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Noel Baebler 1/28/2005 3:38:08 AMWow! Terrific: macro, clarity, composition, texture, title! Perfect, June! #209698
Detrick V. Martin 1/28/2005 9:00:46 PMGreat clarity and texture! Well done #1070192
Larry Lawhead 2/18/2005 6:43:35 PMCongratulations on the great finalist, June Marie!
Noel Baebler 2/18/2005 7:11:00 PMWhat a great treatment of the ordinary, June! Congratulations! #1113627
Kelly Abernathy 2/18/2005 7:26:17 PMCongratulations on a wonderful finalist June! -K #1113697
Murry Grigsby 2/18/2005 7:48:54 PMCongrats June! #1113939
Karen J. McDowell 2/20/2005 6:15:04 AMWow, I had absolutely no idea what this was from viewing the thumbnail. This such a neat image! Big congrats on your finalist, June Marie! #1119776
Amanda Price 6/13/2005 10:36:52 PMJune, I love your macros! They're so sharp. Do you by any chance live in New York? #1467230
Uploaded on 1/28/2005 3:34:11 AM
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Gift Guide for the Dedicated Gardener
Winter might be a seasonal break for many gardeners, but that doesn't mean I don't want to see gardening gifts under the tree. In my case it's quite the opposite — they're usually top priority on my wish list — and I'm pretty sure I'm not alone. If there's a green thumb aficionado in your life, forget about the bleak winter that lies ahead and gift them with something that will remind them that crocuses and daffodils are only a few months away.
Top Row (from left to right):
- Custom Photo Album - Do you happen to have pictures of your giftee's garden? If so, this is the perfect gift. I photographed my grandmother's garden last year in late spring and created a photo album organized to walk you through her many flower beds. I designed mine through Apple's website, but there are many other companies out there that allow you to include photos and text for a one-of-a-kind bound photo book. While it was time consuming, it was a big hit! I was told it was one of the most thoughtful and cherished gifts she had ever received.
- Gardening Book - Most gardeners usually can't resist a well-written garden book. Some of mine I prize for their photos, others for the wealth of information. And if you know their area of expertise, well this is where you can get really creative. Are they interested in growing plants and vegetable in containers? If so, I highly recommend McGee & Stuckey's Bountiful Container. Are terrariums their passion? Then try Terrarium Craft: Create 50 Magical, Miniature Worlds. If you're still at a loss, I love Tess Wilson's list included in the post, The Gardening Library Of My Dreams: Pretty & Practical.
- Gardening Journal - Leave it to Moleskin to come up with the perfect gardening journal. This one has themed sections, tabbed personalized sections, hardiness zones, design grids and hundreds of labels for personalizing your journal.
- Unusual Planter/Container - I can never have too many planters and I'm currently obsessed with handmade ceramic planters in any shade of white. I own one of these Geo Planters by Kelly Lamb, a little pricey but totally worth it. They come in multiple colors, two sizes and it's also offered in a hanging version.
- Gardening Accessories - A new kneeling pad (I really like this memory foam neoprene pad by Kneelo), gardening gloves, or plant labels are usually things that any gardener can use multiples of and yet don't have to cost a lot.
Bottom Row:
- Living Holiday Cheer - Sure, we all love a good wreath around the holidays, but if you want something slightly unusual, why not try a kissing ball? The Evergreen Orange Kissing Ball from Williams-Sonoma is a fresh take on the traditional mistletoe variety (and will be arriving on grandmother's doorstep anytime). I do advise ordering it in early December so it can be enjoyed throughout the holiday season.
- Unique Plant for Indoors - Not exactly a plant per say, but as a vegetable grower, I would appreciate trying my hand at growing mushrooms indoors over the long winter. This mushroom kit is easy enough for the beginner, all it needs is a little daily misting and soon you'll be harvesting up to 1.5 lbs of pearl oyster mushrooms.
- Inexpensive DIY - Sure you can buy this twine dispenser from Terrain, but it would also be super-easy to craft one of these on your own. All you need is an old tin can, fabric and a label. Purchase an inexpensive roll of jute twine and you're all set with a cheap yet useful gift.
- Garden Ornament - Smooth, stacked rocks have such a soothing element to them, I would welcome these hanging weather rocks as an alternative to wind chimes. These are made in New Hampshire from naturally cobbled river and ocean stones.
- Quality Hand Tool - I really love the handmade copper tools by the Austrian company, PKS. Copper is known to be a natural deterrent against slugs and snails and copper is also rust proof. If you are at all in doubt, you can't go wrong with the castor trowel, pictured above. The Hori Hori Knife (Japanese translation literally means dig dig), is a multipurpose tool that probably isn't in the garden bag of many gardeners, but should be. This stainless steel blade can be used for transplanting, weeding, dividing and even has a blade marked in millimeters for precise planting depth.
Images: 1, Kimberly Watson; 2 - 10, as linked above.
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subset: commoncrawl


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On the Move: Ensuring the health and safety of global employees
When it comes to the discussion of issues affecting global workforce mobility, the monthly events of Houston International HR Roundtable LLC never disappoint. December's program entitled: "Lessons from South America Ensuring the Health and Safety of Your Global Employees," was no exception.
International operations can pose serious threats to companies and their employees in various locations throughout the world, so it is essential that companies have proper precautionary measures in place, and that they provide information and support to their employees to ensure their health and safety.
The program was presented by Chris DeSa and Debora Rocha of Control Risks, which is an independent, global risk consultancy that specializes in helping organizations manage political, integrity and security risks in complex and hostile environments.
The presenters discussed specific health and safety concerns companies need to keep in mind for their business travelers and expats, and looked at specific strategies that companies should implement in order to prevent and minimize these risks.
DeSa is senior manager, global client services of Control Risks in Houston, where he focuses on the oil and gas industry. He advises clients on how to manage a wide range of political, regulatory, reputational and security risks when operating in emerging markets, particularly Latin America.
DeSa said that the two main objectives of the presentation were to help the audience better understand the applicable threats and risks, with a focus on South America, and to discuss best practices and specific tools and techniques to prevent and help mitigate against health and security risks.
To begin the presentation, DeSa discussed the duty of care that companies have in terms of their responsibility for keeping their employees safe.
"When you are sending your employees into a complex and hostile jurisdiction, obviously the standard is much higher. You need to know what risks your employees are facing, whether they are travelers or they are expats."
DeSa said companies have a responsibility to know and understand the specific local risks in any area of the world where they may be sending their employees, and that from a legal standpoint, this responsibility increases when sending employees into hostile jurisdictions.
He said this is important not just in the sense of companies protecting their most valuable assets and avoiding legal liability, but also to ensure business continuity and to foster a good reputation.
As for Brazil, DeSa said that it is classified as a "medium risk" country, but he warned against taking the country as a whole and thinking that all areas pose the same levels of risk and danger. He said that there are certain areas where the risk is much higher, particularly in the rural areas of Brazil.
"You have to know the local risk. If you are sending somebody to a specific location, pay attention to what is going on in that location and the risk trends in that location, whether it's from a health standpoint or a security standpoint."
Rocha is regional security manager - Brazil and is based on the company's Sao Paulo office, where she is primarily responsible for developing evacuation/communication strategies and training programs in support of client operation in Brazil and greater Latin America.
She addressed health and safety concerns for business travelers and expats that were specific to Brazil, and pointed to the importance of a pre-assignment screening process, and security training for employees.
According to Rocha, companies need to think about and train their employees on the things they need to do in order to not become a "soft target" in Brazil.
She said that there are certain things that need to be done prior to the employee's deployment, including: assessment of location-specific risks, a travel and deployment approval process that is based on the location of the assignment, pre-assignment exams and questionnaires, and most importantly, travel security awareness training.
Rocha concluded her presentation with a brief demonstration of an app that allows companies to track their global employees. This type of app can be very useful to companies, and an important measure that they can take to help minimize and respond to various risks faced by their global employees.
Houston International HR Roundtable LLC meets on the last Wednesday of the month at the Houston offices of Deloitte. For more information, visit www.HoustonInternationalHR.com.
Michelle Sandlin is a writer who has been involved in the relocation industry for many years. She is the 2014 president of Houston Relocation Professionals (HRP), and vice president/director of communications and marketing for Chicago Title. Follow Michelle on Facebook: www.facebook.com/HoustonRelocation and on Twitter: @MichelleSandlin. Also visit "On the Move - Exploring Houston Relocation with Michelle Sandlin" at blog.chron.com/onthemove.
If you have something to share or contribute, please send an email to firstname.lastname@example.com. Please look for another Michelle Sandlin "On the Move" relocation article in today's Homes section.


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This page is a walk through on obtaining Direct Rendering on a mach64 graphics chipset
This page is a walk through on obtaining Direct Rendering on a mach64 graphics chipset
Revision as of 20:38, 30 December 2008
Warning: this page has not been updated for new the new xorg servers. This page is a walk through on obtaining Direct Rendering on a mach64 graphics chipset
The Mach 64 Board
The Mach64 Chip is made by ATI, coming in several varieties. This page is targeted at the Rage Pro variant, which to my knowledge is the only 3D version of the mach64. Wikipedia: Mach64/Rage Pro This board has basic 3D capabilites, but Arch's xf86-video-ati package, which contains open source ATI drivers does not contain support for it.
Most GNU/Linux 3D graphics drivers use the DRI/DRM system for direct rendering, which is what the Mach64 Driver uses this.
Packages and References
Reference Building DRI - Check this for link updates. mesa - installs the mesa GL libs - Install this with pacman. libgl - installs the gl libs (part of the 'official' mesa source tree) (). - install this with pacman libdrm - installs the drm libs - install this with pacman xf86-video-ati - installs the ati kernel drm files. - If you have this installed, get rid of it with pacman (use ABS to recompile).
Building the Kernel Drm Module - with makepkg goodness
You can either use this method, the pacman (bad) method, or recompile your kernel to include mach64.
- Head over to the AUR and search for mach64drm
- Download the tarball and untar it, then change directory into the resulting directory.
- Run
makepkg -c
- Install the resulting package with
pacman -Uf <resulting package>
-f/Force is required because the drm.ko module overwrites an already existing module.
Building the Kernel Drm Module - the Old Way without pacman
warning: this does not use the makepkg method, which is recommended. Skip this section if you did the section above, with makepkg. Proceed to "Installing the other end: DRI."
The standard ARCH kernel doesn't come with the mach64 DRM module, so building yourself is required.
