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Oral-History:Samuel Kalow
About Samuel Kalow
Kalow married Charles Peirce's daughter, worked with Peirce from 1956 to 1959, and learned most of the Peirce company history from his father-in-law. Peirce bought Radiotechnic Laboratories in 1938, turned it into Peirce Wire Recorder Corporation, and developed the airborne wire recorder to sell to the air force during World War II (and a successor machine with a cartridge/cassette during the Korean War). After the war he converted these into a commercial magnetic recording machine. He introduced a magnetic belt to his machine, made them transistorized and portable, and changed the name of the company to Peirce Dictation Systems in 1955. In 1959 he sold out the company to IBM, which then used his technology as the basis for their own line of dictation machines. Peirce was a consultant for IBM for two years, then retired. Kalow then transferred to IBM as a salesman and manager, where he made his ensuing career. His final comment is that dictation machines are a marginal industry, only useful to a small fraction of people.
About the Interview
SAMUEL KALOW: An Interview Conducted by David Morton, IEEE History Center, 12 August 1996
Interview #418 for the IEEE History Center, The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
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It is recommended that this oral history be cited as follows:
Samuel J. Kalow, an oral history conducted in 1996 by David Morton, IEEE History Center, Hoboken, NJ, USA.
INTERVIEW: Sam Kalow #418
INTERVIEWER: David Morton
DATE: 12 August 1996
PLACE: IEEE History Center, New Brunswick, NJ
Kalow biographical summary
Why don't we start with your full name, where you were born and some of your background.
My name is Samuel Jay Kalow and I live in Wyckoff, New Jersey, now. I was born January 13th, 1930. I graduated from the University of Michigan in 1951 with a degree in mathematics. While I was at Michigan I met my current wife, Joan Peirce Kalow in September of 1950. I first met my father-in-law, Charles P. Peirce, in the spring of 1951 when my then future wife got sick and had to go to the University of Michigan Health Center. I think he wanted to check me out because we were planning to get engaged at that time. My father-in-law also came to the University of Michigan to attend my graduation. Then I drove him and his family and my future wife back to Chicago. On that trip he took me to see his factory, the Peirce Wire Recording Corporation, which was located in a small building in Evanston above the Tinker Toy factory. After we got married on December 29, 1951 I went to work in the wallpaper business. The Korean War was on then, and in order to get a deferment from the Army I worked on my master's in business administration at Columbia University. My father-in-law asked me every year to join his little dictating machine company and every year I said, "No, the wallpaper business is too good." However in 1955 after two children and my wife pregnant with a third and retail store hours in the wallpaper business I accepted his invitation and joined Peirce Dictation Systems on January 1st, 1956. My father-in-law said that only had two daughters, my wife and her younger sister Ellen, and therefore he thought it would be appropriate if I worked for him with the plan that I would eventually take over the business.
However after working together a couple of months he felt that we weren't really that compatible and said that he was going to try to sell his business. I felt that that would be appropriate, because if you work for your father or your father-in-law and don't get along in a business perspective that can really destroy the family life. I didn't think that was necessary. He negotiated first with Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, who did copy the Peirce magnetic belt machine and came out with a machine, called The Scotch. It was never sold in the market. He negotiated with Bell & Howell and with Motorola and eventually negotiated with IBM. IBM bought the Peirce patents and developments in July of '59. Then I joined IBM in January of '60. IBM, using the Peirce magnetic belt technology, announced a line of office equipment on October 17th, 1960. Though Peirce was the smallest company in the American dictating machine business, IBM with the magnetic belt technology sold more than Dictaphone in '65 and became number one in the industry. By 1969 IBM sold twice as much as Dictaphone. Then I changed jobs. IBM's dictating machine business declined and eventually IBM got out of the dictating machine business. However it was a good run while we had it.
Charles Peirce biography and history of Peirce Dictation Systems
Childhood, early employment, and anti-union activity
Let's back up a little bit. What do you know about how Peirce's business got started?
Charles Peirce was born in a log cabin in Red Deer, Alberta, Canada in 1893. He died on February 17th, 1996 at the age of 103. He told me the story over many lunches we had together in the four years I worked for him and many family occasions. The Indians came into his family's cabin one day and the fire got too hot and the cabin burned down. Then his family moved to Michigan. He was a typical farm boy in those years. He didn't even get an eighth grade education, but he didn't want to be on the farm. He had relatives in Chicago and he went there to be a tailor. That didn't work out and he got a job at the United Cigar store. The people who used to come in for cigars in the 1910s and 1920s were prosperous business people in Chicago. Charles Peirce decided to emulate these people. Along the way - and I never really got the details of it - he met and came to work for Reuben Donnelley of R.H. Donnelley & Company. They were big printers in Chicago. Then there was a big labor problem in Chicago that was settled by Judge Kennesaw Mountain Landis. Those familiar with baseball might have heard of Kennesaw Mountain Landis as the Baseball Commissioner during the 1930s. The Landis Award Commission was set up in Chicago by people like Swift of Swift & Company, Armour of Armour & Company and Donnelley of Donnelley & Company. These people ran the Landis Award Commission. They gave an award every year. The interpretation I got from my father-in-law was that it was given to the company that did the most to keep out unions. Charles Peirce became the only paid member of this organization. He was the executive secretary and he set up the meetings and ran the organization. He also did the fundraising and that sort of thing. Charles Peirce did very well during the twenties. He got married in 1926 to Lucille Kahnweiler. He told me as I was planning to marry his daughter that I was much too young to marry because he didn't get married until he was in his thirties and had fifty thousand dollars in stocks. He lost it all in the stock market crash, but nevertheless he felt that one ought to have some wealth before getting married. In 1935 Senator Wagner of New York passed the Wagner Labor Act. That Act made it illegal to have an organization that was against unions. Therefore the Landis Award Committee had to disband itself.
Electronics entrepreneurship; dictation equipment manufacturing
Charles Peirce went to these people for whom he had worked and with whom he had worked and asked their advice on what business he should pursue. These men suggested the electronics business. Peirce had saved his money. My wife tells me they were very poor in those days. They had to buy their clothes in the basement in Goldblatt's Department Store. Nevertheless, he looked around for about two years and in 1938 he bought a very small company called Radiotechnic Laboratories. Radiotechnic Laboratories did eighteen thousand dollars of gross business in 1938 and he bought the company for five thousand dollars. They had three employees and they made tube testers. And he made the tube testers under the names of General Electric, Westinghouse and Radiotechnic and several other companies that bought these tube testers that he manufactured. Business was very bad. He would get in his car with the tube tester in the trunk and drive to all the county seats in places like Michigan and Minnesota. I asked him, "Why did you go to the county seat?" He said, "Those were the only towns big enough to have a radio repair store." He would go to these places and try and sell these tube testers. Because he subcontracted to General Electric he was on their bidders list. He would try to get subcontracts. One day a subcontract came along for a cable assembly where several cables are yoked together. He realized that unless he got some business he would be forced to go out of business, so he went to the place where people submit the bids and talked to various people and found that some were bidding $8.25 and some were bidding $8.10. His engineer and head of manufacturing, Emil Steinbach who later worked for IBM, told him it would cost a minimum of $7.25 to make. To keep the business going he bid $7.25. He got the contract. Then Emil found a way to make it for about $3.50. Fifty thousand of these things had to be made, so Peirce had capital for the first time. He had money. Unlike a lot of other people, he didn't spend it. Up until this time, in 1940, dictation equipment were wax cylinder machines. If one tried to use them in a moving platform like an airplane or a ship the meter would fly off. The Navy contracted with the Gray Company to develop what became the Gray Audograph where they had a disc where the needle was fixed in place and could operate in a ship at sea. However the Army Air Force wanted a wire recorder. This is because during the First World War airplane pilots flying over France that saw let's say a bridge that was still standing had a kneepad and wrote that down on the kneepad. Then when they landed they would report about the bridge. However in World War II the planes were flying too fast to use a kneepad. They could say it over the radio, but most of the time they were told to keep radio silence. Therefore they wanted a way to record such reports while still maintaining radio silence. Charles Peirce found out that General Electric got a prime contract to develop an airborne voice wire recorder. Peirce knew of a graduate student, Marvin Camras, who had developed and patented a wire recorder working on his Ph.D. at the Illinois Institute of Technology. He made an arrangement with Marvin Camras where he would pay Camras something like twenty-five thousand dollars a year - a lot of money in 1940 - to have Camras work with him. Then he submitted a contract to be a subcontractor under General Electric. They came to him and found out that he sewed up the only guy who could make a wire recorder, so they gave him the subcontract and with Camras' assistance he developed and manufactured airborne voice wire recorders for the government. A second contact came through where he bid as prime contractor. The government purchasing people came to Peirce's little factory above the Tinker Toy factory in Evanston and said, "We can't make you the prime contractor. You've got this tiny little shop here." He said, "You know I have been making these for General Electric and I have been the only one making them. Why can't you?" They said, "If you had failed, General Electric stood behind you, so we weren't worried about it. However if you are the prime contractor it's a different story." He asked them, "If I get somebody to stand behind me would you give me the prime contract?" They said, "It depends on who you get." One of Peirce's friends in Chicago was a man named of Titus Haffa . Haffa owned The Dormeyer Company. The Dormeyer was a cheap version of the Mixmaster that the Sunbeam Corporation still makes today. It's a kitchen blender type thing. Peirce went to Titus Haffa and asked him, "Would you become my subcontractor?" and Titus agreed. Haffa learned the technology of wire recording from Peirce and later announced his commercial product called the Webcor wire recorder. He had the business background to get into the consumer market, having sold kitchen appliances, where Peirce did not. Peirce was very successful. Everything was cost plus during the Second World War making the airborne voice wire recorders. When the war was coming to an end he went back to the people knew from the Landis Award Commission, these prominent Chicago businessmen, and he showed them the airborne voice wire recorder. He asked them what they thought he should do with it. They told him he should make it into a dictating machine. The dictating equipment they had used a wax cylinder. Only Dictaphone and Ediphone made them at that time. Peirce converted the airborne voice wire recorder to the Peirce Model 55B commercial wire recorder and announced it as a dictating machine in August of 1945 in Macy's Department Store. To my knowledge and to his knowledge, it was the first commercially sold magnetic recording machine. I'm sure you are familiar with the fact that Hitler had the Telefunken and the BASF tape, but that was certainly a big State Secret. It wasn't until Bing Crosby came across a couple of those machines and started the Ampex Company that tape recording was introduced in the United States. There was a real craze for wire recording right after the Second World War. As I was graduating from Jamaica High School in January, 1948, Esquire magazine came out with an edition where they said, "What should you buy the forthcoming college freshmen?" One of the things they suggested was a Webcor wire recorder. I convinced my parents to buy that for me. I think it cost about $149. I had a wire recorder as I entered the University of Michigan in February of 1948.
