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This is no known relation to me, but I run a Lamberson surname website, and this is my first foray into documenting some of the Dutch Lambertson families who populated New York State for it. I have seen a few Revolutionary War pensions, and comparatively, Simon Lambertson's settlement of $120 annually was very high.
New York
Lambertson, Simon (wife Laura) R6101
New York 30,800
Simon Lambertson of Ulster Co. in the State of New York who was a Sergeant in the company commanded vt Captain Riker in the Regt. Commanded by Col. Cortland in the N. York line for 2 years
Inscribed on the Roll of N. York at the rate of 120 Dollars – cents per annum to commence on the 4th day of March, 1831
Certificate of Pension issued thie 17th day of August 1836 and Sept. to January
Mitchell, Shawangunk. N. Y.
Arrears to the 4th of March '31 600.00
Semi-anl. Allowances ending to Sep. " 60.00
—- —-
{Revolutionary Claim Act June 7, 1832}
Recorded by D. Brown, cleark
Book E-2 Vol. 4, page 42
In the District of New York
Ulster County –
On the 5th day of July 1820, personally appeared in open court in the Court of Common Pleas it being a Court of Record for the said County of Ulster: Simon Lambertson aged sixty-two years and nine months resident in the said County of Ulster who being duly sworn according to Law doth on his oath declare that he served in the revolutionary war as follows. Enlisted March 13th 1776 with State of New York in Capt. Henry Riker's Company Coll.Richmore's Regt. New York Troops in the line of the State of New York; served until 1777 when he was discharged in Orange County NY – then enlisted 1777 in Fishkill in the State of New York in Captain Jonathan Hallet's Company Coll. Phillip Cortland's Regt. New York Troops for during the war and served until the 9th June 1783 when he was discharged in the town of New Windsor in the County of Orange N.Y. And has received a pension under of the Act of March 18th 1818. One hundred and thirty one Dollars and seventy three cents on the 4th September 1819 and $48 on the 4th March 1820 and that he is a laborer.
And I do solemnly swear that I was a resident Citizen of the United States on the 18th day of March 1818 And that I have not since that time by gift sale or any manner disposed of my property or any part thereof with intent so to diminish it as to bring myself within the provisions of the Act of Congress entitled An Act To Provide for Certain Persons Engaged in the Land and Naval Service of the United States in the Revolutionary War passed the 18th day of March 1818 and that I have not nor has any person in trust for me any property or securities Contracts or Debts due to me nor have I any income other than what is contained in the following inventory and by me subscribed except necessary Cloathing & Bedding viz. no Real Estate. Two Hogs worth $5 each 3 Pigs worth $1.50 no other property except household furniture. One son Selar aged nine years one daughter Maria Catherine aged six years one daughter Elizabeth aged 4 years And one daughter Hannah aged 3 years. My wife is 48 years. Deposant himself is unable to support himself from age and infirmity and that he was in the Battle of White Plains Battle of Monmouth and the Battle of Saratoga and in the battle in which Cornwallis was taken.
Simon Lambertson
Sworn to and subscribed on this day July 1820 in open Court before me Lucas Elmendorf first Judge of the Court above mentioned
To the Hon. The Secretary of War
Dear Sir being a Pensioner of the United States under the Act of March 1818 I beg to State to your Honour that I am set forth in my Certificate as a private in the army of the Revolution having lately learned that a sergeant is entitled to more pay and having always served as such in the Army I beg leave to explain a mistake must have taken place in my application originally for a pension (my application was made by — — – in the year 1819.) and a cetificate forwarded to me having date 30 April 1819. Signed J. C. Calhurn No. 10.034. I expect from the fact that the said certificate so recd. And by me now held. My application must have been made as a private when in fact I was a sarjeant and could not have understood that part of my affidavit which set me forth as a private (if it did so) – I will briefly set forth my enlistments and officers and if there is any record in the department it will be so found I first enlisted for one year under Capt. Riker as a Sarjeant in the militia in thr Regiment of Col. Richmore I think it was in the Spring of 1776 and was marched to Quebeck and from thence back to Long Isand and was in the Engagement at Brookline & Cooped? into ikw? Took from thence to Hardrain? Heights thene to White Plains at which engagement I was in there and I think to Peckokill? Where the Company of captain Riker joined the Regiment of Col Cortland (I think it was later in the fall of 1776 in the latter part of December about the sam time General Washington took the Hessian prisoners at Trenton) when I then enlisted in Colonel Cortland's Regiment for 7 years or during the War and still continued in the Company of Capt. Riker until his death when Capt. Hollet took the Command of said Company. I was in all the Engagements of said Regiment of Col. Cortland from its first organization to the peace under Capt. Richard Hallet as a Serjeant – and was discharged at New Bergh? At Washington's Head Quarters and recd. a Written discharge which I gave to a merchant at New Windsor to whom I sold my bounty land – and cannot tell what he done with it but presume he left it at the land office at Washngton or the Capitol of this State N. Y.
I wish you to inform me whether from the Records & from the above statement of facts it will be sufficient for me to send your Honour my Certificate that I now hold to entitle me to the benefit of the Act of June 7th 1832. and the pay of Serjeant – or whether I must support my present related story by prooff – which I am abundantly able to do by 5 living witnesses who served with and know me in said Regminet of Col. Cortland – I am well satisfied that my present application will conflict with my original applicaion in 1819. but rely upon the truth of my can? for explanation and as far as the original application I could not have understood it – there were a number of other applications made out by E. P. Kaim? On the same day and they were hurried off. Be so kind to address your answer to me at the Shawanjunk? Post Office Ulster County N.Y. And confer a favor upon a Humble but thankful individual. Simon Lambertson
Shawangunk N.Y
7th July 1836
State of New York
County of Orange
On this 8th day of March A.D. One Thousand Eight hundred and fifty three personally appearee before me James W. Fowler Surrogate in and for the County of Orange in the State of New York aforesaid Laura Lambertson a resident of said county aged 81 years who being duly sworn before me the Surrogate in open Court and on her oath states that she is the widow of Simon Lambertson deceased a late resident of the county of Ulster in said State who was a soldier and served in and during the war of the Revolution and that she makes this declaration in order to obtain the benefit of the provision made by the Act of Congress approved of February 3rd 1853 Entitled an Act Granting Pensions to Certain widows of soldiers who served in and during the war of the Revolution. She further declares that she was married to her husband the said Simon Lambertson in the county of Ulster in said state on or about the fifth day of July 1810 by Moses Freeley who was then a pastor of the Shevangarde Church, and that her said husband died on or about the 23 day of June 1845, and that he was in the Receipt of a Pension at the time of his death at the rate of $120 per annum under the Act of Congress passed March 18th 1818, and that she has not intermarried since the death of her said husband, and that she is still a widow. She further states that her name was Laura Upright before her marriage to her said husband the said Simon Lambertson deceased. Sworn to & subscribed on the day and year above written before me James W. Fowler Surrogate
Laura ( her X mark) Lambertson
State of New York
County of Orange
I hereby certify that the foregoing declaration was made, subscribed and sowrn to before me James W. Fowler Surrogate of Orange County in open Court.


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This week might have been the hardest rankings yet, as almost every team from 16-25 lost or weren't playing. We have six new teams in the rankings, some leaping pretty high from the status of the unranked.
1. Texas (1) – The Longhorns proved that last week wasn't a fluke, totally destroying Missouri and leaving no doubt to their legitimacy. But of course the schedule doesn't get any easier with Okie State.
2. Alabama (2) – The Crimson Tide have an annoying habit of letting mediocre competition hang out. That's going to eventually cost them.
3. Penn State (3) – It took awhile for Penn State to wake up, but it eventually had its way with Michigan. Huge game coming up at Ohio State.
4. Oklahoma (5) – The Sooners overcame any hangover they might have had by disposing of a good Kansas team. That, plus Texas' success, knocks them up a rung.
5. Texas Tech (4) – The Red Raiders are still unbeaten, but they aren't exactly winning style points, struggling with a bad Texas A&M team after going overtime at home against a mediocre Nebraska squad.
6. USC (6) – USC earned some style points, putting 69 up on hapless Washington State. Too bad Wazzu might be the worst team in Division I-A.
7. Florida (7) – Gators got to take a step back and observe some of the carnage. Florida is still in pretty good position.
8. Ohio State (10) – The Buckeyes finally broke out and played the way they were expected to in the preseason, drilling Michigan State. Big showdown with Penn State awaits.
9. Georgia (9) – Kind of like Texas Tech, Georgia isn't exactly doing itself favors in the style point department.
10. Oklahoma State (11) – No letdown for the Cowboys, who dispatched Baylor easily. They have a huge showdown with nemesis Texas upcoming.
11. Utah (13) – Utes have been quiet, but they keep winning and now seem to be the next BCS buster possibility.
12. LSU (14) – It won't make headlines, but the Tigers' win over South Carolina was definitely no joke.
13. Boise State (16) – Another team that's quietly moved up the ranks, Boise State made short work of Hawaii Friday.
14. South Florida (20) – Talk about being in the right spot at the right time, the Bulls make a huge jump up, thanks to everyone else around them losing, by beating a bad Syracuse team.
15. TCU (NR) – A humongous jump for the Horned Frogs, but a well-deserved one. They kicked the living stuff out of undefeated BYU, and their only loss is to Oklahoma.
16. BYU (8) – Had to place the Cougars here below TCU on priniciple. Still, its crazy to see three Mountain West teams this high in the poll.
17. Ball State (22) – Another mid-major, the Cardinals moved up five slots without playing. Of course, being undefeated will do that for ya.
18. Pittsburgh (NR) – The Panthers jump up pretty high from the masses of the unranked thanks to a fifth straight win, blowing out a good Navy team, plus a lot of chaos.
19. Kansas (15) – I didn't drop the Jayhawks much, as they performed pretty well in a losing effort at Oklahoma. However, a loss vs. Texas Tech next week will probably dump them from the rankings.
20. Tulsa (NR) – The Golden Hurricane may have the most prolific offense in the nation, as they put up nearly 500 yards in the first half Saturday against UTEP. FYI, Division I-A schools in Oklahoma are a combined 20-1 this year.
21. Missouri (12) – I penalized the Tigers more than Kansas because they weren't even in the game with Texas. It was 28-0 early in the second quarter and Mizzou was never within 25 from that point on.
22. Georgia Tech (NR) – The ACC is a jumbled mess of decent but not spectacular teams. The Yellow Jackets get the nod due to quality road victories over Boston College and Clemson.
23. Boston College (NR) – The Golden Eagles never get any hype, but come every October, they seem to be right in the mix.
24. Oregon (25) – The Ducks didn't play, which was probably a good thing considering all the carnage in this area of the rankings.
25. Florida State (NR) – The Seminoles aren't impressive, but they have won three straight since looking meek against Wake Forest. That's good enough for now.
Under consideration: Virginia Tech, Minnesota, California
Dropped out: No. 17 Virginia Tech (lost to Boston College), No. 18 California (lost to Arizona), No. 19 Michigan State (lost to Ohio State), No. 21 Wake Forest (lost to Maryland), No. 23 North Carolina (lost to Virginia), No. 24 Vanderbilt (lost to Georgia).

