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Aerosols and Climate
Bjørn H. Samset
Among the factors that affect the climate, few are as diverse and challenging to understand as aerosols. Minute particles suspended in the atmosphere, aerosols are emitted through a wide range of natural and industrial processes, and are transported around the globe by winds and weather. Once airborne, they affect the climate both directly, through scattering and absorption of solar radiation, and indirectly, through their impact on cloud properties. Combining all their effects, anthropogenic changes to aerosol concentrations are estimated to have had a climate impact over the industrial era that is second only to CO2. Their atmospheric lifetime of only a few days, however, makes their climate effects substantially different from those of well-mixed greenhouse gases.
Major aerosol types include sea salt, dust, sulfate compounds, and black carbon—or soot—from incomplete combustion. Of these, most scatter incoming sunlight back to space, and thus mainly cool the climate. Black carbon, however, absorbs sunlight, and therefore acts as a heating agent much like a greenhouse gas. Furthermore, aerosols can act as cloud condensation nuclei, causing clouds to become whiter—and thus more reflecting—further cooling the surface. Black carbon is again a special case, acting to change the stability of the atmosphere through local heating of the upper air, and also changing the albedo of the surface when it is deposited on snow and ice, for example.
The wide range of climate interactions that aerosols have, and the fact that their distribution depends on the weather at the time and location of emission, lead to large uncertainties in the scientific assessment of their impact. This in turn leads to uncertainties in our present understanding of the climate sensitivity, because while aerosols have predominantly acted to oppose 20th-century global warming by greenhouse gases, the magnitude of aerosol effects on climate is highly uncertain.
Finally, aerosols are important for large-scale climate events such as major volcanoes, or the threat of nuclear winter. The relative ease with which they can be produced and distributed has led to suggestions for using targeted aerosol emissions to counteract global warming—so-called climate engineering.
Atmospheric Blocking in Observation and Models
Stefano Tibaldi and Franco Molteni
The atmospheric circulation in the mid-latitudes of both hemispheres is usually dominated by westerly winds and by planetary-scale and shorter-scale synoptic waves, moving mostly from west to east. A remarkable and frequent exception to this "usual" behavior is atmospheric blocking. Blocking occurs when the usual zonal flow is hindered by the establishment of a large-amplitude, quasi-stationary, high-pressure meridional circulation structure which "blocks" the flow of the westerlies and the progression of the atmospheric waves and disturbances embedded in them. Such blocking structures can have lifetimes varying from a few days to several weeks in the most extreme cases. Their presence can strongly affect the weather of large portions of the mid-latitudes, leading to the establishment of anomalous meteorological conditions. These can take the form of strong precipitation episodes or persistent anticyclonic regimes, leading in turn to floods, extreme cold spells, heat waves, or short-lived droughts. Even air quality can be strongly influenced by the establishment of atmospheric blocking, with episodes of high concentrations of low-level ozone in summer and of particulate matter and other air pollutants in winter, particularly in highly populated urban areas.
Atmospheric blocking has the tendency to occur more often in winter and in certain longitudinal quadrants, notably the Euro-Atlantic and the Pacific sectors of the Northern Hemisphere. In the Southern Hemisphere, blocking episodes are generally less frequent, and the longitudinal localization is less pronounced than in the Northern Hemisphere.
Blocking has aroused the interest of atmospheric scientists since the middle of the last century, with the pioneering observational works of Berggren, Bolin, Rossby, and Rex, and has become the subject of innumerable observational and theoretical studies. The purpose of such studies was originally to find a commonly accepted structural and phenomenological definition of atmospheric blocking. The investigations went on to study blocking climatology in terms of the geographical distribution of its frequency of occurrence and the associated seasonal and inter-annual variability. Well into the second half of the 20th century, a large number of theoretical dynamic works on blocking formation and maintenance started appearing in the literature. Such theoretical studies explored a wide range of possible dynamic mechanisms, including large-amplitude planetary-scale wave dynamics, including Rossby wave breaking, multiple equilibria circulation regimes, large-scale forcing of anticyclones by synoptic-scale eddies, finite-amplitude non-linear instability theory, and influence of sea surface temperature anomalies, to name but a few. However, to date no unique theoretical model of atmospheric blocking has been formulated that can account for all of its observational characteristics.
When numerical, global short- and medium-range weather predictions started being produced operationally, and with the establishment, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, it quickly became of relevance to assess the capability of numerical models to predict blocking with the correct space-time characteristics (e.g., location, time of onset, life span, and decay). Early studies showed that models had difficulties in correctly representing blocking as well as in connection with their large systematic (mean) errors.
Despite enormous improvements in the ability of numerical models to represent atmospheric dynamics, blocking remains a challenge for global weather prediction and climate simulation models. Such modeling deficiencies have negative consequences not only for our ability to represent the observed climate but also for the possibility of producing high-quality seasonal-to-decadal predictions. For such predictions, representing the correct space-time statistics of blocking occurrence is, especially for certain geographical areas, extremely important.
Changes in Precipitation Over Southern Africa During Recent Centuries
David Nash
Precipitation levels in southern Africa exhibit a marked east–west gradient and are characterized by strong seasonality and high interannual variability. Much of the mainland south of 15°S exhibits a semiarid to dry subhumid climate. More than 66 percent of rainfall in the extreme southwest of the subcontinent occurs between April and September. Rainfall in this region—termed the winter rainfall zone (WRZ)—is most commonly associated with the passage of midlatitude frontal systems embedded in the austral westerlies. In contrast, more than 66 percent of mean annual precipitation over much of the remainder of the subcontinent falls between October and March. Climates in this summer rainfall zone (SRZ) are dictated by the seasonal interplay between subtropical high-pressure systems and the migration of easterly flows associated with the Intertropical Convergence Zone. Fluctuations in both SRZ and WRZ rainfall are linked to the variability of sea-surface temperatures in the oceans surrounding southern Africa and are modulated by the interplay of large-scale modes of climate variability, including the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Southern Indian Ocean Dipole, and Southern Annular Mode.
Ideas about long-term rainfall variability in southern Africa have shifted over time. During the early to mid-19th century, the prevailing narrative was that the climate was progressively desiccating. By the late 19th to early 20th century, when gauged precipitation data became more readily available, debate shifted toward the identification of cyclical rainfall variation. The integration of gauge data, evidence from historical documents, and information from natural proxies such as tree rings during the late 20th and early 21st centuries, has allowed the nature of precipitation variability since ~1800 to be more fully explored.
Drought episodes affecting large areas of the SRZ occurred during the first decade of the 19th century, in the early and late 1820s, late 1850s–mid-1860s, mid-late 1870s, earlymid-1880s, and mid-late 1890s. Of these episodes, the drought during the early 1860s was the most severe of the 19th century, with those of the 1820s and 1890s the most protracted. Many of these droughts correspond with more extreme ENSO warm phases.
Widespread wetter conditions are less easily identified. The year 1816 appears to have been relatively wet across the Kalahari and other areas of south central Africa. Other wetter episodes were centered on the late 1830s–early 1840s, 1855, 1870, and 1890. In the WRZ, drier conditions occurred during the first decade of the 19th century, for much of the mid-late 1830s through to the mid-1840s, during the late 1850s and early 1860s, and in the early-mid-1880s and mid-late 1890s. As for the SRZ, markedly wetter years are less easily identified, although the periods around 1815, the early 1830s, mid-1840s, mid-late 1870s, and early 1890s saw enhanced rainfall. Reconstructed rainfall anomalies for the SRZ suggest that, on average, the region was significantly wetter during the 19th century than the 20th and that there appears to have been a drying trend during the 20th century that has continued into the early 21st. In the WRZ, average annual rainfall levels appear to have been relatively consistent between the 19th and 20th centuries, although rainfall variability increased during the 20th century compared to the 19th.
Climate Change and Carbon Cycle Feedbacks
Pierre Friedlingstein
Climate and carbon cycle are tightly coupled on many time scales, from the interannual to the multimillennial. Observation always shows a positive feedback between climate and the carbon cycle: elevated atmospheric CO2 leads to warming, but warming is expected to further release of carbon to the atmosphere, enhancing the atmospheric CO2 increase. Earth system models do represent these climate–carbon cycle feedbacks, always simulating a positive feedback over the 21st century; that is, climate change will lead to loss of carbon from the land and ocean reservoirs. These processes partially offset the increases in land and ocean carbon sinks caused by rising atmospheric CO2. As a result, more of the emitted anthropogenic CO2 will remain in the atmosphere. There is, however, a large uncertainty on the magnitude of this feedback. Recent studies now help to reduce this uncertainty. On short, interannual, time scales, El Niño years record larger-than-average atmospheric CO2 growth rate, with tropical land ecosystems being the main drivers. These climate–carbon cycle anomalies can be used as emerging constraint on the tropical land carbon response to future climate change. On a longer, centennial, time scale, the variability of atmospheric CO2 found in records of the last millennium can be used to constrain the overall global carbon cycle response to climate. These independent methods confirm that the climate–carbon cycle feedback is positive, but probably more consistent with the lower end of the comprehensive models range, excluding very large climate–carbon cycle feedbacks.
Climate Change Scenarios and African Climate Change
Kerry H. Cook
Accurate projections of climate change under increasing atmospheric greenhouse gas levels are needed to evaluate the environmental cost of anthropogenic emissions, and to guide mitigation efforts. These projections are nowhere more important than Africa, with its high dependence on rain-fed agriculture and, in many regions, limited resources for adaptation. Climate models provide our best method for climate prediction but there are uncertainties in projections, especially on regional space scale. In Africa, limitations of observational networks add to this uncertainty since a crucial step in improving model projections is comparisons with observations. Exceeding uncertainties associated with climate model simulation are uncertainties due to projections of future emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. Humanity's choices in emissions pathways will have profound effects on climate, especially after the mid-century.
The African Sahel is a transition zone characterized by strong meridional precipitation and temperature gradients. Over West Africa, the Sahel marks the northernmost extent of the West African monsoon system. The region's climate is known to be sensitive to sea surface temperatures, both regional and global, as well as to land surface conditions. Increasing atmospheric greenhouse gases are already causing amplified warming over the Sahara Desert and, consequently, increased rainfall in parts of the Sahel. Climate model projections indicate that much of this increased rainfall will be delivered in the form of more intense storm systems.
The complicated and highly regional precipitation regimes of East Africa present a challenge for climate modeling. Within roughly 5º of latitude of the equator, rainfall is delivered in two seasons—the long rains in the spring, and the short rains in the fall. Regional climate model projections suggest that the long rains will weaken under greenhouse gas forcing, and the short rains season will extend farther into the winter months. Observations indicate that the long rains are already weakening.
Changes in seasonal rainfall over parts of subtropical southern Africa are observed, with repercussions and challenges for agriculture and water availability. Some elements of these observed changes are captured in model simulations of greenhouse gas-induced climate change, especially an early demise of the rainy season. The projected changes are quite regional, however, and more high-resolution study is needed. In addition, there has been very limited study of climate change in the Congo Basin and across northern Africa. Continued efforts to understand and predict climate using higher-resolution simulation must be sustained to better understand observed and projected changes in the physical processes that support African precipitation systems as well as the teleconnections that communicate remote forcings into the continent.
Climate Dynamics of ENSO Modoki Phenomena
Swadhin Behera and Toshio Yamagata
The El Niño Modoki/La Niña Modoki (ENSO Modoki) is a newly acknowledged face of ocean-atmosphere coupled variability in the tropical Pacific Ocean. The oceanic and atmospheric conditions associated with the El Niño Modoki are different from that of canonical El Niño, which is extensively studied for its dynamics and worldwide impacts. A typical El Niño event is marked by a warm anomaly of sea surface temperature (SST) in the equatorial eastern Pacific. Because of the associated changes in the surface winds and the weakening of coastal upwelling, the coasts of South America suffer from widespread fish mortality during the event. Quite opposite of this characteristic change in the ocean condition, cold SST anomalies prevail in the eastern equatorial Pacific during the El Niño Modoki events, but with the warm anomalies intensified in the central Pacific. The boreal winter condition of 2004 is a typical example of such an event, when a tripole pattern is noticed in the SST anomalies; warm central Pacific flanked by cold eastern and western regions. The SST anomalies are coupled to a double cell in anomalous Walker circulation with rising motion in the central parts and sinking motion on both sides of the basin. This is again a different feature compared to the well-known single-cell anomalous Walker circulation during El Niños. La Niña Modoki is the opposite phase of the El Niño Modoki, when a cold central Pacific is flanked by warm anomalies on both sides.
