text:
Paternal age effect
|This article needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. (May 2015)
The paternal age effect is the statistical relationship between paternal age at conception and biological effects on the child.[1] Such effects can relate to birthweight, congenital disorders, life expectancy, and psychological outcomes.[2] A 2009 review concludes that the absolute risk for genetic anomalies in offspring is low, and states that "there is no clear association between adverse health outcome and paternal age but longitudinal studies are needed."[3]
On the other hand, the genetic quality of sperm, as well as its volume and motility, all typically decrease with age,[4] leading the population geneticist James F. Crow to claim that the "greatest mutational health hazard to the human genome is fertile older males".[5]
The paternal age effect was first proposed implicitly by Weinberg in 1912,[6] and explicitly by Penrose in 1955.[7] Extensive research started more recently, once paternity testing became technically and economically viable on a widespread basis. Harry Fisch, a physician who has done research in this area, says that research into paternal age effect degradation of DNA is "in its infancy".[8]
- 1 Health effects
- 2 Social effects
- 3 Mechanisms
- 4 History
- 5 Medical assessment
- 6 See also
- 7 References
- 8 Further reading
- 9 External links
Health effects
Evidence for a paternal age effect has been proposed for a number of conditions, diseases and other effects. In many of these, the statistical evidence of association is weak, and the association may be related by confounding factors, or behavioral differences. Conditions proposed to show correlation with paternal age include the following:[3]
Single-gene disorders
Advanced paternal age is associated with a higher risk for certain single-gene disorders caused by mutations of the FGFR2, FGFR3, and RET genes.[9] These conditions are Apert syndrome, Crouzon syndrome, Pfeiffer syndrome, achondroplasia, thanatophoric dysplasia, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2, and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2b.[9] The most significant effect concerns achondroplasia (a form of dwarfism), which occurs in about 1 in 1,875 children fathered by men over 50, compared to 1 in 15,000 in the general population.[10] However, the risk for achondroplasia is still considered clinically negligible.[11] The FGFR genes may be particularly prone to a paternal age effect due to selfish spermatogonial selection, whereby the influence of spermatogonial mutations in older men is enhanced because cells with certain mutations have a selective advantage over other cells (see § DNA mutations).[12]
Pregnancy effects
Several studies have reported that advanced paternal age is associated with an increased risk of miscarriage.[13] The strength of the association differs between studies.[14] It has been suggested that these miscarriages are caused by chromosome abnormalities in the sperm of aging men.[13] An increased risk for stillbirth has also been observed for pregnancies fathered by men over 45.[14]
Birth outcomes
A systematic review published in 2010 concluded the risk of low birthweight in infants with paternal age is "saucer-shaped" (U-shaped); that is, the highest risks occur at low and at high paternal ages.[15] Compared with a paternal age of 25–28 years as a reference group, the odds ratio for low birthweight was approximately 1.1 at a paternal age of 20 and approximately 1.2 at a paternal age of 50.[15] There was no association of paternal age with preterm births or with small for gestational age births.[15]
Mental illness
Schizophrenia is associated with advanced paternal age with 12 out of 14 studies supporting a relationship.[16] Paternal age older than 55 is a moderate risk factor for schizophrenia.[17] Most studies examining autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and advanced paternal age have demonstrated an association between the two, although there also appears to be an increase with maternal age.[18]
The risk of bipolar disorder ("manic depression") particularly for early-onset disease, is J-shaped, with the lowest risk for children of 20- to 24-year-old fathers, a twofold risk for younger fathers, and a threefold risk for fathers >50 years old. There is no similar relationship with maternal age.[19]
Paternal age may be associated with an increased risk of breast cancer,[20] but the association is weak and there are confounding effects.[3]
Diabetes mellitus
High paternal age has been suggested as a risk factor for type 1 diabetes,[21] but research findings are inconsistent and a clear association has not been established.[22][23]
Down syndrome
It appears that a paternal-age effect exists with respect to Down syndrome, but is very small in comparison to the maternal-age effect.[24]
In 2005, Malaspina and colleagues detected a U-shaped relationship between paternal age and low intelligence quotients (IQs) in 44,175 people from Israel.[25] The highest IQ was found at paternal ages of 25-44; fathers younger than 25 and older than 44 tended to have children with lower IQs.[25] Malaspina et al. also reviewed the literature and found that "at least a half dozen other studies ... have demonstrated significant associations between paternal age and human intelligence."[25]
A 2009 study examined children at 8 months, 4 years, and 7 years and found that paternal age was associated with poorer scores in almost all neurocognitive tests used, but that maternal age was associated with better scores on the same tests.[26] An editorial accompanying the paper emphasized the importance of controlling for socioeconomic status in studies of paternal age and intelligence.[27] A 2010 paper from Spain provided further evidence that average paternal age is elevated in cases of intellectual disability.[28]
Life expectancy
A 2008 paper found a U-shaped association between paternal age and the overall mortality rate in children (i.e., mortality rate up to age 18).[29] Although the relative mortality rates were higher, the absolute numbers were low, because of the relatively low occurrence of genetic abnormality. The study has been criticized for not adjusting for maternal health, which could have a large effect on child mortality.[30] The researchers also found a correlation between paternal age and offspring death by injury or poisoning, indicating the need to control for social and behavioral confounding factors.[31]
In 2012 a study showed that greater age at paternity tends to increase telomere length in offspring for up to two generations. Since telomere length has effects on health and mortality, this may have effects on health and the rate of aging in these offspring. The authors speculated that this effect may provide a mechanism by which populations have some plasticity in adapting longevity to different social and ecological contexts.[32]
Older men have decreased pregnancy rates, increased time to pregnancy, and increased infertility at a given point in time.[33] Increasing paternal age may also increase the risk of reproductive failure, which has led some researchers to compare age 40 to the "Amber Light" in a man's reproductive life.[34]
Social effects
|Age at birth
|Before child's 18th birthday
Later age at parenthood is associated with a more stable family environment, with older parents being less likely to divorce or change partners.[35] Older parents also tend to occupy a higher socio-economic position and report feeling more devoted to their children and satisfied with their family.[35] On the other hand, the risk of the father dying before the child becomes an adult increases with paternal age.[35]
Several hypothesized chains of causality exist whereby increased paternal age may lead to health effects.[14][36]
DNA mutations
In contrast to oogenesis, the production of sperm cells is a lifelong process.[14] Each year after puberty, spermatogonia (precursors of the spermatozoa) divide meiotically about 23 times.[36] By the age of 40, the spermatogonia will have undergone about 660 such divisions, compared to 200 at age 20.[36] Copying errors sometimes happen during the DNA replication preceding these cell divisions, which can lead to new (de novo) mutations in the sperm DNA.[12] A study of 78 Icelandic families found that each additional year in the age of the father causes about two new mutations in the child.[37] Regarding the increased risk at very young paternal ages, an international study indicates that the DNA mutation rate in very young fathers may also be elevated.[38]
The selfish spermatogonial selection hypothesis proposes that the influence of spermatogonial mutations in older men is further enhanced because cells with certain mutations have a selective advantage over other cells.[36][39] Such an advantage would allow the mutated cells to increase in number through clonal expansion.[36][39] In particular, mutations that affect the RAS pathway, which regulates spermatogonial proliferation, appear to offer a competitive advantage to spermatogonial cells, while also leading to diseases associated with paternal age.[39]
Epigenetic changes
The production of sperm cells involves DNA methylation, an epigenetic process that regulates the expression of genes.[36] Improper genomic imprinting and other errors sometimes occur during this process, which can affect the expression of genes related to certain disorders, increasing the offspring's susceptibility.[40] The frequency of these errors appears to increase with age.[40] This could explain the association between paternal age and schizophrenia.[40]
Telomere length
Telomeres are genetic sequences that protect the structures of chromosomes.[41] As men age, most telomeres shorten, but sperm telomeres increase in length.[14] The offspring of older fathers have longer telomeres in both their sperm and white blood cells.[14][41] Because people with longer telomeres are at decreased risk for age-related diseases, higher paternal age may also be associated with certain health benefits.[14] This mechanism may have evolved because the environment of children born to older fathers is likely to have a higher expected age of reproduction.[41]
A 2001 review on variation in semen quality and fertility by male age concluded that older men had lower semen volume, lower sperm motility, and a decreased percent of normal sperm.[33] One common factor is the abnormal regulation of sperm once a mutation arises. It has been seen that once taking place, the mutation will almost always be positively selected for and over time will lead to the mutant sperm replacing all non-mutant sperm. In younger males, this process is corrected and regulated by the growth factor receptor-RAS signal transduction pathway.[42]
A 2014 review indicated that increasing male age is associated with declines in many semen traits, including semen volume and percentage motility. However, this review also found that sperm concentration did not decline as male age increased.[43]
X-linked effects
Some classify the paternal age effect as one of two different types. One effect is directly related to advanced paternal age and autosomal mutations in the offspring. The other effect is an indirect effect in relation to mutations on the X chromosome which are passed to daughters who are then at risk for having sons with X-linked diseases.[44]
In 1912, Wilhelm Weinberg, a German physician, was the first person to hypothesize that non-inherited cases of achondroplasia could be more common in last-born children than in children born earlier to the same set of parents.[45] Weinberg "made no distinction between paternal age, maternal age and birth order" in his hypothesis. In 1953, Krooth used the term "paternal age effect" in the context of achondroplasia, but mistakenly thought the condition represented a maternal age effect.[45][46]:375 The paternal age effect for achondroplasia was described by Lionel Penrose in 1955.
Scientific interest in paternal age effects increased in the late 20th and early 21st centuries because the average paternal age increased in countries such as the United Kingdom,[47] Australia,[48] and Germany,[49] and because birth rates for fathers aged 30–54 years have risen between 1980 and 2006 in the United States.[50] Possible reasons for the increases in average paternal age include increasing life expectancy and increasing rates of divorce and remarriage.[49] Despite recent increases in average paternal age, however, the oldest father documented in the medical literature was born in 1840: George Isaac Hughes was 94 years old at the time of the birth of his son by his second wife, a 1935 article in the Journal of the American Medical Association stated that his fertility "has been definitely and affirmatively checked up medically," and he fathered a daughter in 1936 at age 96.[49]:329[51][52] In 2012, two 96-year-old men, Nanu Ram Jogi and Ramjit Raghav, both from India, claimed to have fathered children that year.,[53][54]
Medical assessment
The American College of Medical Genetics recommends obstetric ultrasonography at 18–20 weeks gestation in cases of advanced paternal age to evaluate fetal development, but it notes that this procedure "is unlikely to detect many of the conditions of interest." They also note that there is no standard definition of advanced paternal age;[55] it is commonly defined as age 40 or above, but the effect increases linearly with paternal age, rather than appearing at any particular age.[56] According to a 2006 review, any adverse effects of advanced paternal age "should be weighed up against potential social advantages for children born to older fathers who are more likely to have progressed in their career and to have achieved financial security."[47]
Geneticist James F. Crow described mutations that have a direct visible effect on the child's health and also mutations that can be latent or have minor visible effects on the child's health; many such minor or latent mutations allow the child to reproduce, but cause more serious problems for grandchildren, great-grandchildren and later generations.[5]
See also
- ↑ "paternal age effect". Retrieved 2015-05-28.
- ↑ Amaral, David; Dawson, Geraldine; Geschwind, Daniel (2011-06-17). Autism Spectrum Disorders. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 9780195371826.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 H. Tournaye, "Male Reproductive Ageing," in Bewley, Ledger, and Nikolaou, eds., Reproductive Ageing, Cambridge University Press (2009), ISBN 9781906985134 (accessed 15 November 2013)
