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Probabilistic evolutionary models revolutionized our capability to extract biological insights from sequence data. While these models accurately describe the stochastic processes of site-specific substitutions, single-base substitutions represent only a fraction of all the events that shape genomes. Specifically, in microbes, events in which entire genes are gained (e.g. via horizontal gene transfer) and lost play a pivotal evolutionary role. In this research, we present a novel likelihood-based evolutionary model for gene gains and losses, and use it to analyse genome-wide patterns of the presence and absence of gene families. The model assumes a Markovian stochastic process, where gains and losses are represented by the transition between presence and absence, respectively, given an underlying phylogenetic tree. To account for differences in the rates of gain and loss of different gene families, we assume among-gene family rate variability, thus allowing for more accurate description of the data. Using the Bayesian approach, we estimated an evolutionary rate for each gene family. Simulation studies demonstrated that our methodology accurately infers these rates. Our methodology was applied to analyse a large corpus of data, consisting of 4873 gene families spanning 63 species and revealed novel insights regarding the evolutionary nature of genome-wide gain and loss dynamics.
1. Introduction
Sequence evolution at the nucleotide level is now commonly described using probabilistic models of sequence evolution, which rely on continuous-time Markov process theory (Felsenstein 1981; Yang 1995). These techniques have revolutionized our understanding of the evolutionary dynamics acting at each position of a single coding gene. Nevertheless, single base-pair substitutions are but a fraction of all events that constitute the evolution of a genome, since gene content itself varies substantially across species (Mira et al. 2002). Variation in gene content is the result of either gene loss or gene gain via, for example, horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events (Lawrence & Roth 1996; Ochman et al. 2000; Koonin et al. 2001). These macroevolutionary events of gene gains and losses are collectively termed gene gain and loss (GGL) events.
In the last decade, a large volume of data from the ever-increasing number of sequenced genomes was analysed. It was shown that HGT events are common in all three domains of life (Doolittle et al. 1990; Nelson et al. 1999; Koonin et al. 2001; Gogarten & Townsend 2005). Analysing these events contributed to more accurate reconstruction of evolutionary histories and provided new insights on evolutionary processes such as the speciation of lineages, the adaptation of organisms to new ecological niches and the evolution of novel functions and the pruning of existing ones (Syvanen 1994; Jain et al. 2003; Lake & Rivera 2004; Pennisi 2004; Gogarten & Townsend 2005; Wapinski et al. 2007).
For analysing GGL events, one must have a representation scheme of the presence and absence of genes across species. These data are organized in a phyletic pattern, in which the character '1' represents the presence of at least one homologue from a certain gene family in a given genome, and the character '0' represents its absence. In this representation, the aligned phyletic pattern from all gene families is analogous to a multiple sequence alignment. In the phyletic pattern alignment, each column represents a specific gene family, and thus this alignment encapsulates the fundamental information about the content of all gene families among all the analysed genomes. Notably, using this representation, only the evolutionary dynamics of entire gene families are accounted for. The 1→0 transition indicates a deletion event of all the members of a specific gene family, and the 0→1 transition covers both the gene family de novo appearance ('birth') and HGT endowing the acceptor with the first copy of the gene family. These definitions imply that events such as gene duplication, deletion of one paralogue or even HGTs to a genome in which a representative of a gene family already exists are ignored. This increases the reliability of the data, since modelling gene family content evolution (rather than gene-content evolution) alleviates the need to reliably detect orthologous sequences. Furthermore, the gain or loss of an entire gene family is likely to represent major functional evolutionary shifts.
A reliable inference of gains and losses of gene families necessitates accurate modelling, which describes the dynamics of these events. Initial approaches towards this goal were based on the Dollo parsimony criterion (Mirkin et al. 2003). More advanced models were based on the maximum-likelihood (ML) paradigm (Hao & Golding 2006); however, they assumed that the gain rate is equal to the loss rate, thus ensuring that the genome sizes do not change. Nevertheless, as stated by these authors, this assumption is unlikely to be correct, given evidence that even within closely related species genome content may change considerably (Thompson et al. 2005). Moreover, these models assume that the same process of gene gains and losses is shared among all gene families, i.e. the gain and loss rate parameters are equal across gene families. However, a large body of evidence suggests that there is in fact a tremendous variance in the tendency of various gene families to undergo GGLs (Jain et al. 1999; Lerat et al. 2005).
In this paper, our goal was to progress towards more realistic models for analysing phyletic data, by developing a better methodology that captures the macroevolutionary dynamics of GGLs. Our models rely on an evolutionary methodology developed for sequence data and adapt and extend it to the task of analysing phyletic patterns.
2. Material and methods
(a) Evolutionary models for GGLs
The analysis of phyletic patterns using evolutionary models requires three components: the data; the phylogenetic tree; and the underlying stochastic model of transitions. (i) The data are represented as an S×F matrix D, in which Dsf=1 if the gene family f∈{1, …, F} is present in species s∈{1, …, S}, and zero otherwise (S is the number of species analysed and F is the number of gene families in the data). (ii) The phylogenetic tree (topology and branch lengths) is assumed to be known (see below for details). (iii) In accordance with the sequence evolution paradigm, we assume that the GGL dynamics follow a continuous Markov process over a two-state alphabet {0,1}.
In our models, the transitions between zeros and ones and vice versa are defined by a 2×2 rate matrix Q and initial probabilities πroot. More specifically, Q is given in the following form:(2.1)
where denotes the 0→1 instantaneous rate parameter and denotes the 1→0 rate parameter. As in other evolutionary models, the transition probability Pij(t) denotes the probability that character i will be replaced by character j along a branch of length t and is computed by P(t)=eQt. Notably, Pij(t) in this case can be calculated analytically (Ross 1996), which enables shorter running times since the costly numerical evaluation of matrix exponentials is saved. This calculation is given by(2.2)
We have developed several models, which can be defined by two separate characteristics—the stochastic process and the rate distribution among gene families. We first consider a simple model in which the gain and loss rates are equal and the character frequencies at the root (πroot) are the same as the stationary frequencies (πQ). In this model, πQ(0)=πQ(1)=0.5 and the only free parameter is the rate coefficient of the Q matrix (rQ),(2.3)The parameter rQ is introduced to transform branch lengths from substitution per amino acid site to GGL events per gene family. This allows one to use branch lengths estimated from sequence data to analyse the GGL dynamics. It is thus implicitly assumed that the proportions among branches are the same for amino acid substitutions and GGL events (see §4).
The second model is similar, but allows separate rates for gain and loss, which necessitates an additional free parameter πQ(0). In this model, πQ(0) and πQ(1) are the stationary character frequencies and equal to the root character frequencies, πroot,(2.4)
The third model further allows for the character frequencies at the root to differ from the stationary frequencies, thus adding an additional free parameter, πroot(0).
(b) Introducing among-gene family rate variation
We implemented two variations for the rate distribution among gene families. The first, termed the homogeneous rate model, assumes that the Q matrix is equal for all gene families. Since some gene families undergo virtually no gains and losses (e.g. ribosomal proteins), while others are characterized by rampant gains and losses, clearly this homogeneous assumption is not adequate (e.g. Jain et al. 1999). To capture this phenomenon, we introduced a rate parameter rf for the gene family f. Under this assumption, the rate matrix of the gene family f equals(2.5)
We further assume that for each gene family rf is sampled from an a priori rate distribution, the gamma distribution. This is equivalent to the classical among-site rate variation model, first introduced by Yang (1993). We make the same restriction that rf is sampled from a distribution with mean 1. Thus, only one additional free parameter for this model is added—the shape parameter of the gamma distribution (α). We term this model the among-gene family rate variation (AGRV) model for the phyletic pattern.
There are two widely used methods for estimating the evolutionary rate at each site f. The first, based on the ML paradigm, searches for the rate that maximizes the likelihood given that rate (Yang & Nielsen 2000; Pupko et al. 2002),(2.6)where T and t are the phylogenetic tree topology and the set of branch lengths, respectively. We note that Q is a function of rf as defined in equation (2.5). The lower the rate, the more conserved the gene family is, i.e. it has experienced fewer gains and losses compared with the average over all gene families.
Alternatively, once the gamma distribution is assumed and its parameters are optimized using ML, it is straightforward to compute the posterior expectation of the rate for each gene family using Bayes' theorem. This is equivalent to the Bayesian estimation of site-specific conservation scores, as used for sequence analysis (Yang & Wang 1995; Mayrose et al. 2004). The implementation of the rate distribution is achieved by partitioning it into K discrete rate categories (Yang 1994). The rate of gene family f is thus computed as follows:(2.7)where Q(k) is the rate matrix Q, in which rf=r(k).
We applied the categorization with several numbers of categories, ranging from 4 to 32. All results presented in this work are computed with 16 discrete categories. We note, however, that essentially the same results were obtained when either 32 or only 4 categories were used (not shown).
(c) Likelihood correction accounting for unobservable data
Gene families that are absent in all taxa are unobservable. To correct for unobservable data, we used the approach suggested for restriction site analysis (Felsenstein 1992). The likelihood computation of each gene family is conditioned on observing '1' in at least one of the species. In terms of probability, instead of simply computing P(D), we compute P(D|'observable'), which is equal to P(D & 'observable')/(1−P('missing')),(2.8)where is the required conditional likelihood for the gene family f; Lf is the likelihood of the observable data for the gene family f; and L(−) is the likelihood of a gene family to be absent in all taxa, i.e. the likelihood of a column of zeros.
Computing the likelihood of all gene families in the tree is straightforward, achieved by multiplying the likelihoods of all gene families,(2.9)and after taking logs,(2.10)
We note that for data extracted from the COG database (Tatusov et al. 2003), observable phyletic patterns are only those that are present in at least three species. In this case, the presented computation of L(−) is only an approximation for the unobservable data.
(d) Likelihood computation and parameter estimation
Likelihood computation is achieved using Felsenstein's (1981) pruning algorithm. All free parameters of the model described above are estimated such that they maximize the likelihood of the data. This is achieved using standard numerical algorithms.
(e) Model comparison
The likelihood-ratio test (LRT) is used to compare couples of nested models. The LRT statistic is 2.Δℓ (where Δℓ is the difference between the maximum log likelihoods of the compared models). It is approximated by the Χ2 distribution, where the number of degrees of freedom is equal to the difference in the number of free parameters between the two models.
(f) Tree topology, branch lengths and the position of the root