The Modoki events are seen to peak in both boreal summer and winter and hence are not seasonally phase-locked to a single seasonal cycle like El Niño/La Niña events. Because of this distinction in the seasonality, the teleconnection arising from these events will vary between the seasons as teleconnection path will vary depending on the prevailing seasonal mean conditions in the atmosphere. Moreover, the Modoki El Niño/La Niña impacts over regions such as the western coast of the United States, the Far East including Japan, Australia, and southern Africa, etc., are opposite to those of the canonical El Niño/La Niña. For example, the western coasts of the United States suffer from severe droughts during El Niño Modoki, whereas those regions are quite wet during El Niño. The influences of Modoki events are also seen in tropical cyclogenesis, stratosphere warming of the Southern Hemisphere, ocean primary productivity, river discharges, sea level variations, etc. A remarkable feature associated with Modoki events is the decadal flattening of the equatorial thermocline and weakening of zonal thermal gradient. The associated ocean-atmosphere conditions have caused frequent and persistent developments of Modoki events in recent decades.
Climate of Southern Africa
C.J.C. Reason
Southern Africa extends from the equator to about 34°S and is essentially a narrow, peninsular land mass bordered to its south, west, and east by oceans. Its termination in the mid-ocean subtropics has important consequences for regional climate, since it allows the strongest western boundary current in the world ocean (warm Agulhas Current) to be in close proximity to an intense eastern boundary upwelling current (cold Benguela Current). Unlike other western boundary currents, the Agulhas retroflects south of the land mass and flows back into the South Indian Ocean, thereby leading to a large area of anomalously warm water south of South Africa which may influence storm development over the southern part of the land mass. Two other unique regional ocean features imprint on the climate of southern Africa—the Angola-Benguela Frontal Zone (ABFZ) and the Seychelles-Chagos thermocline ridge (SCTR). The former is important for the development of Benguela Niños and flood events over southwestern Africa, while the SCTR influences Madden-Julian Oscillation and tropical cyclone activity in the western Indian Ocean. In addition to South Atlantic and South Indian Ocean influences, there are climatic implications of the neighboring Southern Ocean.
Along with Benguela Niños, the southern African climate is strongly impacted by ENSO and to lesser extent by the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and sea-surface temperature (SST) dipole events in the Indian and South Atlantic Oceans. The regional land–sea distribution leads to a highly variable climate on a range of scales that is still not well understood due to its complexity and its sensitivity to a number of different drivers. Strong and variable gradients in surface characteristics exist not only in the neighboring oceans but also in several aspects of the land mass, and these all influence the regional climate and its interactions with climate modes of variability.
Much of the interior of southern Africa consists of a plateau 1 to 1.5 km high and a narrow coastal belt that is particularly mountainous in South Africa, leading to sharp topographic gradients. The topography is able to influence the track and development of many weather systems, leading to marked gradients in rainfall and vegetation across southern Africa.
The presence of the large island of Madagascar, itself a region of strong topographic and rainfall gradients, has consequences for the climate of the mainland by reducing the impact of the moist trade winds on the Mozambique coast and the likelihood of tropical cyclone landfall there. It is also likely that at least some of the relativity aridity of the Limpopo region in northern South Africa/southern Zimbabwe results from the location of Madagascar in the southwestern Indian Ocean.
While leading to challenges in understanding its climate variability and change, the complex geography of southern Africa offers a very useful test bed for improving the global models used in many institutions for climate prediction. Thus, research into the relative shortcomings of the models in the southern African region may lead not only to better understanding of southern African climate but also to enhanced capability to predict climate globally.
Clustering Techniques in Climate Analysis
David M. Straus
This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science. Please check back later for the full article.
Clustering techniques are used in the analysis of weather and climate to identify distinct, discrete groups of atmospheric and oceanic structures and evolutions from observations, reanalyses, and numerical model simulations and predictions. The goal of cluster analysis is to provide physical insight into states (and trajectories) that are preferred and also possibly unusually persistent, when such states can be identified and distinguished from the continuous background distribution of geophysical variables. "Preferred" states (or evolutions) are those that are significantly more likely to occur than would be predicted by a suitable background distribution (such as a multivariate Gaussian distribution), while "persistent" states are those with lifetimes distinctly longer than those of the background states.
The choice of technique depends to a large extent on its application. For example, the identification of a small number of distinct patterns of the seasonal mean mid-latitude response to large seasonal mean shifts in tropical diabatic heating (perhaps due to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation) can be accomplished with the use of either a partitioning or hierarchical cluster analysis. The partitioning cluster method groups all states (maps of a given variable) into clusters so as to minimize the within-cluster variance, while the hierarchical analysis merges fields into groups based on their similarities. The identification of preferred patterns (whether or not they are tropically forced) on intra-seasonal time scales can also be accomplished in this way. The partitioning approach can easily be adapted to include multiple variables, and to describe tracks of localized features (such as cyclones). A variant of the partitioning cluster analysis, the "self -organizing map" approach, allows for a greater richness in cluster patterns and so can be useful on shorter, weather-related time scales.
In either the partitioning or hierarchical analysis, each state (map) is identified uniquely with a given cluster. However, in certain applications it may be desirable to allow a given state to belong to multiple clusters with differing probabilities. In such cases one can estimate the underlying probability distribution function with a mixture model, which is a sum of a (usually small) number of component multivariate Gaussian distributions.
The partitioning, hierarchical, and mixture model approaches, applied to a sequence of maps, all have one common feature: the sequencing (order in time) of the maps is not taken into account. This is not the case with the hidden Markov method, an approach that identifies not only preferred states but ones that are also unusually persistent. This approach, based on a simple neural network approach, makes use of an underlying "hidden variable" whose evolution is modeled by a Markov process. Each state is assigned to a number of clusters with a certain probability, but the most likely evolution of states from one cluster to another can be estimated. This approach can be generalized by letting the evolution of the hidden state be governed by a nonstationary multivariate autoregressive factor process. The resulting cluster analysis can then also detect long-term changes in the population of the clusters.
Desertification and Re-Greening of the Sahel
Rasmus Fensholt, Cheikh Mbow, Martin Brandt, and Kjeld Rasmussen
In the past 50 years, human activities and climatic variability have caused major environmental changes in the semi-arid Sahelian zone and desertification/degradation of arable lands is of major concern for livelihoods and food security. In the wake of the Sahel droughts in the early 1970s and 1980s, the UN focused on the problem of desertification by organizing the UN Conference on Desertification (UNCOD) in Nairobi in 1976. This fuelled a significant increase in the often alarmist popular accounts of desertification as well as scientific efforts in providing an understanding of the mechanisms involved. The global interest in the subject led to the nomination of desertification as focal point for one of three international environmental conventions: the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), emerging from the Rio conference in 1992. This implied that substantial efforts were made to quantify the extent of desertification and to understand its causes. Desertification is a complex and multi-faceted phenomenon aggravating poverty that can be seen as both a cause and a consequence of land resource depletion. As reflected in its definition adopted by the UNCCD, desertification is "land degradation in arid, semi-arid[,] and dry sub-humid areas resulting from various factors, including climate variation and human activities" (UN, 1992). While desertification was seen as a phenomenon of relevance to drylands globally, the Sahel-Sudan region remained a region of specific interest and a significant amount of scientific efforts have been invested to provide an empirically supported understanding of both climatic and anthropogenic factors involved. Despite decades of intensive research on human–environmental systems in the Sahel, there is no overall consensus about the severity of desertification and the scientific literature is characterized by a range of conflicting observations and interpretations of the environmental conditions in the region. Earth Observation (EO) studies generally show a positive trend in rainfall and vegetation greenness over the last decades for the majority of the Sahel and this has been interpreted as an increase in biomass and contradicts narratives of a vicious cycle of widespread degradation caused by human overuse and climate change. Even though an increase in vegetation greenness, as observed from EO data, can be confirmed by ground observations, long-term assessments of biodiversity at finer spatial scales highlight a negative trend in species diversity in several studies and overall it remains unclear if the observed positive trends provide an environmental improvement with positive effects on people's livelihood.
Downscaling Climate Information
Rasmus Benestad
What are the local consequences of a global climate change? This question is important for proper handling of risks associated with weather and climate. It also tacitly assumes that there is a systematic link between conditions taking place on a global scale and local effects. It is the utilization of the dependency of local climate on the global picture that is the backbone of downscaling; however, it is perhaps easiest to explain the concept of downscaling in climate research if we start asking why it is necessary.
Global climate models are our best tools for computing future temperature, wind, and precipitation (or other climatological variables), but their limitations do not let them calculate local details for these quantities. It is simply not adequate to interpolate from model results. However, the models are able to predict large-scale features, such as circulation patterns, El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and the global mean temperature. The local temperature and precipitation are nevertheless related to conditions taking place over a larger surrounding region as well as local geographical features (also true, in general, for variables connected to weather/climate). This, of course, also applies to other weather elements.
Downscaling makes use of systematic dependencies between local conditions and large-scale ambient phenomena in addition to including information about the effect of the local geography on the local climate. The application of downscaling can involve several different approaches. This article will discuss various downscaling strategies and methods and will elaborate on their rationale, assumptions, strengths, and weaknesses.
One important issue is the presence of spontaneous natural year-to-year variations that are not necessarily directly related to the global state, but are internally generated and superimposed on the long-term climate change. These variations typically involve phenomena such as ENSO, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and the Southeast Asian monsoon, which are nonlinear and non-deterministic.
We cannot predict the exact evolution of non-deterministic natural variations beyond a short time horizon. It is possible nevertheless to estimate probabilities for their future state based, for instance, on projections with models run many times with slightly different set-up, and thereby to get some information about the likelihood of future outcomes.
When it comes to downscaling and predicting regional and local climate, it is important to use many global climate model predictions. Another important point is to apply proper validation to make sure the models give skillful predictions.
For some downscaling approaches such as regional climate models, there usually is a need for bias adjustment due to model imperfections. This means the downscaling doesn't get the right answer for the right reason. Some of the explanations for the presence of biases in the results may be different parameterization schemes in the driving global and the nested regional models.
A final underlying question is: What can we learn from downscaling? The context for the analysis is important, as downscaling is often used to find answers to some (implicit) question and can be a means of extracting most of the relevant information concerning the local climate. It is also important to include discussions about uncertainty, model skill or shortcomings, model validation, and skill scores.
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So how do we interpret the latest controversy from 49ers cornerback Chris Culliver? Here is the conversation he captured on Instagram and then put on his Twitter account. In it, Culliver refers to women as "bitches" and "ho's."
In the responses from Jeff Elder's original post, several respondents wrote that Culliver should be released. More posts commented on his lack of intelligence. Other posts excused Culliver, citing that those seemingly derogatory names are stripped of their meaning in hip-hop culture. A bank of posts also charged that Culliver is caught up in an overly-sensitive, politically-correct society.
What is known is that women are increasingly becoming NFL fans, even though there are few places for them in the league. All the players and coaches are men, and with a few exceptions, so are the training staffs and top football operations executives. James Brown might have been referring to the NFL when he sang, "It's a man's world."
What else is known is that Culliver is willing to rectify his mistakes. After making anti-gay comments at the Super Bowl, Culliver went to the Trevor Project, an organization that provides crisis intervention to LGBT youth.
In interviewing Culliver and in a few private conversations with him, my sense is that he's not stupid nor is he a thug. He's young and immature and unprepared for media attention.
What he has to realize now is that his life has changed. The same derogatory words Culliver highlighted are often seen on athlete's twitter accounts. But with his history, Culliver is no longer just another athlete.

