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Helsingin yliopisto
Helsingfors universitet
University of Helsinki
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Nykyinen kokoelma
Tarkennettu haku
Yhteistyökumppaneiden julkaisut
Ilmatieteen laitos
Ilmatieteen laitos
Asiantuntijatarkastetut julkaisut - Refereed publications
Ilmatieteen laitoksen omat julkaisut - FMI publications
Kokousjulkaisut - Conference publications
Muut julkaisut - Other publications
Uusimmat julkaisut
Effect of snow microstructure and subnivean water bodies on microwave radiometry of seasonal snow
Kontu, Anna
Finnish Meteorological Institute
Finnish Meteorological Insitute Contributions 144
Remote sensing using microwave radiometry is an acknowledged method for monitoring various environmental processes in the cryosphere, atmosphere, soil, vegetation and oceans. Several decades long time series of spaceborne passive microwave observations can be used to detect trends relating to climate change, while present measurements provide information on the current state of the environment. Unlike optical wavelengths, microwaves are mostly insensitive to atmospheric and lighting conditions and are therefore suitable for monitoring seasonal snow in the Arctic. One of the major challenges in the utilization of spaceborne passive microwave observations for snow measurements is the poor spatial resolution of instruments. The interpretation of measurements over heterogeneous areas requires sophisticated microwave emission models relating the measured parameters to physical properties of snow, vegetation and the subnivean layer. Especially the high contrast in the electrical properties of soil and liquid water introduces inaccuracies in the retrieved parameters close to coastlines, lakes and wetlands, if the subnivean water bodies are not accounted for in the algorithm. The first focus point of this thesis is the modelling of brightness temperature of ice- and snow-covered water bodies and their differences from snow-covered forested and open land areas. Methods for modelling the microwave signatures of water bodies and for using that information in the retrieval of snow parameters from passive microwave measurements are presented in this thesis. The second focus point is the effect of snow microstructure on its microwave signature. Even small changes in the size of scattering particles, snow grains, modify the measured brightness temperature notably. The coupling of different modelled and measured snow microstructural parameters with a microwave snow emission model and the application of those parameters in the retrieval of snow parameters from remote sensing data are studied.
New methods using in-situ and remote-sensing observations for improved meteorological analysis
Gregow, Erik
Finnish Meteorological Institute Contributions 142
Observations have been and are an important part of today's meteorological developments. Surface observations are very useful as they are, providing weather information for a point location. ough they do not give much information, if any, on what happens between the stations across a larger area. With models one can create an analysis of the meteorological situation, i.e. calculate and estimate what happens between these fixed observation points. Remote-sensing data, such as radar and satellite, are being processed and the output is given over a domain as an analysed product of their measurements. For example, radar gives a plot of where the rain is located, i.e. an analysis of the current precipitation. With a series of radar images, a human (subjectively) or a computer objectively) can process this information to estimate where the rain will move and be located within the next few minutes (even hours), i.e. a short forecast also called "nowcast". is applies to some extent also for other observations, such as satellite data (cloud propagation). But for most quantities (such as temperature, wind, etc) it is significantly harder to make such a nowcast, since these are influenced by many other factors and there is no linear development of them. Therefore, there are forecast models that solve physical and dynamic equations, so that one can estimate the future weather for the coming hours and days. A prerequisite for generating a forecast of high quality is to capture the initial weather conditions as best as possible. This is done using observations and they are introduced into the forecast model through different techniques, where the model creates its own analysis as the initial step. There remain problems since forecast models often are affected by physical disagreements, as the dynamic conditions are not in balance. This results in the model having a spin-up effect, where the meteorological quantities are not yet in balance with each other and the resulting weather conditions are not always reliable during the first hours. Hence, a lot of research is spent on how to reduce this spin-up effect and on the use of nowcast models, in order to deliver the best model results for the first few hours of the forecast period. In this dissertation, the research work has been to improve the meteorological analysis, algorithms and functionality, using the Local Analysis and Prediction System (LAPS) model. Different kinds of observations were used and their interdependencies have been studied, in order to combine and merge information from variousinstruments. Primarily focus has been to improve the estimation of precipitation accumulation and meteorological quantities that affect wind energy. The LAPS developments have been used for several end-users and nowcasting applications, and experimentally as initial conditions for forecast modelling. The studies have been concentrated on Finland and nearby sea areas, with the available datasets for this domain. By combining surface-station measurements, radar and lightning information, one can improve the precipitation-amount estimations. The use of lightning data further improves the estimates and gives the advantage of having additional data outside radar coverage, which can potentially be very useful for example over sea areas. In addition, the improved LAPS analyses (cloud-related quantities) and a newly developed model (LOWICE), calculating the electricity production during wintertime (taking into account the icing of wind turbine rotor blades which reduces efficiency), have shown good results.
Salamahavainnot 2016 - Lightning observations in Finland, 2016
Mäkelä, Antti
Laurila, Terhi K.
Haapalainen, Jussi
Halabi, Tuomas
Finnish Meteorological Institute
Raportteja - Rapporter - Reports 2017:8
Ilmatieteen laitos on koonnut ja julkaissut salamanlaskijoiden havainnot vuosilta 1960–1997. Vuodesta 1998 lähtien kaikki järjestelmälliset maasalamahavainnot perustuvat salamanpaikantimeen, jonka nykyinen malli aloitti toimintansa elokuussa 1997. Se käsitti 2016 kahdeksan anturia, pohjoisin Lokassa. Vuodesta 2002 mukana ovat olleet lisäksi Norjan ja Ruotsin anturit, joiden ansiosta koko Lappi on katettu ja suorituskyky on parantunut myös muualla Suomessa, sekä yksi anturi Virossa (mukaan vuonna 2005) ja kolme anturia Liettuassa (mukaan 2014). Laitteisto paikantaa maasalamoista erikseen jokaisen osaiskun ja ryhmittelee ne kokonaisiksi salamoiksi. Paikannettu salama voi sisältää 1-15 iskua; keskiarvo Suomessa on vajaa kaksi iskua/salama. Tilastoinnin pohjana käytetään salama- eikä iskumääriä, koska salama on ilmastollisesti edustavampi suure. Kesän 2016 aikana paikannettiin Suomen noin 115 000 maasalamaa, joka on hieman alle keskimääräisen (138 000). Suurin osa salamoista esiintyi heinäkuussa (80 000), ja touko-, kesä- ja elokuussa määrät olivat noin puolet keskimääräisestä.
Challenges in measuring winter precipitation: Advances in combining microwave remote sensing and surface observations
von Lerber, Annakaisa
Finnish Meteorological Institute
Finnish Meteorological Institute Contributions 143
Globally, snow influences Earth and its ecosystems in several ways by having a significant impact on, e.g., climate and weather, Earth radiation balance, hydrology, and societal infrastructures. In mountainous regions and at high latitudes snowfall is vital in providing freshwater resources by accumulating water within the snowpack and releasing the water during the warm summer season. Snowfall also has an impact on transportation services, both in aviation and road maintenance. Remote sensing instrumentation, such as radars and radiometers, provide the needed temporal and spatial coverage for monitoring precipitation globally and on regional scales. In microwave remote sensing, the quantitative precipitation estimation is based on the assumed relations between the electromagnetic and physical properties of hydrometeors. To determine these relations for solid winter precipitation is challenging. Snow particles have an irregular structure, and their properties evolve continuously due to microphysical processes that take place aloft. Hence also the scattering properties, which are dependent on the size, shape, and dielectric permittivity of the hydrometeors, are changing. In this thesis, the microphysical properties of snowfall are studied with ground-based measurements, and the changes in prevailing snow particle characteristics are linked to remote sensing observations. Detailed ground observations from heavily rimed snow particles to openstructured low-density snowflakes are shown to be connected to collocated triple-frequency signatures. As a part of this work, two methods are implemented to retrieve mass estimates for an ensemble of snow particles combining observations of a video-disdrometer and a precipitation gauge. The changes in the retrieved mass-dimensional relations are shown to correspond to microphysical growth processes. The dependence of the C-band weather radar observations on the microphysical properties of snow is investigated and parametrized. The results apply to improve the accuracy of the radar-based snowfall estimation, and the developed methodology also provides uncertainties of the estimates. Furthermore, the created data set is utilized to validate space-borne snowfall measurements. This work demonstrates that the C-band weather radar signal propagating through a low melting layer can significantly be attenuated by the melting snow particles. The expected modeled attenuation is parametrized according to microphysical properties of snow at the top of the melting layer.
Ilmanlaatuselvitys - Piipunkorkeuden mitoitus 1–5 MW energiantuotantoyksiköissä
Salmi, Jatta
Laukkanen, Emmi
Latikka, Jenni
Finnish Meteorological Institute
Raportteja - Rapporter - Reports 2017:7
Tämän työn tavoitteena oli määrittää yksinkertainen menetelmä, jolla voidaan mitoittaa pienille energiantuotantoyksiköille ilmanlaadun kannalta riittävä piipunkorkeus. Työssä arvioitiin päästöjen leviämismallilaskelmien avulla polttoaineteholtaan 1–5 MW kokoisten uusien energiantuotantoyksiköiden ilmanlaatuvaikutuksia ja selvitettiin niille sopivaa piipunkorkeutta. Leviämismallitarkastelut tehtiin erikseen seitsemän eri polttoaineen rikkidioksidi-, typenoksidi- ja hiukkaspäästöille. Polttoaineet olivat turve, puupelletit, kokopuuhake, bioöljy, raskas polttoöljy, kevyt polttoöljy ja maakaasu. Raskaasta polttoöljystä tarkasteltiin erikseen öljyä, joka sisältää 0,1 paino-% rikkiä ja öljyä, joka sisältää 0,2 paino-% rikkiä. Laskelmissa tarkasteltiin erikseen polttoaineteholtaan 1, 3 ja 5 MW kokoisten energiantuotantoyksiköiden päästöjen aiheuttamia ulkoilman pitoisuuksia laitosten ympäristössä. Laskelmissa käytettiin lähtötietoja, jotka parhaiten kuvaavat keskimääräisiä olosuhteita tyypillisissä tämän kokoisissa energiantuotantoyksiköissä. Päästöjen leviämislaskelmat tehtiin Ilmatieteen laitoksella kehitetyllä leviämismallilla UDM-FMI. Tarkastelujen avulla muodostettiin polttoainekohtaiset mitoituskäyrät polttoaineteholtaan 1–5 MW:n uusien energiantuotantoyksiköiden piipunkorkeuksille tasaisessa maastossa. Lisäksi tarkasteltiin erikseen läheisen maastoesteen tai lähirakennuksen vaikutusta syntyviin pitoisuuksiin ja määritettiin esteen vaikutuksesta piipunkorkeuteen tarvittava lisäkorkeus.