The reference tree topology and branch lengths were taken from the 'tree of life' (Ciccarelli et al. 2006). The topology and branch lengths are fixed for all models. The branch lengths in the tree of life can be transformed to branch lengths of GGL events per gene family, by multiplying all branches by the rate factor rQ (detailed above). In the models in which the character frequencies at the root are identical to the stationary distribution, the position of the root does not affect the likelihood computations and hence the unrooted tree of Ciccarelli et al. (2006) was used. For the models in which the character frequencies at the root are allowed to differ from the stationary ones, the position of the root must be determined. Thus, for these models, we numerically found the position of the root by maximizing the likelihood of the data, given the root position.
(g) Phyletic pattern
The presence and absence of gene families for each species were extracted from the COG database (Tatusov et al. 2003). The intersection between the 66 species of the COG database and the Ciccarelli et al. (2006) tree retained 63 species including bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes, spanning 4873 gene families.
3. Results
(a) Analysis of phyletic patterns requires elaborate evolutionary models
We implemented six models to analyse phyletic patterns. The performance of all models was evaluated over a dataset spanning 63 species including bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes, and 4873 gene families obtained from the COG database (Tatusov et al. 2003), using a reference phylogeny (Ciccarelli et al. 2006). We performed stepwise comparisons of the maximum log likelihoods obtained by the six models, starting with the most naive one and gradually alleviating the unrealistic assumptions by introducing more complex models.
The simplest model (M0 in table 1) assumes the following: (i) the rate of gain is equal to the rate of loss (in this case, the stationary frequencies are πQ(0)=πQ(1)=0.5), (ii) the character frequencies at the root (πroot) are the same as the stationary frequencies (πQ), and (iii) the rate is equal for all gene families (a homogeneous rate model).
We first tested the assumption that the gain and loss rates are equal. Model M1 is identical to M0, except that an additional parameter is allowed to account for unequal gain and loss rates. The maximum log likelihood under M1 was a few thousand points higher than M0 (table 1). Comparing these scores using the LRT suggests that M1 fits the data overwhelmingly better than M0. Furthermore, under M1 πQ(0)=0.8, which is substantially different from 0.5.
We next tested the assumption that the character frequencies at the root equal the stationary frequencies (table 1, M1 versus M2). The maximum log-likelihood scores under M2 were approximately 160 points higher than M1. Furthermore, the character frequencies at the root were different from the stationary one (πQ(0)=0.81 versus πroot(0)=0.31).
Finally, the assumption that the gene family evolutionary rate is identical for all gene families was tested. This assumption was significantly rejected regardless of the model compared (table 1, M0 versus M0+Γ, M1 versus M1+Γ and M2 versus M2+Γ). The increase in the maximum log likelihood was strikingly significant. We note that when the assumptions regarding character frequencies are tested by comparing the models, which account for AGRV, the same conclusions as above are obtained, i.e. the gain and loss rates differ (M0+Γ versus M1+Γ) and the root frequencies differ from the stationary ones (M1+Γ versus M2+Γ).
To conclude, our data clearly support a stochastic process with different rates for gain and loss, separate character frequencies at the root and a non-homogeneous GGL rate across gene families.
(b) Estimating a gain–loss rate for each gene family
Our probabilistic models can be used to infer for each gene family its underlying rate of gene gains and losses. In order to estimate the rate distribution, we first computed the ML estimate of the evolutionary rate for each gene family. The empirical distribution of gene-family-specific rates (figure 1) appears to follow a non-uniform distribution. It is evident that the empirical GGL rate distribution is highly asymmetric. The vast majority of the gene families have a low GGL rate, whereas several gene families with higher GGL rates comprise the heavy outlier. In figure 1a, the distribution of 90 per cent of all gene families is shown, spanning GGL rates from 0 to 87. The 10 per cent outlying gene families were truncated since it was impractical to present them in the same graph. In figure 1b, the distribution of 70 per cent of all gene families is shown. From this visualization it can be seen there that there are considerable differences in rates within the gene families with relatively low rates. Indicated in this figure is a GGL rate of approximately 0 that is shared by all gene families present in all species. Also indicated is the GGL rate of 286 out of the 4873 gene families that are only present in both eukaryotic genomes.
Our likelihood analysis revealed that a gamma distribution captures the variability of GGL rates among gene families. We thus adopted the empirical Bayesian approach for inferring the GGL rate of each gene family, in which a gamma prior distribution over GGL rates is explicitly assumed. This method allows an informative inference of GGL rates for all gene families studied. To exemplify the usefulness of the gene-family-specific rate inference, we identified the gene family with the highest GGL rate. The 'adenine-specific DNA methylase' gene family (COG2189) is sparsely present in 17 out of the 63 species analysed and was inferred to have a GGL rate of 4.46. This high rate is also apparent when projecting the presence and absence states of this gene family onto the underlying phylogenetic tree (figure 2a). The projection on the tree reveals that often the phyletic pattern has changed in a relatively short evolutionary time. For example, this gene is absent in Thermoplasma acidophilum but present in Thermoplasma volcanium, two relatively closely related taxa.
To emphasize the conceptual difference between the absence/presence frequencies and GGL rate inference using the phylogeny and the evolutionary model, we present the phyletic pattern of the '20S proteasome, alpha and beta subunits' gene family (COG0638). This gene family has the same presence/absence frequencies as the gene family above, i.e. it is also present in 17 out of the 63 species. However, projecting the phyletic pattern on the phylogeny reveals that here, the gene family is highly clustered (it is present in all eukaryotes and archaea and in a single bacterial clade, the Mycobacteriaceae). Accordingly, the estimated GGL rate for this gene family is 0.0525, which is in the lowest fifth percentile (figure 2b).
(c) Simulation studies
We conducted a simulation study to estimate the accuracy of our method for inferring gene-family-specific rates. We first obtained a set of reference rates produced using the inferred rates of the analysed data of 4873 gene families with model M2+Γ. Using the reference rates, we simulated the stochastic process under the same evolutionary model and established 1000 sequences. For each of the simulated sequences the rates were inferred and the Spearman correlation was computed between the true rates and the inferred rates. The average correlation coefficient was 0.857 with a standard deviation of 0.0037. Since the same model was used for simulating the data and for the inference, the lack of perfect correlation is due to the stochastic nature of the evolutionary process. Our simulation results thus suggest that given an accurate model for the GGL dynamics, it is possible to infer evolutionary rates of gain and loss with relatively high reliability.
4. Discussion
In this paper, we have devised a new methodology to analyse phyletic patterns. Our motivation was to develop biologically realistic evolutionary models that capture the GGL dynamics. Our phyletic models are adapted from sequence-based likelihood models, and as such they provide a firm probabilistic approach and are supported by a set of pre-developed techniques and algorithms, allowing hypothesis testing and comparisons of parameters across datasets. We have implemented several models, increasingly realistic, while gradually relaxing oversimplified assumptions. The various models were subsequently used to analyse the phyletic pattern extracted from the COG database (Tatusov et al. 2003) using a reference phylogeny (Ciccarelli et al. 2006). The dataset consists of 63 species, spanning 4873 different gene families.
Our analysis indicates that it is appropriate to allow GGL rates to differ from each other and to allow the rate of gains and losses to vary among gene families. Since oversimplified models can often lead to erroneous conclusions, we suggest that a framework of probabilistic models, such as the one presented here, should be used for alleviating unrealistic assumptions concerning the underlying evolutionary process generating phyletic data.
In a model that allowed the root frequencies to differ from the stationary ones, a large difference was observed both in terms of maximum log-likelihood scores and between the estimates of the frequencies (root versus stationary). We speculate that this difference indicates that the stochastic process is not homogeneous (across the tree). In other words, all of the above models assumed a single set of stationary frequencies across the entire phylogeny. This assumption, however, fails in scenarios where, for example, some genomes underwent reductive evolution. The discrepancy in the estimated character frequencies at the root (πroot(1)=0.85) and the stationary ones (πQ(1)=0.16) suggests that such a scenario of reductive evolution of specialist microbes is rather common.
In this work, we assumed a pre-determined tree topology, and that branch lengths are fixed up to a proportional scale, which is ML estimated by the scaling factor rQ. Since the reference tree is unrooted, the location of the root is also ML estimated. The root was estimated to reside in the edge connecting the bacteria with the archaea and eukaryota groups, as seen in figure 2. Notably, this ML estimate of the position of the root from gene content is consistent with the accepted evolutionary history.
The fixed parameters can also be estimated from the phyletic pattern data. Regarding the tree topology, it was not re-estimated here, since it has been suggested that the most commonly used methods (e.g. multiple sequence alignment based, gene order based and shared gene content based) result in a similar species phylogeny (Snel et al. 2005). It has also been suggested that the estimation of topology based on gene content is prone to systematic error (Spencer et al. 2007). Concerning branch lengths, multiplying them by our scaling factor transforms their measure to units of GGL events per gene family. One shortcoming of this approach is that we implicitly assume that higher substitution rates are perfectly correlated to higher GGL rates. It is interesting to test how good this correlation is, by comparing branch lengths estimated from sequence data versus branch lengths estimated based solely on the phyletic pattern data. Such comparisons may reveal lineages that underwent dramatic GGL events in a short evolutionary time, when the latter is measured in terms of base-pair substitutions.
To conclude, we have developed a novel framework for analysing the phyletic pattern, which is a step towards more realistic description of the GGL dynamics. Our main effort was to better capture variation of GGL rates among genes. In sequence-based analysis, substantial efforts are invested in developing evolutionary models that can capture variation of the stochastic process among tree lineages. As a case in point, recent models were developed to identify positive selection in specific branches and sites using codon models (e.g. the branch-site model of Zhang et al. (2005)). Initial work in this direction regarding the phyletic pattern analysis was done by Marri et al. (2007), in which each branch was allowed to have its own GGL rate. The next challenge with respect to the phyletic pattern models will thus be to integrate lineage-specific processes with AGRV, i.e. to allow for model variation both among gene families and among specific lineages.
We thank Matthew Spencer, Itay Mayrose, Eyal Privman and David Burstein for critical reading of the manuscript and providing helpful suggestions. A.S. is a fellow of the Complexity Science Scholarship programme. N.D.R. is a fellow of the Edmond J. Safra programme in bioinformatics. T.P. and U.G. were supported by the Research Networks Programme in Bioinformatics of the Ministry of Science and Technology of Israel, and the Ministries of Foreign Affairs and National Education and Research of France. This study was also supported by an Israeli Science Foundation grant to T.P.
One contribution of 17 to a Discussion Meeting Issue 'Statistical and computational challenges in molecular phylogenetics and evolution'.
- © 2008 The Royal Society