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MichaelB wrote:Dr_Mutley wrote:
I would be interested in your thoughts about CCC... Steve Nash has a good reputation, but seems a bit exxy compared withother places, ....
Have been to Steve a couple of times, and yes, it is not cheap, but last time it took well over an hour and he has good experience for sure. Not just some guy who has attended a training session.
may seem exxy, but worth every penny if you have problems that need to get resolved.
He gets my vote.
Actually need to head back there for a bike service prior to TdU and also get the new shoes set up properly (Sidi's)
good feedback... cheers for that...
i agree with the "get what u pay for" sentiments, but its nice to be reassured before laying down the hard earned that u do in fact get what u pay for...
One thing i have found difficult to find in adelaide is a LBS whos will to spend the time to throw the bike on a trainer, and put the time into trialling some saddles before they expect u to shell out $200+ for one... surely that should be the minimum to expect!
Hopefully during a fit at CCC i might be able to convince them to do that as i just broke my comfy yumcha saddle


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State education officials say a rash of probes into cheating on school tests around the nation spurred them to look at what New York does to prevent such abuse. But the probes also raise an obvious question: Is some major new scandal about to explode in New York?
If so, it might be grounds to cheer, a sign that reforms aimed at boosting school accountability do indeed have teeth — teeth sharp enough to drive teachers and principals to cheat.
The State Education Department's cryptic, out-of-the-blue announcement Monday seemed pregnant with possibility: "In mid-July, Education Commissioner John B. King Jr. created a high-level working group . . . to begin an immediate review of all aspects of the state's testing system," it said.
King "will be announcing a series of measures to ensure the integrity of our testing system before our students return to school in September."
What prompted the sudden review? Why the rush to lock in new security measures? And why announce all of this weeks after the "working group" was already formed — and announce it via a mysterious, bare-bones, late-day press release?
Does someone, somewhere, perhaps, know something . . . ?
Regents Chancellor Merryl Tisch says the move is merely an attempt to "get out ahead of all this." She was no doubt thinking of Atlanta, whose widely praised superintendent for years rejected the notion that cheating was going on in her gin joint — until two ex-prosecutors with subpoena power uncovered a scandal involving 178 teachers and principals at 44 schools.
Charges of playing games with tests have also ensnared schools in numerous states, including New Jersey and Connecticut.
So no one should be surprised if New York's next on the list.
But there'd be a silver lining: Findings of test-tampering here might mean our education officials are finally ready to admit that schools may go to great lengths, even cheating, to keep the public from learning just how lousy a job they're doing.
Plus, again, evidence of a sharp uptick in such shenanigans would suggest that new accountability measures are getting some response: Teachers and principals who can't get it together to deliver better results are at least moved to cover up, distort and fudge. They really believe they'll pay a price if they're caught failing.
Obviously, any culprits must be found and stopped. The state should race to tighten oversight of testing — including, perhaps, such steps as "erasure analysis."
Cheating completely undermines measures to hold teachers and schools accountable.
And it surely does kids no favors — they need education, not scores that pretend they've gotten one.
But if accountability reforms are driving some school staffers to fraud, they're probably also spurring honest teachers and principals to improve. So if we can head off any cheating, the reforms really could be tough enough to purge the rotten apples.
Let's be honest: Cheating on tests is as old as tests themselves. In New York, twisting results — bumping up grades, awarding dubious credit to boost graduation rates — is undeniable.
The State Education Department itself played that cruel game for years, dumbing down tests to make student achievement in New York seem to be soaring. When it finally came clean and recalibrated scores last year, kids failed left and right.
Meanwhile, in just the last few months, Post columnist Michael Goodwin has reported countless cases of schoolhouse data-fudging, and all based on first-hand accounts.
True, an Atlanta-strength scandal in New York would shake faith in the schools yet again. Mayor Bloomberg's legacy could suffer another body blow: Last year's test recalibration wiped out much of the gains he'd been bragging about.
But if Bloomberg's reforms are as tough as he claims, they'd surely lead to cheating. And if none is found, the only reason would be: a cover-up.
So hope for a scandal. Hope the cheaters are caught. And hope any remaining incompetents are left, at last, with but one stark choice: bone up or pack your bags.
Then maybe — just maybe — parents and taxpayers will finally feel confident that New York's got the best teachers and principals standing at the blackboards, shaping their children's futures.


