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Dr Charlotte Tupman
Research Fellow in Digital Humanities
Research Fellow in Digital Humanities
I engage in Digital Humanities research within the College of Humanities, undertaking original research, supporting existing projects and helping to design new bids. I work across all subject areas within the College, and am involved in training project partners and other members of staff in technologies that are relevant to their research.
My academic background is in ancient history, and I have a PhD in Latin Epigraphy. As one of the authors of the EpiDoc Guidelines I am actively involved in the collaborative development of international standards for the encoding and publication of inscriptions and papyri in TEI XML, and I organise and teach EpiDoc workshops on a regular basis in the UK and abroad. I served for eight years on the Steering Committee of the British Epigraphy Society and co-organised and taught for several years on the Practical Epigraphy Workshops. I co-organised the London Digital Classicist seminars from 2013-15 and served on the committee for the Digital History seminars from 2014-15.
I have worked in the field of Digital Humanities for the past decade, specialising in the analysis, encoding and digital publication of textual materials from ancient to modern. From 2006-2015 I was a member of the Department of Digital Humanities at King's College London, where my roles included lecturing, research, and project management. I was also Study Abroad Tutor for the department and Personal Tutor for a number of years. I took up my current position at the University of Exeter in July 2015.
I currently hold the position of Treasurer of the European Association for Digital Humanities, and am a Reviewer for the Pleiades Gazetteer of Ancient Places.
Research interests
- Encoding and digital publication of textual materials
- Development of international standards for encoding ancient texts
- Linked Open Data for humanities source materials
- Digital prosopography
- User engagement and crowdsourcing
Recent conference papers and workshops:
Panel member for Digital Approaches to Ancient Texts workshop (Manchester, 2018)
Panel member for Linked Epigraphy workshop (Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents, Oxford, 2018)
Enabling Public Engagement with Private Archives, Opening Up The Archives workshop (Exeter, 2018)
Towards a digital Dissolution: the challenges of mapping revolutionary change in pre-modern Europe, with James G. Clark and Richard Holding, DH2018 (Mexico City, 2018)
Co-organiser and speaker at Digital Approaches to Monastic History workshop (Exeter, 2018)
Modelling comparative approaches to the Dissolution of Monasteries: perspectives from the Digital Dissolution project, with James G. Clark and Richard Holding, The Reformation and Monasteries (Wrocław, 2017)
The Digital Dissolution: developing new criticial and comparative perspectives on the end of monasticism in Europe, with James G. Clark and Richard Holding, Monasteries in the Digital Humanities (Kraków-Tyniec, 2017)
Support for Digital Classics Research in Digital Humanities, in panel 'Towards a Digital Classics Infrastructure and Strategy' with Gabriel Bodard, Charlotte Roueché et al., Classical Association Conference (Canterbury, 2017)
Networking Ancient Person-Data: community building and user studies around the SNAP:DRGN project, in Linked Ancient World Data panel with Gabriel Bodard, Leif Isaksen et al., Digital Humanities 2016 (Kraków, 2016)
Mapping Multilingual Responses to Famine and Dearth in the Early Modern Landscapes of India and Britain (with Hannah Petrie, Rich Holding and Gary Stringer) Digital Humanities 2016 (Kraków, 2016)
The Redress of the Past: Historical Pageants in Twentieth-Century Britain (contributing author, with Angela Bartie, Linda Fleming, Mark Freeman, Tom Hulme and Paul Readman) International Committee of Historical Sciences 22nd Congress (Jinan, China, 2015)
Pageants: the People's History (contributing author, with Angela Bartie, Linda Fleming, Mark Freeman, Tom Hulme and Paul Readman) Institute of Historical Research summer school in local history (London, 2015)
Neo-Latin Poetry in English Manuscripts, 1550-1700 (with Victoria Moul) Digital Classicist seminar (London, 2014)
Rethinking Text Re-use as Digital Classicists (panel) Digital Humanities 2014 (Lausanne, 2014)
Sharing Ancient Wisdoms: Transforming Old Sayings Into Linked Data (with Elvira Wakelnig) Easy Tools for Difficult Texts workshop (Den Haag, 2013)
Contemporary solutions to retrieve and publish information in ancient documents using RDF and Islandora (contributing author, with Anna Jordanous and Alan Stanley) Digital Humanities 2013 (Lincoln, Nebraska, 2013)
Reusing modern tools and techniques to reproduce and research ancient texts (contributing author, with Anna Jordanous and Alan Stanley) Open Repositories 2013 (Prince Edward Island, Canada, 2013)
Ex Vulgus Scientia: Approaching Roman Archaeology with Crowdsourcing Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference (King's College London, 2013)
Contemporary transformation of ancient documents for recording and retrieving maximum information: When one form of markup is not enough (with Anna Jordanous & Alan Stanley) Balisage: The Markup Conference 2012 (Montreal, 2012)
Sharing Ancient Wisdoms: Developing Structures for tracking cultural dynamics by linking moral and philosophical anthologies with their source and recipient texts (with Anna Jordanous) Digital Humanities 2012 (Hamburg, 2012)
Developing Structures for tracking cultural dynamics Methods and Means for Digital Analysis of Classical and Medieval Texts and Manuscripts workshop (Leuven, 2012)
Digital Epigraphy beyond the Classical: creating (inter?)national standards for recording modern and early modern gravestones Digital Classicist Seminar (London, 2012)
Sharing Ancient Wisdoms by linking gnomologia with their source and recipient texts, with special reference to the Muhtār al-ḥikam by Mubashshir and the Bocados de Oro (contributing author, with Christoph Storz) Coloquio Anual de la FIDEM (Madrid, 2012)
Sharing Ancient Wisdoms: Developing Structures for Charting Textual Transfer (with Charlotte Roueché) Digital Classicist Seminar (London, 2011)
Research supervision
I welcome enquiries from students who would like to work on digital humanities, digital history, digital classics, or epigraphy. If you are thinking of pursuing any of these areas please feel free to contact me to discuss this further.
External impact and engagement
I'm always keen to bring digital humanities, digital history and epigraphy to non-specialist audiences. I have run several Practical Epigraphy Workshops, which are open to the public as well as students and other interested parties, as part of my role as a steering committee member of the British Epigraphy Society, a charity which exists to advance education in the study of inscriptions, texts, and historical documents.
Recently I spoke at a public National Maritime Museum & Royal Observatory Greenwich event Transit to Hawai'i: behind the scenes with digital history and astronomy, which marked the launch of a new digital archive relating to the 1874 British expedition to Hawai'i to observe the Transit of Venus.
I have given several public lectures and have presented to local history societies and schools (primary and secondary) on their local history and epigraphy. The Digital Classicist and Digital History seminars that I co-organised in London are open to all, as are the majority of the EpiDoc workshops that I teach regularly.
Press and local BBC radio coverage of my impact activities includes this newspaper article on a collaboration with Scarborough Museums Trust to help people engage with their local history via Scarborough's historical pageant. Many people attended the event, bringing photographs and stories passed down to them of performing in the town's 1912 pageant, and we gave a well-attended public talk in the evening. I was also involved in preparing the historical pageants exhibition at Bury St Edmunds as part of their Magna Carta 800 celebrations.
I am currently co-convening the Digital Approaches to Archaeological Data module (ARC3132) with Ioana Oltean. I am also teaching on the Doing History:Perspectives on Sources (HIH2001) and Making History (HIH1400) modules, and Research Skills in Classics, Ancient History and Theology (CTHM007).
Previously I have taught BA and MA modules and classes in the following areas:
- Communication and Consumption of Cultural Heritage (co-convenor)
- Latin Epigraphy
- Introduction to Digital Humanities
- Text encoding in TEI XML
- Methods and Techniques of Humanities Computing
- Latin Language
- Digital Classics
- Digital Epigraphy
I have also contributed to the Sunoikisis DC programme, an international consortium of Digital Classics programmes co-ordinated at Leipzig and Harvard.
Previous projects and roles include:
Co-Investigator (2015)
The Redress of the Past: Historical Pageants in Britain, 1905-2016, an AHRC-funded project to examine the phenomenon of historical pageants in twentieth-century Britain. It focuses on the interaction between local, national and imperial identities and the character of community life.
Co-author (ongoing)
The EpiDoc Guidelines: Ancient Documents in TEI XML, an international, collaborative project to provide guidelines for encoding scholarly and educational editions of ancient documents, including (but not limited to) inscriptions and papyri.
Analyst (text analysis/XML, digital research, project management)
Mapping the Medieval Countryside: Inquisitions Post Mortem, an AHRC-funded project to produce a searchable digital edition of the inquisitions post mortem (formal inquiries into the lands held at their deaths by tenants-in-chief of the crown).
Sharing Ancient Wisdoms, a HERA-funded project to study the transmission and modification of philosophical and moral sayings throughout medieval collections of wise sayings ('gnomologia').