subset: commoncrawl


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There are criminals on one side that due to their own circumstances have come to believe that a life of crime is the optimal route to survival... and there are police and correctional officers on the other side that work in the most dangerous of environments for very little remuneration; but still carry on fighting the 'good fight'.
Herewith is a series of pictures that starts (and by no means has ended), attempting to visualise this current dichotomy in South Africa; looking at the individuals on the opposite sides of this spectrum.
This is not a chronicle of crime itself, but rather a limited photographic insight into the South African Police and Corrections services and the duality with which they straddle. This is Duality of Man.
Photography by London based South African born and bred Carlos de Spinola who works as a creative strategist (mainly in advertising) and photographer. He also worked in the police dept for some time in South Africa.
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SciencePlay kids classes are designed to encourage your little scientists to explore science in the world around them. Each class, run for an hour, has 2-3 hands on experiments that foster creative thinking and problem solving in a fun and MESSY way. Dressing in mini lab coats and safety glasses, each child has their own scientific equipment and materials to undertake their experiment at their own pace. This gives the child ownership of their 'research' and thus an added level of confidence in the class. At the end of the class, the children take home the experiment they have completed as well as a handout and materials to continue the experimenting at home.
Come along and get your science on!!
Booking information:
Booking for SciencePlay Kids classes online (CREDIT CARD ONLY).


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Using a 3-D scanner at University of Abertay Dundee (UK), that can be accurate up to (or is it down to?) 6 microns. Scientists plan on recreating brains from fossilized bird skulls and comparing them to a variety of modern species. Their focus will be on the flocculus, the area of the bird's brain responsible for integrating visual and balance signals during flight.
Here's the link-
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Conference Tools for 2016 TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition
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About this Abstract
2016 TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition
Magnesium Technology 2016
Presentation Title
In Situ Synchrotron Radiation Diffraction of the Solidification of Mg-Dy(-Zr) Alloys
Domonkos Tolnai, Peter Staron, Andreas Staeck, Helmut Eckerlebe, Norbert Schell, Martin Müller, Joachim Gröbner,
On-Site Speaker (Planned)
Domonkos Tolnai
Abstract Scope
Mg-Dy alloys are attractive for biomaterial applications. Their mechanical property profile is close to that of cortical bone, they are non-toxic, osseoconductive and degradable. Their macroscopic characteristics depend on their microstructure, which can be tailored through the alloy composition and the solidification parameters. In situ synchrotron radiation diffraction is a tool to unequivocally follow the phase formation and grain growth during cooling, thus determining the solidification sequence. In the present study Mg alloys containing Dy and Zr were investigated to characterize the solidification phenomenon during cooling from 660°C to 200°C. Samples were molten in a modified induction furnace for in situ synchrotron radiation measurements at the P07B (HEMS) beamline of Petra III, DESY. The results give an experimental validation of thermodynamic calculations and input for refining the existing thermodynamic models. This contributes to a better understanding of the microstructure evolution thus to control desirable macroscopic characteristics.
Proceedings Inclusion?
Planned: A combination print-CD volume
A Perspective: Potential Growth in the Global Magnesium Industry – Where is our Research Leading Us?
Age-hardening of Dual Phase Mg-Sc Alloy at 573 K
An Insight into Use of Hollow Fly Ash Particles on the Properties of Magnesium
As Solidified Microstructure Investigation of Mg15Y and MgxYyGd (x+y=15 wt.%) Ternary Alloys
Asymmetric Growth of Tensile Twins in Magnesium
Atomic-level Mechanisms of Magnesium Oxidation
Challenges for Implementation of Magnesium into More Applications
Creep of a Mg-Zn-Y Alloy at Elevated Temperatures
Deformation Behavior of Mg Single Crystals Compressed Along c-axis
Dendritic Morphology and Growth Orientation of Magnesium Alloys: 3-D Characterization by Synchrotron X-ray Tomography and Simulation by Phase-field
Development of Magnesium Alloys for High Speed Trains in China
Development of Mg-Al-Sn-Si Alloys Using a CALPHAD Approach
Development of the New High Shear Technology for Continuous Processing of Mg-alloys for Ingot Casting
Developments in High Magnesium-content Bulk Metallic Glasses and Future Possibilities
Effect of Dynamic Recrystallization on Microstructure Evolution and Texture Weakening During Annealing of High Speed Rolled AZ31 Magnesium Alloy Sheets
Effect of Filler Wires on Cracking along Edges of Magnesium Welds
Effects of Alloying Elements on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Mg-Gd-Zn-Ca Alloys
Effects of Homogenization on Structure Property Relations of an Indirect Extruded ZE20 Mg Alloy
Exploration of Thin-walled Magnesium Alloy Tube Extrusion for Improved Crash Performance
Fabrication of a Superhydrophobic Films with Self-cleaning Property on Magnesium Alloy and its Corrosion Resistance Properties
First-principles Study of Diffusion Coefficients of Alloy Elements in Dilute Mg Alloys
First-principles Study of Solutes Addition on the Ideal Shear Strength of Pure Magnesium
Formability of Extruded Magnesium Sheet Alloys with Different Textures
High Temperature Tensile Behaviors and Deformation Mechanisms of Mg-x%Al Alloys
Hot Deformation and Processing Map in an Mg-Zn-Mn-Y Alloy
Hot Tearing of Magnesium-Rare Earth Based Alloys
Hot Tearing Susceptibility of Mg-5Nd-xZn Alloys
In-situ EBSD Observations of Recrystallization and Texture Evolution in Cold Rolled Mg-2Zn-xCe (wt%)
In Situ Synchrotron Radiation Diffraction of the Solidification of Mg-Dy(-Zr) Alloys
Influence of Hot Isostatic Processing on the Microstructure and Tensile Behavior of HPDC AM50
Investigation of the Plastic Flow Field in Magnesium Alloy AZ31B in Three Orientations for Empirical Penetration Models
Korea's R&D Activities Towards the Application of Wrought Mg Alloys
Lattice Ordering and Microstructure of Ultra-high Strength Mg-Ca-Zn Alloys
Mg Alloys Strengthened by Complex Phases
Micro-arc Oxide Film of Aluminum Coating Pre-sprayed on a Magnesium Alloy
Microsegregation in High Pressure Die Cast AM70
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties New Magnesium-Zinc-Gadolinium Alloys
Non-basal Texture Evolution during Annealing of Cold-worked Magnesium Alloy
Non-dislocation Based Room Temperature Plastic Deformation Mechanism in Magnesium
Numerical Investigation of the AE44-mild Steel Galvanic Structural Joint
On Modeling the Mechanical Behavior and Texture Evolution of Rolled AZ31 Mg for Complex Loadings Involving Strain Path Changes
P-10: Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior of Acid Pretreated and Plasma Electrolytic Oxide Film over AM50 Mg Alloy in 3.5% NaCl
P-11: Grain Refinement Mechanism of Magnesium by Addition of Calcium
P-12: Heterogeneous Nucleation Mechanism of Mg by Inoculation of MgO Particles
P-13: Study on Biodegradable Mg-Zn-Nd Alloy and Its Application
P-14: Mg-Ni Hydrogen Storage Alloys for Metal Hydride Electrodes
P-15: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of ARB Processed Mg-3%Gd Alloy
P-16: Preparation, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mg/Ti and Mg/Zr Nanolaminates
P-17: Quantification of Solid Solution Strengthening by Al, Zn, Gd and Y in Mg Alloys Investigated by Solid-to-Solid Diffusion Couples and Nanoindentation
P-18: Texture and Microstructure Study on Cold Rolled AZ31 Alloy
P-19: Enhanced Mechanical Properties of Mg-Gd and Mg-Al Alloys Processed by Simple Shear Extrusion
P-1: Effect of the Volume Fraction of I-phase on Hot Workability in Mg-xZn-xY Alloys
P-20: Effect of Alloying Element on Deformation Behavior of Magnesium Alloys
P-21: Effects of Alloying Elements on Deformation Behavior of Twin Roll Cast Mg-Al-X Alloys
P-22: Effect of Increased Strain Rate on the Deformation Mechanism of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy under a Triaxial Stress State
P-23: The Use of In-situ Methods in the Research and Development of Magnesium-based Nanocomposites
P-2: Investigation on Plastic Deformability of Mg-Y Alloys by Vickers and Newly Designed In-situ Brinell Indentation Methods
P-3: Mechanical Response of a Gravity Cast Mg-9Al-1Zn-0.2Sc Alloy at Strain Rates from 10
to 10
P-4: Study on Fatigue Mechanism of Mg-0.6at%Y Alloy by Cyclic Tensile Test
P-5: Modeling Deformation and Texture Evolution in Mg Alloy AZ31 Using the Crystal Plasticity Fast Fourier Transforms
P-6: A High Specific Strength and Corrosion Resistant Magnesium Alloy: Realizing the Nexus
P-7: Additive Friction Stir Deposition of Mg Alloys Using Powder Filler Materials
P-8: DSC Investigation of Recrystallization Mechanism in AZ31 Mg Alloy
P-9: Effect of Aging Treatment on Texture Evolution of Magnesium Alloy Sheets
Pre-Straining Effect on Precipitation Behavior of AZ31B
Predicting Solidification Properties of Magnesium by Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Prediction of Magnesium Alloy Formability: The Role of Texture
Role of SiC in Grain Refinement of Aluminum-free Mg-Zn Alloys
Solid Solution Hardening in Mg-Gd-TM (TM=Ag, Zn and Zr) Alloys: An Integrated Density Functional Theory and Electron Work Function Study
Solid Solution Strengthening in Mg-Gd Alloys
Strain Rate Dependent Deformation and Failure Process of Magnesium Foams
Study of ZE 10 Magnesium Alloy Welded Joints Produced with Disk Laser
Study on Mechanism of Magnesia Production by Reversion Reaction Process in Vacuum
Texture Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Mg-Li Alloy during Thermo-mechanical Process
The Effect of Ageing on the Compressive Deformation of Mg-Sn-Zn-Na Alloy
The Structure of β" and β' in an Aged Mg-Nd Alloy
The Use of Acoustic Emission and Neutron Diffraction to Reveal the Active Deformation Mechanisms in Polycrystalline Magnesium and Comparison to Theoretical Modeling
Thermodynamic Description of Reactions between Mg and CaO
What is a Strain Hardening "Plateau"?
Questions about ProgramMaster? Contact


