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The Kinzua Bridge Foundation, Inc. was formally incorporated in the State of PA on November 1, 1993. It is also a non-profile 501(c)(3) corporation. The Foundation is dedicated to the restoration and preservation of the Kinzua bridge, the promotion of its historical and cultural significance, as well as the further development of the adjoining State Park. To accomplish this purpose, the organization shall receive and invest such monetary gifts, donations, and bequests and use the monies for the establishment or development of any projects intended to serve the long-term best interest of the Kinzua Bridge, Hamlin Township, McKean County, Pennsylvania, and the citizens living in the immediate environs.
The Foundation has an Executive Board consisting of the elected officers. This includes the President, Vice President, Treasurer, and Secretary. An Executive Director is appointed by the Executive Board. The Board of Trustees shall not be less than three nor more than fifteen members. All officers are members of the Board of Trustees
The Foundation has formed working partnerships with the PA Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR), Bureau of State Parks, and the Allegheny National Forest Visitors Bureau to increase awareness of, and visitation to, the State Park. The Foundation organizes a yearly Kinzua Bridge State Park "Fall Festival". It is held for two days at the State Park during the third weekend of September and includes arts/crafts and food vendors and live, family style musical entertainment.
Other projects that the Foundation has been involved with are efforts to "Save the Bridge" before reconstruction began in 2003, on-site clean-up after the tornado damage of 2003, and major fund raising to do rehabilitation at the State Park in the next few years.
Possible future projects at the State Park include funding a pavilion with a stone fireplace, a gazebo, an outdoor amphitheater, and landscaping of the site after construction of the interpretive center/museum proposed in the State's Capital Budget.
In March of 1881, proposals for design and construction of a viaduct were invited from
several of the principal bridge builders of the Country. All proposals were considered during
May. The proposal from the Clarke, Reeves, and Company of Phoenixville Bridge works was
selected by Octave Chanute, Chief Engineer for the Erie Railroad. Clarke, Reeves, and
Company received the contract for both design and construction of the viaduct.
The location for the viaduct was determined by O. W. Barnes; Chief Engineer for the
New York, Lake Erie, and Western Coal and Railroad Company. Work began on the viaduct in
May, 1881. It took 6 to 10 months to do the pier work, while taking a few months off for winter.
The cornerstone was placed on August 31, 1881. One-hundred-fifty men laid the "hard"
sandstone forming the piers. The highest piers, No. 21 and 22, that are above the ground are
11'.042". The deepest pier, No. 17 is 16' 5.6". The amount of sandstone to build the piers
totaled 7,176.13 cubic yards, and was taken from the nearby hills. Erection of the tubular iron
began on May 10, 1882 and was completed in 94 working days (working ten hour days) on
August 20, 1882. The work force of approximately 100 to 150 men placed 110 piers. The
reason for the 110 piers is that they go through the center of the structure for support. There are
80 bents that support the structure. One of the highest bents, measures 288'10 13/32" and the
widest part of the base measures 102' 8 ¾". The width of the arch, at the top of the viaduct, is
11'. When complete, there were twenty towers (each containing four bents) crossing the valley.
The total height is said to be 301'. About 3.5 million pounds of tubular wrought iron was used
in the structure. The total cost was $275,000.00. The length of the structure is 2,053'1". The
viaduct, at the time that is was built, was the highest in the world.
By the late 1890's, however, the viaduct had become inadequate. New steel railroad cars
and locomotives were being built. Increasing volumes were being carried on the rolling stock,
and locomotive weights increased greatly. The original viaduct was in use less than twenty
years. It became necessary to replace that bridge with a steel bridge containing a heavier and
more rigid superstructure.
The new bridge was designed by C. W. Buchholtz, Chief Engineer for the Erie Railroad.
Construction began on May 20th, 1900. A force of 140-150 was employed by the construction
contractor: Gratton and Jennings of Buffalo, NY. The old masonry foundation was large enough
to accommodate the new towers. The new structure was built entirely of steel and weighed
3,500 tons. Removing the old bridge and building the new took only four months. The total
length was 2,100 feet.
Train excursions were common in the early history of the bridge, with the last excursion
running on June 21, 1959. On August 12, 1963, Governor William W. Scranton signed a Bill
authorizing the establishment of Kinzua Bridge State Park. In 1977, Kinzua Bridge was placed
on the National Register of Historic Places and in 1982, was designated as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark.
Also, in 1982 the Knox and Kane Railroad purchased the tracks from Knox, PA. to Mt.Jewett, PA.
and offered excursions from Marienville\and Kane, across the bridge and back.
Excursion train traffic was halted in June, 2002 due to the condition of the aging viaduct. It was
also closed to pedestrian use in August, 2002. The State hired a contractor to rehabilitate the
entire structure, but on July 21, 2003 an F-1 tornado, with winds calculated at 94 miles per hour,
partially destroyed the viaduct. Eleven of the twenty towers lay in the valley below. To that
day, the Kinzua Viaduct was considered the fourth highest in the world.
Copyright © 2011 kinzuabridgefoundation.com All rights reserved. Website last modified: 3-20-12 Site Design: mittelmeierdesigns.com


text: Okay Theres a website that just wont load from my home IP no matter what I do. But when I use a proxy it loads like a charm. it's a blog basically and the problem started a couple of days ago when I found its link somewhere but it didnt load. I thought I'd give it some time but 2 days later too it doesnt load..What could be wrong? I really need to access that site. ON Proxys and other computers IPs it works prfectly, just not on my home IP..i am totally puzzled. Regards

subset: commoncrawl


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Diwali which is also pronounced as Deepawali will be celebrated on 19th October in all over India. This is one of the best festivals for Hindu community. People across every region use to celebrate Diwali festival with all over joy and excitements.
Diwali is a festival of lights and crackers. The day is celebrated to wish positive desire for everyone as it is also called "festival of Lights". People use to decorate their houses with electric lights and diyas. They wish Happy Diwali and hug one other. However some people are at some distance with their best ones so it is not possible for them to perform such activities.
Diwali FB Timeline Cover Image
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Download above given facebook images to make it your cover pictures in the festival season. It is a best way to wish your social sites friends. There are different varieties has been presented above so choose the best one to make your Timeline cover for different social sites.
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China won the Paralympics with 95 gold medals.
Despite a strong start, Nigeria eventually came third among the African nations that participated in the London Paralympics, which ended on Sunday.
Nigeria led at the beginning of 2012 Paralympic Games medals table, but Tunisia and South Africa toppled her standing and emerged first and second respectively. Nigeria came 22nd in the overall table, while Tunisia and South Africa took the 14th and 18th position respectively.
No fewer than ten African countries made the medals table, winning a total of 112 medals over 11 days of the games held from August 29 to September 9.
The medals include of 38 gold medals, 36 silver medals and 38 bronze medals.
Tunisia won19 medals, consisting of 9 gold, 5 silver, and 5 bronze; while South Africa won 25 medals, consisting 8 gold, 12 silver and 7 bronze. Nigeria won 13 medals, made up of 6 gold, 5 silver and 2 bronze.
Nigeria, however, emerged the overall winner in the Power-lifting event, from where it won 12 of its 13 medals. Nigeria's performance was slightly short of her record at the Paralympics, secured in Barcelona' 92, where Nigeria won seven gold medals.
The performance of the African nations at the Games showed a marginal improvement over their performance at the 2008 Paralympics Games in Beijing, China, where only eight countries from the continent made the medals table.
Other African countries that participated in the games were Algeria, which came fourth with a total of 19 medals (four gold, six silver, and nine bronze), Egypt had 15 medals (four gold, four silver seven bronze); and Morocco was sixth with six medals (three gold, three bronze). Kenya won six medals (two gold, two silver, two bronze); Namibia won two medals (one gold and one silver); Angola, one gold and one bronze; and Ethiopia went home with only one silver.
China won the competition with 95 gold medals; Russia came second with 35 gold medals, while the host, Great Britain, came third with 34 gold medals.
With agency reports.