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|Heading home......ready to see our sweet babies!
Happy 10 years honey!!!!.......a little early;)
|Cody kayaking in the Atlantic Ocean
|Cup of coffee never tasted so good;)
|The LIFE!!!!
My love!!!!
|Heading home......ready to see our sweet babies!
Happy 10 years honey!!!!.......a little early;)
|Cody kayaking in the Atlantic Ocean
|Cup of coffee never tasted so good;)
|The LIFE!!!!
My love!!!!
|We were so happy to be here!!! The view from the back porch was incredible!
|Our view from the airplane!
|Cody and I had just made it to Mike and Sandy's home;) I just had to put my feet in the water;)
You could just walk to the ocean from their front patio! It was so beautiful to wake up to every morning;)
|Laying out by the pool;)
Selfie by the pool! ha!
|Cody and Mike cheking out one of the nice resorts
|Our beautiful view every day!!!! Oh how I miss this now;(
|Add caption
|I loved seeing this cool mango tree!
|My main man looking good by the pool!
|Add caption
|All of us at breakfast at Hemmingways one morning.....it was fabulous!!!
|Add caption
|My love!
|Beaches Resort this place was AMAZING!!!!!
Dinner at Mango Reef at sunset!
|Watching the Sunset!!!! Beautiful!!!
|Dinner at Mango Reef was delicious!!! The wine was yummy too!!!;)
|Rum Runner was a very popular drink in Turks! I was a big fan too;)
|Cody, me, and Sandy having lunch at Tiki Hut.....it was one of my fav lunch spots!!;) the guy behind us played for Prince! He actually has a place on the island close to Mike and Sandy's home. It has a purple driveway like the song.....Purple Rain!!! lol!
Loved this place........it was called Melt.....they had Ice Cream and Champagne!! How fun!
Cody just relaxing at Melt
|Pink Champagne at "Melt"
|I caught a little grouper
|Cody caught a good size grouper!!! We used him for shark bait;)
|Fishing is so much fun!!! I loved every minute of it!!!;)
|Our boat cruise to Parrot Key!
|Anna Grace and Reed all ready for the Easter Egg Hunt at school!
|Drake wanted to get his picture taken too;)
|I love this pic!!!! If you look in the back you can see Drake peeking over the window;) Too Cute!!!
|They are so close! I am so glad I decided to have my babies really close in age:) These two love each other so much!!!
|She found some eggs!!!!
|Reed was ready to hunt some eggs........
|YAY!! I wonder what is inside???......
|Sweet boy!
|Reed and some of his girl friends from his class;) Addison(on the far left) and Madi(sitting next to Reed) have been with Reed since they were in diapers;) So sweet!!! they are growing up way too fast!
|AG with all the girls!!!
|AG's class after the egg hunt!!!
|Lawson and Reed at Catfish Hole after church
|Love these two to pieces;)
|My sweet babies!!!
|Mommy and Drake
|Our Family!!!
|Love this little guy SO much!!!!
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subset: commoncrawl


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Storage can assist with renewables by smoothing the effect of variable energy output—typical for wind and solar—providing capacity firming such that a renewable resource can be seen as an almost constant source of energy, and with frequency regulation support for the transmission grid. Without storage, the grid needs to be able to deal with the effects of intermittent energy, and that can be done with other generation sources providing firming services. The issue historically with storage has been the cost.
Traditional generation can benefit from storage to the extent that storage technologies can provide cheaper and or faster-reacting support services. Flywheels and lithium-ion batteries, for example, can respond quickly and are typically used for frequency regulation.
The main technologies are: pumped-hydro storage; compressed-air storage below or above ground; batteries—sodium sulfur, vanadium redox, lead acid, nickel cadmium and lithium ion; molten salt; thermal peak shaving, aka ice storage; and flywheels. Of global installed storage capacity of about 125,000 MW, over 123,000 is pumped hydro. Other technologies lag by comparison: molten salt, 142 MW; compressed air, 440 MW; batteries, 451 MW; and flywheels, 95 MW. The different technologies have different applications. Pumped hydro has been used for centralized, utility-scale projects—being able to handle load with quick response.
Compressed-air projects are also being aimed at large utility applications, but there are also small above-ground, compressed-air assets, which can be teamed with a specific generation asset. Certain batteries—sodium sulfur, vanadium—have long duration and are better oriented to back up applications. Other batteries—e.g., lithium-ion—have faster response and are best used for renewable integration and frequency regulation, typically at the generation project level. Flywheels are used for frequency regulation and are being developed as stand-alone projects.
The more that the electric service model migrates from the central station generation-dumb meter consumer model—where it is today—to more of a distributed generation-smart meter consumer model, the greater the role for storage to play in smoothing of energy delivery, integration and regulation.
|Pumped Hydro
First Wind is using Xtreme Power batteries in wind farms in Hawaii. Energy storage makes a lot of sense in an island application where the load may not be large and the day and night demand may differ widely. In the case of the wind projects in Hawaii, First Wind would be facing the potential of curtailment at night when the wind still blows, given the reduced demand for energy. So a battery can be charged with off-hours electricity and discharged during peak demand during the day.
AES Energy Storage is developing storage systems using A123 Systems' lithium-ion batteries to provide ancillary services. Primus Power is proposing to build a 25-MW battery storage project for the Modesto Irrigation District (MID). This is known as the Wind Firming EnergyFarm and is intended to replace a fossil fuel plant as the means of firming energy provided to the MID from wind power sources. Southern California Edison is building an 8-MW lithium-ion battery storage project to improve grid performance and to aid in integration of wind energy resources located in the Tehachapi area. Another example is a 20-MW flywheel project built by Beacon Power in Massachusetts. That project is a stand-alone project that will deliver frequency regulation services to the grid.
The Department of Energy launched a program to support energy storage technology in 2009. DOE is providing about $185 million to support over $775 million of energy storage projects; these aggregate about 537 MW of new storage.
Storage presents an interesting regulatory challenge. Depending on its use and the point of view of a regulatory agency, it may be considered transmission or generation, and as either a wholesale or a retail service. Those characterizations affect by which agency it is regulated—federal or state—and how an investment in storage can be recovered. Choice of a regulatory regime affects planning. Who approves? Ownership: Who can own, and by whom are they regulated, among other issues.
|Pumped Hydro
As a broad concept, electric vehicles can be used as energy sinks in the sense that they can charge at night while other electric demand is low. Of course, that doesn't mean the vehicles are available as storage to be applied during the peak of the next day. I think electric vehicles ultimately will be another variable in the electric supply-demand mix that can't be controlled other than in the broadest terms and so may present as many problems as they do solutions for grid operations.
A number of utilities are pursuing demonstration projects. The most interest seems to be in areas where there is significant penetration by renewables. Ultimately, the deployment of more storage technologies at the distribution level means that demand management can be more flexible because storage can be used to meet peak demands as opposed to relying on reduction of demand to trim peaks.
The principal benefits will be reliability of the grid, backup power when applied locally and lower costs because high on-peak prices can be mitigated with stored energy. (Electric Light & Power, Oct 2011)


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40: November, 2007
It's actually late October, and I'm flying from Denver to Dulles, the first leg in a long journey to Budapest. My friend Ean is flying first class, and he paid a visit to steerage in order to tell me that our next leg, Washington to Frankfurt, is scheduled to take off 10 minutes before we're scheduled to arrive. He said the pilot is going to let the folks in Washington know we're on the way. I'm not going to worry too much about it. We'll get to Hungary when we get there.
He also gave me his complimentary bloody mary.
I drank it while digging through a United "SnackPack," which is actually better than it sounds. In fact, I think it's the best thing I've eaten on a domestic trip since the last time I brought my own Chipotle burrito on board. For five bucks, I got a tin of tuna, a jar of passable hummus, crackers, a slice of cheese, pita chips, raisins, and even a tiny Toblerone.So I'm sitting here, waiting for the line to the bathroom to dissipate, and feeling pretty good about things. I mean, my life is freaking amazing, and it's only gotten better and better in the last five years.
Which is a good way to feel, at my age.
Yeah. My age. I turned 40 at the beginning of October. And though the fanfare was gratifying (my mom and sisters came to visit; we had a massive, roving party; my new co-workers dressed in black and gave me a cake; I didn't sleep more than 3 or 4 hours a night for almost a week), and counter-acted some of my misgivings about reaching the top of the hill, I've still felt pretty uneasy about this chronological milestone.
It's not that I feel 40. Hell, I'm healthier than most of my friends who are a decade younger than I am—I'm in the best physical shape of my life, I don't look my age, and I can drink most of them under the table. And knowing my family's propensity for living a long time, there's a good chance I'm not even halfway through this journey.But, damn, the look I get when I tell people how old I am definitely slices deep. It's a combination of true shock, mixed with pity and just a soupcon of admiration. The "really?" is a not-so-subtle reminder that 40 is still considered by many to be "old."
Oh, and it didn't help my outlook this week when I was invited to complete a survey for "young adults" about my local community, only to be disqualified by the second question because the cutoff was 39. Honestly, I kind of felt like crying when it hit me that, 10 days earlier, I would have been a valid respondent.Everyone says numbers are meaningless, but 40 still has a mythic quality. I can feel it. And though my age doesn't seem to turn off the sweet, beautiful 20somethings in my life who still, for some unknown reason, want to throw in their lot with me, I can't help feeling a bit self-conscious when I'm with them and their friends.I'm not complaining. I am so crazy-lucky to have:
A soul-affirming, patient, adorable, brilliant, hilarious 7-year-old who calls me on my shit, but still looks to me as the one who will always be there for her.