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In Boston, a few dozen people attended a far-right rally on the Boston Common. The police estimate that 40,000 counter-protesters showed up to oppose the rally.
In Vancouver, a handful of far-right anti-immigration demonstrators were easily outnumbered by more than 4,000 counter-protesters — the anti-immigration rally was stopped in its tracks.
In Quebec City, 200 right wing nationalist marchers ended up pinned in a parking garage for hours by scores of counter-protesters.
The message?
Far more people are opposed to the message of the very far right than are willing to show up to defend those positions.
But something else came out of the weekend rallies as well: in Boston and Quebec City, at least some of the counter-protesters clashed with police, showing that they are more than willing to bring violence into the equation. And that's, quite simply, the wrong way to go.
Perhaps the simplest point to make is that two wrongs don't make a right. The far right has shown it is willing to bring violence and weapons to protests. Counter-protesters shouldn't feel that gives them a licence to reply in kind. Because, more than anything else, it simply gives people the right to say the counter-protesters are no better than the neo-Nazis they are protesting about.
Shout them down if you like. Peacefully disrupt neo-Nazi rallies, if you can. Demonstrate the strength in numbers that shows what a sad and small portion of the population it actually is that seems to need to blame its own failings and shortcomings on people with different faiths, religions or ethnic upbringings.
Heck, you can even do something that might be more effective: make fun of the self-righteous right.
Neo-Nazis in Wunsiedel, Germany, have marched to the former site of the grave of one of Hitler's deputies, Rudolph Hess. Hess's headstone was removed, his grave as well, but the marchers kept coming.
In 2014, the town turned the march into an "involuntary walkathon," raising money for every metre the neo-Nazis marched through the town and then donating the funds to a group that helps people leave far-right groups.
The marching neo-Nazis are even showered with rainbow confetti at the end of the march.
The message is that there are many ways to fight racists, but that violence is one of the least effective ways to do it. Research has actually shown that more supporters are drawn to non-violent protest than to clashes. Large numbers of counter-protesters who physically clash with neo-Nazi protesters might actually push others towards the right wing. Don't make martyrs, make reasonable, reasoned arguments.
Civil resistance works when it has non-violence at its core.
One thing is abundantly clear: when things descend into violence, everyone loses.


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Moderators: Three Stars, dagny, pfim, netwolf
TheHammer24 wrote:
In other news, this thread will be among the most boring you've read in the past month.
pcm wrote:We certainly don't have a need for a young 6'4" defenseman with snarl to play on our bottom pairing for less $1m. Lets go sign an old guy for much more money to do the same job, but who will only get worse with time.
RisslingsMissingTeeth wrote:Glad this thread was created actually as I can't figure out any scenario outside of injury where Bortuzzo sees the ice this year. I like him but clearly that doesn't have any correlation to what the Pens do.
Shero is not done for sure but if Nisky and Engo remain, Bort is hosed.
The U wrote:Bortuzzo is exactly what this team needs. Big, tough, young, can fight, can hit, high energy, has untapped potential,
Pavel Bure wrote:LOL @ the people calling Bort a 5 or 6. At what point in his career has he taken and held that spot in an NHL line up? He's not very good. For every one Scuderi who starts like dog doo-doo there are 1,000 other players who start like dog doo-doo and stay that way.
columbia wrote:No offense against the dude, but what exactly leads Bortuzzo to believe that he deserves anything beyond the cursory/required raise?
Users browsing this forum: Ohio_Pens_fan and 25 guests


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Forgive me for blowing my own trumpet, but I am really rather excited to be celebrating my first blogiversary!! It's one year ago today that I started this blog and although there has been a couple of gaps because of the awful internet connection problems I was having (and which is still happening a bit off and on), I am quite amazed at just how much information and photos and such I have on here already!
I still have so very much to add, and still don't seem to have any order as such with adding things. I know I have badly neglected my Coming Soon section and my Ancestor Anniversaries, so as this blog goes into it's second year, I will make an earnest effort to get those sorted and properly do posts for them!
As this is a special day, I am also going to announce a new theme for some of my posts, but will write about that in a separate post today. 😉
I want to thank Thomas at GeneaBloggers for adding this blog to the many already listed there, because it has been a turning point which has helped immensely with the items I have blogged about. It was through GeneaBloggers that I came across the Daily Blogging Themes, and they are a great help to prompt as to what to write about.
I also want to thank all the new geneablogging friends I have made over this first year. Many have visited my blog and commented, which is always appreciated. I have visited their blogs and have found them so very interesting and it really doesn't matter that their ancestors are not connected to mine!
Thank you also to my cousins who also have been popping in to see the blog and either commenting here or by email. I'm delighted to have found some new cousins both for me and my other half Paul, through this blog.
Onwards now, to look forward to my next blogiversary in a years' time. I wonder if I will have managed to get all the info I have on the blog by then? More than likely not, as I have so very much and will probably gain even more copies of documents and Wills and photos as my new blog year progresses.
It's been a wonderful year blogwise for me, and I hope you will find some items of interest in amongst the lot of chitchat I seem to do.
Yaaaaay!!! A first for me!! I'm doing a little genealogists happy dance just because it is my blogiversary, but hey, the first one is special isn't it? 😉


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Marc Faber is well-known for his bearish take on stocks as well as his theory that the actions of the Federal Reserve will end up crushing the value of the U.S. dollar. And that is precisely why his latest recommendation is so surprising.
When asked whether investors should keep their money in cash on Tuesday's episode of "Futures Now," Faber responded: "Cash, yes. I think the most hated asset at the present time is cash."
(Read more: Taper or no taper, the Fed will never end QE: Marc Faber)
This despite the fact that his monetary view hasn't changed.
"I agree that with the Fed's policy, cash loses purchasing power," Faber said.
The problem is that Faber thinks the market could crash, but only after rising further.