Wire recorders, Dictaphone Time Master Series, and magnetic belt machines
That's interesting. What did you do with it?
Several things. I tried recording the professors because I was not a good note taker. I would get the professors' permission and put the machine on the platform with the professor's lectern because in Michigan in those days they had very large lecture halls that had 800 students. I tried that, but it didn't work out too well. It also happened that in 1948-49 Columbia Records came out with the first LP machines. The first LP phonographs did not have their own amplifier. One who bought a phonograph would then connect it to an amplifier. In my second semester at Michigan I roomed with a fellow who loved music, Bill Altman. He had one LP record, and we connected the LP machine to the Webcor wire recorder and that was the way we played the record. After listening to Brahms Piano Concerto No. 2 many I bought a second record and so forth. Basically I used the Webcor as an amplifier for the first LP machines. In addition people would record their voices and play it back for fun. The wire got tangled up often and it was aggravating from that point of view. However Peirce was able to get a number of dealers who signed on to sell these Peirce wire recorders. He priced the machine at about $400. From his files I kept some of his original catalogs and I have some of the machines at home. He would give a 40 percent discount and manufacture these machines to compete against the Dictaphone and Edison wax cylinder machines. Although Soundscriber and Gray Audograph had come out with flat disc machines, they were just starting and his dealers did all right. Peirce never sold more than a few thousand machines a year and clearly his was the smallest American company. Nevertheless, he owned the company, had no stockholders except his wife and never took more than $25,000 a year out of the company. And he continued to be successful. When I first got saw his factory in 1951 it was not very impressive. It was no bigger than the top floor of your building at the IEEE History Center. They assembled the machine but bought a lot of the parts. I think they bought the motor from Bodine. He wound the magnetic recording heads himself, however. That was a little tricky, so they would wind the copper coils at Peirce's factory. He would subcontract out the base plate of the machine, the speakers, the microphone and things like that.
Did he stick with the idea manufacturing only dictating equipment?
Yes. He stuck with dictation equipment only. That was because he never felt he had the distribution to do anything else.
Did he have provisions like the Dictaphone machine had such as foot pedals?
Yes. That was the point. That was what he added to the airborne voice wire recorder. The foot pedal had a rewind, but it had one unique feature that turned out to be very important competitively. That is that when using the machine as a transcriber one stops and starts as the voice gets ahead of the typing. When the foot pedal is pressed the wire turns. One listens and then lifts up the foot. If the recording was stopped too sharply the wire broke. What Peirce's engineers did was to let the tape run on a little bit before stopping. When the foot pedal was pressed to resume listening the wire reel would rewind a bit. The secretary would hear the last few words of what has already been heard. That was sold as "automatic word recall." It assured the secretary that no words were missed in the stopping and the starting of the machine. That later became a good competitive feature against the instantaneous stop and start of the stylus machines. There was a condenser in the foot pedal that gave back a little bit of electricity to the machine so it could rewind the wire. Despite the initial success, the Model 55B had two open spools of wire that often broke. One could tie a square knot to tie the wire together. Then sometimes a square knot would get caught and the wire would break again. I had some of those spools for the 55B at home. Then in 1948 Dictaphone came out with plastic belt machines. They felt that the wax cylinder had benefits over the disc. We used to teach the IBM salesmen that there are two choices with disc recordings: constant linear speed or constant angular speed. With constant angular speed, such as Soundscriber had, the recording would get smaller and smaller in each circle as it got toward the center. Therefore quality was lost. Edison tried to avoid this problem by use of a relatively large disc - similar in size to a 45 rpm record - so that the center circle did not become as small. However there was still a perceptible loss in voice quality as more was jammed into smaller spaces. Gray Audograph tried to overcome this by having a constant linear speed. They drove the disc and had the needle fixed, but the problem was that when one would backspace to review the dictation it would backspace a different amount depending on where one was in the recording. Dictaphone decided that the cylinder was the best form of media because it provided both constant linear speed and constant backspacing. Therefore they came out with a plastic belt that was a flexible cylinder. It was called the Dictaphone Time Master Series. All of a sudden Peirce's commercial business declined very rapidly. Faced with this situation, Peirce went to his engineers and said, "I want everything that Dictaphone has, but make it magnetic." And they came out with the idea of a magnetic belt. It just so happened that the magnetic belt already existed on the marketplace. A company called Felt and Tarrant had a dictating machine called the Comptometer, which used a magnetic belt driven by sprocket holes. Felt and Tarrent also used that name Comptometer for a calculating machine, which was their main product. The problem with the Comptometer was that sprocket holes wore larger and larger. The reason for using a magnetic belt was so that one could use it over and over again like tape. However the sprocket holes became worn, so that there was nothing to keep the belt tracking properly. Therefore Peirce's engineers decided to use an expandable rubber mandrel that would hold the belt fixed in place without depending upon sprocket holes. They copied the concept of the Dictaphone Timemaster but made belt out of magnetic tape material four and quarter inches wide. This machine was announced in 1952. However they had a great deal of trouble getting everything to work right, and though his dealers tried to sell it, it was not a commercial success in '52, '53 or '54. It was not until all of the technical problems of the machine were finally overcome in 1955 that the machine started to become a success. When Peirce announced the magnetic belt machine he called it the Model 560 Series. The improved model in '55 was the 560 D machine. The name of the firm was changed from Peirce Wire Recorder Corporation to Peirce Dictation Systems.
Samuel Kalow's introduction to Peirce; development of airborne voice wire recorders for U.S. Air Force
Let me interrupt you for a moment. Was it at about this point that you started to become more familiar with Peirce's history and business?
I married Charles P. Peirce's daughter in December 1951 and was only peripherally aware of what was happening in Peirce's business until I joined him in 1956 and looked over the old correspondence. Before I joined the company, around 1950, Peirce decided to develop a more valuable and technologically advanced wire recorder for the airborne voice needs. He used his own money. This was not under a government contract. His engineers came up with the idea of using a cartridge to hold wire and then he came out with a cartridge-based 200 series of office dictation equipment. The wire cartridge was then adapted to make a new airborne voice wire recorder. If the Korean War had not occurred I think Peirce would have gone out of business. However when the Korean War occurred and he had this airborne voice wire recorder already engineered using a cartridge the government ordered them. All of the jet planes of that era used the Peirce airborne voice wire recorder. He was the sole supplier to the United States Air Force on airborne voice wire recorders. Thus, even though his commercial business had done badly he was able to survive during this period. Looking back in history, it was the first of what we call a cassette today. It was the first commercially sold magnetic recorder where the reels of media were housed in a separate detachable unit. The 200 Series was not really a financial success. It was the airborne version of it that enabled him to stay in business until 1955 when the magnetic belt equipment was technically perfected. The first big order that the dealer sold that I know about was about two hundred machines to Zurich Insurance Company in Chicago. Once that sale was made it became a good reference point for all the Peirce dealers. The most Peirce ever sold was about five thousand machines per year. With the advent of transistor technology Peirce came out with Peirce portable machine. I joined in 1956 as the office manager. However the sales manager quit and he couldn't hire another sales manager for $125 a week. Finally I said to him, "Dad, why don't you make me the sales manager?" He didn't think I knew how to do it, so I made some local calls with the Chicago dealer and then I went with Peirce to Philadelphia. He showed me how to get a new dealer when an old dealer wasn't doing a good job and made me the sales manager. However as I said before, he was not happy with that situation and he continued to try to sell the business.