Improving meteorological information to air transport
Nuottokari, Jaakko
Finnish Meteorological Institute
Finnish Meteorological Institute Contributions 137,
Meteorological information and services supporting the various operations of air transport enable a safe, efficient and cost-effective operating environment for airspace users, air navigation service providers and air traffic management. The continuing pursuit towards an improved quality of observation, forecasting and decision support services is driven by an increasingly weather-sensitive society and growing impacts of hazardous weather events. This thesis provides an overview of the field of aeronautical meteorological research by introducing the organisations involved, global and regional strategies, impacts of weather on air transport, current state of the art in meteorological research and decision support systems serving air transport needs with a view of where the field should evolve next. This thesis is an attempt to highlight key findings and point the reader towards the direction of further research on the given topics. Research supporting air transport operations with the optimal use of weather information is a specialized field where advances are led by the needs of various airspace users. Research institutions for example in the United States have contributed greatly due to the severe weather impacts experienced by the National Airspace System (NAS), the ability of the Federal Aviation Aministration (FAA) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to direct long-term funding to solve specific aviation-related research questions. The creation and maintenance of long-lived teams of scientists and engineers working together to produce end-toend solutions that meet the needs of the aviation industry is the key to improving meteorological information to aviation users while university research is typically shorter duration and typical does not result in operational systems. From a global perspective, research is yet to be organised in a way that would contribute to solving aviation issues beyond single research projects and/or programmes. There is a lot more the scientific community could do to develop tailored information to decision support systems used by the aviation sector, but it would require systematic investments and the establishment of research groups focusing on the applied science questions and technology transfer. This thesis provides an overview of recommended decision support system development topics with an outline of potential milestones.
Application of Ensemble Kalman Filter in Estimation of Global Methane Balance
Tsuruta, Aki
Finnish Meteorological Institute
Finnish Meteorological Institute Contributions 141
Ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is a useful Bayesian inverse modelling method to make inference of the states of interest from observations, especially in non-linear systems with a large number of states to be estimated. This thesis presents an application of EnKF in estimation of global and regional methane budgets, where methane fluxes are inferred from atmospheric methane concentration observations. The modelling system here requires a highly non-linear atmospheric transport model to convert the state space on to the observation space, and an optimization in both spatial and temporal dimensions is desired. Methane is an important greenhouse gas, strongly influenced by anthropogenic activities, whose atmospheric concentration increased more than twice since pre-industrial times. Although its source and sink processes have been studied extensively, the mechanisms behind the increase in the 21st century atmospheric methane concentrations are still not fully understood. In this thesis, contributions of anthropogenic and natural sources to the increase in the atmospheric methane concentrations are studied by estimating the global and regional methane fluxes from anthropogenic and biospheric sources for the 21st century using an EnKF based data assimilation system (CarbonTracker Europe-CH4; CTE-CH4). The model was evaluated using assimilated in situ atmospheric concentration observations and various non-assimilated observations, and the model sensitivity to several setups and inputs was examined to assess the consistency of the model estimates. The key findings of this thesis include: 1) large enough ensemble size, appropriate prior error covariance, and good observation coverage are important to obtain consistent and reliable estimates, 2) CTE-CH4 was able to identify the locations and sources of the emissions that possibly contribute significantly to the increase in the atmospheric concentrations after 2007 (the Tropical and extra Tropical anthropogenic emissions), 3) Europe was found to have an insignificant or negative influence on the increase in the atmospheric CH4 concentrations in the 21st century, 4) CTE-CH4 was able to produce flux estimates that are generally consistent with various observations, but 5) the estimated fluxes are still sensitive to the number of parameters, atmospheric transport and spatial distribution of the prior fluxes.
Climatic effect of light-absorbing impurities on snow: experimental and field observations
Svensson, Jonas
Finnish Meteorological Institute
Finnish Meteorological Institute Contributions 140
Snow and ice are essential components of the Earth system, modulating the energy budget by reflecting sunlight back into the atmosphere, and through its importance in the hydrological cycle by being a reservoir for fresh water. Light-absorbing impurities (LAI), such as black carbon (BC) and mineral dust (MD), have a unique role in influencing the reflectance of the cryosphere. Deposition of the anthropogenic and natural LAI constituents onto these bright surfaces initiates powerful albedo feedbacks that will accelerate melt. This is important globally, but especially for regions such as the Arctic and the Himalaya. In this thesis, observations from both ambient and laboratory experiments are presented. The overarching research goal has been to better understand the climatic effect of LAI on snow. More specifically, an emphasis has been placed on exploring the process-level interactions between LAI and snow, which will enable better comprehension of LAI affecting the cryosphere. Key findings in this thesis involves the investigations on the horizontal variability of BC concentrations in the surface snow that indicate a larger variability on the order of meter scale at a pristine Arctic site compared to a polluted site nearby a major urban area. In outdoor experiments, where LAI were used to artificially dope natural snow surfaces, the snow albedo was observed to decrease following LAI deposition. The albedo decrease was on the same order as in situ measurements of LAI and albedo conducted elsewhere. As snow melted during the experiment, the snow density was observed to decrease with increasing LAI concentration, while this effect was not observed in non-melting snow. The water retention capacity in melting snow is likely to be decreased by the presence of LAI. Measurements examining the absorption of BC indicate that BC particles in the snow have less absorbing potential compared to BC particles generated in the laboratory. The LAI content of snow pit investigations from two glaciers in the Sunderdhunga valley, northern India, an area not previously examined for LAI, presented high BC and MD content, affecting the radiative balance of the glacier snow. At different points, MD may be greater than BC in absorbing light at the snow surface. A continued monitoring of LAI in the cryosphere, both on the detailed scale explored here, as well as on the larger modelling perspective is needed in order to understand the overall response of the cryosphere to climate change.
Roles of sudden stratospheric warming events and energetic particle precipitation in polar middle atmosphere: odd nitrogen and ozone
Päivärinta, Sanna-mari
Finnish Meteorological Institute
Finnish Meteorological Institute Contributions 136
Odd nitrogen (NOx = N + NO + NO2) in the polar regions is mainly produced in the upper atmosphere through ionization processes by solar extreme ultraviolet radiation, soft X-rays and high energy particles originating from the space. During periods of high geomagnetic activity, normally close to the solar maximum, energetic particle precipitation (EPP) provides an in-situ source of NOx also in the middle atmosphere. Understanding the behaviour of NOx in the middle atmosphere is of great importance due to its capability to act as a catalyst in chemical reaction cycles destroying ozone in the stratosphere. This work considers EPP in the form of solar proton events (SPEs). Atmospheric dynamics play an important role in determining the distributions of long-lived trace gases in the middle atmosphere. The main loss mechanism for NOx is photolysis at the upper stratospheric and mesospheric altitudes, leading to long photochemical lifetime of NOx during the dark polar winter. NOx in the middle atmosphere, also if produced in-situ due to SPEs, is therefore affected by atmospheric dynamics, and transported from the mesosphere-lower hermosphere (MLT) region down to the middle atmosphere. This descent phenomenon can be intensified in the aftermath of sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs), which are dynamical phenomena able to affect a wide range of altitudes in the Northern polar region atmosphere. The enhanced downward transport of NOx can thus strengthen the NOx-ozone connection in the stratosphere. In this work we used both space born observations from several satellite instruments and a chemistry transport model in the examination of the SSW and SPE caused effects in the stratosphere and mesosphere. The scientific objectives of this work were to find out the individual and combined effects of SSWs and SPEs on the NOx and ozone balance in the Northern middle atmosphere, and assess the relative contributions of dynamics (SSWs) and in-situ production of NOx (SPEs) on ozone in the stratosphere. The results showed dramatic increases in NOx in the middle atmosphere, even by a factor of 50, following both periods of enhanced NOx descent in connection with SSWs and in-situ production of NOx due to SPEs. A clear long-term (order of months) decrease in stratospheric ozone (10-90 %), coinciding with the enhanced amounts of NOx, was evident and affected mostly by dynamics in the upper stratosphere. The results of this work emphasize the importance of in-situ production of NOx (SPEs) on the ozone balance in the upper stratosphere, but also the key role of dynamics (SSWs) in transporting the SPE effect to even lower altitudes and its capability to strengthen the effect.