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In Stimulus Debate, Obama Drifts Into Campaign Mode
President Obama is facing growing questions about his tone and the effectiveness of his leadership after he spent Thursday night mocking his political rivals and accusing them of playing games with the economic stimulus.
In an off-the-cuff moment during his speech to House Democrats at a retreat in Virginia, the president ribbed Republicans, including former rival John McCain, who call the recovery package a "spending bill."
"So then you get the argument, 'well, this is not a stimulus bill, this is a spending bill.' What do you think a stimulus is? That's the whole point," Obama said to laughter.
Conservatives are complaining that while Obama held a set of good-faith bipartisan meetings with congressional leaders in January, now he's reverted to campaign mode in a bid to muscle the more than $900 billion package through Congress. Obama said Friday it is "inexcusable and irresponsible" to delay passage of the recovery plan.
"He reduced himself from being president of all the American people to being the partisan leader of the left," former Republican House Speaker Newt Gingrich said of Obama's Thursday night speech. "The first month of your presidency is not a very good time to give a campaign speech."
Senate Democratic leaders are scrambling to pick off the bare minimum of votes needed to pull the contentious spending package across the finish line. Republicans and some Democrats are still concerned about the size of the more than $900 billion package and want to pare it down considerably, though Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid wants a vote by late Friday afternoon.
Obama, who cultivated the image of a post-partisan leader, has been hitting campaign themes in recent days, accusing Republicans in media interviews, an op-ed in The Washington Post and public speeches of reverting to the failed policies of tax cuts. He referenced his own political capital Thursday night and Friday.
"They did not choose more of the same in November," Obama said Friday. "They sent us here to make change."
He dismissed what he called "phony arguments and petty politics" Thursday.
"You can nit and you can pick and, you know, that's the game we all play here. We know how to play that game. What I'm saying is now we can't afford to play that game. We've got to pull together," Obama said.
But those who are negotiating a compromise measure do not consider their meetings a political ploy.
While Obama points to Friday's Labor Department report -- which shows more than a half-million jobs lost in January -- as another warning of the coming "catastrophe" if Congress does not act, many lawmakers think the long-term damage of a bloated spending bill is just as dangerous.
They say the bill, which some have taken to calling the "spendulus," still contains billions of dollars in wasteful spending. Though moderates are trying to pare it down to close to $800 billion, the joint tax committee just came out with a new price tag putting the current package at about $937 billion. Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell continued to raise flags about the size of the bill Friday, saying, "We need to get it right."
Even public opinion has turned skeptical toward the package.
Obama has scheduled a prime-time press conference to discuss his goals Monday night, and plans to travel next week to Indiana and Florida to sell the package to taxpayers. He and his aides have been working the phones with lawmakers and meeting with Reid over the bill.
White House press secretary Robert Gibbs said Friday the president is merely "energized" on behalf of the millions of Americans who have lost their jobs.
But Sen. Lindsey Graham, R-S.C., on Thursday accused Obama of being "AWOL" on the legislation. He criticized the president for trying to "scare" the public in his op-ed and media interviews.
House GOP Conference Chairman Mike Pence on Friday issued a written statement saying he was "disappointed" that Obama seemed to have "so quickly abandoned his call for bipartisanship and has resorted to tough political rhetoric" to pass the bill.
McCain has also complained that the administration has not consulted with Republicans in recent days.
"I don't see this legislation doing anything good," McCain told FOX News Wednesday, saying he hasn't seen "serious negotiations" between the two parties and that the bill is laden with "parochial interests."
Gingrich said Obama needs to call a bipartisan summit for intensive negotiations.
But Sen. Bill Nelson, D-Fla., disputed the charges of light leadership.
"This is a shared process," he told FOX News. "The president can't write this bill. The Congress has to, but the two can mutually collaborate."
As to Obama's Thursday night remarks, Nelson said: "He's just frustrated that this thing is wound around the axle."
Nelson said the Democratic leadership is just a few votes away and he expects the package to pass Friday evening or over the weekend.
But Reid, despite tough talk Thursday in which he warned the group of 18 senators negotiating the compromise not to hold the president "hostage," does not appear to have the votes yet.
"We're not holding anybody hostage, and we're not going to be held hostage," said Sen. Arlen Specter, R-Pa., one of the negotiators. "If [Reid] had [the votes], he would have used them last night."
Specter said he wants the spending bill to come in under $800 billion.


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Dental treatment
C025/5655 Rights Managed
530 pixels on longest edge, unwatermarked
Request/Download high-res file
Uncompressed file size: 50.1MB
Downloadable file size: 8.1MB
Please login to use the price calculator
Credit: DR P. MARAZZI/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
Release details: Model release available. Property release not required.
Keywords: 3, assistant, brush, brushing, check up, check-up, checkup, clean, cleaning, dental, dentist, dentistry, drain, equipment, exam, examination, female, glove, gloved, gloves, gum, hand, health, healthcare, hygiene, hygienic, hygienist, medical, medicine, mouth, oral, patient, people, person, pipe, plaque, polish, polishing, procedure, purple, suction, teeth, three, tooth, treatment, tube, water, woman
Licence fees: A licence fee will be charged for any media (low or high resolution) used in your project.


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(DOUBLES - Levels 2.5 and Above)
Crotona Park
Bronx, NY 10457
MTG Members $20/Non-Members $25
We will do our best to pair you according to your playing level. If you have a doubles partner that you wish to play with please, let the event coordinator know in advance.
If you DO NOT have a partner, we will partner you with someone of your playing level, so please make sure that you have your level listed.
Please be aware that while we are happy to pair you with a requested doubles partner, we will not be able to pair you with specific groups. (**This is a ROUND ROBIN DOUBLES EVENT.)
Please note there is a 48-hour cancellation policy. No refunds will be given after 48 hours.
This event is being organized by Daniel Arzuaga & Jose Torres.
Please contact them directly if you have any questions pertaining to this event.
Daniel Arzuaga: email@example.com / (646) 417-0910
Jose Torres: firstname.lastname@example.com / (917) 216-9596
**Payment must be tendered prior to event registration. Any registration received for this event without a concurrent payment will be relegated to the wait list by the coordinator of the event until such time as payment is received. Any request for special accommodations regarding payment must be directed to the attention of the event coordinator, and any decision regarding accommodations are at the sole discretion of the event coordinators.**
**No "Walk Ins" permitted. (You must be registered and paid in order to play this event). No exceptions.
Here are directions on how to get there...
If you are driving there or taking a cab, please use 1720 Crotona Avenue Bronx, NY 10457 as your destination address. The nearest train station is the 174th Street station taking the # 2 or # 5 trains. After taking the train, a 10 minute walk across the park will get you to the complex. The Bx 17 bus stops right in front of the tennis facility..


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Yes, we can be healthy and happy with our bodies.
Would you like to wake up feeling energized and ready to carry on your daily routine?
Get your health on track and the rest will fall in place.
Doctors everywhere say probiotics are "Essential" to the body. Many will even say that taking probiotics in pill form ensures that you consume the right probiotic strains and the right recommended dosage. Taking probiotic pills saves you from consuming excess dairy and sugar, which are present in many probiotic foods.
RELIEF FROM DIGESTIVE DISTRESS! Do you suffer from digestive discomfort? Bloated belly? Acid reflux? Fatigue? Do you want to improve your immune system and manage your weight? If you answered "YES" to any of these, try Number One Probiotic. Their product is made with TOP QUALITY ingredients, is 100% safe and has no known side effects. Made in the USA at a FDA approved manufacturing facility.
MORE THAN JUST DIGESTIVE Improvement! Did you know that the GI tract is responsible for 80% of the immune system`s health? When we improve the digestive function we are also giving a great BOOST to the IMMUNE SYSTEM. Fighting off the bad bacteria present in the GI tract will also help the body to fight off INFECTIONS. Bringing balance to the Intestinal flora will also alleviate digestive discomfort, inflammation and BLOATING.
Visit their website to learn more.
(1) Enhance immunity – a double-blind clinical test involving patients in intensive care proved that viable (alive) probiotics prevented multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), the number one cause of mortality among intensive care patients.
(3) Probiotics can reverse ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and other gut inflammations that occur from a lack of sufficient probiotics.
(4) Celiac disease or gluten sensitivity (GS) symptoms are handled by adding probiotics.
(5) Processed foods and low fiber diets allow the pathogenic bacteria to overwhelm the good guys and diminish colon function. It's important to add probiotics even if you drop the standard American diet (SAD).
(6) When pathogenic bacteria upset the 85/15 balance of probiotic to bad bacteria, yeast infections such as Candida flourish.
(7) A healthy gut flora balance helps prevent cancer by nourishing enzymes that inhibit tumor production throughout the body.
(8) Sufficient probiotic intestinal flora prevents radiation damage from X-rays and CT scans to the large and small intestines.
(9) GMOs are used in many processed foods and antibiotics are in lots of our non-organic meat and dairy products. They both destroy probiotic bacteria, making it necessary to add probiotic materials back if you've had any of those foods.
(10) Dr. Natasha Campbell-Mcbride discovered how to cure her son of autism through a diet that restored his probiotic levels and heal his inflammatory conditions. She developed GAPS, gut and psychology syndrome, confirming the connection with gut health and mental health.
Source: Natural News
It is common knowledge that probiotics are "friendly bacteria" that are similar to organisms that occur naturally in the digestive tract and certain strains or types of probiotics have been linked to all sorts of health benefits. But probiotic bacteria have many more functions than digestion. They trigger immune system reactions throughout the body, including activating T-cells, enhance immune system response, can combat the effects of taking antibiotics, reduce lactose intolerance, and much more.
I have been taking a probiotic daily for several months and have experienced a dramatic difference in the symtoms of an intestinal condition in which my body creates to much bile that I have been suffering from for more than 20 years. I try to eat foods which provide probiotics but have found that I need more than I can get from eating yogurt, sauerkraut, kimchi, pickles, etc. If you are experiencing the same problem I would highly recommend trying Number One Probiotic.