IBM contract; competitor dictating equipment
In October of 1958 we got a call from IBM. We thought at first that IBM was looking to buy dictating equipment for their offices. In fact what had happened was that every year since 1948 the IBM electric typewriter people had been offered some different type of dictating machine for the typewriter salesmen to sell, but every year they decided those offers were not good enough for IBM. In 1957 they were offered the Norelco machine. Phillips of Eindhoven had come out with a cassette. It was not a standard cassette but a unique cassette dictation machine. IBM turned that down also. H. Wisdom "Wis" Miller, who was the general manager of the typewriter division of IBM asked, "Should we be in the business of selling dictating machines or shouldn't we?" He had his staff research it, and in the researching of it they looked at the Peirce machine. They studied it and decided that the Peirce machine was the best type of dictating machine. They negotiated with Charles Peirce and on July 15, 1959 they signed the contract purchasing his patents and developments.
Did the Comptometer machine remain a competitor?
It remained a small competitor but went out of business before IBM went into the dictation machine business in 1960. There were a number of magnetic machines in Europe, but they didn't become formidable competitors in the United States until Stenorette announced its tape recorder dictating machine in the late fifties. There was the Telefunken machine that used a pre-grooved magnetic disc; there was the Agavox machine that was sold in Scandinavia that used a pre-grooved magnetic disc; and a machine called Emidicta made by English Musical Instruments. It seems that every European country had its own national brand of dictating equipment. However they didn't affect the United States market until Stenorette came out with its tape machine. Fortunately for my position and for Mr. Peirce's position, IBM had no experience competing with foreign-made typewriters. Therefore when they looked at the market in the United States they really only looked at Dictaphone, Ediphone, Gray and Soundscriber. All those machines were stylus whereas Peirce was magnetic. From IBM's point of view it looked like Peirce had something unique. It wasn't until after they announced that they realized that it was not so unique. Dictaphone was number one in the industry selling about fifty thousand machines a year, Edison was number two, Gray was number three and Soundscriber was four.
Did those companies have no interest in magnetic recording?
It was apparent that they had some interest in magnetic recording because in the late fifties Dictaphone came out with the Dictet. That was a battery-operated portable that used magnetic tape. They also came out with a line of recording equipment to record off a telephone system that police departments used to record every emergency call. They used tape on that, but they didn't see the advantage of going to tape equipment for other purposes at that time. In 1958 when Charles Peirce started to negotiate with IBM there was no point in my continuing to find more dealers, so he asked me to try to sell locally. The Chicago Peirce dealer, Griswold & Company, had taken on the Stenocord line of dictating equipment. That was a German copy of the magnetic belt equipment. And I got calls in Chicago from companies that had been very happy with Peirce but could no longer get service from the Chicago dealer. We started to give them service from the factory. And I started going out and calling on these people trying to get them to stay with Peirce instead of going to Stenocord which was about half the price of the Peirce equipment. In doing so I would make a sales call and then I would make canvass calls in the neighborhood. I started to sell some Peirce equipment locally, and Al Smith, a Dictaphone salesman, started losing business where he never lost business before. Al Smith went to talk to the president of Dictaphone. Dictaphone only had 400 salesmen at the time. He suggested they set up a group to study the Peirce equipment and figure out how best Dictaphone could compete with Peirce. Smith and a couple other fellows came up with a study that concluded that the Peirce machines were actually better than Dictaphone in every feature and function. Dictaphone's advantage was that they had a better reputation. They also offered better service since they had branch offices. Al Smith then went to Peirce and said, "I'd like to sell your equipment." Charles said, "I really would like to have a dealer," and Al didn't want to become a dealer so he offered to sell without any advance. And Peirce said, "If you'll just sell on commission I'll hire you." Al Smith became our Chicago sales manager and was very successful. He sold 147 machines to Continental Casualty Insurance Company. Smith told me at that time that Dictaphone got so much revenue from their plastic belts which could only be used once that they were very reluctant to change to a magnetic belt. In the late sixties Dictaphone finally came out with a magnetic belt machine which one could say was a copy of IBM's machine. Gray came out with an exact copy of the IBM machine, Soundscriber went out of business and Edison came out with a tape recorder and magnetic machine. Eventually the whole industry went to cassette machines like you are using to record this interview.
Markets for dictation equipment; product adjustments
Looking back over this period you mentioned some of the important customers. I noticed that at least two or three were insurance companies. Were there certain kinds of organizations or businesses that were heavy users of dictation equipment and other businesses that just did not use dictation equipment?
We taught the salesmen that the best prospects were hospitals. The medical records department was an excellent place to sell centralized dictation, because the doctor had to write or dictate a surgical report that had to be part of the medical record after every operation. With centralized dictation he could pick up a phone anywhere and record it. The radiology and pathology departments were excellent prospects for individual machines because they had to look at the slides or X-rays and prepare reports very quickly for the doctors to read. Peirce saw that that the stylus manufacturers had centralized machines and announced uniquely wired telephone systems. The telephone system was wired to the central recorder while the wire was separate from the telephone system. Dictaphone and others came out with PBX machines. AT&T, which controlled the whole telephone industry at the time, came out with a connection where one could connect dictating equipment to a PBX machine. The problem however was that one could not get instant stop-start using a dial telephone. This caused a lot of blank spaces in the dictation because the speaker would hesitate during telephone dictation and leave large blank spaces. People did not like to reach down from their telephone handset to the bases of their telephones to control the unit. That was very annoying and unproductive for the transcriber. Then Dictaphone, Ediphone, Gray and Soundscriber all came out with voice-actuated systems. This was basically a magnetic recording machine that was placed in between the stylus machine and the telephone so that if the voice actuation heard nothing it didn't turn on the stylus machine. If it heard something it turned on and passed the recording on to the stylus machine. This was in '56, '57, '58. Peirce, having a magnetic machine, did not face this problem. The dealer in New Jersey - I think his name was Cliff Rumsey - operated out of the distributor of New York named Dicto Incorporated. That was the Peirce distributor whose principal was Dick Parks. As the sales manager of Peirce I had done business with Parks. Rumsey sold Bell Telephone Laboratories in Murray Hill and Whippany, New Jersey something like fifty Peirce individual dictating transcribing machines. The laboratory people said they'd like to have a Peirce PBX recorder. Matt Langendorf, Peirce's electrical engineer, came up with the idea that since the Peirce machine used the solenoid that slid the soundhead over the belt and went to the previous track in order to backspace, that if the machine heard no voice it would keep backspacing. Therefore a second machine would not be needed for voice actuated control. He developed this machine and we sold it to Bell Labs. We installed it and it worked very well. We announced the Peirce version of a PBX recorder before the IBM acquisition. I think the sale of the PBX to Bell Laboratories was so important because when IBM did its big study and investigation of Peirce one of the places they went was Bell Telephone Labs. In 1959 IBM had a very cozy relationship with Bell Labs due to the use of the computer over the telephone lines. Bell Telephone modems had to be used so IBM and Bell worked together. Rather than competitive, they were very cooperative. IBM didn't know much about voice recording and figured Bell Telephone must know something about voice. Therefore they went to Bell Laboratories and said, "Look at this Peirce thing. What do you think of it?" And the people at Bell Labs said, "We just bought fifty of their machines. It's great." We think that was one of the key reasons IBM made their decision in favor of Peirce.
IBM acquisition of Peirce patents and developments
IBM hadn't acquired a company since 1933 when it purchased the Electromatic Typewriter Co., so none of IBM's then current management knew much about acquiring a company. All of IBM's growth had been internal. This was a very big step for them to take and they were very nervous about it. They decided not to buy the Peirce Company outright because they didn't want to get Peirce obligations. Rather, they acquired the patents and developments of Peirce. Langendorf, Peirce's key electrical engineer also developed the Remote Microphone Network (RMN), an automatic network that used microphones. We sold the RMN to the Borg-Warner Company, which was out of Chicago. IBM later made its own version of the RMN. Fred Wehmer was Peirce's the chief mechanical engineer and Emil Steinbach was the vice president of manufacturing and engineering and one of his most longstanding employees. These three fellows were asked to join IBM to work on the IBM magnetic belt line of equipment and they did. However IBM never took full advantage of their talents because none of them were graduate engineers. IBM didn't think much of people who didn't have a degree at that point in time. Another man who was critical to Peirce's success was Steve Karkowsky, who has since passed away. He was the foreman of assembly. He was the one who really knew the insides and guts of the machines. I didn't know the engineers who worked on the wire recorder. Steinbach, Wehmer and Langendorf were the three critical engineers during the magnetic belt era, from my perspective. About ten people out of the hundred that Peirce employed joined IBM.