- ↑ Gurevich, Rachel (June 10, 2008). "Does Age Affect Male Fertility?". About.com:Fertility. About.com. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Crow, James F. (August 5, 1997). "The high spontaneous mutation rate: Is it a health risk?". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 94 (16): 8380–8386. PMC 33757 . PMID 9237985. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.16.8380.
- ↑ Weinberg, W (1912). "Zur Vererbung des Zwergwuchses. (On the inheritance of dwarfism)". Arch Rassen-u Gesell Biol. 9: 710–718.
- ↑ Penrose, LS (1955). "Parental age and mutation". Lancet. 269: 312–313. PMID 13243724. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(55)92305-9.
- ↑ Vanderbes, Jennifer (June 25, 2011). "What's That Ticking Sound? The Male Biological Clock". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Toriello HV, Meck JM (2008). "Statement on guidance for genetic counseling in advanced paternal age". Genet. Med. 10 (6): 457–60. PMC 3111019 . PMID 18496227. doi:10.1097/GIM.0b013e318176fabb.
- ↑ Kovac JR, Addai J, Smith RP, Coward RM, Lamb DJ, Lipshultz LI (2013). "The effects of advanced paternal age on fertility". Asian J. Androl. 15 (6): 723–8. PMC 3854059 . PMID 23912310. doi:10.1038/aja.2013.92.
- ↑ Czeizel AE, Czeizel B, Vereczkey A (2013). "The participation of prospective fathers in preconception care". Clin Med Insights Reprod Health. 7: 1–9. PMC 3888083 . PMID 24453513. doi:10.4137/CMRH.S10930.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Ramasamy R, Chiba K, Butler P, Lamb DJ (2015). "Male biological clock: a critical analysis of advanced paternal age". Fertil. Steril. 103: 1402–6. PMID 25881878. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.03.011.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Abbas HA, Rafei RE, Charafeddine L, Yunis K (2015). "Effects of Advanced Paternal Age on Reproduction and Outcomes in Offspring". NeoReviews. 16 (2): e69 –e83. doi:10.1542/neo.16-2-e69.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 Sharma R, Agarwal A, Rohra VK, Assidi M, Abu-Elmagd M, Turki RF (2015). "Effects of increased paternal age on sperm quality, reproductive outcome and associated epigenetic risks to offspring" (PDF). Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 13 (1): 35. PMID 25928123. doi:10.1186/s12958-015-0028-x.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Shah PS; Knowledge Synthesis Group on determinants of preterm/low birthweight births (2010). "Paternal factors and low birthweight, preterm, and small for gestational age births: a systematic review". Am J Obstet Gynecol. 202 (2): 103–23. PMID 20113689. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2009.08.026.
- ↑ Kirkpatrick, B; Messias, E; Harvey, PD; Fernandez-Egea, E; Bowie, CR (November 2008). "Is schizophrenia a syndrome of accelerated aging?". Schizophrenia bulletin. 34 (6): 1024–32. PMID 18156637. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm140.
- ↑ Torrey EF, Buka S, Cannon TD, Goldstein JM, Seidman LJ, Liu T, Hadley T, Rosso IM, Bearden C, Yolken RH (2009). "Paternal age as a risk factor for schizophrenia: how important is it?". Schizophr Res. 114 (1–3): 1–5. PMID 19683417. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.06.017.
- ↑ Kolevzon A, Gross R, Reichenberg A (2007). "Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for autism: a review and integration of findings". Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 161 (4): 326–333. PMID 17404128. doi:10.1001/archpedi.161.4.326.
- ↑ Frans EM, Sandin S, Reichenberg A, Lichtenstein P, Långström N, Hultman CM (2008). "Advancing Paternal Age and Bipolar Disorder". Arch Gen Psychiatry. 65 (9): 1034–1040. PMID 18762589. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.65.9.1034.
- ↑ Xue F, Michels KB (2007). "Intrauterine factors and risk of breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of current evidence". Lancet Oncol. 8 (12): 1088–100. PMID 18054879. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(07)70377-7.
- ↑ Bishop DB, O'Connor PJ, Desai J (2010). "Diabetes". Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Control (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: American Public Health Association. p. 301. ISBN 9780875531922.
- ↑ Cardwell CR, Stene LC, Joner G, et al. (2010). "Maternal age at birth and childhood type 1 diabetes: a pooled analysis of 30 observational studies". Diabetes. 59 (2): 486–94. PMC 2809958 . PMID 19875616. doi:10.2337/db09-1166.
- ↑ Stene LC, Harjutsalo V, Moltchanova E, Tuomilehto J (2011). "Epidemiology of Type 1 Diabetes". In Holt RIG, Cockram C, Flyvbjerg A, Goldstein BJ. Textbook of Diabetes. John Wiley & Sons. p. 39.
- ↑ Girirajan S (2009). "Parental-age effects in Down syndrome" (PDF). J Genet. 88 (1): 1–7. PMID 19417538. doi:10.1007/s12041-009-0001-6.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Malaspina D, Reichenberg A, Weiser M, Fennig S, Davidson M, Harlap S, Wolitzky R, Rabinowitz J, Susser E, Knobler HY (2005). "Paternal age and intelligence: implications for age-related genomic changes in male germ cells". Psychiatr Genet. 15 (2): 117–25. PMID 15900226. doi:10.1097/00041444-200506000-00008.
- ↑ Saha S, Barnett AG, Foldi C, Burne TH, Eyles DW, Buka SL, McGrath JJ (2009). Brayne, Carol, ed. "Advanced Paternal Age Is Associated with Impaired Neurocognitive Outcomes during Infancy and Childhood". PLoS Med. 6 (3): e40. PMC 2653549 . PMID 19278291. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000040.
- ↑ Cannon M (2009). "Contrasting Effects of Maternal and Paternal Age on Offspring Intelligence: The clock ticks for men too". PLoS Med. 6 (3): e42. PMC 2653550 . PMID 19278293. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000042.
- ↑ Lopez-Castroman J, Gómez DD, Belloso JJ, Fernandez-Navarro P, Perez-Rodriguez MM, Villamor IB, Navarrete FF, Ginestar CM, Currier D, Torres MR, Navio-Acosta M, Saiz-Ruiz J, Jimenez-Arriero MA, Baca-Garcia E (2010). "Differences in maternal and paternal age between schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders". Schizophr Res. 116 (2–3): 184–90. PMID 19945257. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.11.006.
- ↑ Zhu JL, Vestergaard M, Madsen KM, Olsen J (2008). "Paternal age and mortality in children". Eur J Epidemiol. 23 (7): 443–7. PMID 18437509. doi:10.1007/s10654-008-9253-3.
- ↑ "In this particular study, no adjustment was made for the health of the mother, and this could have had a large effect on child mortality." National Health Service (UK), "Older Dads and the Death of Children," (accessed 15 November 2013)
- ↑ Tournaye 2009, p. 102
- ↑ Eisenberg, Dan T.A.; Hayes, M. Geoffrey; Kuzawa, Christopher W. (June 11, 2012). "Delayed paternal age of reproduction in humans is associated with longer telomeres across two generations of descendants". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 109 (26): 10251–10256. doi:10.1073/pnas.1202092109. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 Kidd SA, Eskenazi B, Wyrobek AJ (2001). "Effects of male age on semen quality and fertility: a review of the literature". Fertil Steril. 75 (2): 237–48. PMID 11172821. doi:10.1016/S0015-0282(00)01679-4.
- ↑ De La Rochebrochard, E; McElreavey, K; Thonneau, P (2003). "Paternal age over 40 years: the "amber light" in the reproductive life of men?". Journal of andrology. 24 (4): 459–65. PMID 12826682.
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 Schmidt L, Sobotka T, Bentzen JG, Nyboe Andersen A (2012). "Demographic and medical consequences of the postponement of parenthood". Hum. Reprod. Update. 18 (1): 29–43. PMID 21989171. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmr040.
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 36.4 36.5 Malaspina D, Gilman C, Kranz TM (2015). "Paternal age and mental health of offspring". Fertil. Steril. 103: 1392–6. PMID 25956369. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.04.015.
- ↑ Kong A, Frigge ML, Masson G, Besenbacher S, Sulem P, Magnusson G, Gudjonsson SA, Sigurdsson A, Jonasdottir A, Jonasdottir A, Wong WS, Sigurdsson G, Walters GB, Steinberg S, Helgason H, Thorleifsson G, Gudbjartsson DF, Helgason A, Magnusson OT, Thorsteinsdottir U, Stefansson K (2012). "Rate of de novo mutations and the importance of father's age to disease risk". Nature. 488 (7412): 471–5. PMC 3548427 . PMID 22914163. doi:10.1038/nature11396.
- ↑ Forster P, Hohoff C, Dunkelmann B, Schürenkamp M, Pfeiffer H, Neuhuber F, Brinkmann B (2015). "Elevated germline mutation rate in teenage fathers". Proc R Soc B. 282 (1803): 1–6. PMC 4345458 . PMID 25694621. doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.2898.
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 Goriely A, Wilkie AOM (2013). ""Selfish spermatogonial selection": a novel mechanism for the association between advanced paternal age and neurodevelopmental disorders". Am. J. Psychiatry. 170: 599–608. PMC 4001324 . PMID 23639989. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12101352.
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 Perrin MC, Brown AS, Malaspina D (2007). "Aberrant Epigenetic Regulation Could Explain the Relationship of Paternal Age to Schizophrenia". Schizophr Bull. 33 (6): 1270–3. PMC 2779878 . PMID 17712030. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm093.
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 Wiener-Megnazi Z, Auslender R, Dirnfeld M (2012). "Advanced paternal age and reproductive outcome". Asian J. Androl. 14 (1): 69–76. PMC 3735149 . PMID 22157982. doi:10.1038/aja.2011.69.
- ↑ Goriely, Anne; Wilkie, Andrew (2012). "Paternal Age Effect Mutations and Selfish Spermatogonial Selection: Causes and Consequences for Human Disease". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 90 (2): 175–200. PMID 22325359. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.12.017.
- ↑ Johnson, Sheri L.; Dunleavy, Jessica; Gemmell, Neil J.; Nakagawa, Shinichi (January 2015). "Consistent age-dependent declines in human semen quality: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Ageing Research Reviews. 19: 22–33. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2014.10.007.
- ↑ "Definition of Advanced paternal age".
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 Crow JF (2000). "The origins, patterns and implications of human spontaneous mutation" (PDF). Nature Reviews Genetics. 1 (1): 40–7. PMID 11262873. doi:10.1038/35049558.
- ↑ Krooth RS (1953). "Comments on the estimation of the mutation rate for achondroplasia". American Journal of Human Genetics. 5 (4): 373–6. PMC 1716528 . PMID 13104383.
- ↑ 47.0 47.1 Bray I, Gunnell D, Smith GD (2006). "Advanced paternal age: How old is too old?". J Epidemiol Community Health. 60 (10): 851–3. PMC 2566050 . PMID 16973530. doi:10.1136/jech.2005.045179.
- ↑ Australian Bureau of Statistics (11 November 2009). "3301.0 - Births, Australia, 2008. Summary of findings. Births". Retrieved 25 February 2010.
- ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 Kühnert B, Nieschlag E (2004). "Reproductive functions of the ageing male". Hum Reprod Update. 10 (4): 327–39. PMID 15192059. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmh030.
- ↑ Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Sutton PD, Ventura SJ, Menacker F, Kirmeyer S, Mathews TJ (2009). "Births: final data for 2006" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 57 (7): 1–104. Retrieved 25 February 2010.
- ↑ Seymour FI, Duffy C, Koerner A (1935). "A case of authenticated fertility in a man, aged 94". J Am Med Assoc. 105 (18): 1423–4. doi:10.1001/jama.1935.92760440002009a.
- ↑ "A father again at 96; North Carolinan's baby a sister to boy born two years ago". New York Times. 4 June 1936. p. 10.
- ↑ Nanu Ram Jogi fathers another child aged 96, article in the Times of India, 16 October 2012
- ↑ "World's oldest dad, 97, devastated after wife leaves him following disappearance of their son". The Daily Mail. London. 3 October 2013.
- ↑ Toriello HV, Meck JM; Professional Practice and Guidelines Committee, American College of Medical Genetics (2008). "Statement on guidance for genetic counseling in advanced paternal age". Genet Med. 10 (6): 457–60. PMC 3111019 . PMID 18496227. doi:10.1097/GIM.0b013e318176fabb.
- ↑ Frans E, MacCabe JH, Reichenberg A (2015). "Advancing paternal age and psychiatric disorders". World Psychiatry. 14 (1): 91–3. PMC 4329902 . PMID 25655163. doi:10.1002/wps.20190.
Further reading
- Fisch H, Braun S (2005). The male biological clock: the startling news about aging, sexuality, and fertility in men. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-7432-5991-2.
- Gavrilov, L.A., Gavrilova, N.S. Human longevity and parental age at conception. In: J.-M.Robine, T.B.L. Kirkwood, M. Allard (eds.) Sex and Longevity: Sexuality, Gender, Reproduction, Parenthood, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2000, 7-31.
- Gavrilov, L.A., Gavrilova, N.S. Parental age at conception and offspring longevity. Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, 1997, 7: 5-12.
- Gavrilov, L.A., Gavrilova, N.S. When Fatherhood Should Stop? Letter. Science, 1997, 277(5322): 17-18.
External links
- Crow JF (1997). "The high spontaneous mutation rate: Is it a health risk?". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 94 (16): 8380–6. PMC 33757 . PMID 9237985. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.16.8380.
- Malaspina L (28 March 2006). "Schizophrenia risk and the paternal germ line". Schizophrenia Research Forum. Retrieved 25 February 2010.
- Rabin R (27 February 2007). "It seems the fertility clock ticks for men, too". New York Times. Retrieved 25 February 2010.
- Raeburn P (Feb 2009). "The father factor: how dad's age increases baby's risk of mental illness". Sci Am Mind.
- National Library of Medicine. "Medical Subject Headings. 2010 MeSH. MeSH descriptor data. Paternal age".
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It can mean you're too heavy. It can mean you hung on the rim for just too long. It can mean the board or rim weren't built right. It can also mean you amazingly strong or just plain awesome. Either way, it's always great to see that glass shatter after a dunk. More
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Best Dunks of the 2008-2009 regular season in the NBA, with Lebron James, Dwayne Wade, Josh Smith, Derrick Rose and a few others making a great Top Ten Mix. More