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February 24, 2011
February Challenge by Gemiel
For some reason, I seem to have a large stash of love themed papers but rarely ever use them. So when I saw the Feb., challenge it was the perfect opportunity to raid my stash and scrap this photo of my husband and I that was taken last year at a Valentine's banquet. The patterned paper is by Heidi Swapp, diecut letters by Quickutz, and the ribbon is from my stash. I added stickles to the hearts and inked the background paper with distress ink.
Now it's your turn to take the February Challenge. See all the details HERE!
Be sure to scroll down the page - Scrap Our Stash posts something new everyday
13 comments:
What a gorgeous picture!!! The grey and pink color combination looks fantastic.ReplyDelete
This is very pretty - love the heart ribbon!! What a nice picture!ReplyDelete
Gorgeous LO! I love, love, love the winged heart and the shimmer ...and that is one fantastic photo.ReplyDelete
That is the cutest ribbon! I am loving all of your hearts.ReplyDelete
So beautiful G! Love the photo!ReplyDelete
this is so pretty! great workReplyDelete
Great picture-love the winged heart and the colour combinationReplyDelete
I love that winged heart and the gray. Great job!ReplyDelete
The grey touches are a wonderful complement to the photo and the papers you chose.Your page is fantastic!ReplyDelete
Great photo! I love the way you matted it! This is a very pretty layout, and what a great looking couple! =DReplyDelete
I [heart] this layout Gemiel!!! It's sophisticated and fun at the same time!!ReplyDelete
I just love the gorgeous simplicity of this layout Gemiel!!ReplyDelete
Beautiful layout, love the hearts!ReplyDelete


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A plane carrying 81 people, including a top Brazilian football team, has crashed on its approach to the city of Medellin in Colombia, officials say.
Chapecoense issued a brief statement saying: "May God be with our athletes, officials, journalists and other guests travelling with our delegation."
It said it would refrain from any further statements until it had assessed the extent of the crash.


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Stowe Australia Pty Ltd v Sara Melody Kelly [2013] ACTCA 18 (10 May 2013)
This series of decisions, culminating in a decision of the full ACT Court of Appeal, relates to the interpretation of section 132 of the Workers Compensation Act 1951 (ACT) and clarifies the circumstances in which an insurer can reject a workers' compensation claim after being in receipt of the claim for more than 12 months.
The worker injured her left knee, initially in July 2007 and then on 26 October 2007 when exiting a work van in the course of her employment as an apprentice electrician. The first injury was reported to the employer, but no claim for workers' compensation was made. Workers' compensation claim forms were submitted for the second injury on 31 January 2008, after delay due to the worker's belief that the injury would improve. The claim was accepted and the insurer made weekly incapacity and medical expense payments. Medical treatment expenses were paid until March 2009.
On 19 July 2010, we filed an application at the ACT Magistrates Court seeking leave for the insurer to reject the claim pursuant to section 132 of the Act.
ACT Magistrates Court decision (unreported)
Magistrate Lalor heard the insurer's application to reject the claim on 9 February 2011.
The worker's counsel submitted that as the insurer was not making payments of weekly incapacity payments or medical expenses there were no "live claims" for the insurer to reject, and accordingly, there was nothing for the Court to make a determination on.
His Honour accepted the submissions of the worker's counsel and found that the worker had a continuing right to submit "claims" in the future, if necessary. The insurer's application to reject the "claim" was rejected.
The effect of the submissions of the worker's counsel, and of His Honour's decision, was that s 132 of the Act was that "claim for compensation" should be interpreted as meaning a claim for a specific payment, such as an incapacity payment or treatment expense. Accordingly, if no "claim" was on foot, there was nothing for a court to determine under s 195 of the Act and applications of the type filed by the insurer were doomed.
ACT Supreme Court decision1
Master Harper heard the insurer's appeal on 22 August 2011.
It was noted that the word "claim" is not defined in the Act. It was accepted that Part 6.2 of the Act did apply to "entire claims", rather than simply individual claims for an incapacity payment or medical expense.
However, Master Harper accepted that as there were no payments being made by the insurer, it was not seeking leave to reject the claim "ab initio" or to stop ongoing weekly incapacity payments to a worker who had, for example, recovered from an injury. The insurer was instead seeking to leave to reject possible future claims for incapacity payments or medical expenses and "close its file". An application of this type was found to be "misconceived and bound to fail" and the court ordered the insurer to pay the worker's costs.
Master Harper found that, theoretically, an insurer could never reach a point in which it could be sure its workers' compensation liability was finalised if a worker could continue proving that the requirement for incapacity payments and medical treatment remained causally related to the original injury, unless there was a settlement or common law judgment in favour of the worker.
ACT Court of Appeal decision2
The full Court of Appeal, consisting of Burns, Cowdroy JJ and Neild AJ, heard the insurer's further appeal on 18 and 19 February 2013.
The Court accepted that the word "claim" in s 132 of the Act referred to an entire claim for workers' compensation and not simply individual claims for incapacity payments or medical expenses. The Court found that ss 130, 131 and 132 of the Act, relating to the rejection of a workers' compensation claim, were designed to deal with a "wide range of factual circumstances" in which an insurer may seek to reject a claim. It is not necessary for weekly incapacity payments to be ongoing in order for an insurer to "stop" payments.
The Court found that workers would have an ongoing right to workers' compensation under s 4 of the Act in circumstances in which they could show an aggravation, acceleration or recurrence of the original injury. The Court found that insurers should be able to reject claims under s 132, even if there are no "live claims" being made, as this would provide a greater degree of certainty and reduction in the cost of managing claims.
The implications for insurers of these decisions are succinctly summarised by the full Court of Appeal and provide certainty that a claim has been finalised and reduce the ongoing costs of managing these types of claims by enabling applications for rejection of claims under s 132 of the Act.
In practice, it has always been very common for insurers to seek to reject claims under s 132 of the Act, even if weekly incapacity payments and medical expenses have not been made for a considerable period as a means of finalising claims at the earliest opportunity and in the most cost-effective way. With this judgment, insurers have resoundingly regained an unfettered right to seek to reject these types of claims.


text: I have a couple of stores on Cafe Press-- some for clients (one is a rock band), one for myself-- just wondering, based on everyone's experience, what are the best ways to get traffic to your Cafe Press stores to sell product? By the way, I already tried Printfection and Shopify and found they didn't meet my needs and Cafe Press has improved alot in the past couple of years, so I'm not really looking to switch off of Cafe Press, but I would like to know if anyone has had good success with CP. Thanks!


