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It's still an uncertain race between world food supplies and world population. * The Soviet Union faces the third serious crop failure in a row, called by some a "grain disaster."
* India's harvest for its 648 million people is threatened, after achieving self-sufficiency for a number of years. It is likely to purchase extra ton of wheat, say
* The United States faces a grain glut so big that it has depressed prices, and American farmers complain of ruinours interest charges to carry any surplus.
Once again at harvest time, crop distribution among a world population of 4 billion causes trouble -- the most basic physical problem facing humanity, some argue. It particularly threatens third-world countries.
"Population growth, the major determinant of demand for food," said US Department of Agriculture (USDA) ex perts in 1974, "is faster among the developing countries, where 70 percent of the world's people live. World population is growing at the rate of 70 billion people a year, with annual increase."
Meanwhile, new developments change world food picture. The U.S. and Soviet Union have to renew arms control talkd. This way make for Amercican to continue to export grain to the Sovit now that president Reagan has lifted the grain embargo imposed by President Center.
Simultaneously, demographers report that the world population increase is slowing, which could ease danger of famine. Rising world income and food competition are boosting prices for some countries. Increasing world dependence on the North American "bread basket) underlines the importance of U.S. soil consevaration. And for the first time in history, food and fuel in competition -- the possibility. $2 gasoline could mean massive diversion of farm resources to nonfood crops to produce gasohol.
The Senate, Sept. 18, passed a four-year bill that would give American farmers somewhat less than they want for price-support programs. It acted in response to a threatenced presidential veto. While nations fear hunger. US farmers are reluctant to sell crops at current low prices, and many will "roll over" (extend) debt at high interest rates. The USPA forecasts that net farm income in 1981 may only match last years' $20 billion, which was 40 percent below the 1979 figure. Next year may be onother
Bulging silos are America's problem; grain-short silos are Russia's.
Marshall I. Goldman of Wellesley College, student of soviet economic problems , writes in the New York Times that Russia "find itself with a disaster of unprecedented magnitude." It has had "three serious crop failures in a row." He estimates that the USSR will probably need to imports 40-million metric tons of grain -- 20 percent of its total grain needs. The figures: 1978 -- 235 million metrictons of grain, a record; 1979 -- 179 million; 1980 -- 189 million tons; this year -- around 175 million to 180 million tons.
For the Soviets the problem is to import enough grain to feed livestock and give dissatisfied citizens more meat. For developing countries, the problem is to get enough money to buy the grain that will keep the citizens fed.
In India, by one estimate, 300 million to 400 million do not have enough to eat because of family poverty. the UN estimates that in Pakistan 30 percent fall below minimum levels of nutrition.
The other great world food consumer is China, with a population estimated at around 985 million. But it has instituted rigorous birth-control measures that have helped ameliorate hunger. some estimate that in the worldhs overall population, about a quarter go to bed hungry at night and that one out of nine suffers serious malnutrition.
Some demographers feel the problem is not primarily lack of food but distribution of food income between rich and poor countries. Because of better seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation, global corn and wheat yields jumped 50 percent, and rice 30 percent, between 1960 and 1980 by one estimate. Global per capital food consumption by the late 1970s increased to 108 percent of the minimum essential for good health, according to the UN food and Agriculture Organization. The figure was slightly below 100 in the early 1960s.


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By Mark Carlson, Special to Seminoles.com
Now is the time to celebrate Florida State women's soccer.
It's the time to smile and brag about a program that is entering just its 20th season as a varsity sport on the Tallahassee campus—a small contrast in time compared to other major soccer programs across the country. And Garnet and Gold fans can sing loudly the accomplishments of Mark Krikorian, who enters his 10th season as head coach when the Seminoles open their season Friday, August 22 at 7 pm in a home match against Portland.
Consider these facts…
· In the first 19 seasons, FloridaState has appeared in seven College Cups—soccer's version of the basketball Final Four. Those trips span the last 11 years and are the second most nationally in that span.
· Two of those teams advanced to the finals last year as FSU suffered a heart breaking loss falling 1-0 in overtime to UCLA.
· Since 2000, the Seminoles have been invited to 14 consecutive NCAA Tournaments, played in 12 Sweet 16's and advanced to the quarterfinal round nine years in a row—the nation's longest active streak.
· In the Atlantic Coast Conference which most observers consider the premier league in the country for Women's Soccer, Florida State has snared two league championships (2011 and 2013) and finished as the regular season champion two more times (2009 and 2012). Only two other schools in the ACC have won multiple conference championships.
· Individual awards are also plentiful. The last 11 years have produced 17 All-American selections for 14 different athletes. The Seminoles can boast four Honda Award finalists, three Capital One Academic All-Americans, two national Freshmen of the Year award winners and a MAC Hermann Trophy winner.
It is easy to borrow a line from a recent PGA Tour public service announcement which carried the tag line "These Guys are Good."
Substitute the word "Ladies" for guys and it easily describes the talented rosters of Florida State soccer since it opened the first season back in 1995 with a 4-0 loss to rival Florida.
Krikorian, however, does not want the program's success on the field to overshadow the accomplishments away from the pitch.
"Our program is about more than just wins and losses," he says. "Our players accomplish a lot off the field, too. Academics and what we do in the community are also important. Our players understand they have an obligation to give back to the community."
The foundation for the Seminoles' program was built by the first head coach Heather Kerby-Nelson and later Patrick Baker, who was in charge for six years prior to Krikorian's arrival. Krikorian and his staff have built on that foundation in a manner that has been recognized at all levels.
"Mark and his staff have brought the program to an elite level," says Cindy Schofield, FSU's first two-time All-ACC honoree in school history, who was recruited by Baker. "He has established an environment that the best players want to play for Florida State. The environment in Tallahassee is almost perfect for a student-athlete, not just soccer but all sports."
Kassey Kallman, who completed her eligibility last year and was just the second Seminole to earn Capital One Academic All-American distinction, elaborates more on Schofield's analysis of the program.
"I don't think I could have picked a better school for me," Kallman said. "It was everything Mark told me it would be in the recruiting process. He challenged me to be successful on and off the field. I respect his professionalism. I sometimes wish I had four more years in Tallahassee but being at Florida State prepared me for the pro league (she presently plays for FC Kansas City in the National Women's Soccer League)."
Krikorian does not limit his recruiting base. This year's roster is dotted with players from seven different countries. Outside the United States the roster has players from England, Iceland, Ireland, Finland, Japan and Germany. The roster also includes a player from Tallahassee and another from Panama City. Others hail from California, Arizona, Oregon and New Jersey.
"Soccer is a world game," Krikorian says. "I don't care if the players are from Tallahassee, Thomasville (GA) or Helsinki. If she can play at this level and is a good person, I want her as part of the Florida State program."
A look at Krikorian's passport shows his commitment to the global game. In the last few months he has watched players in France, Finland and Costa Rica.
"I have the best job in the country," Krikorian says. "The administration has been just great for the program and is very supportive."
Krikorian does not limit his knowledge of FSU to just his program. Staffers are quick to tell stories about how he finds time in the spring to visit the baseball press box and later can be seen on the football practice fields watching RickTrickett coach the offensive line or OdellHaggins tutor the defensive line. He is a huge supporter of Jimbo Fisher and the football program and an admirer of baseball head coach Mike Martin and former head football coach Bobby Bowden. His office contains a signed football from Bowden plus two hand written letters supporting the soccer program.
"My wife and I were in Pasadena for the national championship game this past January," Krikorian says. "I am a big time fan of college football and what Jimbo has accomplished. Those 85,000 fans that are in Doak Campbell Stadium on Saturdays support the soccer program and all the other sports with the money they generate.
"All coaches should have the opportunity to visit Coach Bowden and Coach Martin. They are legends and their accomplishments on and off the field will never be duplicated."
Krikorian taught for seven years at the high school level after graduating from tiny St. Anselm College in 1983. That teaching has carried over into coaching. He does not solely rely on his players' athletic ability. He emphasizes the mental aspect and constantly pushes team concepts.
Prior to each season, every player and staff member is required to read "THE FIVE DYSFUNCTIONS OF A TEAM" written by Patrick Lencioni. The five concepts outlines by Lencioni include…
Absence of Trust
Fear of Conflict
Lack of Commitment
Avoidance of Accountability
Inattention to Results
The book encompasses more than just required reading. Krikorian sets aside practice time in the pre-season for discussion among all involved in the Seminole program about the five concepts. And it isn't the coaches or staff members who lead the discussion. No, that assignment belongs to the players and Krikorian emphasizes it's one of the best ways he has discovered for team bonding.
"Conflict is good and bad and can come in many different ways," Krikorian says. "I want everyone involved in our program to understand that and the other aspects of team."
The health of the team is measured in ways previously unheard of. Players undergo vision tests early in the season to determine how quickly they can process information from their eyes to their brain. GPS devices are used to measure speed, breathing and heart rates.
All of the new age technology is utilized to achieve one goal—a national championship. Krikorian has experienced the joy of winning a national title. He coached Division II Franklin Pierce to titles in 1994 and 1995.
He states unequivocally that his goal for FloridaState is to win the national championship.
"I'm not satisfied to just play in the College Cup," Krikorian says. "The difference between gold and silver is huge. I've experienced both."
Wouldn't it be a perfect anniversary present for the Seminole program and Krikorian to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the program and his 10th year as head coach to accomplish that goal this fall?
Celebrating 20 Years
In conjunction with celebrating its 20th anniversary in 2014, the Florida State soccer team will countdown the 20 top moments over the last 19 seasons. Join the Seminoles throughout the fall on Seminoles.com and through their social media outlets as the program takes a look back in history to honor this momentous occasion by unveiling the top 20 moments.