text:
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The amount of energy consumed within an average city block is an order of magnitude higher than that consumed in any other ecosystem over a similar area. This is driven by human food inputs, but the consequence of these resources for urban animal populations is poorly understood. We investigated the role of human foods in ant diets across an urbanization gradient in Manhattan using carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes. We found that some—but not all—ant species living in Manhattan's most urbanized habitats had δ13C signatures associated with processed human foods. In particular, pavement ants (Tetramorium sp. E) had increased levels of δ13C similar to δ13C levels in human fast foods. The magnitude of this effect was positively correlated with urbanization. By contrast, we detected no differences in δ15N, suggesting Tetramorium feeds at the same trophic level despite shifting to human foods. This pattern persisted across the broader ant community; species in traffic islands used human resources more than park species. Our results demonstrate that the degree urban ants exploit human resources changes across the city and among species, and this variation could play a key role in community structure and ecosystem processes where human and animal food webs intersect.
1. Introduction
The average person living in a city will produce nearly half a metric ton of rubbish this year [1], and of that, 15% will be food waste [2]. With over half the world's population now living in cities [3], this amounts to 250 million tons of food thrown out in cities each year. While much of this waste will eventually make it into landfills, it represents a massive potential resource for urban animal populations before it is disposed or when it accumulates as litter [4]. By consuming food as litter or in collection bins before it leaves the city, animals can gain valuable resources to fuel their population growth and, in turn, reduce the amount of rubbish that accumulates in urban areas [5]. But to what extent do animals actually exploit these resources, and how do these novel foods affect trophic structure within urban animal communities?
Generally, urban animal communities are characterized by lower diversity but increased abundance of select species that are able to thrive in and around built environments [6,7]. These select species, sometimes called 'urban exploiters' [4], are thought to possess a range of behavioural and physiological traits that facilitate their success, including the ability to incorporate human foods into their diets [4]. Species of mammals and birds that are successful in cities often switch from natural food sources in rural populations to human-derived foods in urban populations [8–11]. Some of the most common species in city centres, like brown rats and feral pigeons, may depend heavily on human foods and reach their highest population densities in areas where access to human rubbish is most available [12,13].
The effects of human foods on animal populations are not only influenced by when and how much food is unintentionally provided, but also what kind of food. Over the past 50 years, human diets have changed significantly, especially within cities [14]. With increased urbanization, humans tend to consume more animal-based foods and feed at a higher trophic level [14]. This shift has occurred in tandem with increased consumption of fast foods [15]. In North America, suppliers of fast food and other processed foods rely on corn-based agricultural systems to raise beef and chicken [15,16], and corn-based sweeteners are commonly added to foods and beverages [17]. This increased consumption of meat and corn-based foods leaves a conspicuous signature in the composition of nitrogen and carbon isotopes present in humans [18], and we predict that these changes could be apparent in wild animals that feed on human foods.
Stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen have been used to infer information about the diets of many animals [19]. As trophic level increases from primary producers (e.g. plants) to top predators, isotopes of nitrogen are increasingly enriched, such that carnivores have higher nitrogen isotope ratios (δ15N) than herbivores, which in turn have a higher ratio than plants. If urban species are feeding at a higher trophic level because of the consumption of animal products in rubbish, then they should have higher nitrogen isotope ratios than individuals living more distant from human influence. Carbon isotopes, on the other hand, provide information about the base of a food web; higher δ13C values are found in C4 photosynthesizing plants (primarily grasses) compared with more common C3 plants. Because North American diets include a higher proportion of C4-derived foods (corn or sugarcane-based), δ13C values can serve as a metric to indicate how animals are using human food sources in cities and to what extent they rely on these resources across their range [9,20].
Working in New York City, we used stable isotopes to investigate the diets of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) across an urban habitat mosaic in Manhattan. New York is one of the largest and oldest urban centres in North America, and its ant fauna has been recently described [21,22]. Globally, ants are widespread and abundant in both natural [23,24] and urban ecosystems [25], and they commonly recruit to human food sources [26–28]. Within Manhattan, distinct ant communities are found in highly urban areas (e.g. traffic islands) compared with forested city parks [22]. This pattern is driven, in part, by a loss of species that cannot persist in highly urban areas, while a subset of species ('urban exploiters') reach their highest abundances in these urban habitats.
We focused first on the pavement ant, Tetramorium sp. E (hereafter Tetramorium), which is one of the most common ants in cities in the USA and in other temperate cities around the globe [29]. We sampled stable isotopes in Tetramorium workers from city parks, traffic islands and pavements across Manhattan to test whether isotopes could be used to quantify the relative contribution of human foods to animal diets (electronic supplementary material, figure S1). We predicted that ants would rely more heavily on human-derived foods in areas where they came into closest contact with humans (i.e. pavements and traffic islands) and that these differences would be reflected in stable isotopes of carbon. Next, we applied this technique across ant communities living in city parks and traffic islands to test whether urban specialist species relied more heavily on human foods and how switching to a human-derived diet affected trophic position. Combining these results, we evaluated how human foods contribute to ant diets differently across species and how access to these foods may influence community composition generally.
2. Material and methods
(a) Habitat descriptions
We collected ants from a range of habitats in Manhattan (New York, NY, USA) to compare how ant diets changed across an urban landscape (electronic supplementary material, figure S1). The habitats we sampled ranged from heavily trafficked pavements (highest human contact) and traffic islands (medium human contact) to forested park sites (least human contact).
Pavements represented the most extreme urban environment, with ant colonies nesting in pavement cracks or within tree pits. Tree pits are small, landscaped plots of soil along the road edge that were generally planted with a single tree. Pavements were adjacent to numerous shops and restaurants, received heavy foot traffic, and were hosts to rubbish bins and accumulated litter. Traffic islands (sometimes called street medians, neutral ground or malls) along Broadway represented an intermediate level of urbanization and consisted of landscaped plots (average size: 312 m2 [22]) bordered by three traffic lanes on either side. The traffic islands were planted primarily with eight tree species (pin oak (Quercus palustris), crab apple (Malus sp.), honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos), London plane (Platanus acerifolia), Callery pear (Pyrus calleryana), red oak (Quercus rubra), gingko (Gingko biloba) and hawthorn (Crataegus sp.)) and two common understory plant species (English ivy (Hedera helix) and yew (Taxus sp.)). A subset of the tree species planted in traffic islands were also among those planted in tree pits along the pavement. At the end of each traffic island was a seating area with benches and a rubbish bin that was accessible to colonies nesting in traffic islands. Finally, park sites represented the least urbanized environment. Parks ranged from landscaped greenways adjacent to pedestrian pavements to forested areas with less human impact. Within parks, we deliberately sampled sites with tree and ground cover rather than open fields or sites directly adjacent to pavements (electronic supplementary material, figure S1). The park sites we sampled, therefore, had limited access to human foods.
(b) Study species and sample collection
Ant communities within Manhattan have been recently described [21,22] and represent a mixture of native species characteristic of the New England fauna [30] as well as introduced species. Among the introduced species, some of them are common to urban environments generally (e.g. Tetramorium), while others appear to be most abundant in New York compared with other cities (e.g. Lasius cf. emarginatus).
We focused first on the pavement ant, Tetramorium sp. E (formerly T. caespitum Linnaeus 1758). Foragers of Tetramorium were collected from across all three habitats described above: city parks, traffic islands and pavements. Between 22 May and 27 May 2013, we collected workers from 12 traffic islands and 12 pavement locations along Broadway in Manhattan (electronic supplementary material, figure S1). The traffic island and pavement sites were sufficiently separated to ensure that independent colonies were sampled for each collection (minimum of 50 m apart). Additionally, Tetramorium workers were collected from nine sites in eight city parks (Battery, Carl Moore, Carl Schurz, Central (two sites), Highbridge, Morningside, Nelson A. Rockefeller and South Cove) between 30 May and 6 June 2013.
In parks and traffic islands, we also sampled the broader ant community (electronic supplementary material, table S1) between 22 May and 27 May 2013. Ants were collected from 12 traffic islands and 12 park sites within six parks (Central (four sites), Fort Tryon, Inwood Hill (two sites), Isham, Morningside (two sites), Riverside (two sites); electronic supplementary material, figure S1). Hand collections were made haphazardly, and involved collecting ants nesting under rocks, inside logs, in the leaf-litter and foraging. This sampling protocol was designed to capture the largest diversity of ant species present at each site, and our collections, though less extensive, were comparable in composition to previous studies of ant species diversity in New York City [21,22].
From traffic islands and parks, we collected additional arthropod species that represented known predators (Araneae, Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), herbivores (Hemiptera: Aphididae, Cicadellidae, Miridae, Pseudococcidae) and detritivores (Isopoda: Oniscidea) to provide a relative comparison for stable isotope values from ant samples. While some studies have standardized stable isotope values across habitats based on soil δ15N [31,32], we chose not to do so in this study. The habitats sampled in Manhattan are characterized by allochthonous input [33], and using localized soil samples to standardize isotope values would not accurately reflect the base of the food web in these systems.
(c) Stable isotope analysis
Our methods followed well-established protocols for stable isotope studies in ants [34,35]. In the field, all arthropods were collected live and frozen at −20°C until preparation for isotope analysis. Ants were identified to species based on morphology [30], and after identification, specimens were placed in a drying oven at 50°C for 48 h. Non-ant arthropods were identified to order, or to family when possible, and dried under similar conditions.
After specimens were dried, we removed the gaster (abdominal portion) of each ant, because the storage of recent food items in the crop and relative differences in fat reserves among individuals can introduce bias into isotopic comparisons [35,36]. Next, we weighed out 0.1–1.5 mg of tissue for each sample into a 5 × 9 mm tin capsule (Costech Analytical Technologies Inc., Valencia, CA, USA) using an analytical balance (A&D Instruments, HR-202i, precise to 0.01 mg). Small ant species required pooling individuals to reach a minimum weight, while larger species needed to be crushed so that only a portion of each individual was used per sample. After reaching the appropriate weight, the capsules were crushed using sterilized forceps and placed individually into a 96-well plate for shipment to the Stable Isotope Facility at the University of California, Davis.
The ratio of heavy to light isotopes of carbon (13C–12C) and nitrogen (15N–14N) were measured using a PDZ Europa ANCA-GSL elemental analyser interfaced to a PDZ Europa 20–20 isotope ratio mass spectrometer (Sercon Ltd., Cheshire, UK). The ratio is reported as a delta (δ) value and expressed in permil units (‰) with respect to 13C and 15N. Higher levels of δ13C are found in plants that use the C4 photosynthesis pathway rather than C3, and elevated δ13C values of consumers indicate the acquisition of a higher proportion of basal resources from C4 plants. With respect to nitrogen, δ15N increases with trophic position, and there is generally a 3–4‰ enrichment per trophic level [19]. The delta value is calculated by comparing the ratio of heavy to light isotopes in the sample (Rsample) to the ratio found in a specific standard (Rstandard) using the following formula:
(d) Statistics
Assumptions of normality or equal variance (Bartlett's test, p < 0.05) were not met for parametric tests of stable isotope data, and standard transformations did not improve normality. Therefore, we used non-parametric tests to compare rank differences among groups. For Tetramorium, the Kruskal–Wallis test was used to determine whether differences in isotope ratios were present among habitats, and the Mann–Whitney U-test was used for pairwise comparisons between habitats. For community-wide tests, we analysed isotope differences between all species in parks versus traffic islands as well as average isotope values for independent park sites versus traffic island sites. For species that occurred in at least four park sites and in four traffic islands, we tested within-species differences between parks and traffic islands using the Mann–Whitney U-test. All tests were performed using Prism 6 statistical software (GraphPad Software, Inc. 2013). Two-tailed tests were used for all analyses, and alpha was set at p < 0.05.
3. Results
(a) Shift in pavement ant diets
With increasing levels of urbanization, Tetramorium displayed higher body values of δ13C indicating a shift from carbon derived from C3 sources towards carbon derived from C4 sources (Kruskal–Wallis: χ2 = 22.9, p < 0.0001; Mann–Whitney pairwise comparisons, Nparks = 9, Ntraffic islands = 12, Npavement = 12, (pavement versus parks, U = 1, p < 0.0001), (pavement versus traffic islands, U = 2, p < 0.0001), (traffic islands versus parks, U = 25.5, p = 0.043); figure 1a). This change corresponded with higher δ13C values found in human fast foods (table 1). The trophic feeding position of Tetramorium (as measured by δ15N) did not change across habitat types (Kruskal–Wallis: χ2 = 0.76, p = 0.68; figure 1b), which indicates that Tetramorium colonies fed on similar proportions of plant and animal-based foods in park, traffic island and pavement populations.
The increase in δ13C values in Tetramorium from park to pavement populations (mean difference: 2.72‰) was comparable (figure 1c) to the shift observed between rural to urban populations of kit foxes in California, USA (mean difference: 2.4‰, calculated from Newsome et al. [9]). Differences of similar magnitude were also observed between human populations in North America and Europe, which differ with respect to the proportion of corn-derived foods in their diets (mean difference: 2.56‰, calculated from Bol & Pflieger [18]). Among foods available to ants, the highest δ13C was found in human fast foods compared with arthropod prey (table 1). Unlike ants, other arthropods did not shift to higher δ13C values in traffic islands compared with parks (mean ± s.d.: traffic islands = −28.08 ± 3.3, parks = −26.75 ± 2.6; Mann–Whitney, Nparks = 9, Ntraffic islands = 6, U = 22, p = 0.58).