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Tag Archives: paint
Painting: Don't Think. Just Feel
Today I sat down, brush in hand, colors spread put around me, and just stared at the canvas in front of me. I wanted to paint but my thoughts were too scattered to focus on a concept or any kind of intentionality. I closed my eyes and just sat there. Alex came and sat in my lap, and proudly began naming the colors he recognized.
I dipped a brush in red, his favorite color at the moment, and handed it to him. Without saying a word, he snatched the brush from me and got to work covering the canvas in frenzied streaks of red. When he was finished, he said "RED!" did a little hop, dropped the brush and ran to his room with a smile on his face.
I know at some point I would like to work on developing intentionality, so that I'm better at communicating what I'm trying to say through my paintings. For now though, I'm realizing that I'm content to just pick up a brush and attack the canvas much like Alex did. I might have one thought I focus on or I might have nothing but emotions, and I like that. I think some of my best pieces have come from when I've turned down the volume on my reasoning and listened instead only to the emotions that were waiting to be acknowledged & allowed to speak. I can't always articulate what they are in words but on canvas, they pour out of me with each stroke; their voices speaking through each color and layer I apply.
If you were to ask me why I painted what I did today, I'd simply shrug & say I don't know. It's just what came out. They were directed purely by emotion, with no direct thoughts or intended meanings. They're simplistic & maybe look amateurish, but I'm okay with that. I'll get better with more practice and exploration.
The first one is untitled for now. I have to study it & "hear" what it's saying before I name it.
The second one? Well, I'm not sure, but when Bertski looked at it, he said it kind of reminded him of the early 80's and the New Wave music era…I laughed because I was born in '82…and I'll be 30 on Saturday…so maybe it represents that? Not sure but I thought it was a fun interpretation, considering how much I love music and the bright fashions from that time period.
So here they are. OH-in honor of said 30th birthday, I'm having a sale in my Etsy shop-all unreserved listings are 30% off now through Saturday. Stop by & have a look 🙂
I Miss My Paints & Artists Who Inspire Me
I haven't posted anything about painting in awhile, and I think it's mostly because I haven't painted in nearly two, almost three months.
I miss it…
I'm slightly worried that my passion for it and the creativity that drove me to paint in the first place has faded away…
I've been asking myself if it was all just a fleeting fancy-just some form of manic expression that isn't really…me.
Not sure if that makes sense…I wish I could articulate what I mean a lot better, but I've had two glasses of wine so articulation is swimming in Lake Moscato at the moment.
What I'm trying to say is that I'm a creative person who hasn't been able to create in a few months and I'm scared this particular form of creative expression has moved on and out of my life much like dancing has….which makes me incredibly sad.
I miss my paints, and having my colorful creations adorn my walls. I gave away & sold about 15 of them, but those I have left are still locked up in a storage unit back in PA….I miss the excitement that emanates all the way from my toes to my fingertips when I sit down in front of a blank canvas to paint. I miss the adrenaline rush of the creative process and how it leaves me pregnant with possibility.
Anyway, enough lamenting…I'll save the rest of this for a time when I'm less tipsy and a little less apt to talk about being impregnated by creativity.
I'll leave you with some videos of artists I found via YouTube who are helping me keep my love and passion for painting alive….trust me when I say they are worth taking the time to watch.
Painting: Trying Something New & Falling in Love with Jackson Pollock
Painted last week.
It was the perfect remedy for the migraine pounding in my head, and a much needed stress reliever from the week's frustrations & fatigue.
I painted three in a span of about 4 hours.
I find it hard to do just one….once I'm inspired I have to keep going until it runs out. It usually takes 2-4 small canvases for it to dissipate, leaving me exhausted and wanting to sleep.
The first one I painted was for a friend. She asked me months ago to paint a depiction of life before & after salvation. I honestly find it hard to paint something when it's someone else's idea-I usually just do it "in the moment," -it's not something I force-so it took me a long time and a lot of quiet reflecting to figure out how to do it. I kept waiting for inspiration or some thought to spark a sense of direction, and it didn't come until last week.
As I was laying in bed praying for my migraine to subside, a verse from 1 Peter chapter 4 came to me. It talks about love covering a multitude of sins. My mind immediately started thinking about redemption & salvation. To me, they both represent love-the love that drove Jesus to the cross to sacrifice himself for humanity. As I reflected on this, I started to see colors-I saw a strip of black being covered up with all kinds of bright colors, which I took to represent life, and red & white interspersed among them-In Christianity, red represents Jesus' blood and there's a verse in the Bible that talk's about his blood washing us "white as snow" when we receive salvation & are therefore redeemed.
Finally having my inspiration, I swallowed an excedrin, made the boys lunch, laid Alex down for a nap, and settled myself in my room with my paints and brushes spread out around me. I got to work, first painting half the canvas black. Once that was done, I sat for a few minutes wondering how I was going to take the image of the colors I had in my head and transfer it to the canvas in front of me. It was then I thought I'd try something I hadn't tried before-splattering the paint.
It's something I've seen on other paintings, but never knew how to create that look myself. Not really knowing what I was doing I just started by putting paint on the brush, dipping it in water & just flicking the brush at the canvas.
Splat. Dip. Splat. Dip. Splat.
Realizing it how fun & simple it was, I just started literally throwing paint at the canvas, covering myself & the wall in front of me in the process. I did this for about half an hour, stopping to pick different colors, watch the paint float & glide down the canvas, cover more spots, and about halfway through I stopped to take this
Still not feeling "done" I kept going until finally I had this
I put that one to the side and feeling inspired by what I had just done, I grabbed another canvas. No particular thought or meaning in mind, I just saw an arrangement of colors and slowly transferred what I saw in my mind to on the canvas.
As soon as I finished, another arrangement of colors came to mind and again, I grabbed yet another canvas and produced this
I really enjoyed painting like this. It was fun, and somehow very liberating. I posted these in Instagram, and my friend Lindsay mentioned an artist I'd never heard of before, Jackson Pollock. (my Art History game is better than it used to be thanks to 2 Lit & Art classes, but I still have a lot to learn)
Intrigued, a Google search led to about two hours of reading about him, abstract expressionism, his works, and falling in love with his "all-over" style of painting. His paintings? Gorgeous layers of colors twisting & turning in all directions. Needless to say, I'm now a fan 🙂
"On the floor I am more at ease, I feel nearer, more a part of the painting, since this way I can walk around in it, work from the four sides and be literally `in' the painting."
— Jackson Pollock, 1947.
(Full Fathom Five, 1947, photo credit: WebMuseum Paris)


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This first trailer for I.T. shows Pierce Brosnan and his family being harassed by a company I.T. guy. The successful businessman's life is turned upside down when the IT guy uses Brosnan's smart home to try to control his life. Brosnan apparently reaches his tipping point and goes old school to take back his life from the 'IT guy'. The I.T. version of the Taken quote I imagine is below:
If you are looking for ransom I can tell you I do have money, but what I do not have are very good computer skills. Skills I have failed to acquire over a very long career. Skills that make me a nightmare for people like you. If you let my smart home go now, that'll be the end of it.
The I.T. movie will debut in theaters and VoD on September 23, 2016.


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When former Republican Governor Pete Wilson & Co. started the ball rolling on electric power deregulation in California, there were probably many results they didn't anticipate. Not least is a revival of social-democratic and populist politics in the Golden State.
The Left Coast may turn out to be just the left coast after all. Having gone into eclipse in the mid-nineties with the passage of the anti-immigrant Proposition 187 and the rise of deregulation fervor, and suffering through two years of disappointment under moderate Democratic Governor Gray Davis, progressives are again on the move, with even the preternaturally cautious Davis, a potential 2004 presidential contender, along for much of the ride.
Most Californians now favor both a state takeover of the power grid and the establishment of a public power authority. Most don't believe there's a real power shortage and blame their utilities and the out-of-state power companies for manipulating the situation. Two-thirds oppose deregulation, and in a Los Angeles Times poll 60 percent opposed new nuclear power plants. Meanwhile, organized labor, consumer advocates and environmentalists are coming together to urge a dramatic expansion of public ownership of power and an end to the decades of private utility dominance in California politics that led to the debacle. "We're fighting to protect jobs, hold the line on the environment, protect against rate increases for fixed-income consumers and to keep the utilities out of bankruptcy to protect workers," says California Labor Federation chief Art Pulaski.
Coalitions have come and gone over the years, but shifts in political tectonics caused by the power crisis make this one's prospects far better. "The atmosphere is dramatically different," notes former State Senator Tom Hayden. "You can work for years hitting your head against the wall. Then crisis can lend clarity, making many things possible."
Even some Republicans are questioning the utilities' decision to shovel money from their nearly bankrupt operating companies into the safe havens of their holding companies. But that's as far as they'll go. It doesn't matter, though. Democrats control the governorship and both houses of the legislature, and although they needed Republican votes to pass emergency bills allowing the state to enter into long-term contracts to buy power and distribute it through the utilities, they don't need Republicans to enact more far-reaching measures.
Outside the political establishment, a populist consumer movement has been revitalized, with former Nader associate Harvey Rosenfield making credible threats of an omnibus energy initiative on next year's state ballot. Lost on few is the fact that the 30 percent of Californians with municipal power are in good shape. "I want a coherent plan to restore reliable and affordable electric power with a public power authority as its centerpiece," says Rosenfield, head of Ratepayer Revolt. "It would look a lot like Prop 103 [an insurance reform initiative he wrote in 1988], with re-regulation of the market and consolidation of duplicate agencies." He goes on to say, "If they pass a bailout, we'll reverse it at the ballot box."


