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28 October, 2012
The Great Republic by the Master Historians
Public Events and Presidential Elections
Bancroft, Hubert H.
[Political affairs assumed various startling phases during the decade here glanced at. New questions of vital importance to the welfare of the nation, both domestic and international, were taken up by the government with marked vigor, and popular, discussion rose to fever heat on several occasions. Our epitome is taken from chapters written by Joseph M. Rogers, in the work, "The World's History and Its Makers."]
In 1882 factional politics in New York became bitter once more. The administration candidate for Governor, Secretary Folger, was nominated after a bitter struggle. The Democratic nominee was Grover Cleveland, of Buffalo, who had made a reputation as a courageous reform mayor. The Blaine faction of the Republicans was incensed at what they considered the domination of the Convention by President Arthur and Mr. Conkling, and many refused to vote. As a result, Cleveland was elected by the unprecedented majority of nearly 200,000, and he became the logical candidate of his party for President in 1880.
The campaign that ensued was the most delporable in our history. The personalities indulged in have never been exceeded. The private life of each of the leading candidates was assailed, and the general conduct of the campaign in this respect was so indecent that it shocked public sentiment, and has never since been indulged in. And now the result of the old Blaine-Conkling feud was fully shown. While every effort was made to heal the breach, it was not finally closed. The pivotal State was New York, and this was carried for Cleveland by slightly over 1,000 votes, though the Republicans claimed a fraudulent count in New York City of Butler votes for Cleveland, which would have elected Blaine. Butler, in his memoirs, also makes this claim. It took several days to complete the count, and a repetition of the contest of 1876-7 was feared, but Cleveland got the State and the Presidency. Blaine's managers made a number of tactical mistakes. A few days before the election Mr. Blaine was met by a party of clergymen with an address delivered by Dr. Burchard, who spoke of the Democracy as the party of "Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion." It is said Blaine did not understand the second term, but supposed it to be "Mormonism." At any rate he did not correct the statement, which angered many Roman Catholics, and is believed to have cost him the election. Mr. Cleveland had the support of many former Republicans, because they admired his conduct as Mayor and Governor, and for his professed devotion to civil service reform. These Republicans were called "Mugwumps," and the term was considered one of reproach. Since then independence in politics has become much more general, and the term has been almost abandoned.
The electoral vote stood: Cleveland, 219; Blaine, 182. The popular vote was: Cleveland, 4,911,017; Blaine, 4,848,-334; St. John, 151,809; Butler, 133,826; scattering, 11,362.
Grover Cleveland was the first Democrat to occupy the Presidency after the retirement of Buchanan, twenty-four years before. The House elected with him was Democratic, but the Senate was Republican, and this prevented any partisan legislation during his term of office. The Senate, however, confirmed nearly all of his appointments. The struggle for office at the opening of his term was the greatest in history. Democrats expected to get all the offices, but found the President very conservative. During the first two years his removals from office were comparatively few, and he extended the scope of the civil service law. In general, he allowed the Republicans in prominent offices to serve out their four-year terms, but the diplomatic and consular offices were generally filled with Democrats. Later in his term he was less faithful to his promises, and greatly disappointed the Independents, who looked upon him as the chief apostle of this reform. For his Cabinet, Mr. Cleveland chose: Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware, Secretary of State; Daniel Manning, of New York, Secretary of the Treasury; Wm. C. Endicott, of Massachusetts, Secretary of War; William C. Whitney, of New York, Secretary of the Navy; L. Q. C. Lamar, of Mississippi, Secretary of the Interior; Augustus S. Garland, of Arkansas, Attorney-General, and W. F. Vilas, of Wisconsin, Postmaster-General.
General Grant died on July 25, 1885, of cancer of the throat, after a lingering illness. After his return from his tour he settled in New York City, and unwisely invested all his savings, as a silent partner, in the brokerage firm of Grant & Ward, the former being his son. The fraudulent failure of the firm through Ward's roguery swept away every dollar Grant possessed and left him in debt $150,000 to William H. Vanderbilt for money borrowed at the request of Ward. To pay this last debt he turned over all his swords, medals, and gifts to Mr. Vanderbilt, who deposited them in the National Museum in Washington. General Grant was seriously ill and his condition appealed to the country. Congress made him once more a General, and retired him with full pay. During his illness he wrote his memoirs, which had an enormous sale.