Did IBM actually move people when they bought the patent rights and so forth?
Yes, those that they eventually hired. Peirce agreed to let go. One of amusing things was that IBM came running back a week later and said, "My God, we realize that ninety people will be out of jobs because we acquired you. That would be a terrible image for IBM." Mr. Peirce said, "Don't worry about it. I guarantee that everybody will have a job before I go out of business." They said, "How can you make that guarantee?" He said, "Well, because I know all these people. They are good wirers and solderers and so forth. I guarantee." IBM was very relieved. Peirce initially asked for IBM stock. They said, "No, we want to keep this as confidential as possible," but it turned out to be a very cooperative deal. After the acquisition was made and Peirce got his check on July 15, 1959 it was still to be kept very confidential. They asked him to hire Elliot Noyes who was the designer of IBM typewriters and the chief design consultant of all IBM products. He designed the case for what was to be the IBM machine. IBM preferred to reimburse Peirce for paying Noyes. Thus Noyes designed the case for what became the IBM 210 Series of dictating and transcribing equipment. Peirce designed it with a commercially available motor. IBM would have designed a smaller, flatter machine like Dictaphone's Time Master but would have had a unique motor. One of the reasons IBM management bought Peirce was because they felt that by doing so they bought time. In other words if they would have waited to develop their own version of dictating machines it would have taken them five years in their estimate. In this way they announced dictating equipment in the United States on October 17, 1960, a little more than a year after the acquisition.
What did Peirce do after that?
Part of the contract was that he would become a consultant for IBM, but they never really consulted with him. After the acquisition, Bill Maloney, IBM's district manager in Philadelphia, was promoted to market planning advisor to get IBM into the dictating business. He moved to the electric typewriter division headquarters, which was at 545 Madison Avenue. He told all them that they would have to prepare to get into dictating machines. Suddenly the phone started ringing in Mr. Peirce's office. For example the head of customer engineering in the service department, Jim Boaz called up and said, "Mr. Peirce, I just learned I'm going to have to service dictating equipment. I would like to learn more about what parts are needed, what has to be replaced, how often the machine has to be oiled and serviced, how much to charge for a maintenance contract, etc. I have one of my people assigned to that. To whom should he speak? Who is charge of your service?" Peirce said, "Have him speak to Sam Kalow."
Kalow's employment at IBM
I met with that fellow, and then a week later Maloney would have talked to the advertising manager. The advertising manager, Bob Hutchings, realized that he would have to prepare advertising for dictating equipment, so called Mr. Peirce. "I have to do this. What's the trade practice? What industry magazines? Who is charge of your advertising?" "Sam." Then similarly with IBM's marketing people and so forth. Then Bill Maloney came to Chicago. I showed him how Al Smith and I, in an effort to get rid of the Peirce inventory, sold dictating equipment. At that point he offered me a job. I told him that I would very much like to work for IBM. He said, "You have to realize that to work for us you have to start as a typewriter salesman. Then you become a typewriter manager and then a district manager and then you eventually become a headquarters executive like I am." I said, "Well, that's all very well and good, but with all these people calling me about all this information they need, why don't you hire me as your assistant? Then when you announce dictating equipment you won't need me anymore. Everything I know your people will know. Then I'll go to typewriter sales school." They hired me on that basis for $15,000 a year starting January 1st, 1960. The announcement was October 17th, so I went to typewriter sales school in November. I expected to be reassigned somewhere as a typewriter sales rep, but in February of '61 there was a reorganization. Maloney was made the assistant sales manager. Then he called me to tell me I had been promoted to sales manager of dictating equipment. I never did sell typewriters. I was a manager after thirteen months with IBM. It was a very wonderful and unique career.
Peirce's retirement
Because I answered all the questions IBM would otherwise have asked Peirce, they never had to ask Peirce. Two years later IBM wrote Peirce a letter and told him that his consulting contract was ended. Then he wrote them back and said, "I don't think that's fair." He said, "I set up an office in Evanston and prepared. The fact that you never called me is not my fault," and they extended the contract another year. IBM was very adverse to any bad publicity in those days. Peirce retired. He was past sixty-five in 1960. He started to travel around the world. Anyone who travels around the world finds out who they are that go on those eighty-day cruises: everyone is more or less retired. One hears, "I am a retired doctor," "I am a retired lawyer," "I am a retired businessman. My son or my son-in-law took over the business." When people asked Peirce what he did he'd say, "I'm retired, too. I sold my business to IBM." That brought him a lot of prestige. Over the years I would remind him that if he had not sold to IBM and I continued to work for him he would have been so aggravated that he would never have lived to be 103.
Kalow's IBM career
Working environment; product diversification
Tell me more about your career after you went to IBM. Was that a big change?
That was a very big change. Peirce did a million dollars worth of business a year. In 1960 IBM had just become a billion dollar corporation.
Was there any tension between the office equipment people and the computer people?
Yes, there was a great deal of tension. If one applied for a job at IBM in those days they took the tests IBM then had for computer people. Applicants who made low marks or failed on those tests but were good looking, sharp, answered questions well and were very personable would be referred by the IBM branch manager to the typewriter division. The typewriter division was formed in 1957. There had been major changes at IBM after Tom Watson, Sr. passed away and Tom Watson, Jr. took control. Watson, Jr. announced the reorganization of IBM at a conference in Williamsburg, Virginia, and the establishment of a separate electric typewriter division. At that time Watson, Jr. told his group of executives that he had only two objectives for the IBM Corporation. One was to double the business every five years and the other was to maintain what was called an "equal-equal program." That meant that if the volume grew 10 percent then the profits should grow 10 percent. And he wanted to do all that within the ethic of the IBM Corporation that his father had established. The general manager of the new typewriter division was Wis Miller. The people in his division got together and realized that since they were already selling 60 percent of all the electric typewriters in the business and IBM was the number one manufacturer that if they sold all of the typewriters and if all the typewriters that were manual became electric they still could not double the business every five years. Therefore they looked at diversification. One diversification they developed was a billing/typing/accounting machine. If one typed an invoice for let's say ten rolls of wallpaper at $3 a roll with a 30 percent discount, the accounting machine would do the arithmetic and the typewriter would type out the invoice. This was announced as the 632 Accounting Machine. They quickly found they had to sell that machine with a separate sales force. It never really became very successful as a product and eventually was sort of dropped into the computer division and just disappeared. In fact IBM lost its opportunity to be successful against Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), because that would have been a good idea for a minicomputer. However they did not pursue that any further and left that area of the computing business open for DEC. IBM looked to other things for diversification, such as copying equipment and of course dictating equipment, as a way to try to answer the question of how to double the business every five years. During the acquisition of the Peirce equipment it had been assumed that dictating equipment would be sold with a separate sales force. That changed after Bill Maloney came with me on sales calls. He saw how I had to canvass, where we just made cold calls and I introduced myself as Peirce Dictation and most of the people didn't want to see me. Maloney realized that if I changed my name from Peirce Dictation to IBM all those doors would have opened to me. He went back to Bart Stevens, then the sales manager of the division, and convinced Bart that the same typewriter sales force should sell the dictating equipment. That caused a lot of friction within that division at IBM. The people with a typewriter background said, "The salesman is spending the whole time just selling typewriters and typewriter supplies. They are averaging ten typewriters a month. If they are forced to sell dictating equipment they will either sell nine typewriters and one dictating machine or they will sell ten typewriters and no dictating machines." Maloney argued that if the dictation equipment were sold with a separate sales force there would only be two salesmen selling dictation equipment in Kansas City as opposed to twelve typewriter/dictation salesmen in Kansas City. There would not be the coverage. He looked back to the experience they had with the 632 when they had separate salesmen and were not getting the coverage and they didn't have success. He won that argument except for five branch offices where they insisted on testing a separate sales force. I give him a lot of credit for that. Thus a thousand IBM typewriter salesmen had to be trained on how to sell the dictating equipment.
Dictation equipment markets
Did IBM target the same kinds of markets that Peirce had traditionally targeted?
The only new thing that IBM tried to do was to sell the non-user. They named the machine the Executary, a combination of executive and secretary and tried to say to the existing competitors that, "We are not here to hurt you." Mr. Woodbridge, who was the chairman of the board of Dictaphone, had been a friend of Tom Watson, Sr. in the 1920s and 1930s. Tom Watson, Jr. knew that his father had apparently, somewhere along the line, promised Wooldridge that he would not go into the dictating machine business. Therefore when the final decision came to be made, Tom Watson, Jr. did not say yes. What he said was, "I'm going to let you guys in the typewriter business make the decision." Watson himself used Dictaphone equipment. He had Dictets in his airplane, boat and car. He in fact was one of the few IBM executives that used dictating equipment. He was hesitant about the idea of IBM selling dictation equipment.