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Prabhu Deva is back to what he does the best – setting the dance floor on fire. The multitalented star, who just had a break-up with Nayanthara, made a special performance some time back in his 2011 Kollywood movie Engeyum Kaadhal. Giving his fans just a taste of what was to come, this time Prabhu is coming up with something even bigger and more special.
As he celebrates Valentine 's Day with the love of his life, it will also mark the release of Prabhu's self composed music album on the very day. Later on April 3rd , that's right! on Prabhu's birthday! a music video supporting the album will be aired nationwide. Holding his fans in awe, Prabhu will be seen lockn n breakn his limbs full of energy. The shooting of this dance music video will be carried out in a 7D format, using state of the art technology in Mumbai. Apart from these, he is busy canning the shoots for the Bollywood movie Rowdy Rathore hoping for a June release and also waiting to kick start his first 3-D dance movie directed by Remo late February. Excited about his special music video making it to television screens on his birthday, the heart-breaker says, "I have been planning to make a music video and now with the support of my friends like Vishnu Deva, Pony and many others, my dream is coming true."
So Prabhu's got a lot of work to do and Nayan is busy signing new movies. Wonder what's cooking?


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Recently in some UK counties, fixed speed cameras have been switched off due to cost cutting. In some states in Australia they have been introduced (WA being the newest recipient). If they save lives, why switch them off? If they don't save lives, why have them?
Research in the UK has shown that there has been a 70% reduction in speeding at fixed speed camera sites (caradvice.com.au). However, what is to say that people don't just speed up again after they pass the camera? After all, they know where they are situated.
Then I got thinking, do people slow down near speed cameras because they want to save lives, or because they don't want to be fined? I think in most cases you'll find it to be the latter. That really shouldn't be the main motivation behind slowing down and watching the speedo- it should be that you don't want to take an innocent life.
On the other hand, at least these cameras get people to slow down. That's got to be better then nothing, right?
Perhaps something else needs to be done to get the message across. Speed cameras aren't just there to punish you; they are trying to make the roads safer.
"Cameras can actually cause accidents because some drivers
erratically brake as they approach a camera site and accelerate
quickly after passing it." Telegraph UK
How many times have you had to slam on your breaks because the person in front has done so in order to avoid being flashed by a camera? Or maybe you have been that person in front? What about driving down a road watching the bushes on the side, as you know they usually have a speed camera hidden there.
This makes for some dangerous driving in already hazardous areas. Speed cameras are supposed to prevent this.
Recently in some states, speed cameras have been outsourced to private companies. Some people are of the opinion that speed cameras are more a source of revenue then a life saving implementation.
"The NSW government has announced plans to introduce
privately operated and unmarked mobile speed cameras
to the state's roads in a bid to boost revenue."
Apparently the reason that they are outsourced is that it is cheaper, and also allows police resources to be used in other operations. But should it be outsourced to regular citizens? Is it not something that the police should be in charge of?
If it is a revenue boosting change, one would hope that this extra money was going back into road safety initiatives and not into the pockets of private companies.
Maybe speed cameras are the answer, maybe they are not. One thing that is for sure is that they cannot work alone to save lives. Better driver education and training are needed for people to understand the underlying reason for not speeding in the first place. Drivers need to be constantly reminded that the consequences of speeding are more then a speed fine and demerit points, it's peoples lives and a possible jail sentence.
Although this is a topic that one could talk about for some time, I don't want to go on and on, so here are a few extra points:
Drink driving laws - the new landscape
Road safety initiatives in the spotlight - Western Australia
The Move Towards a 0.02 Alcohol Limit for Australian Drivers
A Moment with Blake
Is your business getting all its fuel tax credit rebates? Here's how to claim the lot!
Four reasons to monitor driver behaviour


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Director : Thomas Vinterberg, Novel : Thomas Hardy, Producer : Andrew Macdonald, Producer : Allon Reich, Editor : Claire Simpson, Casting : Nina Gold, Production Design : Kave Quinn, Art Direction : Tim Blake, Art Direction : Julia Castle, Set Decoration : Niamh Coulter, Makeup Artist : Jessica Alexander, Director of Photography : Charlotte Bruus Christensen, Screenplay : David Nicholls
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College of Environment and Design
At the CE+D, we teach our students to relentlessly pursue ways to improve the world around us and solve complex problems through design thinking, preservation and planning.
Help the CE+D continue to achieve excellence in design, preservation and planning education by supporting one of the areas below.
Help the CE+D offer critical opportunities that augment the classroom and studio experience.
Help our students access the best software, hardware and equipment to prepare them for today's workforce.
Provide support for students and faculty who participate in native plant studies field trips, research, and community outreach.
Want to contribute to a different fund at the College of Environment and Design? Go to our donation page or the College of Environment and Design site.
For more information, please contact Jennifer Messer at 706-542-4727 or firstname.lastname@example.com.


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How could someone who loves worldview not love systematic theology? If we ask Christians to think hard about how their faith applies to every aspect of reality, shouldn't we ask them to think hard about how their doctrine fits together as well? That sounds reasonable — so of course Radio Worldview host Jeff Baldwin resists it. Tune in to hear Jeff rant about the limits of systematic theology, and to hear Bill Jack rave about a new place for fish and chips on a segment we call "Roadkill Cafe."
Posts in category Theology/Doctrine
Veggie Tales, Video Games and Angels
Can comparing Radio Worldview favorably to Veggie Tales be an insult? It turns out it can! Can video games raise epistemological questions? It turns out they can! Thanks to one faithful listener, hosts Bill Jack and Jeff Baldwin are drawn into a long, fruitful discussion about discernment, Abraham and Isaac, angelic beings, and of course barbecue and off-brand Cheetos.
Bill Plays Free Association
Would you like your Radio Worldview hosts to respond to listener mail? So would Jeff! Unfortunately, co-host Bill is feeling especially random in this podcast, and so it begins with a discussion of the zombie movie "Warm Bodies" (no kidding!), and then transitions into a discussion of the new country song "She Loves Me Like Jesus." Eventually Jeff is able to steer Bill back to the task at hand, and they respond to an excellent listener e-mail about suffering. Then Jeff is taken to task for his attitude toward Massachusetts and France. A rousing episode!
Women as Leaders
Should women lead? There are verses in the Bible that suggest that women should not instruct men in theological matters. Is this just cultural, or does it apply today? Does it have even broader application? What about a woman president? And how can young Christian women encourage young Christian men to take the reins and lead? These questions are raised by a faithful listener, and Bill and Jeff do their best to tackle them. But it's not all serious! This episode's edition of "Roadkill Cafe" features one of the most disgusting things Jeff ever had to see Bill eat.
God the Father
In this episode of Radio Worldview, hosts Jeff and Bill respond to another wonderful listener question (please keep them coming!). How can Christians who have had immoral earthly fathers — or who never had a father at all — relate to God as our heavenly Father? Is it possible for Christians with supportive earthly fathers to help these other Christians understand the true role of the father? This very serious discussion is preceded by a very flip discussion in the segment "Where the Tech are We?" where Jeff talks about the iPhone's new personal assistant and Bill reveals breaking news straight from YouTube.
Love Wins by Rob Bell, Part Two
Long-time listeners know that co-host Bill Jack has always wanted to call our podcast "That's Crazy Talk." Never has that title been more appropriate than right now, when Bill and Jeff finish discussing all the crazy talk in Love Wins by Rob Bell. How bad is it? Jeff is so angry that they actually dive right into the topic, with nary a mention of donuts or Colorado or what we're reading now. Once Bill and Jeff are done with Bell, they take the time to answer a couple of quick questions from listeners. The discussion ranges from Bible apps for the iPod to Thomas Hobbes.
Love Wins by Rob Bell, Part One
We wanted to entitle this episode "Who Will Take Care of Your Pets After the Rapture?" since this show begins with hosts Bill and Jeff discussing an actual service offered by atheists who promise to care for Christians' pets after the rapture, and then leads into a discussion of Pastor Rob Bell's book Love Wins. Since Bell is basically a universalist who expects everybody to ultimately make it into heaven, maybe Christians can't even count on atheists to take care of their pets. And if the sarcasm in this synopsis is lost on you, just tune in to this episode, sit back, relax, and listen to Bill and Jeff bemoan Bell's shoddy pseudo-intellectualism.
Dell Cook and the Trinity
Bill Jack continues his podcasting odyssey with special guest Dell Cook. After a slight pause to remind Jeff that he isn't winning fantasy baseball, Bill and Dell discuss the Trinity and why it is so much more than just a mysterious Christian doctrine.
Bible Translations
Okay, so some members of the Worldview Academy faculty team are quirky. Brandon Booth actually likes reading Aristotle, and Randy Sims enjoys Mystery Science Theater 3000. Mark Bertrand is certainly quirky in his own way, and in this show he explains why he obsessively compares Bible editions. Host Jeff Baldwin wants to know: why so many translations? And is one translation the best translation?
Starbucks and Porsches
Bill and Jeff broadcast from the most recent Christianity and Culture Conference in Pittsburgh. The show begins with a discussion about what to write on Starbucks cups, but turns into a prolonged discussion of the sovereignty of God and the reality of grace. And it also explains how Bill came to wreck his son's Porsche.