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By ,
Published January 13, 2015
Bolivian President Evo Morales says he wasn't able to meet his cancer-stricken "brother," President Hugo Chavez, during a visit to Venezuela.
Morales said he met Chavez's head doctor and his family Tuesday, and "my understanding is that they are very encouraged." But he added that "there are days where the situation of his health are very difficult, according to information from his ministers."
Morales spoke Wednesday at a news conference at the United Nations, where he was launching the International Year of Quinoa.
Chavez returned to Venezuela on Monday after 10 weeks in Cuba, where he underwent his fourth cancer-related surgery and treatments for complications, including a severe respiratory infection. He has remained silent and out of sight since his return, continuing unspecified treatment at a Caracas military hospital.


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Philadelphia Eagles: Vick not nearly down for the count after concussion
Michael Vick
Michael Vick is without symptoms three days after suffering a concussion.
If only the Eagles could say the same thing about their linebacking corps three days after none of them sustained any head injuries.
On a day when the Eagles unveiled the latest array in an endless loop of linebacker personnel shifts, they also clung firmly to the hope that Vick will be able to take the field Sunday afternoon for their home opener against the New York Giants.
Vick was knocked out of last Sunday's 35-31 loss to the Atlanta Falcons when his head...


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Linked by David Adams on Fri 18th Jun 2010 19:17 UTC
Linux Magazine has a profile of Daniel Fore and the Elementary project. Elementary is a Linux distro that's committed to a clean and simple user experience, but it's more than a distro - it's actually a multi-pronged effort to make improvements to the user experience for a whole ecosystem of components, including icons, a GTK theme, Midori improvements, Nautilus, and even Firefox. The work that elementary is doing isn't limited to their own distro, and some of their work is available in current, and perhaps future, Ubuntu releases. The results are really striking, and I think it's probably the handsomest Linux UI I've ever seen.
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Looks are not the problem.
by SlackerJack on Fri 18th Jun 2010 21:28 UTC
It's OK making a distro that looks good and supposedly improves usability, to what seems like an OS X work flow but what about bugs?
What would help is fixing bugs that Canonical still haven't fixed. Intel drivers, Plymouth, copy&paste without needing to keep the app open, stuff like that. This distro will still have the same filtered down bugs or problems from all the other Ubuntu derivatives.
It seems to me they are just taking the best parts of OS X and trying to make something that's more usable. Well, the Linux desktop is usable, so I don't see where this is going.
Edited 2010-06-18 21:32 UTC
RE: Looks are not the problem.
by gilboa on Mon 21st Jun 2010 12:01 in reply to "Looks are not the problem."


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Open topic with navigation
CommonSpot manages all user and group information within a Users database. Organizations typically have one Users database, consolidating all users into a single source, represented by a single company definition. If your CommonSpot installation functions as a hosting site or if it otherwise makes sense to associate users with companies, use this dialog to create those associations. Access this dialog from Administrators Reference.
For more on multiple Users databases, see Administrators Reference and Administrators Reference. For more on configuring the Users database see Administrators Reference under Server Configuration.
Use this dialog to view currently defined companies and to add, edit, or deactivate company definitions.
Use the dropdowns to optionally search by name or description and/or state. Click the Filter button to run your search, or Clear to reset criteria.
Click the edit icon to modify a company definition.
Click to toggle active/inactive state.
Clicking the associated delete icon to remove company records.
Click Add Company to create a new company.
Related Links
You can download PDF versions of the Content Contributor's, Administrator's, and Elements Reference documents from the support section of paperthin.com (requires login).
Sites upgrading from versions earlier than release 6.0 should review the following (from the support section of paperthin.com - requires login):
For technical support:
Open topic with navigation


text: Jim Holt Add Comment Share This! Facebook Twitter scv-sheriff-new-template2 October 20, 2016Add CommentJim Holt About the authorView All Posts Jim Holt Comment Share This! Facebook Twitter Latest stories on SignalSCV.com Featured • News Santa's Helpers bring holiday joy to families at the Ice Station 18 hours ago Featured • News Families feast together at Festividad for Christ Community Christmas Celebration 20 hours ago Featured • News Family Promise helps low-income families at their holiday shopping event 20 hours ago


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The only way to truly experience the excitement and thrill of race days at Englishtown's Raceway Park is to be here!
Take some time and check out our photo and video gallery where we've captured the exciting action of drag racing, kart racing, motocross racing, motorcycle drag racing, our monster truck show, and more.
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About Bridge Publications, Inc.
About Bridge Publications, Inc.
Publisher of New York Times and International Bestselling Author L. Ron Hubbard
The following year, Mr. Hubbard moved his offices to Phoenix, Arizona, and the publishing operation followed, issuing books and other writings as his researches progressed. With Dianetics and Scientology expanding world over, publications were also soon emanating from London and Philadelphia houses. Shortly thereafter, in 1955, Distribution Center Inc. was established in Silver Spring, Maryland. Located in close proximity to the Founding Church of Scientology of Washington, DC—where L. Ron Hubbard then served as Executive Director—this facility provided Mr. Hubbard's books and lectures across five continents.
In 1971, to streamline publishing operations once more, Mr. Hubbard established Publications Organization United States on Temple Street in downtown Los Angeles. After outgrowing that facility within five years, the operation moved to Catalina Street in Hollywood. Moreover, to better reflect their scope and mission, in 1981 the organization was reincorporated as Bridge Publications, Inc.
In 1988, expansion again prompted Bridge Publications to relocate, this time to nearby Fountain Avenue (where the administrative offices remained until mid-2009). In 1991, the manufacturing and distribution divisions moved to Bandini Boulevard in Commerce, California. It was at the Bandini facility, in 2003, that Bridge Publications installed its first digital press. Then in 2006, the one-room print shop expanded into a full-scale digital book manufacturing plant.
In June 2009, following the recovery and restoration of Mr. Hubbard's written works and recorded lectures, and to once again meet the ever-growing demand, Bridge Publications brought all functions together in one location: a 276,000-square-foot state-of-the-art facility on Olympic Boulevard in Los Angeles.
Today, the new building houses an award-winning and state-of-the-art fully digital in-house book and compact disc production facility, a fully automated distribution center as well as administrative offices to oversee the promotion, marketing and sales of L. Ron Hubbard's nonfiction materials.


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Equal parts stunning garden surroundings and elegant details, this inspiration for an intimate elopement is unabashed beauty in its simplest form. If you are planning a small celebration, look no further than this shoot crafted by Sandra Chau along with florals by Trille Floral and images by We Are Origami. It proves great things come in small packages.
Adeline and Elias are two of the sweetest souls you will ever meet. An elopement is such intimate occasion and it is always an honour to be asked to be a part of such an adventurous start to a marriage! Adeline and Elias's elopement was everything you dream of - a beautiful couple confident in their love for each other spending their day relaxing and celebrating their love with an intimate group of their closest friends and loved ones. Adeline and Elias wanted to keep things simple and romantic so we drew inspiration from the beautiful Southern Highlands surroundings and infused a subtle beauty into the design. Trille Florals wowed us with a stunning floral nest for their intimate nuptials and they were joined by their parents and closest friends and enjoyed a beautifully catered five course meal in the garden followed by dessert and wine by the fireplace. It is a day I will never forget and cannot wait to see what life brings this beautiful couple inside and out.


