text:
UK Data Service series record for:
The Longitudinal Study of Young People in England (LSYPE), also known as Next Steps, commissioned by the Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF) is a major panel study of young people. The LSYPE is one of the main information sources for the formation and appraisal of policies relating to young people. The baseline data will be used to monitor the progress of the cohort group, evaluate the success of policies aimed at this group and provide an evidence base for further policy development.
There are now two separate LSYPE studies. The first LSYPE study began in 2004, when its sample of young people was aged between 13 and 14. The young people were interviewed annually until 2010 and there are now seven waves of data available. The second LSYPE study began in 2013 will track a sample of over 13,000 young people from the age of 13/14 annually through to the age of 20 (seven waves).
GN 33369 | First Longitudinal Study of Young People in England, 2004-
GN 33453 | Longitudinal Studies of Young People in England, 2004- : Secure Access
GN 33493 | Longitudinal Studies of Young People in England, 2013- : Safe Room Access
How can I find out about the datasets – variables, population, sample size etc.?
You can find links to the datasets in the DATA ACCESS section above. When you follow the link to a dataset you will be taken to its catalogue record which contains the following information:
What format are the data in and where can I download them from?
Most survey data may be downloaded as SPSS, Stata or tab-delimited files. There is a download button near the top right of each catalogue record. Most datasets can be downloaded after you login to your UK Data Service account. See our Access pages for more information about how to access data.
How do I get started with analysing survey data?
See our Use data pages for more advice about getting started with analyses. These pages contain advice and training; guides about datasets, topics and methods and software including SPSS and Stata; information about how others have used the data and how to cite datasets. See also our Events pages for courses and webinars about how to find, use and manage data.
What is the main objective of the LSYPE?
The main role of the study is to identify, and enable analysis and understanding of, the key factors affecting young people's progress in transition from the later years of compulsory education, through any subsequent education or training, to entry into the labour market or other outcomes. Data from the study will be used, among other things, to monitor the progress of the cohort group, evaluate the success or otherwise of policy aimed at this group and provide an evidence base for further policy development.
How often are people interviewed for the survey and who is interviewed?
In both LSYPE studies, interviewees are young people who were aged 13/14 years old at the first wave and their parents or carers. Interviews are conducted annually. The first LSYPE interviewed the young people over seven waves (2004-2010) and it is intended that the second LSYPE will also interview the young people until they are aged 20 years (for seven waves).
What formats are the data available in?
The data are available in SPSS, Stata, and ASCII tab-delimited formats and can also be requested in other formats, such as SAS.
What is the most detailed regional level I can analyse the data at?
The End User Licence LSYPE data collections include Government Office Region as the standard geographic identifier. More detailed geographic variables are available in the Secure Access and Safe Room collections e.g. Local Learning and Skills Council Areas, Local Authority Districts, Super Output Areas (lower layer), Westminster Parliamentary Constituencies, Wards (census area statistics).
Before I order, how do I find out what questions/variables are included?
Variable lists and PDF user guides (including questionnaires) are freely available. These can be found for the first LSYPE via First Longitudinal Study of Young People in England: Waves 1-7, 2004-2010 and for the second LSYPE via Second Longitudinal Study of Young People in England: Wave 1, 2013.
When are future waves/sweeps likely to be made available?
Data are expected to be deposited on an annual basis, within 12 months of the end of the fieldwork for each wave.


text:
Great Games Supported By Great Service
Here at The Board Game Hut we were avid board gamers before we were retailers - we even run a hobby YouTube channel (YouTube.com/BoardGamingAtHome)!
We wanted to build the kind of store and service we would like to receive ourselves so our postage is free (by Royal Mail & DPD) and mostly arrives next day when you order before midday. We also package well - we've had just 2 damaged deliveries out of the thousands we have sent in the past year since we started.
We also offer excellent support, normally replying to queries within minutes except for when we are sleeping! ;)
And our prices are always competitive - see for yourself at www.BoardGamePrices.co.uk (an excellent comparison and stock checking website for board games!)

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Title: Research Associate
Department(s): IAMDN Research Staff
Affiliation(s): Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Physics and Astronomy
Research Interests:
- Exploration of phonon and plasmonic properties in nanostructures using electron beams (link)
- Temporal aspects of the inelastic scattering of fast electrons from nanostructures (link)
- Structural characterization of nanostructures using HRTEM and STEM (link and link)
- Understanding the fundamental aspects of the mechanical elongation of atom-sized nanostructures (link, link and link)
Representative Publications:
- Mapping surface and bulk vibrational modes in a single nanocube, Nature (appear in 2017).
- Vibrational spectroscopy in the electron microscope, Nature 514, 209 (2014).
- Attosecond and femtosecond forces exerted on gold nanoparticles induced by swift electrons, Physical Review B 93, 205440 (2016).
- The role of electronic coupling between substrate and 2D MoS2 nanosheets in electrocatalytic production of hydrogen, Nature Materials 15, 1003 (2016).
- Mechanical Deformation of Nanoscale Metal Rods: When Size and Shape Matter, Physical Review Letters 106, 55501 (2011).
- Observation of the smallest metal nanotube with a square cross-section, Nature Nanotechnology 4, 149 (2009).


text:
Littleton Heights
The content relating to real estate for sale in this Web site comes in part from the Internet Data eXchange ("IDX") program of METROLIST, INC., DBA RECOLORADO® Real estate listings held by brokers other than Keller Williams Realty DTC are marked with the IDX Logo. This information is being provided for the consumers' personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any other purpose. All information subject to change and should be independently verified.
© 2011-2018 REcolorado® - All Rights Reserved. Disclaimer
© 2011-2018 REcolorado® - All Rights Reserved. Disclaimer
The information contained herein has been provided by MFRMLS. IDX information is provided exclusively for consumers' personal, non-commercial use, that it may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing, and that the data is deemed reliable but is not guaranteed accurate by the MLS. Listings last updated Oct 16, 2018 8:22:pm.


text:
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MoFA) spokesman Le Hai Binh answered media questions on December 11 regarding Vietnam's response to China's position paper issued on December 7 relating to the East Sea lawsuit instigated by the Philippines going to international arbitration. "To protect her legitimate rights and interests, which would be affected by the East Sea arbitration lawsuit, Vietnam has proposed the Arbitral Tribunal pay attention to her stance on legal rights and interests," said Mr. Binh.
He stressed that Vietnam claims to have sufficient legal grounds and historical evidence to assert its sovereignty over the Hoang Sa (Paracel) and Truong Sa (Spratly) archipelagos and other legal rights and benefits in the East Sea. Vietnam maintains its consistent stance in objecting to China's claims over the archipelagos and adjacent waters and its "historical rights" to the water area, the seabed and the soil within China's "nine-dash line" claim.
Commenting on China's decision to release a position paper on its dispute with the Philippines, renowned Australian Professor Carl Thayer told VET that it clearly indicates that China has put itself above international law. "China continues to claim 'indisputable sovereignty' over all islands, rocks, and other features and their adjacent waters within its nine-dash line claim to the East Sea," Professor Thayer told VET. "China dismisses any legal basis for challenging its sovereignty claims. At the same time it insists on bilateral negotiations to resolve disputes and uses its greater power to compel smaller powers to comply with its demands."
Regarding Mr. Binh's statement, Professor Thayer said that by expressing its interest in the case Vietnam is not joining the Philippines in taking legal action against China. "But Vietnam's statement of interest will be noted by the arbitrators of the China-Philippines case," he said. "This will have the effect of raising - however slightly - the importance of this case." In other words, he went on, although the case is a bilateral matter the judgment of the arbitrators must take into account the interests of other parties likely to be affected by the outcome. It may be likely that by filing a statement of interest that the Arbitral Tribunal could invite Vietnam to make a presentation of its rights and interests.


text:
In order to combat the SPAM challenges we have been facing, I have chosen for the registration of new forum members to be manually approved. If you are registering as a new member, please fill out your profile as much as your comfortable doing. By doing this it shows us that you are not a spammer and will ensure that you're registered to the form quickly. Should you be denied by mistake, please reapply with a fully completed profile
I have received a lot of messages asking about the future of the forums once my car sells. Well today it sold and will soon be on its way to its new home. With that said, for the forums, there is more information under 'Announcements" titled "Future of the Forums' you could also copy and paste this link: http://www.trabantforums.com/threads/future-of-the-forums-donations.1762/
'89 Trabant 601S de Luxe "Heike"
Trabant item created by BillB, Jun 7, 2016
- Vehicle Year:
- 1989
- Vehicle Make:
- Trabant
- Vehicle Model:
- 601 S de Luxe "Heike"
- VIN Number:
- 4234574
- Description:
- Color: Panamagrun with white top
Has an IFA Tachometer (optional?)
- Description:
- Stock, no mods
mbeamish, michiel76, Ron and 1 other person like this.


text:
Edinburgh Business School will use the information you have provided to contact you with information on our products and services. For more information see our terms and conditions.
* required field
Life can be viewed as a series of projects. Whether we're getting married, having a child or studying for an MBA, they have a beginning and ending; each one has a timescale, they have a cost and they have quality implications. "It's like being a juggler with a whole series of balls in the air," says William. "Our course teaches you how to be a good juggler."
"As a generic discipline, governed by two industry bodies, project management gives its students a set of fully transferable skills. That means you can apply what you learn across the world; from an agricultural project in Australia to a construction project in the Middle East."
And William has certainly proved that to be the case. After graduation from Leeds Polytechnic, he was thrown into the deep end on a major hospital construction project before completing a Masters degree and a PhD. Following a stint as a project manager at a local authority he turned to teaching. He continues to juggle very capably to this day.
Seeing students change their lives, improve them for the better; that's where I get my real satisfaction
Seeing students change their lives, improve them for the better; that's where I get my real satisfaction
This site uses cookes to improve your browsing experience, by continuting to use this site you consent to this. For more information please see our Cookie Policy.