Was that common for executives not to use dictating equipment?
Oh yes. In the electric typewriter division headquarters at 545 Madison Avenue there was only one person that had a dictating machine. His name was Stan Swedersky, and he had a Stenorette.
Why do you think that was the case?
There are a lot of reasons. There are still a lot of people who won't use dictating equipment. Dictating equipment is a very tough sell.
Why is that?
First of all, people find that it's very difficult to communicate verbally. Some people do not have the kind of mind where they can remember what they are saying and what they are thinking about. I spent four years at Peirce, ten years running IBM's dictating equipment sales, and then there was the whole word processing thing that tried to relate dictating equipment to automatic typing equipment. My judgment after all these years is that some people have the kind of a mind where they need to get the feedback from what they see. Whether what is seen is handwritten or on the screen, an enormous number of people need that sort of feedback in order to come up with their next thought. Another thing is that even though we can claim that talk is six times faster than writing, most people spend their time thinking and not writing. People who don't have the kind of mind where thoughts can be kept and recorded without visual feedback don't save much time when using dictating equipment. IBM did some research on this later on in the 1980s, and that led to the invention of the IBM voicemail system. Some fabulous research was done on this. When researcher completed the study and I saw it, I wound up believing him even though I had been selling the equipment for many years. Dictating equipment does not produce a net productivity gain for most people.
That's an interesting problem. On one hand there are institutions like the hospitals where dictation equipment is heavily used, and on the other hand there are so many executives that have not been interested.
For some people it works well, and for some it does not. There are lawyers for instance in the same profession and with the same specialty: one will love dictating equipment and the other will hate it. Another factor was that secretaries didn't particularly like it. First of all it isn't a very attractive thing to have earphones stuck in the ears. If one tried to use a single earphone so that the other ear was available for the telephone - because most secretaries needed to answer the phone - there was a lot of interference and the sound quality was not very good. If a secretary used use the double yoke earphones recommended by the dictating manufacturers she could not listen to or participate in other conversations around her. Therefore, by and large, secretaries did not encourage the use dictating equipment. That was a big objection. Another thing is that a lot of people don't have a good speaking voice and the quality of sound of the dictating equipment is not that of the high fidelity tape recorder. That also can make it difficult to transcribe and understand. There are a lot of mitigating factors. On the other hand there are ways that we found to overcome these objections and we could sell the dictating equipment. I can give you many stories where we sold it and the people used it. And then, as there was turnover in the organization, the new people wouldn't use it. In two or three years the machine would wind up sitting on the shelf. Then the company or organization wouldn't buy more. Initial sales could be made, but it didn't sustain itself in the same way as for instance when people bought copying equipment. No one wanted to go back to packs of carbon paper. Once they used electric typewriters nobody wanted to go back to pounding the keys on the manual typewriters. Dictating equipment didn't have that sort of success story in most situations. We sold 98,000 machines in 1969. That was the peak of IBM's success in selling dictating equipment and my last year as Product Manager of Dictation Equipment. Another 100,000 American-made dictation machines were sold in the United States that year. Foreign imports probably amounted another 100,000. I'd say probably 300,000 dictating machines were sold in '69. There may be half a million sold today if one adds up all the little handheld tape recorders that are sold, these dictating machines called note takers and so forth. In terms of actual usage, the industry has been very stable.
Markets for digital dictation and voice recognition
With digital dictation today, one can use the computer to transcribe a recording. I don't think the industry has progressed much further. The industry is a little bit like wallpaper, if you will. The two businesses of my career have not really been outstanding success stories: wallpaper and dictating equipment. Contrast that with the use of fax machines. All of a sudden they overcame the marketing problem by having a standard for fax machines. Then the sales of fax machines took off. I used to give talks on the office of the future. I said when voice recognition comes in 1995 then maybe sales of dictating equipment will take off. Voice recognition is just starting to come, and there is a possibility that when the new IBM operating systems and the new versions Windows have voice recognition in them and one can talk and see the words on the screen, maybe then. Maybe. [end of taped interview].
- 1 About Samuel Kalow
- 2 About the Interview
- 3 Copyright Statement
- 4 Interview
- 4.1 Kalow biographical summary
- 4.2 Charles Peirce biography and history of Peirce Dictation Systems
- 4.2.1 Childhood, early employment, and anti-union activity
- 4.2.2 Electronics entrepreneurship; dictation equipment manufacturing
- 4.2.3 Wire recorders, Dictaphone Time Master Series, and magnetic belt machines
- 4.2.4 Samuel Kalow's introduction to Peirce; development of airborne voice wire recorders for U.S. Air Force
- 4.2.5 IBM contract; competitor dictating equipment
- 4.2.6 Markets for dictation equipment; product adjustments
- 4.2.7 IBM acquisition of Peirce patents and developments
- 4.3 Kalow's employment at IBM
- 4.4 Peirce's retirement
- 4.5 Kalow's IBM career
- 4.6 Markets for digital dictation and voice recognition


text:
On a late-summer morning in 1975, photographer Red Morgan waded into Clear Lake in Cocoa, Fla., deep enough that the water level licked his kneecaps, and pulled out his Nikon just in time to capture an all-black church performing an immersion baptism ceremony.
"I had waded out into the lake after the flock, and it was surreal, like a movie unfolding right in front of me," the 65-year-old freelancer recalls from his home in Wellington. "I got my shoes and pants sopping wet, and they were so into their spirit and praising God, I was compelled to participate. Powerful, powerful. There was even one faithful who waded to shore and collapsed on the sand, just overcome."
So enamored was Morgan of his black-and-white photographs that in January 2012, when he got the chance to shoot the members of the New Zion Holiness Church on the outskirts of Pahokee, he aimed to re-capture the spiritual intensity of the baptism. His resulting 24-image photo project, "Witness: Gospel by the Cane Fields," consists of shots from the baptism and the recent New Zion project, and is on display at the Armory Art Center in West Palm Beach.
The older images, shot for a routine newspaper assignment, turned out to be stark, spiritual, transformative and, at least to Morgan, anything but routine. The photographs show about 40 white-robed parishioners, walking hand in hand with eyes gazing up to God, sloshing toward the lake's center while guided by ministers. One by one, each parishioner is dunked underwater, re-emerging with arms raised in spiritual triumph. "One cried out, 'Thank you, Jesus!' " Morgan says.
Morgan's conversational style is fast but excited, eager but humble, and the transplant from Jackson, Miss., and a Palm Beach County resident since 1977, has neither lost his drawl nor his vernacular ("newspaper" becomes "birdcage linin,'" for example). Morgan considers the exhibit, his first, to be his best achievement in 40 years of photojournalism, a weighty avowal coming from a man whose photographs have appeared in Newsweek, People, the Miami Herald, the Palm Beach Post and twice on the cover of Time. (His Oct, 10, 1988, cover includes a shot of the first U.S. space shuttle to blast off from Cape Canaveral since the Challenger disaster.)
"I've been really lucky, but it no longer felt like being like a fly on the wall to capture things as they occurred," Morgan says. "So I stopped chasing the almighty dollar two years ago. Now, I'm the happiest poor man you'll ever meet in your life. Things fell into place, and it scared the hell out of me."
The first "thing" was randomly running into blues-rock guitarist Hughie Burns ("my idol, he's beyond great") at a repair shop in West Palm Beach. Over coffee and reminscences of Palm Beach's music scene, Burns revealed his side gig: playing gospel for the all-black New Zion Holiness Church. Speaking to Bishop Nate Holmes, Burns vouched for Morgan's professionalism, and the photographer brought his digital Leica to Sunday Mass.
"My brain started doing somersaults. I kept thinking about the church baptism I shot way back when. It all felt so zen," Morgan says, pausing before the last word. "They totally turned me loose out there. They paid no attention to me, I'm shooting all this movement, with no depth of field, no ambient light. I either get it sharp or it sucks."
The result: More than a dozen color shots snapped at five different services (the most recent was early September), showing parishioners deep in prayer. One photograph, "Hands of Comfort," strikes the closest parallel to Morgan's earlier series on baptism, in which several concerned parishioners lay their palms across the face of a woman overwhelmed with spirituality.
Morgan says Bishop Holmes and the faithful came to trust and embrace the photographer by degrees. Particularly meaningful to him was his image of Burns' gospel trio ("they're the only white guys, other than me showing up"), framed with a nearby female parishioner moving to the spiritual rhythm. Morgan says reuniting with Burns made him recall his college years, when he plugged in with a 10-piece R&B group called the Royal American Showmen.