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The other day, I was in the bathroom when one of the light fixtures above the mirror fell off, crashed to the ground, and shattered everywhere. It scared me so badly I screamed! As soon as my husband heard the noise, he came running to see if I was ok.
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Thank you for visiting YOUR online hub for the PRSA Northeast District. Our membership includes more than 1,100 public relations and communications professionals from across the northeastern United States.
Bookmark and visit this site to learn when new events and opportunities are in-the-works!
Read about what's happening in our district via our e-newsletter. The newsletter is your source for district news, events and opportunities, including professional development session updates, district committee volunteer needs, blogs from members, national updates and much more.
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Crystal DeStefano, APR, Chair of the Northeast District, discusses the personal benefits of her involvement in the PRSA Northeast District and PRSA's professional development programs, including the APR accreditation.
PRSA Northeast District Immediate Past Chair Jane Law, APR, of the Yankee chapter, explains the geographic reach of the district, and discusses the district's plans to create a shared conference model for the benefit of all members.


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Ann Denise Korinda, 91, of Boonton, NJ, passed away on Wednesday, February 7, 2018, in Denville, NJ
Born in Akron, Ohio, raised in Linden, NJ, Ann lived the past 68 years in Boonton.
Ann attended Trenton State Teachers College (now TCNJ). There she met the love of her life, Andrew Korinda, Jr. In 1947 at the age of 20, she graduated from that college and married Andrew.
Ann earned a master's degree in education from Newark State College (now Kean University). She was a passionate, creative, and dedicated teacher. The first special education teacher in Morris County, she ended her career as a 4th grade teacher in Mountain Lakes. She loved teaching New Jersey and colonial history, to this day many of her students fondly remember making apple dolls.
In 1948, she gave birth to her first child, Don. Pregnant with second son, Ann played Mary in a church pageant in the Advent season of 1951. Don and his grandmother attended Ann Denise's performance. When Mary and Joseph were turned away from the inn, Don shouted, "There's no room for my mommy!"
Ann was an avid reader of historic novels. Her favorite pastime was clipping articles of newspapers and magazines and delivering them to the appropriate family or friend with a card or personal note.
Ann also loved to travel. She and Andrew took two transcontinental camping trips across the U.S. and Canada. They toured all fifty states and numerous foreign countries, visiting friends along the way. When she retired, she said that she wanted to spend time with her grandchildren. Her faculty colleagues knew better. They gave her a set of luggage as her retirement gift – she never looked back!
Mrs. Korinda was a member of the Rockaway Valley Garden Club, the Boonton Historical Society, Mountain Lakes Chapter of AAUW, Holmes Library Book Club, Elderhostel (now Road Scholars), New Jersey Historical Society, and the Retired Teachers of Morris County.
Ann was a devoted member of the Boonton United Methodist Church where she served on many church committees over the years including the UMW (United Methodist Women) and Church Women United.
She is survived by two sons and their wives: Don and Elisabeth of Midland, Michigan, Larry and Karen of Boonton Township; grandson Andrew W. and his wife Christina, and granddaughter Corey; and great-grandson Liam Korinda.
Friends may call on Friday, February 23, from 3 to 7 p.m. at the Codey & Mackey Funeral Home, 107 Essex Ave., Boonton, NJ. A celebration of Ann's life will be held on Saturday at 11 a.m. at the Boonton United Methodist Church. To share a memory or condolence, please visit www.codymackeyfh.com
In lieu of flowers, the family requests memorial donations be sent to Boonton United Methodist Church, 626 Lathrop Ave., Boonton NJ 07005.


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'World War Z' Marches On Without Matthew Fox and Ed Harris
The Brad Pitt-produced adaptation of Max Brooks' zombie opus, World War Z, is currently soldiering on with production in Malta after losing Lost star Matthew Fox and Hollywood vet Ed Harris. Recently it was reported that the two actors had joined the battle against the undead, but Vulture has shared word that a scheduling conflict is preventing both men from facing the hordes of flesh-munchers.
Fox is committed to the Tyler Perry crime-thriller I, Alex Cross – which follows a detective attempting to track down a serial rapist who may be responsible for murdering his wife and unborn child. Meanwhile, Harris has been attached to the Beth Henley play The Jacksonian at the Geffen Playhouse in Los Angeles, but performances don't start until next winter – so basically, your guess is as good as anyone's (maybe he had a chat with Judd Apatow and bailed).
It's unclear if casting news about the duo was spun into an official story that wasn't as legit as reported, but the important thing in all this, is that Brad Pitt – who also plays a UN researcher collecting the stories of individuals who fought for freedom during the titular zombie epidemic – is still on board as actor and producer. Hopefully that means these two smaller roles can be filled quickly and easily, as the attempt to recast is already underway in Los Angeles and London (where production will move to later this year).
Movies.com, the ultimate source for everything movies, is your destination for new movie trailers, reviews, photos, times, tickets + more! Stay in the know with the latest movie news and cast interviews at Movies.com.
Copyright © 2018 FANDANGO MOVIES.


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Finished in Platinum silver metallic with full black leather interior, extended black leather to doors and dash, Cabon Fibre lightweight bucket seats, PCM satellite navigation, 19" Turbo II alloy wheels , BOSE surround sound system, switchable sports exhausts, Sport chrono pack , universal audio interface, tracking system, auto dimming rear view mirror, cup holder, rear wiper, auto dimming exterior mirrors, Porsche floor mats, centre console and instrument surrounds in exterior colour, Guards red seat belts, red brake calipers, Alcantara headlining, plus much more standard specification. This stunning Cayman R is offered in exceptional condition and has covered only 6000 miles from new . Viewing unreservedly recommended.
porsche cayman r 3400cc alcantara alloy-wheels black-leather bose lightweight metallic sat-nav tracker 2011 fast german rwd sportscar petrol mid-engine leather black-interior 2wd dark-interior
Alexander House, Barr Lane Industrial Estate, Roecliffe
Boroughbridge, YO51 9LS, North Yorkshire
United Kingdom
Mar 16, 2018