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55+ Singles RAP Session, 3 p.m., Temple Shaarei Shalom, 9085 Hagen Ranch Road, Boynton Beach. $3. Call 561-479-0104.
American Italian Club of the Palm Beaches, dinner with reservations at 5:30 p.m.; dancing to live music 7-10 p.m., dress code enforced, St. Mary's Recreation Hall, 1317 Florida Mango Road, West Palm Beach. Dinner and dancing, $17; dancing only, $9.
Bingo, 1-3 p.m., St. John Catholic Church, 10300 Yamato Road, Boca Raton. $5 includes coffee and cake. Call 561-488-1373.
Brain exercises, All Aboard the Brain Train, stretch and tone your mental muscles with entertaining cognitive exercises, 11 a.m. Highland Beach Library, 3618 S. Ocean Blvd., $10. Call 561-278-5455.
Curator's Highlight Tour, "California Impressionism and Plein Air Painting," 2:30 p.m. Boca Raton Museum of Art, 501 Plaza Real, Mizner Park, Boca Raton. Free with paid admission, $14 adults, $12 seniors, $6 students. Visit bocamuseum.org or call 561-392-2500.
Feeding at the sea tanks, watch naturalists feed sharks, sea turtles, and fish in the outdoor tanks, 2:30 p.m., Gumbo Limbo Nature Center, 1801 N. Ocean Blvd., Boca Raton. Free. Call 561-338-1473.
Lecture, "The Writing Life," 1:30-3 p.m., Boynton Beach City Library, 208 S. Seacrest Blvd. Author Phyllis Smallman will explore the process of writing from plot to character development and speak on her newest book "Champagne for Buzzards." Free. Call 561-742-6390.
Nature Program: Inside and outside of shells, 2 p.m., Sandoway House Nature Center, 142 S. Ocean Blvd., Delray Beach. $4. Call 561-274-7263.
Recovery International, self-help for depression, anxiety, anger, panic and compulsions, 7-8:30 p.m., Boca Raton Community Center annex, 260 Crawford Blvd., Boca Raton. Free. Call 561-271-2684.


text:
WASHINGTON (AP) - Sen. Robert Byrd of West Virginia, the longest-serving senator in U.S. history, has died at age 92.
Spokesman Jesse Jacobs says Byrd died peacefully at about 3 a.m. Monday at Inova Hospital in Fairfax, Va.
Byrd was elected to the Senate in 1958, after spending six years in the House. He was the Senate majority leader for six years during the late 1970s and 1980s and was third in the line of succession for the presidency. As either chairman or the senior Democrat on the Appropriations Committee for 20 years, he steered billions of dollars in federal spending to West Virginia.
Byrd became more frail after the death of his wife, Erma, in 2006. By 2009, aides were wheeling him to and from the Senate floor in a wheelchair.
(Copyright 2010 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.)


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text:
- North America
- United States
- Alabama
- Munroes Mill (historical)
- Search
Traveling Luck for Munroes Mill (historical) Alabama, United States
The timezone in Munroes Mill (historical) is America/Iqaluit
Morning Sunrise at 07:53 and Evening Sunset at 19:02. It's light
Rough GPS position Latitude. 33.1967°, Longitude. -85.9369° , Elevation. 246m
Morning Sunrise at 07:53 and Evening Sunset at 19:02. It's light
Rough GPS position Latitude. 33.1967°, Longitude. -85.9369° , Elevation. 246m
Weather near Munroes Mill (historical) Last report from Gadsden, Gadsden Municipal Airport, AL 17.2km awayTemperature: 3°C / 37°F
Wind: 0km/h North
Cloud: Sky Clear
Satellite map of Munroes Mill (historical) and it's surroudings...
Geographic features & Photographs around Munroes Mill (historical) in Alabama, United States
church a building for public Christian worship.
- Millerville Church (0.8km)
- Old Millerville Church (1.3km)
- Millerville Church (1.3km)
- Pleasant Hill Methodist Church (4.6km)
- Bethel Church (5km)
- Oak Hill Church (5.3km)
- Roseline Church (5.8km)
- Mount Tabor Church (5.9km)
- Fairview Church (6.1km)
- Big Spring Church (7km)
- Mount Zion Church (8.3km)
stream a body of running water moving to a lower level in a channel on land.
- Ray Creek (0.2km)
- Little Creek (1.3km)
- Blue Creek (2.7km)
- Dennis Creek (2.9km)
- Cann Creek (3.3km)
- Drake Creek (3.9km)
- Charles Branch (5.2km)
- Simmons Branch (6.8km)
cemetery a burial place or ground.
- Antioch Cemetery (1.2km)
- Millerville Cemetery (1.4km)
- Wilsons Cemetery (2.7km)
- Pleasant Hill Cemetery (4.4km)
- Bethel Cemetery (5km)
- Simmons Cemetery (6.2km)
- Big Springs Cemetery (7.1km)
- Mount Zion Cemetery (8.3km)
school building(s) where instruction in one or more branches of knowledge takes place.
- Graves High School (1.1km)
- Millerville Elementary School (1.1km)
- Maranatha Christian Academy (4.4km)
- Oak Hill School (historical) (6.5km)
- Salem School (historical) (6.9km)
- Sommers School (historical) (8km)
- Williamsons School (historical) (8.5km)
Accommodation around Munroes Mill (historical)
Quality Inn Alexander City 2945 Highway 280, Alexander City
Holiday Inn Express Hotel & Suites Talladega 240 Haynes Street, Talladega
Super 8 Talladega Al 220 Haynes St, Talladega
dam a barrier constructed across a stream to impound water.
- Little Hillabee Watershed Dam Number 4 (3.3km)
- Little Hillabee Watershed Dam Number 3 (4.7km)
- Little Hillabee Watershed Dam Number 6 (5.4km)
- Dam Number One (5.5km)
- Dam Number Two (6.3km)
reservoir(s) an artificial pond or lake.
- Jacksons Lake (3.3km)
- Gilpins Lake (4.7km)
- Martins Lake (5.4km)
- Bolton Lake (5.9km)
- Lake Pruitt (6.2km)
mine(s) a site where mineral ores are extracted from the ground by excavating surface pits and subterranean passages.
- Section Eighteen Prospect (2.1km)
- Hood-Graves Mine (7km)
- Empire Mine (7.5km)
- Crucible Mine (8.2km)
- Atlas Mine (8.4km)
Local Feature A Nearby feature worthy of being marked on a map..
- Munroes Mill (historical) (0km)
- Antioch Church (historical) (1.3km)
- Water Mill (historical) (7.6km)
- High Pine Church (historical) (8.5km)
mountain an elevation standing high above the surrounding area with small summit area, steep slopes and local relief of 300m or more.
- Dugout Mountain (6km)
- Backbone Mountain (6.4km)
- Triplett Mountain (6.6km)
- Clean Claw Mountain (7.2km)
populated place a city, town, village, or other agglomeration of buildings where people live and work.
- Carr Mill (1.5km)
- Millerville (1.5km)
- Glades (6.6km)
ridge(s) a long narrow elevation with steep sides, and a more or less continuous crest.
- Hillabee Ridge (5.6km)
Wikipedia entries close to Munroes Mill (historical)
- Clay County (Alabama) adm2nd adm2nd
- Ashland, Alabama city o city
- Goodwater, Alabama city o city
- Goldville, Alabama city o city
- Lineville, Alabama city o city
- New Site, Alabama city o city
- Waldo, Alabama city o city
- Alexander City (Alabama) city i city
- Talladega County adm2nd adm2nd
- Sylacauga city i city
- Talladega city i city
- Mignon, Alabama city o city
- Daviston, Alabama city o city
- Gantts Quarry, Alabama city o city
- Cheaha Mountain mountain k mountain
- Oak Grove, Alabama city o city
Airports close to Munroes Mill (historical)Anniston metropolitan(ANB), Anniston, Usa (56.4km)
Birmingham international(BHM), Birmingham, Usa (110.4km)
Maxwell afb(MXF), Montgomery, Usa (127.6km)
Lawson aaf(LSF), Fort benning, Usa (167.8km)
Craig fld(SEM), Selma, Usa (176km)


text:
/site-files/aviationweek.com/files/uploads/2016/02/asd_02_18_2016_cht1.pdf North America The U.S. Air Force awarded two rocket propulsion system development contracts to Orbital ATK and SpaceX as part of its plan to develop a national security launch capability that reduces U.S. dependence on Russian-developed RD-180 engines by 2019. Bell is testing new rotor blades and an infrared suppression system for its V-22 Osprey that the company says will not only significantly muffle the ...
You must have an Aviation Week Intelligence Network (AWIN) account or subscribe to this Market Briefing to access "Defense Market Intelligence Notes — 1/11/2016 to 2/12/2016".
Current Aviation Week Intelligence Network (AWIN) enterprise and individual members: please go to http://awin.aviationweek.com for access.
Not currently a subscriber? Click on the "Learn More" button below to view subscription offers.