"We did covers of Otis Redding and Booker T and the MG's," says Morgan, who performs with Burns on occassion. "This was up at Ole Miss. Black music, basically, but people said we were damn good at it. I guess God blessed me with an ear for music and an eye for the camera, like it or lump it."
And Morgan's eye for composition courted the interest of Talya Lerman, the Armory's curator and director of education, who considers the series, composed of images snapped 38 years apart, a "beautiful and intimate slice of life… worthy of public scrutiny."
"He captures the soul of a culture few have ever seen in Palm Beach County," says Talya Lerman, the Armory's curator and director of education. "Red's a very humble person, a gracious and wonderful man, and the two series are also about a glimpse into the lives of humble people."
Witness: Gospel by the Cane Fields
When: Through Oct. 26
Where: Armory Art Center, 1700 Parker Ave., West Palm Beach
Cost: Free
Contact: 561-832-1776 or ArmoryArt.org

subset: commoncrawl


text: In "Saving Hope," the Hope Zion Hospital is left in chaos when its charismatic Chief of Surgery, Charlie Harris (Michael Shanks), falls into a coma, putting his fiancé and fellow surgeon, Alex Reid (Erica Durance), in a state of shock. Along with newly arrived star surgeon, Joel Goran (Daniel Gillies), Reid races to save Harris' life. As the action unfolds, the comatose Harris explores the hospital halls in "spirit" form, unsure if he is a figment of his own imagination. Reid, along with her fellow doctors, press on to save his life and the lives of others as they deal with the complicated and courageous decisions that are made in their daily struggle to keep hope alive. The series also stars Huse Madhavji, Julia Taylor Ross and Kristopher Turner.


text:
|By Admin1 (admin) (pool-151-196-239-147.balt.east.verizon.net - 22.214.171.124) on Wednesday, August 18, 2004 - 3:00 pm: Edit Post
Nepal RPCV Danusha Veronica Goska says It's not that we have so little power, it's that we don't use the power we have.
Nepal RPCV Danusha Veronica Goska says It's not that we have so little power, it's that we don't use the power we have.
Ordinary Virtue
It's not that we have so little power, it's that we don't use the power we have.
by Danusha Veronica Goska
I was September 1998 in Bloomington, Indiana. A group of concerned citizens was gathered in the basement of St. Paul Catholic Center. They were thinking and talking about living their ideals. Some had planted trees in Africa. Some described ways they honor the indigenous spirit of a place, and their own ancestors. One frustrated woman voiced the nagging worry of many. "I want to do something, but what can I do? I'm just one person, an average person. I can't have an impact. I live with the despair of my own powerlessness. I can't bring myself to do anything. The world is so screwed up, and I have so little power. I feel so paralyzed."
I practically exploded.
Years before I had been stricken by a debilitating illness. Perilymph fistula's symptoms are like those of multiple sclerosis. On some days I was functional. On others, and I could never predict when these days would strike, I was literally, not metaphorically, paralyzed. I couldn't leave the house; I could barely stand up. I had moved to Bloomington for grad school. I knew no one in town. I couldn't get health care because I hadn't enough money, and the Social Security Administration, against the advice of its own physician and vocational advisers, denied my claim.
That's why I imitated Mount Vesuvius when the participant claimed that just one person, one average person, can't do anything significant to make the world a better place, that the only logical option was passivity, surrender, and despair.
I raised my hand and spoke. "I have an illness that causes intermittent bouts of paralysis," I explained. "And that paralysis has taught me something. It has taught me that my protestations of my own powerlessness are bogus. Yes, some days I can't move or see. But you know what? Some days I can move. Some days I can see. And the difference between being able to walk across the room and not being able to walk across the room is epic.
"I commute to campus by foot along a railroad track. In spring, I come across turtles who have gotten stuck. The track is littered with the hollowing shells of turtles that couldn't escape the rails. So I bend over, and I pick up the still-living trapped turtles that I do find. I carry them to a wooded area and let them go. For those turtles, that much power that I have is enough.
"I'm just like those turtles. When I have been sick and housebound for days, I wish someone - anyone - would talk to me. To hear a human voice say my name, to be touched; that would mean the world to me.
"One day an attack hit me while I was walking home from campus. It was a snowy day. I struggled with each step, wobbled and wove across the road. I must have looked like a drunk. One of my neighbors, whom I had never met, stopped and asked if I was okay. He drove me home.
"He didn't hand me the thousands of dollars I needed for surgery. He didn't take me in and empty my puke bucket. He just gave me one ride, one day. I am still grateful to him and touched by his gesture.
"I'd lived in the neighborhood for years, and so far he has been the only one to stop. The problem is not that we have so little power. The problem is that we don't use the power that we have."
WHY DO WE deny that power? Why do we not honor what we can do?
Part of the reason is that "virtue" is often defined as something exclusive, like a Porsche or a perfect figure, that only the rich and famous have access to. "Virtue" is defined as so outside of normal human experience or ability that you'd think, if you were doing it right, you'd know, because camera crews and an awards committee would appear on your lawn.
I was once a Peace Corps volunteer. I also volunteered for the Sisters of Charity, the order begun by Mother Teresa. When people learn of these things, they sometimes act impressed. I am understood to be a virtuous person.
I did go far away, and I did wear a foreign costume. But I don't know that I was virtuous. I tried to be, but I was an immature, inadequately trained girl in foreign countries with obscenely unjust regimes and little to no avenues for progress. My impact was limited.
To put myself through college, I worked as a nurse's aid. I earned minimum wage. I wore a pink polyester uniform and I dealt with the elderly and the dying, ignored people who went years without seeing a loved one, who died alone. When I speak of this job, I never impress anyone. I am not understood to be a virtuous person. Rather, I am understood to be working class.
I loved this difficult, low-paid work not out of any masochistic sense of personal elevation through suffering. I loved it because I physically and emotionally touched people every day, all day long; I made them comfortable; I made them laugh; I challenged them; they rose to meet the challenges. In return, patients shared with me the most precious commodity in the universe: Their humanity.
THIS ESSAY IS not a protest against selfishness, which, well done, can be a beautiful thing. There is nothing I envy, and appreciate, so much as a life led with genuinely unconscious, uncomplicated self-absorption. And I do not begrudge my fellow travelers' enthusiasm for glamour; there's nothing I like more. The right dress worn by the right starlet on Oscar night probably does as much to feed the soul as a perfect haiku.
Rather, I'm protesting the fallacy that to be virtuous, one must be on TV, or one must have just come from a meeting on how to be a better person, but one can pass up every opportunity to actually be a better person.
It's sad how sometimes "virtue celebrities" intimidate us with their virtue résumés. We think, "Gee, I'll never travel to Malaysia and close a sweatshop. I'm not brave enough (or organized or articulate enough) to champion a cause. I have to go to work every day, and I just don't have the time or the gifts to be a virtuous person."
I go to a food bank every two weeks to get my food. I have no car. Every week, I get a ride home from other food bank patrons. These folks don't pause for a second to sigh, "Oh, problems are so big, I'm so powerless. Will it really help anything if I give you this ride?" They don't look around to make sure someone is watching. They just, invisibly, do the right thing.
Sometimes we convince ourselves that the "unnoticed" gestures of "insignificant" people mean nothing. It's not enough to recycle our soda cans; we must Stop Global Warming Now. Since we can't Stop Global Warming Now, we may as well not recycle our soda cans. It's not enough to be our best selves; we have to be Gandhi. And yet when we study the biographies of our heroes, we learn that they spent years in preparation doing tiny, decent things before one historical moment propelled them to center stage.
Moments, as if animate, use the prepared to tilt empires. Ironically, saints we worship today, heroes we admire, were often ridiculed, tortured, or ignored in their own lifetimes. St. John of the Cross gave the world the spiritual classic The Dark Night of the Soul. It was inspired by his own experience of being imprisoned by the members of his own religious order. Before Solidarity, Lech Walesa, the Nobel Peace Prize winner who helped bring down communism, was a non-entity, a blue-collar worker in an oft-ridiculed Eastern European backwater. He was always active; one moment changed this man's otherwise small-time, invisible activism into the kind of wedge that can topple a giant.
BESIDES THE PRESSURE of virtue as an unattainable status reserved for the elect, there may be another reason why people don't live their ideals. It may be that many who do not live what they believe have been stunted. They've been told many times: "What you feel does not matter, what you believe is ridiculous, what you envision is worthless; just sit back and obey the priest, preacher, teacher, cop, mob, man in charge, or your own fear." When the still, small voice whispers to them that they ought to visit an elderly neighbor, write a letter to the editor, or pull a few strings and let the indigent patient see the doctor, they tell the still, small voice "Stifle yourself!"