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I am doing it… again! Weight Watchers, Here I come! I Love French Fries, bread, pizza, fried chicken, anything drizzled in caramel, cupcakes, and "You Name It". However, I do also love healthy foods such as all fruits, salad, quinoa, grilled anything, and almost all vegetables.
So why has losing weight been such a struggle in the past?
I start having too much of the unhealthy foods and not enough healthy foods. Moderation, Moderation, moderation… Everything in moderation is my new motto. Much like the mantra of Weight Watchers, I will still have some of the foods I love, but in moderation.
I have actually done Weight Watchers in the past and I lost 20 pounds within the first two months. My problem was I didn't stick with it and I started back eating too much of the unhealthy foods I craved. Well, here I go again, but this time I am not going to deprive myself of the foods I enjoy, I will just have them in moderation, and not everyday. I won't even have them most days, but I will focus on making healthier choices, eating less, and trying my best to maintain a healthy lifestyle.
I will keep you all posted in various blogs throughout my fitness journey as I embark again to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Please share your journey, advice, progress, and feedback as well!
Stay focused, positive, and motivated!
This post first appeared on How To Maintain A Healthy Lifestyle, please read the originial post: here


text:
Fahad Malik case: ATC sends accused to jail
Police produced accused Raja Arshad in the court under stringent security today after conclusion of the remand period.
The police officers informed the court that the weapon used in the crime and mobile phone have been recovered from the accused.
The police pleaded to the court for extension in remand period so as the vehicle used in the crime can be recovered.
The judge, however, denied the police request and sent the accused to jail till September 23rd.
Fahad Malik was gunned down on August 15th in Sector F-10 of Islamabad. The deceased was attempting to mediate between his friend Malik Tariq and the rival Raja Arshad group. He was shot dead in his car as he left the Police station, while Tariq Malik was seriously injured.