In 1887 Congress passed the Inter-State Commerce law, designed to prevent discriminations between shippers engaged in inter-state commerce. The Commission has acted as a court, and has made many notable decisions, but it lacks certain powers necessary to carry out the real needs of the country. It has prohibited pooling, and in many cases forbidden unjust rates. In ten years freight rates were greatly reduced.
Mr. Cleveland's administration was generally successful. There was no partisan legislation possible. His marriage to Miss Frances Folsom, in 1886, greatly increased his popularity. He aroused more antipathy by his vetoes of special pension bills than by any other acts of his term. Instead of allowing these to go as a matter of course, as his predecessors had done, he investigated each case and, when convinced of their impropriety, he wrote veto messages which by their wording greatly offended many old soldiers and others. In 1887 he determined to make the tariff an issue and, in his annual message, made a terrific assault upon the principle of protection to American industries. This was done against the advice of many of his friends. The House passed a low tariff measure, known as the Mills Bill, but it was not acted on by the Senate. He was unanimously renominated at the Democratic Convention, which met at St. Louis June 5, 1888, with Allen G. Thurman, of Ohio, for Vice-President, Mr. Hendricks having died. The platform indorsed Mr. Cleveland's views on the tariff. Benjamin Harrison, of Indiana, was the Republican candidate, and was elected, with Levi P. Morton as Vice-President. The electoral vote stood: Harrison, 233; Cleveland, 168. The popular vote was: Harrison, 5,444,053; Cleveland, 5,538,536.
The tariff act known as "the McKinley Bill" was prepared and put through the House. It provided for an average of higher duties than had ever been laid, but also greatly increased the free list. In the Senate the bill met opposition, where a bill to put Congressional and Presidential elections under Federal control had aroused the Southern Democrats, who professed to see in it a return of negro domination. By skilful manoeuvring Senator Quay made an arrangement by which the election law was dropped and the tariff bill passed.
Foreign matters had a serious aspect during this administration. In New Orleans an Italian society, known as the "Mafia," had long secured immunity from punishment for crime by means of political influence. A number of particularly foul murders had been committed and no one convicted. On March 14, 1891, a mob gathered, broke open the jail, and shot down seven Italian prisoners who were awaiting trial, and hanged two others. Italy at once demanded an apology and reparation. Mr. Blaine replied that it was a matter for Louisiana and not the United States to settle. The relations between the two countries became strained. The Italian Minister went home, and ours left Rome. Eventually the matter was healed over, $25,000 recompense given the families of the murdered men, and friendly relations were restored.
A more serious incident was that with Chile. In 1891, during one of the periodical revolutions, the existing government was overthrown. Our Minister granted asylum to the deposed President, and he escaped the fate common in South American revolutions. This greatly angered the successful revolutionists, who soon took an opportunity to wreak their vengeance. The revolutionary steamer Itata was seized by the United States, but sailed away suddenly. She was followed, and surrendered at Iquique. This made matters worse. The United States cruiser Baltimore lay in Valparaiso harbor and some of her crew (October 16th) went ashore as usual. A mob collected and drove the blue jackets back to the boats, killing two and wounding several. This was an insult not to be brooked. President Harrison demanded an immediate apology and indemnity. Chile at first was not disposed to agree to this, whereupon rapid preparations were made for war. At this Chile backed down and made the reparation demanded, though not with very good grace. The sum paid was $75,000. The body of the killed boatswain's mate, Charles W. Riggin, was disinterred, taken to his home in Philadelphia, and lay in state in Independence Hall, and was buried with military and popular honors.
In 1889 Dom Pedro was driven from his throne as Emperor of Brazil and a republic was established.
A dispute with Great Britain was submitted to arbitration. Claiming the sole right to catch seals in Bering Sea, the United States government had seized some Canadian vessels engaged in shooting seals on the high seas. Our contention was that we owned the seals. The matter was decided against us, and we paid the damages.
Various political and personal reasons explain the return of Mr. Cleveland to power in 1892. The electoral vote was: Cleveland, 277; Harrison, 145. The popular vote was: Cleveland, 5,556,562; Harrison, 5,162,874.
A modification of the McKinley tariff act was enacted, the President refusing to sign the measure as altered by the Senate.
There was no partisan legislation during the rest of Cleveland's administration. In both of his terms Mr. Cleveland largely extended the scope of the civil service law, for which he was criticised by Republicans, who claimed that he first allowed departments to be filled with Democrats. Much dissatisfaction also was caused by the fact that the bonded indebtedness was increased $262,000,000. Part of this was to pay expenses, but most of it to maintain gold payments during the silver excitement. One contract made by the administration with a Wall street syndicate for bonds at a low price which the latter sold at a high price, caused great dissatisfaction. It was necessary, however, to get gold, as the "endless chain" worked rapidly.