text:
No public recommendations added yet.
Vidhi Xerox
Address: By Appointment, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380015
Phone number: 91-079-30154251
Fax number: 91-079-30154251
Mobile Number: 91-080-00226270
Year Established: 2001Post A Recommendation Bookmark this Business
Photo Copy, Colour Black & White/Colour Print or Xerox, Spiral Binding, Scanning, Project Work, Computer Job Work All Printing Solution.
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The voting system is a way for customers of Vidhi Xerox to change its popularity at Start Local. You may vote for or against Vidhi Xerox and your vote will affect its score on Start Local.
If you vote positively for the business you may also choose to leave a public recommendation to tell other people about your great experience with the business.
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We just need to know if you've already registered with Start Local? If so you should have already selected a password and validated your email address. If not, don't worry it's easy and will take less than 40 seconds.
trading hours
9:00am - 10:00pm Monday
9:00am - 10:00pm Tuesday
9:00am - 10:00pm Wednesday
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9:00am - 10:00pm Friday
9:00am - 10:00pm Saturday
9:00am - 2:00pm Sunday
9:00am - 10:00am Public Holidays


text:
Our offer at WPT Poker
We've created an overview so that you can see what value you get when you play at WPT Poker. The overview is designed especially for VIP players who are capable of creating more than $1,600 rake per month.
2 rakeback examples
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Example 1 - Earn 12 Gemstones in 2012 (1 Gemstone each month)
Example 2 - Earn 50 Gemstones in 2012 (at least 4 Gemstones each month + 2 additional Gemstones)
In order to get 1 Gemstone on WPT Poker you need to earn 7,500 StrategyPoints which equals $1,667 Rake in one calendar month.
|Main Factors of Rakeback
|Example 1
12 Gemstones in 2012
|Example 2
50 Gemstones in 2012
|Per month
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|Per month
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| WPT Poker VIP System
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|Palladium Elite
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|Rakeback VIP system
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|2x $150 = $300
|8x $150 = $1,200
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|Total Rewards
|Total Rakeback
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The main factors of rakeback
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Read more on WPT Poker's VIP program
A Gemstone is worth between $150-$200, depending on the total amount of Gemstones you earn in 2012.
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text: Vincent Bernat <firstname.lastname@example.com> writes: > I don't know for proftpd, but a daemon can use an empty directory in > /var/run to chroot into it. Seems like a good use for /var/lib to me. There's no reason that I can see to put such a directory on a file system that's defined as transient. -- Russ Allbery (email@example.com) <http://www.eyrie.org/~eagle/>


text:
House Sitting
Drop-In Visits
Doggy Day Care
Dog Walking
Hosting Preferences
Additional Preferences
Unspayed Females Accepted, Neutered Males Only
No Females in Heat
Traveling Preferences
- Available
- Unavailable
About Lu
I absolutely adore dogs, all kinds.
I'm eighteen and I've grown up with and taken care of all kinds of animals my entire life. I've loved animals since I was a child, I spent years studying dogs and cats through National Geographic magazines, animals are my passion. My childhood dream was to be a veterinarian, I recently came of age and would like to try this job to gain experience. I'm incredibly educated in the ways of ...
What Lu would like to know about your dog
I have no breed preferences. However, before committing to sitting, for the safety of the dog I'm sitting, I'll need to be aware beforehand if the dog has any allergies, aggression triggers, and so forth.


text:
Professional remodelingSunday, June 22nd, 2008
My first designation earned through the NAHB is CGR (Certified Graduate Remodelor). Two disclaimers- this is not a masters program and Professional remodeling is not an oxymoron. I'm sure there have been books written about the remodeling horror stories, beside the TV shows that feed the stereotype of very unprofessional "contractors". With some of this as background "static", we have set out to be a professional remodeling firm. There are many facets of professional including continuing education but the net effect will be felt on the consumer level-we want each client to have the most positive experience possible. Here's to your ideas on what that looks like….


text:
Now that you know...
You never said a word with tangled hands dry,
And I see through rose-colored eyes. Tell me I'm the only chance constantly hanging from the sky.
Pursuing design both far and wide.
Now that you know there's time,
Rethink everything heard by the careless choir.
The way we see these things...
It's how we dream about reality.
... Problematic to believe, let alone perceive.
With doubt your mind reads through internally,
While observation flees. Nothing can turn the sun back around.
Pursuing design and out of time.
Now that you know there's time,
Rethink everything heard by the careless choir.
Sit and watch as I arise.
I lean on surmise, though their eyes are far from dry.
Will fingers uncross?
Will these knots untie?
Lyrics taken from /lyrics/v/versaemerge/in_pursuing_design.html


text: Director Brad Armstrong presents a celebration of Asian beauty and sexuality in Kaylani's Fornic-Asian! Together they bring you the hottest and most orgasmic scenes featuring the industries top Asian cast. If you love the exotic and sexy women of the Orient, then you'll love this movie! Japanese, Chinese, Thai or Philippino, whatever your favourite flavour is you'll find it here. So join the sexiest and most seductive women the Far East has to offer as they show off their ancient little secrets!


text:
just dropped off the 522" rotating asm to get cleaned up next heads are going for a full port job. we did 10.70's with 70cid less and 1.5 points of compression less and a crushed fuel line we are thinking with 70" more 12.6-1 comp a bigger cam EFI on a tunnel ram and a 100 pound diet we are thinking 9.70 to a 9.50 @ 138 to 145 mph should be reasonable @ 2700 with driver it will take about 600hp at the wheels to get it done
Me give up? NEVER!
In memory of our friend, gone but NEVER forgotten!
port matched and cleaned up and ready for paint or clear
I still think its cool he's got a Mopar Ina ford body. The racing bug can drive a guy crazy trying to hit a number but that's the fun part.hope he makes it