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NEW YORK ROCK RADIO - WWW.CLASICROCKNEWYORK.COM - RockRadio.NYC - NEW YORK ROCK STATION ONLINE - CLASSIC ROCK NEW YORK CITY - ROCK RADIO FROM NEW YORK USA - NEW YORK CLASSIC ROCK - ROCK RADIO NYC STREAMS THE BEST CLASSIC ROCK FROM NEW YORK
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text: Innovation Preparing For An Automated Workforce By Will Michaels & Frank Stasio • Feb 3, 2016 Beau Giles / Flickr Creative Commons North Carolina is home to a growing number of startup companies that are trying to stay ahead of today's constant need for innovation. The upside of that innovation is business opportunity. Cities and states across this region are redirecting investments to try and claim the title of Silicon Valley of the South. Summit Seeks To Bolster Diversity In Raleigh Tech Market By Rebecca Martinez • Sep 10, 2015 Innovate Raleigh Area youth and minority leaders will rub elbows with representatives from large tech firms and start-ups at the fourth annual Innovate Raleigh Summit today. The non-profit Innovate Raleigh works to connect entrepreneurs and resources. Executive Director Jenny Hwa says the organization will study whether it's a gap in education that limits diversity in the tech industry. Big Push To Innovate! Five NC Cities Selected By Leoneda Inge • Sep 10, 2015 NC State A new initiative to help spark innovation across the state will focus on five cities. The announcement was made Friday at NC State's Hunt Library. "Next up we have Greensboro! Come on up Greensboro!" shouted Christopher Gergan, CEO of Forward Impact. Gergan helped make the "InnovateNC" announcement. Spaces For Innovation By Hady Mawajdeh & Frank Stasio • Feb 10, 2015 Ildar Sagdejev Innovation is thriving across the state of North Carolina and communities are becoming more intentional about providing spaces that nurture creative thinking. Maybe It Is Time To Take A Stroll By Hady Mawajdeh & Frank Stasio • Nov 6, 2014 flickr.com/photos/125627375@N04 Listen Listening... / 17:29 Lots of cities cater to populations that prefer to drive. The Solar Suitcase: Sharing Big Ideas At SwitchPoint By Carol Jackson & Eric Hodge • Apr 24, 2014 SwitchPoint There's a fascinating conference happening Thursday and Friday at the Haw River Ballroom in Saxapahaw. It's called SwitchPoint. This is the conference for you if you're interested in things like using technology for good, social entrepreneurship and creativity/design. The attendees are the kind of people who are doing the most interesting things in our society: printing 3-D organs, crowdsourcing crisis response via text, building medical devices out of broken toys.


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Xiaomi is expected to announce the most-awaited Xiaomi Mi 6 at the Mobile World Congress this year. However, the company hasn't confirmed any of such rumors yet.
Ahead of the launch, there have been several speculations making rounds the internet about the processor and more features that the Xiaomi phone is going to come packed with. Well, adding on to the rumor mill, there are fresh rumors flying on the web, and this time it's about the display, storage, and camera.
As per a post on Weibo, a user with the name @Reviewer_Well claims that Xiaomi Mi 6 is expected to be available in two storage variants – 4GB RAM coupled with 32GB ROM, while the second version will come packed with a 4GB RAM with 64GB ROM.
The post further reveals that the device might come equipped with Full HD display, as well as WQHD display. While on the camera front, the device may sport the same camera set up as the Mi Note 2.
Hence, the device is expected to use a Sony IMX386 sensor for its rear camera, while including the Sony IMX268 8MP selfie setup from Mi Note 2.
A 5.5-inch Xiaomi phone gets certified by TENNA
To recall the specifications, Xiaomi Mi 6 was supposed to use the upcoming Snapdragon 835 chipset, however as Samsung Galaxy S8 will wipe off the initial stock, Mi 6 will include a clocked down version of the latest processor.
Further talking about the specifications, may come with an ultrasonic fingerprint sensor and a 4,000 mAh. Moving ahead, rumors also suggests that Xiaomi Mi 6 could be 1,999 yuan (approx Rs. 19.721) while the Mi 6 Pro could be priced at 2,499 yuan (approx Rs. 24,654).
For more updates, stay tuned to GizBot.


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Following correspondence with the Department of Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS), the Strategic Planning Society (SPS) was invited to submit a consultation response on the future of narrative reporting. We answered questions asked in the 'response framework' such as, "Do you agree in principle with restructuring the current reporting framework into a Strategic Report and an Annual Directors' Statement?" and, "Do you agree that the Strategic Report should include information on: company performance, principal risks and uncertainties, key performance indicators, key financial information … and for quoted companies should include: strategy, business model, environmental and social information, key information on executive remuneration and its link to performance?"
The SPS also put itself forward to co-ordinate a high-level panel of strategists who could undertake the development and production of the guidance material required for the Strategic Report on behalf of the Accounting Standards Board.
As those familiar with the Society will already be aware, SPS has a particular interest in this subject area, having hosted the Strategic Value in Corporate Reporting Awards for several years. The awards, which recognize annually the best in corporate reporting standards, will again take place in April 2012. Further details will be in our next newsletter, or email firstname.lastname@example.com.
For the full consultation response is available here: SPS Narrative Reporting Response 281111


text: Exquisitely made of silk and designed in stunning ruffles, this new halter top from Oscar de la Renta is ready to blow your mind away. Whether you have a formal meeting to attend or romantic dinner date to impress, this black beauty is totally on your side. Match it with your skinny jeans or black pants and you're good to be the center of attention! US$690.


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Medri Kinnon Productions
My business partner and wife, Imbi Medri-Kinnon and I produced the video Live Worship with Joseph Garlington & Covenant Church of Pittsburgh for Maranatha! Music back in the early 90's. (The hair styles, clothing and glasses reflect that era.) This song is a reworking of the Fanny Crosby Hymn, Pass Me Not Oh Gentle Saviour.
As Joseph Garlington says, this version is not a "slow hymn, geriatric kind of thing."
The song features John "Cannonball" Cannon on Hammond B3. John had a violin scholarship to the University of Michigan and did piano @ Julliard. He is an incredible classical organist and pianist. And not half bad on B3 :-)
The song also features Danny Shields on guitar and was produced by Danye Roaché who plays bass. The song was arranged by Danye, Cannonball and Joseph. The reprise at the end was spontaneous - not rehearsed and gives you an accurate take on what Worship was like at CCOP's Wood Street location back in the '90's. The building (as you can see from the cameras) was actually shaking during the recording of this song. It was wonderful!
The project was shot multi-camera - slaved to individual VTRs (all Betacam or Digital Betacam). The show was edited linearly (multiple VTRs) by Scott O'Brien and myself (Bill Kinnon).
Note: Music copyright belongs to Maranatha! Music. As co-owners of this video project with M!M, we assert our rights to show this song as an example of our work.


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Jack of All Trades, Master of None
I've had many jobs in my working career and they are not the kind of jobs you would pin to my personality type. I see my friends from college and high school deep into their careers and can't help but feel lost. I have had over a dozen jobs and none have completely satisfied all of my interests. I was an asbestos abatement technician, automotive mechanic, farmer, archival technician, librarian, editor, blogger, photographer, handyman, property manager, museum docent, computer programmer, webmaster, and even sold cars because I wanted to overcome my social anxiety.
When I talk to career counselors the first question they ask is "what are your interests?" I respond with the usual. "I like playing the trumpet, skiing, hiking, camping, reading, visiting museums & art galleries, skating, playing hockey, building R/C airplanes, traveling, writing, wandering/discovering, driving, gardening, cars, science, home DIY, fixing things, building websites, etc..." by the end of my list the counselor is usually confused and tuned out.
I believe that I embody the saying "Jack of all trade, Master of none." There is nothing I love to do more than the other, it just depends on my mood on that day. My mind frequently wanders and I easily see another skill or hobby I want to pursue. I chose to sell cars only because I like cars and wanted to do something to overcome being shy. I can't help but look stuff up on everything, like how to make soap or biodiesel - in case I might have to brew some up one day.
'Generalist' or 'Specialist'
So what does it mean to be a 'Generalist' instead of a 'Specialist'? In my opinion it means far less money. I can do lots of things, but nothing specialised that companies are demanding. Microsoft needs many people who can do one thing extraordinarily well. This makes fitting into this brave new world interesting, for people like me. So how to fit in?
"Generalist: one whose skills, interests, or habits are varied or unspecialized."
- Websters
It's not hard to see the pros and cons of being a Generalist. Truth be told, there is still a need for the general in our increasingly specialised world. I can't help but think of the small business owner who needs to know business, marketing, maintenance, retail, and law to become successful A good question to ask yourself is whether you want your boss to know a little bit about everything or not. The General in an army is capable of firing at the enemy and commanding troops. Where would Bill Gates be if he knew nothing of marketing, politics, business and law? He would have just been another programmer in his parents basement.
Navigating the World as a Generalist
Navigating the world as a generalist can be difficult. I'm not pretending to be the next Bill Gates but who knows. I was programming my Commodore Vic-20 at the age of 12 and replacing the engine in my dad's car at 15. I just loathe the thought of being stuck at a desk or under a car everyday for the rest of my life.
Truth be told, I don't think there is a job out there for me. My interests are too diverse for that. I love history and science and working with my hands. So what does this mean for the generalists or polymaths of the world?
Generalist Careers
It means that you shouldn't give up learning about your interests.There are still careers out there for the generalist or polymaths of the world. Here are a few I could think of.
- High School Teacher: great place to be able to teach a variety of subjects from science, music, history, math, english and shop. Knowledge is many subjects makes you highly desirable as you are perfectly equipped to help fill in the curriculum gaps.
- University Administrator: universities are always on the lookout for diverse talent. Being able to grasp difficult concepts and relate in a scholarly atmosphere makes you indispensable.
- Business Marketing: marketing is becoming increasingly more complex and there is a need for people who can learn all of the skills necessary to promote products. It also helps that you can relate to your clients and can earn their trust with your knowledge.
- Museums: museum curators are bombarded with complex questions about their collection. It helps to be an encyclopedia of knowledge for your visitors.
- Sales: This might seem strange but being able to relate to anyone is a truly desirable skill. I was successful in selling cars not because I was the stereotypical used car salesman but because I was able to read people and relate to every customer and discuss what they were interested in.
- Journalist: as a journalist you might find yourself investigating everything from foreign politics to American Idol. It's better to know what you are talking about as most people can read right through your BS (NY Times writer who will remain nameless).
The 'Specialist' will soon Become Extinct
In writing this I realised something. The brave new world isn't seeing the end of the 'generalist' but is instead facilitating the extinction of the 'specialist'. Are we to believe that we should devote our life to become a specialised worker at a factory or business? What good did that do for the millions of workers who face unemployment every time a company shuts down. Instead, people are need to have diverse skill-sets to survive in this day in age. The author no longer just writes, they must market, publish and navigate the legalities in creating a book. It isn't a coincidence that when people lose their jobs the ones who tend to stay unemployed the longest are the one's who can only do one thing.
The days when a village had a butcher, a baker and a candlestick maker are gone. Factories have taken over and now you need to know how to run the company that can cut meat, make bread, and produce candles.