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On the Smashing Magazine site today they've posted a list of powerful CLI tools that every developer should at least know about to help make their lives easier - six of them ranging from SSH tunnels to HTTP testing.
Good tools are invaluable in figuring out where problems lie, and can also help to prevent problems from occurring in the first place, or just help you to be more efficient in general. Command line tools are particularly useful because they lend themselves well to automation and scripting, where they can be combined and reused in all sorts of different ways. Here we cover six particularly powerful and versatile tools which can help make your life a little bit easier.
The tools they mention are all things you'd install on a unix-based system:
- Curl
- Ngrep (network packet searching)
- Netcat (to work with network connections)
- Sshuttle (SSH tunneling)
- Siege (HTTP benchmarking)
- Mitmproxy (capturing proxy, both HTTP and HTTPS)


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Port St. Joe commissioners agreed Tuesday to seek a setting on which they and the Board of County Commissioners can find common ground.
Port St. Joe commissioners agreed Tuesday to seek a setting on which they and the Board of County Commissioners can find common ground.
Commissioners approved the county's request to schedule a joint workshop sometime before the two governing bodies hold their last bi-monthly meetings of June.
The hope: to find resolution for several pressing issues that are the latest rubs in a long-tense relationship.
One is the relocation of the Port St. Joe Redevelopment Agency from the Gulf County Welcome Center to accommodate the growth of the Gulf County Tourist Development Council.
Another is an interlocal agreement the two governing bodies have different ideas about amending.
And given his high-decibel more than 15-minute monologue at the end of last week's BOCC meeting, County Commissioner Tan Smiley seems likely to raise issues he has consistently and loudly raised for two years: rising water rates and law enforcement consolidation he argues would help bring water rates down.
The county has sought to un-couple the interlocal agreement and PSJRA move – which is time sensitive as the city agency is paying for two office spaces while the county and city are at an impasse.
As part of the county's response to the city's letter regarding the agreement, the BOCC asked the city to work on scheduling a workshop on the interlocal agreement and permit the PSJRA move.
City Commissioner Rex Buzzett said Tuesday he had seen indications the county was moving in a "positive" direction.
"I would like to show some good faith on our part and let the PSJRA move," provided there were assurances that a joint workshop would be an "amicable" effort to find collegial solutions, Buzzett said.
He wondered if the workshop was desired before the move and if so, he moved to schedule a workshop as soon as the coming Tuesday. A date and time have yet to be firmed up.
The county response to a city letter from March also indicates the county would like the city to turn the land on which the Welcome Center sits over to the county, a position for which Buzzett wanted clarification.
Mayor Mel Magidson said he has long wanted the workshop to amend the interlocal agreement that cleared the way for the city to annex WindMark Beach.
Specifically, the city wants a fire tax earmarked for a station in WindMark to be divided among the Highland View, Beaches and Port St. Joe Volunteer Fire Departments for equipment upgrades instead of going into the county's general fund.
When the county inquired about moving the PSJRA a few months ago, the city again raised the fire tax issue, Magidson said.
"I want to make sure the record reflects that I asked for a joint meeting about the fire tax more than a year ago," Magidson said. "This body has tried to bring these issues to a head."
He was particularly frustrated with county commissioners questioning of uniform water and sewer rates for county residents on the city's system, part of the interlocal agreement.
"We have a city ordinance that says what the rates are and they are the same for everybody," Magidson said.
He said equipment upgrades at the three fire departments that respond to WindMark Beach could have a positive impact on the city's ISO rating which determines fire insurance rates paid by residents.
"I think it is a valid issue to raise," Magidson said.
While the BOCC identified three outstanding issues during its previous meeting, Magidson said his view was the fire tax was the lone outstanding issue to be resolved.
As for the water rates and law enforcement consolidation that Smiley has raised repeatedly, Magidson said the city had already "run the numbers" on consolidating law enforcement and "they did not work."
And earlier in the meeting, the city's auditor noted that the raising of water rates over the past several years was a necessary operational step to improve the city's financial picture given millions in required infrastructure upgrades which have contributed to the city's $15 million in short-term debt.
Lighthouse relocation
The Florida Division of Historic Preservation has signed off on the site for the relocation of the Cape San Blas Lighthouse to Port St. Joe's George Core Park. Preble Rish Engineers will begin soil sampling in the coming days.
The site is slightly tweaked that what was determined during a prior city workshop.
At the behest of the Division of Historic Preservation, the lighthouse location was moved roughly 50-60 feet closer to the bay and further from Miss Zola's Drive, nearer the stormwater pond. The two keepers' quarters are to the north and slightly east, allowing for the lighthouse to be more clearly viewed from Third Street.
The site remains nearly in line with the extension of Third Street into the park area.
Magidson said he hoped the city would be ready to go out for bid on the move of the lighthouse by its June 18 meeting.


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Dear Prudence: I am a 29-year-old single mother of children ages 2 and 4. I left my kids' father because he was addicted to heroin. I've always held a decent job and have been able to take care of myself. Dating has been difficult as I work full time and I do not wish to bring any men around my children. I moved to a new neighborhood and immediately took notice of my neighbor. Just before I arrived his girlfriend had moved out, and they have a child together. She was addicted to opiate pills. A friendship between him and me started and now we hang out, talk, or text on a daily basis. He's a very good father. Our kids play together. I regularly cook meals and he eats over. He talks to my kids in a way a father would. He does things for me I could never get any boyfriend to do, like snow removal, and all the fix-it problems in my house. He looks out for me and I look out for him. There has never been anything romantic between us. However, I do have very strong feelings for him. I am pretty enough but all of his past girlfriends are beautiful model types. He could have any girl he wanted. I'm hoping he wants me. But I'm afraid to take the jump and ruin the friendship. I'm biting my tongue every time we hang out. - Hopeful
Dear Hopeful: I know there are those who would say that if you have to ask if he's interested in you romantically the question answers itself: He isn't. But I don't have such a robotic view of men. Yes, it could be that he's shaking his head at the fickleness of fate for having brought a lovely woman with an admirable heart and soul into his life yet for some reason neglected to spark in him desire for her. Or it could be he's feeling you two are creating the kind of happy domestic life he always wanted, but respects that you've put him in the friend zone even if he wishes it were otherwise.
You are in a delicate spot. Your relationship thus far has been wonderful not only for you two, but for the three children. How important for the kids, who have all suffered from having a parent who's an addict, to see that adults can be healthy and reliable. That shoveling snow for you has turned your neighbor into Sir Walter Raleigh means your life has not tossed many decent men your way. You've got the man of your dreams right next door, and I think it's worth it to take the risk. Usually, a hand on the small of the back, a certain kind of look, even standing a little too close is enough to get the message across.
Your message, however, isn't simply that you want to get laid. You need to know if he wants to move your friendship into romantic intimacy. So one night, when the kids are in the other room, and you two are doing the dishes, tell him you have to confess that your feelings for him are not strictly platonic. Explain that if he doesn't feel the same, you hope your friendship is strong enough that there doesn't have to be any awkwardness between you. - Prudie
Dear Prudence: I've been married to a very nice man for 40 years. We have raised a family, he has been an excellent provider, and to my knowledge has been faithful to me. He comes from a family that's not emotionally close, but he is a dutiful son to aging parents who live nearby. My problem is that my husband never calls me by my name, either a nickname or by my given name. He just starts speaking to me, but without any sort of address. He does call others by their given names, and I cringe to hear him say other people's names over and over. I've tried not answering him if he fails to address me, then he'll just say my name sarcastically. I am hurt that I have this void in our relationship and I long for my husband to call me something. I have had this sad discussion with him a trillion times. I went to a counselor by myself who consulted with a renowned marriage therapist, and all they could suggest was that it had something to do with my husband's relationship with his mother. He is not interested in couples therapy. - Call Me Something
Dear Call Me: Maybe you can start wearing a coach's whistle on a lanyard and whenever he starts with his, "Hey, hey, you there," you can give him a few blasts. Call Me, I understand this is painful, and it's more than odd that after 40 years and a trillion conversations, your "very nice" husband hasn't found it in him to be able to call you Sweetums, or Honey Pie, or Charlene (preferably if your name is Charlene). Yet here you are, all these decades later, and he won't comply with this simple, understandable request. You have two choices: Forget it, or keep at it. After 40 years of what you describe as general contentment, just accepting that this is a quirk in your otherwise good spouse might liberate you. But if this will haunt you until death do you part, then I think you should try again with a behavioral therapy tack, and this time stick with it. Tell your husband that if he wants you to respond to his requests or comments, about a third of them have to be accompanied with your name or acceptable nickname, spoken in an agreeable tone. Without both those conditions being met, you're not going to respond. Then no more talk from you to him about it, just action (or inaction) for as long as required. - Prudie
Please send your questions for publication to email@example.com. Questions may be edited.


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DragonAtma wrote:Han wrote:Grand Martial Progenitor- Taizu Wu HuangDi
Cao Cao was given this title due to his conquest(martial)
He was named the Grand Progenitor as he was the one who set the foundation of Wei.
Former/First Soverign/Ruler- This title was given to Liu Bei to differentiate him from Liu Shan who was know as Later/Latter Soverign/Ruler
More specifically, it's to deny Liu Bei and Liu Shan being part of the Han dynasty (something Liu Bei claimed); if they accepted Liu Bei's claim, then Liu Bang would be First Ruler, and Liu Bei would be Twenty-Seventh Ruler or so (this skips Gengshi, the Prince of Changyi and both of Eastern Han's Emperor Shaos, as they're not usually counted).
I agree with you but I'm trying to find a source for Han on that.


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Selecting your vehicle's make, model, and year allows us to display only parts and items specific to your car's model and year.
Part# CH27368
1 Review
OPGI Price: $4.99
Part Type: (R) = Authentic reproduction of the original GM product
Years: 1969-72
Sold As: EACH
2018 Tempest Catalog Page: 250
Bleeder caps have been reproduced for a factory look. The caps were originally used by GM, but due to age and weather distress, they are often missing. Caps are made to OE specs in blue plastic and are sold per each.