subset: commoncrawl


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'Der Fensterputzer' (The Window Washer)
by Stuart Sweeney
June 19, 2012 -- Sadler's Wells Theatre, London, UK
Pina Bausch was a seminal force in dance and the theatre – we hold this truth to be self-evident. I remember seeing a black and white TV production of "The Green Table" by Kurt Jooss with Bausch, in her early 20's, playing The Old Woman – convincing and heart-breaking. The film of "Cafe Muller", with emotionally scarred residents and Bausch as a sepulchral figure in the background, was as moving and gripping as any I have seen. And then we saw her "Rite of Spring", a pure dance work of extraordinary power.
Now we have all 10 of her city works made in collaboration with city authorities around the world, as part of the London Olympic Culture Festival – an immense undertaking with some 40 lorries required to bring all the kit to London. We are told that in each work, Bausch would draw on the initial impressions of the cast to piece together their collective perspective. "Der Fensterputzer", depicting the Bausch take on Hong Kong, was the second I have seen this season and the third overall, but for me the series accords with the law of diminishing returns. I have some sympathy for those who will see the complete set over a few weeks.
There are always positive aspects. The sets by Peter Pabst are memorable: high banks of sand on three sides of the stage in "Viktor" (Rome) and a mountain of red blossoms for "Der Fensterputzer". There is much humour, indeed the short scenes moving rapidly before our eyes, sometimes take on the character of a TV sketch show; in "Viktor", there is a scene in a café with some of the worst waitresses in the world, which independently mirrors the famous Victoria Wood sketch with Julie Walters. In "Fenster.." two female airport guards force a man to strip to his underpants, with laughter throughout the theatre.
And there are breath-taking dance segments from Tanzteater Wuppertal's excellent performers, especially in "Fenster..". They are varied, suiting the skills of the individuals and show that Bausch never lost her ability to create riveting movement.
So what's the problem? I kept asking myself what the often seemingly disconnected vignettes told us about Hong Kong and life there: a man skiing down the flower mountain; two men fighting with pillows; an inverted man passing water from one bucket to another only for the water to be transferred back; a woman trying to reach the end of a table, repeatedly thwarted by a man lifting it to near vertical etc etc etc. Perhaps that there is a lot of meaningless though frantic activity; perhaps that woman are ill-used, as emerges from so many of her works; perhaps that the few examples we hear of Hong Kong popular music is ghastly? A sharper focus on the problems of people in his home town comes from Wong Kar-Wei's films, such as "Chungking Express" or "In the Mood for Love".
The other problem is the length, averaging around three hours. With a myriad of short scenes, even with a wealth of theatrical business to catch our eye, there is simply far too much material. So what of the Bausch legacy? The audience response to both the shows I have seen to date has been rapturous. It may well be that I am missing the point in these celebrations of cities and humanity. I have no doubt that Bausch's "Rite of Spring" will still be performed 100 years from now; for works like "Der Fensterputzer" the future is less clear.
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I've watched her Ted Talks, viewed her You Tube and Vimeo Channels, signed up for her online Tutorials and purchased her Picture Story Book for my children. Safe to say, for me, the creative Hailey Bartholomew is inspiring……
Over the past 6 weeks I have had so much fun! Shooting video, playing games, spending time with my favourites and creating – creating memories, VIDEO POSTCARDS and a base for nurture, education, security and strengthening family bonds.
You see, I involved my Little People from woe to go. They are only ages 1, 3, 5 and 7 but our first video postcard has become a little piece of us. A piece of our family 'culture'.
The statements are fun, sincere, silly and affectionate. We are thinking of new statements of infinite love every day…. I couldn't be more pleased with the outcomes we have achieved – and that's before the clip was even published!
Yes, we have been consumed by our iThings during this project, but finally I think in a good way! We have been creative, we have enjoyed the process not just the goal, we have been social and not rude, we have embraced technology and each other.
FYI – little kids probably know more about your iThings than you do! Haha!
My 5 year old recorded footage, My 7 year old often directed and the 3 year old was heavily involved in the audio (teeheehee) as well as the conception of the whole entire project.
Thank you Hailey for sharing enough of yourself with the world that we may choose to be inspired by your example. It was TOTALLY worth it :)
I Love You More Than…. from Glimpses of Lately on Vimeo.
^This video postcard was made on my iPhone 6Plus and edited on iMovie – available in the app store here. Music License was purchased from AudioJungle.
It started as a simple game come bedtime routine between my three-year-old (CeeJay) and myself, but the whole family soon joined in! I wanted them each to know that my love for them was infinite. That no matter how big a problem they ever faced, my love for them – OUR love for them – and for each other was bigger. That there is nothing that is too big or scary to share.
If you want to share your own creative "I love you more than…" statements or captioned photos, I'd love to see them and for you to experience the same joys as we have…
Just add #iloveyoumorethan and #glimpsesoflately hashtags on Instagram, post to our facebook page here or send an email to email@example.com*
*tagging, posting and/or emailing gives permission to repost on social media, thanks a squillion :)


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Jack Black, Angelina Jolie, Jackie Chan, Seth Rogen, Lucy Liu, David Cross in Kung Fu Panda 3
Movies.com, the ultimate source for everything movies, is your destination for new movie trailers, reviews, photos, times, tickets + more! Stay in the know with the latest movie news and cast interviews at Movies.com.
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Photos by Mike Moore | The Journal Gazette Guests attend Las Posadas at the University of Saint Francis on Sunday. Las Posadas is a traditional part of Hispanic Christmas celebrations and portrays Mary and Joseph's journey to find "posadas," meaning inn or shelter, and is held for nine nights leading up to Christmas.
Students re-enact the nativity of Jesus during the Las Posadas event at the University of Saint Francis on Sunday.
Monday, December 04, 2017 1:00 am
Retelling birth of Jesus
Retelling birth of Jesus


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Photo by urbanshoregirl via Flickr
The city's long-awaited changes to the school variance procedure — for non-parents, that's code for "who gets to pick which school their kids go to, and who has to go to whatever's the closest" — are out, and parents are already starting to buzz about what it means for the increasingly fraught world of public school admissions. While the new system was first announced last week, two subsequent community info sessions in Manhattan and Brooklyn (the other three boroughs take their turn the next two weeks), as well as conversations with the Department of Education, have begun to fill in the details:
The changes are set to go into effect for pre-K this year, and kindergarten applications for fall 2009. In announcing the new policy last week, schools chancellor Joel Klein said he hoped it would put an end to admissions processes that vary from school to school, "too often adding to the understandable anxiety of sending a child to school for the first time."
If he was trying to allay parental anxiety, he doesn't know New York City parents very well. Replacing a simple if haphazard procedure ("go talk to the principal") with complex centralized paperwork may level the playing field, as the DoE says is the goal, but is only likely to throw parents into a tizzy of figuring out how to job the new system.
While the stated goal of the new rules is that "we don't want schools to be choosing students, we want parents to be choosing schools," as DoE spokesperson Andy Jacob puts it, the overall effect is likely to be to push kids into staying at their zoned school — especially the sibling rules, which could spook parents afraid that they'll get one kid into an out-of-zone school, then be forced to shlep their younger kid to a different program every morning. (How this is supposed to mesh with the city's new gifted and talented admissions policy, where eligible students will increasingly have to travel to programs elsewhere in their home district, is anyone's guess.)
Likewise, forcing all parents to reapply for kindergarten may be more equitable — "if there's a student who is attending a private pre-K program where there's not an automatic path into a public school, it's making sure that everyone has the same opportunity," says Jacob — but making parents less anxious hardly seems a likely outcome.
Ultimately, the new variance rules reflect a tension between two city goals: The DoE wants to emphasize school choice, with a vision of parents as consumers shopping around for the best deal, but it has seen all too clearly that too much of a free market can lead to footloose parents making a mockery of the neighborhood school system.
"On the one hand, it's a good thing" that the city wants to standardize policy, says Insideschools.org director Pamela Wheaton. "On the other, they say they want principals to be CEOs in charge of their own schools, but this is taking that away from them. Some principals really love having the opportunity to take kids from outside the zone — it might bring them more ethnic or economic diversity, and that's a good thing, I think. But were people abusing that? I don't know."
The fallout from the new system is still far from clear, but if there's one given about New York City parents, it's that they're endlessly resourceful — there are probably parents who are game-theory experts already hard at work somewhere figuring out what the optimal strategy is for ranking your five choices based on where you most want your kids to go and how hard it is to get in. There could also be increased demand for Individualized Education Plans, which are guaranteed to all kids with special needs, and which will allow parents to evade the new application process, at least at the pre-K level.
And then there's the one playing field that the DoE can do nothing to level: Parents really desperate to get their kids into a school can always just pick up and move into the zone — if they can afford it. If you thought Park Slope was expensive
now, just you wait.