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This is great for very dry skin. I love the texture and the smell and I love to give the girls a face massage with this before I put on makeup.
I prep skin with this. It's got a great texture and it's a gel, so it isn't heavy and won't make the skin feel greasy.
This is just a great product!
This is a French product, so I don't know if you can get it here, but it's an amazing lipbalm!
To me, these are the chicest wipes you can have, and they're not at all greasy, which I love.
This is an incredible color. In fashion shoots, I use this to give babyfaced models the illusion of sculpted cheekbones.
You can do anything with it. Apply it over Olio Rodin to make it very thin or use a sponge for a thick application.
This is a divine product. It's a very "fashion" item for this season and, for me, it's a must-have.
I can't live without this brush. I use it on lashes to make them separate and on eyebrows to make the hairs all go up. This is an amazing brush with make your lashes look impeccable.
I love this! It's such a funny item, and it makes our day on set! The girls are always like, "What! What is that?!" We're always laughing about it, and we have a great time.


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Mills GM
- Automotive Sales
- Automotive Repair & Service
- Automotive Oil & Lube
Your ''No Pressure, All Pleasure'' dealer. Sales and service for new Buick and GMC cars, trucks & SUVs. Huge selection of GM certified used vehicles on the lot. We're also your authorized Pontiac service provider. Free wireless internet, children's play area, and refreshments in our comfortable & spacious service waiting area.
Since 1922, Mills has built a family tradition of honesty, trust and integrity. We strive to develop mutual, long-term relationships with our customers through dedicated team members creating world-class experiences. It is our sincere goal to ensure that all of our customers' expectations are exceeded.
Whom to Contact
- Joshua ErdmannSales ConsultantPhone: (218) 825-7814
- Ray GilesSales ManagerPhone: (218) 829-3504
- Brian KopekSales ManagerPhone: (218) 829-3504
- Troy MillerSales ConsultantPhone: (218) 829-3504
- Dawn RasmussenBusiness Development ManagerPhone: (218) 829-3504
Located next to Mills Fleet Farm in Baxter.


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parroty is a valid word in this word list. For a definition, see the external dictionary links below.
The word "parroty" uses 7 letters: A O P R R T Y.
Direct anagrams of parroty:
Words formed by adding one letter before or after parroty (in bold), or to aoprrty in any order:
s - portrays
Shorter words found within parroty:
aport apt ar art arty at atop atopy ay oar oat op opt or ora orra ort oy pa par parr parrot parry part party pat paty pay payor port pot prao prat pray pro proa pry pya rap rapt raptor rat rato ray roar ropy rot rota rotary rya ryot ta tao tap tar taro tarp tarry to top tor tora torr tory toy trap tray trop troy try typo tyro ya yap yar yo
List shorter words within parroty, sorted by length
Words formed from any letters in parroty, plus an optional blank or existing letter
Try a search for parroty in these online resources (some words may not be found):
Wiktionary - OneLook Dictionaries - Merriam-Webster - Google Search
Each search will normally open in a new window.
List all words starting with parroty, words containing parroty or words ending with parroty
All words formed from parroty by changing one letter
Other words with the same letter pairs: pa ar rr ro ot ty
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text:
Over 170 workers today picketed the Roches Stores outlet at the Wilton Shopping Centre in Cork City over fears for the future of their jobs.
Marks and Spencer were due to take over the running of the shop, but a deal between Roches Stores and the UK chain has fallen through. Mandate has expressed its concern at the development.
Roches Stores announced earlier this year that it was to sell 10 of its 11 stores. Nine of the stores were sold to Debenhams, and one - in Wilton Shopping Centre in Cork - to Marks and Spencer. Another Roches Stores shop closed.
Today 170 members of staff picketed the store in Wilton Shopping Centre after a deal to transfer the lease to Marks and Spencer fell through over the weekend. A spokesperson for Marks and Spencer said they were extremely disappointed at the news, and that the company was 'considering its position'.


text: Behind the Scenes: Jeff Lewis at Dwell on Design ...or as Jenni likes to call it, the great coming out party for Jeff Lewis Color! Updated: March 26, 2014 View Gallery Share This Gallery: Facebook Twitter Pinterest Email More 11 photos Jeff has to wonder: is Zoila extra excited about handing out brochures to boost the teams' sales or just to be allowed on her lunch break? It wouldn't be fun if there wasn't a little competition at the luxurious Dwell on Design Show. Jeff scopes out the scene to check out his competitors. After being quizzed on details of Jeff Lewis Color and role playing what they should be saying to customers, the Jeff Lewis team is looking a little nervous for the expo to begin. Load More View Gallery »


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MYLEENE Klass frolics in the sea to cool down on holiday in sizzling Portugal.
The star, 39, whet fans' appetites as she looked hot in a black bikini.
She also took daughter Hero, six — there with her and sister Ava, ten — on a jetski.
The radio host recently played the harp for Prince Charles as station Classic FM marked its 25th birthday.
So she's great on the airwaves — and the sea waves, too.


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These days many families are looking to downsize to smaller homes that are more manageable and cost-effective. The simplicity that comes with living small is alluring, but can be challenging as well. One of the most difficult things about moving to a smaller space is storage. Read on to discover five tips for smart storage in small spaces.
- Look up! When you're dealing with a small footprint, it makes the most sense to think about vertical storage. Floor-to-ceiling shelving is your friend, as well as tall armoires. Just be sure to have a stepstool on hand!
- Get low. Avoid the under-the-bed mess and shop for storage containers specifically made to tuck underneath your bed to maximize this space. These containers come with a snap on lid that keeps out dust and rollers to make sliding them easy.
- Look for multi-purpose pieces. Make your furniture work harder for you by incorporating ottomans or side tables that allow for storage. Consider an old steamer trunk for a coffee table or a stack of vintage suitcases for an end table. You can fill these pieces with out of season clothing or other seldom-needed items.
- Give yourself a good edit. If your closet or cabinets are bursting at the seams it may be time to part with some things. If you haven't worn it in a year, or if it's just gathering dust, it is likely you won't miss it when it's gone. Keep in mind that storage in tiny spaces is like valuable real estate. Don't fill these spaces with things you don't absolutely need, and consider donating unwanted items to a local charity.
- Stay organized. If you live in a small space you likely know how easy it is for things to start to look cluttered. One or two items out of place and the whole room can start to look messy. Combat clutter by getting into the habit of putting items away once you're finished with them.