- Create a build folder to keep things tidy - this folder will be referred to from now on as $BUILDDIR
- Now, obtain the drm source tree:
git clone git://anongit.freedesktop.org/git/mesa/drm
- Get the thing compiled: (the drm folder appeared out of git)
cd $BUILDDIR/drm/linux-core/ make DRM_MODULES="mach64"
- Go get some coffee or something since your machine is probably very old to have a mach64 chipset and wait while everything compiles.
- When it's done compiling, there will be two files,
mach64.ko, the device kernel module, and
drm.ko, the DRM generic module.
- Copy those two files to the appropriate kernel modules directory. (Before doing this you may want to backup the exisiting files to somewhere else just in case).
sudo cp mach64.ko drm.ko /lib/modules/`uname -r`/kernel/drivers/char/drm/
- Now get the modules registered and depedencies generated.
sudo depmod -a `uname -r`
Installing the other end: DRI
No matter what you chose to do to install the DRM, these are the steps to install the DRI.
- This is easy. First, install the ABS system with Pacman if you don't have it already.
- Run the following to sync the ABS directory (/var/abs) with the repos.
sudo abs
- Copy the xf86-video-ati folder to your local build directory.
cp -r /var/abs/extra/xf86-video-ati <some place in your /home or somewhere...>
- Customize the PKGBUILD file inside the copied xf86-video-ati folder. You have to change dir_dirs to
- Run this now to create a standard pacman package
makepkg -c
- Now install the resulting package in the current directory as root with pacman -U
A decent chunk of time wasted getting 3D support for a primitive 3D graphics chipset


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Throughout this entire roller coaster ride we've been on with Lamar Odom, the basketballer has been pretty hush about the hardships he's going through relating to drug addiction and his marriage to Khloe Kardashian. Yesterday Lamar's dad Joe spoke out to the press, saying that the Kardashians "cursed" his son and that he is better off without his famous wife. And while Lamar arguably has a lot of other things to handle right now, he couldn't let this one slide without saying his piece. Lamar lashed out against his father yesterday on Twitter, and I'll be the first to admit I'm not all that surprised who he chose to defend here: The Kardashians.
Read Lamar's outrage, here:
Won't continue 2 speak on this but I have got 2 let this out real quick. I have let this man and many others get away with a lot of shit. He wasn't there 2 raise me. He was absent ALL of my life due to his own demons. My mother and grandmother raised me. Queens raised me. For the first time since they left, came a blessing of a FAMILY that I married into. FAMILY. That man wasn't even invited to my wedding. He has never met my mother in law and some of my other family. How can a man who has NOT once called me to check on my well being have the nerve to talk so recklessly about his own "son". He is my downfall! His own demons may be the ONLY thing he gave 2 me. He disrespecting the ONLY FAMILY that has loved me without expecting anything in return. They are the ONLY ones that have been here consistently 4 me during this dark time. Only person 2 blame is myself. Say what you want about me but leave the ones who have done nothing but protect and love me out of this! This goes to out to everyone!
Wow. Okay. Let's pick out the highlights, shall we?
First of all, I don't think it's all that surprising that Lamar's chosen to defend the Kardashians. We saw how much being accepted into the Kardashian clan meant to Lamar back when he and Khloe were getting hitched. It meant the world to him when Bruce sat down and welcomed him into their family. I may not know Lamar personally, but something tells me that no matter what happens with him and Khloe, he'll always have a special place for that family in his heart.
The most interesting part of this message, though? The part where Odom admits he's going through a "dark time" and the "only person to blame" is himself. I respect him for owning up to the fact that he's dealing with some serious demons. I respect him for saying that he can handle the criticism, but to leave his loved ones out. Now I can only hope that his father lays off, stops trying to ride his son's coattails, and lets him get better without the added unnecessary negativity.
What do you think of Lamar's response to his father?
Image via Pacific Coast News


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HTC's new 5-Inch gladiator has finally entered the arena. You can now find the HTC Droid DNA at your local Verizon store or order it on the Verizon Wireless website. Here's a recap of the monster specs of this device:
- Android 4.1 Jelly Bean OS
- HTC Sense 4+
- 5-inch 1080p HD Super LCD 3 display
- Cornings Gorilla Glass 2 protection
- Powered by a 1.5GHz Snapdragon S4 quad-core processor
- 2 gigabytes of RAM
- 16GB onboard storage
- Beats audio enhancements
- 2020 mAh battery
- micro USB 2.0
- 802.11 Wi-Fi a/b/g/n
- NFC radio inside
Sound off if you are planning to buy this one. Here's a link below to get yours.
Don't forget to check out our dedicated sister-site @: HTC Droid DNA Now On Sale at Verizon for $199
Source: Verizon Wireless - Droid DNA


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Follow RFF News on your cell phone. Text follow rff to 40404 you will receive txt messages with RFF News
0 Members and 1 Guest are viewing this topic.
Just got word today that Top Chef Canada will be airing starting April 11th, exclusively on Food Network Canada, with Thea Andrews as Host and Mark McEwan as head judge. Can't wait!
I hope they show episodes online for we poor suckers in the lower half of North America. I love anything doing with Top Chef.
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Manchester City's bid to reel in Premier League leaders Manchester United has been jeopardised by injuries to key players as they prepare to open their Christmas campaign at home to Reading on Saturday.
Six points off the pace after their 3-2 loss in the Manchester derby on December 9, the champions could be missing captain Vincent Kompany and midfielder Samir Nasri for the Royals' visit to the Etihad Stadium.
Kompany limped out of the derby with a groin injury, forcing him to miss last weekend's 3-1 win at Newcastle United, and he is a major doubt for Saturday's game.
Nasri picked up a similar injury in the game at St James' Park and looks set to be out for two weeks, potentially ruling him out of City's entire festive programme.
To compound matters for coach Roberto Mancini, central midfielder Jack Rodwell has revealed that he will probably be out of action until the beginning of 2013 due to a hamstring injury that he sustained in October.
"I've just had a little bit of a setback with my hamstring injury," Rodwell told the club website.
"It will probably be another few weeks, so I'm looking into the new year."
Injuries aside, Mancini will expect his side to take all three points at home to a Reading team who sank to the foot of the table last weekend and were thrashed 5-2 at home by Arsenal on Monday.
City can close to within three points of top spot if they beat Reading, with United not in action until their lunchtime trip to Swansea City on Sunday.
The festive season is a pivotal period in the Premier League, with teams facing four games in the space of only 12 days.
Arsenal kick off the weekend programme at home to third-bottom Wigan Athletic on Saturday, when victory would provisionally propel them up to third place.
Buoyed by the rout at Reading, Arsenal manager Arsene Wenger was given further reason for optimism in mid-week when Jack Wilshere, Kieran Gibbs, Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain, Carl Jenkinson and Aaron Ramsey all agreed new contracts.
The Frenchman faces demands from supporters to improve his squad in the January transfer window, but he says the performance at Reading proves that the team are on the right track.
"What is important is this team develops in the way we want to play. I have seen some interesting aspects on Monday night at Reading," he said.
"Let's see how far this team can go. If we can add one or two exceptional players, we will do it."
Tottenham Hotspur quietly stole into the top four last weekend and they can put pressure on third-place Chelsea — who host Aston Villa on Sunday — with victory at home to Stoke City.
Gareth Bale and Michael Dawson are both expected to return from injury for Spurs, who found out on Thursday that they will face goalkeeper Hugo Lloris' former club Lyon in the Europa League last 32.
Everton, who have slipped to sixth after winning just two of their last 11 fixtures, visit West Ham United, while West Bromwich Albion will also hope to buck a run of disappointing results when they host Norwich City.
Having finally secured a first win of the campaign at home to Fulham last weekend, Queens Park Rangers bid to maintain their unbeaten record under new manager Harry Redknapp when they visit Newcastle United.
Liverpool, stunned 3-1 at home by Villa last weekend, host Fulham, while Southampton tackle fellow relegation candidates Sunderland at St Mary's.
Saturday (1500GMT unless otherwise stated):
Wigan Athletic v Arsenal (1245GMT), Newcastle United v Queens Park Rangers, Tottenham Hotspur v Stoke City, Manchester City v Reading, West Bromwich Albion v Norwich City, West Ham United v Everton, Southampton v Sunderland, Liverpool v Fulham (1730GMT)
Swansea City v Manchester United (1330GMT), Chelsea v Aston Villa (1600GMT)


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SAN FRANCISCO (MarketWatch) — Among the companies whose shares are expected to see active trade in Tuesday's session are Sprint Corp., CVS Caremark Corp., and TripAdvisor Inc.
Sprint S, +1.68% is projected to report a loss of 35 cents a share in the fourth quarter, according to a consensus survey by FactSet. Analysts at Deutsche Bank on Monday reiterated the stock's hold rating due to the shifting competitive landscape and uncertainty over the company's strategic options.
CVS Caremark CVS, +1.48% is forecast to post fourth-quarter earnings of $1.11 a share. The drug store chain last week said it would stop selling cigarettes and tobacco products in stores by Oct. 1. The change is estimated to cost the company $2 billion in annual revenues or 17 cents a share.
Trip Advisor TRIP, +1.25% is expected to report fourth-quarter earnings of 22 cents a share. "We believe that a generally positive read-across from EXPE along with ongoing efforts by TRIP to improve meta-search monetization bode well for the latter's 4Q results," Naved Khan, an analyst at Cantor Fitzgerald, said in a note.
IntercontinentalExchange Group Inc. ICE, -0.12% is likely to post fourth-quarter earnings of $1.96 a share.
PG&E Corp. PCG, +1.27% is forecast to report earnings of 43 cents a share in the fourth quarter.
After Monday's closing bell, Urban Outfitters Inc. URBN, +0.14% said its fourth-quarter same-store sales rose 1%, slower than the 3.1% forecast by analysts. Sales rose 10% at Anthropologie but fell 9% at Urban Outfitters. Net sales during the quarter increased 6% to $906 million from a year ago. Shares of Urban Outfitters fell 1.7% in after-hours trading.
Rackspace Hosting Inc. US:RAX late Monday reported fourth-quarter earnings of 14 cents a share, up from 21 cents a share a year ago. The cloud-technology company also said Chief Executive Lanham Napier would retire and will be succeeded by co-founder and executive chairman Graham Weston. Rackspace shares slumped 9.3% in extended trading.