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Dearness allowance orders issued
The State Government of Rajasthan issued Dearness allowance orders.
A quick response will be appreciated that the State Government of Rajasthan issued orders regarding the grant of Dearness allowance to State Government employees and also the Dearness Relief to State Government Pensioners. It has been decided on 15th this month only, surprisingly, with in a day Government issued orders. We have already publish the article about this matter that the dearness allowance shall be revised from 51% to 58% with effect from 1.7.2011.
To view the Government orders, pl. click the link given below…


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I am a sociable person that is always keen to have a chat when I have completed my tasks for the day. I am very eager to learn new things and will always participate in any activity offered to me. I value efficient work practices but am fully aware that there is no substitute for safety. In and out of work I am constantly looking at complex situations and trying to simplify them to achieve the most effective performance and outcomes. I am capable of leading a team very effectively and have attained many years experience in this throughout my sporting life.
I have been a member of a soccer team for most of my younger and adult life, and have found myself captaining the team on many occasions. I am also currently involved in a social indoor soccer team. Volleyball was also another of my passions. I captained my school team to win many competitions and was also involved in a social beach volleyball league. At all opportunities along the way I have attempted just about every sport on offer. Representing my school or club was something I prided myself on as I felt it was an enriching part of my education.
Other life experiences involved a volunteer program in which I spent 1 hour each week at a retirement home, providing company and conversation for the residents. This program was very rewarding as it allowed me to develop relationships with people I would not normally spend a great deal of time with. Overcoming the intellectual and social barriers was a challenging task but it gave me the opportunity to further develop my inherent patience and understanding which allowed me to interact freely with the residents.
My spare time is typically spent outdoors, playing soccer with my friends, going to the beach or simply reading a book. Overall I am a casual person that is always ready to enjoy the company of people, inside and outside of work.


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The KIDSoft Toddler Blocks Rugis a sweet and simple rug that's perfect for little ones to learn and play on. The softer colors and 14 cute icons are sure to warm up any room. This is a high quality low pile rug that will last many years.
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The Satellite Is The Mother Ship
While the concept of a powerful laptop computer as the mainstay of a studio isn't a new one, most portable machines fall short in their capabilities for heavy-duty image processing of large image files. Furthermore, the small screens simply aren't adequate as a main monitor. Pairing an external monitor for studio-based work, which would be a necessity for a professional, requires even more power, and with some computers and monitors, the process can be a challenge as you deal with matching screen resolutions and color calibration.
The new MacBook Pro and the new 24-inch Cinema Display are a different combination. Pairing these two products offers both mobility and a big, high-resolution display for detailed image work, and the two products were designed to work smoothly together. A single cord connects the laptop to the monitor, and once connected the two displays work seamlessly.
The 24-inch LED is light and easily portable itself. With it and your MacBook Pro, you can quickly set up a photo workstation anywhere you have access to power—for tethered shooting around the studio or working on location. For many photographers, this pair even can be a solid desktop replacement if you bump the specs on the MacBook Pro to their max and use external drives to expand your storage.
The advantage of a setup like this is that when you must leave the 24-inch display behind, the only change to your workflow is screen size.
24-Inch LED Cinema Display
This latest model in the Cinema Display line features a new LED-backlit LCD—it's a big advance in display technology. Unlike fluorescent backlight, which can be uneven and needs a warm-up to come to full brightness, LED lights up instantly and at full intensity from corner to corner. The monitor is compatible with MacBook, MacBook Air and MacBook Pro models with the new Mini DisplayPort (late-2008 models). An all-in-one tether connects the display to the Mac's USB and MagSafe power ports, powering the laptop and providing a data connection to three USB ports on the back of the display, as well as its built-in speakers, a microphone and the iSight camera.
The display has a max resolution of 1920×1200 and a viewing angle of 178 degrees. Like iMac and previous generation Cinema Displays, the stand is hinged to allow an adjustable tilt from -5 to 25 degrees. A VESA mount adapter kit is available optionally if you would prefer to mount the display to a wall.
MacBook Pro
The new MacBook Pro features what Apple calls the unibody enclosure. The chassis is hewn from a solid piece of aluminum, reducing seams and weight while increasing durability. (As of this writing, the 15-inch model is available, and a new 17-inch model has been announced.)
MacBook Pro Multi-Touch Trackpad. One of the first things you'll notice when you pick up the new MacBook Pro is that Apple has reimagined its trackpad. The new generation is made of glass, and the whole pad is one big button (you can set the right corner of the pad to act as a secondary click). Apple's emphasis on touch technology has been working its way into the trackpad over the last few generations, and this one recognizes multi-finger gestures using up to four fingers. The two-finger gestures are the most useful for photographers and allow you to rotate, zoom in and out, and pan around images, all without accessing a menu or typing a command. While I still prefer a mouse generally, these gestures definitely advance the functionality of a trackpad.
Display. The 15-inch screen uses the same LED backlit LCD technology under glass used in the 24-inch display and renders 1440×900 pixels at maximum resolution. Some (myself included) may lament that this generation is no longer available with the "anti-glare" matte surface as an option; still, it's unarguably a stunning display, and in most circumstances, you can slightly adjust its angle to reduce reflections on the glossy surface. What's more, because the laptop monitor and the 24-inch Cinema Display feature identical attributes and technology, they can be closely matched when profiling. The benefits to a mobile professional photographer are obvious. Whichever monitor you're using, what you see is what you get. Configurations. MacBook Pro op-tions include a choice of 2.4 GHz and 2.53 GHz Intel Core 2 Duo processors, and Apple upgrades several specs on the faster model. The 2.53 GHz model ships with 4 GB of RAM (the system maximum), while the base model starts at 2 GB, with the option to upgrade. Likewise, the faster model starts with a 320 GB hard drive, and the slower with a 250 GB drive. Both models can be equipped with a 128 GB Solid State Drive (SSD), though this newer technology is still relatively expensive for what you get.
Switchable Graphics Processors. Both configurations include one of the more interesting new features for imaging pros: dual graphics processors, each designed for a different balance of performance and battery life. The NVIDIA GeForce 9400M is an integrated processor and is the default processor "out of the box." Integrated processors share memory with your system, degrading high-end graphics performance, but also reducing draw on the battery—ideal for tasks like e-mail and web browsing.
When you need optimum graphics processing for memory-intensive photo and video applications, you can switch your MacBook Pro to use its NVIDIA GeForce 9600M GT graphics processor. The 9600M GT is a discrete processor, meaning it has its own dedicated memory—256 MB on the 2.4 GHz model and 512 MB on the 2.53 GHz and 2.8 GHz configurations. Your battery will deplete about 20% faster (4 hours vs. 5 hours when using the 9400M), but you'll have desktop-class graphics performance for serious image editing.
Connections. Apple appears to be making a move away from FireWire, as this port has been omitted from the new 13-inch MacBook. The MacBook Pro still has FireWire 800 though, along with two USB 2.0 ports. Apple's new Mini DisplayPort connects directly to the new 24-inch LED Cinema Display and most other screens with their respective, optional adapters. For network connectivity, there's 802.11n Wi-Fi, Gigabit Ethernet and an Express Card/34 slot if you use a wireless modem to access your mobile carrier's Internet service. Bluetooth is there, too, for wireless peripherals.
The Bottom Line
The MacBook Pro starts at $1,999 for the base model and $2,499 for the upgraded processor configuration. The 24-inch LED Cinema Display is $899. Contact: Apple, www.apple.com.


