four postseason games in only 11 days.
"We are working on finding days for more rest days," Garber said. "Something I believe our coaches and players will find welcome."
Garber said that MLS and the city of New York are "at the finish line" of their pursuit of an agreement to transfer 10 acres of land in Queens' Flushing Meadows-Corona Park to the league for the construction of a privately financed stadium.
A New York City team could take the field as early as 2016, he said.
There's a lot more work to be done once the land is secured, from a formal building approval process to parkland replacement and more, but Garber said he was optimistic that MLS was on the right track. A second New York-area team has been on the league's wish list since it kicked off in 1996.
"We believe that a second team in New York will help create an opportunity to break through the clutter in this market," Garber said. "There are 13 million people in this city. … We need to give them all an opportunity to stop for a moment and pay attention to Major League Soccer."
Garber said there were "many" potential ownership groups interested in the opportunity and he dismissed recent comments from New York Red Bulls GM Jérôme de Bontin, who expressed concern about the viability of two clubs in the same market.
"I know (Red Bull director of global soccer Gérard Houllier) very much believes that rivalries are a real driver of fan passion and marketing success," Garber said. "So I'm not at all concerned with Jérôme's point of view. I think it's just part of being new (to MLS). We have the full support of Red Bull ownership and we've had it for many years."
New York continues to be the league's primary expansion target, although Garber reiterated that "we need to be south of Washington D.C." and that "it isn't a matter of if, it's a matter of when." Orlando City, currently playing in the third-tier USL Pro, is angling for a stadium and a spot in MLS and Garber said Monday that "at some point, it would make sense for a team in Miami. I don't know when that is."
Youth Development
Garber promised that MLS "will continue to invest massive amounts of money" in player development and acknowledged Monday that the league's investment to this point, which has reached $20 million per year, "has not yet paid off."
The academy system still is relatively new and many of the "home-grown" players those academy teams (ranging from Under-15 through Under-18) are designed to produce have struggled to earn minutes with the first-team. The reserve league still plays only 10 games a season and there is no formal relationship with the minor leagues that might enhance playing opportunities.
Garber said Monday that initiatives on all fronts are under discussion and that several weeks ago the league even discussed a rule similar to the one in Mexico that mandates a minimum amount of playing time for players under a specified age.
"We're working on ways to have a more comprehensive reserve league. Part of it could be a closer relationship with the second division (NASL) and giving those players opportunities to get minutes," Garber said. "Part of it could be incentivizing our teams to provide playing opportunities for those players on their first team."
The Strugglers
The fact that "there's arguably not a soccer fan on this planet who doesn't know the LA Galaxy," according to Garber, highlights Chivas USA's ineptitude. The Galaxy's tenant at The Home Depot Center loses on the field and is irrelevant off it (ranking dead last in average attendance) and continues to be MLS's weakest link.
With Chivas de Guadalajara owner Jorge Vergara now in full control, the prospect of rebranding with a name and logo that might appeal to Southern Californians who don't support the famous Mexican club appears to be lost.
Nevertheless, Garber said he was confident Vergara could turn it all around.
"I continue to believe that we have the opportunity to tap into that enormous Hispanic population in LA," the commissioner said. "We've got a lot of work to do to relaunch that club. But I do believe we will be able to achieve the success that's been eluding us in the past."
Vergara has said that finding a new home for Chivas USA is a top priority.
Up in Toronto, a club that enjoyed support the likes of which Chivas USA could only dream has hit hard times. Toronto FC has missed the playoffs in every one of its six seasons and fired its sixth head coach, Aron Winter, in June. Average attendance dropped below 20,000 per game (down to 18,681) for the first time.
Garber said Monday that he retains his confidence in Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment president Tom Anselmi and that "I have been a party to some of the changes they are about to make and I hope it will get them back on track. … I believe they will be looking to make some bold moves."
The commissioner expressed optimism that D.C. United's seemingly endless pursuit of a new stadium finally has moved in a positive direction. He said league officials have been speaking with developers who have access to the Buzzard Point land on which the club wants to build and that United's new majority owners, Erick Thohir and Jason Levien, "have the capacity to put more private equity into a deal that makes the opportunity far more viable."
Robert and Jonathan Kraft, who own the New England Revolution, also are looking into building an urban stadium that will require public money. The club attracted only 14,001 fans per game to Gillette Stadium this season.
"As a leader in pro sports in this country, (the Krafts) want to be part of being a leader in Major League Soccer and having a soccer-specific stadium will help them achieve that," Garber said. "They were here in the (MLS) office two weeks ago giving us an update. There's nothing new to report but the family is still very focused on it."