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Moderators: Three Stars, dagny, pfim, netwolf
count2infinity wrote:The weather channel is calling this winter storm set to hit Chicago "Draco". Is this something that they're going to do throughout the winter?
newarenanow wrote:Yeah, this winter in Pgh has been pretty boring so far.
Users browsing this forum: DelPen and 13 guests


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Regency Kee 48" Round Breakroom Table- Grey/ Black & 4 Zeng Stack Chairs- Black
Item #: 901-2496514REG
Model #: TB48RDGYPBK44BK
Brand: Regency Seating
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$519.99 Each
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protection plans and more.
Plus, you've got choices! You'll find options for those DIYers on a budget, those that want us to do all the work and everyone in-between. Want all the details? Get them right here.
Give everyone more room with Kee tables. Kee post legs come four to a set and are adjustable so you have a steady table with no wobble. Assembly is a snap with just a few screws.
- Versatile table and chair set includes one 48-inch round table with black post legs and 4 Black Zeng Stack Chairs
- Tabletop is constructed of a 1-inch thick thermal fused melamine laminate finished with a black T-Mold edge banding
- Grey laminate tabletop is scratch, stain and burn resistant and wipes clean easily
- Zeng seat and back are color permeated and treated with an anti-microbial agent, which makes it perfect for schools, cafeterias or waiting rooms
- Chairs have a reinforced black metal frame designed to withstand 400-pounds and a built-in carrying handle that makes moving easy
|Table Shape : Round
|Table Certifications : ISTA
|Furnishing Color : Gray
|Furnishing Material : Metal
|Table Type : Table Sets
|Brand : Regency Seating
|Customizable : No
|Weight : 108.00 lbs. per Each


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Orchard Crates
Bobbie Davis 5/30/2005 8:52:02 PMI agree Steven! I really like this with the effects you used! #256009
Steven Faucette 5/31/2005 3:51:03 AMOn this pic I used a smudge stick effect.
KHAWLA Haddad 6/21/2005 5:05:24 PMCongratulations on your finalist!!! #1499574
Debra Booth 6/22/2005 4:57:25 AMCongratulations, Steven!! #1503488
Paul C. Gazzanigo 6/23/2005 6:21:07 AMWell seen and composed, Steven! Congratulations on your win! #1510018
Kerby Pfrangle 6/23/2005 6:46:31 AMSteven congratulations on your second place win.
Kerby #1510123
Colette M. Metcalf 6/25/2005 7:04:04 PMCongrats Stephen!! #1520297
Joyce ONeil 6/29/2005 12:10:49 PMI like this photo! Good find! #1535979
Joy Rector 7/5/2005 4:20:06 AMcongrats on your win. #1555589
on this pic I used a film grain effect in Photo Shop Elements 3.
It really helped the photo to become a work of art.
Uploaded on 5/30/2005 7:29:03 PM
Camera: Nikon D100 Digital SLR Camera
Copyright for this gallery photo belongs solely to Steven Faucette. Images may not be copied, downloaded, or used in any way without the expressed, written permission of the photographer.
Log in to follow or message this photographer or report this photo.


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Gibson master luthier Ren Ferguson recently visited one of the hottest Gibson Five Star Dealers in the U.S., Bailey Brothers Music in Birmingham, Ala., to unveil three new historic models exclusive to our Five Star Dealers. Owner Clay Bailey and Gibson Acoustic Certified Specialist Keith Edwards set the stage with a beautiful display of Gibson Acoustic models for Ferguson to bring to life with stories of their history, unique qualities, famous owners, platinum records and living-room rock stars.
Ferguson shared his own stories as well, including how he came to make some of the finest acoustic guitars in the industry and arguably the best acoustic guitars Gibson has ever produced.
Perhaps the most moving moment came later though, when Ferguson returned to the shop in Montana. A letter arrived from a fellow who had driven over two hours to be in the audience at Baileys. Included in the note were two photos, one of his grandson, Gibson (no kidding), with his Papa's 1949 ES – 125 and one with three generations of Gibson Acoustic fans: father, son and grandson each with their favorite Gibson Acoustic. The letter was passed around the office soliciting "oooh's" over both Gibsons in the picture.
Thanks to all the staff at Bailey Brothers Music who helped to put on a great event with Gibson friends and thanks to all who attended and shared their stories with us.
Bailey Brothers has been providing quality musical instruments and educational opportunities to the Birmingham area for over 25 years.
Little Gibson & his Papa's 1949 Gibson ES-125.
Robert Sr., Robert Jr. & Gibson with their favorite Gibson guitars, an AJ, LC-7 and a new J-45 purchased from Bailey Brothers in Birmingham.
Keith Edwards, Ren Ferguson and Clay Bailey, Bailey Brothers Music, Birmingham, Ala.
Ren Ferguson shares talks about recreating historic 1930s model Gibson Acoustic guitars.
Everyone wanted to test drive a new Gibson Acoustic and say they jammed with Ferguson.


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Built on a historic site
The IOOF Building, pictured above, is located on the northeast corner of 9th and Virginia Streets, in the historic business district of Hopkinsville, KY.
The dates at the building's crest are the year (1842) that a Odd Fellows lodge was organized in Hopkinsville and the year (1902) that the building was constructed. "IOOF" stands for "Independent Order of Odd Fellows" and "FLT" stands for "Friendship, Love, and Truth".
In 1930, Charles M. Meachem mentioned the Odd Fellows Building in his History of Christian County. Following a long list of the names of several generations of Odd Fellows, he recorded these details about the site and building:
These last [persons] named were in charge when the lodge took its great and wise step, and erected its own building, that soon enhanced in value, paid for itself in rentals, and has made the lodge the wealthiest lodge of the order in Kentucky. This step was taken in 1902, and the present three-story block was erected on the corner of Ninth and Virginia Streets, upon the exact site where the cabin home of Bartholomew T. Wood, the original settler of Hopkinsville, stood in the woods, and from the door of which the pioneer and his wife used to shoot the deer that came to drink from the Rock Spring in front of the cabin.
This three-story brick and stone building, on this historic spot, is handsome and commodious. The two first floors are rented. The third floor contains the lodge room, forty by sixty feet, which is not only used by the Odd Fellows but by other lodges, all of which are provided with separate property rooms. (Source)
The building was falling into disrepair when the city of Hopkinsville took ownership and renovated it several years ago. It now provides office space for a financial advisor and a home health service on the first floor. The second floor has three apartments and another office.
My visit to the IOOF Building
This morning I went with a friend of Keely's to see a two bedroom apartment in the Odd Fellows Building. (Full disclosure: I asked to go along so I could see some of the building's interior.) We met our guide and entered the big front door on 9th Street (photo above). I think the ground floor of the building has 16-foot ceilings.
A long, wide staircase leads to the second floor -- about 25 steps. The second floor has 12-foot ceilings. (These are my estimates of the ceiling heights, not official data.) The man showing us the apartment said that the third floor is still a large open room, just as it has always been. I don't know if it has been renovated.
Our guide unlocked the door to the apartment. We stepped into a hallway that led to a small kitchen/living area at one end of the apartment. On the other end of the hallway, doors opened to the two bedrooms and the bath.
Each room (except the bath) has large windows that look out onto the rooftops of Hopkinsville's downtown. I noticed the pigeons perched on chimneys across the street. In the photo at left, taken from Virginia Street, the three second-floor windows on the left side are in the apartment we visited.
The apartment was pleasantly clean and light. A laundry room is located at the rear of the building and a reserved parking space is provided. Keely's friend liked the apartment, and is hoping to rent it. I'd like to see the upper floors of more old buildings in Hopkinsville repurposed like this.


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1. amok - adjective
· wildly frenzied and out of control; "the soldier was completely amuck"; "berserk with grief"; "a berserk worker smashing windows"
2. amok - adverb
· wildly; without self-control; "when the restaurant caught fire the patrons ran amuck, blocking the exit"
Synonym(s): amuck
3. amok - adverb
· in a murderous frenzy; "rioters running amuck and throwing sticks and bottles and stones"
Synonym(s): amuck, murderously
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Aims & Principles
Revolutionary Organization
Workplace Organizing
List Protocol
Online Voting
Don Jennings passed away March 8, 2012, in Richmond, Kentucky. He is best known to many of us by his pen name, Randy "Prole Cat" Lowens. In lieu of flowers the Family request contributions to any public library in Don's memory.
Don was a former Workers Solidarity Alliance member, a founding member of Atlanta's Capital Terminus Collective and a supporter of Common Struggle Libertarian Communist Federation.
From our mutual friend and comrade Shafik: "Very sad to hear the news of our comrade Don Jennings recent death. Don was a steadfast fighter for justice, a prolific writer, a founding member of Atlanta's Capital Terminus Collective, a student of life, adventurer, philosopher, loyal friend and companion to many and a true mensch. May his memory remain to encourage us in our struggles to create a better, more beautiful world. RIP dear comrade."
North Eastern Anarchist #15 2011 published his interview with bell hooks: "How Do You Practice Intersectionalism?"
For anarkismo.net he wrote this manifesto for his homeland: "An Anarchist Communist Strategy for Rural, Southern Appalachia" about opposing Mountain Top Removal coal mining.
He also wrote:
His stories have been featured in "Wrong Tree Review", "A-Minor", "Dew on the Kudzu" and elsewhere. More of Randy's writing can also be found at http://todaysdeepsouth.blogspot.com/search?q=Randy+Lowens and http://oaknpine.blogspot.com/2011/02/randy-lowens-greatest-hits-compilation.html
Randy was reared in the north Georgia hills where he worked as welder, machinist and air conditioning repairman. Enraged by the abuses of employers, he began writing for leftist journals. He resided in eastern Kentucky, home schooled his daughter, cooked gourmet meals and composed fiction informed by all these experiences.
Randy received the Tacenda Literary Award for the Best Short Story of 2007, illuminating social injustice. His writing has been featured in JMWW (literary fiction); Fifth Estate (a counter cultural/anarchist journal); Clockwise Cat, Wanderings and Blue Collar Review (poetry); Cherry Bleeds (transgressive fiction); Thieves Jargon (drug lit); Pemmican (working class fiction); Unlikely Stories 2.0 (an insider's look at The Left); Dogmatica (Small Town Taboos Flagrantly Flouted); Word Riot and elsewhere. Most recently excerpts from a novel-in-progress appeared on Fried Chicken and Coffee and Dew on the Kudzu.
The Northeastern Anarchist