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ISAAC email@example.com_county.london.london_free_press 2008-03-13 published
LOVE, Nola Mae (née HODGINS)
Peacefully, at South Huron Hospital, Exeter, Monday, March 10, 2008, Nola Mae (HODGINS) LOVE of Grand Bend, in her 96th year. Beloved wife of the late Ross Everard LOVE (1989.) Daughter of the late Mansell and Mae (CARRUTHERS) HODGINS. Dearest mother of Betty DATARS of Grand Bend, Don and Connie LOVE of Midland, Clare and Janet LOVE of Sarnia, Kathy and Fred LOBB of Clinton. Loving and proud grandma of June and Tony, Janet and Joe, Kevin and Nancy and Krisan, Dan and Helena, David and Leesa, Leanne and Peter, Rob and Teresa, Diane and Steve, Randall and Nisa, Rhonda and Steve, Rick and Kate, great-grandmother of 24 and great great-grandmother of two. Dear sister-in-law of Wilma LOVE. Remembered fondly by her many nieces, nephews and their families. Predeceased by her sisters and brothers-in-law Ila and Stan KAYES, Beulah and Clarance HARDY, sisters-in-law and brothers-in-law Edith (GREB) and Hugh LOVE, Vera (ISAAC) and Lloyd LOVE, Edith (LOVE) and Douglas GILL, Mervyn LOVE and son-in-law Earl DATARS. At the request of the deceased, there will be no visitation. A Celebration of Nola's Life will be held at the T. Harry Hoffman and Sons Funeral Home, Dashwood, Friday, March 14, 2008 at 2 p.m. Mr. Bob HEYWOOD officiating. Interment Grand Bend Cemetery. If desired, memorial donations to the Dashwood and Area Medical Centre, Grand Bend Area Community Health Foundation or a charity of choice would be appreciated. Nola was a lifetime member of the Dashwood and Area Medical Centre, serving as secretary for many years, past organist of Saint_Johns By-The-Lake Anglican Church Grand Bend and hosted many senior events. Condolences at www.hoffmanfuneralhome.com.
I... Names IS... Names ISA... Names Welcome Home
ISAAC firstname.lastname@example.com_county.london.london_free_press 2008-04-09 published
OWEN, Trevor
Suddenly at the Watford Quality Care Centre, on Sunday, April 6, 2008 Trevor OWEN formerly of Parkhill in his 69th year. Beloved husband of Barbara (FIELDING) OWEN. Dear father of Claire ISAAC and Mike SCAFE, Helen CLOUD and Peter WIEBE, Elizabeth OWEN and Paul STARK, and Megan OWEN. Granddad to 11 grandchildren and 1 great-granddaughter. Memorial Funeral Service will be conducted at the M. Box and son Funeral Home, 183 Broad Street, Parkhill, on Saturday, April 12 at 1: 00 p.m. Visitation 1 hour prior to the funeral service. Mr. Phillip Bruce officiating. Donations to the Heart and Stroke Foundation would be appreciated. Cremation. Share a memory or send condolences to www.boxfuneralservice.ca M. Box and son will plant a tree in memory of Mr. OWEN.
I... Names IS... Names ISA... Names Welcome Home
ISAAC - All Categories in OGSPI
ISABEL email@example.com_current.manitoulin_expositor 2008-05-14 published
In loving memory of Margaret Isabel Galbraith June 29, 1927 - May 7,
2008. Margaret Galbraith, a resident of Kagawong, died at the Mindemoya
Hospital on Wednesday, May 7, 2008 at the age of 80 years. She was born
in Carnarvon Township, daughter of the late George and Mary ( Thomson)
Wyman. Margaret had worked as a food manager at MSS for 15 years before
retiring. She had been a member of the Eastern Star since 1972, serving
as organist, in Gore Bay, then Little Current after the amalgamation, Ada
and as Worthy Matron for 2 terms. Margaret enjoyed music, both singing
and playing, reading, cooking and her flower garden. Her greatest love
was her family and spending time with them. She will be sadly missed, but
many memories will be cherished. Dearly loved wife of Bruce Galbraith.
Loving and loved mother of Anita of Toronto and Herb and his wife
Margaret also of Toronto. Special sister of Marjorie (Wilson) Volpel of
Peterborough. Also survived by cousins, nieces and nephews. Predeceased
by sister Marion and brothers Lloyd and Don Wyman. Visitation was held at
the Culgin Funeral Home on Friday from 2-4 and 7-9 pm. The funeral
service was conducted in the Wm. G. Turner Chapel on Saturday, May 10,
2008 at 11.00 am with Reverend Mary Jo Eckert Tracy officiating. Cremation to
follow. If so desired, donations to the Diabetic Association, the Heart and
Stroke Foundation or Leprosy Relief Canada would be appreciated. Spanish
River Chapter O.E.S. #237 held a memorial service at the Funeral Home,
Friday at 6.45 p.m. Culgin Funeral Home 282-2270.
I... Names IS... Names ISA... Names Welcome Home
ISABEL - All Categories in OGSPI
ISARD firstname.lastname@example.com_county.london.london_free_press 2008-04-05 published
MacDONALD, Jean
Died suddenly April 2, 2008. Jean was born June 11th 1925 in Hamilton, Ontario. Predeceased by her husband, Ian MacDONALD, brothers Bob and Grant ISARD, and grand_son, Joey KOCH. She is survived by her children, Doctor Peter MacDONALD (Annette) of Chicago, Illinois, and Susan KOCH (Wayne) of Delta, British Columbia. Grandchildren Alec and Sarah (Greg) MacDONALD and Danny KOCH. Nephews Ted (Christine) and Bob (Sandy) ISARD. Jean was a graduate of the McMaster University "Class of 47". She earned a "M" and became a letterman in her freshmen year in recognition of her proven athletics. She held singles and doubles tennis championships for each of her 4 years at McMaster, and was Captain of the University basketball team. She participated and performed numerous times in a synchronized swimming group, the "Doll-Fins", in Naples, Florida; their most noteworthy performance was featured on the NBC Network program "Real People". She divided her life and love for her dear Friends between her home in London, Ontario and Naples, Florida. More recently, Delta, British Columbia and Naples, Florida. She took great pride in her work as a cruise coordinator and organized many cruises through out the Caribbean and elsewhere. A service will be held 2: 00 p.m. Sunday, April 6th at the Delta Funeral Home, 5329 Ladner Trunk Road, in Ladner, officiated by Hugh MacDONALD, followed by a reception and celebration of her life. (Arrangements by the Delta Funeral Home 604-946-6040). In lieu of flowers, donations to McMaster University would be appreciated.
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ISARD - All Categories in OGSPI


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Islam Has Not Been Distorted
Ha, Ha. Obama says that Islam is a Great Religion
Thoughtful Obama is a wooden head. He squeezes out a splinter-thought about Islam, "All of us recognize that this great religion, in the hands of a few extremists, has been distorted."
Is he kidding, teasing or insulting us. After all the suicide bombings, the honor killings and the mistreatment of women how could Obama tell such a fib? Extremism is the basis of Islam, not the fringe.
Duh. Obama must think that we're really dumb to snort his exoneration of guilt and get high on his sniveling excuses for the most violent religion that has ever invented itself from the erection of a pedofile—Mohammed.
Aisha, ya little peach ye. You married Mohammed at six; at that age you should have been playing pick-up sticks.
What does Obama mean by, "All of us recognize that this great religion…."? I got bad news for our big eared prairie brain, our ideological sandy plateau. Islam is not a great religion, unless decapitation for apostasy is great.
Obama should speak for himself. We do not recognize the greatness of a brutal religion that makes no separation between religion and politics. We don't kneel down on a prayer mat five times a day in worship of Sharia.
Come on Obama. Look at your teleprompter. Read your speechwriters' lies–that you are not a sympathetic Muslim.
And Obama, if Islam is such a great religion why has it produced one billion six hundred million dummies? You are one of the few quasi-Muslims with a Nobel Prize. And you are a truncated, ideological idiot. You stole the prize like you stole adolescent hearts.
Muslims are technologically ignorant and have built no great civilizations. Their religion follows Sharia law and doesn't recognize the difference between church and state. Liberals theoretically hate that. But support theocracy in Islam.
Greatness is not cruelty and crucifying children, stoning wives. Decapitating enemies is cruelty not greatness.
Obama, saying doesn't make it so. In your case, saying it is so makes it not so. Lies, lies, all the country cries. Islam is not a great religion. The greatness of Obama's failure is paramount.
When Obama says that the great religion of Islam has been distorted "in the hands of a few extremists," he has misperceived that the moderates have a responsibility to stop the extremists. Extremists and moderates should be bundled into one package of guilt.
Obama is a cartoon puppet of a political leader. He is Howdy Doody. He is caught in his strings but he has his country all strung out with progressive detritus.
The views expressed in this opinion article are solely those of their author and are not necessarily either shared or endorsed by EagleRising.com


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text:
Overstock, Brylane Home and Amazon.com offer oversized queen bedspreads online, as of 2015. All sites present some user reviews and ratings based on a five-star system. Overstock sells both quilted and non-quilted bedspreads in a few colors and textures.
Brylane Home has both polyester and cotton versions of oversized queen bedspreads. Amazon.com sells quilted and microfiber bed covers, and some are eligible for Prime or free shipping programs. Both retailers carry a wide range of colors.
One positive comment from a reviewer mentions that the bedspread hangs all the way to the floor on three sides of the bed. Another appreciates the light weight. Less enthusiastic reviewers state that the colors of the actual covers do not match the colors depicted on the websites.


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Heroes of Midhgardhur
Noregur, also known as Einrikinn ("The One Kingdom"), is the realm of Haraldur Einkonungur (The One King, King of Noregur, "Emperor of the North"). The One King has claimed sovereignty over all the tribes of the Northmenn, and it is rumored he intends to extend his domain to encompass the entire North of Midhgardhur.
According to legend, the land and tribes of Noregur were established by the ancient hero Norr Thorrason (son of Thorri, son of Snaer the Old, son of Frosti, son of Kari). Norr and his brother Gorr were searching for their lost sister Goi, and in the course of his explorations Norr and his followers claimed and settled Noregur, taking the land from the more primitive Kvenir.
Noregur consisted of many petty kingdoms before the rise of King Haraldur. The One King himself hailed from the petty kingdom of Vestfold. It is said by people there that his cousin Ragnvald Olafsson, known as "Ragnvald the Mountain-High," was the legitimate heir to the kingdom of Vestfold, and that Haraldur has no right to the throne at all. People that say this too loudly are silenced. Ragnvald is believed to have been killed long ago, but his daughter Asa disappeared, and many say that Haraldur will never rest easily until Asa is found and . . . dealth with.
One of the ways in which the One King maintains his power is an institution of secret police or spies, a secret organization – almost a cult – made up of members of the One King's retinue who roam Noregur looking for signs of rebellion and treason . . . and getting rid of troublemakers.
The great city of Kaupangur in Vestfold is one of the great markets of the North (along with Heidhabyr in the Jutland peninsula of Denaland). The southernmost tip of the land has a mix of deciduous and coniferous forests forests, but most of the country is exclusively coniferous forests and tundra.
The Petty Kingdoms
These are some of the petty kingdoms united by the One King's rule:
- Agdhir – the southeast tip of Noregur
- Grenland – the land of the Grenir, around Lake Norsjo
- Hadhaland – the land of the Hadhar, in the southeast of Noregur
- Halogaland – the land of the Haleygir – "people of Hel's fires" and the Kvenir (a scraelingar people), along the west coast of Noregur. One of the most important chiefdoms is that of Torgar Island.
- Hardhangur – the "hard fjord" in the southeast of Noregur
- Heidhmork – the land of the Heidhnir, in the Upplond of Noregur. The mountain Dofrafjall forms the natural border between this land and Throendalog
- Hordhaland – the land of the Hordhar
- Hringariki – The kingdom of the Hringir
- Land – a small petty kingdom near the Upplond
- Naumudalur – the valley of the river Nauma in central Noregur
- Nordmoerr (Nordmore) – northern Moerr, the north coast of southern Noregur
- Orkardalur – the valley of the river Ork, on the northern tip of southern Noregur
- Ranriki – The Vik – The Bay, The Kingdom of Ran – southeast bay area of Noregur
- Raumariki – The kingdom of the Raumir. the tribe descended from Raumur inn gamli, Raumur the Old
- Raumsdalur – the valley of the river Rauma, and the district called Raumur, on the west coast of Noregur
- Rogaland – the land of the Rygir (originally Rygjaland), the southwesternmost tip of Noregur
- Sogn – the land of the Sygnir, named for the tidal current of their fjord (from "suga" = "suck"), on the west coast of Noregur
- Soloyjar – land of the mudflats ("sol" = "mud," "oy" = "flat"), formed by the river Glaumur ("noisy"), a heavily forested region inhabited by many Kvenir
- Sunnmoerr (Sunnmore) – southern Moerr, south of Nordmoerr
- Thelamork – the land of the Thelir, on the southern coast of Noregur
- Thotn – in eastern Noregur
- Throendalog – originally Throenda-lagu, the law of the Throendir, on the central west coast of Noregur. Ruled by the Jarl of Hladhir (a settlement east of Nidhaross). The One King was hailed at the Thing held at the mouth of the river Nidh. The mountain Dofrafjall forms the natural border between this land and Heidhmork.
- The region of the Upplond – the "up-lands" district of south-central Noregur, home to several petty kingdoms
- Vestfold – a tiny kingdom of southern Noregur, with an ancient Thing held at Haugar, called the Haugathing. The city of Kaupangur, known for the Skiringssalur ("Shining Hall") is in Vestfold (established in the 780s N.Y.)
- The region of Vikin – "The Bay" – including Grenland, Ranriki, Vestfold, and Vingulmork
- Vingulmork – a tiny kingdom in southern Noregur, named for the inner part of Oslofjord called "Vingull" ("turn"), for it is shaped like a hook. Contains Ostfold. Half of this kingdom was part of the inheritance of the One King, the other half he had to take from King Gandalfur Alfgeirsson.
- Vors – "of Vorr" = "of the sea/wave", a tiny kingdom on the southwest coast of Noregur, in the region called Hordhaland.
Regional Assemblies
- Frostathing – at the settlement of Frosta, the regional assembly for Halogaland, Naumudalur, Nordmoerr and Throendalog
- Gulathing – at the settlement of Guli on Gulafjordhur, the regional assembly for Hordhaland, including Agder, Rogaland, Sunnmoerr, and Vors.
- Haugathing – at the settlement of Haugar in the petty kingdom of Vestfold