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About Thorlo THOR-LON® Hiking Socks - Crew (For Men)
2nds. Thorlo's hiking socks are constructed with THOR-LON® yarn, known for greater durability and softness.
- Great for hiking in all seasons
- Optimal moisture wicking
- Low-density pads protect toes, instep and arch
- High-density pads protect ball and heel
- Midweight
- Height: Crew
- Made in United States of America
Specs about Thorlo THOR-LON® Hiking Socks - Crew (For Men)
- Midweight
- Height: Crew
- Fabric: 87% THOR-LON® acrylic, 11% stretch nylon, 2% spandex
- Care: Machine wash, tumble dry
- Made in United States of America
Do you own this product? Write a review and help others with their buying decisions!
4.489361 5 Overall Rating: 4.5 Based on 47 reviews
Most Helpful 5-Star Review
Incredibly Comfortable!
Reviewed by Frenchtown Lassie from Frenchtown, NJ on Sunday, October 3, 2010
I am a 60 year old woman and the soles of my feet are getting tender and sensitive. I already have heel inserts in my sneakers but began to need more. As I had worn Thorlo Padds (low cut socks) in the past but could not find them now, I looked at other Thorlo socks on STP. I decided to try these bas... Read More
Great SocksVerified Buyer Reviewed by Phaedrus from Michigan on Monday, March 19, 2018As always, Thorlo comes through. I'd rate these as a medium weight. Could be worn in winter, definitely not summer. They are soft and well cushioned.
Thick!Verified Buyer Reviewed by Richard H from Dallas on Thursday, March 8, 2018These are great socks with lots of cushion. Very thick and warm.
CozyVerified Buyer Reviewed by Jennifer from Lexington, Kentucky on Wednesday, August 23, 2017Nice quality and well made. Good value
ThorloVerified Buyer Reviewed by Tennis Coach from Australia on Friday, July 28, 2017Great socks. Couldn't get running or tennis socks but these are great. 2nds but nothing wrong with them
Thorlo Hiking Socks - Crew (for Men)Verified Buyer Reviewed by Paulh from Washington State on Tuesday, May 16, 2017They are great. Been wearing them for decades. They last a long time, wick moisture well and cushion the feet. I recommend turning them inside out when washing to prolong lifespan.
Good SocksVerified Buyer Reviewed by Will Speed from Corner of Ohio on Saturday, February 11, 2017Soft and Warm, True to Size
THE MOST AMAZING SOCKS EVERVerified Buyer Reviewed by Refugee Worker from Washington on Monday, January 23, 2017We bought these to donate to homeless men! Why? because the are warm, wick and can go a long time without washing. Most folks donate cotton, which is fine for Southern states, but here in the NW it is WET AND RAW. One humorous thing however, two of the fellas running the program eagerly accepted one pair each. Now whenever I see them at church, they are all about the socks! But then, there were two less for the homeless. GOD BLESS (a wee poem).
Comfy hikersVerified Buyer Reviewed by waterbouy from southwestern ohio on Thursday, May 29, 2014They are nice and thick, great padding and nice for the cooler days of hiking.
The bestVerified Buyer Reviewed by DB from Southeast on Monday, May 19, 2014We have used these Orlon socks for serious hiking. Crossed the Grand Canyon in August and they worked perfect for us.
great socksReviewed by someone from CT on Thursday, February 27, 2014I bought these for my father-in-law. They are the ONLY socks he wears so it was nice that they were on sale here. He lives in the desert and likes these socks because they keep his feet cool and dry and are comfortable for everyday wear.
Question & Answer
Questions about this product? Get answers from community and staff experts.
"Thorlos rate their socks by level of protection from 1 to 3 - 3 being the highest amount of padding and protection. I just purchased what I believe to be these socks at your Reno store, and the ones I purchased were Level 3 - Maximum protection level. In the product specs page, these are described as medium protection. Can you clarify if these are indeed Protection Level 3 Tholos?"
I believe these are KX hiking socks. I do not know if Thorlo has a numeric rating system but this is the product description from Thorlo.com for this specific sock. In addition to this product description, there are numerous other pages, on their website, that explain the benefits of Thorlos.
Designed for feet that hurt. Enjoying rugged day hikes or extended backpacking, in most weather conditions, on varied to difficult terrain resulting in moderate to significant stress on the feet. Specifically engineered to deliver maximum protection and comfort for men prone to blisters, foot pain, or discomfort.
Constructed with THOR•LON® fibers for superior softness, resilience, durability, and moisture-wicking for drier, better feeling feet.
Cushioned instep and arch for a better fit, more support and less pressure on feet for a more comfortable hike.
Low profile toe seam won't rub or irritate feet.
Unique padding specifically engineered for hiking, clinically shown to reduce blisters, pain, pressures and moisture for maximum protection.
Ventilation panel for extra moisture control and breathability.
The green socks I bought are level 3 protection.
I purchased these socks from the on-line store without comparing them to other socks in a store. I am fully aware of the importance of
support socks - as a runner. Based on my knowledge with running socks I would give these a a medium level for support.
They are the right length for protection around your ankles while wearing hiking boots.
"Display screens on computers and mobile devices often cannot accurately capture the actual color of items. For those of us who do not live on a vineyard, what actual color is "Grape Leaf?
Grape Leaf is a very dark-greenish color.


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Search terms
High definition home cinema
Indulge in an unbeatable home cinema experience with this system. Delivering incredible surround sound and clear pictures via HDMI 1080p upscaling, it also plays from virtually any type of disc and from USB drives and portable media players
Unfortunately this product is no longer available
High definition home cinema
Indulge in an unbeatable home cinema experience with this system. Delivering incredible surround sound and clear pictures via HDMI 1080p upscaling, it also plays from virtually any type of disc and from USB drives and portable media players
Unfortunately this product is no longer available
Use the docking station for your iPod and iPhone, and enjoy music from your iPod and iPhone on the home theater system.
HDMI 1080p upscaling delivers images that are crystal clear. Movies in standard definition can now be enjoyed in true high definition resolution - ensuring more details and more true-to-life pictures. Progressive Scan (represented by "p" in "1080p') eliminates the line structure prevalent on TV screens, again ensuring relentlessly sharp images. To top it off, HDMI makes a direct digital connection that can carry uncompressed digital HD video as well as digital multichannel audio, without conversions to analog - delivering perfect picture and sound quality, completely free from noise.
The Universal Serial Bus or USB is a protocol standard that is conveniently used to link PCs, peripherals and consumer electronic equipment. Hi-Speed USB devices have a data transfer rate of up to 480 Mbps - up from the 12 Mbps in original USB ones. With Hi-Speed USB 2.0 Link, all you have to do is plug in your USB device, select the movie, music or photo and play away.
Play virtually any media format you want - whether they be WMV, DivX, MP3s or JPEGs. Experience the unbeatable convenience of great playability, and the luxury of sharing media files on your TV or home theater system - in the comfort of your living room.
EasyLink lets you control multiple devices like DVD players, Blu-ray players, TV's etc. with one remote. It uses HDMI CEC industry-standard protocol to share functionality between devices through the HDMI cable. With one touch of a button, you can operate all your connected HDMI CEC enabled equipment simultaneously. Functions like standby and play can now be carried out with absolute ease.
With DivX support, you are able to enjoy DivX encoded videos in the comfort of your living room. The DivX media format is an MPEG4-based video compression technology that enables you to save large files like movies, trailers and music videos on media like CD-R/RW, and DVD recordable discs. DivX Ultra combines DivX playback with great features like integrated subtitles, multiple audio languages, multiple tracks and menus into one convenient file format.
A built-in Dolby Digital decoder eliminates the need for an external decoder by processing all six channels of audio information to provide a surround sound experience and an astoundingly natural sense of ambience and dynamic realism. Dolby Pro Logic II provides five channels of surround processing from any stereo source.
MP3 Link allows playback of MP3 files, directly from your portable media player, on your home theater system. Simply connect your portable MP3 player to the built-in MP3 Link jack and enjoy your MP3 music in the superior sound quality delivered by the Philips home theatre system. MP3 Link brings your portable music into the comfort of your living room.
Play virtually any disc you want - whether they be CDs, (S)VCDs, DVDs, DVD+R, DVD-R, DVD+RW, DVD-RW or DVD+R DL. Experience unbeatable flexibility and the convenience of playing all your discs on the one device.
Color-coded connectors provide a simple and user-friendly solution to connect the speakers and subwoofer to the center unit of the home entertainment system simply by plugging the connectors in the matching colored interface at the rear of the center unit.


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Sour Mash Moonshine
- 1 Bushel of Hard (seed) White Corn
- Place corn in horse manure
- Water corn with 5 gallons of water
- Corn should sprouts in two days
- Take corn out of manure and wash
- Roll corn to crack it
- Place corn into 55 gallon barrel
- Next add half bushel of corn meal
- Pour in five pounds of sugar
- Fill remainder of barrel with water.
- In about 21 days a red skim will appear.
- Push a hose with a stopper at the end to the bottom of the barrel.
- Blow out stopper.
- Next step is to siphon off mixture until approximately 4 inches are left at the bottom of the barrel.
- Strain the remainder of the liquid.
- Place in cooker and cook until it boils, then simmer.
- This should yield 1.5 gallons of 105 proof moon shine.


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Need local AC technicians in the Pearland or Friendswood area? Custom Air Systems services your area around the clock. You can't put a schedule on air conditioning problems. Our staff at Custom Air Systems knows and understands the difficulty homeowners face when dealing with heating and cooling issues.
Fortunately, our AC technicians are highly trained and skilled individuals with the experience to solve any AC repair. We've got over 20 years of hard work under our belt fixing air conditioning systems and heating ducts all around Pearland and Friendswood.
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We've been serving the Houston area for over 20 years and for a good reason. AC repair is our true passion, and we know it's one of the most important appliances that you own. We are dedicated to keeping the world a much more enjoyable place and at the temperature you want so that you can enjoy your home or business to its fullest.
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Kid's Kemba Walker #15 Cream Christmas Jersey
Click Image for Gallery
Additional Savings
- if share our products to your facebook or tweets or instagram or pinterest and others Social network and Screenshot picture to our WhatsApp we will refund 2USD to you via paypal after you paid our products.
- Add our WhatsApp to get Coupon Code Before order,Our WhatsApp number is 8617076755120
Want to share the excited moments on the court with your kids? Dress in this Kid's Charlotte Hornets #15 Kemba Walker Cream 2015 Christmas Day Swingman Jersey, let us take you deeply into the actual competition, which jersey is customized specially as the Hornets Christmas uniform and is firmly sure to foil the festive holiday atmosphere and shine up your idol's glory moment to the entire court brilliantly. Ready for this jersey to show the world who you are cheering for! You can get what you want from nbajerseyshop.biz!
|NBA Team
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Constructed from premium-grade stainless steel, this Dual-Head stethoscope is one of the most widely sought after professional diagnostic scopes today. MDF777 (74 cm overall length) provides accurate auscultation of heart, lung and blood pressure sounds as well as overall durability and aesthetics.
Chestpiece: The deluxe adult stainless steel Dual-Head Chestpiece and full-rotation Acoustic Valve Stem are precisely machined for the highest performance and durability. The Bowels is fitted with ultra-sensitive Diaphragm (4.5 cm) sealed by the non-chill Diaphragm Retaining Ring to provide a secure acoustic transmission. The extra large Bell (3.7 cm diameter) crowned with non-chill Bell Ring provides greater acoustical amplification, isolation of low frequency sounds and offers patient's comfort.
Headset: Machined and polished stainless steel tubes (5 mm diameter), enclosed internal spring and MDF ComfortSeal Eartips are designed for long lasting comfort and high performance acoustic transmission.
Acoustic Tubing: Heavy-walled and internal acoustic pathway in the Y-configuration, the tubing (58 cm) is designed to maintain acoustic integrity. Acoustic Tubes are constructed of non-cracking, non-sticking high-density latex-free PVC.
Copyright © 2010 Wholesale lots. All rights reserved. Contact Us:email@example.com
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Hi Mark, Thanks for bringing that article to the BBS, it is always interesting to equate Ham and satellite activities with the Sunspot cycle 73 de Robin VE3FRH Mark Turnauckas wrote: > > NASA Science News for May 30, 2000 > > As a result of the approaching solar maximum, Earth's > atmosphere is puffed up like a marshmallow over a campfire > leading to extra drag on Earth-orbiting satellites. > > FULL STORY at > > http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2000/ast30may_1m.htm?list > > If you need to get in touch with us directly, please go to > > http://science.nasa.gov/comments > > Home page: http://science.nasa.gov/ > > ---- > Via the amsat-bb mailing list at AMSAT.ORG courtesy of AMSAT-NA. > To unsubscribe, send "unsubscribe amsat-bb" to firstname.lastname@example.com -- Frank Robert (Robin) E Haighton. VE3FRH Executive Vice President AMSAT-NA ---- Via the sarex mailing list at AMSAT.ORG courtesy of AMSAT-NA. To unsubscribe, send "unsubscribe sarex" to firstname.lastname@example.com
AMSAT Home