(b) Shift in ant community diets
Across all habitats we sampled, 21 ant species were collected (electronic supplementary material, table 1) with an average of 5.3 species per park site (range: 4–7 species) and 3.1 species per traffic island (range: 1–5 species). Our samples included the 12 most common species in Manhattan, which collectively account for 88% of ant occurrence in the city [22]. Of these 21 species, five were collected in both parks and traffic islands.
We compared differences in stable isotopes between park and traffic island populations using two methods. First, we compared differences between parks and traffic islands based on average values of δ13C and δ15N for each species. When species occurred in both parks and traffic islands, populations in each habitat were treated separately (i.e. we calculated average stable isotope values for park populations of a species and their traffic island populations separately). Overall, species in traffic islands had higher δ13C values compared with park species (Mann–Whitney U-test, Nparks = 71, Ntraffic islands = 37, U = 472, p < 0.0001; figure 2a,b). Additionally, traffic island species exhibited slightly higher values of δ15N (Mann–Whitney U-test, Nparks = 71, Ntraffic islands = 37, U = 922, p = 0.011; figure 2c), an indication of a relative shift away from herbivory towards carnivory. For our second comparison, we analysed differences between parks and traffic islands based on average values of δ13C and δ15N for each site (i.e. species were pooled within sites to produce a single site-based average). Average δ13C values for traffic islands were significantly higher than average δ13C values for park sites (Mann–Whitney U-test, Nparks = 12, Ntrafficislands = 12, U = 6, p < 0.0001; figure 2d,e). However, average δ15N values did not differ between habitats on a site-by-site basis (Mann–Whitney U-test, Nparks = 12, Ntraffic islands = 12, U = 50, p = 0.22; figure 2f).
The trophic breadth of ant communities differed between parks and traffic islands. The range in δ15N values from species found in parks (2.26–11.70‰, difference: 9.44‰) was greater than the range observed in traffic islands (4.73–11.96‰, difference: 7.23‰). The average span of δ15N values for each park site (3.0‰) was nearly double the average found per traffic island (1.6‰). This pattern was largely driven by a greater presence of herbivorous ant species in parks (indicated by lower δ15N). Overall, the minimum δ15N for park sites (median 6.6‰) was lower than the minimum in traffic islands (median 7.7‰), and this difference was significant (Mann–Whitney U-test, Nparks = 12, Ntraffic islands = 12, U = 33, p = 0.024). The maximum δ15N per site (which is associated with more carnivorous ant species) did not significantly differ between parks and traffic islands (Mann–Whitney U-test, Nparks = 12, Ntraffic islands = 12, U = 66.5, p = 0.77).
In addition to Tetramorium, two species (Nylanderia flavipes and Lasius cf. emarginatus) were collected in large enough numbers to compare within-species differences in isotope values between habitats. While Tetramorium exhibited an increase in δ13C and no change in δ15N (figure 3), the other two species investigated showed slightly different patterns. Similar to Tetramorium, N. flavipes, a ground-foraging species, displayed an increase in δ13C in traffic islands (Mann–Whitney U-test, Nparks = 11, Ntraffic islands = 4, U = 4, p = 0.018; figure 3a), but N. flavipes also exhibited a marginally significant increase in δ15N in traffic islands (Mann–Whitney U-test, Nparks = 11, Ntraffic islands = 4, U = 7, p = 0.056; figure 3b). By contrast, L. cf. emarginatus, an ant species that forages chiefly in trees (where it feeds on plant exudates and the honeydew of plant-feeding insects), did not show any difference in δ13C or δ15N between habitat types (Mann–Whitney U-test, Nparks = 5, Ntraffic islands = 5; δ13C: U = 11, p = 0.802; δ15N: U = 12, p = 0.944; figure 3).
(c) Trophic position of urban ants and arthropods
To provide context for stable isotope values obtained for ants, additional arthropods of known trophic guild (herbivores, predators and detritivores) were sampled. In line with predictions, herbivores had lower δ15N values than either predators or detritivores (table 1). The mean difference in δ15N values between herbivores and predators was 5.3‰, which was higher than the generally measured range of 3–4‰ [19]. However, the most abundant insect herbivores present during the sampling period were plant-sucking herbivores, and these have been previously shown to have lower δ15N values compared with other arthropod herbivores [37]. With respect to ants, specialist predators, such as Ponera pennsylvanicus and Pyramica pulchella, had among the highest δ15N values (median values above 9‰), while known herbivores, such as members of the genus Camponotus [38], had among the lowest δ15N values (median values below 6‰; electronic supplementary material, figure S2). Overall, most ant species had a median δ15N within or above the range associated with predators (14 species). Traffic islands were biased towards predatory species, where eight of the nine species (89%) found in traffic islands were ranked among predators. By contrast, only 11 of 18 species (61%) found in parks were ranked among predators.
4. Discussion
Urban ants are tapping into the human food web. Across Manhattan, ant species in highly urban areas displayed evidence of increased consumption of human-derived foods compared with park species. This pattern was based on carbon isotope signatures, where higher δ13C values were associated with urban populations. This was clearest in the pavement ant, Tetramorium, which lives across all habitats in the city including parks, traffic islands and pavements. For species such as Tetramorium, which are broadly distributed, we predicted that the influence of human food is greatest where human populations are most dense. Correspondingly, Tetramorium workers had the highest δ13C values in pavement populations and the lowest values in parks. A similar pattern was mirrored at the community level, with ant species in traffic islands exhibiting higher δ13C values compared to park-dwelling species.
Differences in δ13C across urban habitats probably reflected the availability of human foods in these environments. Elevated δ13C can be caused by higher levels of fats in a sample [36] or by increased feeding on resources derived from C4 photosynthesizing plants [19]. Because we removed the gaster from our samples, where most fat is stored in ants [35], it is unlikely that differences in fat content caused the changes in δ13C we observed. Instead, the differences we observed most probably reflect changes in diet associated with consumption of resources derived from C4 photosynthesizing plants. The most common C4 plants in the wild are grasses, but grasses were not common in traffic islands or pavements (see Material and methods), where δ13C was increased. Potential arthropod prey collected from traffic islands also did not have elevated δ13C. Therefore, the most probable source contributing to elevated δ13C was from human foods, which have elevated δ13C from the contribution of corn and sugarcane to fast foods [15]. Ants living in traffic islands and on pavements have greater access to human foods compared with park species. Also, park species may be less likely to feed on human foods even when they are available. This was suggested by the increased number of specialist herbivores found in parks compared with traffic islands. Both of these factors probably contribute to differences in δ13C we observed among populations, and both are related to consumption of human foods.
Our results suggest that carbon isotopes could provide a general method to assess the relative contribution of human-derived foods to animal diets, especially in North America. Like New York's ants, urban kit foxes also exhibit an increase in δ13C [9], and humans living in North America have higher δ13C values compared with European or Asian populations, where corn-based foods are less prevalent [18]. The relative differences in δ13C values between populations of ants, kit foxes and humans were consistent when all groups shifted to North American-style diets (represented by a δ13C increase of approx. 2.5‰). This pattern is largely driven by the corn-based agricultural system in North America, especially with respect to fast foods [15]. Using carbon isotopes alone, it is difficult to determine the exact proportion of a species' diet that is made up of human-derived foods, but δ13C can provide a relative measure for the extent to which certain species use these resources. What is more interesting is that this relationship appears to hold up for both mammals and insects.
While carbon isotope signatures revealed a shift in Tetramorium diets, their trophic position remained stable as indicated by δ15N. This suggests that Tetramorium colonies were able to balance the types of foods they consumed (i.e. the proportion of animal to plant derived foods) whether they were foraging on natural or human food sources. Social insects display an impressive ability to regulate their nutritional intake, and they can make these decisions at the colony level [39–41]. This stands in interesting contrast to human populations in which dietary balance is strongly influenced by regional factors associated with food availability [14]. This is not to say social insects never shift their trophic level in response to resource changes. When Argentine ants (Linepithema humile) invaded California, early populations drove down prey species in their introduced range and became more herbivorous over time compared with native populations [42]. Perhaps the contrast between the case for Argentine ants and that of Tetramorium is that Argentine ants were dealing with the absence of a typical food while urban Tetramorium populations confront the addition of new foods. With an abundance of food choices, Tetramorium may be able to select their preferred diet among sugars, oils and animal-based foods present in human rubbish. This is evidenced by the fact that Tetramorium will recruit to both animal- and plant-based food baits when either are provided [28,43].
Among humans, fast foods and other processed foods in North American diets generally have negative impacts on health [44,45], but at least some urban animals appear to benefit from these diets. Kit foxes that subsist on human foods in urban habitats exhibit some diagnostic differences from rural populations, such as higher cholesterol levels [46], but there is no evidence that these differences are associated with negative health consequences. Instead, kit fox populations are more stable in urban areas compared with rural populations, and female kit foxes have increased fecundity relative to their rural counterparts [9]. Likewise, Tetramorium reach their highest occurrences in urban sites compared with parks [22]. Nevertheless, we cannot exclude the possibility that there are subtle costs to shifting to human diets, such as micronutrient deficiencies or toxic effects of preservatives or pesticide residues. Questions about how consumption of human foods affects the health of urban animal populations remains open to further research.
At the community level, traffic island and park species displayed differences in trophic composition. Ant communities in these two habitats are distinct, with higher diversity found in parks [22]. This was in line with trophic information based on δ15N, where park species covered a larger trophic breadth compared with traffic island species. This pattern was largely driven by a loss of specialist herbivores in traffic islands, such as Lasius flavus, which feed on honeydew produced by root aphids [47]. This corresponds with a shift from specialized to generalist arthropods observed in another urban ecosystem, Phoenix, AZ [25]. Traffic islands, unlike parks, were landscaped and lacked most native plants, and this lack of native vegetation may explain why some park species were excluded. By contrast, all species found in traffic islands also occur in parks to some extent, but a subset of these species, including Tetramorium, reach their highest abundances in traffic islands [22]. It is possible that access to anthropogenic foods could disproportionately favour these species. In city-dwelling rats, for example, the local abundance of urban populations may be regulated by availability of human food sources [13]. Our results show that human food inputs could be important to urban ants as well, but other factors, like temperature and soil moisture, may also influence the success of city-dwelling species [48].
The exotic species N. flavipes and L. cf. emarginatus were successful in both park and traffic island habitats like Tetramorium, but their stable isotope signatures were quite different. Nylanderia flavipes shifted towards consuming human foods in traffic islands, but unlike Tetramorium, their trophic feeding position changed as well; higher δ15N values indicated that N. flavipes were consuming more animal-based foods in traffic islands compared with park populations. Our a priori prediction was that insect prey would be less common in traffic islands while there would be greater access to sugar sources in human foods, but the pattern in N. flavipes as well as the ant community as a whole suggests this is not the case. Nylanderia flavipes reaches their highest occurrence in parks [22], and it would be interesting to investigate how trophic differences between these populations affect their performance in urban versus park habitats.
Lasius cf. emarginatus, in contrast to both Tetramorium and N. flavipes, showed no change in either δ13C or δ15N across habitats. Lasius cf. emarginatus was only recently documented in New York and is becoming common across the city [22]. It was the only species in addition to Tetramorium that we observed on pavements during our collections, but rather than foraging on the ground, their foraging trails extended into trees planted in tree pits (C. A. Penick 2013, personal observation). Planted trees are common in urban landscapes and represent an open resource for species that forage arboreally. Based on these observations and our stable isotope results, it appears that L. cf. emarginatus is largely avoiding human food sources and exploiting an arboreal food web.
In short, not all ants in cities feed on our rubbish, and there are multiple strategies that can lead to successful introductions in urban habitats. Identifying distinct food webs in cities is necessary to understand how interactions among species can affect community composition. Even in this context, our results indicate that human resources play a large role in urban food webs. The unusual abundance of these resources [49] may change trophic dynamics and alter processes controlling population size in these systems [50]. Our work focused on a single city, but it would be interesting to compare how human foods contribute to ant diets in different urban habitats or even within houses, where ants may feed on human foods before they are thrown out as waste. The contribution of human foods to urban diets could also vary by season and play a larger role during periods when natural prey is scarce (e.g. cooler months). Future work on trophic relationships in urban communities should provide additional insight into how these novel resources influence species interactions and affect community structure.
Ethics statement
Ants were collected under NY State Department of Environmental Conservation Scientific License to Permit or Collect no. 1822.
Data accessibility
Stable isotope data: Dryad Digital Repository, doi:10.5061/dryad.668n0.
Author contributions
All authors contributed to the design of this study and writing the final manuscript. Fieldwork, sample processing and data analyses were carried out by C.A.P. with assistance from A.M.S.
Funding statement
Funding was provided through an NSF Career grant (NSF 0953390) and the Department of The Interior Southeast Climate Science Center, under Cooperative Agreement no. G13AC00407.
Conflict of interest
The authors of this manuscript have no conflicts of interest to report.
Logistical support in New York was provided by Giacomo Mancini, Jeffrey Doker and Hua Yan with additional field assistance from Holly Menninger, Allison Granberry and students from Hostos Lincoln Academy in the Bronx. Elsa Youngsteadt provided information about plant species in Manhattan.
- Received October 24, 2014.
- Accepted March 9, 2015.
- © 2015 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.