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Next Meetup
What we're about
Our group features hikes of variable length & ability. Beginner hikes range from 2 to 4 miles, while advanced hikes may be up to 16 miles and may feature bush-wacking & rock scrambling. Beginner and moderate hikes usually are a mixed group between athletic pace and slow or moderate pace. Having fun talking, taking pictures, and admiring the beautiful Sonoran desert is all part of the package deal.
Many factors determine the difficulty of a hike: mileage, terrain, elevation and pace. The hike rating scale that we have adopted is:
A - Extreme: no limit for distance or elevation
B - Advanced: maximum 16 miles or 3000' gain
C - Intermediate: maximum 8 miles or 1500' gain
D - Beginner: maximum 4 miles or 500' gain
Please read more about the Tucson Hiking Meetup Group on the "page" tab above.
This group is open to new members. We hope you'll join us!
Even more about us: http://www.meetup.com/tucsonhiking/about/


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Brenda_N on Family Tree Circles
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I'm looking for Niles family in Aroostook Cty, Maine
I'm looking for Niles family in Aroostook Cty, Maine. I have Samuel Niles born @1835 but I have no info on his parents. He married Hannah Ireland (7 children) and married Olive...any info would be appreciated!
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Oh, for crying out loud. Out of all the pathetic, whiny women we've ever seen on any season of The Bachelor, have you honestly ever seen a bigger spoiled brat than Tierra LaCausi?
I mean, usually I'll give each season's "bad girl" the benefit of the doubt because of the way the show is edited, but after seeing Tierra's full-blown temper tantrum tonight, I'm convinced that she's every bit as manipulative and deceitful as the rest of the girls in the house deem her to be. Let's face it -- this girl is all kinds of cray-cray, and then some. (Poor Sean Lowe. He has no clue.)
First of all, did you see the look on her face when it was announced that Selma got the first group date? I was waiting for her head to start spinning around in circles.
And then when she found out she was going on the group date with Sean and a bunch of the other girls in the house instead of getting him all to herself, it was obvious that she was more than a little bent out of shape.
Ok, let's talk a little more about that group date, and the roller derby match between these chicks that didn't happen, but would've been totally epic. Ugh! Amanda just had to go ahead and smash her jaw into the floor and ruin all the fun. She's got some nerve, doesn't she? (Relax, I'm kidding. I'm glad she's ok.) But seriously, it would've been pretty entertaining to see the competitive side of these girls, and it would've been particularly interesting to see what kind of tricks Tierra tried to pull to win.
And based on the pity party she threw for herself later in the night, she's willing to pull out all the stops to make sure Sean falls for her hook, line, and sinker. I'm sorry, but I know I'm not the only one who burst out laughing when she started crying and comparing sharing Sean with the other girls to a form of torture. (Get over yourself, honey -- you're no more important than anyone else, despite what you may think.)
Of course, Sean reacted to Tierra's little fit exactly like I expected him to. Yep, he bought it. And now she has another rose, which I guess is actually a good thing, considering we'll have more of her bullshit to look forward to next week. Man, Amanda must be pissed though. Even a trip to the hospital didn't gain her as much sympathy as Tierra's fake tears.
Do you think Sean will ever see Tierra's true colors?
Image via ABC


text:
Ramadan – month of generosity
يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُواْ كُتِبَ عَلَيْكُمُ الصِّيَامُ كَمَا كُتِبَ عَلَى الَّذِينَ مِن قَبْلِكُمْ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَتَّقُونَ
"O who believe, fasting is decreed for you as it was decreed for those before you; perchance you will guard yourselves. (2:183)
Ramadan – Month of Generosity
Generosity and giving are attributes that Allah likes for Muslims to have for Allah is the most-Generous and Giving of all. Indeed, Allah's Generosity multiplies in Ramadan. Similarly, the Prophet's generosity increased in Ramadan, and he is the Perfect Man whose personality encompasses all attributes humankind seeks and vies for. Ramadan is the month of the Book of Allah and of generosity to the poor, to whom zakat is traditionally conveyed in that month. Every good deed in Ramadan carries more weight that at any other time, particularly giving. When Anas asked "What is the best charity for the sake of Allah (sadaqa)?" the Prophet (s) replied: "A gift in Ramadan (sadaqatun fi ramadan)." [Tirmidhi]
From Ibn `Abbas (r) that he said: Allah's Messenger (s) was the most bounteous (ajwad) of people. He was at his most bounteous in Ramadan, when Gibril would meet him, and he used to meet him every night of Ramadan and study the Qur'an with him. Allah's Messenger (s) was more bounteous at that time than the wind sent forth from heaven. [Bukhari and Muslim]Charity is a source of support for the ones who are fasting. To encourage this, the Prophet (s) said, "He who feeds a fasting person will gain the same reward as he will, without decreasing from the fasting person's rewards." [Ahmad]. The fasting person abandons food and drink in Ramadan. Thus, when he gives others what he is craving for, this sacrifice would generate greater rewards, Allah willing. Joining fasting and charity leads to entering Paradise, by Allah's leave and blessing. The Prophet (s) said: "In Paradise there are rooms that their inside can be seen from outside and outside can be seen from inside." He was asked, "For whom are these rooms, O Messenger of Allah?" He said, "They are for he who soften his speech, feeds the people, continues to fast, and prays at night while the people are asleep. [Ahmad]. All these acts take place in Ramadan, for in it there are fasting, prayer at night, and charity. Also, the fasting person is sternly prohibited from evil and useless speech. Thus, performing all these deeds and attaining such unique bounties can be easily attained during Ramadan by the fasting person. The Prophet (s) also said regarding charity, "Charity extinguishes the sin just as water extinguishes the fire. The man's prayer late at night has the same effect."
Al-Hamdulillah, praise and peace be upon His Prophet Muhammad and on his Family, Companions and his Followers, inwardly and outwardly.


text:
Sponsored By
Hudson Hospital CT Techs Sue For Radiation ExposureWorkers say what wasn't installed inside a western Wisconsin hospital put them in danger while doing their jobs. Four CT technologists have filed a lawsuit claiming they were exposed to excess radiation for years at Hudson Hospital. The lawsuit says construction crews installed the wrong glass inside the room where they read the scans. As Hudson Hospital undergoes a $10 million expansion, it's a small sheet of glass that has shattered the trust of four CT technologists.