Pioneer Natural Resources Co. PXD, +1.22% said it swung to a fourth-quarter loss of $1.36 billion, or $9.82 a share, from a profit of $28.8 million, or 22 cents a share, a year ago. On an adjusted basis, the oil and gas producer would have earned $1 a share. Pioneer shares shed 2.6% in after hours.
Providing critical information for the U.S. trading day. Subscribe to MarketWatch's free Need to Know newsletter. Sign up here.


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Costumes transform the wearer into something beautiful, mystical, or haunting. The Bouncy Bunny Tutu Costume is for the little one who loves furry things and everything pink. This adorable costume comes with a puffy bunny ear headband, pettidress with bunny cottontail, and leggings. The tutu dress has fun ruffles and regal ribbon bands to highlight the skirt.
Would you like us to help you find a similar item? Talk with our Design Consultants toll-free at1-800-927-5164.
*Shipping transit time varies based on destination. Free shipping offers are limited to the 48 contiguous states of the USA.
International Customers (including Alaska and Hawaii) please contact a Customer Service Representative if you have any questions about placing an order with PoshTots.
Promotion codes cannot be used for sale item purchases.
*Free shipping offers are limited to the 48 contiguous states of the USA.


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I'm excited to announce the release of my latest audiobook, which presents six live lectures and twelve guided self-reflection and mediation practices. The Neuroscience of Change: A Compassion-Based Guide to Personal Transformation (Sounds True) integrates the most exciting scientific findings about how the mind works with the wisdom of mind-body traditions like yoga and Buddhism. It deepens some of the most important ideas from The Willpower Instinct (Avery 2012), including the importance of mindfulness, self-compassion, and acceptance for change. The program also provides practical support to help you explore and embody these qualities through breathing, meditation, and relaxation practices.
You can order the 6-CD set OR download the program in MP3 format at Sounds True.
Or order the 6-CD set from any major bookseller, including Amazon, Barnes & Noble, Books-a-Million, Chapters (Canada), and Indie Bound.
Program Description
Personal Transformation Based on Mindfulness and Self-Compassion
What's your most important goal? Why does it matter so deeply? How will you overcome the obstacles? Answer these questions with sincerity, proceed with mindfulness and compassion, and you have just set in motion a revolutionary method for personal change that is supported by both the latest science and traditional wisdom. On The Neuroscience of Change, psychologist and award-winning Stanford lecturer Kelly McGonigal presents six sessions of breakthrough ideas, guided practices, and real-world exercises for making self-awareness and kindness the basis for meaningful transformation.
Practical Methods to Retrain Your Brain to Support Your Goals
Our understanding of the incredible power of the human brain is at an all-time high, with the emerging fields of neuroscience, evolutionary psychology, and psychophysiology opening new possibilities for greater health, happiness, and freedom from suffering. Drawing on her training as a research scientist and longtime practitioner of meditation and yoga, Dr. McGonigal reveals these startling findings, including the clinically supported methods for training the mind away from default states that no longer serve us, and establishing behaviors and attitudes aligned with our highest values and aspirations.
The First Rule of Change: It's Already Happening
As the world's wisdom traditions teach and science is now verifying, our lives are in fact defined by constant change. Whether you're looking to change a behavior, improve your health or other circumstances, or simply for a way to bring hope and resilience into your life as it is, The Neuroscience of Change will help you trust yourself and unfold your true capacities for personal transformation.
- Willingness, self-awareness, and surrender—how to nourish the seeds of change
- Focusing on the process, not the outcome
- How to overcome the "trigger-to-instinct" reaction
- The proven benefits of meditation—and how to start practicing yourself
- How to transform self-criticism into self-compassion
- Why your mind creates habits-and how to consciously create new ones
- Making values-driven commitments
- Visualization and the principle of "encoding prospective memories"
- The power of the vow
- "Deep activation" and the danger of rejecting what is
- Working with inner experiences as the key to making outward change
- Six hours of breakthrough science, practical wisdom, guided exercises, and mindfulness meditations for making positive change that lasts
You can order the 6-CD set OR download the complete set at Sounds True.
Or order the 6-CD set from any major bookseller, including Amazon, Barnes & Noble, Books-a-Million, Chapters (Canada), and Indie Bound.


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Church of Armenia
The Church of Armenia, sometimes called the Armenian Apostolic Church or the Armenian Orthodox Church is one of the Oriental Orthodox churches. It separated from the Eastern Orthodox Church in AD 506, after the Council of Chalcedon (AD 451).
Liturgically, the Church has much in common with the Roman Catholic Church. For example, their bishops wear vestments almost identical to those of Western bishops. The Armenian Apostolic Church should not, however, be confused with the Armenian Catholic Church, which is in union with the Roman Catholic Church. They also typically do not use a full iconostasis, but rather a curtain.
|Autocephalous Churches
|Armenia | Alexandria | Ethiopia | Antioch | India | Eritrea
|Autonomous Churches
|Armenia: Cilicia | Jerusalem | Constantinople
Alexandria: Britain | Antioch: Jacobite Indian
- 1 History
- 2 The status of the Ottoman Armenians
- 3 Before the war
- 4 Implementation of the Genocide
- 5 Foreign corroboration and reaction
- 6 1919–1920 Military tribunals
- 7 Operation Nemesis
- 8 Armenian deaths, 1914 to 1918
- 9 Influence of the Armenian Genocide on Adolf Hitler
- 10 Academic views
- 11 The Republic of Turkey and the Armenian Genocide
- 12 Recognition of the Armenian Genocide
- 13 Commemoration
- 14 See also
- 15 References
- 16 External links
- 17 Bibliography
- 18 Leadership
- 19 Armenian Christianity Outside of Armenia
- 20 Resources
- 21 Sources
- 22 External links
Christianity in Armenia
Tradition tells us that the Apostles Thaddeus and Bartholomew first brought Christianity to the land of the Armenians in the first century. However, it would not be for about 200 more years that Armenia would become the first country to adopt Christianity as a state religion, in AD 301, when St. Gregory the Illuminator, a missionary from Caesarea, converted the king of Armenia, Trdat IV, to Christianity. In time, St. Gregory was sent back to Caesarea to be elevated to the episcopate and returned to Armenia as the first Catholicos (or "universal" bishop of an area). Gregory's son, Aristakes, attended the First Ecumenical Council at Nicea in AD 325.
In addition to the obvious spiritual benefits which resulted from the "baptism" of Armenia, this conversion aided in unifying various ethnic groups into a cohesive Armenian identity. The Armenian Church was instrumental in the early missions to neighboring Georgia and Caucasian Albania.
The Council of Chalcedon
Historically, the Armenian church has been labeled monophysite because it (just as the Coptic Orthodox Church) rejected the decisions of the Council of Chalcedon, which condemned monophysitism. The Armenian Church officially severed ties with the West in 554, during the second Council of Dvin where the dyophysite formula of the Council of Chalcedon was rejected.
However, the Armenian Orthodox Church argues that this is a wrong description of its position, as it considers Monophysitism, as taught by Eutyches and condemned at Chalcedon, a heresy and only disagrees with the formula defined by that council. The Armenian church instead adheres to the doctrine defined by Cyril of Alexandria, considered as a saint by the Chalcedonian churches as well, who described Christ as being of one incarnate nature, where both divine and human nature are united. To distinguish this from Eutychian and other versions of Monophysitism this position is called miaphysitism.
In recent times, both Chalcedonian and anti-Chalcedonian churches have developed a deeper understanding for each other's positions, recognizing the substantial agreement while maintaining their respective theological language. Hence, the Monophysite label is avoided when describing the Armenians' or Copts' belief regarding the Nature of Christ. It should be noted that the Armenian Church was not represented by its Supreme Patriarch - the Catholicos during the Council of Chalcedon, because the country was in war at the time, so instead a delegation of clergymen was sent.
The Armenian Genocide
The status of the Ottoman Armenians
Template:See also Under the millet system of Ottoman law, Armenians (as dhimmis, along with Greeks, Jews and other ethnic and religious minorities) were subject to laws different from those applied to Muslims.[1] They had separate legal courts, although disputes involving a Muslim fell under sharia-based law. Armenians were exempt from serving in the military and were instead made to pay an exemption tax, the jizya; their testimony in Islamic courts was inadmissible against Muslims; they were not allowed to bear arms, and they had to pay a higher tax,[2] despite being one of the largest minorities in the Ottoman Empire.[3]
In 1914, there were an estimated two million Armenians in the Ottoman Empire.[4] While the Armenian population in Eastern Anatolia was large and clustered, there were many Armenians in the western part of the Ottoman Empire,[5] particularly in and around Constantinople. It was nearly two decades earlier, though, that the first massacres against Armenians in Anatolia had started; The New York Times quoted a Turkish embassy gazette in 1896 that stated: "It wasn't the Porte that caused the massacres in Armenia, but the Christian propaganda in Asia Minor where their cry, "Down with Islam," initiated the war of the crescent against the cross." [6]
Before the war
Abdul Hamid II's reign, 1876-1909
- For more details on this topic, see Hamidian massacres, Adana massacre.
Sultan Abdul Hamid II suspended the constitution early in his reign, assuming dictatorial powers. As the Ottoman Empire declined, Armenian political resistance stiffened, resulting in several massacres of Armenians throughout Abdul Hamid's reign.[7][8] By the last years of the 19th century, after a series of massacres in 1894 and 1895, the New York Times noted an apparent "policy of extermination directed against the Christians of Asia Minor".[9]
In 1908, the Ottoman Empire came under the control of the Young Turks, a secular movement aiming to restore constitutional and parliamentary rule.[10] The movement was welcomed by religious minorities throughout the Empire. In 1909, as the authority of the nascent Young Turk government splintered, Abdul Hamid II briefly regained his sultanate with a populist appeal to Islamism. 30,000 Armenians perished in the subsequent Adana Massacre.[8] When two U.S.-born missionaries were killed in the 1909 massacres, Ottoman authorities attributed the killings to "Armenians" who killed them as they "were helping to put out a fire in the house of a Turkish widow."[11] This report was later contradicted by an American priest who witnessed the killings, who suggested that the missionaries were killed by "Moslems".[12]
Young Turk leadership
- For more details on this topic, see Young Turk Revolution, Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
The Young Turk leadership recovered from the Sultan's 1909 countercoup. By this time, however, the Young Turk revolutionaries were already hardened in their distrust and resentment of Ottoman Christians. According to Erik Jan Zürcher of the University of Leiden,
Implementation of the Genocide
In November 1914, the Ottoman Empire entered World War I on the side of the Central Powers. İsmail Enver, Minister of War, launched an unsuccessful military campaign against Russian forces in the Caucasus in hopes of capturing the city of Baku. His forces were routed at the Battle of Sarikamis, and many more of his men froze to death in the retreat.