text:
Rutgers University Libraries this year are joining public and academic libraries across the country in celebrating the freedom to read in "Banned Books Week", September 28 to October 4. Banned Books Week is observed during the last week of September each year. Since 1982, the annual event reminds Americans not to take this precious democratic freedom for granted. Banned Books Week celebrates the freedom to choose or the freedom to express one's opinion even if that opinion might be considered unorthodox or unpopular and stresses the importance of ensuring the availability of those unorthodox or unpopular viewpoints to all who wish to read them.
"Intellectual freedom can exist only where two essential conditions are met: first, that all individuals have the right to hold any belief on any subject and to convey their ideas in any form they deem appropriate; and second, that society makes an equal commitment to the right of unrestricted access to information and ideas regardless of the communication medium used, the content of the work, and the viewpoints of both the author and receiver of information. Freedom to express oneself through a chosen mode of communication, including the Internet, becomes virtually meaningless if access to that information is not protected. Intellectual freedom implies a circle, and that circle is broken if either freedom of expression or access to ideas is stifled." (Intellectual Freedom Manual, American Library Association, 7th edition)
Books are usually challenged with the best intentions--to protect others, frequently children, from difficult ideas and information. Throughout history, more and different kinds of people and groups of all persuasions, for all sorts of reasons, have attempted--and continue to attempt--to suppress anything that conflicts with or anyone who disagrees with their own beliefs. A challenge is an attempt to remove or restrict materials, based upon the objections of a person or group. A banning is the removal of those materials.
Although they were the targets of attempted bannings, most of the books featured during Banned Books Week were not banned, thanks to the efforts of librarians to maintain them in their collections. Banned Books Week provides opportunities to reflect on the importance of our First Amendment rights and the power of literature, while drawing attention to the danger that exists when restraints are imposed on the availability of information in a free society.
The Libraries are hosting a series of events designed to expand understanding and appreciation of the importance of the critical human right to free access to information and ideas. Our First Amendment rights along with rights of privacy are central to our ability to function as educated, informed citizens.
Posted September 22, 2008