text: Web2pro Specialty Health – Solutions for Payers Web2pro Specialty Health provides industry leading strategies, services and technology to community-based oncology practices, including those in . Cancer affects ‹1% of the population but accounts for 10% of all healthcare costs annually. However, community-based oncology can provide care at a lower cost than hospital-based care without compromising quality. Through quality initiatives such as Value Pathways powered by NCCN™ and technologies including Clear Value Plus℠, we have proven oncology solutions that bend the cost curve while maintaining quality patient care. Sources:Milliman Benefit Designs for High Cost Medical Conditions, 2011The Moran Company. "Cost Differences in Cancer Care Across Settings", 2013


text: On January 29, 2004, NICHOLAS AVERY WARNER; beloved son of Kevin Warner, Sr. and Gloria Schwartz; stepson of G. C. Schwartz; grandson of Thelma Cummings, the late Robert Monroe Warner and Jo Ann Warner; loving brother of Angela Warner, Kevin Warner, Jr., James Gibson, Joshua Davis, Brianna Schwartz, and Erin Schwartz. Also survived by many loving aunts, uncles, relatives and close friends. Relatives and friends may call at the family owned AMBROSE FUNERAL HOME of LANSDOWNE, 2719 Hammonds Ferry Road, on Wednesday and Thursday from 3 to 5 and 7 to 9 P.M. A Funeral Service will be held Friday at 10 AM at the Lansdowne United Methodist Church. Interment following at Holly Hill Memorial Gardens. Donations can be made in his name to Villa Maria, 2300 Dulaney Valley Road, Timonium, MD 21093.