The important foreign episode of the administration was a controversy with Great Britain over the Venezuela boundary. For many years there had been a dispute between Great Britain and Venezuela as to the boundary line between the latter and British Guiana. The matter came to a crisis when gold was found in the disputed country. Great Britain finally laid down a line as its minimum boundary and brought matters to a crisis by offering to arbitrate only over a small amount of territory in dispute. In this situation, invoking the Monroe Doctrine, Mr. Cleveland sent an ultimatum, with an implied threat of war, that the whole subject must be arbitrated. The ultimatum admitted of no compromise, and was so brusque that war seemed inevitable if Great Britain refused, as seemed likely, to accede to our demands. She did accede, and the matter was submitted to arbitration. The message to Congress, sent December 17, 1895, caused a small panic in financial circles, as it was believed that war was inevitable.
Populism and free silver had much to do with the campaign of 1896. Mr. McKinley was the Republican candidate. The Democratic Convention nominated William J. Bryan, of Nebraska, a brilliant orator and former Congressman, who had hardly been mentioned for the place, but who carried the Convention by storm in an eloquent speech for free silver. Arthur Sewall, of Maine, a prominent ship- builder and capitalist, got second honors. McKinley won in November, with Garret A. Hobart, of New Jersey, as Vice-President. The electoral vote was: McKinley, 271; Bryan, 176. The popular vote was: McKinley, 7,107,822; Bryan, 6,288,866.
Esteeming the tariff question of prime necessity, an extra session of Congress was called. Mr. Dingley prepared a new high protective measure, which passed both houses after many amendments, and became a law in 1897. Manufactories once more became busy, and a sudden rise in the price of wheat, due to an unusual foreign demand, aided powerfully in restoring prosperity. In the year 1898 the foreign trade balance was more than $600,000,000 in our favor, the domestic trade was the greatest ever known, while railroads and other enterprises largely increased their earnings.
Several conflicts with Indians had occurred subsequent to the Civil War. A massacre of settlers in Minnesota was followed by severe punishment and the tribes migrated to Dakota. In 1866 a two years' war broke out because of attacks on gold-seekers who passed through the Sioux reservation. In 1876 the movement against the Sioux resulted in the massacre of General Custer and his force of two hundred and fifty cavalry. Other encounters have periodically occurred, but the educational efforts with young Indians at the Carlisle school are having excellent results and promise still better.
The unexampled prosperity of the country has been demonstrated to the world from time to time, the first notable exhibition being that of 1876.
In the last year of Grant's term was held the exhibition at Philadelphia, to celebrate the Centennial of American liberty. Philadelphia was selected because the Declaration of Independence was signed there. It was by far the greatest world's fair that had been held up to that time. The city set aside a large portion of Fairmount Park for the purpose, and here were erected six large buildings and hundreds of smaller ones. The expense was borne largely by local enterprise, but the Government loaned $1,500,000, which was repaid. The total expense was $8,500,000, part of which was defrayed by the city, and part by the State. The rest was raised by subscription to stock in the enterprise, a portion of which was repaid. The total number of visitors was just under 10,000,000, and the largest on any one day was 274,919. The exposition was open from May 10 to November 10, except Sundays, a total of 159 days. It was opened with appropriate ceremonies by President Grant and Emperor Dom Pedro, of Brazil.
The exhibits came from all parts of the world, and for the first time in our history our people had an opportunity to compare their own products with those of other nations. The visitors likewise came from all over the world, and the result was most gratifying. While it was discovered that in the useful arts, particularly in machinery, our own country was in the lead, it was found that in the decorative arts we were far in the rear. It is impossible to estimate the effect of this exhibition upon the refinement and culture of the great masses of the people. Heretofore most of our energies had been directed towards getting the necessaries and comforts of life and developing our great resources; there was a natural pride over our accomplishments in many walks of life that led us to underestimate the rest of the world; but when the people beheld what the older nations accomplished, their respect grew, and many valuable lessons were learned. The decoration of houses has proceeded rapidly since that time, and the uses of color have been extended. Our artists and artisans got new ideas, and originality was stimulated so that our fabrics and artistic designs of all kinds are in most cases equal to any in the world and very often far superior. It is in teaching such lessons as these, and in educating those who have few advantages of travel, that such exhibitions are of the highest value. Thirty- eight foreign governments took part in the exhibition.