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Off to a caliente start
Papa Marce's feels like Baja, drinks like San Diego
Ian Anderson 4 p.m., Oct. 19
When he broke, it was hammerlike. It almost hurt my ears: a terrific crack! The colorful balls caromed and danced and spun everywhere.Nothing went in, though, lucky for me. So I lined up my first shot. It was a Wednesday afternoon, and I was playing pool, eight ball, at College Billiards Center with local pool pro Victor Castro. Castro, 53, isn't just the best Filipino player in the area, he's one of the best pool players in San Diego.I dropped the five, but left myself with poor position. My second shot, a long, crooked line at the four ball, barely missed.And then it was his turn. Castro stepped forward and examined the table. "Not bad," he said. "Not a bad layout." Then he ran eight straight balls for a dominating victory. Russia has chess, Brazilians own soccer, and Kenyans run long distances better than everyone else. Canadians take hockey, the Swiss ski, and the English have their cricket. Everyone plays baseball and basketball well -- and despite what Americans might think, those are quite probably the world's sports. Here in the United States, our first love and greatest expertise seems to be football. And Filipinos? Filipinos shoot pool. Victor Castro owns a three-bedroom house just east of National City, where he lives with his wife, who is a secretary, and their 12-year-old daughter. The family has three cars, one of them a Lexus. When I first got Castro on the telephone, I started out by asking if a guy could make a living playing pool in this town.
"Yes," Castro said. "But you do it by teaching pool and going to tournaments. I used to run College Billiards for about four years, but now I just teach and try to win tournaments. My immediate goal is to qualify for an IPT tour card -- the International Pool Tour. This is the biggest pool tournament ever. The last IPT was won by Efren Reyes, who's Filipino. And he won over $500,000."
The International Pool Tour was created in 2005 and works a little bit like golf's PGA tour. One hundred IPT qualifiers are held every year, with the top two finishers in each event earning the right to compete for a tour card. Holding a card, and playing on the tour, means playing in high-profile tournaments for large amounts of money. The top six earners on the 2006 money list made well over $100,000.
"The guys on the tour are the best players in the world," Castro told me. "And this year I'm hoping to make it.
"You know, I also do exhibitions," he said. "I'll do parties in a poolroom or a bar, and I'll come in all dressed up, and I'll be the pool artist. I do trick shots and answer questions about pool, and sometimes people want to play against me. So that's pretty good money."
What pool games did Castro play for money? And how much money did he risk?
"Most games are nine ball, race to the nine, and maybe you play $20 a rack, sometimes maybe $50 a rack. In the IPT they play eight ball, where one guy has high balls and the other has low and you race to the eight ball, so I've been playing a lot more eight ball lately. Same wager, usually about $20 or $50 a rack. But I've seen guys playing $2000 a rack before, in Baton Rouge, in Louisiana. Big money. But there's not a lot of gambling going on in San Diego. Even in other cities nowadays. There's a lot of tournaments. A lot of leagues. So you can play for money in other ways."
So Castro must practice a lot?
"I try to play five or six days a week," he said. "Two or three hours in the morning, and then some more at night. I'll do set-up shots for a good half hour, and then I try to get my break going. Then I get in for a whole hour with eight ball, just playing by myself. Because that's the most important. The IPT is big money. So I have to get sharp with my eight ball. But you can't just practice. If you just practice, you're not going to be any good."
So he had to compete. Did Castro gamble at pool?
He hesitated. "I guess you'd say that. Everybody does it. We have to. To keep your game, you have to play for money. If your heart's not beating hard... To get good, you've got to put pressure on your heart. You've got to maintain that killer instinct."
Did Castro hustle people?
"I don't really do that," he said. "I just come out and tell them, 'If you don't know me, I play pretty good.' I don't really want to go and pretend that I don't play."
So Castro would approach people to play for money?
"Not usually," he said. "Usually, they see me practicing on a table, and then they come up and ask me, and then they usually ask for weight. They want a game of nine ball, and they want me to spot them a ball. They want a handicap. It's not that I'm one of the top Filipinos in the world, but they see me playing and they see I'm Filipino, and they think that I'm one of them. A lot of Filipinos, they play pretty good."
And why was that?
"You know what?" Castro began. "I was [in the Philippines] in 1986, and I was at the top of my game, and I was watching Efren Reyes play somebody, some Filipino named Lenny, and Reyes, who's the world champion now, the best player in the whole world, he got drilled a couple sets. And then I looked around, and there were, like, 30 people in the crowd who could give me weight. That's how many great players there are in the Philippines. A lot of the players over there, if they don't play good, they don't eat."


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Natal "World Premiere" Hits 13th June
Microsoft has been suspiciously silent about Natal recently, taking hit after hit from both Sony and Nintendo without so much as a word. However, a recent press announcement indicates that Microsoft plans to unveil its vaunted peripheral in under three months.
The adverts proudly proclaim that Natal will be the pinnacle of your life thus far- putting the motion capture device on the same level as our first day of school, first crush and first victory. Microsoft is known for its hyperbole when announcing a new system- but considering our current intelligence on Natal's capabilities, I'm not sure I'd trade in any of my firsts for a go at flailing my arms around or playing virtual yoga.
Regardless, our "First Look at the Future of Fun" will arrive on June 13th at an invitation-only US press event (hitting just before E3). We're looking forward to seeing what Natal can do... and finding out how much it will cost. [1UP]
Bulgarian Councillor Sacked... for Milking Virtual Cows
Everyone knows that Farmville is crazy addictive- but now it's literally taking down the Bulgarian government. Councillor Dimitar Kerin from the Ataka nationalist party has been voted out because he's been taking care of his farm during important meetings. Despite several warnings, he just can't resist milking his herd instead of paying attention to important state matters.
However, Kerin isn't going down quietly- he's trying to take down his fellow farmers as well by blowing the lid off of Farmville's political corruption. Apparently, Kerin is only level 40, whereas one of his political opponents has already reached level 46... and apparently "several" other ministers have also been brought under Farmville's control. We'll bring you more on this shocking political scandal as it develops.
Actually, no we won't. Bust learn from Kerin's mistake and keep Farmville out of the workplace! [noinvite]
Pay to Play with "Flirty, Dirty Girls"
Oh boy. Just when the decades-old stereotype of desperate, virgin gamers has almost been completely overhauled, this happens.
Gamecrush gives gamers the option to play online with an a la carte selection of "flirty, dirty" girls for the low price of $8 for 10 minutes. Known as "Playdates", these gaming companions will do their best to humour you as you do your best to play one-handed. The site is ostensibly a social network...but when you have to choose between "flirty" and "dirty" as your only two options, you pretty much know what you're in for.
I'd love to mock the creators for coming up with such a degrading, pointless idea... but apparently their servers are down due to the overwhelming demand. Arguably, the phrase "Achievement Whore" has a whole new meaning? [The Examiner. Thanks for the tip, Emma!]


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Veuillez cliquer ici pour voir la version française
Ottawa – On the heels of a complete organizational review Athletics Canada formalized today its technical and organizational structure to lead the organization through the next quadrennial. Rob Guy, Athletics Canada Chief Executive Officer, "We conducted this review to ensure that we are, as indicated in our strategic plan, a world leading organization. First and foremost I want to thank our stakeholders, our provincial branch members, and the athletics community who were heavily involved in the process."
Today's announcement ensures the organization has the composition and delivery mechanisms to achieve operational priorities of stabilizing the technical leadership structure, improving the daily training environment of athletes at all levels and accelerating the Rio 2016 project preparation. From a para-athletics standpoint the organization also aims to address recruitment and talent development needs, as well as increase domestic and international competition program.
"In the end medal count at World Championships and Olympic / Paralympic Games is the measuring stick for high performance success, we are fully aware that to achieve these objectives we must expand our group of finalists (Top 8)," said Guy.
Athletics Canada's objectives at the 2013 IAAF World Championships in Moscow, Russia are two medals, eight top eight and an overall country ranking of 14 or better. The objectives at the 2013 IPC World Championships in Lyon, France are 12 podiums, two gold medals and 12 top four.
"This process was the first step as part of our internal audit, the next phase will see a comprehensive review of the high performance program," said Guy. To this end Athletics Canada has engaged Peter Davis, President of Sport Performance Management, to conduct a comprehensive review of the high performance program with the objective of collecting information and feedback to contribute to a strategic planning process which will enhance programs and performance at all levels moving forward.
About Athletics Canada
Athletics Canada is the national governing body for track and field, cross country, road running and road racing. Athletics Canada supports high performance athletics excellence at the world level and provides leadership in developmental athletics.


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Purdy cages Houn' Dawgs with 5-3 win
Thursday, April 21, 2011
The Purdy Eagles baseball team (5-3) defeated Aurora 5-3 last Thursday night.
"We struggled a little at the plate today," said Purdy Coach Joshua Hughes. "Reese Stevenson pitched a great game, and we found a way to win."
Stevenson threw six innings, allowed one earned run and struck out five for the win.
"We played pretty good on the defensive side of the ball," said Hughes. "We just need to keep building from here."
Purdy scored single runs in the second and third innings. The Eagles plated three more runs in the sixth.


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Plan now for this summer's Central Ohio Fairs!
|July 3-8
|Marion County Fair (Marion)*
|July 15‐22
|Franklin County Fair (Hilliard)*
|July 16‐22
|Crawford County Fair (Bucyrus)*
|July 22‐29
|Knox County Fair (Mt. Vernon)*
|July 23‐29
|Shelby County Fair (Sidney)*
|July 23‐29
|Union County Fair (Marysville)*
|July 26‐August 6
|Ohio State Fair (Columbus)
|August 5‐12
|Hartford Independent Fair (Licking Co.)*
|August 6‐12
|Richland County Fair (Mansfield)*
|August 7‐13
|Holmes County Fair (Millersburg)
|August 13‐19
|Muskingum County Fair (Zanesville)*
|August 28‐September 4
|Morrow County Fair (Mt. Gilead)*
|September 9‐14
|Wayne County Fair (Wooster)*
|September 13‐16
|Bellville Independent Fair (Richland Co.)
|September 16‐23
|Delaware County Fair (Delaware)*
|September 17‐23
|Ashland County Fair (Ashland)*
|September 29‐October 5
|Coshocton County Fair (Coshocton)*
|October 3‐7
|Loudonville Independent Fair (Ashland Co.)
|October 8‐14
|Fairfield County Fair (Lancaster)*
*Harness Racing
To find dates for other areas of Ohio, go to: http://www.agri.ohio.gov/public_docs/news/2016/12.12.16%202017%20Chronological%20Ohio%20Fair%20Schedule.pdf


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WTF Khloe?
In a sad attempt to look cool and relevant, reality star Khloe Kardashian and her probable rapper boyfriend, French Montana, posted the pic above to Instagram with the following caption…
About to go gucci maaannnnnn. #MovieSet #JustDifferent @frenchmontana
Khloe is depicted swigging from a champagne bottle, while French is seen holding an automatic weapon in the pointless and reckless photo.
The 29-year-old's Instagram followers took to her feed to slam her for being "irresponsible" and "disappointing".
"Really?" a fan commented. "Do you have any clue what an idiot you look like in this pic? I am one of your biggest supporters. But to think this is cute or funny is disturbing and disappointing. Santa Barbara lost six kids last week… Do something good with your life. Jesus."
Another fan added: "So disrespectful to those who have lost people recently. It's disgusting and what makes it worse is you have the money and the platform to make a difference and you choose not too."
More comments followed, "Such a disappointment. You were so fabulous. 'Hood' isn't cute. C'mom khloe, you were the only kardashian who seemed to be so cool and down to earth. Smh." Another said "Take this picture down u f—ing idiot."
Nieces North West and Penelope Disick would be so proud.