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"Charlie Sheen has been running his mouth all week but I bet you've never seen Charlie Sheen quite like this. 92Q Jams Baltimore's very own KONAN was invited into Charlie Sheen's California estate and Charlie has undeniably gone NUTS! Take a look for yourself!" - 92Q.COM
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From Coke's formula to KFC's blend of herbs and spices, hyping products' closely guarded recipes helps the bottom line.
ATLANTA — Coca-Cola keeps the recipe for its 127-year-old soda inside an imposing steel vault that's bathed in red security lights. Several cameras monitor the area to make sure the fizzy formula stays a secret.
But in one of the many signs that the surveillance is as much about theater as reality, the images that pop up on video screens are of smiling tourists waving at themselves.
"It's a little bit for show," concedes a guard at the World of Coca-Cola museum in downtown Atlanta, where the vault is revealed at the end of an exhibit in a puff of smoke.
The ability to push a quaint narrative about a product's origins and fuel a sense of nostalgia can help drive billions of dollars in sales. That's invaluable at a time when food makers face greater competition from smaller players and cheaper supermarket store brands that appeal to cash-strapped Americans.
It's why companies such as Coca-Cola and Twinkies' owner Hostess play up the notion that their recipes are sacred, unchanging documents that need to be closely guarded. As it turns out, some recipes have changed over time, while others may not have. Either way, they all stick to the same script that their formulas have remained the same.
John Ruff, who formerly headed research and development at Kraft Foods, said companies often recalibrate ingredients for various reasons, including new regulations, fluctuations in commodity costs and other issues that impact mass food production.
"It's almost this mythological thing, the secret formula," said the president of the Institute of Food Technologists, which studies the science of food. "I would be amazed if formulas (for big brands) haven't changed."
This summer, the Twinkies cream-filled cakes many Americans grew up snacking on made a comeback after being off shelves for about nine months following the bankruptcy of Hostess Brands. At the time, the new owners promised the spongy yellow cakes would taste just like people remember.
A representative for Hostess, Hannah Arnold, said in an email that Twinkies today are "remarkably close to the original recipe," noting that the first three ingredients are still enriched flour, water and sugar.
Yet a box of Twinkies now lists more than 25 ingredients and has a shelf-life of 45 days, almost three weeks longer than the 26 days from just a year ago. That suggests the ingredients have been tinkered with, to say the least, since they were created in 1930.
"When Twinkies first came out they were largely made from fresh ingredients," notes Steve Ettlinger, author of "Twinkie, Deconstructed," which traced the roots of the cake's many modern-day industrial ingredients.
For its part, KFC says it still strictly follows the recipe created in 1940 by its famously bearded founder, Colonel Harland Sanders. The chain understood the power of marketing early on, with Sanders originally dying his beard white to achieve a more grandfatherly look.
Fast forward to 2009, when KFC decided the security for the handwritten copy of the recipe needed a flashy upgrade. It installed a 770-pound safe that is under constant video and motion-detection surveillance and surrounded by two feet of concrete on every side — just in case any would-be thieves try to dig a tunnel to get it.
"Like something out of a Hollywood movie," a press release from KFC trumpeted at the time.
KFC may very well be following the basic instructions of the recipe encased in the vault. But the fanfare around its founder's instructions is despite his disapproval of the new owners of the chain after he sold his stake in the company in 1964. In his book, for example, Wendy's founder Dave Thomas, a friend of Sanders', recounts how the colonel was annoyed because they came up with a simpler way to drain grease off the chicken by dumping it onto wire racks, rather than ladling the grease off by hand. Sanders apparently hated the new system because it bruised the chicken.
According to the book, Sanders was afraid the new owners would ruin the chicken because he said they "didn't know a drumstick from a pig's ear."
A KFC spokesman, Rick Maynard, said the issue over the grease was indicative of Sanders' hands-on approach even after selling the business. Maynard said the important parts of the recipe are the seasoning, using fresh chicken on the bone, hand breading according to standards and frying under pressure. As for the chain's recently introduced boneless Original Recipe chicken, he said it uses the recipe's seasoning.
Coca-Cola and PepsiCo, the nation's No. 1 and 2 soda makers, respectively, also are known for touting the roots of their recipes.
In the book "Secret Formula," which was published in 1994 and drew from interviews with former executives and access to Coca-Cola's corporate archives, reporter Frederick Allen noted that multiple changes were made to the formula over the years. For instance, Allen noted that that the soda once contained trace amounts of cocaine as a result of the coca leaves in the ingredients, as well as four times the amount of caffeine.