Returning to Istanbul, Enver largely blamed the Armenians living in the region for actively siding with the Russians.[13] By 1914, Ottoman authorities had already begun a propaganda drive to present Armenians living in the Ottoman Empire as a threat to the country's security. An Ottoman naval officer in the War Office described the planning:
On the night of 24 April 1915, the Ottoman government rounded up and imprisoned an estimated 250 Armenian intellectuals.[14]
Legislation, May 29
In May 1915, Mehmed Talat Pasha requested that the cabinet and grand vizier legalize the deportations of the Armenians of Anatolia. On 29 May 1915, the CUP Central Committee passed the Temporary Law of Deportation (Tehcir Law), giving the Ottoman government and military authorization to deport anyone it "sensed" as a threat to national security.[15] Several months later, the Temporary Law of Expropriation and Confiscation was passed, stating that all property, including land, livestock, and homes belonging to Armenians, was to be confiscated by the authorities. Ottoman parliamentary representative Ahmed Riza protested the legislation:
The confiscation of Armenian property and the slaughter of Armenians that ensued upon the law's enactment outraged much of the western world. While the Ottoman Empire's wartime allies offered little protest, a wealth of German and Austrian historical documents has since come to attest to the witnesses' horror at the killings and mass starvation of Armenians.[16][17][18] In the United States, The New York Times reported almost daily on the mass murder of the Armenian people, describing the process as "systematic", "authorized" and "organized by the government." Theodore Roosevelt would later characterize this as "the greatest crime of the war."[19]
Labor battalions
With the passage of Tehcir Law, Enver ordered that all Armenians in the Ottoman forces be disarmed, demobilized and assigned to labor battalions (Turkish: amele taburlari). Many of the Armenian recruits were executed by Ottoman squads known as chetes.[20] Some of the Armenian recruits were utilized as laborers (hamals), though they too would ultimately be executed.[21]
The Special Organization (Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa)
While there was an official 'special organization' founded in December 1911 by the Ottoman government, a second organization that participated in what led to the destruction of the Ottoman Armenian community was founded by the lttihad ve Terraki.[22] This organization adopted its name in 1913 and functioned like a special forces outfit.[23]
Later in 1914, the Ottoman government influenced the direction the special organization was to take by releasing criminals from central prisons to be the central elements of this newly formed special organization.[24] According to the Mazhar commissions attached to the tribunal as soon as November 1914, 124 criminals were released from Pimian prison. Many other releases followed; in Ankara a few months later, 49 criminals were released from its central prison.citation needed Little by little from the end of 1914 to the beginning of 1915, hundreds, then thousands of prisoners were freed to form the members of this organization. Later, they were charged to escort the convoys of Armenian deportees.[25] Vehib, commander of the Ottoman Third Army, called those members of the special organization, the "butchers of the human species." [26]
Process and camps of deportationDeir ez-Zor and the surrounding desert. A good deal of evidence suggests that the Ottoman government did not provide any facilities or supplies to sustain the Armenians during their deportation, nor when they arrived.[27] By August 1915, The New York Times reported that "the roads and the Euphrates are strewn with corpses of exiles, and those who survive are doomed to certain death. It is a plan to exterminate the whole Armenian people."[28]
Ottoman troops escorting the Armenians not only allowed others to rob, kill, and rape the Armenians, but often participated in these activities themselves.[27] Deprived of their belongings and marched into the desert, hundreds of thousands of Armenians perished.
Template:ImageStackRight It is believed that 25 major concentration camps existed, under the command of Şükrü Kaya, one of the right hands of Talat Pasha.[29] The majority of the camps were situated near modern Iraqi and Syrian frontiers, and some were only temporary transit camps.[29] Others, such as Radjo, Katma, and Azaz, are said to have been used only temporarily, for mass graves; these sites were vacated by Fall 1915.[29] Some authors also maintain that the camps Lale, Tefridje, Dipsi, Del-El, and Ra's al-'Ain were built specifically for those who had a life expectancy of a few days.[29]
Though nearly all the camps, including the primary sites, were open air, the remainder of the mass killing in minor camps was not limited to direct killings, but also to mass burning,[30] poisoning[31] and drowning.[32]
Foreign corroboration and reaction
Hundreds of eyewitnesses, including the neutral United States and the Ottoman Empire's own allies, Germany and Austria-Hungary, recorded and documented numerous acts of state-sponsored massacres. Many foreign officials offered to intervene on behalf of the Armenians, including Pope Benedict XV, only to be turned away by Ottoman government officials who claimed they were "retaliating against a pro-Russian fifth column."[33] On May 24, 1915, the Triple Entente warned the Ottoman Empire that "In view of these new crimes of Turkey against humanity and civilization, the Allied Governments announce publicly to the Sublime Porte that they will hold personally responsible for these crimes all members of the Ottoman Government, as well as those of their agents who are implicated in such massacres."[34]
The American Committee for Relief in the Near East (ACRNE, or "Near East Relief") was a charitable organization established to relieve the suffering of the peoples of the Near East.[35] The organization was championed by Henry Morgenthau, Sr., American ambassador to the Ottoman Empire. Morgenthau's eyewitness accounts of the mass slaughter of Armenians galvanized much support for ACRNE.[36]
The U.S. mission in the Ottoman Empire
The United States had several consulates throughout the Ottoman Empire, including locations in Edirne, Elazığ, Samsun, İzmir, Trabzon, Van, Constantinople, and another in the Syrian town of Aleppo. The United States was officially a neutral party until it joined the Allies in 1917. As the orders for deportations and massacres were enacted, many consular officials reported back to the ambassador on what they were witnessing. One such report came in September 1915 from the American consul in Kharput, Leslie Davis, who described his discovery of the bodies of nearly 10,000 Armenians dumped into several ravines near Lake Göeljuk, later referring to it as the "slaughterhouse province".[37]
Template:ImageStackRight Similar reports began to reach Morgenthau from Aleppo and Van, prompting him to raise the issue with Talaat and Enver in person. As he quoted to them the testimonies of the consulate officials, both justified the deportations as necessary to the conduct of the war, suggesting that the complicity of the Armenians of Van with the Russian forces that had overtaken the city justified the persecution of all ethnic Armenians. In his memoirs, Morgenthau later suggested that, "When the Turkish authorities gave the orders for these deportations, they were merely giving the death warrant to a whole race; they understood this well, and, in their conversations with me, they made no particular attempt to conceal the fact…"[38]
In addition to the consulates, there were also several Protestant missionary compounds established in Armenian-populated regions, including Van and Kharput. Many missionaries vividly described the brutal methods used by Ottoman forces and documented numerous instances of atrocities committed against the Christian minority.[39]
The events were reported daily in newspapers and literary journals around the world.[40] Many Americans spoke out against the Genocide, including former president Theodore Roosevelt, rabbi Stephen Wise, William Jennings Bryan, and Alice Stone Blackwell. The American Near East Relief Committee helped donate over $110 million to the Armenians.[41] In the United States and Great Britain, children were regularly reminded to clean their plates while eating and to "remember the starving Armenians".[42]
Allied forces in the Middle East
On the Middle Eastern front, the British military engaged Ottoman forces in southern Syria and Mesopotamia. British diplomat Gertrude Bell filed the following report after hearing the account of a captured Ottoman soldier:
Reacting to numerous eyewitness accounts, British politician Viscount Bryce and historian Arnold J. Toynbee compiled statements from survivors and eyewitnesses from other countries including Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Switzerland, who similarly attested to the systematized massacring of innocent Armenians by Ottoman government forces. In 1916, they published The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, 1915-1916. Although the book has since been criticized as British wartime propaganda to build up sentiment against the Central Powers, Bryce had submitted the work to scholars for verification prior to its publication. University of Oxford Regius Professor Gilbert Murray stated of the tome, "…the evidence of these letters and reports will bear any scrutiny and overpower any skepticism. Their genuineness is established beyond question."[43] Other professors, including Herbert Fisher of Sheffield University and former American Bar Association president Moorfield Storey, affirmed the same conclusion.[44]
Winston Churchill described the massacres as an "administrative holocaust" and noted that "the clearance of race from Asia Minor was about as complete as such an act could be… There is no reason to doubt that this crime was planned and executed for political reasons. The opportunity presented itself for clearing Turkish soil of a Christian race opposed to all Turkish ambitions."[45]
The joint Austrian and German mission
As allies during the war, the Imperial German mission in the Ottoman Empire included both military and civilian components. Germany had brokered a deal with the Sublime Porte to commission the building of a railroad stretching from Berlin to the Middle East, called the Baghdad Railway.
Among the most famous persons to document the massacres was German military medic Armin T. Wegner. Wegner defied state censorship in taking hundreds of photographs of Armenians being deported and subsequently starving in northern Syrian camps.[46]
German officers stationed in eastern Turkey disputed the government's assertion that Armenian revolts had broken out, suggesting that the areas were "quiet until the deportations began."[47]
Germany's diplomatic mission was lead by Ambassador Baron Hans Freiherr von Wangenheim (and later Count Paul Wolff Metternich). Like Morgenthau, von Wagenheim received many disturbing messages from consul officials around the Ottoman Empire. From the province of Adana, Consul Eugene Buge reported that the CUP chief had sworn to kill and massacre any Armenians who survived the deportation marches.[48] In June 1915, von Wagenheim sent a cable to Berlin reporting that Talat had admitted the deportations were not "being carried out because of 'military considerations alone.'" One month later, he came to the conclusion that there "no longer was doubt that the Porte was trying to exterminate the Armenian race in the Turkish Empire."[49]
When Wolff-Metternich succeeded von Wagenheim, he continued to dispatch similar cables: "The Committee [CUP] demands the extirpation of the last remnants of the Armenians and the government must yield…. A Committee representative is assigned to each of the provincial administrations…. Turkification means license to expel, to kill or destroy everything that is not Turkish."[50]
German engineers and laborers involved in building the railway also witnessed Armenians being crammed into cattle cars and shipped along the railroad line. Franz Gunther, a representative for Deutsche Bank which was funding the construction of the Baghdad Railway, forwarded photographs to his directors and expressed his frustration at having to remain silent amid such "bestial cruelty".[51] Major General Otto von Lossow, acting military attaché and head of the German Military Plenipotentiary in the Ottoman Empire, spoke to Ottoman intentions in a conference held in Batum in 1918:
Similarly, Major General Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein noted that "The Turkish policy of causing starvation is an all too obvious proof… for the Turkish resolve to destroy the Armenians."[52] Another notable figure in the German military camp was Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter, who documented various massacres of Armenians. He sent fifteen reports regarding "deportations and mass killings" to Germany's chancellor in Berlin. His final report noted that fewer than 100,000 Armenians were left alive in the Ottoman Empire; the rest had been exterminated (Template:Lang-de).[53] Scheubner-Richter also detailed the methods of the Ottoman government, noting its use of the Special Organization and other bureaucratized instruments of genocide.