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BF05: Commander's Quarters [Finished]
By sandor (Jul 21st 2012, 6:43am)
Rift Watch and it's surroundings!
By sandor (Jul 18th 2012, 9:59pm)
Our main city.
By sandor (May 31st 2013, 8:01am)
The exterior for our main city.
By sandor (Apr 13th 2014, 8:50am)
No reply
1 thread - 1 post (0 posts per day)


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Since I've been getting up early lately it's been doing all kinds of kooky things with my subconscious. I keep waking up at weird times, 3h00 strikes and my body thinks "you just had an evening nap, time to go back to gaming!". No, I'm getting my measly six hours before I have to get up at 5h00 stupid body.
Last night it was 4h00, but as I awoke I had a memory of a dream. A roomful of students, furiously writing down verses, and nothing was coming for me. One stanza, then nothing. My pencil felt heavy, like a blunt instrument. Then inspiration struck, I tore off my maroon sweater, the one my grandmother knitted for me of which I am so very proud, for which I love so very much, grabbed a pen and starting writing on the sweater itself. Heavy blue ink soaked into the wool, and while I knew I might not be able to read it afterwards, I didn't care. It was flowing, just straight out of my mind and onto the sweater. I turned it over and kept writing. My partner beside me gets up and reads his solid, applause inducing oeuvre. My turn, I'm trying to read my sweater, it starts out really sappy typical, people laugh, and then the words fade away. I'm crying, shaking, with the need to convey the emotions which produced my work, with which they merged with this token of love I cherish so much, and yet I can't. I leave shamed and broken, but after the day is done, someone asks me, "You're coming back tomorrow right?"
Taylor Mali's what teachers make
Probably his best performance of this poem. I still want to go to the bathroom.
I'm not much of a writer nor do I have a particular affinity for poetry. That said slam poetry seems to have a few qualities that make it a lot more appealing to a general audience, it's powerful, focuses on emotional impact and if I had to compare it to techno, I'd say it was anthem. Maybe that's cheap tricks, but I'd prefer to just see it as part of the whole, just one type, and it has it's place.


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You remember last week, when I said to forget about shale? I didn't really mean it.
My intended point was that there are other interesting oil and gas plays out there. Shale, however, is going to continue to captivate both U.S. and international players for years, and most likely decades, to come.
Take the Eagle Ford in South Texas. This one's generated a lot of buzz already in 2010. Expect more of the same going forward.
Chesapeake Energy
Other large companies that are increasing activity in the Eagle Ford include Petrohawk Energy
So why are these heavy hitters interested in the Eagle Ford, out of all the shale plays out there? The key here, as with the granite wash plays that we looked at last week, is the liquids content of these wells. That means oil and various natural gas liquids (NGLs) -- all of which fetch higher prices than natural gas.
Not all of the Eagle Ford wells produce liquids, however. Mid-sized Pioneer Natural Resources
Last week, I asked readers who they thought offered the most upside through exploitation of the various wash plays up in the Mid-continent area. Most people went with Chesapeake, which was not the answer I was expecting. Granted, the company is the most familiar to my readers, but it's so large that it would take a lot to really move the needle.
As with the wash, I'd expect a smaller company to extract the most relative value from the Eagle Ford. One firm to take note of is St. Mary Land & Exploration
Chesapeake Energy is a Motley Fool Inside Value selection. Total is a Motley Fool Income Investor recommendation. The Fool owns shares of Chesapeake Energy. Check out any of our Foolish newsletters today, free for 30 days.
Fool contributor Toby Shute doesn't have a position in any company mentioned. Check out his CAPS profile or follow his articles using Twitter or RSS. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.


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Mctavish Stand up paddle boards have arrived SUP
Mctavish SUP's have arrived We are pleased to annouce the arrival of the 2010 Mctavish stand up paddle boards. All of these boards are available to rent.
Over to Bob and his team to explain more about the shpaes and designs.
The McTavish SUP range consists of 3 performance models that have been developed at McTavish HQ over the past 12 months, and there's something for everybody in the range.
The 10 footer is a perfect platform for beginners, and the 9'6" and 9'0" offer high performance riding for the intermediate and advanced customers.
Bob has worked extensively with Ray Gleave, Alan Atkins, and many other SUP customers to get these boards to the cutting edge of SUP design. The boards borrow heavily from proven surfboard models in the McTavish range, so performance is guaranteed.
9'0" SUP MODEL - The 9'0" McTavish SUP is the highest performer in the SUP range, suited to conditions 3ft and over, right up to 8-10ft. The template is narrow in the nose, like a conventional Shortboard, and features a single flyer tail template, which narrows the tail width, as well as providing a pivot point right under your feet. The rails are also just a blown-up version of a performance Shortboard rail, giving maximum control and feedback. The Quad + centre box fin set-up allows for a variety of fin configurations, to suit the riders preference. This board is for the advanced rider from 60-90KG, and light-weight intermediates.
9'6" SUP MODEL - The 9'6" McTavish SUP is a perfect all-rounder, suited to beginners under 90KG, and intermediate/ advanced riders under 110KG. The 9'6" has a fuller 'fish' style template, with a bit more width in the nose and tail, and fuller rails. This give maximum buoyancy and control while paddling, but doesn't compromise on performance when you get going. The double flyer tail design brings the template in where your feet pivot the board, for easy rail to rail surfing. Best suited to waves from 2 to 6-8 ft. The Quad + centre box fin set-up gives maximum versatility, and practical features like the centre carry handle and EVA foam deck make this an easy SUP to live with.
10'0" SUP MODEL - The 10'0" SUP is the workhorse of the McTavish range, able to handle beginners up to 100KG, and advanced riders up to 120KG. This board has plenty of floatation, but still rips once you're moving. The template and rails borrow heavily from our successful 'Carver Fish' model, and the rocker profile is more progressive than a lot of larger SUP's. The twin-flyer tail template brings in the tail width for more response off the tail, while the straighter rail curve allows for stable walking, and extra trim speed. The Quad + centre box fin set-up allows you to start out with a 2+1 set-up, getting a feel for the board, and move onto a quad when you want to loosen things up. This is one for the bigger guy, looking for real performance.


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The social housing team at Trethowans provides legal advice to housing associations, local authorities, ALMOs, charities, housing trusts, almshouses and other organisations that provide (1) low cost rental or home ownership accommodation; (2) care and support for the vulnerable.
Our services include:
- Housing management
- Development and asset management
- Employment and HR
- Corporate and commercial
- New homes
- Data protection
- Debt recovery
- Immigration
Our advice is always cost-effective, practical and commercially-focused.
Our social housing team is headed up by Robert Wassall, a Partner and a very experienced social housing lawyer with over 26 years of experience of advising those in the social housing sector.
Robert is regarded as "one of the most experienced practitioners in the market", an accolade afforded to him by Chambers & Partners, the leading independent guide to the legal profession.