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I have a 7.5 month old boy who has always been a fantastic nurser. I had a HUGE supply for months until it regulated around 5 months, and he is/was in the 98th percentile for weight. My supply has been a bit lower as of late because he and his sister have gotten two separate viruses this month, plus he started wanting to go 3-4 hours between nursing sessions. I also an an anxious person and have had let-down issues for a while, but always managed to pull through.
Well, a few days ago the whole family got really, really sick. He was the least affected but has been stuffy/coughing now for at least 3 weeks (don't worry, we have seen the dr several times) but is getting better. I had it bad, with fever, congestion and diarrhea/appetite loss over the past few days. And my older daughter got VERY ill and had to go to the hospital one night, so I have been very stressed. This has all caused my supple to tank so much that my breasts never feel full and I am struggling to keep Rory interested in the breast. I know I am supposed to pump after feeds or if he is not nursing for several hours, but we have found out that he WILL NOT take a bottle or sippy of milk under any circumstances. So how can I pump and then have empty breasts for him in case he decides to nurse at the next opportunity? I can't get my head around this. Also, since I obviously laid down hefty prolactin receptors early in his life, can I expect my supply to rebound pretty well once I am healthy, even if he keeps going 4-5 hours between feeds? Thank you. This has been the worst week of my life.


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A Moment of Torah: Beha'alotecha
May 24, 2013
Watch this week's Moment of Torah, Beha'alotecha, with Rabbi Moishe Steigmann, Rabbi and Director of Jewish Life at the Milwaukee Jewish Day School.
To record your own Moment of Torah, contact Jody Hirsh, Rabbi Shari Shamah or Deb Carneol. There are many portions still available!
Watch past Moment's of Torah on our YouTube Channel.


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If you want to place your order online, select your order and then click on ADD TO CART BUTTON. After that, fill all the required details and click on proceed to check out. After that a form will appear in which you have to give all the user details and select the mode of payment then click on PLACE ORDER.
Two types of payment options are available - , after you have made the payment you will receive the confirmation of your order.
You can confirm your ordered product also from our Customer Care Executive and through Track Your Order.