Such self-numbed people may see themselves as perpetual victims. "I have nothing!" they insist. "I have no power! I can't do anything! I have nothing to give! Everybody picks on me!" These are the folks who begrudge so much as a smile to their neighbors. Even as they live in houses, drive cars, enjoy health, they see themselves as naked, starving, homeless, penniless wretches waiting to be rescued by whomever is in charge. Their sense of victimization does not allow them to see that they are in charge - of their own choices.
While working or traveling in Africa, Asia, and Eastern Europe, I occasionally met people who really did have next to nothing, but who stunned me with their insistence on the abundance of their own humanity. One afternoon, as I trekked to my teaching post in the Himalayas, a monsoon storm turned day into night and a landslide wiped out my trail. I got terribly lost. Coming to a strange village, exhausted, I sat on the porch of a peasant home. Inside, the family was eating roasted cow-corn kernels for dinner. There was nothing else on their menu.
A man inside saw that a human form was sitting on his porch. He couldn't have seen that I was American, or anything else, for that matter. He whispered to his wife, "Someone is sitting on our porch. We have to cook rice." Rice is the highest status food in that economy. And by "rice" they meant an elaborate meal of rice, lentils, and vegetables.
This feeling of being seen, this conviction that every act one performs matters to a supremely consequential audience, can come from a belief in God. Psalm 139 articulates how thoroughly witnessed the theist feels:
O Lord, you have searched me and you know me. You know when I sit and when I rise; you perceive my thoughts from afar. ...Before a word is on my tongue you know it completely, O Lord. Where can I go from Your Spirit? Where can I flee from your presence? If I go up to the heavens, you are there; if I make my bed in the depths, you are there.
The very marrow of the believer's bones is impregnated with the conviction that everything they do is witnessed by God, and that everything they do matters to God. Whether or not one's fellow beings see is secondary.
I SUSPECT THAT we all have our three-in-the-morning moments, when all of life seems one no-exit film noir, where any effort is pointless, where any hope seems to be born only to be dashed, like a fallen nestling on a summer sidewalk. When I have those moments, I remind myself: the ride in the snow; the volunteers at the food bank; the Nepali peasants who fed me. Invisible, silent people who, day by day, choice by choice, unseen by me, unknown to me, force me to witness myself, invite me to keep making my own best choices, and keep me living my ideals.
Danusha Veronica Goska, author of Love Me More (Xlibris), recently completed her Ph.D. at the University of Indiana's folklore department. Goska (firstname.lastname@example.com) received successful medical treatment and is currently in the job market. This article is excerpted from the forthcoming The Impossible Will Take a Little While: A Citizen's Guide to Hope In a Time of Fear, edited by Paul Rogat Loeb (Basic Books 2004, www.theimpossible.org).
| This Month's Issue: August 2004
Teresa Heinz Kerry celebrates the Peace Corps Volunteer as one of the best faces America has ever projected in a speech to the Democratic Convention. The National Review disagreed and said that Heinz's celebration of the PCV was "truly offensive." What's your opinion and who can come up with the funniest caption for our Current Events Funny?
Exclusive: Director Vasquez speaks out in an op-ed published exclusively on the web by Peace Corps Online saying the Dayton Daily News' portrayal of Peace Corps "doesn't jibe with facts."
In other news, the NPCA makes the case for improving governance and explains the challenges facing the organization, RPCV Bob Shaconis says Peace Corps has been a "sacred cow", RPCV Shaun McNally picks up support for his Aug 10 primary and has a plan to win in Connecticut, and the movie "Open Water" based on the negligent deaths of two RPCVs in Australia opens August 6. Op-ed's by RPCVs: Cops of the World is not a good goal and Peace Corps must emphasize community development.


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Geologic time is the intellectual theme that connects a wide variety of research endeavors in geoscience - missing is the corresponding cyberinfrastructure that allows the resources of all these endeavors to be pooled. CHRONOS's (Greek: time) purpose is to transform Earth history research by seamlessly integrating geoscience databases and tools.
Mission StatementCHRONOS is a team of geoscientists and information technology specialists creating a cyberinfrastructure that will deliver open access to a global federation of Earth history databases, tools, and services, thus providing:
academic, government, and industrial scientists- access to multiple, disparate databases on Earth history, data evaluation and conversion services, and powerful analytical tools.
autonomous databases, affiliated science initiatives, and data and tool contributors- a larger user community, greater visibility and acknowledgment, and access to tools and best practices, without the cost and burden of reproducing interoperability.
educators, students, and policy makers- a convenient source of Earth history data, visualization tools, expert opinion, and educational materials.


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Notre Dame football coach Brian Kelly will be rubbing elbows with NYPD top cop Ray Kelly and the rest of New York's Kelly Gang Inc. at their charity fundraiser staged at media hot spot Michael's Restaurant on Wednesday, March 13.
They'll be raising money for the Kelly Cares Foundation which was a started by Brian Kelly and his wife Paqui, a two time survivor of breast cancer. The Foundation raises money to support initiatives and programs that closely align with their goals and values in three main pillars: health, educational and community.
"Remember, you don;t have to be a Kelly or even Irish to support this very worthy charity," said Kelly Gang president Ed Kelly, whose day job is CEO of American Express Publishing.
The NYPD Emerald Society Pipe and Drums will be peforming as will the folk group Paddy on the Railway. Bill O'Reilly, bestselling author of Killing Kennedy and Killing Lincoln and host of The O'Reilly Factor is expected to be among the guests as is John Kelly, author of The Graves Are Walking, about the mid-19th century potato blight that devastated Ireland.
The Kelly Gang was formed in the late 1990s as an informal gathering of media types with the surname Kelly. It was tagged with the name Kelly Gang when NY Post columnist Steve Dunleavy happened to catch one of their early St. Patrick;s Day luncheons at Langan's Restaurant and marveled that in his native Australia the Kelly Gang was led by a Robin Hood type outlaw named Ned Kelly but in New York the modern Kelly Gang counted the city's top cop as one of its leaders. The Kelly Gang named stuck.
Tragedy struck on April 3, 2003 with the death of former Atlantic Monthly/New Republic editor Michael Kelly in Iraq, where he was the first American journalist killed in the Iraq War. The following year on what would have been his 47th birthday, the Kelly Gang gathered to raise money for his two young sons to benefit the Tom and Jack Kelly Education Fund.
Every year since then, the Gang, which is now an official 501(3) charity, has gathered to support another worthy cause and has raised about $500,000 for a wide variety of causes. including The Wounded Warrior Project, the Annie Moore Memorial Project, City Harvest, Catholic Charities in haiti, Catholic Charities in New Orleans, Tuesday's Children, (family membrs of victms from the Sept. 11, 2001 terrorist attack), and Hunter's Hope Foundation (established by NFL Hall of Fame QB Jim Kelly and his wife Jill who lost a son Hunter to Krabbe leukodystrophy), the D.O.E. Fund and the Evan B. Davidson Adoption Institute.
Admission is $150 in advance and $200 at the door. Guests will also get a screening of the official Notre Dame highlight film of the 2012-13 season in which the team went undefeated before losing to Alabama in the national championship game.
For further information on tickes to this year's Kelly Gang fundraiser, contact AmEx Publishing manager corporate marketing Stefanie Mcnamara: firstname.lastname@example.com 212-382-5853.


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Camino Browser for Mac
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Mac OS 10.4 or later
User Rating:Click to vote
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Camino Browser for Mac 2018 full offline installer setup for Mac
Camino is a free and open source web browser that offers Mac OS X users one of the best possible browsing experiences that is powered by the extremely popular Mozilla's Gecko layout engine. Crafted to be used only on OS X and no other modern OS, Camino developers that are were part of this great open source project manages to take best practices from all other browsers and streamline user experience as much that was possible, with deeply integrated features such as Keychain password management, Bonjour for managing bookmarks, and feed reader that that is powered by the native code.
Hide your real IP address and protect your privacy while online! Check out HMA! Pro VPN for Mac!
First version of Camino Browser was released in late 2001 when developers from Netscape Mike Pinkerton, Vidur Apparao and Dave Hyatt decided to port Gecko engine to Mac. This started the open source project for Camino Browser that was helmed by Mike Pinkerton after Dave Hyatt went to Apple to work on leading Apple's Safari browser team. For 11 years, Camino project remained active, providing its user base constant set of updates and expansions of functionality that made it very usable and competitive with all of its competitors. However in late May of 2013, it was announced that further work on developing Camino Project is halted.
With thousands of contributors to its source code, Camino offers fast and reliable browsing experience that will greatly improve your experiences on the web. Features such as tab overview, phishing and malware detection, and annoyance blocking, Camino will enable you to browse safe, faster and easier than ever before.
Camino Features:
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Camino includes enhanced location bar autocomplete, making it even easier to visit web pages you've visited before. Camino now matches against both titles and URLs of pages from your Bookmarks and History.