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now this article is very extensive and legnthy
just to warn you
I have cut the article and there is alot of tech jargon missing but feel free to hit the link.
Information Leakage from Optical Emanations
Lockheed Martin Space Systems
Auburn University
A previously unknown form of compromising emanations has been discovered. LED status
indicators on data communication equipment, under certain conditions, are shown to carry a
modulated optical signal that is significantly correlated with information being processed by the
device. Physical access is not required; the attacker gains access to all data going through the
device, including plaintext in the case of data encryption systems. Experiments show that it is
possible to intercept data under realistic conditions at a considerable distance. Many di®erent
sorts of devices, including modems and Internet Protocol routers, were found to be vulnerable.
A taxonomy of compromising optical emanations is developed, and design changes are described
that will successfully block this kind of Optical Tempest attack.
Categories and Subject Descriptors: C.2.0 [Computer Systems Organization]: COMPUTERCOMMUNICATION
NETWORKSGeneral, Security and protection (e.g., firewalls); D.4.6
[Software]: OPERATING SYSTEMSSecurity and Protection, Invasive software (e.g., viruses,
worms, Trojan horses); E.3 [Data]: DATA ENCRYPTIONCode breaking; K.6.5 [Computing
Milieux]: MANAGEMENT OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMSSecurity and
Protection, Unauthorized Access (e.g., hacking, phreaking)
General Terms: Compromising emanations, Emissions security, Experimentation
Additional Key Words and Phrases: Information displays, light emitting diode, LED, fiber optics,
encryption, compromising emanations, covert channel, communication, COMINT, COMSEC,
Can optical radiation emitted from computer LED (light emitting diode) status
indicators compromise information security? Data communication equipment, and
even data encryption devices, sometimes emit modulated optical signals that carry
enough information for an eavesdropper to reproduce the entire data stream being
Much of this work was done while the first author was a graduate student in the Department of
processed by a device. It requires little apparatus, can be done at a considerable
distance, and is completely undetectable. In e®ect, LED indicators act as little
free-space optical data transmitters, like fiber optics but without the fiber.
Experiments conducted on a wide variety of devices show evidence of exploitable
compromising emanations in 36% of devices tested. With inexpensive apparatus,
we show it is possible to intercept and read data under realistic conditions from at
least across the street. In Figure 1, the lower trace shows the §15V EIA/TIA-232-E
waveform of a serial data signal at 9600 b=s. The upper trace shows modulated
optical radiation intercepted 5 m from the device. A high correlation is evident.
We have successfully recovered error-free data at speeds up to 56 kb=s; the physical
principles involved ought to continue to work up to about 10 Mbits/s. Protecting
against the threat is relatively straightforward, but may require design changes to
vulnerable equipment.
1.1 Paper Organization
The first part of this paper reviews the idea of compromising emanations, and
gives an overview of what information is to be found in the literature. Next comes
a technical explanation of why compromising optical emanations exist, together
with some of their properties. A series of experiments is then described, along
with results that were found. Finally, some possible countermeasures are discussed,
along with directions for future work. Related work on active attacks using optical
emanations is presented in the appendices.
Compromising Emanations [National Computer Security Center
1988]: Unintentional data-related or intelligence-bearing signals that,
if intercepted and analyzed, disclose the information transmi[tted], received,
handled, or otherwise processed by any information processing
equipment. See TEMPEST.
ACM Transactions on Information and System Security, Vol. ?, No. ?, Month Year.
Information Leakage from Optical Emanations ¢ 3
Thorough discussion of compromising emanations and EMSEC (emissions security)
in the open literature is limited. The information that is available tends to
exhibit a strong bias toward radio frequency (RF) emanations from computers and
video displays. Because of the high cost of equipment and the di±culty of intercepting
and exploiting RF emanations, reports of successful attacks against emanations
have been limited primarily to high-value sources of information such as military
targets and cryptologic systems. A significant problem is that much important
information on compromising emanations is classified [Russell and Gangemi 1991],
although some documents have recently been declassified [National Security Agency
1992; 1995; 1994].
2.1 Related Work
The ability to compromise signals emanating from computers has been known for
some time. For instance, Smulders [1990] found RF emanations in unshielded or
poorly shielded serial cables, and van Eck [1985] showed that cathode-ray tube
video displays can be read at a distance by intercepting and analyzing their RF
emanations. Others have noted RF compromise, including more contemporary research
showing ways to hide information in signals emitted by video devices as
well as specialized fonts that minimize compromising RF emanations [Kuhn and
Anderson 1998]. Wright [1987] described, anecdotally, the discovery of electrically
conducted compromising emanations from cipher machines as early as 1960. For
an excellent overview of the current state of emanations security research, the interested
reader is referred to the book by Anderson [2001] and a related paper by
Kuhn and Anderson [1998].
Very little mention of signals in the optical spectrum was found in the literature.
Related topics include security of fiber optics [Hodara 1991; EXFO Electro-Optical
Engineering, Inc. 1999] and optical communications [Wilkins 1641]. Social engineering
attacks such as shoulder surfing and visual surveillance of video displays
are well covered in [Fites and Kratz 1993]. Free-space optical data links are prone
to interception, and for this reason wireless data links (both laser and RF) are
typically encrypted [Lathrop 1992]. But with the exception of a work of fiction, in
which one character uses the LEDs on a computer keyboard1 to send information
in Morse code [Stephenson 1999], and inferences from redacted sections of partially
declassified documents [National Security Agency 1992], a thorough search of the
literature revealed no direct mention of the risk of interception of data from optical
emanations of LED status indicators.
The [IBM] 360 had walls of lights; in fact, the Model 75 had so many
that the early serial number machines would blow the console power supply
if the Lamp Test button was pressed. [Morris 1996]
3.1 Light-Emitting Diodes
Light-emitting diodes are cheap, reliable, bright, and ubiquitous. They are used in
nearly every kind of electronics, anywhere a bright, easy-to-see indicator is needed.
1See also Appendix A.
Fig. 2. EIA/TIA-232-E serial data waveform and typical LED response.
They are especially common in data communication equipment. Every year, some
2030 billion LEDs are sold [Perry 1995].
LEDs are very fast; that is, they exhibit a quick response to changes in the applied
drive voltage (tens of nanoseconds). In fact, common visible LEDs are fast enough
that a close cousin is used as a transmitter in fiber optic data links at speeds in
excess of 100 Mbits/s [HewlettPackard Company 1993b].
Although fast response time is oftentimes a desirable quality in a display, LEDs
are fast enough to follow the individual bit transitions of a serial data transmission.
Herein lies the problem: if certain LED indicators are visible to an attacker, even
from a long distance away, it becomes possible for that person to read all of the
data going through the device.
One of the advantages of LED displays is that they can be read from across a
room. The disadvantage may be that they can be read from across the street.
3.2 Rationale for the Existence of Compromising Optical Emanations
The brightness of LED displays would not be a problem if it were not for the
way they interact with serial data transmissions. Consider the idealized EIA/TIA-
232-E waveform and associated LED response curve depicted in Figure 2. The
upper waveform shows the EIA/TIA-232-E serial data signal; the lower waveform
illustrates the optical output of an LED indicator monitoring that signal. As long
as the rise time of the LED is less than 1
2 of the unit interval tUI, the LED will
accurately enough mirror the EIA/TIA-232-E data signal at the critical points
shown by the small circles in the diagram to enable recovery of the original data.
The EIA/TIA-232-E standard (formerly known as RS-232) defines a bit-serial format
using bipolar encoding and non-return-to-zerolevel (NRZL) signaling [Electronic
Industries Association, Engineering Department 1991]. As illustrated in
Figure 3, bits are transmitted asynchronously, with framing bits embedded in the
serial data stream for synchronization between sender and receiver. During periods
when no data are being transmitted, the transmitter remains in the logical
1 state. The start of a new symbol is indicated by a momentary excursion to
the logical 0 state for one unit interval, called the start bit. This is followed by
a serial waveform consisting of a mutually agreed-upon number of data bits, sent
ACM Transactions on Information and System Security, Vol. ?, No. ?, Month Year.
Fig. 3. EIA/TIA-232-E serial data waveform and maximum jitter tolerance from TIA/EIA-404-B.
least significant bit first. Following the last data bit, the transmitter returns to the
logical 1 state for at least one unit interval, called the stop bit, in order to provide
necessary contrast for the receiver to recognize the beginning of the next start bit.
(Another way of looking at this is that the channel is required to return to the idle
state for at least one unit interval between characters.)
EIA/TIA-232-E uses bipolar encoding, with a negative voltage signifying logical
1 and a positive voltage used for logical 0 [Black 1996]. Usually, LEDs are
wired to light up for a logical 0 so that they flicker when bits are transmitted,
and remain dark when the channel is idle. The fact that the original signal is
bipolar is immaterial. As long as the LED is fast enough to faithfully reproduce
the timing of bit transitions, the optical output will contain all of the information
in the original EIA/TIA-232-E signal.
LEDs cannot be connected directly to logic circuits, as they would draw too
much power from the signal source. For reasons of cost, however, the very same
high-speed gates (usually TTL or CMOS inverters) typically used to construct logic
circuits are also employed to power the LEDs [Lancaster 1980]. The result is a direct
path allowing information to flow from the serial data channel to the optical output
of the LED. Because the monitoring circuit was not designed for the purpose, the
resulting optical signal may exhibit noise or other degradation, but LEDs and their
associated driver circuitry are generally more than fast enough to reproduce a serial
data signal at normal data rates.
3.2.1 Characteristics of the Optical Signal. NRZL signals are susceptible to
noise, which is why other signaling methods, such as di®erential Manchester encoding,
are most often used in long-distance digital communication systems. To
overcome the noise sensitivity of NRZL, additional redundancy is often introduced
into the communication channel in the form of channel encoding [Proakis and Salehi
1994]. Parity checks, cyclic redundancy checking (CRC), and other error detection
and correction methods may be used to increase the reliability of the system. But
it should be noted that these features are also available to an eavesdropper, who
may use them to overcome the e®ects of a poor optical signal.
As optical communication systems go, it must be recognized that LED status
ACM Transactions on Information and System Security, Vol. ?, No. ?, Month Year.
6 ¢ J. Loughry and D. A. Umphress
Table I. Proposed classification system for optical emanations.
Type Correlated to Associated Risk Level
Class I State of the device Low
Class II Activity level of the device Medium
Class III Content (data) High
displays are highly sub-optimal. There are no beam-forming optics on the transmitting
LED. The radiant flux available is extremely limited. Bu®er circuits used
to drive LED indicators, while more than fast enough for their intended purpose,
are not optimized for high-speed data transmission in the way that special-purpose
circuits used in fiber optic transmitters are. Practical optical data communication
systems use laser transmitters, sophisticated encoding schemes, and coherent detectors
that greatly improve signal recovery under noisy conditions [Gagliardi 1995].
Our hypothetical eavesdropper would likely have to deal with o®-axis aiming errors,
high levels of optical background noise from artificial lighting, and lack of a priori
knowledge of the specific bit rate and word length used by the target. Nevertheless,
our experiments show that with a sensitive detector and telescopic optics, it is possible
for an eavesdropper to recover a noisy analog waveform closely approximating
the original digital data stream. Once the received optical signal has been ampli-
fied, cleaned of noise, and fed to a USART (Universal Synchronous-Asynchronous
Receiver-Transmitter)an inexpensive chip which serves as a ready-made solution
to the problem of decoding a noisy signalthe original data stream is easily recovered.
3.2.2 Insensitivity to the Modulation Scheme Employed. High-speed modems
employ a variety of complicated modulation schemes, including frequency, amplitude,
and phase modulation to maximize available bandwidth on voice-grade
telephone lines. But this makes no di®erenceit is the relatively simple NRZL
waveform of the EIA/TIA-232-E data signal that is modulated onto the LED.
3.2.3 Nonsusceptibility of Other Light Sources. Questions remain as to the susceptibility
of non-LED sources to interception of compromising optical emanations.
Liquid crystal (LCD) displays, in particular, exhibit a relatively slow impulse response,
typically on the order of tens of milliseconds, making these displays relatively
poor sources of compromising optical emanations, except at fairly low data
rates. Cathode ray tube (CRT) displays, however, at the pixel level, are very fast,
and are apparently showing signs of vulnerability2.
3.3 Classification of Optical Emanations
It is useful to consider a division of optical emanations into three broad classes
according to the amount of information potentially carried to an adversary. The
proposed taxonomy is shown in Table I. In the list that follows, LED indicators
that exhibit Class n behavior are called Class n indicators.
The classifications are:
2The authors have been informed that this is an area of current research.
ACM Transactions on Information and System Security, Vol. ?, No. ?, Month Year.
Information Leakage from Optical Emanations ¢ 7
Class I indicators, which are unmodulated. The optical emanations put out
by this type of display are constant, and correlated with the state of a device
or communication channel. Class I indicators communicate at most one bit of
information to an observer. An example would be a power-on indicator.
Class II indicators are time-modulated, and correlated with the activity level
of a device or communication channel. Class II indicators provide an adversary
with considerably more information than Class I indicators do. On face value,
while the content of the data being processed by a device is not known, the fact
that something is being transmitted, and a rough idea of where and how much,
together make possible tra±c analysis of interesting targets. Examples of Class II
indicators include the Work Station Active light on an IBM 5394 Control Unit,
activity indicators on Ethernet interfaces, and the front-panel lights of a Cisco
router. It is important to note that by a®ecting the activity level of a device, and
hence modulating the output of a Class II indicator, it is possible for an attacker
to implement a covert timing channel.
Class III optical emanations are modulated optical signals that are strongly correlated
with the content of data being transmitted or received. If the correlation
is su±ciently good, then from analysis of Class III optical emanations it is possible
to recover the original data stream. Examples of Class III emanations are
surprisingly common; the Transmitted Data and Received Data indicators
on modems are usually Class III.
Devices having at least one Class II indicator, but no Class III indicators, are
called Class II devices; any device having at least one Class III indicator is a Class III
device. Class III devices are the most interesting.
Note that in both the Class I and Class II cases, the adversary gets no more
information than the operator does; the indicator is being used in the manner for
which it was intended, except that the eavesdropper is unauthorized, and reading
the information at a distance.
Class III devices may arise when the designer of a device inadvertently specified
a Class III indicator where a Class II indicator was needed. It is not clear whether
there is any situation in which a Class III indicator would be warranted, except in
the case of an extremely low-speed communication channel, where individual bit
transitions could be observed by eye and decoded. In most cases the activity of a
data communication channel occurs too fast for the human eye to follow. In the
real world, an oscilloscope is a much more useful tool than a Class III indicator.
Potentially dangerous Class III indicators can be converted to the safer and more
useful Class II type by the addition of a pulse stretching circuit, as described in
Section 6 on Countermeasures below.
Three series of experiments were run. First, a survey was made of a large number
of devices, looking for evidence of Class III behavior. Then, long-range testing was
done on a selection of devices, to prove the feasibility of interception under realistic
conditions. Finally, examination was made of the internals of several devices, in an
attempt to understand why these emanations occur.
ACM Transactions on Information and System Security, Vol. ?, No. ?, Month Year.
8 ¢ J. Loughry and D. A. Umphress
4.1 Hypothesis
The null hypothesis was stated as follows: It is not possible to recover data from
optical emanations. The null hypothesis was disproved by experiment.
4.2 Experimental Design and Methodology
A total of 39 devices containing 164 unique LED indicators were identified for this
study. The devices selected for testing were chosen to represent a wide variety of
information processing technology, including low-speed and high-speed communication
devices, local-area network (LAN) and wide-area network (WAN) devices,
PC and mainframe computers, mass storage devices, and peripherals.
Prior to commencement of measurements, radiometric readings were taken on
an optical bench of a standard red LED driven by a square wave signal. These
measurements were used to establish a baseline. Following this step, each of the
164 LED indicators identified in the survey was examined for evidence of Class III
Measurements were made of individual LED indicators by placing a hooded detector
in contact with each LED. A dual-trace oscilloscope was used to observe the
signal from the detector. To visualize the corresponding data stream, a breakout
box was inserted into the data path, with the original data displayed alongside the
optical signal from the detector.
The detector used was a high-speed, large-area silicon PIN (PositiveIntrinsic
Negative) photodiode with an active area of 1 mm2. The responsivity of this detector
is 0.45 A/W at a nominal wavelength of 830 nm, with a spectral response of 350
1100 nm. The photocurrent from the detector was amplified by a transimpedance
photodiode amplifier operated in zero-bias mode. Signals were observed with a
200 MHz digital oscilloscope, and captured for later analysis.
The bandwidth of the photodiode amplifier is inversely proportional to its gain
setting; at a gain factor of 107 V/A, the bandwidth of the detectoramplifier system
is only 10 KHz. Therefore, for most measurements, the amplifier was operated at
a gain setting of 104 V/A, yielding an overall detectoramplifier system bandwidth
of 45 KHz, which was marginal, but adequate. For higher-speed measurements,
the photodiode was connected directly to the input amplifier of the oscilloscope
and operated in the quadrant IV (photovoltaic) region. Limited sensitivity in this
configuration is what necessitated placing the detector directly in contact with the
LED. However, the greatly increased bandwidth of the detectoramplifier system in
this configuration allowed for examination of very high speed devices for evidence
of signals in the MHz range.
4.2.1 Long-Range Testing. Long-range optical eavesdropping experiments were
conducted with a small number of representative devices. The ANP Model 100
short-haul modem, Hayes Smartmodem OPTIMA 9600 and 14400, and a Practical
Peripherals PM14400FXMT fax modem were all examined.
The same photodetector and amplifier system described in the previous section
was used. The detector was mounted at the focus of an optical system consisting of
a 100 mm diameter, f=2:5 converging lens, an aperture stop, and a 650 nm optical
bandpass filter, chosen to match the spectral output of a standard visible red LED
[Agilent Technologies 1999].
ACM Transactions on Information and System Security, Vol. ?, No. ?, Month Year.
Information Leakage from Optical Emanations ¢ 9
The device under test was placed a measured distance away, and connected to an
identical unit at the test station through a length of unshielded twisted pair cable.
The image from a single LED on the device under test was adjusted to completely
cover the detectors active area. Test transmissions were made to each device, and
the EIA/TIA-232-E waveform and resulting optical signals captured for analysis.
4.2.2 Experimental Methodology. Three independent variables and one dependent
variable were identified. The independent variables were: (1) the separation
distance between the detector and the device under test, (2) the data transmission
rate, and (3) ambient lighting conditions on the test range. The dependent variable
was the correlation between the received optical signal and the original EIA/TIA-
232-E waveform captured at the same time. The independent variables were varied
according to a formal test matrix. Separation distance was varied from 5 m to 38 m
(the maximum dimension of the laboratory) in increments of 5 m during the test.
At each measured distance, test transmissions were made at data rates of 300, 600,
1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, and 19 200 bits/s.
For simplicity, symbols in the optical signal were detected by observing the signals
amplitude at one-half of the unit interval after the NRZL transition. Because
this was a proof-of-concept experiment, actual bit-error rates were not measured.
The optical waveform from the detector amplifier was compared to the original
EIA/TIA-232-E signal waveform obtained from a breakout box inserted in the
data path between the data generator and the device under test. After each series
of measurements over the full range of distances, the ambient lighting conditions
on the test range were changed. Lighting conditions tested included daylight of-
fice conditions (i.e., sunlight coming through windows, plus artificial light), normal
fluorescent o±ce lighting, nighttime o±ce lighting (scattered fluorescent lights plus
some light entering through windows from the streetlights outside), and a darkened,
windowless conference room. An optical bandpass filter was used in some tests in
an attempt to reduce the level of background radiation and determine if detector
overload was an important factor. All tests were conducted indoors.
4.3 Experimental Results
Results of the survey of devices are shown in Table II. Of 39 devices tested, 14
showed evidence of Class III optical emanations at the tested bit rate.
4.3.1 Results of the Survey of Devices. Dial-up and leased-line modems were
found to faithfully broadcast data transmitted and received by the device. Only one
device of this type did not exhibit Class III emanations: the Practical Peripherals
PM14400FXMT fax modem. The shortest pulse duration measured from this device
was 20 ms, even at high data rates.
None of the LAN interface cards tested, including 10 Mbits/s Ethernet and 16
Mbits/s Token Ring adapters, were found to broadcast any recognizable data. Examination
of the data sheet for a chipset used in fiber optic Ethernet devices reveals
a possible reason for this finding. According to [HewlettPackard Company 1993a],
LED drivers for transmit, receive, and collision indicators are filtered through
pulse stretching circuits to make their activity more visible. The pulse stretcher
extends the on-time of LED indicators to a minimum of several milliseconds.
Time (ms)
Fig. 4. Degradation of the optical signal with increasing distance from the target Data rate was
Digital signal processing techniques can help. By using a low-pass filter to isolate
the 120 Hz component of the received optical signal, low-frequency noise can be
isolated and subtracted from the optical signal, yielding a new signal without the
120 Hz component. Results of experiments in this area were very encouraging.
Experiments using analog electronic filters were also encouraging.
The limiting factors in long-range interception seem to be the optics and the
detectoramplifier system. Both a larger aperture and a narrower field of view are
required. It is believed that, out to a range of at least several hundred meters, the
optical flux available from a single LED is well within the capability of our detector.
The response time of a typical LED suggests a practical upper limit on the order
of 10 Mbits/s. Clearly, however, interception of data at longer ranges and higher
speeds is feasible.
A contributing factor to the threat of optical interception is a historical tendency to
locate computers and data communication equipment in environmentally controlled
glass houses which provide no barrier to the escape of optical radiation. Clearly
this must now be considered a threat.
Examination of lighted windows of high-rise o±ce buildings in the evening hours
reveals a rich variety of equipment racks with LED indicators in view. Line-of-sight
access is surprisingly easy to find. Fortunately, optical emanations are easier to
contain than RF; opaque materials will shield the radiation e®ectively.
ACM Transactions on Information and System Security, Vol. ?, No. ?, Month Year.
Information Leakage from Optical Emanations ¢ 15
Black tape over the LEDs is e®ective, but inelegant. The best solution to the
problem is a design change. Status displays could be designed to be deactivated
when not in use (e®ectively making them Class I), or alternative display technologies
could be employed, such as LCD and displays, which can be made inherently Class II
due to their relatively slow impulse response. But many of these other technologies
(such as CRT displays) are more expensive. LEDs are fast, cheap, and relatively
low power indicators that can be read from across a room (a significant weakness
of liquid crystal displays). It is preferable to retain these desirable properties.
A better solution is presented in Figure 7. The key here is a violation of the
worst-case jitter tolerance of the serial data communication transmission scheme
in use [Telecommunications Industry Association 1996]. If the minimum on-time
of an LED indicator is greater than 1.5 times the unit interval of the current data
rate3, then an attacker will be unable to recover su±cient information to decode
the signal. The e®ect is to convert a Class III indicator to Class II. The resulting
low-pass filter removes a su±cient amount of information from the optical signal
that an attacker cannot recover the original data from the emanations. The LED
will flicker in response to a random data signal, and hence will still be useful as a
Class II activity indicator, but the risk of significant information leakage is reduced.
More conservatively, the minimum on-time of the LED could be made to be at
least twice the unit interval; even more conservatively, the minimum o®-time could
be similarly controlled as well. Most conservatively of all, the minimum on-time
of the LED should be made to equal the nominal character interval of the current
data rate, or of the slowest data rate expected. This will guarantee that an attacker
cannot derive any information from the optical signal other than that a symbol was
Modulated optical radiation from LED status indicators appears to be a previously
unrecognized source of compromising emanations. This vulnerability is exploitable
at a considerable distance. Primarily, data communication equipment is a®ected,
although data encryption devices also pose a high risk of information leakage, potentially
leading to loss of plaintext and encryption keys.
A taxonomy of optical emanations was developed according to the amount of
useful information available to an attacker. Experiments showed that Class III
optical emanations, which should never be permitted, were present in 36% of devices
3or alternatively, the slowest data rate expected
ACM Transactions on Information and System Security, Vol. ?, No. ?, Month Year.
16 ¢ J. Loughry and D. A. Umphress
tested, and data could be read from these devices at a distance of at least 20 m.
Countermeasures are possible that will convert a vulnerable Class III indicator into
the safer (but still useful) Class II variety, by means of inserting a pulse stretcher
into the LED driver circuitry.
7.1 Conclusions
Theft of information by interception of optical emanations is necessarily limited
to one-waythe intruder can only receive information. However, login IDs and
reusable passwords obtained in this fashion could be used to support a conventional
attack. As mentioned before, parity checking, CRC values, and other error
detection and correction features embedded in the data stream are available to the
eavesdropper too, and can be of great benefit in helping to overcome the e®ects of
a low-quality optical signal.
Ironically, it may be the simplest deviceslow-speed, obsolete, insignificant parts
of a networkthat provide a gateway for intruders. In our experiments, it was lowspeed
modems, routers, line drivers, data loggers, and a printer sharing device
that were found to be the most enthusiastic broadcasters of data. Class III optical
emanations have been observed in the wild from devices as diverse as TTY-equipped
payphones in airports and the digital control box of a player piano. Like the
Purloined Letter, they hide in plain sight: a tangle of remote o±ce connections
in the corner, a modem sitting next to a PC by the window, or a call-accounting
system on the PBX.