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Visit our Open House Admissions Event for Adult Students held Thurs., Feb. 7, 12-2pm or 6-8pm. Learn about UIW's degrees, benefits and resources.
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Catch up on the latest news, announcements and helpful information every month. August 2018 issue includes a word from the Dean and meet your advisors.
UIW employs a dedicated Military and Veterans Affairs staff to assist with military benefits.
Contact our military support team at firstname.lastname@example.com


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Arenado helps Rockies beat Marlins 4-3
MIAMI (AP) — Nolan Arenado put his stamp on Sunday's game with his glove and his bat.
Arenado started a pivotal double play in the fourth and hit a tiebreaking RBI double in the sixth, leading the Colorado Rockies to a 4-3 win over the Miami Marlins.
"He had a huge game," Rockies manager Walt Weiss said. "That's why it's tough to give Nolan a day off ever, you keep running him out there because he does stuff on defense to win you games. The double play was the ballgame really and he got the big hit on top of it."
Arenado got off to a strong start on defense with a deep throw jumping off his left foot to get Donovan Solano in the first. With the bases loaded and nobody out in the fourth, the third baseman fielded a slow grounder by Koyie Hill and threw home to Jordan Pacheco, who fired the ball to first to complete the double play.
"When I first got it I was thinking of just going to first, but I didn't think I had a throw there," Arenado said. "I didn't know if the jump-throw was going to be the right play so I told myself to go home with it and make sure I got the out and then luckily Pacheco made a great play to go to first too."
Arenado's RBI double in the sixth put the Rockies ahead for good.
"The pitch was down, but luckily I was able to put a good swing on it," Arenado said. "It's good thing that Cuddy (Michael Cuddyer) got on. He really helped me out there so it was nice."
Jorge De La Rosa (14-6) battled through a nagging thumb injury to win his fourth consecutive decision, allowing three runs in five innings. De La Rosa improved to 7-0 with a 1.92 ERA in day games.
"Today was the worst," said De La Rosa, who has been dealing with a thumb ligament injury all season. "Before that it was a little sore, but I was able to pitch. Today was a little more sore. When I threw a pitch it felt like my thumb was going to come off."
Five relievers then combined for four hitless innings, with Rex Brothers working the ninth for his 13th save in 14 chances. With runners on first and second, Brothers got Ed Lucas to ground into a fielder's choice to give the Rockies their first road series win since June 3-5 at Cincinnati.
"It's been a while," Weiss said. "We've played a lot of close games, a lot of them were just like that. We've had our heart broken a few times in those types of games so it's good to see us win some tight ones."
Miami's Justin Ruggiano homered and drove in two runs. Jacob Turner (3-5) allowed four runs — three earned — in 5 2-3 innings.
Turner hurt himself with a wild pitch in the second inning and second baseman Solano had a costly throwing error. Cuddyer moved to third on the wild pitch before Ryan Wheeler singled him home. Arenado scored on Solano's error, and Jonathan Herrera's sacrifice fly gave the Rockies a 3-0 lead.
Ruggiano belted a two-out solo shot in the bottom half, and then had a tying RBI single in the fourth. It was Ruggiano's 15th homer.
After Ruggiano's RBI single tied it at 3, the Marlins loaded the bases with no outs, but were unable to score. Turner struck out after Arenado's double play.
"To have the bases loaded and nobody out and not score a run really killed us," Marlins manager Mike Redmond said.
The Rockies went ahead with a two-out rally in the sixth. Cuddyer singled and scored on Arenado's double to left.
"It's frustrating when the team comes back to tie the game, and I get two outs in that sixth and then give up back-to-back hits to score the game-winning run," Turner said. "That's probably the most frustrating thing and that's sticking with me mentally."
Adam Ottavino, Josh Outman, Wilton Lopez, and Matt Belisle combined for three innings before turning it over to Brothers for the ninth. Brothers walked Solano and Logan Morrison, but managed to wiggle out of the jam.
NOTES: The Marlins optioned INF Gil Velazquez to Triple-A New Orleans after the game to make room for 3B Placido Polanco (head), who is expected to be activated from the seven-day disabled list on Tuesday. ... Ruggiano hit three home runs during the Marlins' homestand after hitting his first 12 of the season on the road. ... Rockies SS Troy Tulowitzki was held out of the lineup with a sore oblique. ... Rockies RHP Tyler Chatwood (elbow) will make a rehab start with Triple-A Colorado Springs on Tuesday. ... Colorado returns home on Monday for a three-game series against San Francisco, which will send LHP Barry Zito (4-9, 5.63 ERA) to the hill against Rockies RHP Juan Nicasio (7-6, 4.79 ERA). ... Miami will have a day off on Monday before beginning a three-game series at Washington, with RHP Nathan Eovaldi (2-4, 3.82 ERA) on the mound against Nationals RHP Ross Ohlendorf (2-0, 2.58 ERA).