text:
IN THE NEWS: LEGO Club
Thanks to the Knoxville News Sentinel for bringing spotlight to our LEGO Club with this article!
LEGO Club allows kids with autism to build relationships while having fun
By: Meghan Davi, Special to the News Sentinel
Posted: 5:30 PM, Apr 22, 2014
Five-year-old Lydia Brown dives into a huge tub of LEGOs spread out on a table at West Park Baptist Church looking for the characters and pieces that she wants to use at her corner of the table. Then she is in the zone, and it is all play.
For her parents, Michael and Margaret Brown, the third Thursday of every month is a day they have circled on their calendars weeks in advance. That day marks the Autism Society of East Tennessee's monthly LEGO Club.
The club launched in Knoxville in October after seeing some prior success with the vintage toy among children with autism. "Autism Society had started one in another county, and it had gone really well so they wanted to start one in Knoxville," LEGO Club Coordinator Shari Cate says.
The club is set up for individuals up to 17 years of age who have autism to come, play, build and socialize. The group averages about 20 attendees every month and hopes to grow.
For families like the Browns, events like the LEGO Club are invaluable. "This is just such a great thing for Lydia. I know that she can come here without me having to worry that she is acting up or that anyone will think she is weird," Margaret says.
Teresa Vaughn, Autism Society board member who attends the monthly meetings, says that the wonderful thing about LEGOs is that, "There is freedom to create, but also instruction if you want it. It allows the kids to build something while also using their imagination."
But the social benefits for the children that attend are also an important factor. "We thought what can we bring in that would be consistent so that they can build relationships and promote social interactions. With LEGOs, they can make up stories and just talk with their friends."
Lydia has been a regular attendee at the club since her parents found out about it in November at a fundraising event for the Autism Society.
Lydia was officially diagnosed with Asperger's Syndrome, an autism spectrum disorder, in May, but Margaret says that they knew much earlier. "We caught some of her difficulties really early on. We knew something wasn't right. The repetition and speech problems were early signs for us."
Lydia didn't talk until she was 3 and up until then, her dad, Michael, says that the only way she could communicate was by screaming. "The language barrier was really hard for us."
But between school and speech therapy, Lydia "just blossomed," Michael says, joking that now they can't get her to stop talking.
It has been a long process for their family since receiving Lydia's diagnosis, but an eye-opening one.
"Once we started going to stuff and learning more about how her world works, I was just blown away," says Michael.
Lydia's biggest obstacle right now is social interaction. She often doesn't understand sarcasm and takes everything very literally.
"She looks forward to (LEGO Club) every month, and when we tell her that she is going to LEGO Club, she just jumps up and down with excitement. It is something that she can easily interact with other kids while she is playing."
The club sets up LEGOs in a handful of rooms, all right next to each other, for the different age groups. "Kids can go to the other rooms to interact with each other," Cate says. "We really want to promote sharing."
Lydia bounces around between all the different rooms, collecting LEGO pieces from the various bins as she takes the occasional break for a snack and to check in with Mom and Dad.
Her parents both say that they want to continue to put Lydia in social situations that will help her learn to overcome some of the social barriers that she experiences with Asperger's. "We want her to be prepared for situations so that she can figure out how to navigate them as she gets older — so she can lead the most normal life possible."
Michael and Margaret say that they are learning new things all the time and that amidst the difficulties there are things to celebrate as well.
"She is starting to be able to express and recognize emotions in other people. That has been huge for us. She can recognize when someone is sad or mad, she doesn't understand it but the fact that she knows and can see it has been a huge milestone for us."
Along with the LEGO Club, the Autism Society of East Tennessee hosts a social event every month for children with autism and their parents as well as workshops and conferences throughout the year for people to learn more about autism.
The LEGO Club is always looking for volunteers to come and help once a month. Vaughn says that they like to have a few people in each room to assist.
"We have a lot of fun," Cate says of the club and hopes that other families will come participate.
Michael says that while Lydia loves LEGOs, when he found out he was going to get to take her to the club every month he said, "Are you serious? I get to go play LEGOs, too? Sign me up!"
For more information about the LEGO Club and the Autism Society of East Tennessee, visit www.asaetc.org.
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text:
Live Photos: Pump up the Volume with Numskull and Mindfuck, SFBH, Wellington
Friday 11th November, 2011 11:49AM
San Francisco Bathhouse host a weekly new band showcase on Wednesday nights and this week The Dauntless played their last-ever show. Alistar Wickens went along to cover the event and while the light was too intermittent to snap the lead band he managed to capture Numbskull and Mindfuck. Check out the images below.
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text:
The Düsseldorf Institute for Competition Economics (DICE) at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf is inviting applications for two positions as
Researcher (doctoral or postdoc) in empirical microeconomics, especially international industrial organization or health economics
(EG 13 TV-L 75 % for PhD position; EG 13 TV-L 100 % for post-doc position)
The duration of the positions is initially limited to two years, starting on March 1, 2018 or earlier. The fixed-term nature of these contracts is based upon the Wissenschaftszeitvertragsgesetz (WissZeitVG) with the objective of promoting the scientific qualification of the academic employees.
Candidates must have completed a master's degree in economics or a related discipline with outstanding grades. A PhD in a relevant field is an advantage. We expect very good knowledge of theoretical and empirical economic methods and excellent command of the English language.
The successful candidates conduct research and teaching related to applied microeconomics. We expect the researchers to participate in one of the following projects:
1. Demand and competition in long-term care or
2. Mergers & acquisitions, foreign direct investment, and economic development
At Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, appointments may also be part-time, provided there are no overriding administrative reasons in individual cases for requiring full-time employment.
The exact salary will depend on the personal qualification of the applicant up to EG 13 TV-L, 75 % for PhD, 100 % for postdoc position.
Heinrich Heine University is an equal opportunity employer. Applications from women are expressly welcome. Women with comparable qualifications will receive particular consideration unless another applicant displays compelling reasons to prefer this person. Applications from suitably qualified severely disabled persons or disabled persons regarded as being of equal status according to Book IX of the German Social Legal Code (SGB – Sozialgesetzbuch) are encouraged.
Detailed information about DICE is available at http://www.dice.hhu.de. For questions regarding the positions, please contact Prof. Dr. Joel Stiebale, e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com or Jun.-Prof. Dr. Annika Herr, e-mail: email@example.com.
Detailed application materials should be submitted by December 15, 2017, citing reference number 135 T 17 – 3.1 as a single PDF file to:
or via post to:
Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
Düsseldorf Institute for Competition Economics (DICE)
Herrn Prof. Dr. Joel Stiebale
Universitätsstr. 1
40225 Düsseldorf
Please do not submit application materials in folders and be sure to send copies only, as documents will not be returned (they will be destroyed after the selection procedure has been completed).
Expired help
Faculty / phd candidate
Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf
Düsseldorf , Germany


text:
Shadowman. Volume 3, issue 10-12, Deadside blues / writers, Justin Jordan, Jim Zub, Ales Kot, Christopher Sebela, Duffy Boudreau and Neil Dvorak ; artists, Roberto De la Torre, Mico Suayan, Lewis LaRosa, Neil Edwards, Deigo Bernard, Andrea Cuneo, Carmen Nuñez, Miguel Sepúlveda, CAFU, Matthew Southworth, Alejandro Sicat, Neil Dvorak.
Record details
- ISBN: 9781681007885 (electronic bk.)
- ISBN: 1681007886 (electronic bk.)
- Physical Description: 1 online resource
- Publisher: [United States] : Valiant Entertainment : 2014.
Content descriptions
|Restrictions on Access Note:
Digital content provided by hoopla.
|Summary, etc.:
The secret origin of all Shadowmen, past and present... Long ago, in the antebellum South, Master Darque's evil spawned the one thing that could stop him: the Shadowman. Now, for the very first time, discover how the dark roots of the Darques' depravity has intertwined with Shadowman for more than a century and the betrayal that forged them both in this collection of acclaimed tales from some of comics brightest talents.
|System Details Note:
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
Search for related items by subject
|Shadowman (Fictitious character) > Comic books, strips, etc.
Supernatural > Comic books, strips, etc.
|Electronic books.
Graphic novels.
Comic books, strips, etc.


text:
"I choose to do these things not because they are easy but because they are hard..." (inspired by JFK)
Tuesday, March 06, 2007
Favourite mug...
This morning at the library we took part in a "Big Breakfast" event to raise money for Cancer Research/Macmillan Nurses. We served tea, coffee, orange juice and toast.I think our regulars were a bit bewildered but they soon joined in enthusiastically! We raised £34. I tried to take some photos BUT my compact cam was out of battery and my mobile phone broke yesterday - that was a real trauma; I felt like part of me was missing. However I can't fault Orange; they had a replacement phone out to me by this evening and I've just about got all my contacts on it - phew!
So instead I'm posting a quick shot of my favourite mug :)
Tomorrow is my "trial" for Riding for the Disabled...hope it goes ok!
6 comments:
- picperfic said...
love the mug...you always seem to be up to something interesting and fun!
- 10:32 pm
- Carmi said...
You may have been cameraless, but you still managed to paint a vivid picture of a very special occasion. You wield a very sharp pen, my friend.
Glad the phone hiccup was just that. Your mug pic makes me thirsty for some tea. So off I go...
- 12:51 am
- Pat said...
I was thinking the same thing, Carmi! As soon as I saw this unique mug, I thought, "COFFEE!!!" and off I go to refill my mug!
Thanks CG! What a great amount of money you raised in such a short time and for such a great cause!
- 12:56 am
- Kaycee said...
You always have such interesting programs at your Library! Congratulations on raising money for a very worthy cause!
Fantastic photo of your favorite mug!
- 3:28 am
- RUTH said...
Well done with the money raising. Love the mug shot....hope the Riding for the Disabled goes well.
- 7:18 am
- Anna said...
I am not a tea or coffee drinker but I really want a diet coke right now.
On a side note....isnt it funny how when we are without our technical gadgets we can feel like an arm or leg is missing. We may even have some sort of withdraw! :)
- 10:10 am