text:
I'm a software developer from Jakarta,
Indonesia. I work primarily with java.
Apps to upload documents and its properties to your DMS server from an android device.
Document retention reminder, integrated to existing ERP to provide document storing capability to IBM Filenet DMS.
Portal to log on to Zimbra mail and Filenet DMS. Automaticaly store mails as documents to Filenet DMS from Zimbra mail server.
HAPIS is a modular system which comprises of Payroll Module and Human Resources Module.


text:
Barnsley legend Bobby Hassell's testimonial match against Mansfield Town today will be a blend of fun and serious preparation, according to Reds boss Lee Johnson.
The 35-year-old fans' favourite spent a decade at Oakwell before leaving in 2014, amassing almost 300 appearances as his committed defensive displays endeared him to the Barnsley faithful.
Following a low-key departure last year, Hassell now has the chance to say goodbye properly to the supporters this weekend, something Johnson was keen to facilitate.
"Bobby Hassell is a bit of a legend here," he said. "He's a lovely fella and we want to do everything we can to help him, and I'm sure the fans will turn out in their numbers."
The Reds have had a stuttering start to their pre-season preparations as Johnson looks to assemble a squad capable of challenging for promotion to the Championship.
An own goal handed them a narrow 1-0 win over Stalybridge last Saturday, before they played out a goalless draw with Guiseley on Tuesday evening.
Hassell's testimonial against his former club Mansfield will serve as another chance for Johnson to see his side in action and impress his philosophy on the players.
But the Barnsley boss knows that the game will serve a dual purpose, and he is keen to get the right balance between a fitting send-off and a worthwhile run-out.
"I know what he wants to achieve from the day and it sounds quite interesting," he added. "But for us it's an important game as well because it's part of our preparations. It's an important game but it's his day and I think that's the key.
"If we can get that blend right, and that's what I've said to Bobby, then it will be a great day all round. We need to make sure we prepare and use at least 75 minutes of the game properly, and then we can let him muck around for 15 minutes."
Meanwhile, want-away youngster Mason Holgate is still training with Manchester United ahead of a potential move to Old Trafford.
The 18-year-old is in the final year of his contract and has turned down a new deal to stay at Oakwell, with several Premier League clubs said to be interested.
Holgate made 22 appearances last term in his breakthrough season, and the highly-rated right-back is thought to be valued at £1 million.


text:
Vocational School Reunion Night
An enjoyable night was had by all in Grants Hotel by past students recently.
An enjoyable night was had by all in Grants Hotel by past students recently. Richard Feenery adressed all present, and expressed his delight to meet up again with friends and teachers that were in the Vocational School from 1977- 1982. For some it had been 30 odd years or so since they last met with people travelling from Kerry, Dublin, Westmeath and Kildare. Many Pictures from school activities were on display with copies of the original roll book. In 1977 there were four classes of boys and 2 classes of girls and it was acknowledged by all that these were happy memories. Conference calls were taken on the night from Anthony Mc Namara in London, and Helen Dunne in Glasgow, indeed the only two of the Leaving Certificate Class who are away. Seamus Mullaney spoke on behalf of the staff, and had fond memories of the many academic and social outings that we had.
Thanks to Fr.Tony Cahir, Fr.Tom Hogan, Seamus Dennison,Seamus Mullaney,and Theresa Scully for providing pictorial memories on the night, Colaiste Phobaill for providing School Roll Book and Grants Hotel for lovely meal. Here's to the next 30 Year Reunion


text:
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text: "Husterer, Thomas RD-CP1" <Thomas.Husterer at heidelberg.com> writes: > I added a new setup parameter ´hard-lifetime-limit´ which lets > you control this limit. > By default this parameter is zero and the vdr behaves like > before. > If you increase this value then any lifeteme which lies below > this limit is treated as a hard lifetime limit and programs are > killed in the described manner. > > Is anybody interested in this patch? Sounds good! -- M. Tavasti / tavasti at tavastisolutions.com / +358-40-5078254


text:
HELENA, Mont. (AP) — A jury has convicted a medical marijuana provider of drug trafficking charges in a major test of the U.S. government's raids of state-regulated pot dispensaries in Montana.
The jury found Chris Williams guilty Thursday of all eight charges, including conspiracy to manufacture, possess and distribute marijuana and firearms charges.
Williams was in charge of Montana Cannabis' Helena greenhouse, where federal agents confiscated 950 plants in March 2011. That operation was the biggest of the 26 large medical marijuana provider homes, offices and businesses raided that day across the state.
Williams wasn't permitted to argue that he followed state laws regulating medical marijuana. U.S. District Judge Dana Christensen agreed with government prosecutors who said state law doesn't matter in cases involving the federal Controlled Substances Act.
Williams says he plans to appeal.


text:
Grilled Steaks With Garlic-rosemary Pesto
Nutrition Facts
|Serving Size
|½ of recipe
|Total Fat
|28.5 g
|Saturated Fat
|8 g
|405 mg
|Total Carbohydrate
|2 g
|Dietary Fiber
|0.5 g
|50 g
Ingredients and Preparation
|Garlic cloves, chopped
|Rosemary leaves
|2 tablespoons
|Parsley leaves
|¼ cup
|Pine nuts
|2 tablespoons
|Olive oil
|1 tablespoon
|¼ teaspoon
|Freshly ground black pepper to taste
|New York strip steak, visible fat removed and cut into 2 pieces
|¾ pound
- Directions
- Combine garlic, rosemary, parsley, and pine nuts in a blender or food processor until finely chopped. Drizzle in oil, and continue blending until it forms a thick paste. Transfer to a bowl, and stir in salt and pepper.
- Coat both sides of the steaks with paste. Cover and refrigerate 30 minutes to overnight.
- Prepare indoor or outdoor grill. Grill the steaks 7-9 minutes per side, or until they reach desired degree of doneness.
- Let meat rest 5 minutes, and then serve.
5 lean meats; 3 fats
Side Suggestions: Grilled Corn on the Cob
Brush 2 teaspoons melted butter over 2 ears of husked corn. Wrap each ear with aluminum foil and grill 10-15 minutes, turning occasionally, until tender.
Side Suggestions: Tossed Salad
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
Copyright © 2007 EBSCO Publishing All rights reserved.


text:
I have created contnet by query webpart to diplay
the results 5 per page
How to write the xsl code in sharepoint 2010 for content by querywebpart
explain step bystep.
I want to display the 5 itesm perpage.
Like this
in first page the 5 results should diplay
in seconpage the next 5 results should diplay.
View Complete Post
have created contnet by query webpart to diplay
the results 5 per page
to write the xsl code in sharepoint 2010 for content by querywebpart
explain step bystep.
I want to display the 5 itesm perpage.
Like this
in first page the 5 results should diplay
in seconpage the next 5 results should diplay.<
I have a Content Query Webpart in SharePoint 2010 that I would like to surface Documents grouped by content type. I wish to show the edit form or view Properties link as part of the fields shown in the results. When the User clicks on this link, it
should take him to the edit form or view Properties page for the document.
Any ideas?
I'm a great fan o the CQWP , and love the changes made in 2010 on this webpart. What bothers me is that I use to Filter Documents by Approval Status, thus showing Draft or Pending Documents and Group these by their Content Type.
Both these were available in 2007, but removed from 2010 CQWP. Any idea why, or how to bring this back? sample or URL guidance would be great. My gut feeling is custom XSLT but id like to confirm this first.
Thx a lot
I have set up my CQWP to display pages from a newssite. This is working fine, but my rollup images is showing in full size. As I have understood, SharePoint has the ability to scale down pictures and showing them as thumnails.
In the "Fields to display:" I have set the path to "Thumbnail; Rollup Image; ".
I have content query webparts to fetch data based on filter on managed metada its work like charm but not working on Public facing site.
i mean on public facing site its not showing data.i check all pages in library are published and also all css and custom .xsl file also published.
please advise me
The ContentQueryMain.xsl has a template "CallPresenceStatusIconTemplate" for displaying the presence icon (Microsoft communicator presence) which is called from the ItemStyle.xsl template. The ContentQueryMain displays it based on the SipAddress. Though
the SipAddress is updated in user profile store, presence icon is not getting displayed. Sip format is "sip:domain\username"
I tried printing all the fields that are available to CQWP using the below code
<xsl:for-each select="@*">
P:<xsl:value-of select="name()" />
But in the field list I don't see SipAddress. I tried adding a site column SipAddress to the list that I'm binding, even then it doesn't get displayed in the field list.
Any suggestion is appreciated
I have this issue that CQWP is rendring items that it should not render. I test this with a read-only user, that should NOT see draft pages or pages with different permissions. But the read-only user do see the items, but when I click on the link I get access
denied. This access denied is correct, but why does the page items appear in the CQWP at all?
1) I use OOTB CQWP (inherits from ContentByQueryWebPart in my .webpart file) : "<type name="Microsoft.SharePoint.Publishing.WebControls.ContentByQueryWebPart ....." and I have my custom xsl to get the look and feel I need
2) The issue with page items showing when status = drafts only appear when using the PublishingExpirationDate field. When I try creating new pages and give them status draft by using "check in to share draft" (logged on as an contributer/approver
user), this item wil NOT appear in the CQWP for the read-only user. When I change a pages' status from approved to draft, this item will still be shown in the CQWP, but this will point correctly to the published version. But after the pages'
expired date (PublishingExpirationDate) is expired, the page gets status "draft" (handeled by a timer job I guess), and this page item will still be rendered in the CQWP, but sending the read-only user to an access-
I have a BCS List in my SP 2010 solution, which works fine. Now I want to add the Content Query web part that sources its data from this external list. In the Content Query web part properties, when I select my External list in the "Show items from
the following list" field, I get this exception:
[NullReferenceException: Object reference not set to an instance of an object.]
Microsoft.SharePoint.Publishing.WebControls.ContentByQueryToolPart.OnPreRender(EventArgs e) +216
System.Web.UI.Control.PreRenderRecursiveInternal() +107
System.Web.UI.Control.PreRenderRecursiveInternal() +223
System.Web.UI.Control.PreRenderRecursiveInternal() +223
System.Web.UI.Control.PreRenderRecursiveInternal() +223
System.Web.UI.Control.PreRenderRecursiveInternal() +223
System.Web.UI.Control.PreRenderRecursiveInternal() +223
System.Web.UI.Control.PreRenderRecursiveInternal() +223
System.Web.UI.Page.ProcessRequestMain(Boolean includeStagesBeforeAsyncPoint, Boolean includeStagesAfterAsyncPoint) +3393
Is it even possible to do this? Or is there another way? Thanks in advance!
We are experiencing strange behaviour on a publishing facing website implemented in SharePoint 2010.
The story
We use a (default) Content Query Webpart to show related information in relation with the current page. The filter is using a field value (UserFieldValue) of the current page and filters other pages which have the same tags. The fields, on the current page
and the related pages, are taxonomy field. Everything works fine!
We published the pages, looked at the website as an anonymous user and everything was still going smoothly. We went home, slepts an hour of 6, waked up. Proudly checked our beatifull new website :). Ahhhhh, what is this.. all content query webpart with
the filters on the taxonomy field returned exactly nil.
We logged in to our website, checked if the pages where published, and well, they are... Just published them again. And everything looked fine again.... but not for long. Exactly the next day (... app pool recycle ...) the same problem ...
Logged in again to our website, logged out... problem solved.... till the next apppool recycle.
My conclusion
Until the firrst authenticated visit to the page the taxonomy filter on the content query webpart silenty fails.
As a "temporary" workarround we have created a sc
I want to group the result of the content query web part in two levels but this web part only have one Grouping field. How can I do grouping with more than one field?
<site> and DocumentSubtype (custom property)
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text:
West Chicago smartly slowed the pace early, and threw a scare into Bartlett late.
Beating the Hawks was another story.
No. 1 seed and top-ranked Bartlett advanced to the round of 16 for the second time in three years, getting 23 points from Indiana-bound Haley Videckis to grind out a 52-46 win at Monday's Class 4A Hoffman Estates girls basketball sectional.
Bartlett (29-1), seeking its first sectional championship since placing second in Class AA in 2005, will face Wheaton Warrenville South (28-3) in Thursday's 7:30 p.m. final. WWS defeated Geneva 54-37 in Monday's second semifinal.
This one was nothing like Bartlett's 77-49 romp over West Chicago in December. The fifth-seeded Wildcats (16-13), who usually like to play fast, took a minute off the clock in their first possession and milked time subsequent trips down.
"It was definitely a shock at first," Videckis said. "They were a completely different team than the one we prepared for."
West Chicago, which was blitzed 40-10 in the first half of the first meeting, was in no mood to roll over in the rematch.
A 16-2 Bartlett run capped by a Kristin Conniff 3-pointer gave the Hawks a 22-4 lead, but a five-point West Chicago last possession of the first half broke that momentum.
Trailing 42-25 with 5:52 left in the game, West Chicago snapped off a 12-1 run sparked by Claire Monroe and Laura Panicali 3s to make it 43-37 with 3:15 left.
After a Bartlett turnover, West Chicago had a 3 attempt to pull closer rim out.
"We never gave up," West Chicago coach Kim Wallner said, "we made a little run at them and I think we got them a little rattled. You never know. We got it to where we wanted it to get."
Its transition game slowed, Bartlett more than made up for it in the post. Six-footers Videckis, Conniff (12 points) and Lisa Palmer (10 points) had their way inside against a West Chicago team with one starter taller than 5-foot-8. When the Hawks needed a score, they knew where to go.
"You have to take advantage of the weaknesses of other teams," said Videckis, also a clutch 10-of-11 at the free throw line. "Tonight it was height. I thought our whole team really worked together to get it inside."
Bartlett's defense, given the methodical pace, was up to the challenge in the first half -- allowing just the 9 points while forcing 13 turnovers. It wasn't the finish to the game Hawks coach Denise Sarna had in mind, but she'll take it.
"Would I say it was our best game? It was good enough," Sarna said. "We didn't play the kind of defense we're capable of playing the entire game."
Videckis, like her teammates sporting a black headband, showed no ill effects of the 12 stitches she received to cover a gash on her forehead suffered last Thursday.
Now Videckis and the four other senior starters set out to take care of some unfinished business in the sectional final.
"This is what basketball players dream of," Sarna said. "We know we're going to face a good team and it should be a good game."
Panicali scored 15 points and Monroe 13 for West Chicago, which became just the fourth team to hold Bartlett under 55 points this year.
"We tried to keep it in the 40s. That was our goal," Wallner said. "Our goal was to slow the transition game, which is very difficult. We made them work a little, but their size got to us. I'm proud of my girls."