Ilmanlaadun mittausohje 2017
Komppula, Birgitta
Waldén, Jari
Lusa, Kaisa
Kyllönen, Katriina
Saari, Helena
Vestenius, Mika
Salmi, Jatta
Latikka, Jenni
Finnish Meteorological Institute
Raportteja - Rapporter - Reports 2017:6
Suomen ilmanlaadun seurantaa säätelevät suurelta osin EU:n ilmanlaatua koskevat direktiivit. Ilman epäpuhtauksien pitoisuuksia säädellään sitovien raja-arvojen ja tavoitearvojen avulla. Myös kansalliset ohjearvot ovat edelleen voimassa ja niitä käytetään suunnittelun tukena, mutta niiden merkitys on vähenemässä. Raja-arvoja valvoviksi asemiksi kutsutaan niitä ilmanlaadun mittausasemia, jotka täyttävät ilmanlaatudirektiivien kriteerit ja joiden pitoisuustiedot toimitetaan EU:lle. Rajaarvopitoisuuksia valvovien mittausasemien lisäksi ilmanlaatua seurataan mittausverkoissa laajalti erilaisista paikallisista tarpeista, mikä on ollut aikanaan lähtökohta useimpien ilmanlaatumittausten aloittamiselle. Ilmanlaatua seurataan ensisijaisesti hyvän ilmanlaadun turvaamiseksi paikallisille asukkaille ja ympäristölle. Ilmanlaatua mitataan lisäksi muun muassa yksittäisten päästölähteiden vaikutusten arvioimiseksi, asukkaiden valitusten vuoksi, ympäristölupaehtojen täyttämiseksi sekä jatkuvan ilmanlaadun seurannan tarvetta arvioitaessa. Tämä ohje koskee ilmanlaadun mittaamista osana ilmanlaadun seurantaa. Ohjeessa käsitellään ilmanlaatulainsäädäntöä, mittaustarpeen arviointia, mittausten suunnittelua, tekemistä ja laadunvarmennustoimenpiteitä, laatujärjestelmän sisältöä, raportointia sekä tiedottamista. Ohjeen tarkoituksena on kehittää mittausten laatua, luotettavuutta, edustavuutta ja vertailtavuutta sekä luoda edellytyksiä ilmanlaadun mittaustulosten monipuoliselle hyödyntämiselle. Ilmatieteen laitos päivitti ilmanlaadun mittausohjetta edellisen kerran vuonna 2004 ja nyt mittausohjetta on edelleen laajennettu ja päivitetty ajan tasalle.
Remote sensing of snow: Factors influencing seasonal snow mapping in boreal forest region
Salminen, Miia
Finnish Meteorological Institute
Finnish Meteorological Institute Contributions 139
Monitoring of snow cover in northern hemisphere is highly important for climate research and for operational activities, such as those related to hydrology and weather forecasting. The appearance and melting of seasonal snow cover dominate the hydrological and climatic patterns in the boreal and arctic regions. Spatial variability (in particular during the spring and autumn transition months) and long-term trends in global snow cover distribution are strongly interconnected to changes in Earth System (ES). Satellite data based estimates on snow cover extent are utilized e.g. in near-real-time hydrological forecasting, water resource management and to construct long-term Climate Data Records (CDRs) essential for climate research. Information on the quantitative reliability of snow cover monitoring is urgently needed by these different applications as the usefulness of satellite data based results is strongly dependent on the quality of the interpretation. This doctoral dissertation investigates the factors affecting the reliability of snow cover monitoring using optical satellite data and focuses on boreal regions (zone characterized by seasonal snow cover). Based on the analysis of different factors relevant to snow mapping performance, the work introduces a methodology to assess the uncertainty of snow cover extent estimates, focusing on the retrieval of fractional snow cover (within a pixel) during the spring melt period. The results demonstrate that optical remote sensing is well suited for determining snow extent in the melting season and that the characterizing the uncertainty in snow estimates facilitates the improvement of the snow mapping algorithms. The overall message is that using a versatile accuracy analysis it is possible to develop uncertainty estimates for the optical remote sensing of snow cover, which is a considerable advance in remote sensing. The results of this work can also be utilized in the development of other interpretation algorithms. This thesis consists of five articles predominantly dealing with quantitative data analysis, while the summary chapter synthesizes the results mainly in the algorithm accuracy point of view. The first four articles determine the reflectance characteristics essential for the forward and inverse modeling of boreal landscapes (forward model describes the observations as a function of the investigated variable). The effects of snow, snow-free ground and boreal forest canopy on the observed satellite scene reflectance are specified. The effects of all the error components are clarified in the fifth article and a novel experimental method to analyze and quantify the amount of uncertainty is presented. The five articles employ different remote sensing and ground truth data sets measured and/or analyzed for this research, covering the region of Finland and also applied to boreal forest region in northern Europe.
Evolution of sea ice cover: Result of interplay between dynamics and thermodynamics
Oikkonen, Annu
Finnish Meteorological Institute
Finnish Meteorological Institute Contributions 138
The state of the sea ice cover results from an interplay between thermodynamics and dynamics. Changes in the ice cover further affect the way in which the ice responds to forcing, both thermodynamic and dynamic. This thesis discusses several aspects of sea ice thermodynamics and dynamics, and their contribution to the evolution of ice pack, and particularly to changes in the Arctic sea ice cover. The main focus is on the ice dynamics in different types of ice zones and under different conditions, which also enables the examination of the impact of thermodynamic forcing on sea ice dynamics. Changes in the Arctic sea ice thickness distribution during the period 1975-2000 are studied in detail, and the contribution of thermodynamics and dynamics as driving forcing is discussed. The results show that the shape of the sea ice thickness distribution has changed: the peak of the distribution has generally narrowed and shifted towards thinner ice. A prevalent feature is the loss of thick, mostly deformed ice, which has had a significant role in the decrease in the mean and modal ice thickness. The results also show a decrease in the seasonal variability of the mean ice thickness, but with strong regional differences. Also, the regional variability of the sea ice thickness has decreased, since the thinning has been the most pronounced in regions which formerly had the thickest ice cover. The observed changes in the regional ice draft distributions cannot be explained by local warming of the atmosphere, but changes in the ice drift patterns have had an essential impact. These results emphasize the importance of the description of sea ice dynamics in the models. Sea ice dynamics, and especially deformation, strongly affect the evolution of ice volume and properties of ice cover. There has still been a need for better understanding of the highly local and intermittent deformation process, as well as its variability that rises from different types of conditions and regions. Several aspects of these questions are covered in this thesis. With coastal and ship radar images, the study of the length scale dependency of sea ice deformation rate is extended to smaller length scales (from 100 m to 10 km) and time scales (from 10 min to 24 h) than were previously possible. Sea ice deformation rate is shown to exhibit a power law with respect to both length scale and time scale at all the scales covered. Both the overall deformation rate and the length scale dependency of deformation rate are found to depend strongly on the time scale considered. Small scale deformation is studied in different type of ice regions (coastal boundary zone, compact Arctic ice pack and marginal ice zone), and under different weather conditions. One of the key findings is the connection between air temperature and deformation rate: during warm days deformation rates are generally higher than during cold days. The deformation rate is found to respond to changes in air temperature in a time scale of days, which is clearly faster than previously assumed. This response is most likely connected to the effectiveness of the healing process. However, despite of the most effective healing during the coldest winter, the previously damaged areas are found to remain the weak points in the ice cover. This confirms that the deformation history is an important factor in determining how the ice cover responds to dynamic forcing.
Atmospheric water vapor and the aerosol direct radiative effect: Remote sensing and global model studies
Huttunen, Jani
Finnish Meteorological Institute
Finnish Meteorological Institute Contributions 135
Aerosols affect the climate both directly and indirectly. The direct effect comes from their influence on the radiation balance by scattering and absorption of solar radiation, while the indirect effect is based on the ways in which aerosols interact via clouds. Currently the total anthropogenic aerosol forcing includes one of the main uncertainties in the assessment of human induced climate change. The aerosol direct radiative effect (ADRE) can be simulated with either the radiative transfer modelling or estimated with solar radiation and aerosol amount measurements. Both approaches include significant uncertainties and this thesis focuses on the uncertainties on the measurement based estimation of ADRE and the uncertainties therein. The main scientific objectives of this thesis are to seek answers to the following four questions: 1) are the machine learning algorithms better than the a traditional lookup table (LUT) approach in estimating aerosol load (aerosol optical depth, AOD)?; 2) what is the role of water vapor (WVC) variability in the measurementbased regression method used to estimate the surface ADRE?; 3) how well do the radiative transfer codes, typically used in global aerosol models, agree?; 4) what is the impact of typically neglected diurnal aerosol variability in ADRE estimation? The results show that: 1) the machine learning algorithms are able to provide AOD more accurately than the LUT approach for conditions of varying aerosol optical properties, since in the LUT approach the aerosol model (e.g. single scattering albedo, asymmetry factor) needs to be fixed in advance. 2) It was found that covariability of AOD and WVC can have an influence in ADRE estimates, when using groundbased measurements of surface solar radiation and AOD. This has not been taken into account previously, but needs to be considered when these methods are applied. 3) The model intercomparison study, in which the models estimated the radiative fluxes for the same atmospheric states, revealed that there is relatively large diversity between models regarding the results from their radiative transfer modelling. 4) The main conclusion from the study focusing on the impact of systematic diurnal AOD cycles in aerosol direct radiative effect, was that even a notable diurnal change in AOD does not typically affect the 24h-average ADRE significantly.