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Instead of waiting many weeks or even months for a referral to a specialist, patients and their family doctors in B.C. can now get near-instantaneous phone advice from medical experts under a Vancouver-based program meant to improve care and save both costs and trips to the hospital.
The on-the-spot advice about diagnosis, medications and other treatment plans is delivered after family doctors and nurse practitioners call a central Telus phone line. The call is routed to an appropriate specialist who returns it as quickly as possible.
Involvement in the RACE (Rapid Access to Consultative Expertise) program is optional, so not all family doctors use the service. Those who don't must try to catch specialists on the fly, with no guarantee of a timely callback. Playing telephone tag is a common problem.
Evaluations of the RACE program have shown that 90 per cent of calls are answered within 15 minutes, often when patients are sitting in the family doctor's waiting room. The analysis of the RACE program also showed that 60 per cent of patients who would otherwise have been referred to a specialist avoided it. And a third of patients were spared from having to go to hospital.
Pioneered by doctors at St. Paul's Hospital/Providence Health Care through a small pilot program, RACE has expanded across the Vancouver Coastal and Fraser health regions, through collaboration between the B.C. Medical Association and the ministry of health.
Dr. Scott Lear, the Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research at St. Paul's, was involved in the development of the service when it began modestly as a way to improve access to cardiologists.
Lear said in an interview that the system was "enabled" through the creation three years ago of fee codes entitling doctors to bill for phone advice. Specialists get about $60 for giving phone advice while family doctors who make the calls requesting advice get $40. While the total cost for phone interaction between doctors is $100, cost savings are achieved because in-office patient visits to specialists cost about $200 per visit.
Figures for what an emergency department visit costs are harder to ascertain because there are so many variables and overhead costs to take into account.
"It's really a customer service type of program," said Lear. "The goal is for a 100-per-cent response time within two hours but what's most desirable is to have calls returned in real time, when the patient is still in the office."
Margot Wilson, who helped create the program and remains involved as director of the Chronic Disease Management Strategy at Providence, said a website was launched earlier this summer (www.RACEconnect.ca) along with other marketing to ensure all doctors are aware of the program. She's unaware how many doctors are using the service but since June 2010, 7,000 calls have been made by family doctors and 120 medical specialists have responded.
She concedes some doctors won't participate in the service if they already have established, preferred referral networks.
"We're not interested in disrupting patterns of practice that are working well. This is for other doctors who maybe don't have the access they need and want to specialists.
"It's working so well that we now have doctors throughout the Vancouver and Fraser health regions, in 17 different specialties. We're still looking for some in neurology and infectious diseases though," she said.
The RACE program was selected by Accreditation Canada as a Leading Practice for 2013. It's been showcased by the Health Council of Canada and by the Canadian Medical Association. It won a prize from the Health Employers Association of B.C. and is nominated for an Excellence in Quality award from the B.C. Patient Safety and Quality Council.
Winners in that competition are expected to be announced in October or November.
Dr. William Cunningham, president of the BCMA, raved about the program.
"This helps ensure that the right tests or medications are ordered at the right time. As an emergency physician (at Cowichan District Hospital), I also appreciate that this will help reduce ER visits," he said, adding that his brother, a family physician in McBride, uses the service for his patients and "he has fantastic things to say about it."


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Washington vs. Cal – Week 4 Recap
Pac-12 play opened this weekend for the University of Washington Huskies football team against the Cal Bears. The game was close, but the results were familiar as Washington escaped another nail biter against Cal, 31-23.
It seems each time these two play, it comes down to the last play of the game to determine the outcome. The Huskies wouldn't have it any other way, though, as they hit 3-1 for the first time since 2006.
QB Keith Price was impressive yet again, delivering bullet after bullet to his teammates in another explosive offensive showing. RB Chris Polk continued to impress and added new dimension to his game as he made a huge play for the Huskies. TE Austin Seferian-Jenkins and WR Devin Aguilar made several clutch catches to help the Huskies top the Bears.
Price's pocket presence seems to be getting better each week as is his field vision. He stood and delivered two touchdown strikes to Sefarian-Jenkins and another to Polk, who took his catch 70 yards for the score. Aguilar helped set up both touchdowns to Seferian-Jenkins with big yardage completions as he made his way through the Cal defense and took the Huskies downfield.
Price now has 14 passing touchdowns through 4 games this season, more than Jake Locker threw all last year.
The Cal defense stymied Polk's rushing game, holding him to 60 yards on 20 carries for a dismal 3 yard per carry average. He did find the endzone on the ground, though, with a 2 yard touchdown.
Price was 19 of 25 for 292 yards and 3 touchdowns, doing his part in getting the Huskies their 409 yards of total offense in the game.
The Husky defense, although problematic at times, came up big when it was needed most and made the crucial stops to hold the lead and win. LB Cort Dennison made two huge tackles, knocking a 3rd and 4th down completion from the receivers hands to get the Huskies the ball back.
The defense stopped 3 of Cal's drives that were in the Husky redzone or close to it, and held them to field goals each time. They even score a turnover on downs after Dennison's game saving hit that knocked the 4th down pass out of the receiver's hands.
The Husky defense gave up career days to both Cal QB Zach Maynard (23/43 349 yds, 1 TD) and Cal WR Keenan Allen (10 catches, 197 yds, 1 TD). Allen scored his lone touchdown on a strike from Maynard for 90 yards, the longest pass play in Cal history.
CB Quentin Richardson blew his coverage assignment on Allen and he slipped past the Husky defense for the long score.
The Huskies got pretty banged up during the game, as RB Johri Fogerson, DE Hau'oli Jamora and LB John Timu all got knocked out of the game with injuries. Timu was carted off the field immediately after sustaining a neck injury.
The win puts the Huskies in first place in the Pac-12 with a 1-0 conference record. Hey, it may only be one game in, but who thought they could say the Huskies would be leading the Pac-12?


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COOKEVILLE, Tenn. -- Jim Davis had certainly been there before, but never in Eblen Center.
Kellie Cook, on the other hand….well, she's been there plenty on her familiar home court.
And so it was that Cook, a senior, made a couple of the biggest shots of the night to lift the Tennessee Tech women's basketball team to a very hard-earned 71-66 victory Monday night over stubborn and feisty Lee University in an exhibition game.
Cook popped a crucial 3-pointer with 4:38 remaining that gave Tech a 62-60 lead after the Flames had forged ahead by four. When that slim lead didn't hold up, Cook drained another bomb, this time from the left corner with just 39 seconds to play, to push the Golden Eagles on top, 68-64.
After Lee cut it to 68-66 with 25 seconds left on a pair of Hollie German free throws, Jala Harris made one at the other end to make it a three-point difference with 24 seconds left.
Lee had one final chance but a 3-pointer with six seconds to go was off the mark, Harris snared the rebound and added two free throws for the final five-point margin.
Lee, whose nickname is the Flames, burned the nets for much of the evening, The visitors shot 66.7 percent in the first half (13-for-21) and were still connecting at better than 60 percent until the final minutes. Lee finished the game hitting 58.5 percent (24-for-41).
Sophomore T'Keyah Williams recorded a double-double with
12 points and 11 rebounds to lead the Golden Eagles. She also had
two assists and three of Tech's 12 steals.
She was one of four Tech players to score in double digits. Diamond Henderson (photo at top) was the team's top point-getter with 13 while Harris netted 12 and Cook finished with 10. Lashay Davis (photo at left), playing her first game at Tech, finished with seven points and a team-high three assists along with three steals.
German was the game's top scorer with 18 points for Lee while Karley Miller added 12. Jenna Adams added eight points and topped all rebounders with 13.
The game was tied nine times and the lead changed hands seven times.
Lee found the range early, hitting five of its first six shots, including a pair of 3-pointers, to build a 12-6 lead.
The Golden Eagles, meanwhile, shuffled through numerous lineup
changes in the first seven minutes as Davis and his staff looked
for a combination that could produce at both ends of the floor.
Tech had nine turnovers in the first seven minutes.
Williams went high to grab an offensive rebound and her put-back tied the score at 16-16 with 11 minutes to play in the half, completing Tech's comeback and re-setting the game.
Tech settled down over the next 12 minutes, with just one more turnover before halftime. That improved ball-handling led to a 39-32 lead for the Golden Eagles at the break.
Lee opened the second half with a 10-0 run including seven points by Miller, erasing Tech's lead and giving the Flames a 42-39 advantage. From that point, the score was knotted five more times and the largest difference was Lee's 59-55 margin on a 3-pointer by German with 7:24 to go.
That is, until Cook's clutch shot made it a four-point Tech lead in the final minute.
The Golden Eagles open the regular season Saturday night at 6
p.m. when they host Tennessee Wesleyan in the first game of a
Tickets to the game, as well as season tickets for the Golden Eagles' 2012-13 home schedule, are on sale at the Athletics Ticket Office in Eblen Center or by calling 931-372-3940.