text: Everybody, if you can, refrain from doing the Bartman. This is how I felt these last couple days playing these Simpsons games: cold, isolated, alone. PLAYERS: 1 PUBLISHER: Acclaim DEVELOPER: Imagineering GENRE: Platformer RELEASE DATE: December 1992 The final platformer in the "Is Nothing Sacred?" Simpsons NES trilogy, … Continue reading #573 – The Simpsons: Bartman Meets Radioactive Man


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Upcoming Events
Consulting Alliance OverviewThe Consulting Alliance is an association of leading independent consultants with diverse regional and national experience and proven success in solving client challenges. It is the ideal resource for organizations seeking to hire a consultant with the highest level of professionalism and expertise. Membership in the Alliance provides consultants with a vibrant and collaborative community where they can grow their businesses and advance their skills.
A monthly luncheon, open to the public, is held at Wolferts Roost Country Club the second Friday of the month. A members-only meeting takes place near the end of each month as well, focusing on business development opportunities and professional development for our members.
For Consultants
If you're an independent consultant in the New York Capital Region, you've probably heard about the Consulting Alliance. We invite you to get to know us better by attending one of our monthly luncheons. Though you'll find a lot of useful information on this Web site, it won't give you the experience of collegiality that comes when you get to know us in person.
For Clients
If you have a need for specialized expertise or are dealing with a problem you haven't been able to solve on your own, chances are one of our seasoned professional consultants can help. Consulting Alliance members provide creative thinking about challenging issues, in-depth subject matter knowledge, and hands-on implementation. Since every Alliance member is committed to adhering to the Consulting Alliance Code of Ethics, you can be confident you will be working with a conscientious and trustworthy advisor.
We're eager to hear from you. Please Contact us.


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Category: ADHD Education
ADHD Distinctions
ADHD Education
ADDentifiers are words that seem similar in meaning but when articulated identify the shifts the ADHDer is missing.
ADDentifiers describe the lower level of functioning and encourage the client to move up to the next level of ADDentification.
Read More
Accreditation Matters: How are Certification, Credentialing, & Accreditation Different?
ADHD Education | Coach Training
To recap our first 3 articles in the series:
- Anyone can call themselves an ADHD coach regardless of their training and qualifications
- The preeminent governing bodies in the coaching profession, ICF, PAAC, develop standards that accredited coach training programs must meet
- ADHD coaches need special training in both the ICF life coaching competencies and the ADHD Coaching competencies (PAAC), plus an understanding of the ADHD brain and other specialty areas related to executive functions.
Now we will talk about the different types of ICF and PAAC certification.
When looking for a quality ADHD coach or ADHD coach training program, it's important to remember two things:
- Quality coach training programs are accredited (by ICF and PAAC)
- Individual coaches apply for certification as a credentialed professional coach (from the accredited program and/or ICF and PAAC).
Read More
Birthday Parties, the Cafeteria, and Other Social Obstacles
ADHD Education
by Caroline Maguire, PCC, M.Ed.
You need not helicopter to help your child make friends — in fact, too much parental interference can do more harm than good, especially in middle school.
Follow these strategies to boost your tween's confidence and skills in the most challenging settings and scenarios.
Read More
ADHD: How to Protect Yourself from Verbal Abusers
ADHD Education
Those with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are often targets of very negative, hurtful comments. When attacked, they experience an amygdala hijack and fall into fight, flight, or freeze, which can trigger hours of rumination.
Read More
Why do Adults with ADHD Choose Strength-based Coaching Over Public/Mental Health Care?
ADHD Education | Coaching | Research
Overview and Recommendations
by David Giwerc, MCAC, MCC
Read More
ADHD Coaches (and Their Training) Are Not Created Equal - Accreditation Matters
ADHD Education | Coach Training
Distinguishing Between Certification, Credentialing, and Accreditation
The following is a multi-part article that addresses a vital need in both the ADHD community of adults, and the life coaching profession: what do we do with an industry that doesn't regulate its coaches, where anyone can call themselves a "certified" ADHD coach regardless of whether they have actually received training from a credible, established, accredited program?
How are adults—especially those who've only discovered their ADHD diagnoses in recent years—supposed to find a qualified coach with highly specialized training in adult ADHD?
For that matter, why should an adult take advantage of all the support a coach can offer when anyone is allowed to call themselves an ADHD coach?
Read More
ADHD Coaching: An Integral Component of Effective Comprehensive Treatment for Adults with ADHD
ADHD Education | Coach Training | Coaching | David Giwerc
by David Giwerc
Research clearly indicates psychopharmacology's prominent role as an ADHD intervention.
Even if the primary care physician is comfortable with treating an ADHD adult, the typical office visit does not allow sufficient time to address every issue that confronts the newly diagnosed adult ADHD patient.
The patient may leave with an appropriate ADHD medication regimen, but many other critical problems related to the diagnosis may remain unaddressed.
Read More
Why Is The Virtual Learning Experience at the ADD Coach Academy So Powerful?
ADHD Education | Coach Training
Since its inception, the ADD Coach Academy (ADDCA) has embraced both distance e-Learning and adult learning principles in our ADHD coach training and educational courses.
Our program is specifically designed to leverage the advantages of voice-to-voice training, traditional classroom structure, and interactive, flexible, creative online learning.
It's designed to engage and activate the unique brain wiring of all of our coaching students.
Read More
When Boring And Hard Are Synonymous - Understanding the struggle with ADHD
ADHD Education | Miscellaneous
I have ADHD. No, I've never been officially diagnosed as an adult.
As a toddler in the early 90s, the teachers just called me "challenged" and told my parents I needed help.
In what I can only describe as heroism, my parents refused to medicate me. Instead, they were advocates for me through and through, and over time, I learned to deal with being endlessly distracted.
Read More
A Pause
ADHD Education | ADHD Quotes | Coaches in Action | Miscellaneous
Master Coach, and ADDCA Teleclass leader, Jay Perry wrote this powerful poem.
Read More


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The High Court in Pretoria has dropped charges against Nico Henning, the Pretoria businessman accused of murdering and conspiring to murder his wife Chanelle Henning.
Henning was shot dead after dropping her son at school on the morning of November 8, 2011.
Four people have been convicted in the case.
The two hit-men were convicted in 2011. Former policeman Gerhardus du Plessis, and Willem Pieterse, are serving 18-year prison sentences after pleading guilty to the murder.
Du Plessis and Pieterse implicated two other people, former policeman and close friend of Nico Henning Andre Gouws and former Nigerian Olympic athlete Ambrose Monye, who were sentenced to life imprisonment for their roles in the killing in 2013.
According to EWN reporter, Barry Bateman, Gouws implimicated Nico Henning as the mastermind behind the murder and became the state's key witnesses.
It is not clear why the state withdrew the charges.
We understand that Gouws was not cooperating with the prosecutor.— Barry Bateman, EWN reporter
Listen to the audio below for more information...


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The Montana Department of Transportation has an interactive map at its MDT Travel and Weather Information website, roadreport.mdt.mt.gov. The map shows road incidents, construction sites, camera and road weather information stations. When the map loads, it shows an overview of road conditions.
The left sidebar lets the user filter the information on the map. Below that are buttons for Map Tools, Regions, Text Reports, Camera List and About.
As an example, to get construction information in the Billings area, select the Billings tab under Regions and click on the Construction tab. To get a camera view of an area, select RWIS w/Camera or Other Camera, and then click on one of the cameras on the map. This opens a right sidebar with photos of the area and the update times of the photos.