Some Germans openly supported the Ottoman policy against the Armenians, as the German naval attaché in Constantinople said to U.S. Ambassador Henry Morgenthau;
In a genocide conference in 2001, professor Wolfgang Wipperman of the Free University of Berlin introduced documents evidencing that the German High Command was aware of the mass killings at the time but chose not to interfere or speak out.[54]
Russian military
The Russian Empire's response to the bombardment of its Black Sea naval ports was primarily a land campaign through the Caucasus. Early victories against the Ottoman Empire from the winter of 1914 to the spring 1915 saw significant gains of territory, including relieving the Armenian bastion resisting in the city of Van in May 1915. The Russians also reported encountering the bodies of unarmed civilian Armenians in the areas they advanced through.[55] In March 1916, the scenes they saw in the city of Erzerum led the Russians to retaliate against the Ottoman IIIrd Army whom they held responsible for the massacres, destroying it in its entirety.[56]
1919–1920 Military tribunals
Domestic courts-martial
Domestic courts-martial began on 23 November 1918. These courts were designed by Sultan Mehmed VI to punish the Committee of Union and Progress for the Empire's ill-conceived involvement in World War I. The Armenian issue was used as a tool to punish the leaders of the Committee of Union and Progress. Most of the documents generated in these courts were later moved to international trials. By January 1919, a report to Sultan Mehmed VI accused over 130 suspects, most of whom were high officials. Mehmed Talat Pasha and Ismail Enver had fled prior to 1919, anticipating the Sultan's wrath. The term Three Pashas generally refers to this prominent triumvirate held accountable for Ottoman Empire involvement in World War I.
The courts-martial officially disbanded the Committee of Union and Progress, which had actively ruled the Ottoman Empire for ten years. All the assets of the organization were transferred to the treasury, and the assets of those found guilty were moved to "teceddüt firkasi". According to verdicts handed down by the court, all members except for the Three Pashas were transferred to jails in Bekiraga, then moved to Malta. The Three Pashas were found guilty in absentia. The courts-martial blamed the members of Ittihat Terakki for pursuing a war that did not fit into the notion of Millet.
International trials
These Ottoman politicians, generals, and intellectuals were deported to Malta, where they were held for some three years, while searches were made of archives in Istanbul, London, Paris and Washington to investigate their actions.[57]
Following the Armistice of Mudros in January 1919, the preliminary Peace Conference in Paris established "The Commission on Responsibilities and Sanctions" which was chaired by U.S. Secretary of State Lansing. Following the commission's work, several articles were added to the Treaty of Sèvres, and the acting government of the Ottoman Empire, Sultan Mehmed VI and Damat Adil Ferit Pasha, were summoned to trial. The Treaty of Sèvres recognized the Democratic Republic of Armenia and planned a trial to determine those responsible for the "barbarous and illegitimate methods of warfare… [including] offenses against the laws and customs of war and the principles of humanity".[58]
Article 230 of the Treaty of Sèvres required the Ottoman Empire "hand over to the Allied Powers the persons whose surrender may be required by the latter as being responsible for the massacres committed during the continuance of the state of war on territory which formed part of the Ottoman Empire on August 1, 1914."
At the trials in Istanbul in 1919 many of those responsible for the genocide were sentenced to death in absentia, after having escaped trial in 1918. The military court established the will of the Committee of Union and Progress to eliminate the Armenians physically, via its special organization. The 1919 pronouncement reads as follows:
Operation Nemesis
"Operation Nemesis" was the Armenian Revolutionary Federation codename for the covert operation in the 1920s to assassinate the masterminds of the Armenian Genocide. It is named after the Greek goddess of divine retribution, Nemesis.
Armenian deaths, 1914 to 1918
While there is no consensus as to how many Armenians lost their lives during the Armenian Genocide, there is general agreement among western scholars that over 500,000 Armenians perished between 1914 and 1918. Estimates vary between 300,000 (per the modern Turkish state) to 1,500,000 (per modern Armenia,[59] Argentina,[60] and other states). Encyclopædia Britannica references the research of Arnold J. Toynbee, an intelligence officer of the British Foreign Office, who estimated that 600,000 Armenians "died or were massacred during deportation" in the years 1915-1916 alone.[61]
Influence of the Armenian Genocide on Adolf Hitler
The Armenian Genocide is often speculated to have influenced Adolf Hitler, owing to his various references to the Ottoman killings of Armenians.[62] The extent of Hitler's knowledge of the Armenian Genocide is unclear, though he did refer to their destruction several times.[63] The most notable quote attributed to Hitler on the Armenians is excerpted from an August 1939 military conference, prior to the invasion of Poland:
There are numerous accounts of Hitler speaking in regards to the Armenians, with at least two similar versions of the 1939 speech coming from the German High Command archives. In 1931, for example, two years prior to his ascension as Germany's leader, Hitler noted in an interview that "everywhere people are awaiting a new world order. We intend to introduce a great resettlement policy… remember the extermination of the Armenians."[64] In 1943, during the height of his attempts to exterminate the Jews in Europe, Hitler demanded of Hungarian regent Admiral Miklós Horthy that he deport the Jews from the country: "Nations which did not get rid of the Jews perished. One of the most famous examples of this was the downfall of a people who were so proud — the Persians, who now lead a pitiful existence as Armenians."[65]
Academic views
Hebrew University scholar Yehuda Bauer suggests of the Armenian Genocide, "This is the closest parallel to the Holocaust."[66] He nonetheless distinguishes several key differences between the Holocaust and the Armenian Genocide, particularly in regards to motivation:
Bauer has also suggested that the Armenian Genocide is best understood, not as having begun in 1915, but rather as "an ongoing genocide, from 1896, through 1908/9, through World War I and right up to 1923."[67] Lucy Dawidowicz also alludes to these earlier massacres as at least as significant as WWI era events:
Law professor Raphael Lemkin, who coined the term "genocide" in 1943, has stated that he did so "because it happened so many times… First to the Armenians, then after the Armenians, Hitler took action."[68] Several international organizations have conducted studies of the events, each in turn determining that the term "genocide" aptly describes "the Ottoman massacre of Armenians in 1915-1916."[69] Among the organizations affirming this conclusion are the International Center for Transitional Justice, the International Association of Genocide Scholars,[70] and the United Nations' Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities.[71][69] In 2007, The Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity produced a letter signed by 53 Nobel Laureates re-affirming the Genocide Scholars' conclusion that the 1915 killings of Armenians constituted genocide.[72][73]
While some consider denial to be a form of hate speech or politically-minded historical revisionism,[8] a small minority of western academics in the field of Ottoman history have expressed doubts as to the genocidal character of the events.[74][75][76] While these dissenting opinions are far more common among residents of modern Turkey, some academics have established reputations for having adopted the viewpoint of the Turkish state. Justin A. McCarthy of the University of Louisville, for instance, has regularly contended that the events do not constitute genocide; in 1998, the government of Turkey awarded him with the Order of Merit for his efforts.[77]
The most important counterpoint may be that of British scholar Bernard Lewis. While he had once written of "the terrible holocaust of 1915, when a million and a half Armenians perished",[78] he later came to believe that the term "genocide" was distinctly inaccurate, because the "tremendous massacres"[79] were not "a deliberate preconceived decision of the Turkish government."[80] This opinion has been joined by Guenter Lewy.[81]
While academic opinions within the modern Republic of Turkey often seem to be at odds with international consensus, this may stem from the fact that it remains illegal to speak of the Armenian Genocide in Turkey. Nobel Prize-winning Turkish novelist Orhan Pamuk faced harassment and criminal prosecution for stating that "a million Armenians were killed in these lands".[82][83]
Similarly, Hrant Dink, the ethnic Armenian chief editor of the Agos newspaper in Turkey, was prosecuted by the Turkish state three times for "denigrating Turkishness", for his having criticized the Turkish state's denial of the Armenian Genocide.[84] In 2007, he was gunned down by a Turkish nationalist.[85] Leaked photographs of the assassin apparently being revered as a national hero while in police custody, posing in front of the Turkish flag with grinning policemen,[86] gave the academic community still more pause in regards to engaging the Armenian issue.[87]
According to the scholarship of Bat Ye'or, "The genocide of the Armenians was a jihad."[88] Ye'or contends that the Islamic concepts of dhimmitude and jihad were among the "principles and values" that led to the Armenian Genocide.[89]
The Republic of Turkey and the Armenian Genocide
Template:Main The Republic of Turkey's formal stance is that the deaths of Armenians during the "relocation" or "deportation" cannot aptly be deemed "genocide." This point has been contended with a plethora of diverging justifications: that the killings were not deliberate or were not governmentally orchestrated, that the killings were justified because Armenians posed a Russian-sympathizing threat as a cultural group, that Armenians merely starved, or any of various characterizations recalling marauding "Armenian gangs."[90][91][92] Some suggestions seek to invalidate the genocide on semantic or anachronistic grounds (the word "genocide" was not coined until 1943).
Turkish World War I casualty figures are often cited to mitigate the effect of the number of Armenian dead.[93] The website of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey currently features a section entitled Archive Documents about the Atrocities and Genocide Inflicted upon Turks by Armenians, suggesting that the Turks of Anatolia experienced a genocide at the hands of the Armenians.