The great World's Fair was held at Chicago in 1893, celebrating the four hundredth anniversary of the landing of Columbus. It was a magnificent advance on the famous Centennial of 1876. Costing over $20,000,000, its ideal edifices satisfied all standards of taste and beauty. Enormous buildings were erected, but instead of being merely useful, the most elaborate pains were taken with their architecture. The exterior was a white composition known as staff, being principally plaster of paris, which looked like marble. The decorations, mural and of statuary, were elaborate and artistic. The grounds were laid out with lagoons, fountains, and all that landscape gardening could produce. The whole was a veritable fairyland. At night the buildings and lagoons were lighted up by electricity and the artistic effect was magnificent. The exhibits were complete and comprehensive, showing all that the world could offer in the arts and sciences. Foreigners were amazed at the display, and Americans no less. In the seventeen years which had passed since the Centennial, progress had been wonderful. Whereas in 1876 much of our showing contrasted poorly with foreign exhibits, now the comparisons were almost all in our favor. The exhibition was open six months, during which time there were 27,500,000 visitors, and total receipts of over $33,000,000. The Government gave directly $1,500,000, besides its own exhibit, and further aid by allowing the coinage of special designs of subsidiary coin, which commanded a premium. One interesting feature of the Fair was the Parliament of Religions, at which were gathered representatives of nearly every known religious creed in the whole world.
The Charleston earthquake of August 31, 1888, was the most destructive known on this continent. The damage, estimated at $10,000,000, was equalled by the terror and sufferings of the people. A year later the Johnstown flood added its horrors to the unusual list of vast disasters. The Conemaugh dam suddenly gave way, the city and several villages were demolished in an hour, several thousands were drowned or crushed to death, and the money loss was reckoned at many millions. The hurricane that struck Galveston, Texas, Sept. 8, 1900, is said to have cost seven thousand lives, and the property loss is inestimable in its magnitude.
Joseph M. Rogers
Terms Defined
Referenced Works


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Medical Lake opens football season Friday at St. Maries
August 30, 2012
By PAUL DELANEY
Staff Reporter
The hits now come against opponents for the Medical Lake football team Friday night, Aug. 31 in St. Maries, Idaho.
After three weeks of preseason camp the Cardinals will open their season with a non-league game against the Lumberjacks (1-0) in a series that continues in its third year following Medical Lake's two-year stint as an independent team awaiting reclassification.
"We've got a great opener," MedicalLake head coach Wes Hobbs said. "This has been a real great series between us and St. Maries; each time it's been a great game." The Lumberjacks sc...
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subset: commoncrawl


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- Ingredients
- 2 pounds baby spinach, washed and cleaned
- 2 tablespoons olive oil
- 4 shallots, minced
- 2 garlic cloves, minced
- Salt and freshly ground pepper.
- Directions 1. Blanch half a pound of spinach in salted, boiling water. Immediately, "shock" the blanched spinach in a bowl of iced water. Drain and squeeze out the excess water. Puree in a blender. Set aside. 2. In a large skillet, sweat the shallots and garlic until translucent. Add the rest of the spinach leaves. Toss and sauté until wilted. Fold in the spinach puree. Season with salt and pepper.
Related Video
Nutritional Info
- Calories159
- Carbohydrates19 g(6%)
- Fat8 g(12%)
- Protein8 g(16%)
- Saturated Fat1 g(5%)
- Sodium686 mg(29%)
- Polyunsaturated Fat1 g
- Fiber7 g(29%)
- Monounsaturated Fat5 g


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Residents of Southern California have filed a lawsuit against the city of Glendale over a controversial World War II statue. The $30,000 "Comfort Women" memorial is in honor of those Chinese and Korean women who were allegedly forced into prostitution by Imperial Japan in the 1930's and 1940's. The plaintiffs claim that the city is violating the supremacy clause of the U.S. Constitution, which is also referred to as "the law of the land". Supporters of the statue are active in spreading word about the comfort women issue, while the Japanese government has never officially apologized on the record. While no dollar amount has been mentioned, many believe the plaintiffs are strictly interested in removing the statue altogether. Read moreGoogle+
Tag Archives: california
Paint Manufacturers in for a World of Pain
Sony Presses Reset Button, Avoids Lawsuit
A few years ago, Sony's free-to-play online service, known as the Playstation Network, was compromised by a rogue group of hackers. Personal and private data, including credit card information, was stolen from about 70 million PSN users. A class action was filed immediately in San Diego, California as Sony scrambled to stop the bleeding. Luckily for this entertainment giant, the hot-button lawsuit has been dismissed. Unfortunately for the Playstation 3 faithful, a judge has decided to have the case thrown out, citing Sony's Privacy Policy, which all PSN users agree to, being compliant with the consumer protection laws. Read moreGoogle+
Illegal Pesticide Use in America's Healthiest Grocery Store
The state of California is suing Whole Foods Market for selling products thatcontain pesticides that have not yet been registered with the state. The four products being reviewed are either pet products or insect repellants. Charlotte Fadipe, who is part of the California Department of Pesticide Regulation states, "to sell a pesticide product in stores, a company must register it with the state so that it can be tested and approved for safe use". According to Charlotte, Whole Foods did not register the pesticides they are using in these four particular products, and people are bringing these products into their home without knowing if they are safe for use. Because these pesticides are unregistered, there is no way for the Department of Pesticide Regulation to know if they are safe, it must be first tested and approved. Read MoreGoogle+


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Mortgage Time!On February 16th, 2010, Federal Finance Minister Jim Flaherty announced three changes to the mortgage insurance rules, which will come into effect on April 19th, 2010.