text:
A Social Boxes Logo. Made especially for videohive project. Boxes for many social networking sites such as Facebook, YouTube, Skype, Twitter In the archive you will find three versions of the track
• Social Boxes Logo_1 – 0:07
• Social Boxes Logo_2 – 0:07
• Social Boxes Logo_3 – 0:07
This track is played by soft piano and sound fx
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text:
COLLEGE STATION – Texas A&M's brass has changed its tune on whether the Aggies hope to ever play the Texas Longhorns again in football – at least in the regular season.
"We hope to play them again in a BCS or playoff game at some point," A&M senior associate athletic director Jason Cook told me this afternoon.
That's a far cry from A&M president R. Bowen Loftin's assertion from two years ago that the Aggies, who were then preparing for a shift from the Big 12 to the Southeastern Conference, would agreeably take on the Longhorns any time and anywhere, as nonconference foes.
Since then, A&M has enjoyed early success and loads of national exposure in the SEC, and plenty of its fans have shifted from believing they'd like to see the Thanksgiving tradition continue versus the Longhorns to simply, "No thanks." The Aggies, too, are set to start playing new SEC rival LSU on Thanksgiving or Thanksgiving weekend starting next year.
The idea that the Aggies and Longhorns might someday meet again in the regular season had been sparked by UT announcing it was hiring Steve Patterson from Arizona State as its new athletic director, in replacing longtime AD DeLoss Dodds. The Austin American-Statesman's Kirk Bohls posted on his Twitter page earlier today that he was "told by a higher-up Longhorn that the Texas-Texas A&M rivalry 'perhaps' could resume."
Apparently that's no longer an option from the College Station end.