Työmatkatapaturmien vähentäminen kelivaroitusmallia kehittämällä
Hippi, Marjo
Hartonen, Sari
Hirvonen, Mikko
Finnish Meteorological Institute
Raportteja - Rapporter- Reports 3:2017
Työmatkatapaturmia tapahtuu kävellen talvisin huomattavasti enemmän kuin kesäisin, ja yksittäiset liukkaimmat päivät näkyvät selvinä piikkeinä kuvaajissa, joissa on esitetty päivittäiset liukastumisten kokonaismäärät. Liukastumisonnettomuudet aiheuttavat vuosittain merkittävät taloudelliset kustannukset sairaanhoidon ja sairauspoissaolojen takia. Projektin tavoitteena oli vähentää talvisin ulkona tapahtuvia liukastumisonnettomuuksia informoimalla työnsä puolesta ulkona liikkuvia tulevasta liukkaasta kelistä, jolloin he voisivat varautua liukkauteen esimerkiksi pitävillä kengillä, liukuesteillä tai varaamalla enemmän aikaa matkaan. Kun kerrotaan liukastumistapaturmista ja niiden ehkäisystä, se saa työyhteisön toivottavasti suhtautumaan liukastumistapaturmien riskeihin entistä vakavammin. Projektissa olivat mukana Ilmatieteen laitos, Työterveyslaitos (TTL) ja Posti (entiseltä nimeltään Itella). Vaisalalta ostettiin kaksi DSC111-mittaria projektin käyttöön ja niillä tutkittiin, kuinka hyvin laite määrittää kevyenliikenteen väylien liukkautta. Ilmatieteen laitos kehitti kelivaroitusmallia ja liukastumisvaroituksia loppukäyttäjille. Työterveyslaitos teki liukkaustutkimuksia kehittämällään liukkausmittarilla. Postin työntekijöitä toimi liukkausvaroituspalvelun testikäyttäjinä, ja he tekivät myös omia havaintoja liukkaista paikoista ja päivistä. Projekti kesti vuodesta 2013 vuoteen 2016 kattaen kolme täyttä talvijaksoa. Tavoitteena oli päästä testaamaan Ilmatieteen laitoksen kelivaroitusmallia ja varoituspalvelua useamman talvikauden aikana erilaisten talvikelien vallitessa.
Simulations of solar wind - magnetosheath - magnetopause interactions
Hoilijoki, Sanni
Finnish Meteorological Institute
Finnish Meteorological Institute Contributions 132
This thesis investigates interactions between solar wind and the magnetosphere of the Earth using two global magnetosphericsimulation models, GUMICS-4 and Vlasiator, which are both developed in Finland. The main topic of the thesis is magnetic reconnection at the dayside magnetopause, its drivers and global effects. Magnetosheath mirror mode waves and their evolution, identification and impacts on the local reconnection rates at the magnetopause are also discussed. This thesis consists of four peer-reviewed papers and an introductory part. GUMICS-4 is a magnetohydrodynamic model solving plasma as a single magnetized fluid. Vlasiator is the world's first global magnetospheric hybrid-Vlasov simulation model, which solves the motion of ions by describing them as velocity distribution functions, whereas electrons are described as a charge neutralizing fluid. Vlasiator is able to solve ion scale physics in a global scale simulation. However, it is computationally heavy and the global simulations are currently describing Earth's magnetosphere only in two spatial dimensions, whereas the velocity space is three dimensional. This thesis shows that magnetic reconnection at the dayside magnetopause is controlled by several factors. The impact of dipole tilt angle and sunward component of the interplanetary magnetic field on magnetopause reconnection is investigated with a set of GUMICS-4 simulations. Using Vlasiator simulations, this thesis shows that local reconnection rate is highly variable even during steady solar wind and correlates well with an analytical model for 2D asymmetric reconnection. It is also shown that the local reconnection rate is affected by local variations in the magnetosheath plasma. Fluctuations in the magnetosheath parameters near X-lines are partly generated by mirror mode waves that are observed to grow in the quasi-perpendicular magnetosheath. These results show that that the local reconnection rate at the X-lines is affected not only by the fluctuations in the inflow parameters but also by reconnection at nearby X-lines. Outflow from stronger X-lines pushes against the weaker ones and might ultimately suppress reconnection in the weaker X-lines. Magnetic islands, 2D representations of FTEs, form between X-lines in the Vlasiator simulations. FTEs propagate along the dayside magnetopause driving bow waves in the magnetosheath. The bow waves propagate upstream all the way to the bow shock causing bulges in the shock, from which solar wind particles can reflect back to the solar wind causing local foreshocks. The overall conclusion of this thesis is that the ion scale kinetic physics is important to accurately model the solar wind – magnetosheath – magnetopause interactions. Vlasiator results show a strong scale-coupling between ion and global scales: global scale phenomena have an impact on the local physics and the local phenomena may have unexpected impacts on the global dynamics of the magnetosphere. Neglecting the global scales in local ion scale simulations and vice versa may therefore lead to incomplete description of the solar wind – magnetosphere interactions.
Method for constructing an AOD-related atmospheric correction time series for the CLARA-A2 SAL data record
Jääskeläinen, Emmihenna
Manninen, Terhikki
Tamminen, Johanna
Laine, Marko
Finnish Meteorological Institute
Raportteja - Rapporter - Reports 2:2017
In the Satellite Application Facility on Climate Monitoring (CM SAF) project, financially supported by EUMETSAT, the 34-year long (1982-2015) broadband albedo time series CLARA-A2 SAL (the Surface ALbedo from the CM SAF cLoud, Albedo and RAdiation data record, second version) was produced from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) measurements. CLARA-A2 SAL data record uses a Simplified Method for Atmospheric Correction algorithm SMAC for correcting for atmospheric effects. Aerosol optical depth (AOD) is the main input of the algorithm. Because there were no global AOD time series for the whole needed time period (1982-2015), the AOD-related time series were constructed, and the method for calculating it is described in this report.
Wind gusts in the atmospheric boundary layer
Suomi, Irene
Finnish Meteorological Institute
Finnish Meteorological Institute Contributions 134
Wind gusts, which are short duration (typically 3 s) wind speed maxima, are representative of the extreme wind conditions. They are very important for human activity, because the strongest gusts associated with storms are the most significant single cause of natural hazards. The impact of wind gusts on different structures depends on the characteristics of each structure. For example for wind energy, it is important to know both the probability of extreme maximum gusts in time scales of decades for the design of power plants and in the shorter term to support wind turbine operations. For wind gust forecasting it is essential to have reliable wind gust observations. Traditionally, observations have only been available from weather stations here the wind is usually measured at a reference height of 10 m. For wind energy, information is needed at greater heights, as the hub heights of the largest turbines extend even above 150 m. The main aim of this work has been to investigate wind gusts across the entire atmospheric boundary layer based on observations from tall meteorological masts as well as applying new measurement methods developed in this dissertation. The novel methods are based on turbulence measurements taken onboard a research aircraft and by a Doppler lidar. The research aircraft can fly long distances in a short time, so the measured wind speeds do not represent wind speed variation in time but they are a function of flight distance. The new method developed in this dissertation to compare temporal and spatial scales allows the measurement of wind gusts from a research aircraft. Then, observations can be obtained from places where traditional weather stations or meteorological masts cannot be deployed. Applying the new method, the observed wind gusts from the marine Arctic matched well with those observed at a meteorological mast in the Baltic Sea, although also differences were observed between these environments. Doppler lidar provides radial wind speed measurements along a laser beam transmitted by the instrument. When data from at least three lines of sight are combined, the three-dimensional wind vector can be derived. However, the measurements from multiple lines of sight take several seconds, and the different beams represent different measurement volumes. For these reasons, the measured wind speed maxima from the Doppler lidar used in this work were higher than the corresponding wind gusts from the nearby meteorological mast. In this dissertation, we developed a new theoretical method that significantly reduced this positive bias. Wind gust measurements are usually prone to measurement errors, called outliers. The use of a spike removal algorithm typically applied in traditional turbulence measurements, resulted in significantly improved Doppler lidar data quality. The method performed even better than the traditional data quality assurance methods based on carrier-to-noise ratio, by removing the unrealistic outliers present in the time series. Based on the above wind gust measurements, it was found that in the lowest part of the atmospheric boundary layer the ratio of the wind gust speed and the mean wind speed, called the gust factor, decreases strongly with measurement height. The higher the aerodynamic roughness of the surface, the greater is the change. Moreover, the static stability of the atmosphere affects the gust factor: the decrease of the gust factor with height is clearly smaller in unstable than in stable conditions. The gust parameterizations used in numerical weather rediction models were originally designed for the reference measurement height of 10 m. A new parameterization was developed that takes into account not only the effects of surface roughness and atmospheric stability but also the height above the surface. Based on meteorological mast and research aircraft measurements, the new parametrization yielded better results than previous methods.
Projected climate change impact on fire risk and heavy snow loads in the Finnish forests
Lehtonen, Ilari
Finnish Meteorological Institute
Finnish Meteorological Institute Contributions 133
The aim of this work was to study the climate change impact on two specific abiotic risks affecting forests in Finland: fires and heavy snow loads. Approximately 1000 forest fires occur annually in Finland, but thanks to effective fire suppression, the average size of fires is only about 0.5 ha. Occasionally, heavy snow loading causes forest damage, which reduces stand quality in boreal forests experiencing cold winters. In Finnish forests, snow damage occurs most commonly in the eastern and northern parts of the country. The basic tools used in this work to evaluate the climate change impact were climate models. In addition, observational weather data and fire statistics were used. In evaluating the forest fire risk, the Canadian Fire Weather Index (FWI) system was used. Snow load amounts were estimated mainly by applying a snow load model developed at the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI). The results indicate that forest fire risk will most likely increase in the future due to increasing temperature and enhanced evaporation. However, there is large uncertainty regarding the rate of change, which originates from the differences between climate model responses to the same radiative forcing. Moreover, an increase in forest fire risk will at the same time increase the risk of onflagrations. Crown snow loads were projected to become heavier in northern Finland and in the regions of Kainuu and North Karelia next to the Russian border. In southern and western Finland the risk of snow damage is expected to decrease. The largest decrease in the risk is projected to occur in coastal areas. In the areas expected to experience increased risk of snow damage, conditions favouring oth heavy wet snow loading and rime accretion were predicted to become more common. The results of this work can be utilized when considering climatically-driven risks in forest management.