The website of the Turkish General Staff also offers many of its own publications intended to bolster denial of the Armenian Genocide. One such example defines the Armenians as "an incapable, parasite and greedy nation that can live only at another nation's expense."[94]
Turkish governmental sources have asserted that the historically-demonstrated "tolerance of Turkish people"[95] itself renders the Armenian Genocide an impossibility. One military document leverages 11th century history to disprove the Armenian Genocide: "It was the Seljuk Turks who saved the Armenians that came under the Turkish domination in 1071 from the Byzantine persecution and granted them the right to live as a man should."[95] A Der Spiegel article addressed this modern Turkish conception of history thus:
Public prosecutors have utilized Article 301 of the Turkish Penal Code prohibiting "insulting Turkishness" to silence some Turkish intellectuals who spoke of atrocities endured by Armenians in the last days of the Ottoman Empire.[96] Turkish state officials say that no one is currently incarcerated for expressing their ideas, and that the law may soon be amended.[97] The modern Turkish government continues to protest the formal recognition of the genocide by other countries.
Open University of Israel scholar Yair Auron, in his The Banality of Denial, has addressed the various means employed by the Turkish government to obscure the reality of the Armenian Genocide:
Recognition of the Armenian Genocide
Template:Current Template:Main Template:See also
Responding to Turkish state denials of the Armenian Genocide, many activists among Armenian Diaspora communities have pushed for formal recognition from various governments around the world. Twenty-two countries, the Welsh Assembly,[98] and 40 of the U.S. states, have adopted formal resolutions acknowledging the Armenian Genocide as a bona fide historical event.
In 2006 the French parliament has adopted a bill making it a crime to deny the Armenian genocide [99].
Turkish-Armenian intellectual Hrant Dink (who recognized the Genocide) was often critical of these recognition campaigns as being unhelpful.citation needed
In March 2007, Condoleezza Rice and Robert M. Gates signed an open letter to Congress, warning that formally recognizing the Armenian Genocide "could harm American troops in the field" by "antagonizing" Turkey.[100]
On October 10, 2007, prior to a vote by the United States House of Representatives that would condemn the events formally as genocide, Rice was joined by the other eight living U.S. Secretaries of State in calling for the measure to be defeated, in order to protect American regional interests and maintain basing rights in Turkey for American efforts in Iraq. Turkey recalled its ambassador to the United States, in an apparent reaction to the upcoming vote in the House of Representatives.[101]
However the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs approved a bill that categorised and condemned the Ottoman Empire for the Genocide, on October 10, 2007, by a 27-21 vote.[102] "While that may have been a long time ago, genocide is taking place now in Darfur, it did within recent memory in Rwanda, so as long as there is genocide there is need to speak out against it," said the speaker of the House of Representatives, Nancy Pelosi [103].
The memorial at Tsitsernakaberd
Template:Main In 1965, the 50th anniversary of the genocide, a 24-hour mass protest was initiated in Yerevan demanding recognition of the Armenian Genocide by Soviet authorities. The memorial was completed two years later, at Tsitsernakaberd above the Hrazdan gorge in Yerevan. The 44 meter stele symbolizes the national rebirth of Armenians. 12 slabs are positioned in a circle, representing 12 lost provinces in present day Turkey. At the center of the circle there is an eternal flame.
Each April 24th, hundreds of thousands of people walk to the genocide monument and lay flowers around the eternal flame.
The earliest example of the Armenian genocide on art was a medal issued in St. Petersburg, signifying Russian sympathy for Armenian suffering. It was struck in 1915, as the massacres and deportations were still raging. Since then, dozens of medals in different countries have been commissioned to commemorate the event.[104]
Several eyewitness accounts of the events were published, notably those of Swedish missionary Alma Johansson and U.S. Ambassador Henry Morgenthau, Sr. German medic Armin Wegner wrote several books about the events he witnessed while stationed in the Ottoman Empire. Years later, having returned to Germany, Wegner was imprisoned for opposing Nazism,[105] and his books were subjected to Nazi book burnings.[106] Nonetheless, the most famous piece of literature concerning the Armenian Genocide is Franz Werfel's The Forty Days of Musa Dagh. Published in 1933, Werfel's work became a best-seller.
Kurt Vonnegut's 1988 novel Bluebeard features the Armenian Genocide as an underlying theme. Other novels incorporating the Armenian Genocide include Louis de Berniéres' Birds without Wings, Edgar Hilsenrath's German-language The Fairytale of the Last Thought, and Stefan Żeromski's 1925 The Spring to Come. A story in Edward Saint-Ivan's 2006 anthology "The Black Knight's God" includes a fictional survivor of the Armenian Genocide.
The first film about the Armenian Genocide appeared in 1919, a Hollywood production entitled Ravished Armenia. It resonated with acclaimed director Atom Egoyan, influencing his 2002 Ararat. There are also references in Elia Kazan's America, America or Henri Verneuil's Mayrig. At the Berlin Film Festival of 2007 Italian directors Paolo and Vittorio Taviani presented another film about the events, based on Antonia Arslan's book, La Masseria Delle Allodole (The Farm of the Larks).[107] Richard Kalinoski's play, Beast on the Moon, is about two Armenian Genocide survivors.
The works of Arshile Gorky, an Armenian expatriate whose mother starved to death in the genocide, were often speculated to have been informed by the suffering and loss of the period.[108] Gorky was a seminal figure of Abstract Expressionism.
In 1975 famous French-Armenian singer Charles Aznavour recorded the song "Ils sont tombés" ("They Fell"), dedicated to the memory of Armenian Genocide victims.[109]
American composer and singer Daniel Decker has achieved critical acclaim for his collaborations with Armenian composer Ara Gevorgian. The song "Adana", named for the province of a 1909 pogrom of the Armenian people, tells the story of the Armenian Genocide. "Adana" has been translated into 17 languages and recorded by singers around the world.[110]
The band System of a Down, composed of four descendants of Armenian Genocide survivors, has promoted awareness of the Armenian Genocide, through its lyrics and concerts.[111]
In late 2003, Diamanda Galás released the album "Defixiones, Will and Testament: Orders from the Dead," an 80-minute memorial tribute to the Armenian, Greek, Assyrian and Hellenic victims of the genocide in Turkey. "The performance is an angry meditation on genocide and the politically cooperative denial of it, in particular the Turkish and American denial of the Armenian, Assyrian, and Anatolian Greek genocides from 1914 to 1923".[112]
Documentary films
- 1975 - The Forgotten Genocide (dir. J. Michael Hagopian)
- 1983 - Assignment Berlin (dir. Hrayr Toukhanian)
- 1988 - Tillbaka till Ararat (Back to Ararat, dir. Jim Downing, Göran Gunér)
- 1988 - An Armenian Journey (dir. Theodore Bogosian)
- 1990 - General Andranik (director: Levon Mkrtchyan)
- 2000 - I Will Not Be Sad in This World (dir. Karina Epperlein)
- 2003 - Germany and the Secret Genocide (dir. J. Michael Hagopian)
- 2003 - Voices From the Lake: A Film About the Secret Genocide (dir. J. Michael Hagopian)
- 2003 - Desecration (dir. Hrair "Hawk" Khatcherian)
- 2003 - The Armenian Genocide: A Look Through Our Eyes (dir. Vatche Arabian)
- 2005 - Hovhannes Shiraz (dir. Levon Mkrtchyan)
- 2006 - The Armenian Genocide (dir. Andrew Goldberg)
- 2006 - Armenian Revolt (dir. Marty Callaghan)
- 2006 - Screamers (dir. Carla Garapedian)
See also
- Armenian-Turkish relations
- Denial of the Armenian Genocide
- Recognition of the Armenian Genocide
- Anti-Armenianism
- Fall of the Ottoman Empire
- Armenian diaspora
- Armenians in the Ottoman Empire
- Operation Nemesis
- Ararat, a film by Atom Egoyan
- The Forty Days of Musa Dagh, a novel by Franz Werfel
- Assyrian Genocide
- Pontic Greek Genocide
- ↑ Dadrian, Vahakn N. The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus. Oxford: Berghahn Books, 1995 p. 192 ISBN 1-5718-1666-6
- ↑ Melson, Robert. Revolution and Genocide: On the Origins of the Armenian Genocide and the Holocaust. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992. pp. 54–6 ISBN 0-2265-1991-0
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite journal
- ↑ Template:Cite book
- ↑ Template:Cite journal
- ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Template:Cite news
- ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ Balakian. The Burning Tigris, p. 200
- ↑ Balakian. The Burning Tigris, pp. 211–2
- ↑ Balakian. The Burning Tigris, pp. 186–8
- ↑ Fisk. Great War for Civilisation, pp. 329–31
- ↑ Fromkin. A Peace to End All Peace, pp. 212–3
- ↑ http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/chapters/ch2_voices2.html
- ↑ The hidden holocaust - by Ruth Rosen
- ↑ Balakian. The Burning Tigris, p. 178
- ↑ Toynbee, Arnold. Armenian Atrocities: The Murder of a Nation. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1915. pp. 181–2
- ↑ Template:Cite web
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- ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 (French) Kotek, Joël and Pierre Rigoulot. Le Siècle des camps: Détention, concentration, extermination: cent ans de mal radica. JC Lattes, 2000 ISBN 2-7096-1884-2 Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ Eitan Belkind was a Nili member, who infiltrated the Ottoman army as an official. He was assigned to the headquarters of Camal Pasha. He claims to have witnessed the burning of 5,000 Armenians, quoted in Yair Auron, The Banality of Indifference: Zionism and the Armenian Genocide. New Brunswick, N.J., 2000, pp. 181, 183. Lt. Hasan Maruf, of the Ottoman army, describes how a population of a village were taken all together, and then burned. See, British Foreign Office 371/2781/264888, Appendices B., p. 6). Also, the Commander of the Third Army, Vehib's 12 pages affidavit, which was dated December 5, 1918, presented in the Trabzon trial series (March 29, 1919) included in the Key Indictment(published in Takvimi Vekayi, No. 3540, May 5, 1919), report such a mass burning of the population of an entire village near Mus. S. S. McClure write in his work, Obstacles to Peace, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1917. pp. 400–1, that in Bitlis, Mus and Sassoun, The shortest method for disposing of the women and children concentrated in tile various camps was to burn them. And also that, Turkish prisoners who had apparently witnessed some of these scenes were horrified and maddened at the remembering the sight. They told the Russians that the stench of the burning human flesh permeated the air for many days after. The Germans, Ottoman allies, also witnessed the way Armenians were burned according to the Israeli historian, Bat Ye'or, who writes: The Germans, allies of the Turks in the First World War, …saw how civil populations were shut up in churches and burned, or gathered en masse in camps, tortured to death, and reduced to ashes,… (See: B. Ye'or, The Dhimmi. The Jews and Christians under Islam, Trans. from the French by D. Maisel P. Fenton and D. Liftman, Cranbury, N.J.: Frairleigh Dickinson University, 1985. p. 95)
- ↑ During the Trabzon trial series, of the Martial court (from the sittings between March 26 and Mat 17, 1919), the Trabzons Health Services Inspector Dr. Ziya Fuad wrote in a report that Dr. Saib, caused the death of children with the injection of morphine, the information was allegedly provided by two physicians (Drs. Ragib and Vehib), both Dr. Saib colleagues at Trabzons Red Crescent hospital, where those atrocities were said to have been committed. (See: Vahakn N. Dadrian, The Turkish Military Tribunal's Prosecution of the Authors of the Armenian Genocide: Four Major Court-Martial Series, Genocide Study Project, H. F. Guggenheim Foundation, published in The Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Volume 11, Number 1, Spring 1997). Dr. Ziya Fuad, and Dr. Adnan, public health services director of Trabzon, submitted affidavits, reporting a cases, in which, two school buildings were used to organize children and then sent them on the mezzanine, to kill them with a toxic gas equipment. This case was presented during the Session 3, p.m., 1 April 1919, also published in the Constantinople newspaper Renaissance, 27 April 1919 (for more information, see: Vahakn N. Dadrian, The Role of Turkish Physicians in the World War I Genocide of Ottoman Armenians, in The Holocaust and Genocide Studies 1, no. 2 (1986): 169–192). The Ottoman surgeon, Dr. Haydar Cemal wrote in Türkce Istanbul, No. 45, 23 December 1918, also published in Renaissance, 26 December 1918, that on the order of the Chief Sanitation Office of the IIIrd Army in January 1916, when the spread of typhus was an acute problem, innocent Armenians slated for deportation at Erzican were inoculated with the blood of typhoid fever patients without rendering that blood 'inactive'. Jeremy Hugh Baron writes : Individual doctors were directly involved in the massacres, having poisoned infants, killed children and issued false certificates of death from natural causes. Nazim's brother-in-law Dr. Tevfik Rushdu, Inspector-General of Health Services, organized the disposal of Armenian corpses with thousands of kilos of lime over six months; he became foreign secretary from 1925 to 1938. (See: Jeremy Hugh Baron, Genocidal Doctors, publish in Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, November, 1999, 92, pp. 590–3). The psychiatrist, Robert Jay Lifton, writes in a parenthesis when introducing the crimes of NAZI doctors in his book Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide, Basic Books, (1986) p. xii: (Perhaps Turkish doctors, in their participation in the genocide against the Armenians, come closest, as I shall later suggest). and drowning.