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A Scam Email with the Subject "†No Subject†" was received in one of Scamdex's honeypot email accounts on Thu, 07 Jul 2016 20:31:39 -0400 and has been classified as a Advance Fee Fraud/419 Scam. The sender was "Donald Hall" <firstname.lastname@example.com>, although it may have been spoofed.
Hello, Do you need a loan? Do you need money to pay off your debts? Do you need money to establish a new business or to refinance an existing business? our loan company offers loans at 2% interest rate with an understandable loan terms and condition. If you are interested in obtaining a loan contact us today with your information/ Loan information to enable us proceed with offering you your required loan. Contact us for a loan today via our email; email@example.com We will be happy to have you as our client. Regards Mr. Donald Hall Apex Loans/CEO Contact us today via email at: firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
NEW YORK -- In a 17-page white paper released today, the American Civil Liberties Union said that the mandatory use of Internet blocking software in libraries is inappropriate and unconstitutional.
The new report, Censorship in a Box: Why Blocking Software is Wrong for Public Libraries, continues a line of argument the ACLU first made in a well-received 1997 report and furthers its critique of industry plans to adopt blocking mechanisms and expand them to libraries and schools. The report comes as more and more librarians are being pressured to install the software on library terminals to prevent minors from accessing objectionable materials.
But the ACLU said mandatory blocking is not the solution. "Blocking software is clumsy and ineffective," said Ann Beeson, an ACLU national staff attorney who co-wrote the report. "It censors valuable speech and gives parents and educators a false sense of security about what their children are encountering online."
Beeson added that while the ACLU supports parents' right to using the software in the home, they warn that no product can effectively screen the vast content of the web, and many companies block sites for ideological reasons that parents may not agree with.
The report also criticized a plan to condition Internet funding for schools on the use of blocking software. The "Internet School Filtering Act," introduced by Sen. John McCain (R-AZ), is also supported by lead Democratic sponsors Sen. Patty Murray of Washington, home to Microsoft, and Sen. Dianne Feinstein of California, home to Silicon Valley.p> In a letter sent with the report to the Senate, the ACLU is urging Senators not to support the bill when it comes up for a vote. "We believe that educators, not Congress, should be the ones making decisions about what students can learn on the Internet," said Laura W. Murphy, Director of the ACLU's Washington National Office.
Today's report follows up an August 1997 ACLU white paper, Fahrenheit 451.2: Is Cyberspace Burning?, which offered guidelines for Internet Service Providers and other industry groups contemplating ratings schemes.
Similarly, Censorship in a Box proposes five guidelines for libraries and schools looking for alternatives to clumsy and ineffective blocking software:
- Acceptable Use Policies. Provide carefully worded instructions for parents, teachers, students and libraries on use of the Internet.
- Time Limits. Establish content-neutral time limits on use of the Internet; request that Internet access in schools be limited to school-related work.
- "Driver's Ed" for Internet Users. Condition Internet access for minors on completion of a Internet seminar similar to a driver's education course.
- Recommended Reading. Publicize and provide link to websites recommended for children and teens.
- Privacy Screens. Install screens to protect users' privacy when viewing sensitive information and avoid unwanted viewing of websites by passers-by.
The report also includes a two-page "Q&A" on blocking software and examples of sites that have been blocked by various products. The ACLU emphasized that it did not seek to evaluate any particular product, but rather demonstrate how all blocking software censors speech based on subjective views about what is offensive.
Recently, the American Family Association, a conservative religious group, learned this lesson when it found that CyberPatrol, a popular brand of blocking software, had placed AFA on its "Cybernot" list because of the group is considered "intolerant" of homosexuality.
"Clearly, the answer to blocking based on ideological viewpoint is not more blocking , any more than the answer to unpopular speech is to prevent everyone from speaking, because then no viewpoint of any kind will be heard," the ACLU's Beeson said.
The principal authors of Censorship in a Box are Ann Beeson, ACLU National Staff Attorney and Emily Whitfield, Deputy Media Relations Director of the National ACLU.
Censorship in a Box can be found online at /Privacy/Privacy.cfm?ID=13624&c=252.


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Jerzey's Creation's
Here is another Tim Holtz Swivel Charm I did for a swap on "Life on The Scrap {Beach}". This is for Leonies April Swap...Hope the girls that receive thiese will love them. I have really enjoyed maing these.
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Jerzey Girl
I Love to scrapbook and making cards. I try to spend as much time as I can doing what I love. I like to share my work and I carry my camera with me at ALL times. You just never know.
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- Dinette Kitchen Set
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- 5 Piece Dining room set-Table and 4 Kitchen chairs.
5 Piece Dining room set-Table and 4 Kitchen chairs.
Parfait 5 piece Set with Square 54in Gathering Table and 4 ladder back microfiber upholstered seat stools
- This dinette table set provides a time-honored style that includes kitchen dinette table and dining room chairs which are right inside your home in either a functional new kitchen or sophisticated dining-room.
- The Dark Cappuccino tone will certainly supplement any kind of decor and give a supporting component into the area or even an effective immersion of design and development cohesion.
- The dining table and dinette chairs have a easy and luxurious color with beveled edges and corresponding Cappuccino color.
- The clever kitchen dining chairs have a nice pleasant and comfortable sense that's needed for long periods of seated conversations at this dining table.
- The table is mounted on four reliable corner legs for adequate legroom and seating spaciousness.
- Table Width 54in, Length 36in extended to 54in with 18in self storage leaf, Height 36in.
- Chair Width 18in , Depth 18in, Back Height 38in.


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Mordechai and Chana Bella Marana, in the Old Country
From 1880 to 1920, worsening pogroms throughout Eastern Europe sparked massive Jewish immigration to America. Jews came to New York and to New England from Russia, the Ukraine, and the old Austro-Hungarian Empire.
The Adams Street Synagogue was founded by Jews who came here in the late 1800s.
How he got to Watertown Square [from Ellis Island] I don't know... some fellow was with his girlfriend and he saw this fellow with a bag and he put him on a bus and gave him a nickel and said, "Make sure you let him out on the corner of Watertown and West streets... and cross the street with him and tell him where to go... and someone will see him." And that's how my father got to his brother.
Newton was enjoying a period of explosive suburban growth, triggerred by the introduction of commuter train service and the electric streetcar. The neighborhood of Nonantum featured inexpensive houses and had long been an ethnically mixed immigrant community --- home to each wave of newcomers.
Sarah Judith Gilfix, daughter of Mordechai Marana, who wrote it.
...$12 a month rent was what we paid on Cook Street. We had one gas lamp in the kitchen, nothing in the dining room... we used to go upstairs with a lantern to the bedroom... two bedrooms, no bathroom...
By 1901, at least half the Jewish families that had come to Newton had settled in Nonantum. Many of Nonantum's Jews had lived briefly elsewhere in New York or New England before finding their way to Nonantum with their young families. Many of them were related.
[Mother] came over here in 1902... when she was fourteen. She came with a big puffed blanket. They put her on board with a baker, and he was supposed to be her father in order to get her on that boat. She had no parents and the grandparents were elderly and very ill. And this man was given x number of dollars... which I can't remember -- to see her come over here... And they brought her first to New Jersey... then she came to her one relative which was her sister in Lawrence... she used to go to work in the factory. Six in the morning she had to be at work. She would get up at five and save two cents which was the trolley fare. And they worked until six... slave work... She had to earn her way in the house too. She paid board, but she helped too.
There was no kosher food sold in Newton, but there was a trolley line to Boston. They could get to the old North End (which was Jewish before it was Italian) and later the West End (which was a focal point in Boston's Jewish life until it fell victim to urban renewal in the late 1950's). This enabled them to get kosher food.
|So every Saturday night you'd go to Newton Corner and take the streetcar to the West End and you'd buy all the things you'd need for the week and carry it home in the streetcar and then carry it two miles back to the house. Sometimes it was one o'clock in the morning before you got there.
So every Thursday and Saturday, like the postmen sleet or rain wouldn't stop them, they'd go down to the West End. Thursday to shop, get their chickens whatever [for the Sabbath] and then Saturday night for the week...
My mother would take two of us with her to the West End to help her carry.
The Sabbath is more than a day of rest --- in the liturgy its coming is likened to that of a bride --- and the excitement in anticipation of sundown on Fridays was one of the memories that remained with nearly everyone.
We looked forward to Fridays. Rushing home from school and having these delicacies that my mother started to make at four or five in the morning...
I remember the smell of burning feathers...
Yes, she would come to see my father on a Saturday and she always had a handkerchief tied around her wrist --- she was wearing it, she wasn't carrying it
I knew that when I got home from school the whole thing was complete. The floor was shining bright, the stove was like a mirror and she [Mother] wore a white apron a bit like linen, like the table with the white napkins...
The lockshen [noodles] was cut at home...
Billy lived across the street from us and he used to come over on Friday nights to put the lights out for us, and Saturday morning he'd come and stoke the fire for us...
Benjamin and Sarah Judith Gilfix, with their children: Joseph, Rose, Jacob, Philip, and Isaac; c. 1906.
The reminiscences of second generation members evoke immigrant Jewish life in pre-World War I Nonantum.
Although differences in culture and outlook inevitably caused disagreements from time to time, the overriding impression which emerges is of their deep family affection, the bond of their orthodox Judaism, and their sense of responsibility for each other.