The good news is that most mortgage consumers will not be significantly impacted by the three latest changes. The intentions of the new rules are to curb speculation housing and encourage homeowners to use their homes as a savings tool, rather than borrowing home equity to pay down loans and credit cards.
Rule #1
Minimum down payment requirements for non-owner-occupied homes will increase to 20% from 5%, and the way that rental income is considered has been scaled back as well. This rule will have the most dramatic impact of all three changes, but only on real estate investors. Being required to put more money down and being able to use less potential rental income for qualifying purposes will displace many new real estate investors (who currently only make up around 4% of all mortgage consumers in Canada).
This change is intended to avoid any kind of future housing bubble in Canada by curbing speculation building. The recent economic downturn caused builders to stop building and many new homes sat vacant through the early stages of 2009. When rates started to drop and buyers began to gobble up property that had been on the market for some time, the supply/demand ratio started to lead to higher demand and higher prices.
Rule #2
All borrowers will have to meet qualification standards for a five-year fixed-rate mortgage even if they choose a mortgage with a lower interest rate and shorter term (such as one- or three-year terms).
Current standards for mortgage qualifying are typically based on a lender's three-year fixed rate (if you're opting for a variable rate, home equity line of credit, or one-, two- or three-year fixed-rate product, which typically carry a lower interest rate). This qualifying standard has, in the past, been sufficient to protect consumers from rates increasing over the term (at least on paper). Essentially, the government is forcing people to prepare for a likely rate hike over the next five years.
Considering the average difference between discounted three- and five-year fixed rates is only between 0.30% and 0.49%, this should truly not have a drastic impact on the average mortgage applicant – if, in fact, the new rules intend to have mortgage applicants qualify based upon discounted rates. It is still unclear if the upcoming alterations are meant to have Canadians approved based upon "posted" five-year rates, which would mean a difference of over 2%!
Rule #3
The maximum amount Canadians can withdraw when refinancing their mortgages will be reduced from 95% to 90% of the value of their homes.
This final change will likely have the most impact on those Canadians who have a current government-backed insured mortgage and would like to take advantage of the equity in their home to do some debt consolidation in the future. In recent times, with rates at historical lows, it's been advantageous for consumers to roll their unsecured debt into their mortgage to decrease monthly payments – so much so that the government has sought an end to this trend of high loan-to-value mortgages.
This does not, however, stop consumers from overspending and taking on large amounts of credit card debt. In some cases, the ability to borrow the equity in one's home to pay off debt has saved people from bankruptcy and kept them in their homes. Hopefully this change doesn't backfire on the government's intentions.
Only time will tell if the government's measures to curb spiking house prices and encourage equity savings will be a positive change for Canadians.
Prior to this announcement, there was wide-spread speculation that the government was going to change current mortgage policies to include a minimum 10% down payment, an increase from the current 5%, and a reduction in amortization from a maximum of 35 to 30 years. Luckily for first-time home buyers in Canada, these rumours have not proven true.
As always, if you have any questions about these new mortgage rules or your mortgage in general, I'm here to help!
If you're self-employed, you may have a more difficult time obtaining financing for your real estate purchases than you encountered prior to the credit crisis thanks to tighter lending criteria in lieu of the recent recession. But if you can prove your income, show you're up-to-date on your taxes and that you have solid credit, your chances are greatly improved.
There are essentially two types of self-employed or business-for-self (BFS) borrowers – those who can prove their income and those who cannot, and must instead use a stated-income mortgage product.