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Peter Ward
Christianity is a mono-theistic religion that believes in a personal God who became human in Jesus Christ, a real historical figure, in order to communicate directly with humanity and who continues to be present to humanity for the rest of time as the Holy Spirit. The three-fold character of God is termed 'the Trinity'.
This complex understanding of God was gradually understood by the followers of Jesus Christ over about the following 300 years, particularly as they reflected on the agreed set of Christian scriptures. Commonly known as the Bible, these consist of two distinct sections. The recorded accounts of the life of Jesus – the 'gospels' – and letters of advice and instruction from first century Christian leaders – the 'epistles' or 'letters' – make up the greater part of what is called the New Testament. The Old Testament consists of much established Jewish scripture because Jesus was born and lived a Jew and is seen by Christians as the fulfilment of God's promise to the Jewish people.
Through a series of Councils of leaders of local Christian communities and the statements of beliefs – creeds – that they developed, the principal elements of Christian theology took shape as the leaders reflected on the teaching and example of Jesus Christ.
In the process some Christian communities did not accept elements of some creeds or Council statements and became independent Christian traditions. Some have survived to this day but the number of their members is relatively insignificant, given that it is estimated that there are in excess of two billion Christians today, amounting to 25-30% of the total world population.
Today Christians belong to very many different Churches or traditions. It is estimated that there are over 1500 in North America, although the number in Britain is much smaller, but these may be grouped into four broad categories. All share key beliefs in common but there is a wide range of detailed beliefs. What follows is an overview of Christian beliefs. Some individual Churches and traditions may not embrace every element as described.
'Christian' was a name given to the followers of Jesus Christ by elements of society in the Roman Empire because of his importance in their belief and practices. Their central belief was that Jesus was divine – was God. This they believed had been shown in many ways during his life but decisively by the fact that he "was crucified, died and was buried....On the third day he rose again [= he met, conversed and eat with people on several occasions over a period of 40 days until] he ascended in to heaven and is seated at the right hand of [God] the Father." Belief in the Resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead and Ascension into heaven is central to Christianity. However the precise understanding of the meaning of these terms and the significance of the belief can vary between different Christian traditions.
The quotation above is taken from what is called the 'Apostles' Creed' – a statement that developed over about 700 years after the death of the generation of Christians who had actually known Jesus. It is probably the most widely accepted creed or statement of beliefs accepted by the Christian traditions found in Britain today. It is three parts – God the Father – Jesus Christ – Holy Spirit and Christian beliefs, echoing the Christian belief in the Trinity.
The Apostles' Creed - Commentary
The Apostles' Creed - Commentary
God the Father is the first person of the Trinity
I believe in God, the Father almighty, 'Father' indicates the personal character of God
Creator of heaven and earth. '...almighty, creator...' asserts the power of God and role as creator; 'heaven and earth' conveys the totality of the range of creation, embracing all that is.
Jesus, God the Son, is the second person of the Trinity.
I believe in Jesus Christ, his only Son, our Lord. 'Son' signifies one with God or "God made man" - NOT a separation or subordination.
He was conceived This asserts that he had no human father
by the power of the Holy Spirit the belief that he is divine and born of the Virgin Mary Mary is his human mother – he is human "Jesus is true God and true man" - Council of Ephesus, 431
He suffered under Pontius Pilate - emphasising the historical reality
and was crucified, died and was buried. Asserting the nature and fact of his death.
He descended to the dead ie visited human beings who have died on earth but who still 'are', still exist but are not in heaven.
On the third day he rose again Crucified on Good Friday – risen from the dead Easter Sunday
He ascended into heaven 'Heaven' is the eternal presence of God, after human death
and is seated at the right hand of the Father - an anthropomorphic visioning of the relationship within the divine oneness of God
He will come again Jesus spoke of a 'last judgement' in Mt25:31-46
to judge the living and the dead. Parable of the Sheep and the Goats, taking place at the end of time.
God the Holy Spirit is the third person of the Trinity
I believe in the Holy Spirit The on-going presence of God in the world
the holy catholic Church 'Church' is the community of Christians
'catholic' means universal
'holy' means sharing in the holiness of God
NB 'catholic' does not mean the institution of the Catholic Church led by the Pope, the bishop of Rome
the communion of saints 'saints' includes all followers of Jesus Christ 'communion' means the union/unity of all 'saints' – those alive on earth and those who have died and passed to eternity Since Christianity believes that all are made in the image and likeness of God, so the ultimate meaning of this is the entirety of humanity, every single person.
the forgiveness of sins 'sin' is a failure to love God and neighbour, near and far and 'sins' are actions or omissions that demonstrate sin. 'Forgiveness of sins' is the love of God for a person transcending a person's 'sins'.
the resurrection of the body signifies belief in eternal life in a form [body] that has
life everlasting - continuity with life on earth before death. Thus, having come into existence [birth], a person will never cease to be, to exist, but will continue to 'be' for all eternity, with God, in heaven.
GOD is one Trinity
GOD is three persons: God the Father
God the Son
God the Holy Spirit [Holy Ghost]
in one substance [Gk: homoousion]
which allows for distinction while maintaining unity.
JESUS CHRIST is "true God and true man" Council of Ephesus 431
has two natures, one human and one divine
has "one substance [homoousion] with the Father" Council of Chalcedon 451
HOLY SPIRIT is manifest primarily through the Church but different traditions understand this in different ways. Most acknowledge the role of the Holy Spirit in the composition of the Christian scripture, the Bible. Many affirm that the Holy Spirit works through the leadership of Church communities while some, particularly in the Protestant tradition, hold that the Holy Spirit works directly through individual Christians.
Among the main Christian scriptural references to the Holy Spirit are:
- The descent of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost [Acts 2:1-47]
- Each person is a 'temple of the Holy Spirit' [1 Corinthians 3:16]
- 'Fruits of the spirit' are 'love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness and self-control' [Galatians 5:22]
- 'Casting out demons, speaking in tongues, picking up serpents and drinking deadly things without being harmed and healing people by the laying on of hands are the signs of those who believe and are baptized [Mark 16:15-18] and some Christian traditions, particularly Pentecostalist, associate this with baptism in the Holy Spirit.
History of Christianity
History of Christianity
Jesus attracted followers [= disciples] and appointed 12 to be apostles – leaders who would go out in his lifetime and afterwards to preach the 'gospel' [= 'good news' – God's love for all persons].
A missionary faith from the outset, the faith, life(style) and teaching of the apostles and disciples attracted followers so an institutional structure developed. Bishops [episcopoi Greek – 'overseer'] were appointed to lead local Christian communities by the apostles. As the numbers and outreach of Christians increased, so the bishops appointed 'priests' [Greek presbuteroi _] to lead the central act of Christian worship [then termed 'Eucharist' from the Greek _eucharistein meaning 'to give thanks'] on behalf of the bishop in communities unable to travel to the Eucharist celebrated by the bishop.
Christian unity was maintained by each bishop remaining in communication with fellow bishops and in particular with the bishops of the five patriarchs – Rome, Constantinople, Antioch, Jerusalem and Alexandria. As stated earlier, in the first centuries Christian leaders sought to understand how to express their beliefs derived from the teaching of Jesus. They did this by periodically coming together at what are called 'Councils' to agree on how beliefs might be expressed. Although they generally achieved a very wide measure of agreement, every Council was followed by some Christians disagreeing with the creed or agreed statement and thus becoming independent of the main Christian tradition. In this way Christianity began to divide into a series of faith communities or traditions but one main common tradition continued for the first thousand years of Christian history.
The first major division: 1054
Serious differences of belief, such as how or indeed whether Jesus was both human and divine, were the cause of some of these divisions. However the difficulty in expressing a shared belief in the two principal languages spoken by Christians – Greek and Latin – was always a major difficulty. Each Council reached agreement in one language but the agreed statement then had to be translated, explained and understood in the other language. This caused great tensions in view of the significance of the matters being determined, such as the relationship between God the Father, God the Son and God the Holy Spirit.
This is generally understood to be the cause of the 'Great Schism' [split] of 1054 when the western Latin-speaking and the eastern, Orthodox Greek-speaking traditions split into the Catholic and Orthodox Churches. A related issue of authority within Christianity is also considered to have contributed to the split. Efforts to resolve the differences by appealing to recognised authority revealed the western Church expected the whole of Christianity to recognise the Bishop of Rome, successor of the apostle Peter, as the supreme authority while the eastern Church recognised the authority of the bishop of each patriarchate. These irreconcilable differences led to the schism.
The Orthodox Church was centred on Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire. It continued to grow in numbers, particularly in east and south-east Europe, Russia and the Caucasus, adopting the prevailing local language. Following the growth of Islam, the occupation of Constantinople and collapse of the Byzantine Empire in 1453, most Orthodox Christians, apart from Russian Orthodox Christians, lived within the Ottoman Empire and were isolated from the controversies in Christian faith and practice elsewhere until the ending of the Ottoman Empire in 1918. For much of this time the Greek Orthodox Church was the pre-eminent tradition. In Russia the Orthodox Church was a significant element in Russian life.
Originally part of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, the Moscow Patriarchate was established in 1447. The Russian Orthodox Church continued to be closely identified with the state, in various ways, until the twentieth century when it experienced both persecution and toleration. The collapse of communism in 1991 has enabled it to establish a new relationship with the state. In 2010 there is a 'communion' of 14 administratively independent Orthodox Churches, each with its own geographic territory and led by a synod [council] of bishops chaired by the Primate, together with various other Christian traditions that regard themselves as Orthodox. Orthodox Christians are to be found throughout the world including in Britain. For example, there are both Greek and Russian Orthodox cathedrals in London. Other Orthodox communities with cathedrals in London include the Eritrean and Ukranian Orthodox Churches.
The second major division: The Reformation
The western, Latin-speaking Catholic Church continued to be the pre-eminent Christian tradition in the rest of Europe until the sixteenth century. Through these centuries periodically it was inclined to lose a clear focus on proclaiming the Gospel of Jesus Christ but at different time individuals, such as Francis and Dominic in the twelfth century, challenged this tendency. Both started 'religious orders', groups of followers who lived according to the precepts or 'rule' of their founder, orders still known today as Franciscans and Dominicans.
Catholic Christianity was the religion of the overwhelming majority of people across Europe and the parish church was their local focus. Here every Sunday, commemorating the day on which Jesus rose from the dead, all assembled to attend Mass, the more commonly used term in the Catholic Church for Eucharist. They heard the priest recite prayers and readings in Latin and followed the 'liturgy' or order of service which culminated in the 'consecration' of the bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ and its reception by the priest and other members of the congregation in 'holy communion'.
However Catholic Christianity gradually lost its clear focus for various reasons including poorly educated clergy ill equipped to lead local parishes and bishops playing increasingly significant roles in state affairs. Individual reformers in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries were ineffective but this was all to change within about 30 years in what became known as the Reformation. In continental Europe the principal issues centred on scripture, which was just becoming translated from Latin and published using new printing presses, and what it taught about 'salvation' (eternal life with God in heaven) and the Church and in particular the Eucharist.
Key figures in the Reformation
The first challenge came in 1517 from Martin Luther in Wittenberg, Germany, who challenged a method of fund-raising to pay for the new basilica in Rome which implied 'buying' divine forgiveness. He continued to develop his thought and argued that salvation came through personal faith alone, widely known as "justification by faith". Concerning the Eucharist, he taught that there was a real presence of Christ within the elements of bread and wine.
In the following decade Ulrich Zwingli in Zurich also proclaimed the pre-eminence of scripture in determining doctrine and Church discipline but believed that the Eucharist was no more than a sign of the presence of Christ, the elements remaining bread and wine.
The third leading reformer was John Calvin who was invited back to Geneva with his reform agenda. This also included an emphasis on scripture and the doctrine of 'predestination', that is a belief that, because of the absolute sovereignty of God, the final salvation of some of humanity is foreordained from eternity by God.
Among the followers of Calvin was John Knox who was instrumental in the Church in Scotland becoming 'reformed' in the Presbyterian tradition, based on the precepts of Calvin. Thus the private interpretation of scripture resulted in a variety of conflicting beliefs that continued to increase, resulting in an increasing number of Protestant denominations, the name protestant coming from their challenge to and 'protest' at the Catholic Church, down to the present day.
The Reformation in England
The Reformation in England took a slightly different course because its origins were political, not theological, focusing on the authority of the Pope, the Bishop of Rome. Henry VIII was a committed Catholic, even receiving the title "defender of the faith" for a critique he wrote of Luther. However the Catholic Church required all matters of Church discipline involving a Catholic sovereign to be referred to the Pope for adjudication, to avoid undue influence being exercised by the sovereign on bishops within the realm. Thus Henry's request for an 'annulment' (a Church dispensation different in character if not effect to a divorce) was referred to the Pope but he was, at the time, subject to pressure from the King of Spain, who was also challenging Henry VIII. Hence Henry VIII broke from Rome but retained most of the custom and practice of the Catholic Church.
However protestant influences were soon felt, the more so under the reign of his young successor Edward VI. He was followed by Mary who Catholic, sought to reverse the protestant tendencies and re-establish the Church of England as part of the Catholic Church. When her short reign ended, Elizabeth I sort to establish a comprehensive "settlement" of the complex situation by establishing an all-embracing protestant Church of England. Thus it retained the traditional ecclesiastical structures and orders – bishop, priest and deacon – established Creeds and the sacraments of baptism, confirmation and Eucharist, while at the same time making freer use of scripture, English in place of Latin, and latitude in doctrinal interpretation and ritual.
The Counter Reformation
These major challenges to the Catholic Church led to its calling bishops to the Council of Trent. Meeting for three sessions over 20 years it clearly stated Catholic doctrine, set higher standards for clerical education and discipline and asserted the authority of the Pope. In contrast to the Protestant emphasis on scripture as the sole authority, the Catholic Church also cited the authority of the living tradition of the Catholic Church as proclaimed by the magisterium, widely interpreted to mean the Pope and principal bishops in Rome. Often called the 'Counter Reformation', this response by the Catholic Church ended any hopes of reconciliation with the 'reformed Churches' which spread across much of northern Europe. The Catholic Church has experienced no further significant rupture since the Reformation.
The century following the Reformation was marked by further division within Protestantism alongside considerable religious persecution, one Christian tradition on another. Where the king was Catholic, as in France for example, there was persecution of 'Protestants'. Conversely where the king was Protestant, as in England, there was persecution of Catholics. Persecution was usually highly political and could change with a change of monarch or their religious allegiance. One consequence was the migration of persecuted Christians from all traditions to America where there was religious liberty and freedom from persecution.
Further developments
The Church of England has given rise to a wide range of Christian developments. One such was that led by John and Charles Wesley who travelled widely around the country preaching forgiveness and eternal life to all through faith in Jesus Christ, a very popular message at a time of considerable industrialisation. Eventually they broke from the Church of England and established the Methodist Church which itself broke into various other traditions, most of which reunited in 1932. However one that remained independent and continues to flourish is the Salvation Army, established at the end of the nineteenth century. A feature of some forms of Methodism was 'baptism in the holy spirit' which is later to contribute to the development of Pentecostalism.
There have been a number of distinct periods of religious (ie Christian) revival in the United States. During one at the beginning of the nineteenth century there was a widespread belief that all established churches had lost the simplicity of the Church founded by Jesus Christ. Hence a number of new churches were founded, independent of any established Christian tradition. Some of these developed from a mood of 'millennarianism' and 'adventism', [believing that the world would shortly end] arising from evangelical Protestantism, such as the Seventh-day Adventist Church. The Jehovah's Witness movement was also influenced by this mood, while the Christadelphians and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (more commonly known as the Mormons) also arose about this time.
A century later, among some poor and disadvantaged Americans, began what is termed Pentecostalism. With roots going back to the Methodist 'baptism in the holy spirit tradition', it began to come to prominence in California as a result of another religious revival prompted by apocalyptic thoughts arising from the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. In the twentieth century it expanded across America and across the world with some of its largest congregations in Latin America and South Korea.
Contemporary Scene
Christianity may be appreciated as falling into various headings. What follows is one simple approach and far from exhaustive.
Orthodox Christianity
Consists of 14 Churches each covering a defined territory, with a degree of autonomy [autocephalous] but in communion with [ie recognise the authority of] the Patriarchal Sees of the East such as the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople. ** Catholic Church**
Is one Church comprising 23 different Rites [ways of worshipping] all of which are in communion with [ie recognise the authority of] the Pope - Is one Church which is led locally in each diocese by its bishop - Each diocese [geographical area led by a bishop] is regarded as a local Church. - Each bishop is "in communion" with the Bishop of Rome and hence with all other bishops worldwide.
Calvinist, Presbyterian and Reformed
The Reformed Ecumenical Council
The World Alliance of Reformed Churches (WARC) was created in 1970 by a merger of two bodies, one representing Presbyterian and Reformed churches, the other Congregational churches. It has 218 member churches in 107 countries around the world, with some 75 million members. Churches represented in the WARC include Congregational, Presbyterian, Reformed and United churches which have historical roots in the 16th century Reformation. www.reformedchurches.org/
Lutheran World Federation
Consists of 140 member Churches, 10 'recognized Churches and congregations' and one recognized council. There are a small number of Lutheran bodies that are not members of the LWF. http://www.lutheranworld.org/lwf/
Baptist details missing
Methodist details missing
Anglican Communion
The Anglican Communion of Churches hs some 80 million members and consists of 44 different Churches made up of 34 provinces, 4 United Churches and 6 other Churches that arose from the Church of England www.anglicancommunion.org
Ten or more different church traditions and associations
Non-Trinitarian including:
Jehovah's Witness
Latterday Saints
celibate male in Catholic and Orthodox traditions
male in Anglican tradition but a few Churches have female bishops
title of leader in some churches apart from Catholic and Orthodox
celibate male in Catholic tradition - but married convert Anglican clergy may be priests in England and Wales
male in Orthodox tradition
male or female in Anglican tradition
- title of many leaders/preachers in all churches apart from Catholic and Orthodox
Christianity in Britain
Christianity in Britain
- Church of England Established (ie state) Church in England and member of Anglican Communion
- Church of Scotland Established (ie state) Church in Scotland in Presbyterian tradition
- Church in Wales Member of Anglican communion. There is no established Church in Wales.
- Church of Ireland Member of Anglican communion.
- Episcopal Church in Scotland Member of Anglican communion.
- Catholic Church One universal Church that transcends national boundaries
NB Roman Catholic Church is a historical term given [by some Anglicans] to the Catholic Church to distinguish it from a group within the Church of England called Anglo-Catholic.
Prayer and Worship
Prayer and Worship
Linked to traditions – sacraments – ministers/church leaders – features of church buildings