ExoMars Atmospheric Science and Missions Workshop Abstracts
Vazquez, L
Harri, A-M
Genzer, M
Finnish Meteorological Institute
Raportteja – Rapporter – Reports 2017:5
The "ExoMars Atmospheric Science and Missions" Workshop served as a forum for general discussions on Martian atmospheric science with a focus on the assessment of the results and instrumentation development cycle of the ExoMars 2016 mission. These led to presentations and discussions of the atmospheric investigation plans and strategies for the ESA ExoMars-2020 mission in particular and for forthcoming Mars missions in general. The workshop gave overviews of the ExoMars atmospheric investigations through invited talks by Exomars scientists. The ExoMars atmospheric results and planned investigations were covered by individual scientific presentations. The workshop engaged early career scientists, inclusiveness states and scientific and technological cooperation in the European planetary science community. The Workshop provided a forum for discussion and debate on the outstanding scientific topics of the Martian atmosphere, and on how to integrate and network the scientific teams with providers of instruments and technical systems. Thus the workshop also contributed to international cooperation in the field of Martian atmospheric science and technology.
13 th International Workshop on Greenhouse Gas Measurements from Space - Book of Abstracts
Verronen, Pekka
Finnish Meteorological Institute
Raportteja - Rapporter - Reports 4:2017
The 13th International Workshop on Greenhouse Gas Measurements from Space (IWGGMS) will be held on 6-8 June, 2017, at the University of Helsinki in Helsinki, Finland. The workshop is organised by the Finnish Meteorological Institute with support from the University of Helsinki. The workshop gathers together more than 160 scientists from the EU, USA, Japan, China, Australia, Canada, and Russia. This report is the official abstract book of the workshop. Background. Success in space-based global measurement of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, is critical for advancing the understanding of carbon cycle. The recent developments in observations and in interpreting the data are very promising. Space-based greenhouse gas measurement, however, poses a wide array of challenges, many of which are complex and thus demand close international cooperation. The goal of the workshop is to review the state of the art in remote sensing of CO 2 , CH 4 , and other greenhouse gases from space including the current satellite missions, missions to be launched in the near future, emission hot spots on regional and global scales, process studies and interactions of carbon cycle and climate, pre-flight and on-orbit instrument calibration techniques, retrieval algorithms and uncertainty quantification, validation methods and instrumentation, related ground-based, shipboard, and airborne measurements, and flux inversion from space based measurements. The workshop is part of the programme for the centenary of Finland's independence in 2017. The workshop is also one of the activities arranged by the Finnish Meteorological Institute to support Finland's chairmanship of the Arctic Council, 2017 - 2019. The workshop is sponsored by the Finnish Meteorological Institute, the University of Helsinki, the European Space Agency, the City of Helsinki, the Federation of Finnish Learned Societies, and ABB Inc.
Näytä lisää


text:
Desert animals face many challenges to survival and have developed a multitude of adaptations to endure the harsh conditions. Avoiding heat, dissipating heat, retaining water, and acquiring water are the most crucial. Desert animals have evolved mechanisms to solve the heat and water problems the desert environment creates, and there are as many or more adaptations as there are desert dwelling species. Some of the many adaptive responses to desert dwelling follow:
Avoiding Heat:
- Crepuscular activity – active morning and evening – one reason, humans seldom encounter rattlesnakes and Gila Monsters
- Completely nocturnal (Bats, snakes, rodents foxes and skunks)
- Seasonal migration or soaring to higher elevations
- Use of shade and burrows or dens during the heat of the day
- Estivation dormancy during periods of heat and dryness
Dissipating heat:
- Open-mouthed gaping to exhaust body heat
- Long appendages and enormous ears that act like the radiator of a car
- Lighter coloration, which reflects heat and acts as camouflage in desert surroundings
- Urohydrosis – excreting feces on the legs, where evaporation cools the rest of the body (birds)
Retaining water:
- Burrowing into moist soil where water is absorbed through the skin
- Obtaining their moisture needs from the food they eat
- Excreting metabolic wastes in the form of uric acid to conserve water
Acquiring water:
- Deriving water directly from plants, particularly succulents, such as cactus
- Living in sealed underground dens to recycle moisture from their own breathing
- Specialized kidneys that extract water from their urine
- Specialized organs that recapture exhaled moisture in the nasal cavities
- Manufacturing water metabolically from digestion of dry food items
Animals at The Living Desert:
Abyssinian Ground Hornbill
Bucorvus abyssinicus
Bucorvidae, ground hornbill family
Addax nasomaculatus
Bovidae, the cow and gazelle family
African (Sulcata) Spurred Tortoise
Geochelone sulcata
Testudinidae, the tortoise family.
African Pygmy Hedgehog
Atelerix albiventris
Erinaceidae, the hedgehog family.
African Wild Dog
Lycaon pictus
Canidae, the dog family.
American Badger
Taxidea taxus
Mustelidae. The weasel family.
Amur Leopard
Panthera pardus orientalis
Felidae, the cat family.
Ankole Longhorn Cattle
Bos taurus
Bovidae. The cow, goat and sheep family
Arabian Oryx
Oryx leucoryx
Bovidae, the cow and gazelle family
Ball Python
Python regius
Pythonidae, the python family.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Jonathan Benson
Natural News
Sept 10, 2010
The National Forestry Commission of Mexico in conjunction with the Swiss government recently held a conference to discuss the possibility of new, centralized climate change legislation. If enacted, the legislation will change the way Latin America governs its forests, and potentially set a precedent for how governments around the world manage their resources. But many at the conference expressed concerns that such legislation will end up benefiting a few wealthy elite while depriving local communities of their natural resources–all in the name of protecting the climate.
The REDD+ legislation–short for "reducing deforestation and forest degradation"–will require industrialized nations to pay developing nations to store carbon in their forests as well as manage them according to sustainable standards. Advocates say REDD+ will greatly benefit developing nations by helping to bring them out of poverty and end forest mismanagement.
Critics, however, say the legislation will do the exact opposite. By centralizing control of forest management, local communities and property owners in forest-rich nations like Brazil will be robbed of their resources, and a select few will have total control of these valuable resources.
The vast majority of Mexico's 64 million hectares of forest, for instance, are currently owned by rural communities and local landowners who manage them well. Climate change legislation that takes this control away and gives to centralized governments will only devastate these communities and open up the floodgates for corruption.
"Mexico's long tradition of community forest management provides a strong foundation for local action," explained Jose Carlos Fernandez Ugalde, head of Mexico's National Forestry Commission.
So rather than transfer control of Latin American forests and their resources to a select few in the name of protecting the climate, many experts are urging that such control remain in the hands of the people.
"If REDD+ is to succeed, it must not come from central government decrees that undermine rural communities," stressed Christian Kuchli from Switzerland's Federal Office for the Environment. "It must have local support and involve increased resource flows to rural areas, with adequate safeguards in a balanced regulatory framework."
Sources for this story include:


text:
2X Software Selects EMT Distribution to Push Desktop Virtualization & Application Delivery Solutions in Middle Eastc
Please click to enlarge the image.
2X Software, a global leader in virtual desktop and application delivery solutions, today announced they have selected EMT Distribution to help push their desktop virtualization and application delivery solutions into the fast growing Middle East market.
After making a successful debut at this year's GITEX, 2X Software have managed to make considerable in-roads into the region. The company has been able to generate lot of traction in the market and now with support of its distributor EMT, 2X intends to increase its engagement with the region.
Nikolaos Makris, CEO at 2X Software, said, "We are excited to be part of this growing region and after establishing a reasonable channel base, in the coming year we will focus on training our partners to transfer knowledge and skills that would enable them to win more deals and service more and more customers effectively."
"We will also be working closely with EMT to expand our channel footprint across the region and run several campaigns to acquire the maximum number of resellers and partners under our brand. We are certain that with our technology, channel partners will be able to drive more margins and achieve a better return on investment for their time and effort."
The market for virtual desktop and application delivery, remote access and cloud computing solutions is gaining traction in the region and 2X Software is ideally placed to service this market, bringing significant commercial benefits to businesses that are considering implementing virtual desktops, application delivery, and using the cloud.
"The overwhelmingly positive response that we received for 2X Software products and solutions at GITEX is a testament to the strength of this unique technology. 2X offers a wide array of opportunity for resellers that can help them grow their business to a new level," said, Mohammad Mobasseri, the CEO at EMT Distribution. "We will support the efforts of 2X Software in the region and execute training and marketing programs to enable partners and drive business in the market. We are well positioned to provide pre-and post-sales support to our partners for 2X product and solutions."
"We are the authorized distributor for the entire range of 2X products in Middle East Africa and the company is looking to add more channel partners for 2X Software across the region." added Mobasseri.
EMT Distribution is the leading global value added distributors based in Middle East and is authorized to distribute 2X products across the region including countries like Afghanistan, Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Palestinian Territories, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen.
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9£1,400Vauxhall Corsa, 2010 (10), Manual Diesel, 103,000 milesSwansea2010 (10) Vauxhall Meriva 1.3 Diesel Ecoflex , 103000 miles , 9 Months Mot , Cars in great condition inside and out! with no damage £1400 no offersPosted 1 day ago
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6£3,000Vauxhall Corsa, 2011 (11) Silver Hatchback, Manual Petrol, 57,000 milesCardiff2011 silver corsa, 1.2L petrol MOT March 2019, HPI clear, FSH Very cheap to run, low tax, low insurance costs, great condition inside and out, selling as got company car
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10£4,995Vauxhall Corsa, 2011 (61) Grey Hatchback, Manual Petrol, 32,000 miles, (01443) 831670Bargoed2011 61 Vauxhall Corsa 1.2 SE in metallic grey, power steering, electric windows, remote central locking, air-con, half leather, cd player, heated seats and steering wheel, alloy wheels, front fogs, service history and only 32,000 miles at £4,995 Welcome to Fairview...