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Do you ever get annoyed with your rugs curling corners? Those edges roll up and turn into trip points. Instead of tripping over the edges of your rolled up corner, just sit down and have a cup of coffee with Allesandro Isola's Stumble Upon carpet. The idea was inspired by all those times we trip over those upturned corners, but Allesandro took the idea to an extreme. He took the corner and rolled it up giant size and turned it into an incredible coffee table for your living room.
If your room is getting a little boring, the Stumble Upon could change it into a conversation generating centerpiece. Currently, Allesndro's website does not list any pricing for the carpet-table. You can learn more about the clever Stumble Upon table on Allesandro's website.
Via My Modern Met and Allesandro Isola


text: DiNoto Lee is seen as likely to win $15 mil Instinet account Published on November 13, 2000. Doner, Southfield, Mich., has dropped out of the running for the $15 million Instinet account, leaving DiNoto Lee, New York, poised to win; agency officials could not be reached for comment. A campaign for the stock-trading Web site should break in the fourth quarter. Instinet declined to comment.Copyright November 2000, Crain Communications Inc. Most Popular In this article: News


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First up is Be A Dahlia Won't You, a bright pink polish packed with shimmer. This has a bit of a foil finish to it. This is easily my favorite of the collection, it was love at first sight! The formula was good, a bit sheer though but really does it matter when it builds up to look like below? nope!
Come To Poppy is a darker pink, a tad bit of coral happening here. It is also packed with a pearly shimmer. Sure seems like this pearl shimmer is going around this season. The shimmer in this is gorgeous in the sun, pictures don't do it justice. The formula was also really great, a little thick but in a good way. If you use thick coats you might be able to get away with only needing 1 coat for this one. It is a little bit brushstrokey but it doesn't bother me since it doesn't make it look frosty! I used 2 coats of Come To Poppy for the photos below.
Play The Peonies is a very light pink toned white with a pearly shimmer. Shades like this are what I like to call wearable white, they are light enough that they look white to most people but in no way does it look like you slapped some white out on your nails and called it a day. The shimmer is also lovely, at the right angle it was all multicolored and gorgeous! The formula was also surprisingly good, light shades can be a pain sometimes but no issues here. Like Come To Poppy this was a bit brushstrokey but it wasn't too bad! I used 2 coats of Play The Peonies for the photos below!
Last up is I Lily Love You which is multicolored iridescent glitter in a sheer pink base. This was very very sheer, so sheer that it's not something I will wear by itself. I'm a little bit disappointed by it to be honest, I was really hoping it would be opaque and dense enough to wear on it's own. It is however gorgeous as a layering polish. The glitter is very irregular, some square, some round...some crazy lookin pieces. This polish reminds me of Hello Kitty Liquid Nail Art in Pink Sprinkles...if you wanted that but couldn't justify the price this could be a good alternative and it's a little cheaper! The formula wasn't too thick like it usually is in chunky glitters like this! I used 1 coat of I Lily Love You over Play The Peonies for the photos below. I decided to put it over that so you can see a little bit of the base pink color!
This limited edition Nice Stems! collection will be available beginning June 2011 at Professional Salons, including Beauty Brands, Beauty First, Chatters, Dillard's, JCPenney, Pure Beauty, Regis, Trade Secret, and ULTA, for $8.50 ($10.95 CAN) suggested retail for each Nail Lacquer.


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Remanufactured HP 96A C4096A Toner Cartridge
Remanufactured HP 96A C4096A Toner Cartridge
In pack 1 x Remanufactured HP 96A C4096A Toner Cartridge - up to 5,000 pages
for use with the HP Laserjet 2100 & 2200 printers
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Sony Pictures has launched the official website, which includes the new trailer, for director Dave McKean's and writer Neil Gaiman's MirrorMask, scheduled for release this year.
The fantasy film centers on Helena, a 15 year old girl in a family of circus entertainers, who often wishes she could run off and join real life. After a fight with her parents about her future plans, her mother falls quite ill and Helena is convinced that it is all her fault. On the eve of her mother's major surgery, she dreams that she is in a strange world with two opposing queens, bizarre creatures, and masked inhabitants. All is not well in this new world – the white queen has fallen ill and can only be restored by the MirrorMask, and it's up to Helena to find it. But as her adventures continue, she begins to wonder whether she's in a dream, or something far more sinister.
Visit the site by clicking here. The new trailer can be viewed directly here.
Source: Sony Pictures


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Simply pick out a letter, highlight it, and color it black.
jzh wrote:
I just use Hoddy for a welcher and liar.
lol... what a **bleep**ker
UCN wrote:
Simply pick out a letter, highlight it, and color it black.
Thank you.
It should give you a clue, like that sci-fi book series that was 'translated' by an alien computer. So, you'd have words like 'bleepch' and 'bleepard'. Might have been ol' L. Ron Hubbard, I don't remeber. -Adam
Oh, thank God!
I'm unable to express myself without using cuss words, so I sure am glad this was worked out!
I'm not sure what they expected. Censorship simply does not work on the internet. Period.


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Some Facts about the Boston Bull Terrier Dog abc
The Boston terrier is a well-muscled and lightweight breed. This is not really surprising since the Boston terrier was bred by people who wanted to use them in dog fights. Today a number of people may read all sorts of implications from this kind of violent past. A number of people may possibly believe the Boston terrier dog could produce a poor dog due to the extreme character. We discovered http://thenumbers.marketplace.org/publicradio/news/read/32846145/toiletry_bags_for_men_or_women_help_travelers_pass_tsa_checks by searching Bing. However, you need to know that as a dog, the Boston terrier can in fact be very mild-mannered.
The nature of the Boston terrier may be called passionate since it often loves to play. Most people comment the Boston terrier really includes a good love of life. Another characteristic that people find delightful with this breed is the fact that they are wise and are greatly easily trained. Browse here at the link Toiletry Bags For Men Or Women Help Travelers Pass TSA Checks to compare why to ponder this idea. This truth is also improved from the dogs natural curiosity and love for learning.
Of course, those who own pets know the value of teaching. Having a dog increases the pleasure for the two of you. Having a pet means that you'll have more fun with that pet.
One thing that owners have seen with a Boston terrier may be the fact that it can be very sensitive to the tone of a persons voice. This can be called a kind of sensation detector. Due to this sensitivity to the tone, a Boston terrier will be able to respond to how you're feeling when you're talking. This means, but, that you might want to take care when training your dog. Clicking http://markets.ibtimes.com/ibtimes/news/read/32846145/toiletry_bags_for_men_or_women_help_travelers_pass_tsa_checks possibly provides suggestions you might tell your co-worker. You should be sure that disappointment and anger do not find their way into your voice.
They also make excellent watchdogs as they do not bark blindly. If you have an opinion about the world, you will perhaps need to check up about Toiletry Bags For Men Or Women Help Travelers Pass TSA Checks. Which means that you wont get up in the middle of the night because your Boston terrier saw a butterfly. There are a few cases, though, each time a Boston terrier won't bark at all.
Regarding the living conditions, Boston terriers can perform well enough without a yard so long as they get regular exercise. Which means they're suited to apartment living. However, you should also know that they're very sensitive and painful to the extremes of weather. Which means that you must keep it in a place thats neither too hot nor too cold.
Unlike other terrier breeds, the Boston terrier is an average shedder. Which means that you need to be careful of keeping it inside as it can drop hair over your floor. We all know just how much of a disaster that may be.
Bostons possess a variety of common health conditions. They easily get when they are pressed way too hard over-heated. As said before, they can also be painful and sensitive to extreme weather and any weather thats too warm or too cold can leave them with breathing difficulties. Heart tumors and skin tumors have become common with this type. Which means you need to bring your dog to your vet often.
Another disorder you must look out for can be a brain defect. If your Boston terrier is poorly bred, it frequently develops a bone defect that prevents the mind from growing. This, obviously, can result in a dog..


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This miniature bitch gets shoved up my ass where he belongs. He belongs in my ass with my shit…. just like the piece of shit he is. Watch as I show you the little man… then shove him up my ass & shit him back out into a container!! You get a good view of my plump ass sitting backwards on my toilet as I push out the little man & my load of chocolate. You can hear my poop getting squeezed out of my sphincter. Mmmmmm….. Next, I give you a good close-up of my load in the container with the little man in it. Are you ready for me to ship this container to you? I know you can't wait for this to be your dinner. 😉
Length: 4:09s Resolution: 1920x1080Download Format: mp4File Size: 199 MB


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anything to disable the on board video in the bios.
Pin 9,10 on the VGA female (onboard connecter) seems to have come unseated.
Can someone please give me the keystrokes to disable the on board video blindley?
First would be F1 then...
End would probably be F10 and (cr) I believe but what is in between.
Thank you