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For more info go to www.yougotgoodtaste.com
Watcha Weirdos
I'm Mr A The Barber
If you want a regular delivery of all things weird and trashy from the world of rock'n'roll then stick around cos your in the right place!
Cos I'm gonna be posting all kinds of weird shit right here, right now.
Listen to my twisted rock'n'roll show on the player below.
YOU GOT GOOD TASTE now hosts WEIRDSVILLE a monthly club night in London, live bands and DJ's spinnin' till late!!
YOU GOT GOOD TASTE is also host to the yearly HIPSVILLE 60's Garage A Go-Go Party Weekender.
For more info go to www.hipsville.co.uk
Visit www.yougotgoodtaste.com for all my links.
Wednesday, 18 July 2012
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'fairly poor resolution'
'No Skype support'
'attractive handset'
'The handset itself operates via the Wireless-G network and high-speed internet connection allowing you to hook up to the network at home, the office or public hotspots'
'short battery life'
'colorful graphic user interface'
ReviewGist helps you find the best products to buy by making sense of online reviews.
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covering over 29,484 products.
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A track with epic and lyrical sound at a time by Allegro120. With three different versions, Version 1 minute special for film producers, TV and VideoHive. Version with and without coral. Impressive sound with great clarity. Powerful and touching is perfect for any scene epic or heroic. Royalty free music.
Contains 3 versions:
choral version MP3-WAV 2:06
without choral MP3-WAV 1:59
Special producers MP3-WAV 1:00
Audio Files Included: MP3 / WAV .


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This Original Epic Sounds,Use all your projects?
Inspired by Dr. Dre and Scotch Storch style.
Do not pay thousands of dollars to beat. This is perfect for you.
Four of my favorite Hip hop beat, suitable for lots of different projects. Video background, Rapping etc.
-Searching for Rap Beat? CHECK THIS OUT!
usually ; (2×16 bars 2x chorus)
Please don?t forget to rate this Pack if you buy it
1- Hip hop Is Not Dead / Length : 3:24
2- Don't Talk / Length : 2:27
3- Ethnic Beat / Length : 3:25
4- Synthetic Breath / Length : 2:48


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Inside BC's new Stokes Hall
Inside BC's new Stokes Hall
For the first time in 45 years, Boston College will soon open a new academic facility on the main part of its Chestnut Hill campus.
The $78 million Stokes Hall is the school's most expensive educational building. Shown here is the lounge.
The building represents a bet in the future of bricks-and-mortar higher education.
The building's namesake, Patrick T. Stokes, who has donated $22 million toward the facility, earned a degree in math from BC in 1964.
The honors library at Stokes Hall. The first classes will be held in the building when students return from winter break.
One of the smaller classrooms. The college broke ground on the 183,000-square-foot building two years ago.
The building features 36 new classrooms, common areas, an honors library, outdoor plaza, and amphitheater.
"The biggest compliment we get from everyone is it looks like it's always been there," said Patrick Keating, executive vice president of BC.