text:
It's the beginning of the end. In other words, it's the first day of my last week in Seattle. I'm actually feeling really optimistic about this coming week. I tend to feel overwhelmed when a project of this size comes to a close, but I'm surprisingly calm. It may have something to do with the fact that my project won't be over after I leave, but I think a large part of it comes from how supportive everyone has been. It's been a relief to work with people who know how difficult and intimidating research can be, especially as an undergrad.
Although I'm happy with my research here at UW, there are a lot of other things going on in my head. I want to finish this summer strong because I am pretty worried about the semester to come. I will be a senior, which means I will have to make some major life decisions. After my internship last summer I was unsure about whether I wanted to attend grad school and after this summer, I'm still unsure. I have been going to school my whole life, and it has always been my priority. I can't count how many times my grandma has asked me how I can still be going to school. Pursuing a PhD is a major commitment. Everyone I talk to agrees, it has to be something you know you want because there will be times when your commitment is tested. Five to seven years of research isn't something you do just because you don't know what else to do. I respect and admire people who have PhDs, but I still don't know if I can be one of them.
Another cause of my stress is the upcoming AGU conference. It is the good kind of stress that is both exciting and scary. I can usually feel when something is going to be a big event in my life and AGU is one of them. At the very least, it will help me decide what I want to do after I graduate. It will also be great to reunite with all the people I've met this summer.
Last week was a big relief after having the AGU abstract weigh on my shoulders all summer. Although I would have liked more time with the data before the abstract was due, I'm happy with what I submitted. I have also been assured by AGU veterans that because the abstracts are due so much earlier than the conference itself, people will not be surprised if the presentations have a slightly different subject. I will be finished with the bulk of my project this summer, but I will get to keep working after I head home. Right now the duration of data ranges from 2-3 weeks , depending on which site it's from. There will be another service run in October that will give me enough data to determine the orientation of the majority of the sensors. My advisor and I have also been discussing other possible analyses I could do with the data over the next semester.
Being a part of iMUSH and getting to be one of the first people to look at this data has been really exciting. I received a password that allows me to access the data through the IRIS-DMC (Data Management Center) and I will admit that it makes me feel pretty fancy. Although I have access to the data through the DMC, it is more convenient to download the data from the local server. After I get the data, I get to play around with it in my code. The most fulfilling part of this has been confirming some of the expectations we had about the data. There were a few things that my advisor noticed when he was working with the data that I was also able to confirm with my code. Without more data my code isn't very statistically significant, but it has been able to confirm the expected orientations in general.
In slightly unrelated news, I have decided to declare geophysics as a second major. I have no idea why I never thought to research it before, but I'm happy I finally did. I have my slightly stubborn personality and the increasing popularity of geophysics to thank. I wanted to sign up for this really interesting class, but was unable to add it because I'm not a senior geophysics major. After a brief time of feeling defeated, I decided to do a little research. I found that I've already taken a vast majority of the required classes and two of my upper division physics courses will transfer. The next two semesters may be a little busy, but I think the pros will outweigh the cons.
It has been a great summer and although I still have some time left, I can feel things wrapping up. My advisor has also noticed my time is coming to a close. In honor of this, he has decided that I should present my project to the grad students in the building. I'm not as bad at public speaking as I once was, but it still makes me nervous. My biggest issue is the fact that there is no feedback in the middle of a presentation. I tutored for several years so I'm comfortable explaining things, I'm just not comfortable when I'm the only one allowed to talk. I prefer knowing when someone has no idea what I'm saying so I can adapt what I'm saying, and presentations make that really hard. Yet I know how important it is to be able to present your research well, so I'm going to get over my nerves and take it as a learning experience.
When looking over my previous posts, I realized how little I actually talked about my fieldwork. I've decided to give it a little more attention.
In general the crew would wake up, eat breakfast, and head to the hangar where all of the equipment was stored. Each crew (2-3 people) would pack up their SUV with enough equipment for one and a half stations. After we loaded up and got to the site, the real work began. The first thing that needed to be done was to plan where the equipment would go. We had to find a place for the sensor, the action packer, and the solar panel mount. We had to make sure all the wires would reach, the solar panel would get enough sun, the sensor would have good drainage, and other similar details. Once the plan was decided, it was time to dig and lug. 1-2 people would dig the hole for the seismometer while the other person would begin hauling stuff from the car. Once the hole was ready, a quick drying cement pier was poured for the seismometer to rest on. While waiting for the concrete to dry, we would set up the solar panel and the action packer. The action packer contains all of the electrical equipment that powers and communicates with the sensor. Finally, the sensor gets placed and buried, the action packer gets covered with heavy logs, and pictures are taken. Sprinkled between these steps are unwanted nuisances such as bruises, bug bites, flat tires, missing equipment, lost keys, etc.
We installed the majority of the seismometers those first three weeks, but we couldn't install the last seven until mid-July because of permitting issues. I was on one of the teams that finished up the installs during the service run. A service run consists of driving to the site, switching memory disks, and checking to make sure everything is working. For the service run I was working out of Trout Lake with an employee from CVO, Cascades Volcano Observatory. There is no cell service so email was the only way to communicate with other service teams. We would check in with the other groups at night to make sure everyone made it back alright. One night I decided to check in with the following short story.
"7/15: The story of two young travelers passing through Trout Lake
It was mid July and the heat was unforgiving. It was even harder to bear when that overloaded SUV decided to fight back. The odds were against them when she blew a tire on that old dusty road. This wasn't the first hardship they encountered, but it came at the worst time. They couldn't chance being stranded since their comrades were hours away. The only option was to see if that old four wheeler could be put back together. The help they needed was back in town at an old service station, so the two travelers turned tail and ran. Once that old hunk of junk was fixed up, they decided to give it one more go. Although their hopes were high, their original plan was abandoned. They decided to head to the longest and most arduous site, to deploy one of the few remaining seismometers. The two weren't out of the woods yet. They went on a few unexpected detours and were devoured by godless horse flies. After their long day was done, they headed back to that little town shadowed by the mountain. They grabbed a fulfilling meal and drank a nice strong brew... They were victorious."
Did I realize how ridiculous it was as I was writing? Yes, but I enjoyed every minute of it.
Whether you love or hate research, most people agree that it is challenging. It is part of what brings researchers together. Knowing that other people are struggling and working as hard as you, helps build a strong community. This summer has been full of challenges. My first day seemed like an insurmountable challenge. So did the prospect of digging holes and carrying hundreds of pounds of equipment 15 days straight. Realizing weekends didn't exist in fieldwork was a bit of a shock, but I was so busy that I barely noticed. I was not one of the strongest people during fieldwork, but I worked just as hard. I think my biggest success was the respect I earned from the PIs. They trusted my work, respected my opinion, and came to me for my TETRIS skills when loading the SUVs. Fieldwork was an amazing experience because I got to know brilliant, well respected PIs in a setting that allowed us to be ourselves. That is one of the reasons why I love geophysics, people will accept you for who you are as long as you do the same for them. There were challenges during fieldwork, but I never felt like I failed because everyone was in it together.
Outside of fieldwork, I've found that time management has been the hardest part. There is this immense subject that thousands of people have been working on for years, and I have a summer to learn about it. In my case, I have even less time to work on the research because I spent four weeks in the field. There is no part of me that regrets those four weeks, but it makes my short time in Seattle seem like I'm climbing up a mountain that doesn't have a summit. I began my internship two weeks after the other IRIS interns and then I spent my first three weeks in the field. After one short week in Seattle, I was back in the field for another week collecting the data I will be analyzing. It felt like no time at all, but five weeks, half of my internship, flew by right before my eyes. It has been a struggle to keep my head down and work without having deadlines loom in my mind. I have always found that stress prevents you from thinking clearly, but it is in my nature to stress about deadlines that I don't feel prepared for. Although I spoke with my PI everyday during fieldwork, there was not a lot of time to discuss the research I was going to do. It was unreasonable to expect there to be productive research talks after 10-12 hour days in the field. Although the reasons I feel unprepared are justified, I can't write them down on my AGU abstract. Whether I feel like I'm ready to or not, I'm going to have to write about my research this summer. It is absolutely terrifying.
Another challenge that I am hoping to overcome this week, is wrapping my head around one of the aspects of my research. I will determine the orientation of the seismometers in Matlab, using a structure that was created by my PI Ken Creager. In programming, a structure is an array that organizes data into fields. The structure I am working with, a coral structure, contains information about the seismogram from a specific seismic station. I am still learning about the fields a coral structure contains, and about all of the possible ways to manipulate it. As I have come to expect with programming, the majority of my time has been spent testing and retesting little pieces of code. I am hoping to bring all of the pieces together in the coming week.
Whether you come out of a challenge feeling like a failure or a success depends on how you perceive challenges. This summer, I have chosen to see them as opportunities. So when I start to get overwhelmed, I just think "Challenge shmallenge."
It seems that almost everyone has heard of Mt. St. Helens. When I mention my project to people I get a mixture of responses. From my mother: "Is that the one that had that big explosion? You better be careful Gina." From locals around the volcano: "You're watching that one? You should be checking out Rainier, that's the one getting ready to blow." When I talk to geophysicists: "So you're working on iMUSH, then? What part of the project?" iMUSH stands for Imaging Magma Under St. Helens and it has three components. There is an active source component that involves drilling boreholes and setting off explosions within the crust. Another component is a magnetotelluric survey. The last part of the project is the one that I am involved in. It is the passive part of the experiment in which 70 broadband seismometers will be deployed on and around Mt. St. Helens and will stay in place for two years. This part of the experiment will allow imaging at a much greater depth than the short period sensors. A very large component of my summer will be spent doing fieldwork. My first two and a half weeks were spent installing the seismometers. I will also go on service runs to make sure that everything is running smoothly at the sites and to retrieve the flash disks storing the data. We completed the first service run this week in order to prepare for the active source experiment. I will also be utilizing the data we just obtained in order to check the orientation of the sensors. The sensors should be oriented towards true north, but there is error involved in placing them. It is important to check this orientation and then correct for it when analyzing the data.
It's the 5th day of the IRIS intern orientation. It somehow feels much longer and much shorter than that at the same time.