- ↑ Oscar S. Heizer, the American consul at Trabzon, reports: This plan did not suit Nail Bey…. Many of the children were loaded into boats and taken out to sea and thrown overboard. (See: U.S. National Archives. R.G. 59. 867. 4016/411. April 11, 1919 report.) The Italian consul of Trabzon in 1915, Giacomo Gorrini, writes: I saw thousands of innocent women and children placed on boats which were capsized in the Black Sea. (See: Toronto Globe, August 26, 1915) Hoffman Philip, the American Charge at Constantinople chargé d'affairs, writes: Boat loads sent from Zor down the river arrived at Ana, one thirty miles away, with three fifths of passengers missing. (Cipher telegram, July 12, 1916. U.S. National Archives, R.G. 59.867.48/356.) The Trabzon trials reported Armenians having been drown in the Black Sea. (Takvimi Vekdyi, No. 3616, August 6, 1919, p. 2.)
- ↑ Ferguson. War of the World p. 177
- ↑ 1915 declaration
- Affirmation of the United States Record on the Armenian Genocide Resolution 106th Congress,,2nd Session, House of Representatives
- Affirmation of the United States Record on the Armenian Genocide Resolution (Introduced in House of Representatives) 109th Congress, 1st Session, H.RES.316, June 14, 2005. 15 September 2005 House Committee/Subcommittee:International Relations actions. Status: Ordered to be Reported by the Yeas and Nays: 40 - 7.
- "Crimes Against Humanity", 23 British Yearbook of International Law (1946) p. 181
- William A. Schabas, Genocide in International Law: The Crimes of Crimes, Cambridge University Press, 2000, pp. 16–7
- Original source of the telegram sent by the Department of State, Washington containing the French, British and Russian joint declaration
- ↑ SIXTY-SIXTH CONGRESS. SESS. I. CH. 32. 1919 August 6, 1919. [S. 180.] [Public No. 25] District of Columbia, Near East Relief incorporated.
- ↑ New York Times Dispatch. WOULD SEND HERE 550,000 ARMENIANS; Morgenthau Urges Scheme to Save Them From Turks. The New York Times, September 13, 1915.
- ↑ Balakian. Burning Tigris, pp. 244–5, 314
- ↑ In his memoirs, Morgenthau noted "When the Turkish authorities gave the orders for these deportations, they were merely giving the death warrant to a whole race; they understood this well, and, in their conversations with me, they made no particular attempt to conceal the fact…. I am confident that the whole history of the human race contains no such horrible episode as this. The great massacres and persecutions of the past seem almost insignificant when compared to the sufferings of the Armenian race in 1915."
- ↑ See, for example, James L. Barton, Turkish Atrocities: Statements of American Missionaries on the Destruction of Christian Communities in Ottoman Turkey, 1915-1917. Gomidas Institute, 1998 ISBN 1-8846-3004-9
- ↑ Balakian. The Burning Tigris, pp. 282–5
- ↑ The Armenian Genocide. Prod. by Goldberg, Andrew. Two Cats Productions. DVD, 2006
- ↑ Macmillan, Margaret and Richard Holbrooke. Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World. New York: Random House, 2001 p. 378 ISBN 0-3757-6052-0
- ↑ Dadrian. History of the Armenian Genocide, p. 228
- ↑ Dadrian. History of the Armenian Genocide, pp. 228–9
- ↑ Churchill, Winston. The World Crisis, 1911-1918. London: Free Press, 2005. p. 157
- ↑ Fisk. Great War for Civilisation, p. 326
- ↑ Fromkin, David. A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East. New York: Owl, 1989 p. 212 ISBN 0-8050-6884-8
- ↑ Balakian. Burning Tigris, p. 186
- ↑ Fromkin. A Peace to End All Peace, p. 213
- ↑ Auswärtiges Amt, West German Foreign Office Archives, K170, no. 4674, folio 63, op. cit. in Burning Tigris, p. 186
- ↑ Ibid, p. 326
- ↑ Dadrian. History of the Armenian Genocide, p. 350
- ↑ Fisk. Great War for Civilisation, pp. 329–30
- ↑ Fisk. Great War for Civilisation, p. 331
- ↑ MASSACRE BY TURKS IN CAUCASUS TOWNS; Armenians Led Out Into the Streets and Shot or Drowned -- Old Friends Not Spared.
- ↑ New York Times Dispatch. Russians Slaughter Turkish IIIrd Army: Give No Quarter to Men Held Responsible for the Massacre of Armenians. The New York Times, March 6, 1916.
- ↑ Türkei By Klaus-Detlev. Grothusen
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ French in Armenia 'genocide' row, BBC News, 12 October 2006
- ↑ Turkey protests Harper's marking of genocide, by Allan Woods, The Ottawa Citizen, May 06, 2006
- ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica: Death toll of the Armenian Massacres
- ↑ Template:Cite book
- ↑ Fisk. Great War for Civilisation, p. 330
- ↑ Fisk. Great War for Civilisation, p. 330.
- ↑ Gilbert, Martin. The Holocaust: A History of the Jews of Europe During the Second World War. New York: Henry Holt & Company, 1985 p. 556 ISBN 0-8050-0348-7.
- ↑ Yehuda Bauer, The Place of the Holocaust in Contemporary History, via Holocaust: Religious & Philosophical Implications
- ↑ Bauer, Yehuda. Can Genocides be Prevented?, [1]
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ 69.0 69.1 Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Armeniapedia: International Center for Transitional Justice
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Gilles Veinstein, "Trois questions sur un massacre", L'Histoire, no. 187 (April 1995), pp. 40–1.
- ↑ Jeremy Salt, "The Narrative Gap in Ottoman Armenian History, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol 39, No 1, January 2003 pp 19-36
- ↑ Erickons, E.J., 2006. Armenian Massacres: New Records Undercut Old Blame. The Middle East Quarterly. Summer 2006, Vol.13, No.3.
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Bostom, Andrew. "Dhimmitude and The Doyen", New English Review, November 10, 2006. Retrieved April 26, 2007.
- ↑ Statement of Professor Bernard Lewis, Princeton University, "Distinguishing Armenian Case from Holocaust", Assembly of Turkish American Associations, April 14, 2002 (PDF)
- ↑ Getler, Michael. "Documenting and Debating a 'Genocide'", The Ombudsman Column, PBS, April 21, 2006. Retrieved October 9, 2006.
- ↑ Lewy, Guenter. The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide
- ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ BBC News — "Author's trial set to test Turkey" — 14 December 2005
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Samast'a jandarma karakolunda kahraman muamelesi, Radikal, 2007-02-02
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ [2]
- ↑ Ye'or, Bat. Islam and Dhimmitude, p. 374.
- ↑ [3]
- ↑ [4]
- ↑ [5]
- ↑ [6]
- ↑ http://www.tsk.mil.tr//eng/ermeni_sorunu_salonu/book.htm
- ↑ 95.0 95.1 [7]
- ↑ Obituary: Ayse Nur Zarakolu by Felix Corley, Independent, February 14 2002.
- ↑ President of Turkey defends rights record International Herald Tribune, October 03 2007.
- ↑ National Assembly of Wales: Armenian Genocide statement
- ↑ [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6043730.stm French in Armenia 'genocide' row, BBC News, 12 October 2006
- ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ Bush opposes Armenian genocide measure, Desmond Butler, Associated Press, October 10, 2007
- ↑ US House Speaker: Armenian Genocide Measure Will Go Forward // Voice of America News, 11 October 2007
- ↑ Template:Cite book
- ↑ http://hgs.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/8/3/395
- ↑ Aktion Patenschaften für verbrannte Bücher e.V.: Autorenseite Wegners
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Arshile Gorky and the Armenian genocide
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
External links
- Armenian Genocide on the Armeniapedia.org website (Wegner photos)
- Armenian National Institute (photos)
- The Armenian Genocide, at www.theforgotten.org, has videos of interviews with survivors
- Center for Holocaust & Genocide Studies, at University of Minnesota
- Akçam, Taner, From Empire to Republic: Turkish Nationalism and the Armenian Genocide, Zed Books, 2004
- Akçam, Taner. A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility. Metropolitan Books, 2006
- Balakian, Peter. The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response. New York: Perennial, 2003
- Bartov, Omer, Mirrors of Destruction: War, Genocide and Modern Identity, Oxford Univ. Press, 2000
- Dadrian, Vahakn, N. The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus Berghahn Books, 1995
- Dündar, Fuat, Ittihat ve Terakki'nin Müslümanlari Iskan Politikasi (1913-18), Iletisim, 2001
- Fisk, Robert, The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East London: Alfred Knopf, 2005
- Gaunt, David. Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia During World War I Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2006. ISBN 1-59333-301-3.