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Can't find that webpage? With Camino's Tab Overview, you can see all your open tabs at a glance and switch to the one you're looking for with ease.
Phishing & Malware Protection
Camino includes built-in phishing and malware protection using the same data provider as popular browsers like Firefox, Safari, and Google Chrome.
Annoyance Blocking
Camino's built-in annoyance blocking can block pop-ups, ads, and Flash animations. If a site requires Flash animations or pop-ups, Camino can add an exception for just that site and still block annoyances on other sites.
Keychain Support
Camino includes the ability to save usernames and passwords in the Mac OS X Keychain, maintaining compatibility with Safari and other Mac OS X applications and making switching browsers easier.
Tabbed Browsing
Camino's many tabbed browsing features include a scrollable tab bar, drag and drop rearranging of tabs, and a tabs menu listing all the window's tabs.
Note: After a decade-long run, Camino is no longer being developed.


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Apparently Mr.Romney introduced a new convention rule that basically says the leading nominee can veto and replace state delegates with someone he prefers. WOW. This is seen as a way to absolutely eliminate Ron Paul. Texas has 300 delegates. 30 of them represent Ron Paul. All 300 of them walked out. I say they are absolutely right to do so. If this is allowed, the candidate can just give himself the win. I am a lifelong Democrat and really have never cared much for Texas, but I am with them on this deal, because that is absolutely the opposite of democracy. No matter which party did it.
Views: 267
You think the GOP is about "democracy"? Oy, vay!
The whole show is paid for by Karl Rove and the Koch Brothers (I've taken to calling all the useful idiots for the oligarchy as "Koch Suckers"), with a little Adelson cash thrown in. The $5 and Ten-spots at the titty bars in Tampa have for three days been replaced with $20's and Grants. Suspect Clint Eastwood is there to peddle a film or two, so long as he directs, of course, and think about all the potential speakers they silenced: from the Alaskan who could see Russia from her porch and thus had foreign affairs experience, to the young son of Dan Quayle, who probably spells potato "potatoe." Where was that weird guy who blurted out about the platform's "legitimate rape" policy provision? For that matter, where was George W. Bush? Now THAT'S a first, I'll bet. The GOP operates by what the Mexicans call the dadazo. Where was Dubya to hand over the reigns?
If they're willing to do that to their own members, at their "coming out" party, what do you think they'll do to the rest of us if elected?
This must be the GOP's new way of defining solidarity ... by kicking out anyone they don't like. This so smacks of 1984 that it's scary. Note, too: I am NO great fan of Ron Paul or his politics, but this is NO way to run any kind of democratic organization.
Or maybe that's a clue: that the GOP is no longer interested in democracy. The more they talk and the more they act, the more I smell plutocracy / aristocracy / ANYTHING but rule of law and answering to the people.
Indeed... they'll happily assert limited government, individual rights, and states' rights, except when it's inconvenient for shoving their plutocratic and religious agenda down our throats.
Good point. Sounds eerily like the Mormon General Conference with its annual unanimous vote to retain the current president and 12 apostles.
How did Romney introduce the rule? (Sorry for not looking this up myself, but I'd prefer to ignore the RNC completely.)
both parties have been infected by corporations that happen to be run by cultists.. imho
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Health Benefits of Being Naked
The Naked Truth
Imagine a hot summer day and you are out in the sun for whatever god forsaken reason that may be for. Now imagine you are back at home and have taken off your clothes to take a cool shower. How good do you feel? The thought of a naked shower is quite relieving. Too bad we cannot hang around naked as much as we would like to. If there was nothing called shame, life would have been simpler, and clothing companies would have gone for a toss. Also, we would have been healthier than we are with our clothes on. Nudity can have its advantages, for real!
Image Source: gettyimages.inLoading...
Healthy Skin
Our skin also needs to breathe air, yes! By covering yourself in clothes, especially the tight fitting ones you are weakening your skin. You skin needs to absorb toxins which come out when you sweat. By staying naked you are allowing your skin to breathe and this also eliminates toxins!
Image Source: gettyimages.in
Load up on Vitamin D
Before we go out we make sure to cover our bodies with lotions and sunscreen. This is basically because the sun causes damage to our skin and the sun can cause damage when you are under the sun for long. By staying naked you are allowing your body to boost the production of vitamin D and will therefore boost your mood. Stay out in the open with your bare essentials for at least 10 minutes every day.
Image Source: gettyimages.in
Avoid Red Marks
If you are free of your clothing you will help your skin to stay away from the red pressure marks that are left by your too elastic or too tight clothing. This also tends to harm the blood circulation in your body and therefore you can help improve blood circulation by shedding all clothes. Stay naked to be free from all red marks and bad blood circulation.
Image Source: gettyimages.in
Healthy Brain
Studies say that running barefoot can help to lower the risk of Alzheimer's in adults. Also, additionally barefoot walking and running helps in stimulating your brain. This stimulation is created in the sole of your foot that encourages the brain to boost more neuron connections. Staying naked also increases the flexibility of your brain.
Image Source: gettyimages.in
You feel Relaxed
Nakedness will take you away from depression, low self esteem and other mental problems as it is sort of a therapeutic massage. If you lie naked, your blood circulation will improve, you detoxify your system and you also feel free! All the friction from your clothes can make you feel uncomfortable and hence it is extremely necessary for everyone to feel free and relaxed by shedding their clothes.
Image Source: gettyimages.in
Lower Infection Risk
You increase the risk of getting infected when your clothes that you are wearing are soaked with swear and they begin to breed bacteria. When you are nude you reduce the risk of these harmful fungi and bacteria. This way you can improve your personal hygiene. Now technically speaking we ought to wear clothes and that means we will sweat for sure. But one way of staying hygienic is by taking off your sweaty clothes and showering well with bathing soap.
Image Source: gettyimages.in
Improves your Fertility
When your innerwear is the tight and elastic sort then you restrict blood flow to the penis and genital area. Such tight clothing or low waist jeans and so on directly press on to the penis and therefore slowly kills the nerve receptors there in the surrounding area and this then lowers sperm count. If you are naked you are thereby being more fertile.
Image Source: gettyimages.in
Self Confidence
Most of us are very conscious about the way we look, about our fat tummy and extra fats on the various parts of the body. When we shed clothes and stay naked we get more confident about our physical appearance and that then reflects on our way we think and carry ourselves. This has a positive effect on our lives and increases out self confidence.
Image Source: gettyimages.in
Lose Belly Fat
Now here is a weird one, but apparently works. By sleeping naked you will sleep more soundly and this will allow your levels of stress hormone cortisol to decrease as you rest, and this will also keep a check on your energy and hunger levels. If you get disturbed in your sleep your cortisol will shoot up high as the alarm goes off and this will make you more hungry upon waking up.
Image Source: gettyimages.in


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An internship at SID-Washington is an invaluable opportunity for young people interested in pursuing a career in international development. As a Spring Associate, you will meet high-level professional...
Powered by Professionals (PBP) is a leading fundraising, consulting, and event management firm that works exclusively with non-profit organizations via special events. Our mission is to make the world...
Lighthouse Guild has three health plans through which we manage every medical and healthcare need, especially for those who are visually impaired. We coordinate healthcare, therapy, in-home ...
This is a unique opportunity for a MBA or graduate student to work with the executive suite of a $1 billion not-for-profit vision and healthcare organization. The candidate will assist the executive t...
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Volunteers assist the administrative staff in The Diagnostic Treatment Center (DTC) as directed; meet, greet and escort clients to DTC; assist clients with completing any relevant ...
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Automotive Body and Related Repairers
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Some might say that some of the comments made about gamers were downright disrespectful and included these, "…gamers can't understand what the advantages are till they use it," and "…for those not able to hook their console to the Internet, they should just buy an Xbox 360." From the messaging we are hearing, Microsoft does not intend to and/or has no desire to listen to what the user community wants regarding Internet connectivity and DRM.
To show the lack of seriousness with which Microsoft is regarding the user community, it seems that Microsoft regards the daily connection of the Xbox One to the mother ship as not a big deal, and that in extreme cases you could tether the console to your cell phone in order to make the daily connection. Apparently, the data transferred is in bytes and they claim should not eat into your mobile data allowance. This was the solution recommended by Microsoft itself when asked about unexpected Internet outages due to something such as a storm or provider problem.
In the end, Microsoft believes that it is the software and abilities of the console that are going to drive consumers to choose Xbox One. As far as the software goes, the line up looks pretty good, despite the fact there was no Gears of War title announced. Titanfall makes up for that. Still, we have to wonder if sales are sluggish out of the gate because consumers are flocking to the PlayStation 4, and what impact this will have right away for developer plans for the Xbox One. Right now, if we were a publisher we would feel much more confident in the success of the PlayStation 4 than the Xbox One; and that is a feeling that Microsoft can't make go away.