text:
"Faye's Daily Words Of Encouragement # 247 Today's Word Is: Doing"
"Faye's Daily Words Of Encouragement # 247 Today's Word Is: Doing"
"Faye's Daily Words Of encouragement # 247 Today's Word Is: Doing"
Definition of the word Doing:Means a positive action in events or making something happen by actions of doing.
Exodus chapter 15 - 11 : Who is like unto thee,O Lord, among the gods, who is like thee, glorious in holiness, fearful in praise, doing wonders.
Psalms chapter 66 -5 : Come and see the works of God: he is terrible in his doing toward the children of men.
Psalms 118 - 23 : This is the Lord doing; it is marvellous in our eyes.
Micah chapter 2 - 7 : O thou that art named the house of Jacob,is the spirit of the Lord straitened, are these his doings, do not my words do good to him that walketh uprightly.
Matthews chapter 24 - 46 : Bless is that servant, whom his Lord when he cometh shall find so doing.
Acts chapter 10 0 38 : How God anointed Jesus of Nazareth, with the holy ghost and with power: who went about doing good, and healing all that were oppressed of the devil; for God was with him.
Romans chapter 2 -7 : To them who by patient continuance in well doing, seek for glory and honour and immortality, eternal life.
Galatians chapter 6 - 9 : And let us not be weary in well doing: for in due season, we shall reapif we faint not.
Ephesians chapter 6 - 6 : Not with eye service, as menpleasers, but as the servants of Christ, doing the will of God from the heart.
2 Thessalonians chapter 3 -13 : But ye brethren, be not weary in well doing.
1 Peter chapter 3 - 17 : For so is the will of God, that with well doing ye may put to silence the ignorance of foolish men.
1 Peter chapter 4- 19 ; wherefore let them that suffer accounting to the will of God commit the keeping of the their souls to him in well doing as unto a faithful creator.
Today's word of encouragement word is doing. Which means making something happens or the actions of doing. The bible tells us never become weary in well doing, because in due season. we shall also be doing the will of God from the heart.
Let our life show that we're doing the work of God, and let every day find us doing wonders for the word of God. Let us always be busy doing Gods business and spreading the word of God.Let Gods children keep walking in his way and doing his godly business, without faltering along the way.
Benny Faye Douglass
Excellent word. Too many "Christians" don't practice what is preached. Many do not realize that the word of God is to be performed in our daily lives. We strut into church on Sunday and continue our walk with the enemy Monday - Saturday. Peace to you my friend
Thank,s again Benny Faye,
Your work is appreciated every day.
God Bless
Good word! Action is what the world needs to see from God's children. I'm ready! Keep em coming.
Wouldn't it be wonderful if we did know that we had to 'do' and not just talk the talk. Like doing for our mothers (I enjoyed reading that hub and how your family rallied around your mother - I hope she is well now). No, we live in a society of talk and not work.
By the way - congratulations on having 503 hubs - that's amazing!
Always good to catch up with you! I love your new bio.
That is exactly what I am always saying - do the teaching and I am don't mean it for you but people just chant and chant and but don't live according to the teaching. The teaching is there for living by it and not keep chanting.