text:
All News Releases By Date
Poor Air Quality Predicted in Southwestern Conn. and in Valley Areas of Mass., N.H. and Vermont
Release Date: 01/28/2011
Contact Information: David Deegan, (617) 918-1017
Boston, Mass. – January 28, 2011) - Poor air quality due to fine particle pollution is predicted for today, Friday, Jan. 28, in the following areas: southwestern Conn.; the Connecticut River Valley, including Springfield, as well as other valley locations in Mass.; populated valley locations in southwestern New Hampshire, such as Keene; and valley locations, such as Rutland, in Vermont.
Stagnant conditions in the atmosphere trap pollution near the ground from sources such as cars, trucks, and wood-burning. The greatest air quality impact will be on populous mountain valley locations, especially where many people burn wood for heat. Poor air quality is expected to continue into Saturday until a cold frontal passage increases wind speeds and improves air quality.
"Our air models predict unhealthy air quality in many portions of New England due to high levels of particulate matter," said Curt Spalding, regional administrator of EPA's New England office. "On these days, EPA and the medical community suggest that people protect their lungs by limiting strenuous outdoor activity."
The current fine particle standard is 35 micrograms per cubic meter averaged over 24 hours. Air quality alerts are issued when fine particle concentrations exceed, or are expected to exceed, this standard. At such times, people with heart or lung disease, older adults, and children should avoid prolonged or heavy exertion. Everyone else should reduce prolonged or heavy exertion.
When air quality is forecast to be unhealthy, EPA asks the public to take action. The public can help reduce pollution by:
- Using public transportation, car pooling and/or combining trips;
- Avoiding idling of cars and trucks;
- Following EPA Burnwise practices for cleaner indoor wood burning; and
- Avoiding outdoor burning.
More Information:
Real-time air quality data and forecasts (https://www.epa.gov/region1/aqi/index.html)
Free air quality alerts by email (http://www.enviroflash.info/ )
EPA recommendations for cleaner indoor wood burning (https://www.epa.gov/burnwise/)
# # #
Follow EPA New England on Twitter: http://twitter.com/epanewengland
Search this collection of releases | or search all news releases
View selected historical press releases from 1970 to 1998 in the EPA History website.


text:
NEW HAVEN, Conn. – Yale announced the addition of three new players as part of the seventh ranked recruiting class in the nation for the class of 2014. The seventh ranked recruiting class as ranked by tennisrecruiting.net is the highest nationally ranked recruiting class the Bulldogs have ever had.
The recruiting class is highlighted by the addition of blue chipper Blair Seideman. Ranked No. 8 nationally, Seideman of Glen Head, NY is the top ranked player in the state of New York.
In addition to Seideman, Yale will welcome five-star recruits Annie Sullivan and Kim Szokol. A native of Deerfield, Illinois, Sullivan is the 39th ranked player in the nation and has a regional ranking of four in the Great Lakes. Szokol will come to Yale from Winnetka, Illinois, where she is ranked seventh in the Great Lake region and 65th in the entire nation.
"I am thrilled about the addition of Blair Seideman, Annie Sullivan and Kim Szokol to our team next year," head coach Danielle Lund McNamara said. "All three of them have extensive national junior tennis experience and will definitely add to the depth of our team in singles and doubles. I'm confident that these three players will help Yale continue on its path to the top of college tennis. They absolutely love Yale and I think will really buy into our team's philosophy and mission."
Yale's recruiting class ranks below only Georgia, Duke, Alabama, Stanford, Florida, and Michigan. Only Georgia, Duke, and Alabama will welcome more blue chippers to their teams next season. Yale's recruiting class ranks highest in the Ivy League above both Brown (No. 17) and Princeton (No. 22).
Report Filed by Steven Horn '10, Yale Sports Publicity


text:
Lisa S. needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 103 designs submitted by 22 freelance designers.
Indigo Communications
We're strategic marketing experts who analyze, define and develop our client's ideas for print/Web/media. We translate concepts into copy that resonates with the audience. For us, building long-term relationships and exceeding the client's expectations are critical to our success.
Our culture? Creative (not wacky) and visionary. Reliable. Demonstrated expertise. We look out for the best interests of our clients. Above all, we have integrity.
Corporate marketing departments, Medical device companies, Web design, Ad and Marketing agencies, e-commerce and other industries where Web/social networking is a key success factor. We specialize in healthcare marketing.
Logo with icon. Indigo blue (see attached color swatch), white background. Crisp, clean, elegant (but not snooty or frilly), with loads of eye-appeal. Friendly and inviting, but not too casual. Maybe inject a spot of color (orange?) into design to add "pop."
Logo should have an "icon" beside/above or incorporated into the name.
Simple as opposed to ornate. Conservative, but with just enough "edge." NO italics. Rounded fonts (eg Century Gothic, Calibri, Candera, etc) preferred over "angular" and ultra-modern fonts. Please avoid the use of aerial/wireless receiver signals as graphics. No cartoons, photos or clip art. Business card first, Web design to follow. Let the color scheme and the icon make the statement.
Creativity is key – and I want you to have fun with the design - but keep in mind that our company is serious, but not stodgy; creative, but not "out there."
The winning designer will most likely be approached regarding additional work with Indigo, where appropriate. I can't wait to see the designs! Please feel free to ask questions and let me know if there is anything I can do to help.
Winner to provide file in VECTOR format like that produced by Adobe Photoshop or Adobe Illustrator.
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


text:
Like all other Pokemon games, Yellow offers a few one-shot opportunities to catch Pokemon that the player can see in the overworld. With the exception of one of these Pokemon, it is the expectation that the player catches them the first time he or she encounters them - running away or defeating them will cause them to disappear forever, should the player forget to save before the battle.
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Pokťmon And All Respective Names are Trademark & © of Nintendo 1996-2018