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Member10£1,195Vauxhall Corsa Design 1.2 Litre 5 Door Hatch, Lovely Condition Throughout, Drives Superb, New 12 Month MOT, Cheap Insurance Group.ColchesterLakeside Cars Sales of Colchester are Proud to Offer this 2003 Vauxhall Corsa Design 1.2 Litre 5 Door Hatchback, Petrol Driven Engine / 16v / 74 BHP / 5 Speed Manual Gearbox, Done 104,304 Miles. Finished in Bright Metallic Lightning Grey with Contrasting Two...
Member10£1,195Vauxhall Corsa 1.2 Design, 3 Door Hatch, Only 91k, Lovely Condition, Long MOT, Cheap Insurance Group.ColchesterLakeside Cars Sales of Colchester are Proud to Offer this 2004 Vauxhall Corsa Design 1.2 Litre 3 Door Hatchback, Petrol / 5 Speed Manual Gearbox, Done 91,343 Miles. Finished in Bright Star Silver with Two Tone Grey Cloth Interior. Lovely Condition Throughout...
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3£2,300Vauxhall Corsa, 2009 (09) Silver Hatchback, Manual Diesel, 137,300 milesBeaminsterfull service history, new clutch and flywheel new alternator major service every year mot till 07 -19 £30 a year road tax 2 owners from new ,in very good condition for the year .Posted 1 day ago
5£3,600Vauxhall Corsa, 2011 (61) Black Hatchback, Manual Petrol, 44,000 milesBordonFantastic car with very low mileage. Brand new full service and MOT June 2019. FSH. An excellent runner that has never let me down. Viewings welcome.Posted 3 days ago
9£3,200Vauxhall Corsa, 2014 (14) Silver Hatchback, Manual Petrol, 33,500 milesDurham1.4 corsa sxi immaculate fsh 5mth mot it is cat n due to slight rear end shunt, rear bumper was damaged and tailgate , car is perfect , and drives like new this car is valued at £4400 , only selling because ive bought bigger car to tow a caravan £3200 onoPosted 3 days ago
6£1,695Vauxhall Corsa, 2008 (57) Silver Hatchback, Manual Petrol, 88,500 milesNuneatonYOU ARE LOOKING AT A 2008 VAUXHALL CORSA CLUB 1.4 PETROL 5 DOOR HATCHBACK FINISHED IN A METALLIC BLACK WITH LOW MILEAGE BEING ONLY AT 85,490 MILES. CAR COMES WITH THE V5 DOCUMENT AND HAS ONLY...Posted 4 days ago
9£1,450Vauxhall Corsa, 2008 (57) Black Hatchback, Manual Petrol, 137,000 milesLeominster2008 Vauxhall corsa design 1.4 petrol Will be sold with 12 months mot 137,000 miles Services 7k-13k-23k-40k-84k-105k £1450Posted 4 days ago
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5£1,895Vauxhall Corsa, 2006 (56) Blue Hatchback, Manual Petrol, 84,000 milesChesterfieldHere we have my 2006 Vauxhall Corsa 1.4 Design for sale finished in Corsa Flash Blue metallic with one off painted silver stripes ( Not the usual tacky vinyl type ). Petrol Manual. Central locking 3 door , Electric windows , Power steering Airbags , Radio CD mp3...
9£695Vauxhall Corsa, 2000 (X) Silver Hatchback, Manual Petrol, 107,000 milesCoventryYOU ARE LOOKING AT A 2000 VAUXHALL CORSA CLUB 16V 1.2 PETROL MANUAL CAR COMES WITH THE V5 DOCUMENT AND HAS ONLY HAD 2 PREVIOUS OWNER FROM NEW MOT TILL-01/11/18 COMES WITH 2 KEYS. THIS CAR IS HPI...
9£495Vauxhall Corsa, 2002 (02) Black Hatchback, Manual Petrol, 159,800 milesCoventryYOU ARE LOOKING AT A 2002 VAUXHALL CORSA SXI 1.2 PETROL 5 DOOR THIS CAR COMES WITH THE V5 DOCUMENT. DRIVES WELL IN EVERY GEAR, NO UNWANTED KNOCKS OR NOISES. THE SPECIFICATION INCLUDES: * AIR...
7£1,700Vauxhall Corsa, 2007 (07) Blue Hatchback, Manual Petrol, 138,000 milesEcclesBlue Vauxhall Corsa. Tinted windows, Great condition. 9 Months MOT
8£1,450Vauxhall Corsa, 2008 (08) Black Hatchback, Manual Petrol, 100,000 milesDartfordHere for sale is my 2008 Vauxhall corsa 1.2 petrol manual 3 door in lovely black, it is a lovely car that runs like new & is very cheap to run tax & insure, it has full service history & is fully loaded with extras including air con electric mirrors top of the range radio...
10£1,500Vauxhall Corsa, 2012 (12) Green Hatchback, Manual Petrol, 59,000 milesWitneyFantastic car sadly damaged. But would make a bargain for the right person. It has a mot and 2 new tyres, £1500 and open to offers. Def worth a look!
9£2,195Vauxhall Corsa, 2008 (58) Black Hatchback, Manual Diesel, 75,000 milesHounslowMETALLIC BLACK, 2008 VAUXHALL CORSA 1.3 CDTI DIESEL,£ 30 ROAD TAX A YEAR, 5 SPEED MANUEL, 3 DOOR HATCHBACK, ONLY 75000 WARRANTED MILES WITH PART SERVICE HISTORY+ ALL PREVIOUS MOT RECORD FROM VOSA, 1 YEAR MOT...
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9£995Vauxhall Corsa, 2003 (03) Blue Hatchback, Manual Petrol, 54,000 milesRotherhamVauxhall Corsa finished in blue colour coded With a lovely black upholstery cloth in nice condition, ideal 1st time car excellent condition only done 54,620 Miles has electric windows alloy wheels 1st to see this car Will not fault it very clean seats carpet shiny dash all...
9£3,495Vauxhall Corsa, 2013 (63) Silver Hatchback, Manual Petrol, 24,912 milesHounslowMetallic Silver, 1.2 SXI, 5 speed Manuel, 24000 warranted miles, 1 Year MOT, Excellent Condition Inside Out,16in Alloy Wheels with Locking Wheel Bolts,CD 30 MP3 - CD Player with MP3 Format/Stereo Radio with Auxiliary-In Socket,Dark-Tinted Rear Windows...
9£6,495Vauxhall Corsa, 2017 (17) White Hatchback, Manual Petrol, 4,500 milesHounslow2017 VAUXHALL CORSA 1.4 ECO , 5 SPEED MANUEL, ONLY 4500 MILES, ONLY 1 OWNER FROM NEW, FRONT HEATED SEATS, HEATED STEERING WHEEL, Electric windows,Air conditioning,Bluetooth,Heated seats,Folding rear seats,Child seat points (Isofix...
4£2,300Vauxhall Corsa, 2010 (60) Red Hatchback, Manual Diesel, 88,200 milesGlasgowOnly one previous owner. Still has 8 months left on Mot. Passed with no advisaries. £30 road tax. Great wee runner for a great price.
1£1,495Vauxhall Corsa, 2007 (07) Blue Hatchback, Manual Petrol, 113,000 milesClacton On Seacorsa 1.4 5 door drives well , 1 yr mot and a warranty great 1st car grab a bargain
7£4,495Vauxhall Corsa, 2011 (11) Red Hatchback, Manual Petrol, 2,000 milesNewcastle Upon TyneHi there i want sale my car look very nice & clean its only one lady owner low millage 20485 MOT Expiry date 12 July 2019 Tax due: 01 July 2019 Make Valhall Corsa Date of first registration: June 2011 Cylinder capacity (cc): 998 cc COEmissions: 117 g/km Fuel type...
10£4,000Vauxhall Corsa Limited Edition, 2012 (12) Red Hatchback, Manual Petrol, 60,000 milesClacton On SeaSelling my 2012 Vauxhall Corsa Limited Edition 1.2 as wanting an upgrade. Great 1st car for anyone starting to drive, cheap on insurance and very comfortable to drive. Has done 60k miles and has one previous owner to myself. MOT till Nov 2018 but will supply years MOT...
9£6,495*FINANCE GOOD & BAD CREDIT*Vauxhall Corsa, 2013 (13) Silver Hatchback, Automatic Petrol, 30,000 milesSt. Asaph2013 AUTOMATIC CORSA SE 1.4 Petrol, 5 Door Hatchback, CD Player, Parking Sensors, Half Leather, Alloys ! Full Service History, Only 30,000 Miles, Absolutely Immaculate Condition ! ... 12 Months MOT ! ... 3/6 Months Autogaurd Warranty ! ... £6,495...
5£650Vauxhall Corsa, 2005 (54) Silver Hatchback, Manual Petrol, 64,178 milesLittlehamptonBrand new MOT very reliable and cheap.. Had for one year and now i have a newer mini. Only 64,178 on the milage. It had scratches to the side of bumper but otherwise body work ok.
10£2,890Vauxhall Corsa, 2012 (62) White Hatchback, Manual Diesel, 119,000 milesPeterboroughRuns and drives spot comes with warranty full service history 119000 miles on the clock £30 road tax 1.3 diesel FINANCE available any inspection or test drive welcome please call


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Shani 9th November 2017 Written Episode Update: Shani scores another victory!
Shani 9th November 2017 Written Episode, Written Update on TellyUpdates.com
|| Cheaters never gain happiness. Shani teaches that it is dangerous for us to cheat. Whoever cheats ends up getting affected because of it. ||
Dev Vishwakarma says I would reiterate the positions of all planets before we resume the fight. All the planets take their place. Dev Vishwakarma asks Shani which house he will choose. Shani and Chhaya look at each other. Shani walks up to the 8th house (the house of death). He enters in that house. Devraj is sure it will be his last fight. Not Chandra Dev but Mrityu Dev will be waiting for you today!