text:
Vol. 40 No. 4, July/August 2003
Development of a functional assessment measure for manual wheelchair usersRhonda K. Stanley, PhD, PT; Deborah J. Stafford, MPT, PT; Elizabeth Rasch, MS, PT;
Mary M. Rodgers, PhD, PTPhysical Therapy Program, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX; Department of Physical Therapy, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MDAbstract — This investigation developed the Wheelchair Users Functional Assessment (WUFA©). Because no functional outcome tools exist that include many of the daily activities that are needed to be independent by individuals using manual wheelchairs, development of an appropriate tool was deemed important. Although the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) can be used to assess disability in those using a wheelchair, it only measures some aspects of basic activities of daily living (ADLs) and does not measure community independence. Therefore, both basic activities and community activities were included in the new tool. A panel of six rehabilitation experts, with input from manual wheelchair users, determined content of the instrument. The resulting WUFA scale includes 13 items. Interrater reliability and stability were established with the calculation of an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). ICC for interrater reliability was 0.96 and ICC for stability was 0.78. Further analysis was performed on the internal consistency of the 13-item tool using a sample of 101 tested subjects. This analysis was done using a Cronbach's Alpha. Results indicated excellent internal consistency of the 13 items. The standardized coefficient alpha was 0.96. The WUFA was shown to have content validity, promising interrater reliability and stability, and good internal consistency. Further research is warranted to determine the tool's sensitivity and capability to discriminate between levels of functional independence.Key words: assessment, function, independence, wheelchair users.
Abbreviations:ADL = activity of daily living, CUE = Capabilities of Upper Extremity, CVA = cerebral vascular accident, ICC = intraclass correlation coefficient, FIM = Functional Independence Measure, MBI = modified Barthel Index, MWCU = manual wheelchair users, QIF = Quadriplegia Index of Function, SCI = spinal cord injury, SCIM = Spinal Cord Independence Measure, WC-PFP = Wheelchair Physical Functional Performance, WST = Wheelchair Skills Test, WUFA© = Wheelchair Users Functional Assessment.
This material was based on work supported by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Rehabilitation Research and Development Service merit review project B2168RA (principal investigator: Dr. Mary M. Rodgers). Presented in part at the Combined Sections Meeting of American Physical Therapy Association, Seattle, Washington, 1999.
Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to Rhonda K. Stanley, PhD, PT; University of Texas at El Paso, College of Health Sciences, Physical Therapy Program, 1101 N. Campbell, El Paso, TX 79902-0581; 915-747-8207; fax: 915-747-8211; email: email@example.com.
For individuals who use manual wheelchairs as their primary mode of ambulation, rehabilitation requires acquisition of specific skills if the wheelchair user is to function independently at home and in the community. Measurement of home and community functional ability is essential in evaluating the outcomes of rehabilitation. Two tools are known that were developed to specifically assess functional ability of the diverse group of individuals using a manual wheelchair. Cress et al. developed one tool called the Wheelchair Physical Functional Performance (WC-PFP) test [1]. The WC-PFP has 11 tasks that assess mobility for those using a manual wheelchair. Although reliability for total and domain scores range from intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) 0.87 to 0.96, the use of the test is limited. The test does not measure many fundamental tasks required by manual wheelchair users (MWCU), such as the ability to maneuver up and down curbs and ramps, to completely dress oneself, to bath and toilet, and to maneuver in tight spaces and over uneven terrain.
The second tool identified is the Wheelchair Skills Test (WST) developed by Kirby and colleagues [2]. This tool determines performance on a set of manual wheelchair skills required for daily living. It includes 33 skills ranging from putting the brakes on and off to performing a wheelie. The limitation of this test is that it mainly requires manipulation of the wheelchair and its parts and does not necessarily require activities of daily living (ADLs). Although it assesses basic wheelchair skills, it does not include many skills needed to function at home and/or in the community.
Besides the WC-PFP and the WST, other tools have been developed to assess those individuals having spinal cord injury (SCI). These instruments include the Quadriplegia Index of Function (QIF), the short-form QIF, the Capabilities of Upper Extremity (CUE), and the Spinal Cord Independence Measure (SCIM) [3-5]. Although specific to assessing problems in performance of functional activities encountered by those having SCI, these tools are not comprehensive and do not include wheelchair skills that are required for community independence. In addition, scores are negatively affected if a wheelchair is used.
Two other tools that are often used to assess functional abilities of people who use wheelchairs are the modified Barthel Index (MBI) and the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) [6,7]. These tools were developed to assess the degree of independence in diverse patient populations. Again, the MBI and FIM only assess basic ADL and mobility, and a lower score is given if the individual uses a wheelchair. The disadvantages to the available tools are that many were not designed to test specific skills necessary for functional independence for MWCU and/or to measure skills needed to be independent in the community.
Of the tools just mentioned, the FIM has been widely adopted by the rehabilitation industry as a tool to be used with diverse patient populations. Even so, skills needed for independence in the community are not adequately reflected by the FIM wheelchair locomotion item [8], and based on this gap in measurement specificity, recommendations for expansion of the existing FIM wheelchair item to include more advanced wheelchair mobility skills have been proposed. The aim of this research was to develop a performance-based functional measurement tool that is easy to administer and score, which can be applied to the wide range of individuals who use manual wheelchairs. Most importantly, the tool needed to-1. Incorporate home and community wheelchair skills.2. Be able to detect change in functional status.3. Be able to differentiate between wheelchair users with varying levels of independence.
In addition, when we developed the Wheelchair Users Functional Assessment (WUFA©), our goal also was to develop a tool that correlated highly with the constructs of independence as judged by expert raters. The expert raters subjectively evaluated the overall independence of MWCU with various levels of physical impairment using a numerical category scale that assigned global independence ratings of 5 (very independent), 4 (independent with some limitations), 3 (moderately dependent), 2 (dependent with only minimal mobility), or 1 (total dependence) to each subject. In this preliminary work, the total WUFA score correlated highly using the Spearman rho (rs = 0.95; p < 0.05) with the opinion of the expert raters [9]. The strength of this correlation suggested that, when used collectively, the constructs incorporated in the WUFA provided valid and discrete, quantitative information deemed to be important in determining a manual wheelchair user's level of independence. In this article, we report on the initial development of the WUFA, as well its content validity, reliability, and internal consistency of the items. The Institutional Review Board for research involving human subjects approved this study.METHODSContent Validity
Content validity is the "degree to which the items in an instrument adequately reflect the content domain being measured" [10]. Because content validity is subjective, a panel of experts is often used in its determination. This subjective process is carried out until all of the experts reach a consensus regarding the content of the instrument.
For the initial development of the WUFA, a panel of six physical therapists was used. Before the panel was selected, the decision was made to consider an individual an expert if he or she was a clinician, researcher, or educator experienced in working specifically with those requiring the long-term use of a wheelchair and/or experienced in working with functional assessment or tool development. All participants were considered experts in rehabilitating MWCU and in identifying the levels of independence for individuals who use wheelchairs. The panel included three physical therapy faculty members and three clinicians. Of the three faculty members, one had 10 years of research experience with wheelchair users including SCI, one had 9 years of clinical experience and 5 years of research experience in geriatrics and functional assessment, and the other was certified by the American Physical Therapy Association as a Neurologic Certified Specialist. The three clinicians were certified FIM examiners, with experience in rehabilitation of MWCU. Initially, the panel members were informed of the purpose of the research and instructed to develop a list of items that were thought to be important for independent living in the home and community for those using a manual wheelchair. The group then came together, and from the six lists, the panel collectively agreed on 18 items that were important. During this process, all items were placed on a flip chart and openly discussed, and then the group through consensus decided which items were of the greatest importance.
Following the panel decision process and the development of the 18-item list, 30 MWCU completed surveys regarding opinions of skills necessary for wheelchair users to be independent in the home and community. The survey consisted of the 18 activities and the MWCU were asked to indicate "yes" or "no" if they were able to perform the tasks independently. They were then asked which items were important tasks to learn to be independent. The individuals were also asked to add any further items that were not included in the survey. The panel reviewed these surveys and selected items that were identified as important to include in the WUFA. Based on the comments of the MWCU, 4 of the original 18 items were eliminated and 2 items were modified. Items that were eliminated included performing wheelies, managing bowel and bladder, driving, and using escalators. Wheelies were eliminated because this skill was felt to be necessary to complete the curb and ramp tasks that were included on the final version. Managing bowel and bladder was dropped because the physical portion of the task is included in a toileting task. Driving and using escalators were dropped because the panel decided that people could be independent without the use of these skills. The tasks that were modified were cooking and house cleaning. Instead of formally having someone cook, a carrying and lifting task was modified to include reaching. To simulate cleaning, a sweeping task was used. The resulting WUFA scale included 15 items. Once these 15 items were determined, the expert panel again reviewed the test and through consensus decided to drop two additional items to make the WUFA a 13-item test. These two items were the stairs and the car transfer. The tasks included-· Tight space.· Uneven terrain.· Door management.· Street crossing.· Ramp.· Curb.· Bed transfer.· Toilet transfer.· Floor transfer.· Bathing.· Upper and lower dressing.· Reaching function.· Picking up objects/sweeping.
Here too, the expert panel decided that people could be independent without being able to perform these tasks. Although some of the items on the WUFA are similar to items on the FIM, no item on the WUFA is identical to any item on the FIM.
In developing the scoring system for the WUFA, we used level of independence as our measure of interest. Assessment of independence can be based on dependence or the amount of assistance that is required to perform the task, the amount of time it takes to do the task, or perhaps whether the individual uses assistive devices while performing the task [11]. The WUFA incorporates all of these assessments when evaluating level of independence. Items are scored similarly to the FIM, ranging from 1 (total dependence) to 7 (completely independent). On the WUFA, a score of 6 or 7 includes a specific time requirement for task completion, which differs from the FIM. This time requirement for each item was determined through the videotaping of one highly trained and functioning MWCU. This individual was male, 27 years old, had been in a wheelchair for 96 months, and had a complete T-9 SCI. He was considered to be quite independent by the expert panel. Each item was timed while the individual performed the task. The resulting time was then determined to be the cutoff for receiving a score of 6 or 7. To receive a score of 7, the person must score under the cutoff time and if over the person would receive a 6. In addition, the amount of assistance required and whether assistive devices are used are considered when the score for each item is determined. Then all items are summed to obtain a total score. The highest and lowest score possible are 91 and 13, respectively.
Following the development of items and the scoring system, the panel then evaluated this same individual performing the tasks on videotape. Modifications were made to the WUFA at this time. The first modification was not to have the individual obtain clothes from the closet before dressing but instead to have the clothes out and on the plinth or bed where the dressing task is performed. Second, some of the directions were reworded to provide more clarity. Third, what qualified as an assistive device for the bathroom toilet transfer and bathing tasks was redefined. Last, the maximum time requirement to complete the task for a score of independent for the dressing task was reestablished based on the decision that the individual would not be getting clothes from the closet.Reliability
To evaluate interrater reliability and stability of the tool, six raters assessed five subjects on videotape performing the WUFA tasks. One month later, the six raters reassessed the same five videotaped subjects. Subject descriptions are provided in the Table.
Table.Subject profile. Subject Age Gender Diagnosis Time in wheelchair 1 27 M T9 complete SCI 9 years 2 45 F Cerebral palsy 35 years 3 21 M T9 complete SCI 1 month 4 43 M Transverse myelitis 1 year 5 35 M T11 complete SCI 10 monthsInternal Consistency
Following finalization of the content of the WUFA and determination of reliability, the tool was administered one time to 101 subjects. Two researchers collected these data, and the initial developer of the tool trained them to administer the WUFA. These data were used to determine internal consistency of the 13-item test. Subjects were males and females between the ages of 18 and 67 who used a manual wheelchair for at least 80 percent of their home and community mobility. They were recruited from local support groups, the Baltimore Veterans Affairs Center, and other surrounding rehabilitation hospitals in the Baltimore, Maryland, area. Subjects included those living in the community and those living in residential facilities. Of the 101 subjects, 18 were female with a mean age of 45.7 ± 13.2 years and 83 were male with a mean age of 42.4 ± 12.0 years. The women had used a manual wheelchair for an average of 172.8 ± 169.9 months and the men 126.8 ± 119.0 months. Of the women, 16.7 percent each had a SCI, spina bifida, or cerebral palsy; 22 percent had a cerebral vascular accident (CVA); and 27.8 percent had other processes contributing to being in a wheelchair. Of the men, 66.2 percent had an SCI; 4.8 percent had a CVA; 3.6 percent each had multitrauma, multiple sclerosis, or an amputation; and 18.1 percent had other processes contributing to being in a wheelchair. The median score on the WUFA for the women was 77 (range 28 to 91) and 85 (33 to 91) for the men.Data Analysis
Interrater reliability and stability were established using ICC. A Cronbach's Alpha was used to determine the internal consistency of the 13-item test.RESULTS
Interrater reliability and stability were ICC = 0.96 and 0.78, respectively. The Cronbach's Alpha resulted in good internal consistency between the 13 items on the WUFA. The standardized coefficient alpha was 0.96.DISCUSSION
Our primary goal was to develop an assessment tool to determine functional independence in MWCU. The final outcome of this study is a 13-item performance-based test that a trained healthcare provider can administer. Although only physical therapists were involved in administering this test, other health professionals would be able to administer the WUFA if trained. Depending on the setup within the clinic and the involvement of the subject being tested, administering the WUFA takes approximately 1.0 to 1.5 hours. This time length could be a drawback because of the limited time available to spend with patients in today's healthcare environment. Even so, the test for internal consistency indicated that all the items are strongly associated, measuring 1 dimension. Therefore, each item is valuable in contributing to the Cronbach's Alpha. Because of these results, we decided to keep all 13 items in the test.
Equipment needed to administer this test can be found in most rehabilitation facilities. Equipment required includes a thick carpet, a doorway, an area for straight propulsion and curb cut, portable ramps and curbs, a bed or low-plinth, a toilet with grab bars, a mat for floor, a tub with bath bench, specific clothing items, an adjustable shelf, a water jug and cup, a broom with dust pan, kitty litter, a waste basket, two quarters, and an 8 lb sandbag.
Although extensive research in functional outcome measures has been performed, only two other tools are specific to MWCU. As stated in the introduction, the WC-PFP by Cress et al. appears to be valid and reliable but is limited because it does not include fundamental tasks deemed necessary by the panel of experts used to develop the WUFA, as well as the 30 MWCU surveyed [1]. The WST by Kirby et al. is also limited in items necessary to function at home and in the community [2]. The tool most frequently used to evaluate wheelchair users is the FIM. The FIM was developed as a disability indicator of "burden of care" [6]. It is a measure of disability regardless of nature or extent of pathology or impairment. The developers intended that the FIM be a general assessment tool that is applicable for patients with a variety of disabilities. Results of the FIM are beneficial for comparing outcomes of rehabilitation intervention across different facilities that serve a wide variety of patients. The level of assistance that is required by the person is used to determine functional status and is graded from total independence to total assistance [10]. Because there is no gold standard specific to MWCU, the FIM was used as the criterion standard in the development of the WUFA. One of the strengths for using the FIM as the criterion is that it has undergone numerous psychometric evaluations. The FIM has demonstrated excellent interrater reliability (FIM motor ICC = 0.91 and ICC = 0.96, respectively) as well as high internal consistency (overall admission = 0.93, discharge = 0.95) [12-14]. Granger and associates using the Delphi method determined face and content validity [15], and Dodds et al. determined construct validity [14]. The WUFA demonstrated comparable interrater reliability and internal consistency.
Although the FIM has been adopted by numerous professional organizations in the rehabilitation industry as a measure of disability, including endorsement by the Model System Spinal Cord Injury Center [13], it limits the score that a MWCU can attain. For example, a wheelchair-dependent individual cannot score a "7" in most areas of the FIM because he or she uses a wheelchair or other assistive device for independence. Although a wheelchair user possibly could score a "6" or "modified independence" on all areas of the motor FIM and still be completely independent with all self-care and home activities, as well as grocery shopping, driving, community propulsion, and carrying loads. Also, many of the tasks essential for independence as a MWCU are not reflected on the FIM. Consequently, the WUFA was developed because of the need for an outcome tool that accurately measures functional independence in MWCU, reflecting both home and community skills.
Like the FIM, the WUFA is a performance-based tool versus a capacity-based tool. This means the individuals actually perform the task versus just saying they could do it even if they usually do not. An advantage to this approach is that the observer can more accurately determine what the individual can actually do. As pointed out by Guralnik and associates, performance-based instruments have several other advantages [16]. These include face validity for the task being performed, better reproducibility, and greater sensitivity to change. Disadvantages include more time to administer the test, need for adequate space and special equipment, and training needed for examiners. Another disadvantage is that a standardized performance-based tool such as the WUFA does not consider that under normal circumstances, the individual may not perform that task or perform it in the standardized fashion. The individual either performs the task or does not and is scored accordingly. Although the individual may live independently in his or her environment, the WUFA may score him or her as being dependent in a particular task.
The WUFA was designed to be used with individuals who use a manual wheelchair for at least 80 percent of their home and community mobility. The reason for being in the wheelchair was not considered during the development of the tool. Therefore, the WUFA has been developed with respect to its heterogeneity and can be used with a variety of injury and disease processes that result in the individual having to use a wheelchair, i.e., SCI, stroke, multiple sclerosis. Advantages to this include content validity and sensitivity to change [17,18]. In addition, because the items were developed for wheelchair users, the use of a tool such as the WUFA may allow the rehabilitation specialist to differentiate specific areas of limitation that may be improved, thus guiding intervention strategies and discharge planning.
Limitations to this study include-1. Only physical therapists were used to develop and test the WUFA.2. We did not compare the WUFA to the FIM.3. Some of the developers of the WUFA were also raters for determining reliability and internal consistency.4. Only five subjects were used to determine reliability and stability5. Only one subject was used to determine criteria for scoring.6. A possible ceiling effect may exist.
In addressing the first issue, although only physical therapists were used to develop and test the WUFA, other professionals could administer the test. With proper training and equipment, they could use the tool easily. Second, we did not compare the WUFA to the FIM because not all the personnel administering the test were FIM-certified. Making this comparison would be important in strengthening construct validity. Third, using some of the developers as raters for reliability and internal consistency may have confounded the results. The developers of the tool may have had a better understanding in its administration therefore inflating the reliability and internal consistency. Future studies should have a larger sample size and use raters from different disciplines. In relation to using only one subject to determine scoring criteria, further studies will be conducted with additional subjects to refine the scoring system.
As the pressure to demonstrate efficacy of rehabilitation increases, the demand for appropriate outcome measures grows. A good understanding of the validity and reliability of such tools is necessary. The results of this study indicate that the interrater reliability and stability of the WUFA are promising and that internal consistency is good. Even so, further analysis for reliability and stability is warranted using a larger sample size to allow for greater generalizability to all MWCU.
Although initial content validity has been established, further study is warranted for tool validation such as comparing the WUFA to other measures of functional independence such as the FIM and MBI. Also important is determining the capability of the WUFA to detect change in function and to discriminate between levels of functional independence.
Further attempts to decrease the number of items on the test can be done by use of factor analysis. Because the subjects used to determine internal consistency were a relatively high-functioning group, further testing of subjects who are lower functioning should be added to the sample.ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to thank Dr. Kristen H. Kjerulff, Associate Professor, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, for her suggestions with data analysis and interpretation of results.REFERENCES1. Cress ME, Kinne S, Patrick DL, Maher E. Physical functional performance in persons using a manual wheelchair. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2002;32:104-13.2. Kirby RL, Swuste J, Dupuis DJ, MacLeod DA, Monroe R. The Wheelchair Skills Test: A pilot study of a new outcome measure. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2002;83:10-18.3. Marino RJ, Goin JE. Development of a short-form quadriplegia index of function scale. Spinal Cord 1999;37:289-96.4. Marino RJ, Shea JA, Stineman MG. The capabilities of upper extremity instrument: reliability and validity of a measure of functional limitation in tetraplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1998;79:1512-21.5. Catz A, Itzkovich M, Agranov E, Ring H, Tamir A. SCIM-spinal cord independence measure: a new disability scale for patients with spinal cord lesions. Spinal Cord 1997;35:850-56.6. Wilkin D, Hallam L, Doggett MA. Measures of need and outcome for primary health care. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1992. p. 48-56.7. Data Management Services of the Uniform Data System for Medical Rehabilitation and the Center for Functional Assessment Research. Guide for use of the uniform data set for medical rehabilitation including the functional independence measures (FIM). Version 3. State University of New York at Buffalo; 1990.8. Middleton JB, Truman G, Geraghty TJ. Neurological level effect on the discharge functional status of spinal cord injured persons after rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1998;79:1428-32.9. Feliciano DJ, Rodgers MM, Stanley R, Gardner ER. Functional outcome tool for manual wheelchair users. APTA Section on Research Newsletter 1998;30(3):10.10. Portney LG, Watkins MP. Foundations of clinical research: applications to practice. Norwalk (CT): Appleton and Lange; 1993. p. 680.11. Guccione AA. Functional assessment of the elderly. In: Guccione AA, editor. Geriatric physical therapy. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book, Inc.; 1993. p. 113-23.12. Ottenbacher KJ, Mann WC, Granger CV, Tomita M, Hurren D, Charvat B. Interrater agreement and stability of functional assessment in the community-based elderly. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1994;75:1297-1301.13. Hamilton BB, Laughlin JA, Fiedler RC, Granger CV. Inter-rater agreement of the seven level functional independence measure. Scand J Rehabil Med 1994;26:115-19.14. Dodds TA, Martin DP, Stolov WC, Deyo RA. A validation of the functional independence measurement and its performance among rehabilitation inpatients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1993;74;531-36.15. Granger CV, Hamilton BB, Keith RA, Zielezny M, Sherwin FS. Advances in functional assessment for rehabilitation. Top Geriatr Rehabil 1986;1:59-74.16. Guralnik JM, Branch LG, Cummings SR, Curb JD. Physical performance measures in aging research. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1989;44(5):M141-46.17. Patrick DL, Deyo RA. Generic and disease-specific measures in assessing health status and quality of life. Med Care 1989;27(3):S217-32.18. Binkley JM, Stratford PW, Lott SA, Riddle DL. The lower extremity functional scale (LEFS): scale development, measurement properties, and clinical application. Phys Ther 1999;79(4):371-83.Submitted for publication March 26, 2002. Accepted in revised form March 6, 2003.
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Solaina DENIS. Home Design. January 21st , 2017.
Nowadays, we will easily find a two storey home design in the world. One of them that is designed in precious style and located in Goiania, the capital and largest city of the Brazilian state of Goias is a house that is popular with the Aldeia 051 House. This house was completed by Brazilian studio Dayala and Rafael Arquitetura as a contemporary home design.
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Monica joined the CWL team in August 2016. As part of the Hallmark Ageing Research Initiative, Monica primarily worked on research that looks social attitudes towards older workers in the Australian context.
Monica completed her Honours year in Psychology at Swinburne University – her thesis topic looked at the statistical issues surrounding personality trait measurement, as applied to the area of occupational stress in the Australian context.
Prior to studying Psychology, Monica completed a double degree of Bachelor of Commerce (Human Resources major) and a Bachelor of Music (Classical Singing Performance) at Monash University. Her prior experience involves work in Human Resources and Recruitment industries.
Outside of work and study, Monica enjoys volunteering her time as a HR Manager at a not-for-profit organisation that looks to improve education and health outcomes for disadvantaged students in the Western suburbs. She also very much enjoys the Melbourne brunch scene – please let her know if you have any recommendations!