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Division of Licensure and Regulatory Services
Welcome to the Division of Licensure and Regulatory Services web page. Please select your program from the menu above. The link will direct you to that program's page for additional information.
The Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services, Division of Licensure and Regulatory Services involves the oversight and enforcement of five regulatory programs to include: Private Security Services; Bail Bondsmen; Bail Enforcement Agents; Special Conservators of the Peace; and Tow Truck Drivers. The Division is dedicated to providing excellent customer service to our constituents and professionals serving the private side of public safety.
We do not accept cash payments. Payments may be made using a check, money order or credit/debit card. Credit/debit card payments must be made using the Credit Card Authorization form. Credit card payments cannot be made over the phone.
|Customer Service Center
|Monday - Friday: 8:30 a.m. - 4:30 p.m.
Phone - 804.786.4700
Fax - 804.786.6344
|To mail Applications and Correspondence:
|PO Box 1300
Richmond VA 23218
|To conduct business at our office:
|1100 Bank Street
Richmond VA 23219
|To contact us by email:
|Click here


text:
I certainly didn't expect this year to be what it has been, the year of my brother's arrest and the year of the ankle. But we don't get to choose and so that is what it was. It had good moments; my nieces always are good moments and our beach trip was fun. Today was great: I am officially done with ortho unless I have more problems (I have mild plantar fascitis so may be back with that but hopefully not) and I no longer have to wear a brace unless it is a risky activity. I planned this visit for today so that I would end the first 6 months of healing on the last day of the year of the ankle (injured it March 15 and since I was sick all of January and has lithium toxicity and was adjusting to being off lithium for February and March there wasn't much good left in the earlier year) and it worked perfectly.
I still have a great deal of rehabbing to do but that seems to be getting faster; I can do things this week I couldn't last. It will be slower this week and maybe next since my ankle is swelling in anger from walking without the brace but it will adjust. And in 6 more months I'll be pretty fully healed.
201 days. 5 casts. 16 weeks on crutches at least 50% of the day. 6 weeks nonweightbearing. 5 months of PT (plus a pre-op month). 6 weeks on reclined bedrest. 1 home nerve block system. 6 weeks in a boot. 6 weeks of night splint. 3.5 months in a brace. 5 minutes to hear that all is well.


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UC Davis Medical Center now offers moms nitrous oxide during labor
Laughing gas, also known as nitrous oxide, is not just for the dentist's office.
UC Davis Medical Center is now offering nitrous oxide as a pain relief option for mothers during labor. Mothers can breathe in this colorless, odorless nitrous oxide gas -- a blend of nitrous and oxygen -- using a mask that they hold over their mouth and nose to help them relax during contractions.
"Patients can time their contractions and breathe in the mask before each contraction starts," said Cristina Gutierrez, chief of obstetric anesthesia at UC Davis Medical Center. "It doesn't interfere with mom's ability to push. It's just another option that we can now provide to mothers to assist in pain relief, in addition to IV pain medicines and epidurals."
Nitrous oxide gas was first used in labor during the 1930s and is considered safe for mother and baby.
UC Davis Medical Center is a comprehensive academic medical center where clinical practice, teaching and research converge to advance human health. For more information, visit https://medicalcenter.ucdavis.edu.


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Hey Guys,
I've a big problem with the new released FmodEvent Api. I updated my FmodEx to 4.14.04 and Designer to 4.15.03.
Since I have updated this, I get an error loading my Eventsystem, before this Update everything worked fine…
Here is the Code
result = FMOD.Event_Factory.EventSystem_Create(ref es);
result = es.init(256, FMOD.INITFLAG.NORMAL, (IntPtr)null, FMOD.EVENT_INIT.NORMAL);
ERRCHECK(result); //
result = es.setMediaPath(mediaPath); //set media Path
result = es.load(fileName);//*.fev file
———> C R A S H <—————— ([u]before[/u] the Errcheck function)
Errormessage is:
Attempted to read or write protected memory.
Whats going on here? Any thoughts?
Thanks for help.
- bene1984 asked 10 years ago
i'm guessing this is the C# interface you're talking about. We'll look into it.
- brett answered 10 years ago
It looks like it is working fine here.
Do you have any problems with just the simple fmod examples?
Also, did you remember to update the the .cs wrappers as well as the dll?
- chenpo answered 10 years ago
Please login first to submit.