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The Soft Side Play Yard is a multi-purpose pet pen perfect for play, exercise, and house-training. Simple assembly, folds flat in seconds with an EZ-Zip on/off-screen cover. Read More
Soft Side Pet Play Yard by Precision PetMulti-purpose pen is perfect for play, exercise and house training.
- Simple assembly, folds flat in seconds.
- Includes convenient storage bag.
- EZ-Zip on/off screen cover.
- Large roll up doorways.
- Handy storage pocket, water bottle holder.
- Removable washable floor cover.
- Material: Soft Sides
- Size: 48"L x 46"W x 28"H
- Color: Brown w/ Tan
- Type: Portable
Reviews (4)
"nice goat pen too"
I use this for my Baby goats at farm swaps.I did go to walmart and buy a snap kit and added snaps to the bottom .would recommend they but a zip on bottom like the top .other then the bottom not being secure enough its a great pen
"Pop up Play Pen"
I too have problems keeping my dogs in, the bottom panel comes up too easy. I have another on that I purchesed elsewhere and the bottom is part of the construction. Love it but it isnt as large as this one. Wish if it wasnt sewn in it at least had more velcro to hold it down.
"Wont hold dogs"
My miniature daschunds had the bottom velcro piece pulled up and were out of the play pen in less than 5 minutes. If your pets dont want to stay in the playpen, good luck.
"Perfect play area"
My two cats love this playpen. What an excellent idea. I use it for various occasions. It's wonderful to use when I travel to visit friends and take my cats with me. The cats have a familar area to play in and I don't have to worry about them getting into trouble in other people's homes. I just place their toys, food, and water in the play pen and they're happy cats. There's even room for a small litter box.
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The Richland Ikes (PCGS Set Registry)
Jaime Hernandez:
The 1977-P is the best struck Philadelphia circulation strike Eisenhower Dollar from the Type 1 (1971-1974) issues. In MS60 - MS64 condition they are easily obtainable with most examples still being raw. In MS65 condition they start to become tougher but not scarce and possibly over ten thousand examples survive in this condition. In MS66 they are challenging to locate and maybe a couple thousand examples survive in this condition. In MS67 they are very scarce as there are less than two dozen examples known in this grade with none being finer.
© 1999-2018 Collectors Universe NASDAQ: CLCT


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The UK Independence Party said its use of European Union taxpayers' money was "entirely legitimate and within the rules" as a Liberal Democrat said he would seek an official investigation into claims it may have breached Brussels regulations.
Edward McMillan-Scott told The Times he would refer claims made by a whistleblower about the alleged misuse of funds for party political work to the authorities.
The claims surround public cash received by Ukip as part of the right-wing Europe of Freedom and Democracy (EFD) grouping in the European Parliament.
It is not supposed to be used to fund political parties at an EU or national level but The Times said it had seen evidence that some members of Ukip's London staff were paid directly from EU funds in 2012 and 2013.
The newspaper quoted a former party official as saying money was paid directly to his bank account from the EFD.
A Ukip spokesman insisted however that the party had "always worked hard to ensure that demarcations between EFD employees and party employees are properly observed" and defended its actions.
"For the avoidance of doubt, Ukip MEPs are careful to observe European parliamentary rules when spending resources on advancing the goal of British withdrawal."
Attacking what it said was a pre-European election "smear campaign" in response to its rapid rise in popularity, he added:"Ukip has from the outset been the biggest constituent part of the EFD group and Nigel Farage is the group leader.
"It is wholly legitimate and within the rules for some EFD staff to work out of London and indeed staff from other groups that include other British political parties do the same.
"After the rapid growth of the party, UKIP has now put in place a bi-annual review as an extra check to ensure that staff responsibilities remain appropriately demarcated and that the actual work patterns of staff remain consistent."
Yorkshire and Humber region MEP Mr McMillan-Scott - a former Tory leader in Brussels who is a vice-president of the European Parliament - told the newspaper: "This appears to be a misuse of funds.
"I will...ask the relevant authorities to look into it."


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Just posted my Hawaii blackwater dive shots to my website.
Many thanks to all of you blackwater veterans on Wetpixel that gave me advice before this trip so that I was able to get these shots. Two great nights of diving. Having the intel to set up properly before the trip made all of the difference in the world.
Enjoy the pics.