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I'm hardly active.
YuSooKey wrote:
Khaltazar wrote:
The only flaw I see is the cartoonish characters. It has a cool concept, but when the girl summoned a talking cow I was like "... yeah no..."
And they summon talking toads, monkeys, slugs, snakes, dogs, and turtles in Naruto. But that is the least of Naruto's issues.
Fair enough.
How that stupid Mirror dimension Edolas And it contently contradicts itself The whole point of mirror dimension is a evil version of you but were any truly evil people from fairy tail NOPE JUST ONE person well two if you count Elsa but still WTF?!
Dragonheart333 wrote:
How that stupid Mirror dimension Edolas And it contently contradicts itself The whole point of mirror dimension is a evil version of you but were any truly evil people from fairy tail NOPE JUST ONE person well two if you count Elsa but still WTF?!
There was never any indication that Edolas was supposed to be an 'evil' version of anything. Just because other works use that trope, such as Superman's Bizzaro World, doesn't mean that's how alternate dimensions have to work. Edolas is just an alternate dimension, not opposite dimension.
My Jumbo Jet Flies Cheerfully.
fairy tail is good but...
it can get boring in battle scenes
you cannot have a 100s of episodes anime without true romance(Julias obsession over grey does not count)
lucy has to either get with natsu or loke or someone.
bonding with fellow anime lovers
A comedy turned sincere and overly long.
3... 2... 1.... nuke.
shadorai wrote:
dark_ghost wrote:
shadorai wrote:
the only flaw i really notice in fairy tail is that the arcs are SO LONG. like the tenroujima arc, that was about 20 episodes. i mean, that's just way too long. but otherwise, i think fairy tail is great.
what flaws do you guys notice about fairy tail?
p.s this is not a forum to put replies like "fairy tail sucks" on.
I don't think that Fairy Tail's arcs are long One Piece and Bleach arcs are longer.
I don't know if this counts as a flaw but the fact that the series revolves so much around Lucy and she owns 10 of the 12 strongest spirits she should be stronger because she never does much.
actually, that reminds me.
one reason i like fairy tail is because the main character isn't the "strongest being in the galaxy" and such.
and while i somewhat agree, it makes sense how she got all of her spirits. she started out with 3 from her rich family, (not to mention that her mom was a celestial wizard) got leo after he couldn't go undercover anymore, got 3 more when she beat one of the biggest criminals in the land, etc.
it all makes sense how she got them. however, the only flaw about this is that people seem to forget lucy's the main character.
Thank you for that...I kept noticing that everyone seemed to think Natsu was the main character. He is the main supporting character.
I don't think Fairy Tail's arcs are too long at all. In comparison with Naruto and Bleach, Fairy Tail would be below average length. They also do not have near the fillers (yet...) that other anime's do. And the one long filler arc that just completed was very well done in comparison.
The character development is fairly decent, plots are similar to other shounen animes, but have some original spins in there as well.
My only gripe has been the beatdowns that the characters take, and then they come back from left field and start kicking butt. I get that as a plot sometimes - I mean there are plenty of times we all fail the first time, and come back because it taught us a different way to do something so we wouldn't fail the next time. But I do get tired of seeing the characters continuously have to fail first. Sometimes I would enjoy it if the author just let them come in and wipe the floor with the enemies...it would amuse me at least.
Officially a home owner!
I don't know if it's actually a flaw, but I hate to see that Lucy, the main female character, is always being overshadowed by some characters in fighting scenes, even though we can see she is always improving... I really love Lucy. She's my favorite character in FT and one of my favorite female anime characters. When I read post in other forum, lots of people dislike or sometimes hate Lucy because they think she's weak or useless.... :(
Super friendship power up. Example: friendship barrier that protected the guild from Acnologia. Training and working hard doesn't mean anything in the series. Only friendship matter which is a very stupid concept. That is the reason why I hate the Grand Magic Games arc.
I realy love fairy tail si one of my favorito animes, and the only flaw that i see is, people never die, and i mean NEVER!!. Istead hiro mashima, revives people, like lisana, don't get me wrong, i love lisana, and kill characters that are constantly apearing is rare and no one likes that, but bad guys olso never die, no one dies, 1 or 2 deads spices tintes up a litle, even if is just characters that no one cares.
And so it begins...
-People make comebacks without any reason
-Nobody dies
-Good guys can stand up over and over again but bad guys can't
-Natsu is annoying
-Fights are so predictable, you know who will win every time
-Super powerful mages can suddenly turn powerless
Conjuring up the past is not remembering; it is replacing.
The fact that it's a rip-off of One Piece of Heaven.
I mean,
Poor Fairy Fail.
Soon to fade into obscurity just like Bleach Detergent did.
Will you still love me when I'm no longer young and beautiful?
be nice if we could get some character closure or at least made more clear or will all the guys and gals end up as crazy cat guy/girls
they dont let the heavy hitters like Gildarts get enough face time
Fairy Tail problem isn't related to length. Its that it just kinda degrades into genaric shonen where they solve every problem with friendship, that goes double for Natsu who's most likely the most bland anime character to exist. And the vast majority characters, save for Erza, are gimmicky and don't really develop past that.
And what sort of main character doesn't even bother to follow his own goal! Really Natsu...
However on the other side... Erza that is all.
Everything has a name. So yours doesn't make you special.


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February 07, 2012
By -, -
KANSAS CITY, Mo. – Alexsis Brown of Cal Maritime has been named the NAIA National Division II Women's Basketball Player of the Week, the national office announced Tuesday. Brown was selected based on her performances from Jan. 30 – Feb. 5 and was chosen out of a pool of conference/independent/unaffiliated groupings.
Brown filled up the net in both of her outings over the past week, going for a combined 75 points. She began the week with a 35-point effort in the Keelhaulers' 73-67 loss to Cal State San Marcos on Feb. 2. She nailed 19 of 23 free throws (.826) and added six rebounds and two steals. Brown followed that up with a career-high 40 points in pushing Cal Maritime to 7-0 in California Pacific Conference action with a 90-80 victory over Simpson (Calif.) on Feb. 4. She also contributed 11 rebounds to give her 10 double-doubles on the season. For the week, Brown shot 22-for-49 (.449) from the field and 26-for-32 from the free throw line (.813).
The 5-foot-7 senior forward from Richmond, Calif., took over the national scoring lead with 24.1 points per game after her monster week. She also ranks 22nd in the NAIA in rebounding with an average of 8.9 per contest. Brown has scored at least 10 points in every game this season.
For a complete listing of all the national statistical leaders, click here.
The next Player of the Week announcement will be on Feb. 14.
Nominees: Cheryl Braithwait, Doane (Neb.); Tara Vanweerdhuizen, Corban (Ore.); Steffani Liscum, Arizona Christian; Hailey Longtin, Mayville State (N.D.); Alecia Smith, Kansas Wesleyan; Taelor Sanders, Aquinas (Mich.); Hannah Steele, Jamestown (N.D.); Jennifer Jorgensen, Grand View (Iowa); Joncelyn Peterkin, Point Park (Pa.); Dominique Butler, Florida Memorial; Julie Raeder, Cardinal Stritch (Wis.); Teqa Mcneal, Bluefield (Va.); Ellen Gray, Asbury (Ky.); Whitley Emerson, Marian (Ind.); Sharon Houston, Indiana Northwest.
2011 Composite Award Winners (Schedule)
Week 1: Lindsey Waters, Union (Ky.)
Week 2: Kendra De Jong, Northwestern (Iowa)
Week 3: Kayla Drake, Saint Francis (Ind.)
Week 4: Teonika Webb, Virginia Intermont
Week 5: Kami Kuhlmann, Northwestern (Iowa)
Week 6: Alexsis Brown, Cal Maritime


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English Practice – Summer Sessions
Are you interested in practicing English during the summer? If so, please consider joining the English Conversation Club for weekly practices. Besides providing an opportunity to practice the language, these sessions are welcoming, engaging, and a good way to make new friends. They are free and no appointment is necessary; just show up and ready to learn from experienced native English tutors. If you have questions, please email firstname.lastname@example.com.
Date: Wednesdays and Fridays
Time: 1:00-3:00 p.m.
Location: Meet at the atrium (across from the main door to the School of Education's library).
- Start
- Wednesday July 31, 2013 01:00 PM
- End
- Wednesday July 31, 2013 03:00 PM
- Location
- Wendell W. Wright Education Building / Education, School of
- Contact Email
- firstname.lastname@example.com