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Intrinsically interfacially active proteins have garnered considerable interest recently owing to their potential use in a range of materials applications. Notably, the fungal hydrophobins are known to form robust and well-organized surface layers with high mechanical strength. Recently, it was shown that the bacterial biofilm protein BslA also forms highly elastic surface layers at interfaces. Here we describe several self-assembled structures formed by BslA, both at interfaces and in bulk solution, over a range of length scales spanning from nanometres to millimetres. First, we observe transiently stable and highly elongated air bubbles formed in agitated BslA samples. We study their behaviour in a range of solution conditions and hypothesize that their dissipation is a consequence of the slow adsorption kinetics of BslA to an air–water interface. Second, we describe elongated tubules formed by BslA interfacial films when shear stresses are applied in both a Langmuir trough and a rheometer. These structures bear a striking resemblance, although much larger in scale, to the elongated air bubbles formed during agitation. Taken together, this knowledge will better inform the conditions and applications of how BslA can be used in the stabilization of multi-phase materials.
This article is part of the themed issue 'Soft interfacial materials: from fundamentals to formulation'.
1. Introduction
Many bacteria live within communities known as biofilms [1,2]. A biofilm typically consists of an extracellular polymeric matrix composed of polysaccharides, proteins and DNA which gives mechanical stability to the community [1–4]. The bacterium Bacillus subtilis lives within a biofilm that is notable for its highly wrinkled morphology and extremely hydrophobic surface [5]. The hydrophobicity of the biofilm surface has been primarily attributed to the surface active protein BslA [6–8]. The interfacial activity of BslA is achieved via its amphiphilic structure: a large 'cap' of hydrophobic residues is conjoined to a hydrophilic immunoglobulin-like domain [9].
This structural configuration is reminiscent of a family of unrelated surface active proteins known as the fungal hydrophobins [10–12]. Hydrophobins also possess a large surface-exposed patch that is stabilized by a network of disulfide bonds [13–15]. The highly amphiphilic nature of their structure causes them to spontaneously partition to a hydrophobic interface. Upon adsorption, hydrophobins self-assemble into an elastic surface layer with corresponding elastic moduli greater than most other interfacially bound protein surface layers [16,17]. Hydrophobins have garnered significant interest for their potential applications as surface modifiers [18–24] and stabilizers for emulsions and foams [16,25–29].
While BslA superficially appears to be a 'bacterial hydrophobin', its mechanism for interfacial activity is distinct from the fungal hydrophobins. BslA lacks the network of disulfide bonds that rigidifies the structure of hydrophobins. Notably, under normal solution conditions, BslA does not aggregate and remains highly soluble. BslA achieves this through the structural flexibility of the hydrophobic cap. While in an aqueous environment, the hydrophobic amino acids that constitute the cap orient themselves so as to minimize their interaction with the surrounding environment. Once the protein reaches an interface, the cap undergoes a structural transition, inserting the hydrophobic residues into the non-polar phase and forming a highly ordered elastic film [9,30].
In this work, we describe several structures formed by the stabilization of an interface by BslA. First, we study the formation of BslA-stabilized air bubbles in aqueous solutions formed by agitation or shaking. Owing to the mechanical strength of BslA elastic films, the shape of these microbubbles is highly aspherical with large aspect ratios. We investigate their properties under a range of solution conditions and monitor their stability. Second, we observe the formation of 'flakes' that are generated during stirring or shearing of a BslA aqueous solution. These flakes precipitate from the interface and remain for extended periods of time in the aqueous environment. We find that the structure of these film 'flakes' contains crystalline-like domains very reminiscent of those we have reported previously [30]. Third, we find that under compressive or shear forces BslA elastic films form macroscopic, tubular formations. We study these structures via optical and electron microscopy in addition to rheo-imaging methods. Taken together, this work highlights several structural morphologies of BslA over a wide range of length scales.
2. Experimental section
(a) Protein production and purification
BslA was expressed and purified using standard protocols—see the electronic supplementary material for a complete description.
(b) Turbidity measurements of air bubbles
For measuring the turbidity of BslA solutions as a function of concentration, a serial dilution was prepared from the stock protein solution. The pH of solutions was adjusted using 1 M HCl and 1 M NaOH. The pH for each solution was read using a Mettler–Toledo FiveEasy pH meter. A 100 μl sample of each solution was placed into polymerase chain reaction tube strips and capped. The samples were then vigorously manually shaken for 60 s. The agitated solutions were immediately dispensed into a 96-well plate using a multi-pipette and the turbidity measured in a BMG Fluostar Omega plate reader at 600 nm. The time between the end of agitation and the first read was approximately 30 s. Measurements were repeated three times and were highly reproducible.
(c) Optical microscopy of air bubbles
BslA samples were manually shaken for 60 s and immediately pipetted onto a cavity well slide. A glass coverslip was then placed over the sample and immediately imaged in bright-field mode using an Olympus BX50 microscope and a QImaging QICAM Fast 1394 CCD camera. Movies were captured of the dissipation of the bubbles and analysed using ImageJ software.
(d) Langmuir trough compressions and microscopy
A KSV-Nima minitrough was used in these experiments. The trough and barriers were thoroughly cleaned using distilled, deionized water and ethanol. MilliQ water (resistivity 18 MΩcm) was added to the trough and a paper Wilhelmy plate placed within this subphase and allowed to equilibrate. The surface was then aspirated to remove any impurities. Compressions were performed until the surface pressure did not change by more than 0.3 mN m−1. A 200 μl sample of 1.5 mg ml−1 BslA was gently placed onto the surface of the subphase using a microsyringe. The sample was spread with the barriers at a fully open position. Compressions were performed at a rate of . Microscopy images were obtained in bright-field mode using a microscope set-up that was built in-house (Nikon objectives).
(e) Scanning electron microscopy of BslA film tubules
Samples were prepared by compressing a BslA film in the Langmuir trough. After the compression was complete, 200 μl of 10% glutaraldehyde was added to the aqueous phase. The film was allowed to cross-link for 2 h. The cross-linked film was then lifted onto a scanning electron microscope (SEM) stub from below. Samples were allowed to dry and then sputter-coated with platinum. Experiments were performed on a Hitachi 4700 II cold field emission scanning electron microscope.
(f) Transmission electron microscopy
BslA-stabilized interfacial 'flakes' were prepared by first shearing a solution of BslA (0.1 mg ml−1) in a rotorstator (IKA Ultra Turrax T10) at level 6 (30 000 r.p.m.). The resultant stabilized air bubbles creamed, and the subphase was replaced with phosphate buffer (25 mM, pH 7). The creamed samples were left at 4°C overnight until an insoluble sediment was observed. A 5 μl droplet containing a small amount of sediment was pipetted onto carbon-coated copper grids (Cu-grid; TAAB Laboratories Equipment Ltd) and allowed to dry. The grid was then stained with 5 μl of 2% uranyl acetate for 5 min before being wicked from the side with filter paper. Images were acquired using a Philips/FEI CM120 BioTwin transmission electron microscope.
(g) Analysis of wrinkle lifetime of pendant drops
A 0.025 mg ml−1 solution of BslA was expelled from a syringe (1.83 mm needle diameter) into glycerol trioctanoate to a volume of 40 μl. The drop volume was controlled via Krüss EasyDrop software. After a designated equilibration time, a volume of 3 μl was retracted. The subsequent wrinkles in the BslA film were captured via a CCD camera at 2 fps. After formation, the wrinkles were monitored over a period of 10 min. The videos of the recordings were split into individual frames, and image analysis was performed on each frame. We selected a line profile across the neck of the droplet, where wrinkles are most apparent, and plotted the greyscale values (from 0 to 255) of each pixel along this line using ImageJ. To plot the relaxation profiles, the greyscale value of the pixels was normalized to values between 0 and 1 and background corrected. A total of six wrinkles per droplet were analysed. The value reported is the average of these six wrinkles; errors bars are standard deviation.
3. Results and discussion
(a) Air bubbles stabilized by BslA
(i) Turbidity measurements
We observed that when solutions of BslA were agitated or shaken the previously clear samples became notably turbid. After a length of time, the turbidity would dissipate and ultimately the samples cleared. Optical microscopy (figure 1a) revealed that the sample contained highly aspherical bubbles with high aspect ratios (8.7±5.1; see figure S1 in the electronic supplementary material for the distribution of aspect ratios). Similar irregularly shaped air bubbles stabilized by the hydrophobin HFBII have also been observed [31]. BslA-stabilized air bubbles differ from those stabilized by HFBII in that the turbidity of HFBII-stabilized samples remains indefinitely unless sonicated. The decay of BslA-stabilized air bubbles is also in contrast to oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by BslA which remain stable for time scales of the order of years (see electronic supplementary material, figure S1).
In order to better understand the process of air bubble dissipation in BslA solutions, we first measured the turbidity of BslA samples as a function of protein concentration (figure 1b). We observe that for BslA concentrations greater than 0.5 mg ml−1 the turbidity decay curves superimpose. Below this value there is a clear relationship between the protein concentration, the amount of bubbles formed, and their rate of decay. Here we define the decay time as the time for the decay curve to reach a baseline turbidity. Figure 1c shows clearly that for concentrations greater than or equal to 1 mg ml−1 the decay time reaches a constant value. Below this concentration, there is a clear concentration dependence on the decay time. A similar trend is also observed for the value of maximum turbidity (figure 1d). These results indicate that, for the experimental protocols used, at BslA concentrations over 0.5 mg ml−1, there is excess protein available to coat the amount of interface created by vigorous shaking. Below this concentration, the amount of BslA limits the area of interface that can be stabilized. One could potentially 'separate' the decay curves by putting more energy into the system (by more vigorous shaking or for longer), whereby more bubbles would be created in samples above 0.5 mg ml−1, which in turn would take longer to decay; however, under the conditions used here, the amount of interface generated becomes limiting.
We then studied the dissipation of BslA-stabilized bubbles under different solution conditions. First, we measured the turbidity decay as a function of pH. Figure 2a shows the decay curves obtained from these experiments. What is immediately notable is that pH has a strong influence on the formation and stability of the air bubbles. Figure 2b plots both decay times and maximum turbidity and shows that there is a peak in both observables at pH approximately 5.5. There is little bubble stabilization at acidic and basic pHs. Monomeric BslA in solution has an isoelectric point calculated to be 9.2. Therefore, it is curious that so little bubble stabilization occurs at basic pH (7–9). We ascribe this behaviour to a shift in the pI of BslA when bound to the air–water interface. Indeed, the pI of HFBII was found to shift when adsorbed to an air bubble [31]. This pI change for adsorbed HFBII is thought to arise from the fact that a large proportion of the protein is no longer in contact with water, therefore only a fraction of the functional groups are ionizable. A shift in pI was also observed for emulsion films stabilized by β-lactoglobulin [32,33]. In this case, the shift was attributed to conformational changes that occur upon surface adsorption.
In order to test this hypothesis, we measured the ζ-potential of emulsion droplets stabilized by BslA. We chose to measure emulsion droplets because they are extremely long lived thus avoiding the problem of air bubble dissipation over time. The result can be found in figure 2c. We found that the isoelectric point of the emulsion droplets occurs at approximately pH 5.5. This result is in agreement with the observations above.
The addition of salt had little influence on the formation and stability of bubbles formed over a range of pH values. We added increasing concentrations of NaCl to phosphate buffer at several pH values and the resulting turbidity decay curves were measured. It is clear from figure 2d, which shows the decay time as a function of ionic strength, that ionic strength has little effect on the characteristics of the bubbles. Indeed, the decay times are relatively constant and similar to the values found in figure 2b.
(ii) Monitoring the dissipation of air bubbles using optical microscopy
Here we wish to understand the mode in which the bubbles dissipate. Video microscopy was performed on the turbid BslA samples, and the resulting decay of the bubbles was measured by determining the contour length of each bubble as a function of time (aspect ratios and length distributions of these elongated bubbles can be found in the electronic supplementary material, figures S2 and S3). As can be seen in figure 3a, there is a clear characteristic shape to the decay curves, which is composed of two phases. First, there is a slow decay regime which we characterize by a rate k1. After a length of time, t*, a sudden rapid decay of each bubble occurs, which is reflected in the rate k2. We found that there is no correlation between the fast decay rate, k2, and the initial length of the bubble, L0, or the transition time, t* (figure 3b,d). However, we also found that a smaller k1 correlates with a smaller k2 (figure 3d). In other words, the quicker the decay in the first phase, the faster it is in the second phase. The decay curves found from these optical experiments, where we have measured individual bubbles, are in agreement with the decay curves found through the measure of the bulk turbidity of the solution, especially at higher BslA concentrations (figure 1b). Indeed, at high protein concentrations, there is a clear slow decay phase followed by a rapid decay, just as was found in these optical experiments.