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|Students and Instant Messaging: Survey on Current Use and Demands for Higher Education
|De Bakker, Gijs
Sloep, Peter
Jochems, Wim
|collaborative learning
peer support
social software
synchronous communication
|Issue Date:
|Instant messaging (IM) is the term used to describe the technology through which "users can set up a list of partners who will be able to receive notes that pop up on their screens the moment one of them writes and hits the send button" (Castelluccio, 1999). While early use could be described as fun mainly, IM today is a serious communication medium. Remarkably, it seems that educational institutions have been doing very little with it, while several studies indicate that it could indeed be a valuable tool in education. As a first step towards a better understanding of the educational use of IM, we want to gain insights in how students currently use IM and what opportunities they themselves see for the medium. To that end we conducted a survey among students of the Fontys University of Applied Sciences in the Netherlands. A large majority of the participating students indicated using IM for their studies. Also, when asked about their demands for a possible educational implementation, the majority were positive.
|De Bakker, G., Sloep, P. B., & Jochems, W. M. G. (2007). Students and instant messaging: survey on current use and demands for higher education. Research in Learning Technology (ALT-J), 15(2), 143-153.
|Appears in Collections:
|1. LN: Publications and Preprints
Files in This Item:
|De Bakker et al - Students and Instant Messaging.pdf
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Francine Dee and Jade Starr GAME shoot – 59 images
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Thinking it over with the good information that has been presented I agree where if we are not in geosync orbit it would be difficult, but not impossible, to track another HEO. I think ground stations relaying to other stations that have view of the other HEO is very workable. It could be very workable if everything is digital. I'm still trying to figure out the digital capabilities of the two new birds. Maybe digital voice as well??? So maybe we should identify stations that have reliable satellite stations and reliable Internet connectivity with 2Mb(???) connectivity or more. 73s, Eric KF4OTN From: Andrew Glasbrenner Sent: Sun 08-Jan-06 19:50 To: John B. Stephensen; Christensen,Eric; firstname.lastname@example.com Subject: Re: [amsat-bb] Satellite-to-Satellite communications Not to mention how would you point the link antennas, and to where? We aren't going to be in a fixed geosynch type orbit.... Now....ground based relays would be uber-cool. Imagine a 10-20 khz wide transponder on the ground linking 2 HEOS on opposite sides of the planet. You'd need a pretty fat pipe between groundstations, and a healthy uplink, but wow...that would be an innovation (for us hams at least). 73, Drew KO4MA -----Original Message----- >From: "John B. Stephensen" <firstname.lastname@example.com> >Sent: Jan 8, 2006 7:26 PM >To: "Christensen, Eric" <firstname.lastname@example.com>, email@example.com >Subject: Re: [amsat-bb] Satellite-to-Satellite communications > >No intersatellite communications is planned. Intersatellite links would >require just as much power as the satellite-to-ground links. The satellite >would also have to be 3-axis stabilized to point the intersatellite >antennas. The additional power and fuel would double or triple the weight >and launch cost. The majority of AMSAT membership has been very clear that >it wants simpler, cheaper HEO satellites so that more can be launched. > >When 2 or more HEO satellites are in orbit, Earth-based intersatellite links >will be possible at a fraction of the cost of space-based links. > >73, > >John >KD6OZH > >----- Original Message ----- >From: "Christensen, Eric" <email@example.com> >To: <firstname.lastname@example.com> >Sent: Sunday, January 08, 2006 18:05 UTC >Subject: [amsat-bb] Satellite-to-Satellite communications > > >> I was sitting here reading the Nov/Dec AMSAT Journal thinking about Eagle >and >> P3E when it hit me. Are their any sat-to-sat circuits being built into >these >> satellites? If we are going to have daily coverage of a HEO by 2009 and >> continuous coverage by 2012 I think having the additional sat-to-sat >circuits >> would be very useful for providing worldwide coverage. >> >> Uncle Sam finally figured that out with the new MilStar sats. Otherwise >data >> had to be relayed by ground stations between satellites to cover the area. >> >> Any ideas??? >> >> 73s, >> Eric KF4OTN >> ---- >> Sent via firstname.lastname@example.com. Opinions expressed are those of the author. >> Not an AMSAT member? Join now to support the amateur satellite program! >> To unsubscribe, send "unsubscribe amsat-bb" to firstname.lastname@example.com >---- >Sent via firstname.lastname@example.com. Opinions expressed are those of the author. >Not an AMSAT member? Join now to support the amateur satellite program! >To unsubscribe, send "unsubscribe amsat-bb" to firstname.lastname@example.com ---- Sent via email@example.com. Opinions expressed are those of the author. Not an AMSAT member? Join now to support the amateur satellite program! To unsubscribe, send "unsubscribe amsat-bb" to email@example.com
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