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CLEVELAND (AP) — The Latest on the Republican National Convention (all times EDT):
11:55 p.m.
The Republican convention's closing balloon drop didn't disappoint.
Soon after Donald Trump made one last promise to "make America great again," a slow-moving, confetti-and-balloon blizzard floated down on the convention hall in Cleveland.
More than 125,000 balloons — some as big as beach balls — floated down on the dancing delegates.
The soundtrack for the spectacle was the Rolling Stones' "You Can't Always Get What You Want" — perhaps a strange choice.
Outside, fireworks illuminated the sky over Lake Erie.
11:50 p.m.
Hillary Clinton's campaign chairman says Donald Trump used "more fear, more division, more anger, more hate" in his speech to the Republican National Convention.
John Podesta says in a statement that next week's Democratic National Convention will offer a more positive vision.
Podesta says Trump is "temperamentally unfit and totally unqualified to be president."
He says the Republican nominee isn't offering any "real solutions" but rather "more prejudice and paranoia."
Podesta says "America is better than Donald Trump."
11:25 p.m.
Donald Trump is reminding voters that the balance of power on the Supreme Court will be decided by the November election.
The Republican presidential nominee says in his convention speech that he wants judge who would uphold the Constitution.
Many Republicans who are reluctant Trump supporters have pointed to his ability to ensure that the high court has a conservative majority.
There's a current 4-4 ideological split, with one vacancy.
11:20 p.m.
Donald Trump's attempt to reach out to evangelicals hasn't always been smooth, but on Thursday night it was loud and clear during his convention speech.
Trump took a moment to thank evangelicals for their support, even though, as he out it, "I'm not sure I totally deserve it."
Trump touched on an issue that's become a priority for religious conservatives. He's pledging to repeal a law that some believe prevents religious groups from engaging in politics.
11:15 p.m.
Donald Trump says he'll turn what he believes are bad trade deals into great ones for the United States. And he says he'll never sign a trade agreement that hurts workers or diminishes freedom.
The Republican presidential nominee also says he won't let U.S. companies relocate to other countries — laying off workers in the process - "without consequences."
Trump says he'll negotiate deals with individual countries, rather than complex agreements involving many nations.
He's taking aim at President Barack Obama for basing his trade policy on negotiating multinational agreements in Asia and Europe.
Trump is breaking sharply with his party on trade. The GOP in the past has supported free trade agreements.
11:10 p.m.
Donald Trump says that if he's in the White House, he'll protect gays and lesbians from violence.
It's an overture to a group that doesn't often get mentioned during a speech at the Republican National Convention.
Trump is bemoaning the attack in a gay nightclub in Orlando, Florida, that killed 49 people. He says the shooter was an "Islamic terrorist" who was driven by a "hateful foreign ideology."
Trump says he's going to prevent such attacks against the LGBTQ community. Trump's use of the phrase is notable for including the 'Q,' which stands for queer or questioning and is less common.
11:05 p.m.
Donald Trump says his immigration plan is based on compassion.
Trump says his proposal to build a wall along the U.S.-Mexican border is a way of taking a hard line on immigration laws — and he says that approach is "considerate and compassionate to everyone."
Trump's immigration proposal is a driving force in his presidential campaign. But it's alienated many Hispanic voters and has been called unworkable even some in the GOP.
Trump says his tough approach will stop the cycle of human smuggling and "peace will be restored by enforcing the rules."
11:03 p.m.
Donald Trump is backtracking from his criticism of NATO.
He says the alliance has taken a step in the "right direction" in deciding to focus more on terrorism.
The Republican presidential nominee made the comments during his convention address.
A day earlier, he said in a New York Times interview that he might not come to the defense of NATO nations that failed to meet their financial obligations.
11 p.m.
Donald Trump is outlining his approach to fighting terrorism.
He says he'll create the "best intelligence gathering operation in the world."
The GOP presidential nominee says he'll also abandon what he calls the "nation building" and "regime change" policies pushed by his Democratic rival, Hillary Clinton, when she was secretary of state.
Trump isn't mentioning former President George W. Bush, who led a war to oust Iraq's Saddam Hussein in 2003.
Trump's third focus is working with allies such as Israel — and he's promising to block Syrian refugees from entering the country.
10:55 p.m.
Donald Trump is accusing America's first black president of dividing the nation along racial lines.
The Republican presidential nominee is calling President Barack Obama's rhetoric on race "irresponsible."
Trump is blaming Obama for making the country more dangerous.
Trump is making the charges during his prime-time address at the Republican National Convention.
Trump says Obama "has used the pulpit of the presidency to divide us by race and color."
10:50 p.m.
Donald Trump says he'll work with and appoint the "best and brightest prosecutors and law enforcement officials" to crack down on violence against police.
He tells delegates at the Republican National Convention that "an attack on law enforcement is an attack on all Americans."
10:45 p.m.
A protester has interrupted Donald Trump's speech at the Republican National Convention.
A woman waving a banner started yelling more than 20 minutes into Trump's remarks.
The GOP presidential nominee paused for nearly a minute while waiting for police to remove her.
The convention crowd chanted, "USA!" for much of the time as Trump stood silently at the podium.
When Trump began speaking again, he said: "How great are our police?" as authorities took the protester out of the arena.
10:40 p.m.
Donald Trump is using his acceptance speech to tear into Democratic rival Hillary Clinton.
Trump is accusing Clinton of committing "terrible, terrible crimes."
He says Clinton's use of a personal email and mishandling of classified information while secretary of state amounts to a new level of corruption.
Trump is also accusing Clinton "trading access and favors to special interests and foreign powers."
Trump is offering no evidence to support his claims.
10:35 p.m.
Donald Trump is putting a lid on the calls by delegates at the Republican National Convention to put Democratic rival Hillary Clinton in jail.
Trump was giving his acceptance speech Thursday night when the crowd began chanting "Lock her up!" — a chant heard during previous nights at the convention.
Trump waved his hands in a motion to discourage the refrain. Then he said: "Let's defeat her in November."
10:30 p.m.
Donald Trump is blaming Hillary Clinton's "bad instincts" for disasters across the world.
Trump says his Democratic opponent has left a legacy of what he calls "death, destruction and weakness."
The Republican presidential nominee cites the spread of the Islamic State group, the deadly attacks on the American consulate in Libya and violence across Iraq and Syria.
Trump says a change in U.S. leadership will change the world's challenges.
10:26 p.m.
Donald Trump says nearly 180,000 people who are in the United States illegally are a threat to the nation's safety.
He tells delegates at the Republican National Convention that, if he's elected president, he'll lead a country of "law and order."
The promise is the first point the Republican presidential nominee made in his convention address.
Trump says "attacks on our police, and the terrorism in our cities, threaten our very way of life." He says "crime and violence" will end if he's elected president.
10:24 p.m.
Donald Trump wasn't alone when he came onstage to accept the Republican nomination for president at the Republican National Convention.
Two Secret Service agents stood nearby, off to left and right of the stage, right behind him and out of camera view.
10:23 p.m.
Ivanka Trump is vouching for dad with women and minorities — two groups Donald Trump has struggled to win over.
Trump's oldest daughter says her dad is "color blind and gender neutral." She says "he hires the best person for the job, period."
The younger Trump noted she's worked with her father for more than a decade and seen him hire people from "all walks of life."
Donald Trump has faced criticism for his hiring practices and treatment of women in his businesses. But his daughter says his construction sites are "true meritocracies."
10:15 p.m.
Ivanka Trump is promising that Donald Trump will fight for equal pay for women and affordable child care.
The Republican presidential nominee's eldest daughter outlined priorities often associated with Democrats during her prime-time address Thursday night at the Republican National Convention.
She says motherhood is creating a pay discrepancy for women, but says her father "will fight for equal pay for equal work."
Ivanka Trump says her father will "focus on making affordable childcare affordable and accessible for all" if elected.
Trump hasn't addressed child care costs or the gender pay gap so far in his 2016 presidential bid.
10:19 p.m.
Donald Trump has accepted the Republican nomination for president.
The New York billionaire formally became the GOP standard bearer Thursday night on the convention stage in Cleveland.
He will represent the Republican Party on the ballot in November.
Here's what he said from the stage: "I humbly and gratefully accept your nomination for the presidency of the United States."
10:10 p.m.
Ivanka Trump is calling her father "the people's nominee."
Donald Trump's oldest daughter tells the Republican National Convention that her father is a fighter.
She says she doesn't consider herself a Republican or a Democrat. Sometimes, she says, she has a tough choice picking a presidential candidate.
But not this time.
Here's how she puts it: "For more than a year, Donald Trump has been the people's champion. And tonight, he is the people's nominee."
Donald Trump's acceptance speech is coming up soon.
10 p.m.
Donald Trump's campaign hasn't always followed to tradition, but it is sticking with a convention staple — the biographical video.
The Trump mini-movie aired in prime time Thursday night from the Republican National Convention in Cleveland.
It is casting the billionaire candidate from New York as big city builder with a heart. It makes no mention of his second career as a celebrity and reality TV star.
The video features black-and-white photos of a young Trump growing up in Queens and learning the tricks of the building trade from his father.
But the younger Trump dreamed big — as the narrator says — and decided to leave for Manhattan — the "biggest city in the world."
The video describes Trump as a team player who created tens of thousands of jobs, and the film says many of those jobs were for women.
9:55 p.m.
Melania Trump has arrived at the Republican National Convention in Cleveland as the GOP presidential nominee is getting ready to deliver his acceptance speech.
It's her first appearance in the arena since her prime-time speech Monday night that went viral with charges of plagiarism.
She's made her way to the box reserved for Trump's family and is sitting with her son, Barron, the youngest of Donald Trump's children.
9:30 p.m.
High-tech entrepreneur Peter Thiel says he's proud to be gay and proud to be a Republican — but most of all, proud to be an American.
And that declaration is winning Thiel loud cheers at the Republican convention.
The PayPal co-founder is the first person to give a GOP convention speech and acknowledge being gay.
Thiel says the culture wars are distracting Americans from important economic issues. He says debates over transgender people and bathrooms are "a distraction from our real problems."
9:25 p.m.
It's almost time for Donald Trump to deliver his acceptance speech at the Republican National Committee, but he's raising money as if he'd already given the much-anticipated address.
The email appeal is hitting inboxes before the GOP presidential nominee had taken the stage.
Here's what the message says: "I just delivered my speech at the Republican National Convention, where I officially accepted our Party's nomination for President of the United States."
The appeal also says: "I can't thank my wonderful supporters enough."
8:45 p.m.
The GOP chairman has a new description for the Democratic Party.
Reince Priebus (ryns PREE'-bus) calls it the "party of the same old thing."
That's Priebus' message Thursday night at the Republican National Convention.
He's planning to go after Democrat Hillary Clinton even more so than praising Republican nominee Donald Trump.
Priebus says in prepared remarks that Democrats will "trot out the same old Democrats with the same old message running the same old candidate" at next week's Democratic convention in Philadelphia.
He calls the Republican Party "the party of new ideas."
8:40 p.m.
PayPal co-founder Peter Thiel is getting his turn in the spotlight at the Republican convention.
The Silicon Valley billionaire says Donald Trump's "Make America great again" slogan isn't about returning to the past but leading "us back to that bright future."
He's set to speak later Thursday — when he'll become the first person in a GOP convention speech to acknowledge being gay.
Excerpts of his speech are being released before he takes the stage.
Thiel has faced some blowback in Silicon Valley for backing Trump. The GOP nominee says he'd nominate Supreme Court justices who might overturn the decision legalizing gay marriage.
Thiel says he doesn't agree with every part of the party's policy platform. But he says what he calls "fake culture wars" only distract Americans from economic issues.
8:30 p.m.
A bipartisan group of national security experts is criticizing Donald Trump for suggesting the United States may reconsider NATO's policy of defending its members against possible Russian aggression.
They've written an open letter to U.S. "friends and allies." These experts call Trump's comments "inflammatory" and say his remarks don't "represent the interests of the United States."
Among the 40 expert who signed on are former Sen. Carl Levin; former Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff and a retired Marine lieutenant general, John Castellaw.
Trump indicated in a New York Times interview that he may review the financial contributions of certain NATO members before acting under the alliance's Article 5 mutual defense clause if they were attacked by Russia.
8:10 p.m.
Chants of "All Lives Matter" are filling the arena at the Republican National Convention in Cleveland.
Leading the chant is a pastor from South Carolina — Mark Burns. He says Donald Trump won't "pander" to one race.
Burns also is calling on the GOP to listen to the problems of people in disenfranchised communities in the country. He says that more than anything, they want jobs.
The "All Lives Matter" chant is often used by conservatives to counter the Black Lives Matter movement, which has called attention to police violence against African-Americans.
8:05 p.m.
The longtime and well-known sheriff of metropolitan Phoenix says his "most important mission" is just beginning: electing Donald Trump to the White House.
Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio (ahr-PY'-oh) — a leading foe of illegal immigration — is praising Trump's immigration policies and support for law enforcement.
Arpaio says Trump will "restore law and order" and put the interests of U.S. citizens first.
Just the mention of Trump's proposal to build a wall along the U.S.-Mexico border won cheers from the delegates at the Republican National Convention.
6:50 p.m.
Virginia Sen. Tim Kaine has emerged as the leading contender to join the Democratic ticket as Hillary Clinton's running mate.
That's according to two Democrats, but they also caution that Clinton hasn't made a final decision and could change direction.
The announcement of Clinton's pick could come as early as Friday afternoon in Florida.
The timing is aimed at shifting attention away from the end of Donald Trump's Republican convention and generating excitement before the start of Clinton's own convention next week in Philadelphia.
The two Democrats also say Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack is still in the mix.
The Democrats are familiar with the selection process and spoke on the condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to discuss the search publicly.
6 p.m.
There's not a lot of love from the O'Jays about the use of their song "Love Train" during the Republican National Convention.
The R&B group says its hit — including a version remixed as "Trump Train" — is being used without the band's consent.
Founding O'Jays members Eddie Levert and Walter Williams say in a statement they were asked to appear at the Cleveland convention. They say they turned down the offer, and they say Donald Trump's candidacy is — in their words — "divisive and at odds with the overriding message of their song."
Levert is making clear what he thinks about the GOP presidential nominee: "I think he just may be the anti-Christ."
The Rock and Roll Hall of Famers say they're willing to be a part of the upcoming Democratic National Convention.