text:
The Newton High School girls' soccer team got a piece of its own medicine Tuesday on senior night against winless, but scrappy Arkansas City in non-league play at Fischer Field. Newton has normally been the team in a defensive shell, trying to disrupt the opponent's offense. This time, Arkansas City stayed in a defensive position, keeping the Railers from making the runs. The Railer offense did manage to get loose in the second half to claim a 4-0 win. Newton outshot the Bulldogs 25-0. "It's the most goals we've scored all season," Newton coach Scott Jantzi said. "We created a lot of opportunities. We were unable to finish. This game shows our lack of being able to finish. The first half, I tried to have all the seniors in and all the foreign exchange students, and we were unable to put anything together. In the second half, we went to more of our system of play." Katelyn Zinn turned the hat trick for Newton, adding an assist. Starting goalkeeper, senior Kelsi Langley, was pulled at halftime and put up front, scoring her first high school goal and coming close on several occasions to scoring several other goals. "That was really fun," Langley said. "The last time I wasn't in goal was my sophomore year for senior night. They put a senior in goal that game. This is a big confidence booster. Me scoring fired a lot of people up. They see if I can do it, they can do it too. We're done with the one-goal games. We're either going to tie or win. No more 1-0 games. We've been training a lot harder. We just need to keep our intensity up. It wasn't there tonight, but we were pretty confident about the game." "Kelsi was able to get herself a goal and Katelyn is still on fire," Jantzi said. "We are still trying to get ready for the post-season." In Newton's last four games, the Railers have outscored opponents 9-2, finishing 3-0-1. Zinn has scored six goals in the last three games. Sophomore Afton Moore played the second half in goal for the Railers to share the shutout. Neither Langley or Moore were credited with a save as the Railer defense held a team shotless for the first time this season. Arkansas City goalkeeper Nicole Murphy had 14 saves in goal against 18 Newton shots on goal. Newton controlled the game from the start, but despite several saves and several other close shots, didn't score until Zinn finished on a breakaway in the 28th minute. Newton was able to organize its attack better in the second half, scoring in the 43rd minute on a Zinn goal from a Chloe Woodward crossing pass. Langley scored her goal about eight minutes later on a back pass from Zinn. A crossing pass from Leilani Medina in the 53rd minute allowed Zinn to complete the hat trick. "The field opens up, when you start passing well," Jantzi said. Newton's intensity level went down late in the game, but the Railers still created a number of chances. The Railers had 10 corner kicks in the second half, 12 for the game. There were only five fouls and two offsides called the entire game � three of the fouls and both offsides were against Newton. The Railers improve to 5-8-2, while Arkansas City falls to 0-15. Newton ends the season at 6:30 p.m. Thursday at Campus, 3-10 (Tuesday's game not included). "We have one more game left," Jantzi said. "Hopefully, the weather cooperates. We hope to finish up strong."
Ark.City 0 0 �0 Newton 1 3 �4
1. N Katelyn Zinn (n/a) 27:21 2. N Zinn (Chloe Woodward) 42:31 3. N Kelsi Langley (Zinn) 50:27 4. N Zinn (Leilani Medina) 52:01 Total shots � AC 0-0�0, New. 9-16�27. Shots on goal � AC 0-0�0, New. 7-11�18. Saves � AC: Nicole Murphy (L) 6-8�14. New.: Langley (W, 40:00, 0 ga) 0-x�0; Afton Moore (40:00, 0 ga) x-0�0. Corner kicks � AC 0, New. 12. Fouls � AC 2, New. 3. Offsides � AC 0, New. 2. Cautions � none.


text:
An international team of astronomers has discovered a planet slightly larger than Jupiter that orbits a star 500 light years from Earth. A super-duper telescope was not even required; they found the planet using several small telescopes much like those used by amateur astronomers.
The new planet is named TrES-2 because it is the second such planet found by scientists working on the Trans-Atlantic Exoplanet Survey (TrES). It is a transiting planet, meaning it can be seen transiting, or moving, across the star it orbits.
Ted Dunham, an instrument scientist at Arizona's Lowell Observatory, says transiting planets are special because researchers can answer a lot of questions about them. All it takes is some math and some observations about the planet and its relationship to its star.
Some key questions: How big is it? How long is its year (the time it takes to orbit around its star)? How much would you weigh if you were there?
"TrES-2 is a little bigger than Jupiter, has a 'year' that is a little less than two and a half days, and is a little more massive than Jupiter," explains Dunham.
From its mass and radius (the distance across the planet) scientists can figure out the density of the planet—whether it is made of rock, gas, or a combination of the two. (TrES-2 is made up mainly of gas).
They can also work out the surface gravity, says Dunham: "You would feel a little more than twice as heavy as on Earth if you were on TrES-2."
There's a catch, though. "The temperature is about 1,500 degrees Celsius (2,732 degrees Fahrenheit), and there is nothing solid to stand on. It isn't a likely place to look for life," he says.
Dunham says that to find smaller planets like Earth or Venus, scientists need to send instruments on a mission to space. NASA scientists are planning one called the Kepler Mission, which could begin in two years.
TrES-2 is in the part of the sky that the Kepler Mission will study. Since astronomers already know so much about it, they can use it to help make sure their instruments are working.
"It's really a blast to be working on finding planets orbiting other stars," says Dunham. "People have wondered for millennia whether there are other planets like ours, maybe with living things on them. The next ten years should be fun. Stay tuned!"


text:
Jones Lang LaSalle is a financial and professional services firm specialising in real estate. The firm offers integrated services delivered by expert teams worldwide to clients seeking increased value by owning, occupying or investing in real estate. With 2010 global revenues of more than US$ 2.9 billion, Jones Lang LaSalle serves clients in 60 countries from 750 locations worldwide, including 180 corporate offices. LaSalle Investment Management, the company's investment management business, is one of the world's largest and most diverse in real estate with approximately $41 billion of assets under management.
Across the Middle East and North Africa, Jones Lang LaSalle is a leading player in the real estate market and hospitality services market. The firm has worked in over 22 Middle Eastern and North African countries and has advised clients on more than US$ 200 billion worth of real estate, hotel and hospitality developments. Jones Lang LaSalle is recognised as having leading real estate and hospitality expertise with a leadership team that has held senior positions with some of the largest real estate developers, hospitality companies and corporate groups both in the Middle East and internationally.Less...
Contact Information:
World Trade Centre, 19th Floor,
1191 Corniche El Nil Street,
Cairo, Egypt


text:
Honda Insight 2000 2003 2006 Hybrid Factory Service Repair Manual Instant download Honda Insight hybrid workshop service repair manual for year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006. This manual content full service and repair instruction used by mechanics around the nation .
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Honda Insight Hybrid Service Manual covers :
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Honda Insight 2000 2003 2006 Hybrid Factory Service Repair Manual


text:
Second train crash at same site
Tracks, cars -- both were new Site was scene of deadly train wreck in 1911
BRIDGEPORT -- That Fairfield Avenue overpass where two Metro North Railroad trains crashed Friday was the site of another train wreck that occurred on July 12, 1911, at 3:30 a.m.
Twelve people died in the 1911 crash when the eastbound Federal Express, one of the fastest trains on the New Haven line, jumped the rails when it hit a switch while traveling at an estimated speed of 60 mph.
That was the era of mixed freight and passenger trains.
The first car on the train was filled with fish, which were supposed to be uncoupled at the Bridgeport station only a mile away. Investigators surmised that the engineer was either unaware of the fish or had forgotten about them.
Owned by the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, the car was filled with trout that were on their way to stock lakes and ponds in New England.
The fish car, a baggage car and four of the six Pullman cars, along with the steam locomotive and its tender, hurtled off the tracks, and the engineer, Arthur M. Curtis, was killed instantly.
"The four derailed Pullmans were torn and crushed into a jumbled mass," said a newspaper account of the wreck.
The survivors included members of the St. Louis Cardinals, who were in the last two Pullmans; they were on their way to play the Boston Rustlers.
While the coincidence of two train crashes at the same location is noteworthy, derailments on commuter lines are by no means unusual occurrences.
There were more than 1,700 derailed trains in the U.S. in 2008, for example, which wasn't a particularly exceptional year, according to the Federal Railroad Administration. The vast majority of these involved freight trains.
According to the FRA, the most common cause of derailment is track problems (48 percent), followed by human factors (25 percent), followed by damaged, poorly maintained or improperly loaded cars (14 percent).
"Broken rails or welds were the leading derailment cause on main, yard, and siding tracks, according to a 2012 report by FRA.
Derailments are usually caused by problems with tracks and by excess speed, according to data from the FRA.
The Friday derailment occurred on one of the newest stretches of track on the New Haven line. That section of track was replaced, along with the bridge that spans Fairfield Avenue on the city's West End, in a multi-year project that is just nearing completion.
The track in that stretch is relatively straight. There's only a gentle curve a few hundred yards to the west, in the vicinity of Orland Street.
The Fairfield Avenue overpass, like most of the New Haven Line, has four tracks, but only two are in operation, owing to a long term replacement of the overhead catenary system along the line, officials said. Without extra tracks as a backup, it will take longer to restore service.
As for excess speed, National Transportation Safety Board officials said that they would be analyzing the data recorders from both trains.
These include speed, throttle and/or brake settings, and other parameters. That data has already been transmitted to the NTSB investigators in Washington, D.C. But one train had just left the Fairfield Metro station, the other was pulling into it, so they probably weren't going very fast.
"We'll be looking at the breaking performance, the condition of the wheels, the condition of the car, the condition of the track and the rail bed," said Earl F. Weener, a board member of the NTSB. He said the NTSB will also looking onto signaling information as well as the behavior of the crew.
Weener said that the on-scene investigation will take seven to 10 days. After that, the data and information will be analyses over the next few weeks and months before a final report can be issued.
"We will thoroughly document the accident site," he said. "We will not be determining the probable cause while we're on scene."
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