Bubble decay occurs via contraction, i.e. they decrease in size via retraction of the elongated tips, rather than any decrease in the bubble width. This shrinkage occurring from the poles of the bubbles is likely to be a curvature-induced phenomenon, because the greatest stresses on the BslA film occur at these locations. Such stresses may cause defects in the order or arrangement of the individual BslA molecules in the interfacial film. High aspect ratio liquid droplets have been shown to undergo a similar shape change to BslA-stabilized air bubbles [34,35]. In that case, rod-like liquid droplets, containing a soft wax interior, could be induced to collapse back to a spherical shape by heating or dilution. The contraction of the aspherical droplets was attributed to a simple force balance between the higher Laplace pressures at either end of the cylinder against the elasticity of the interior network. Such a simple model could also potentially explain our observations. There is, however, a notable difference. Our system is effectively the inverse of that described in [34,35], since in the BslA-stabilized example the elastic network is on the exterior. With the presence of an exterior elastic film, it raises a question whether the idea of interfacial tension, and in turn, a Laplace pressure, is applicable.
Finally, we note that the dissipation of the bubbles may be arrested by covalently cross-linking the interfacial BslA layer using glutaraldehyde. As can be seen in figure 4a,b, the bubbles remain in their typical elongated morphology. Owing to the cross-linking process, however, aggregation of the bubbles frequently occurs (figure 4b). The fact that these bubbles no longer disappear lends further credence to the notion that structural defects in the interfacial film could be the underlying cause of this effect. Substantially cross-linking the surface layer can effectively 'patch over' any structural defects locking the structure in place.
An overall question remains: why are elongated air bubbles coated in BslA unstable while oil in water emulsions are stable? The answer probably lies in both the kinetic and thermodynamic properties of BslA interfacial adsorption. We have previously shown [30] that BslA has to overcome an energy barrier in order to adsorb to an interface. Combined with the fact that an air–water interface is less hydrophobic than an oil–water one, there may not be a sufficient kinetic window for BslA to adsorb and form a robust and well-organized interfacial layer on the surface of an air bubble.
To reinforce this point, we monitored the relaxation of a BslA film formed on a pendant drop after compression at an oil–water interface as a function of equilibration time. We observe that there is a clear dependence between the equilibration time and the robustness of the film (figure 5). Taken together, we propose that the dissipation of air bubbles arises from non-optimal packing of BslA units at the poles owing to higher curvature in these regions, in conjunction with the slow kinetics of formation of the cohesive, elastic surface layer.
(b) Structures formed from BslA elastic films
(i) Structured BslA film 'flakes' produced by agitation
When agitating a BslA solution via vortexing or other methods, a particulate sediment appears. This sediment remains in solution over a time scale of weeks before slowly disappearing. The sediment appears as 'flakes' of stabilized interface when viewed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A representative image is found in figure 6a. Notably, the constituents of the flake possessed lattice-like organization. Figure 6b shows a region of the flake that was well stained. Performing a fast Fourier transform (FFT) of this region (figure 6c) shows clear peaks, indicating crystalline-like organization. Very similar crystalline-like domains were observed for BslA films formed directly on a TEM grid substrate [30]. This result indicates that the crystalline domains found via deposition of BslA on the substrate are not an artefact of this deposition process but are intrinsic to the organization of BslA at an interface.
Looking back at figure 1b, the baseline of the decay curves for BslA-stabilized bubbles does not return to zero. Upon inspection, a sediment is found in the bottom of the container similar to the 'flake' sediment seen by simple vortexing. Therefore, we attribute this non-zero baseline value to the sedimentation of BslA flakes formed from the decaying air bubbles.
(ii) Compression of BslA films in a Langmuir trough creates macroscopic tubular structures and wrinkled sheets
To investigate the properties of a BslA film at an air–water interface further, we performed experiments in a Langmuir trough where BslA was applied to a MilliQ water subphase. In these experiments, BslA was applied to the surface of the water phase and allowed to equilibrate for varying lengths of time. In Langmuir trough experiments, the surface pressure is measured; this is the change in surface tension owing to the addition of the surfactant (Π=γ0−γ, where γ0 is the surface tension of the bare interface). Resulting Π-area isotherms are shown in figure 7a for several different equilibration times. We found that, for increasing equilibration times, the change in Π occurs at larger and larger areas. This is due to the fact that BslA, while applied directly to the interface, is soluble in water and some of the protein will be lost to the subphase upon application. The larger areas at which the change in Π occurs are simply caused by the protein that was initially lost to the bulk during application diffusing back to the interface. This is one reason why trying to obtain a mean molecular area measurement for a soluble surfactant is not reliable. For the 1 h equilibration isotherm, we note that, when Π≈55 mN m−1, there is a turnover in the isotherm which indicates the point of film buckling or failure. We observed wrinkles or deformations on the surface of the film at this turnover point in the isotherm. Observationally, the buckling occurs in parallel and close to the barriers. Furthermore, we found that, with increasing equilibration times, the surface pressure at the buckling instability decreases. Therefore, the failure pressure depends upon the amount of protein at the interface. A very similar result is found for HFBII under compression in a Langmuir trough [36]. For colloidal systems and particle rafts, such a dependence on the quantity of material at the interface for the buckling pressure was posited to be caused by a two-dimensional Janssen-like effect where the granular effects of force propagation play a critical role [37]. However, in the HFBII system, it was shown that such a granular model is not entirely applicable to a hydrophobin layer and that the film could be considered more as an elastic sheet [36].
After a compression was completed, we observed a clear band of deformed film located near to each barrier. These deformations sometimes spanned nearly the entire width of the trough, i.e. of the order of tens of millimetres. We observed that these deformations would disappear after ≈12 h.
We investigated these deformation zones in more detail by using an optical microscope arranged over the Langmuir trough. Microscopy revealed that these deformation zones typically consisted of two morphologies: large tubular-like structures (figure 7b–d) and wrinkled sheets (figure 7b). The tubular structures, on average, were aligned parallel with the barriers. It is noteworthy that these tubules are structurally reminiscent of the elongated stabilized air bubbles that were discussed in the previous section. Figure 7c shows tubules appearing to lie on top of, and disturbing, the film wrinkles. This implies that the tubules are separate entities from the underlying elastic film, i.e. the tubules are lying on top of the film.
In addition to observing tubule structures, we also found wrinkled zones in the elastic film. One example of this can be seen in figure 7c. For an elastic membrane, there exist three possible tension regimes when it is placed under a stretching or compressional stress: positive, negative or tension-free. For a negative tension state, it is energetically favourable for the membrane to bend or buckle out of plane, forming wrinkles [38,39]. The wavelength of the wrinkles is determined by the mechanical properties of the membrane, namely the bending elasticity, kc. It was shown [39] that, by measuring the wrinkle wavelength, one may obtain a value for the bending rigidity, 3.1where Δρ is the difference in mass densities of the two phases on either side of the interface and g is the acceleration owing to gravity. Moreover, the sheet tension, σm, may be found from the value of kc given by 3.2
This analysis is applicable in the linear regime, that is, when the out-of-plane deformations are small. In this case, σm and the wavelength are solely determined by kc and the effect of gravity, resulting in a sinusoidal membrane profile. The wavelength of wrinkles is then independent of L, the distance between the barriers, and ΔL, the decrease in distance between the barriers upon compression. The degree of compression (ΔL/L) only controls the amplitude of the deformation. However, the analysis can be extended to the nonlinear regime when the out-of-plane deformations are not small. In this case, one obtains 'toothed', non-harmonic membrane profiles. For these non-harmonic cases, a value of kc cannot be obtained from the expression above.
We analysed several images of wrinkled BslA films (distinct from tubule structures) from Langmuir trough compressions and obtained the wavelength, λ. We found a distribution of wavelengths (see figure S4 in the electronic supplementary material) with a mean value . Moreover, the amplitude does not seem to be constant throughout the entire wrinkle zones. Both these observations raise questions as to whether these deformations are within the linear regime. In the nonlinear regime, one can observe multiple wavelengths λ1 and λ2, where λ1 is superimposed on a much longer λ2 [39,40]. In our case, we do not find such a bimodal distribution.
Earlier, we found that the tubule structures were aligned parallel with the barriers of the Langmuir trough. In contrast, the wrinkle zones are often not parallel and one may find wrinkle zones close to each other, but oriented at differing angles. It has been observed that BslA forms highly organized domains with neighbouring domains oriented at varying angles [30]. Therefore, this observation may be explained by the fact that the BslA film is not a single contiguous layer but consists of domains with varying orientational order. In this case, the propagation of stress would not be homogeneous and could result in deformations such as those that we observed.
With these caveats in place, let us assume that the deformations we observed are within the linear regime, so that we can obtain an estimate of the bending elasticity from the expression in equation (3.1) using the mean value of λ. This gives a value of the bending elasticity kc=9.9×10−20 J and a membrane tension σm=−6.2×10−5 mN m−1. These values are quite close to those obtained for HFBII: kc=1.1×10−19 J and σm=−6.6×10−5 mN m−1 [31]. So BslA films have similar structural properties to HFBII, at least within contiguous domains.
It should be noted that such a low negative value of the membrane tension is in disagreement with the buckling surface pressure we observed in the Langmuir trough compressions (figure 7a). In that case, the onset of buckling always occurs at positive tension values. One explanation is that the method for measuring interfacial tension using contact methods (such as a Wilhelmy plate) in the presence of an elastic layer is not valid.
As pointed out for HFBII, such a large bending elasticity and small membrane tension could have important implications for the application of BslA in foams. The large elasticity could provide mechanical stability to the foam, whereas the low tension would translate into slow Ostwald ripening owing to low Laplace pressure differences across bubble interfaces.
To further image the tubule structures, we chemically cross-linked the film using glutaraldehyde. The cross-linked structures were then lifted onto an SEM stub for imaging. Figure 8a shows a tubule imaged using the SEM. From this image, it appears that the tubule consists of a rolled and hollow piece of film.
Finally, we imaged BslA solutions under shear in a cone and plate rheo-imaging set-up [41]. We found that under these conditions very similar tubule structures are formed at the interface (figure 8b,c). Indeed, a large number of different structures were observed from tubular structures to free sheets (figure 8b). What is apparent is that all of these structures emanate from the interface and are not generated from within the bulk of the solution. When the frame rate of the camera is synchronized with the oscillation frequency, we clearly observe that these structures migrate from the interface into the bulk.
4. Conclusion
In this work, we have given a phenomenological description of several self-assembled structures made from the interfacial protein BslA which spans length scales from nanometres to millimetres. First, we have demonstrated that BslA can form transiently stable air bubbles upon agitation of BslA solutions. We propose that rapidly formed bubbles dissipate over time owing to structural defects in the ordered surface layer. Second, macroscopic tubular structures, highly reminiscent of the smaller air bubbles found in solution, are formed upon shear stresses applied in a Langmuir trough compression or a cone and plate rheometer. Like the hydrophobins, BslA is an attractive candidate for applications concerning surface modification and stabilization of multi-phase materials. This work begins to highlight several important aspects of properties of BslA films and solution-state behaviour that can play an important role when considering applications and conditions for the utilization of BslA in new materials.
Data accessibility
The data in this paper have been deposited in the University of Edinburgh DataShare repository and may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.7488/ds/1355.
Authors' contributions
R.J.M. designed and performed experiments, performed the data analysis, and wrote and edited the manuscript. K.M.B. performed experiments. N.S.W. provided materials and revised the manuscript. C.E.M. designed the experiments, and revised and edited the manuscript.
Competing interests
We have no competing interests.
This work was supported by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (grant no. EP/J007404/1).
We thank M. Hermes for assistance with the rheo-imaging. We also thank the Edinburgh Protein Production (Biophysical Characterization) Facility for use of its circular dichroism spectropolarimeter.
One contribution of 15 to a discussion meeting issue 'Soft interfacial materials: from fundamentals to formulation'.
- Accepted April 14, 2016.
- © 2016 The Authors.
Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.


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References: focusedinphotography & captainfeline
References: focusedinphotography & captainfeline