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Tait in the media: Genuine P25 Interoperability
Tait Radio Communications Vice-President, Product Marketing, Dr. Jan Noordhof featured in the latest edition of APCO Canada's Wavelength magazine. The article is titled "Genuine P25 Interoperability".
"'Interoperability', as envisaged by APCO, includes the following: Multiple vendors' radios working together; multiple agencies working; neighboring agency networks working together. But how successfully has P25 met these interoperability objectives?"


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Gujranwala: PTI caravan attacked with eggs, tomatoes
According to details, PTI caravan which set out under the leadership of Aijaz Chaudhry was passing by the GT Road, Gujranwala. It was then that a group of unknown men came forth and started pelting eggs and tomatoes on the vehicles, which they carried in shopping bags.
However, they fled away as soon as some PTI workers jumped out of their vehicles to inquire them.
This is not the first instance, PTI caravan was also attacked in Gujranwala during Azadi March in the month of August.
Workers and supporters of the ruling Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PMLN) had pelted stones on the container of Imran Khan. PTI had also accused that the miscreants also fired bullets at Khan's container, following which he had moved inside a bullet-proof vehicle.


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Nu-Generation Games announced today their new PC title Origin Of The Species. The game is a third person action adventure title with science fiction elements.
Players will take on the role of a girl in her late teens who was caught in the middle of a black operations test of a viral weapon during a camping trip. She wakes up in a New York City jail with significant memory loss and suffering from the effects of the virus. The game features RPG elements in the form of style points, which can be used to change the way each player chooses to approach a level. There are also a number of traditional weapons including a rail gun, nine millimeters, and an R.P.G.
A solid release date for the game has yet to be announced but stick with IGN for more info as it becomes available.
Looking forward to Origin Of The Species? Add it to your wishlist!


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Oh my goodness. I feel like I sneezed, and summer just slipped right by. Four, fabulous months filled with beachside nuptials, lavender field weddings, and rustic chic barn affairs just flew by. The light at the end of the tunnel? FALL weddings. Like this one. From California. Sent to us by the fabulous floral design team at Fleurs de France. After peeping at every last image from What Shanni Saw, I am SO ready for you lovely brides & grooms to start sending us your party's amongst the changing leaves, with apple cider, warm pashminas, and cozy cabin fires. And boy to we have the perfect wedding to start of our Autumnal festivities. The perfect color palette of purples, the beautiful changing colors, and the most quintessential fall, DIY motif - the leaf. Click here for more!
Rich proposed to Sarah on December 12, 2009 in San Francisco in front of Union Square on a rainy night, surrounded by beautiful Christmas lights and bundled up ice skaters. He presented Sarah with his grandmother's wedding ring, fully prepared for her to take the 2 carat diamond stone from it and design the perfect engagement ring of her dreams. To his sweet surprise, Sarah, who has never received a gift she didn't enjoy exchanging, instantly fell in love with his grandmother's ring, and would never have dreamed of changing it in any way!
Planning the wedding was a dream come true for Sarah, as she has always been a planner at heart and loves crafting and making daily trips to Michaels and Joann's. The couple instantly agreed upon four things they wanted for their wedding: fall weather, beautiful nature, good food, and lots of friends.
Living in the Bay Area made finding these things easy, as Wine Country was a stone's throw away and a perfect match. After finding a winery that felt like it was in the middle of a forest, it was easy for Sarah to pick her colors and work around the beautiful backdrop that is Buena Vista Winery (California's oldest winery). With shades of purple and with fall as the time of year, Sarah built the wedding around a theme of leaves.
Since Rich and Sarah are both sweets lovers (and excellent cooks) it was important to Sarah that the favors were handmade candies (caramels by Sarah and toffee by Rich) and that the dessert table offered not only a variety of cupcakes (great mini-cupcakes from Moonbaby Cakes!) but candies in shades of purple as well. Every cake plate and decoration used on the dessert table was purchased by Sarah in the year long search for glass plates on Ebay. Etsy was another favorite website of Sarah's, as she purchased the cake topper, fabric leaves, pompoms and mother gifts (handmade quilts with pictures of the bride and groom as children) from the site.
All of the "save the dates", invitations and place cards were designed and made by Sarah using tools purchased from local craft stores and put together with help from her Mom and Sister during weekend long craft-fests.
Shanni and Blaine Weilert from What Shanni Saw captured the day beautifully on film and took great pictures of the many magic moments it entailed - including capturing the gorgeous Oak trees that flanked the outdoor wedding altar and that perfectly changed from green to vivid colors of orange, red, and yellow the day before Sarah's wedding.
Jessica from Fleurs de France helped Sarah achieve her rustic floral vision and worked with Sarah to choose beautiful flowers within her budget. It was easy for Sarah to trust that Jessica would choose just the right flowers to fulfill her vision of the day. Not only did she do just that, but she even surprised Sarah by having two beautiful tall birch containers with fall leaves placed by the honeymoon table. The flowers were a great surprise for Sarah and one of the few she actually got to have that day, since she planned everything down to the last detail.
Overall, an important lesson to be learned from the day was to not over think/analyze things, which Sarah often has the habit of doing and go with your gut. Choose great, highly recommended vendors and learn to trust. Enjoy your day and don't worry about the things that you can't control and you will find that everything turns out the way it should in the end. Remember why you are there: to marry the one you love!
Venue: Buena Vista Winery / Wedding Planning: DIY / Caterer: Grapevine Catering / Wedding Stationery: DIY / Officiant: Reverend Peadar Dalton / Photographer: What Shanni Saw / Bridal Gown: Jim Helm / Bridal Shoes: Jimmy Choo / Hair & Makeup: Erin Tate, Lewis & Company Hair Salon / Bridesmaids Dresses: Trudy's Brides / Favors: DIY / Florals: Fleurs de France / Linens: Classic Party Rentals / Equipment & Lighting: Classic Party Rentals / Transportation: California Wine Tours / Tuxedo & Suits: Banana Republic / Wedding Cake: Moonbaby Cakes