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NHL notes: Lightning sign Yzerman to four-year extension
The Tampa Bay Lightning signed general manager Steve Yzerman to a four-year contract extension Monday.
Yzerman had one year left on his current contract.
The Lightning are heading to the NHL playoffs for the second time under Yzerman in four seasons. The team made it to Game 7 of the Eastern Conference final in 2011 before losing to the eventual Stanley Cup champion Boston Bruins.
"Since the day Steve agreed to serve as our vice-president and general manager, he has worked tirelessly to transform our hockey department and establish the groundwork for sustained success," Lightning chairman and governor Jeff Vinik said in a statement. "We are very pleased with Steve's job performance thus far, and I am fully confident Steve remains the right person to continue to lead us.
"Organizationally, we remain committed to playing at the highest levels each season — regularly competing for the Stanley Cup — and I am very pleased that Steve has elected to be our leader for the next several years."
Yzerman, 48, was introduced as the Lightning's general manager on May 25, 2010. With Yzerman as general manager, the Lightning are 144-114-32.
Cory Schneider is back in a familiar place.
After jockeying for the No. 1 job in the New Jersey Devils net all season with veteran Martin Brodeur, the 28-year-old is being leaned on down the stretch in the hopes of keeping his club's playoff hopes alive.
He was in a similar situation with the Vancouver Canucks and teammate Roberto Luongo one year ago.
"I did it for most of last season (with the Canucks)," Schneider told The Star-Ledger on Monday. "I played 15 or 16 out of the last 18 down the stretch last year and got us into the playoffs.
"I haven't done it as much as Marty might have, but I've done it before and it's fun. It's fun to play these games. This is why you play. You don't play not to make the playoffs or not have important games. You want to be the guy and have that responsibility, so it's good."
As stellar as Schneider has been lately – he has a .955 save percentage in his last five appearances – it might not be enough to lift the Devils into the playoffs. Heading into Monday night's action, the club had 84 points – three behind the Columbus Blue Jackets for the final wild card spot – with four games to play.
At least he probably can count on not being traded this off-season.
Anaheim Ducks goalie Jonas Hiller is having a crisis of confidence at the worst possible time.
Head coach Bruce Boudreau confirmed as much after the team's 4-2 loss to the Edmonton Oilers on Sunday, during which his No. 1 goalie coughed up three second-period goals en route to a 4-2 defeat.
"I think (Hiller) is really lacking in confidence," Boudreau told the Los Angeles Times. "Once the first one went in, he was worried until he regained his composure."
Hiller is 6-9-3 in his last 18 outings. He has allowed 11 goals on 67 shots for an .836 save percentage over his last three games.
He was given a break Monday night. Top goalie prospect John Gibson was got the start – his first in the NHL – against the Vancouver Canucks with regular backup Frederik Andersen out with an upper-body injury.
As if the Toronto Maple Leafs needed another kick to their playoff chances, the struggling team received another one Monday with news that Joffrey Lupul is likely done for the season.
Head coach Randy Carlyle said Lupul will have knee surgery that will sideline the winger 3-4 weeks.
With the Leafs already faced with the need to win their three remaining games and get help from elsewhere in the Eastern Conference in order to make the playoffs, the gloom was palpable around the team following an early afternoon practice in Tampa, Fla.
Lupul returned to the Leafs lineup Saturday after missing one game due to an undisclosed injury, but did not play in the third period. In 69 games this season, Lupul had 22 goals and 44 assists.
Meanwhile, goaltender Drew MacIntyre is expected to join the team Tuesday to back up James Reimer.
Philadelphia Flyers tough guy Zac Rinaldo was suspended four games for a hit to the head of Buffalo Sabres defenceman Chad Ruhwedel, the league announced Monday.
The incident occurred early in the third period of Sunday's 5-2 Flyers win. After Ruhwedel took a shot from the point, Rinaldo delivered the blow.
"Rinaldo takes a poor angle of approach and does not make full body contact," the NHL Department of Player Safety said. "Instead, he launches into Ruhwedel with force, picking his head and making it the main point of contact."
Ruhwedel suffered an injury on the play and Rinaldo was given a match penalty.
Rinaldo has a history, having been suspended once and fined twice in his career.
Edmonton Oilers left wing Taylor Hall, Colorado Avalanche goaltender Semyon Varlamov and Montreal Canadiens left wing Max Pacioretty were named the NHL's Three Stars for the week.
Hall led all players with seven assists and nine points, finding the scoresheet in four consecutive games. He matched a season high with four points (one goal and three assists) in a 5-4 loss to the San Jose Sharks last Tuesday.
Varlamov went 3-0-1 with a 1.42 goals-against average, .950 save percentage and one shutout. Pacioretty scored four goals and added two assists. Pacioretty recorded a career-high five points (three goals and two assists), including his third hat trick of the season, in a 7-4 victory over the Ottawa Senators on Friday. He's tied for third in the NHL with 39 goals.
Columbus Blue Jackets forward R.J. Umberger will be out at least two weeks with an upper-body injury, according to the Columbus Dispatch. He was injured during Sunday's 4-0 win against the New York Islanders. The Jackets currently hold the second wild card spot in the Eastern Conference with 87 points and four games to play … The New York Rangers have called up Jesper Fast from AHL Hartford to replace the injured Chris Kreider, the club announced Monday. Fast made the team out of camp while Carl Hagelin recovered from a shoulder injury and had zero points in eight games.