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Las Vegas Review-Journal sports writers Adam Hill and David Schoen have been given $5,000 fantasy bankrolls to bet during the World Cup on either sides, totals or props. Below are their bets for today, with an explanation of their picks:
Bankroll: $5,340
Friday: Lost $100
Today: Betting $240
Bet 1: $240 on Bosnia-Herzegovina (-½, minus-120) over Nigeria
Comment: Bosnia-Herzegovina gave Argentina fits in its opening game. It will find the going a bit easier against a Nigeria side that isn't in great form. African teams have struggled mightily in the tournament, and adding to Nigeria's problems are injury concerns to several key players.
Bankroll: $4,565
Friday: Lost $350
Today: Betting $640
Bet 1: $360 on Bosnia-Herzegovina (-½, minus-120) over Nigeria
Comment: This play is more about fading Nigeria, which hasn't won a World Cup match since 1998. African teams are 1-5-1 in the tournament, and Bosnia-Herzegovina has to be encouraged by its showing against Argentina in the opener. A victory by the Super Eagles would eliminate Bosnia-Herzegovina.
Bet 2: $280 on Germany (-½, minus-140) over Ghana, first half
Comment: The Germans have a history of stinkers in their second group match (see: 1994, 1998, 2002 and 2010), but this should be a wide-open match from the outset, which suits Die Mannschaft. Keep an eye on Ghana's Kevin-Prince Boateng, who was born in Germany and is public enemy No. 1 there after accusing the Germans of lacking leadership.