- Gust, Wolfgang, Der Völkermord an den Armeniern, Zu Klampen, 2005
- Lepsius, Johannes. Deutschland und Armenien 1914–1918, Sammlung diplomatischer Aktenstücke. Donat & Temmen Verlag, 1986
- Melson, Robert, Revolution and Genocide. On the Origins of the Armenian Genocide and the Holocaust, The University of Chicago Press, 1996
- Power, Samantha. "A Problem from Hell": America and the Age of Genocide. Harper, 2003
- Wallimann, Isidor (ed.): Genocide and the Modern Age: Etiology and Case Studies of Mass Death, Syracuse Univ. Press, 2000
- Graber, G.S. Caravans to Oblivion: The Armenian Genocide 1915. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1996
- Template:Cite web
- Template:Cite web</div>
- Walker, Christopher J. Armenia: The Survival of a Nation, Revised Second Edition. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press, 1990. 476 pp.
Template:Armenian topics Template:World War Iaf:Armeense volksmoordbs:Armenski genocidca:Genocidi armeni cs:Arménská genocida da:Det armenske folkedrab de:Völkermord an den Armenierneo:Armena genocido fa:نسلکشی ارمنیهاgl:Xenocidio armenio ko:아르메니아인 학살 사건 hy:Հայոց Ցեղասպանություն hr:Armenski genocid id:Genosida Armeniahe:שואת הארמנים ka:სომხების გენოციდი ku:Komkujiya Ermeniyan lv:Armēņu genocīds lt:Armėnų genocidas hu:Örmény holokausztms:Genosid Armenia nl:Armeense genocide ja:アルメニア人虐殺問題 no:Folkemordet på armenerne pl:Rzeź Ormiansq:Gjenocidi Armen simple:Armenian Genocide sl:Armenski genocidsh:Armenski genocid fi:Armenialaisten kansanmurha sv:Armeniska folkmordet tr:Ermeni soykırımı iddiaları uk:Геноцид вірмен в Туреччині zh:亚美尼亚种族大屠杀
The hierarch of the Armenian Church is the Catholicos of Armenia. The current Catholicos is Garegin II, who resides in the city of Echmiadzin, west of Yerevan. However, a minority of the church has recognized instead the Catholicos of Cilicia, who resides in Antilyas in Lebanon, as a result of a dispute that emerged while Armenia was under Communist rule.
Armenian Christianity Outside of Armenia
Today there are large Armenian Orthodox congreations in many middle-eastern countries outside Armenia. Of particular importance is the Armenian Apostolic Church of Iran, where Armenians are the largest Christian ethnic minority. The Armenian Church also is one of the churches (together with the Orthodox Church, the Roman Catholic Church, the Copts, Ethiopians and Syrians) which cooperates in the use and administration of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem).
In America, the Armenian Church maintains St. Vartan Cathedral in New York City, and St. Nersess Seminary in New Rochelle, NY. The latter cooperates very closely with St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary (Crestwood, New York).
- Frequently Asked Questions About the Armenian Church by Fr. Krikor Maksoudian
- Feasts and Saints of the Armenian Chuch by Patriarch Torkom Koushagian
- Portions of this article have been taken, with modifications, from Wikipedia:Armenian Apostolic Church
- The Armenian Apostolic Church in America
External links
- The Armenian Church - The Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin
- Western Diocese of the Armenian Church of North America
- Eastern Diocese of the Armenian Church of America
- St. Nersess Armenian Seminary
- St. Vartan Bookstore
- Eastern Christian Churches: Armenian Apostolic Church by Ronald Roberson, a Roman Catholic priest and scholar
- Armeniapedia - Armenian Apostolic Church
- Wikipedia:Armenian Apostolic Church
- Pages with reference errors
- Pages with broken file links
- Articles lacking citations
- Articles using fixed number of columns in reflist
- Anti-Armenianism
- Armenian Genocide
- Genocide
- History of Armenia
- History of Turkey
- Ottoman Empire and World War I
- Anti-national sentiment
- Nationalism
- Ethnic cleansing
- Religion and politics
- Jurisdictions
- Oriental Orthodox
Categories > Church History > Canon Law > Ecclesiology > Jurisdictions
Categories > Church History > Canon Law > Ecclesiology > Jurisdictions > Oriental Orthodox
Categories > Church History > Schisms


text:
Thousands join Facebook campaign to save Time FM's Soul Syndicate sessions
PUBLISHED: 09:00 06 May 2012 | UPDATED: 10:03 08 May 2012
»More than 3,000 people have joined a Facebook campaign calling for much-loved soul music sessions to return to Havering's Time radio station.
Time FM 107.5's Soul Syndicate DJs have been playing between midday and 6pm every Saturday and Sunday, and weekday evenings, for around three years.
But fans were left angry and upset when they tuned in last weekend to discover the plug had been pulled on their favourite shows.
Now an online Save Our Soul Syndicate page is calling for broadcasters to bring back the popular sessions.
Organiser Chriss Herwig, 46, said: "I've been listening for as long as I can remember. It's the music my kids grew up on; it means everything to me."
The site attracted hundreds of followers within just 24 hours of launching, on Monday. The mum-of-two, from Dagenham, added: "Surely it shows how much people want it to carry on."
Presenter Mark Dover, in charge of the station following departure of managing director Peter Stremes, said he told the company which runs the shows, Centreforce, that "things had to change ie it was political" – but it "would not abide".
Jimmy Low, of Centreforce, said he had been called to Time offices and told the weekend sessions would be slashed to its week night hours of 8pm-midnight.
"Playing all day Saturday and Sunday is what we're about," he said.
"People love it. As soon as I was told that, I walked into the studio, packed my equipment, and left."
Jimmy added: "We brought the biggest DJs in the country; we have made Time FM into a credible talked-about station. The Soul Syndicate has a massive, massive following. We make people happy."
Adam Philbrick, 44, from Hornchurch, said: "The DJs did it for the love of the music and not for the money. Not many stations play that kind of music these days – so many of the fans are gutted." Georgie Bromfield founder of '80s jazz funk band Second Image has thrown his weight behind the crusade.


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text:
- Page 1 Samsung S27A850D (SA850 27in)
- Page 2 Adjustability, Connectivity and Controls/OSD
- Page 3 Image quality, Value and Verdict
Of course, no matter how good a monitor is in other regards, image quality is still the primary consideration. So how does Samsung's 27in PLS hold up? Well, despite a few relatively minor negatives, overall it's frankly spiffing.
While contrast isn't quite as good as on the best PVA-based displays, blacks are reasonably black and whites are pure. There is some noticeable contrast shift, which can, for example, make it appear that there is backlight bleed when viewing a black screen in a dark environment (there isn't, as backlighting is impressively even with no visible bleed). However, while this issue is slightly worse than on the best IPS monitors we've seen, and can become a little bothersome once you start noticing it, PLS has advantages too – and from here on the news with our S27A850D is only good.
Contrast might not be the best, but it's certainly sophisticated, thanks to a dynamic contrast system that actually works and a light sensor that dims or brightens the display according to its environment. Dark detailing is also on a par with the best of the rest, as you would expect from a premium panel.
Colours, meanwhile, pop off the screen with such vibrancy they almost look oversaturated, though they're actually quite accurate after minimal calibration. The semi-matt finish helps prevent too much reflection.
Unlike with contrast, colour accuracy remains perfect no matter how far to the side you sit, and with this in mind viewing angles do actually appear superior to IPS as Samsung indicated. Though it's a difference that might not affect real-world usage too frequently, it's nonetheless impressive, and simply the best performance in this regard that we have seen from an LCD display.
Overdriven to 5ms GTG (overdrive is adjustable and can be turned off), it's also fast enough for all but hardcore gamers, though if you want the best performance in this regard, a quick TN panel like that found in the BenQ XL2410T is still the way to go – the one area where that cheaper panel tech is superior.
Overall then, if you can live with the slight contrast shift issues and average black level, this is a stunning monitor. There's not even the slightest hint of banding or other artefacts to detract from a very strong overall performance.
It's also worth noting that, unlike CCFL-backlit displays, the S27A850D stayed nice and cool, emitting almost no heat, nor did it suffer from the mild buzzing that's an annoyance on some monitors. Energy use is concurrently lower too, with its 60W average putting it into the same class as the LED-backlit Hazro HZ27. Its extensive Eco modes aside, the S27A850D also sports a proximity sensor that can put the display into standby if it doesn't detect anyone nearby – a neat feature for large businesses.
Where value is concerned, Samsung has hit the nail on the head, with its 27in display retailing for around £540. This is competitive for a 2,540 x 1,440, IPS-equivalent monitor, and when you throw in the superb adjustability, multiple digital video connections and USB 3.0 hub, it's actually excellent value – especially with the current price likely to go down once it becomes widely available.
Hazro is undoubtedly Samsung's biggest competitor here. Apart from the aforementioned budget Hazro HZ27, the company also offers a 'professional', fully-adjustable 27in IPS display with a matt finish in the shape of the HZ27WB. However, it does only have one DVI input, offers no resolution scaling or even an OSD, though you do get all-metal construction, a thinner 16mm bezel, a wide colour gamut (a stonking 110 percent NTSC thanks to its extended CCFL backlighting) – and it's available for a mere £491. Moreover, we haven't reviewed it yet so can't say whether it's a great alternative (keep an eye out for a review soon).
Though it's not quite the perfect evolution we were hoping for, we're still impressed by Samsung's brand-new 27in PLS-based monitor. It's slim and fairly well-built, and has generous connectivity, class-leading adjustability and innovative features galore. On that all-important image quality front its 2,560 x 1,440 panel holds up very well indeed against rival IPS, with only increased contrast shift tarnishing an otherwise excellent showing.
Score in detail
Image Quality 8
Design 8
Value 8
Features 9