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TorStar Digital
View from the corner cubicle: leadership lessons from Tomer StrolightPosted March 4, 2010 in Latest News & Insights
TorStar Digital is one of Canada's fastest growing, most innovative media companies. On March 3, a small group of members of the Executive Roundtable had the opportunity to sit down with TSD President, Tomer Strolight, the passionate visionary behind TSD's success. Here are some of the highlights from our roundtable discussion on Tomer's leadership lessons […]Read More
A lunch bag letdown of Olympic proportionsPosted March 3, 2010 in Latest News & Insights
Have you caught the articles about the "lunch bag letdown" effect that VANOC volunteers, organizers and in deed the resident's of Vancouver are experiencing post-Olympic party? According to the Mayor of Salt Lake City, another former Olympic host, the post-event blues can trigger a feeling akin to depression amongst the people left behind. This got me […]Read More


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" (d) When a judge of the Superior Court of the District of Columbia in making in a civil case (other than a case in which a child, as defined in section 16-2301, is alleged to be delinquent, neglected, or ^°« P- ^^a. in need of supervision) a ruling or order not otherwise appealable under this section, shall be of the opinion that the ruling or order involves a controlling question of law as to which there is substantial ground for a difference of opinion and that an immediate appeal from the ruling or order may materially advance the ultimate termination of the litigation or case, he shall so state in writing in the ruling or order. The District of Columbia Court of Appeals may thereupon, in its discretion, permit an appeal to be taken from that ruling or order, if application is made to it within ten days after the issuance or entry of the ruling or order. An application for an appeal under this subsection shall not stay proceedings in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia unless the judge of that court who made such ruling or order or the District of Columbia Court of Appeals or a judge thereof shall so order. "(e) On the hearing of any appeal in any case, the District of Columbia Court of Appeals shall give judgment after an examination of the record without regard to errors or defects which do not affect the substantial rights of the parties. "§ 11-722. Administrative orders and decisions "The District of Columbia Court of Appeals has jurisdiction (1) except as provided in clause (2), to review orders and decisions of the Commissioner of the District of Columbia, the District of Columbia Council, any agency of the District of Columbia (including the Board of Zoning Adjustment of the District of Columbia and the Zoning Commission of the District of Columbia), and the District of Columbia Redevelopment Land Agency, in accordance with the District of Columbia Administrative Procedure Act (D.C. Code, secs. 1-1501— 1-1510); and (2) to review orders and decisions of the Public Service 82 Stat. 1203; Commission of the District of Columbia in accord^.nce with section g °^ ' ^" of the Act of March 4, 1913 (D.C. Code, chapters 1 through 10, title 43).
37 Stat. 974.
"SUBCHAPTER III.—MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS "§ 11-741. Contempt powers "In addition to the powers conferred by section 402 of title 18, United States Code, the District of Columbia Court of Appeals, or a ^2 Stat. 701, judge thereof, may punish for disobedience of an order or for contempt committed in the presence of the court. "§11-742. Oaths, affirmations, and acknowledgments "Each judge of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals and each employee of the court authorized by the chief judge may administer oaths and affirmations and take acknowledgments. "§11-743. Rules of court "The District of Columbia Court of Appeals shall conduct its business according to the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure unless the 28 USC app. court prescribes or adoj^ts modifications of those Rules.


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- Home pranks
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Enjoy the largest collection of April Fool SMS to share with your loved ones ,friends and family by whatsapp , facebook, SMS, email, Chats, etc.
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Fearless hART
BC1 - Button Wrap Cuff Dragonfly Button
Regular price $35.00
A unique accent piece that transitions from the boardroom to the ballroom. Hand crafted from a soft supple leather in a variety of colours and adorned with a decorative Dragonfly button.
One size fits most.
We seek out the best quality leather for all our products. All leather is genuine 100% natural leather therefore exact colour can not be guaranteed and some variation will occur.


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Iranian Voices: Mottaki's Unceremonious Dismissal
25 Dec 2010 02:5114 Comments
Photo: Writing on door says, "Push," "Exit."
Manouchehr Mottaki, recently removed from his position as Iran's foreign minister, responded to President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's remarks about his dismissal in Istanbul, calling it "immoral behavior." He also issued a press release in which he discredited the accounts of the incident offered by the president, his cabinet, and his chief of staff, Esfandiar Rahim Mashaei.
"Someone should tell him [Mottaki] you are well acquainted with the president's diplomatic etiquette and his refined manner. How is it that you still haven't realized he [Ahmadinejad] has no regard for any diplomatic conduct? How is it that you hadn't realized until now that lying and cheating come naturally to him? How is it that you did not know until now who you were working for? You can't befriend the caravan and be partners with the highwaymen. "
--Blogger, 27
* Mottaki began his press release: "Following the un-Islamic, insulting and in-violation-of-political-and-diplomatic-etiquette manner of dismissing the foreign minister..."
You [Mottaki] traitor and agent of the global arrogance, who the intelligence ministry has a thick file on you, that shows you are a spy. Mahmoud said in Istanbul that these things are common in Iran, didn't he?
--Comment on Persian language website
* Individuals prosecuted by IRI officials are almost always branded as "spies," "Enemy agents," and/ or "MKO members."
The day when this Manouchehr [Mottaki] came to the [Foreign] Ministry to create a job for his wife, he established the directorate for women at the Foreign Ministry and appointed his wife, who has a B.A. in obstetrics as the head of this organ.... From now on this directorate will be interesting [to watch]...because it's the [former] minister's wife's [department].
--Comment on Persian language website
"What I think about most these days are the things Mottaki said during Ahmadinejad's election campaign, when he called Ahmadinejad a divine blessing for Iranians and the Muslim world. People are interesting. Now that they have taken him by the tail and thrown him out he is singing a different tune."
--Political activist, 26
"'God's servant -- Manouchehr Mottaki.' You really are only one of God's creatures now, Mr. Former Minister and current creature of God."
--Journalist, 29
* Mottaki signed his press release, "God's servant -- Manouchehr Mottaki." The expression "bande khoda," which translates as "God's servant" or "God's creature," is also used to express pity for someone.
"When even a minster does not have job security in the country, what can you say about the rest of us? You call this a country?"
--Courtesy of "You Call This a Country" blog
"Imagine being picked up from the airport in a limo and having to go back in a cab."
--Politics major, 25, Tehran
* Reference to the fact that Mottaki was officially received at the airport in Senegal, but that after his dismissal there was no need for the Senegalese to officially send him off.
"This idiot of a president that we have has caused us to lose face even in Africa. Like a stubborn child, he had to take his domestic dispute abroad. Everyone knows this was part of their mafia wars."
--Cab driver, 60, Tehran
* Reference to the long-standing dispute between Ahmadinejad and Mottaki.
"I heard from a credible source that the Senegalese were in a meeting with Mottaki when they received a cable telling them that he had been fired and they were the ones who told him he was fired. Apparently the Senegalese told him that the meeting was no longer a diplomatic one but they could still be friends!"
--Journalist, 30
* Motakki confirmed in his press release that he was informed of his dismissal by the Senegalese.
"Idiots ask why Mottaki was not present at his farewell ceremony. The answer is: IQ! When they didn't inform him he was fired, how can you expect them to tell him about the farewell ceremony?"
--Anonymous comment on Persian-language website
* Many have been speculating as to why Mottaki was not present at his own farewell ceremony and the inauguration of his replacement, Ali Akbar Salehi. Mottaki confirmed in his press release that no one had informed him about his dismissal, his farewell ceremony, or that Salehi would be replacing him. Iranians use IQ in disparagement to convey that the person referred to is unintelligent.
"I love how they coordinate things. Why doesn't someone tell them to coordinate things so that Mottaki doesn't come and spoil everything for them. When you know there is someone who knows what you did last Muharram, don't provoke him to spill the beans."
--Architect, 32, Tehran
* Reference to the movie "I Know What You Did Last Summer." Mottaki was fired in the Islamic month of Muharram. Mashaei, Ahmadinejad's chief of staff, claimed Mottaki had been informed of his dismissal before going to Senegal and as everyone thought he would be back on Monday they informed the press about his removal. In his press release, Mottaki rejected both claims.
Copyright © 2010 Tehran Bureau


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There's a vast expansion of explorable territory in the Minecraft Universe but one thing is certainly missing. Dinosaurs. The Fossils and Archeology Revival mod not only adds the extinct creatures to the realm but adds so much more like fossils, eggs, ancient blocks and tools, as well as DNA and lab equipment. This mod adds everything you could ask for to build your very own Jurassic Park.
What's really neat is you can be a real archaeologist and find fossils and DNA buried around your world just like our own. And to add to that, with the materials you've collected you can actually grow your own dinosaurs in a lab. The goal is to collect the fossils from fossil blocks. They look similar to stone blocks but when broken they reveal bones, relics or bio-fossils. The bio-fossils are the key to creation. They'll need to be analyzed and they have a chance of producing Dino DNA. Once you have the DNA in the Fossils and Archeology Revival mod you can cultivate it into whatever dinosaur egg the DNA came from. Then simply place the egg and wait.
For Minecraft 1.7.10
> Fossils_and_Archaeology_1.7.10_Forge.jar
For Minecraft 1.6.4
> Fossils_and_Archaeology_1.6.4_Forge.jar