Shani asks Chandra Dev not to hide. He hears the sound of the ocean roaring. Chandra Dev laughs as he comes in front of Shani. He is using his energy to create a big wave in the ocean. Welcome to the house of death! Shani is pushed in deep waters because
Everyone in Surya Loka is watching it. Yami calls it cheating. It is the rule of the fight. One has to put something at stake before starting the fight but Chandra Dev hasn't chosen anything. He instead attacked Shani the moment he step his foot in that house! Chandra Dev explains that life is put at stake the moment you enter the house of death! Chhaya looks worried. She remembers what Shani had said to her yesterday and gets teary eyed. Shani is still struggling. Chandra Dev says when Chandra is in neech grah in the house of death, you don't die so easily. You die a slow painful death. I will finish your chapter today and I will no longer be under your Drishti then!
Brahma Dev says I have never seen Shani so helpless. Mahadev says this is the speciality of this war. A planet may be strong but it cannot escape the strength of the other planet. Chandra Dev can control water. If Shani fails to get out of this problem then it is quite possible that Chandra will finish him!
Chandra Dev swims up to Shani and holds him by his throat. I am stained because of you. I am forced to bear pain because of your Drishti!
Chhaya goes.
Chandra Dev tightens his grip. You proved me characterless and got me punished from Mahadev. How would you know what it is to be called characterless in front of everyone and be punished for it? You are Karamfaldata. You will now bear the consequence of your karmas today! Shani's body floats to the bottom of the ocean (almost lifeless). Yami shouts at Shani not to lose out to Chandra Dev like this. Your sister (Yamuna) will always be called characterless otherwise! You must get up for your sister and mother's sake! Get up! Shani wakes up with a start and ends up pushing Chandra right out of the ocean. I reminded you many times but I will do it once again. Our life and death isn't dependent on what the kundli has in store in for you. It depends on your karmas. Chandra attacks him but Shani fights back which shocks Devraj. How can it happen! Yami smiles htrough her tears.
Shani tells Chandra he fell really low. You forgot that you get the karamfal of every karma. You will get an equally low Karamfal now.
Chhaya utters Shani's name while praying. Yami tells her he is fine now. Chhaya wipes her tears. Yami sits next to her. You can hide it as much as you want but you are Shani's mother after all. You cannot see him in pain. Be relieved. Mahadev has heard our prayers. Chhaya says I am a mother. I cannot stop loving my son. Yami suggests her to tell this to Shani also.
Chandra says you can gain control over me using your power but I am more capable than you in this house! He uses his energy to create another giant wave. Save yourself now! Shani says I told you that our karmas decide our life and death. He makes the waves disappear with one gesture of his hand. Chandra looks at him in shock. Shani says if one commits bad deeds then Chandra will win! If the karmas are good then satkarma, i.e., Shani will win! Chandra Dev vows to kill him as he attacks Shani again but Shani manages to have an upper hand.
Devraj is sure Chandra will lose now. Only Rahu and Mangal can defeat Shani now.
Shani drops the stone. Life was at stake. As per the rules, I should kill you but I wont do so. My Drishti was and will be on you forever. This is both your karamfal and punishment! Shani and Chandra Dev return to Surya Loka.
Yam announces Shani the winner of this fight. Chandra Dev is out of this grah-yuddh now. Chandra Dev reluctantly steps out of the kundli.
Dev Vishwakarma asks Shani to choose his next house. Shani chooses the 7th house (of husband and wife). He enters in that house. Yami mutters that it is going on as per Mangal's plan. Shani entered in this house where he will come face to face with Mangal. Now we are very near to the result. Chhaya is in a fix as to what to believe.
Rahu welcomes Shani in the 7th house. We will fight from the same level today. For the first time, I wont fight with Karamfaldata but a mere planet. Rest assured. You wont escape this time. Shani calls it his illusion but Rahu tells him he isn't alone this time. Mangal steps forward. Now Shani must fight Mangal and Rahu together!
Devraj and Yam smirk whereas Chhaya gets tensed.
Rahu asks Shani what he will put at stake. Shani says it is strange. You are a mere head but you still cannot think. We are in the house of marriage but all 3 of us are still unmarried. There is nothing that we can put at stake! You cannot harm me in this house as there is no woman in my life and neither would there be one in future.
Brahma Dev asks Mahadev the reason behind his smile. Is there something that I don't know? Mahadev says it's all in front of us already. Narayan adds that it is possible that Shani might be forced to change his words in future.
Shani says Mangal and you are also without a woman so there wont be anything at stake. It will be just a fight. They accept his challenge. A fight ensues where all of them try warding off the other party. Rahu steps behind Mangal. What's the motive of you fighting this war Shani? What's left in your life? Who are you fighting for? You have no one left in life. You don't even have the mother on your side who was once your everything! You will still end up as a loser. There is no point fighting this war! Shani notices a shadow standing on the edge of the mountain and wonders who it could be! It disappears the other second. Rahu blames Shani for Bhadra's death. You couldn't protect her. What are you living for then? Give up! You neither have mother nor sister by your side anymore. No one loves you. What's the point of living such life? Mangal and Shani keep fighting with one another on and off. Rahu advises Shani to surrender. That will be the best solution to this!
Precap: Watch Shani and Mahakali fight in the house of moksha!
Update Credit to: Pooja


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Bail Bonds Laguna Beach California
Call: (844) 224-9991
Here at Roger Sayegh Bail Bonds Laguna Beach, CA we pride ourselves for being experts at the criminal justice system inside and out but also continuing to improve ourselves on the ever-evolving legal system. This is done for the benefit of you, our client. At Roger Sayegh Bail Bonds, we pride ourselves on customer support and reliability that is second to none in the bail bond industry. We can have your good friend or loved one out of lockup in as little as an hour.
24/7 Bail Bond Company Serving Laguna Beach, CA
Roger Sayegh Bail Bonds is the only Laguna Beach, CA bail bond agent who will work with you through your court case. He will gladly recommend and attorney that can help resolve your case. In some case, for highly qualified clients, Roger Sayegh Bail Bonds can offer multiple payments and reduced bond costs. This is because there is less risk associated with certain types charges. Be sure to ask your bond agent if you qualify for a reduced fee or easy payment terms.
The Laguna Beach Bail Bond Process
Following an arrest, mens and women going up against criminal charges must stay behind bars until they "make bail," or pay the sum instructed by the court. Rather than waiting in a jail cell for days or weeks until trial, a bail bond enables the accused to be freed from custody until the next court date. Bail bonds guarantee that the individual will be present on the next scheduled court date in exchange for being released from jail. Most people depend on licensed bail providers to deal with the jail or detention facility and expedite release. The responsibilities of bail bond agencies include:
- Finding the person who was arrested
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Some cases mandate a "Nebbia proffer," which is made to show that the expense and collateral are coming from legitimate sources, not criminal activity. Bail bond agents analyze financial assets and show the source of the funds through documentary evidence. A Nebbia hearing may be required if the district attorney does not accept the proffer. Bail bondsmen are the only means of ensuring that the source of payment stays confidential. Because handling multiple courts, jails, and officials can get difficult, bond agencies must be well-versed in all aspects of the process.
Call: (844) 224-9991
Our Local Bail Bond Services
At Roger Sayegh Bail Bonds we offer a wide range of bail bond services designed to help our clients more effectively. As bail agents, we operate in the public trust. Each defendant we release receives oral and written instruction on their obligation under our bond. No matter the time of day or night, our expert bondsmen are standing by ready to help you in your time of need. When it comes to the well-being of your loved ones, don't settle for a bail bonding service that's both expensive and inefficient.
We do everything we can to make the process go smoothly by: Clearly explaining each step in the process and being up front with you on all issues. Providing free bail information and moving quickly to arrange bail and write the bond. Being flexible and working with you on financial arrangements such as collateral and credit terms.
As an added benefit we offer bail by phone in many circumstances. We are able to finalize the entire bail bond over the phone including payment. This makes it easy for an out of town, or handicapped loved one the deal with the bail bond and release of a family member. There are instances where leaving your place of work is not an option and bail by phone is a great solution.
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Many bail bond agencies get payments to recommend particular lawyer or attorney. Not only is this not legal it in not in your best interest. I won't refer you to highest bidder but to the best attorney of a list of attorneys the I directly associate with and have a working knowledge of their performance. We have over 25 years experience taking care of several attorneys. Some of them I would not recommend for a littering charge. I only vouch for lawyers that I would employ myself or recommend to a loved one. I know that if I recommend a bad attorney to you, then we look bad. Any attorney I recommend to you will be according to your charges and price range.
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Frequently the judges set a bail bond amount that is too much to post. We have extensive experience in this area and provide this assistance at no charge to you potentially saving you several thousand dollars.
Laguna Beach California Bail Bond Resources
At Roger Sayegh Bail Bonds we want to be sure that you fully understand the bail bond process. That's why we put together a comprehensive list of Laguna Beach bail bond resources that you can review before making your decision to bail.
Popular Local Jail Links:
Video: What is a Bail Bond
We offer bail bonds in: Laguna Beach, California


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By Hamilton & Waikato Tourism
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January 29, 2017
"Race is the Rubicon we have never crossed in this country." That's David Billings' thesis in his provocative new historical memoir, "Deep Denial: The Persistence of White Supremacy in the United States History and Life." It documents the 400-year racialization of the United States and how people of European descent came to be called "White." Billings tells us why, despite the Civil Rights Movement and an African-American president, we remain, in his words, "a nation hard-wired by race."
February 10, 2015
Prentice Hall Polk (1898-1985) is one of the world's quintessential photographers because he captured the honesty, pride and nobility of Afrikan people, during a time in history when portraitures of Afrikan people were typically nothing but caricatures indicative of the Jim Crow laws and of white supremacy. Mr. Polk enjoyed his work creating, preserving and documenting an important part of Afrikan history.