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This was my workout for today, 27 weeks pregnant – the first workout of my third trimester.
I wasn't sure I'd be able to actually perform this workout today after being on bedrest most of last week with a pinched sciatic nerve, but I guess the baby turned or something and I was finally able to get started again. I'm so relieved because I feel like this intense training is important for me to keep up so I have an easier labor and delivery!
This is another tough one and I can feel myself having to slow down even just a little bit more, but still keeping my muscles working and my heart pumping.
To read more about having a fit pregnancy, be sure to pick up a copy of my ebook – Fit To Be Pregnant: 12 Steps to the Healthy, Comfortable, and Fit Pregnancy of Your Dreams.
Workout Type
HIIT intervals, with a mix of anaerobic strength training and intense cardio. Work intervals are 50 seconds each, rest intervals are 10 seconds each. Feel free to adjust these intervals to whatever combination (that adds up to 1 minute) that you are comfortable with (example, :30/:30).
Equipment Needed
- Dumbbells, a barbell, or a sandbag
- Water Bottle (I love this one!!)
- Interval Timer – I use Seconds for iPhone. I used the HIIT timer in Seconds and added a 5 min warm-up and 10 min cool-down.
Set Number of rounds to 20, High Intensity for :50, Low Intensity for :10 (I changed the label to "Rest")
Jump Squats – Start in squat position, jump up, land back down in your squat and repeat. Keep your back straight, chest out, weight beginning in your heels and rolling to your toes as you jump.
Clean and Press – Detailed explanation and video here. You can use a barbell or sandbag.
180 jumps – beginning in squat position, jump and turn your entire body to the left in the air until you are facing the opposite direction, landing back in your squat, then turn back the same direction until you are back facing where you started, and stand up. Repeat, turning to the right this time.
Renegade Rows/Pushups -Start in plank position with hands on dumbbells. Row each arm, lifting elbows straight up as if being pulled on a string. Do a pushup, and repeat. After a few of these, I had to drop to my knees for pushups –my belly is just too heavy. I also had to modify by sticking my butt way up to accommodate the bump 🙂
Workout Breakdown
Start with a 5 minute warm up. I do dynamic stretching (stretching while staying moving, unlike static stretches where you hold the stretch), progressing to some jumping jacks and high knees.
- :50 Jump Squats
- :10 rest
- :50 Clean & Press
- :10 rest
- :50 180 Jumps
- :10 rest
- :50 Renegade Push Ups/Rows
- :10 rest
Repeat this a total of 5 times for a 20 minute workout
End with a 10 minute stretching cool down. I like to stretch out my arms, then my hamstrings, my inner thighs, my quads, and then perform a few sun salutations. I also add in cat/cow to stretch out my back and hips, and end in child's pose.
For beginners or later in pregnancy:
Rounds – perform 3 rounds instead of 5 for a 12 minute workout
Jump Squats – roll up on your toes, don't jump, or just squat to stand
Clean & Press – use less or no weight, or just a broomstick
180 Jumps – Stand and just turn around, no jump
Renegade Pushups/Rows – Do pushups from knees, use less or no weight for rows
Benefits For Pregnancy
Intervals – Learning to work in intense intervals prepares you mentally and physically for labor by getting you accustomed to intense work, followed by rest – just like contractions. HIIT work also improves your endurance, cardiovascular health, and builds muscle, all in a short period of time.
HIIT Training – increases the amount of oxygen you and your baby will receive over the next 24-48 hours.
Jump Squats – Squats are essential in preparing your body for childbirth by strengthening and stretching your child-birthing muscles, and also build core strength for supporting your growing uterus and stretching hip joints. Squatting also helps to prepare your perineum for stretching during the pushing phase of labor.
Clean & Press – improves core strength and leg muscles needed for support of the back and uterus during pregnancy, and strengthen child-birthing muscles.
180 Jumps – cardio that helps with your changing balance and center of gravity, and also carries oxygen to the baby and the body, improves circulation, reduces swelling, and increases endurance needed for labor.
Renegade PushUps/Rows – improves back strength and posture which will reduce the aches and pains normally felt in the back during pregnancy.
*The information contained in this website is provided for general informational purposes only. It is not intended as and should not be relied upon as medical advice. The information may not apply to you and before you use any of the information provided in the site, you should contact a qualified medical, dietary, fitness or other appropriate professional. If you utilize any information provided in this site, you do so at your own risk and you specifically waive any right to make any claim against Fit To Be Pregnant, its employees or representatives, as the result of the use of such information.*


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Hillusa HM-Lamp 2000 (6)
HM‐LAMP‐2000 (6) II Cold light Operation Lamp adopts tungsten halogen lamp as the light source and is characterized by high illumination efficiency, low heat radiation, excellent color rendering and prolonged service life(five times the life of common light source).
The reflector made with the help of CAD/CAM techniques has a vacuum‐plated, optical grade surface which will not peel off or fade and boast long service life. The built‐in compact structure offers large scope of activity, flexible turning and stable performance, resulting in satisfactory operation effects.
*This product is for export only.
Product Areas:
- Surgical Lights
Not all products shown in this website are available for sale in all areas. Please contact us for product availability in your área.


text: "When you grow up without it, you want to have it. It's funny, in America some people say, 'Why do you want to make money so much?' And I say, 'Well, I guess you didn't starve as a kid.'" Former Bond girl Olga Kurylenko admits her impoverished childhood in Russia gave her a hunger for success.


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Discussion in 'FaceBook' started by Blackdragons, Mar 17, 2012.
I have idea for FB app if there is any developer available please PM me.
Same here.. if there is fb app developer pm me too (if that's okay with the owner of the topic? )
Please let me know what kind of app you need to get developed.
I can help with that.
It's not directed at OP, but in general.
Some people post threads asking to develop them something, but when you ask them to give some more details in pm's, they become so tight-lipped, that you just start wondering, did they really wanted someone to help them with development.
moneff ofc
xxMP3xx pm sent
PM send to both of you.
Separate names with a comma.


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We've always based our travel stories on high quality photography. Here are a few examples of the different kinds of photos we usually publish to go with our articles or provide for our clients.
We travel to filming locations and grab a screenshot from a show or a movie, then align it with the original background. There's a full page dedicated to our sceneframes too, in case you want to see more!
Travel photography
Tiia's travel photos accompany our articles from the road. She's worked as a professional photographer for decades and absolutely loves our little Quest as it offers her a great amount of inspiration and incredible photo opportunities.
Event photography
We attend red carpet events and premieres, conventions and other fan events, and report back in our blog with a bunch of fun photos.
Set visits
Sometimes, we're invited to visit sets of TV shows or movies, or we just magically find our way to them in distant countries and cities.


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YAGI email@example.com_county.toronto.toronto_star 2002-11-11 published
YAGI, Andrew Shuji -- After a brief illness, on Saturday, November 9, 2002 in his 74th year at the Joseph Brant Memorial Hospital in Burlington. Beloved husband of Rose (nťe BAN.) Father of Kevin and his wife Anne. Devoted Papa to Katharine, Erica, Leanne and Heather. Also survived by his brother Hachiro (Phyllis). Funeral Service will be held in the chapel on Wednesday, November 13, 2002 at 1 p.m. at Smith's Funeral Home, 1167 Guelph Line (one stoplight north of Queen Elizabeth Way), Burlington (905-632-3333). Visitation will be from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. prior to the funeral. Cremation. Reception to follow.
Y... Names YA... Names YAG... Names Welcome Home
YAGI - All Categories in OGSPI


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From August to January 2017 there will be five increases to hospital charges, Head of the Ministry of Health's Department of Planning and Finance, Mr. Nguyen Nam Lien, announced at the annual meeting of northern hospital directors held in Nghe An province on June 4.
The plan is stipulated in Circular No. 37. The first increase will be at the end of August, in cities and provinces where health insurance coverage is 95 per cent. The second increase is in October, in cities and provinces with coverage of 90 per cent.
The third adjustment is in November, in areas where coverage is 85 per cent, with the fourth to come in December, in cities and provinces where coverage is 80 per cent. The final increase, in remaining areas in the country, will be in January 2017.
Medical services, which is in the basket of goods used to calculate the CPI, will increase by less than 2 per cent from the increases, Mr. Lien assessed. Budgets for hospitals and clinics after January 2017 will be largely unaffected, he added.
Plans to increase hospital charges, including salary increases for medical staff, means hospitals must not have charges that are higher than currently stipulated, Mr. Lien went on. He emphasized that hospitals are not to collect extra money from patients, except for the gap not covered by health insurance.
Hospitals must also spend at least 5 per cent of their revenue on improving medical services. Charges must be based on market demand, not on revenue targets, he added.
Minister of Health Nguyen Thi Kim Tien said that when hospitals have created a suitable fee schedule and there are increases in health insurance coverage, hospitals must try to attract patients, which can only be done by improving service quality.
Many hospitals have received major investment and resemble hotels. She acknowledged, however, that there are still hospitals with poor services. The ministry, she said, is determined to reform the attitude and behavior of staff at hospitals.
On March 1 the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Finance adjusted charges for 1,887 technical medical services, by an average of 30 per cent. At that time the Deputy Director of Vietnam - Germany Hospital, Ms. Nguyen Thi Bich Huong, said this would bring more benefits to patients.
When hospitals have sufficient profit after investment they will have the funds needed to re-invest in the hospital, such as in facilities and infrastructure. Medical staff also have to improve their attitudes and behavior because if services are good then patients will return, and hospitals will earn more revenue.
Director of the Quang Ninh General Hospital, Mr. Trinh Van Manh, said the fee increase will not impact on social welfare. He estimated that health insurance coverage is about 82 per cent in Quang Ninh, so the increase will not be a burden for most local people.