September 4, 2013
The Center for Dance and Aerial Arts is the brainchild of Zaccho founder and artistic director Joanna Haigood. The studio is hosting a week long grand opening celebration from Sept. 7 to 14, with teaching artists from the center offering sample classes to the public. A free family event is planned for Saturday, Sept. 7, where the studio will open its doors and offer free hourly sample classes to the public.


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Today developer Rapid Reality Studios announced its first title, the massively-multiplayer online (MMO) game Phylon, is now available for download. Phylon injects first-person shooter action into the MMO genre and invites players into spontaneous battle arenas for Deathmatch and Domination events. Three factions are available to choose from: the Bloblic Imperium, the Amphibian resistance, or the Terran colonists. These societies are locked in a struggle for control of the planet Anura.
Rapid Reality was formed in 2005 in Marietta, Georgia, and focuses on online games. Their mantra should speak to the hearts of gamers everywhere: "There are no suits at Rapid Reality: we're gamers."
Phylon is available for download for $14.95 from Direct2Drive.


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Warehouse Fists
Starring Armond Rizzo, Brian Bonds, Byron Saint, Race Cooper, Zack Taylor
- Updated 08-21-2014 |
- Views 15684
- | Length 02:18:15
Starring Armond Rizzo, Brian Bonds, Byron Saint, Race Cooper, Zack Taylor
In 'Warehouse Fists,' Director Tony Buff delivers extreme blue-collar fisting action. These warehouse studs work hard, and they play harder by taking a break from their manual labor to service each other with intense fisting and toy action. 'Warehouse Fists' brings you five hot models with hungry holes engage in flip-flop fisting and toy action that is not for the faint at heart. Race Cooper and Byron Saint team up in back-to-back scenes that offer each stud a chance to show what he can take � including massive dildos � and how hard he can give. Race is an intense, black, fisting pro. Byron is a towering white giant, providing more hole to fill and more arm to deliver. Both of them are ready to give and receive. Brian Bonds and Zack Taylor take the stage next, in another two-part flip-fisting scene that piles on the heat in long, slow takes. These piggy workers are ready to fill every recess of each other, and they both take it and give it well, slopping fisting lube everywhere. Armond Rizzo is the closer, a hot little fucker with a gymnast's body whose arms are just the right size to slide into Byron Saint's hole to the elbow and further. Every hole, every punch, every fist and every rosebud of these 'Warehouse Fists' will have you wanting them to deliver the action at your workplace.


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Verdict: A confusing first half, followed by a damp second half.
Horror movies are becoming less scary now. Gone are the days when we would be huddled on our seats in terror, as the supernatural spirit would try every maneuver to get to us. Some of us would shield our eyes with our hands or even slide under the necklines of our shirts. Even then, the sound of a weapon or the screams of the victims would keep us shivering.
But no more! Now we watch these so-called ghosts perform some of the most brutal murders, and we just sit there, devouring our tub of popcorn. Have horror movies become monotonous or are they just not realistic anymore? It's actually both. And when you see The Bye Bye Man, you understand why.
Can you think of the most commonly used horror movie clichés? The Bye Bye Man has them all. The movie begins with three teenage students – Elliott, Sasha and John – renting out a mansion in the middle of the woods. Elloit (Douglas Smith) and Sasha (Cressida Bonas) are dating, while John (Lucien Laviscount) is Elloitt's best friend. During their housewarming party, the trio, along with Sasha's friend Kim (Jenna Kanell), perform a séance, which leaves them all disturbed. Shortly after, Sasha falls ill, John is developing feelings for Sasha while becoming hostile towards Elliott, and Elliott keeps seeing and hearing things that are not happening. Elloitt also finds a nightstand in his room with the words 'DON'T SEE IT, DON'T THINK IT' scribbled on paper inside. When he takes off the paper, 'THE BYE BYE MAN' is scratched onto the wood. Elloitt and his friends do the exact thing they were told not to – they say it and they think it – and now The Bye Bye Man is coming to get them.
For a horror movie, The Bye Bye Man barely gets a few jumps out of you. We are not saying that the movie is not scary at all – there are just other emotions involved. The first half has your attention as you try to figure out what is happening and why. The second half gives you a few explanations but mostly leaves you wondering. Once The Bye Bye Man is on screen, the mood is more relaxed because the guy bears an uncanny resemblance to the Late Michael Jackson. He vanishes as soon as he appears. Then you can't simply wait for the return of the comical ghost and his pet hound, which looks like a version of the Demogorgon in Stranger Things.
What's interesting about The Bye Bye Man is that he doesn't kill you, but makes you go insane. Elloitt is trying to fight the demons inside his mind, while suppressing The Bye Bye Man's control over him. Most people go mad to the point that they kill everyone around them, including themselves. While the actor tries his best to get the part right, no one from the cast really leaves an impression. Kim's character starts off being interesting, but there's hardly any screen time for the actress to make a mark. The lead trio seems to have no chemistry among themselves to give us something to look for or sympathize with. Overall, there's not much in the movie you haven't seen before, but you mustn't miss the MJ look-alike, who is likely to haunt your dreams with his killer dance moves later at night.
Why You Should Watch This Movie:
If you are a horror movie buff, why let this one go? There are very few great horror movies, and this may not one of them, but it isn't completely pointless either. It has got the best of horror movie tropes and even your all-time favorite 'haunted house'. Go for it, 'cause this is thriller!


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Released by the Lufkin Police Department:
The Lufkin Police Department and the Texas Department of Public Safety have issued a "Silver Alert" for Arthur Henry Foster of Lufkin. Mr. Foster is a 79 year old white male, 6'04"/250 lbs, with Brown eyes and gray hair. He left his residence in Lufkin at approximately 4:30 AM on June 1, 2013 in a silver/gray 1997 Dodge pickup bearing Texas plate# BR56573 in an unknown direction. Mr. Foster is believed to be in the early stages of Alzheimer's/Dementia, is Diabetic and has heart problems and high blood pressure. He has not had his medication since May 31, 2013, and is believed to be in physical danger due to not having his medication with him. Mr. Foster was last seen wearing a light blue button up shirt, black pants and possibly a gray hat. Anyone who has seen Mr. Foster is urged to contact the Lufkin Police Department immediately at (936)633-0356.


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source: http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/28080/info Borland StarTeam is prone to multiple issues, including multiple integer-overflow vulnerabilities, a heap-overflow vulnerability, and a denial-of-service vulnerability. Successfully exploiting these issues allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary machine code in the context of vulnerable server processes. These issues may facilitate the remote compromise of affected computers. Attackers may also trigger denial-of-service conditions. NOTE: The StarTeam MPX vulnerabilities may actually be related to a TIBCO SmartSocket DLL, but this has not been confirmed. We may update this BID as more information emerges. Borland StarTeam Server 2008 and MPX products are vulnerable to these issues; other versions may also be affected. https://github.com/offensive-security/exploitdb-bin-sploits/raw/master/bin-sploits/31327-1.zip https://github.com/offensive-security/exploitdb-bin-sploits/raw/master/bin-sploits/31327-2.zip
Related ExploitsTrying to match OSVDBs (1): 43047
Other Possible E-DB Search Terms: Borland StarTeam 2008 10.0.57, Borland StarTeam
|No matches


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Civil rights trail
Activists fought for civil rights and justice throughout the South during the 1950s and '60s. Today, families can learn more about the era through Alabama museums that share stories describing the struggles. Important stops include the Civil Rights Memorial Center, Rosa Parks Library and Museum and the Dexter Avenue King Memorial Baptist Church, where the Montgomery bus boycott was planned and Dr. Martin Luther King was pastor. A downloadable brochure will help with planning. Contact: www.800alabama.com/activities/tours-and-trails/alabama-civil-rights-museum-trail; w www.nps.gov/semo/index.htm.
Mario Tama/Getty Images
Copyright © 2018, Daily Press


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Sixteen new Derbyshire police officers, including a Buxton PC, were officially sworn in at a ceremony at headquarters in Ripley on Friday.
The recruits, who range from 22 to 47 years old and include former Buxton PCSO Jonathan Taylor, started training in October.
Chief Constable Mick Creedon said: "We are now bringing fresh blood into the organisation."


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Uttar Pradesh Board recently Issued 12th Class Time Table 2017. All Students check and download their Time Table Online from the official website.
UP Board INTERMEDIATE Time Table 2016-2017 | 12th Exam Scheme
The annual examination time table of 12th board class for Science, Arts and Commerce will announce in the last week of December 2015 or first week of January month. Students those study in 12th class, any school with afflicted with UP Board download annual examination time table form official portal of it, according to last year examination time table will release in January month. You can download it after releasing on departmental link. For the latest information of the 12th board class examination time table, admit card and result please student visit to official portal.
Board of High School and Intermediate Education Uttar Pradesh, Allahabad conducts 10th and 12th board class examination for the all pursuing students. Before the examination it release examination time table for the preparation of examination. It provide enough holiday days to preparation between two examinations. Student download date sheet and start preparation according it. It will release soon on official link. Before the examination students get admit card for examination permeation on examination centre. You can follow our page for latest information of Board class examinations, here we will upload all latest information regularly.
UP Board 12th Class Time Table 2018
Official website Link: http://www.upmsp.nic.in/


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Jennifer Lawrence Has Axe-Throwing Contest with Jimmy Fallon! (Video)
Jennifer Lawrence throws an axe while playing a game with Jimmy Fallon on The Tonight Show on Tuesday night (September 12) in New York City.
The 27-year-old Oscar-winning mother! actress had an axe-throwing contest with the host and things sadly did not go too well for her.
PHOTOS: Check out the latest pics of Jennifer Lawrence
Jennifer wasn't able to make contact with the board at all while Jimmy scored 12 points by getting two axes to stick to the board.
FYI: Jennifer is wearing a Sally LaPointe outfit.
Jennifer Lawrence Challenges Jimmy to an Axe Throwing Contest