By providing the required documentation, you're much more likely to be approved for a mortgage if you qualify based on your income. The trouble is that if you cannot prove your income, you pose a higher risk in the eyes of lenders. In mortgages, as in most other things, pricing is based on risk – the riskier the lender perceives you as a borrower, the higher the interest rate you will be required to pay on your mortgage.
Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) offers default mortgage insurance for BFS clients through a stated-income mortgage product up to 95% loan to value (LTV) – meaning the down payment can be as low as 5% of the purchase price – but the income has to make sense based on your occupation. This is important, because the chances of finding lenders to fund this type of deal are significantly boosted if the mortgage is insured.
Lenders and insurers are well aware of the tax write-offs that BFS borrowers can leverage, but these deals are accepted or declined based on average incomes for specific fields, as well as your credit rating. It pretty much goes without saying that those with credit blemishes will have a tough time obtaining traditional mortgage financing if they're self-employed.
Getting pre-approved
While BFS mortgage financing is viewed on a case-by-case basis, if you work with me to obtain a pre-approval, you can be confident you have access to mortgage financing and you will know how much you can spend before you head out shopping for a property.
It's important to note, however, that there is a significant difference between being pre-approved and pre-qualified. In order to obtain a pre-approval, the lender fully underwrites the deal, whereas with a pre-qualification only the most basic details are considered.
Should a pre-approval and/or mortgage default insurance be unobtainable, the maximum mortgage amount you are likely to qualify for is between 50% and 75% – meaning you will need a much larger down payment.
Alternative financing
If you do not qualify for traditional financing all is not lost, since you may be eligible for alternative – or private – funding.
As a mortgage professional, I also have access to private investors who are willing to lend money to BFS individuals looking to obtain mortgages. Although you will pay a higher interest rate, this route may enable you to acquire funds to purchase a home.
Private financing is equity based, meaning that the lender's decision will be based on a specific piece of real estate as opposed to just focusing on your credit score. Private lenders want to know that the property is marketable and that they will be able to easily sell it should the mortgage go into foreclosure.
When you get into the private-lending realm, not only are the rates higher, but the mortgage terms are also shorter – typically for 12 months at a time. If you do end up in a private mortgage, your goal should be to build up your credit so you can head back to a traditional lender within 12 months – where you will receive better interest rates and, overall, more mortgage options.


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How To Masquerade On Linux (Internet Connection Sharing)
It's very simple to masquerade (internet connection sharing in Windows language ) on Linux with a few lines of iptables and ip_forward commands.
First of all you have to flush and delete existing firewall rules.
So flush rules by typing in terminal:
iptables -F
iptables -t nat -F
iptables -t mangle -F
Now delete these chains:
iptables -X
iptables -t nat -X
iptables -t mangle -X
Now it's time to save the iptables rules so type:
service iptables save
service iptables restart
Now all rules and chains have been cleared!
Check it in /etc/sysconfig/iptables which has all default rules set to accept.
Now open /etc/rc.d/rc.local and insert the line:
echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
And then save and close the file.
Now asuming that your internet interface is eth0, type:
iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE
service iptables save
service iptables restart
Note: check if iptables is set to start during boot up.
Or check the status of your iptables service:
chkconfig –list iptables
If level 5 is on then it's ok othewise start the service at level 5 or level 2345.
Note: The post is also available on my own site - article desktop.
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14 Comment(s)
it was really great and use full information and i am really thankfull of the one who prepared and upload this information about internet sharing in linux machin i search lots of sites about this but there were no clear as much as that was in here once again really thanks.
One small note. "chkconfig -list iptables" should be "chkconfig --list iptables" (at least on my system, which is normal for all multi-character option names).
To explain (for noobies out there), the command can be "chkconfig -L iptables" or "chkconfig --list iptables". Note the one dash versus two. The single-character version, "L" has one dash. the multi-character version "list", which means the same thing, has two dashes. This seems to be a standard, as it's held true for every unix command I've used (I think).
More inportant note:
Remember to configure your LAN adapter (in this case eth0) and give it an ip address. If you want your computer to be like a router with a 198.168.x.1 style address, use "ifconfig eth0 192.168.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 up". You'll also need to use whatever configuration you system provides you to change the adapters address to 192.168.0.1 so it will be set correctly at bootup.
Thanks, this was really simple and it works 100%. You need credit!
No, it does not work 100%... many of VPNs etc. cant connect thru this
Great job. The best thing about this tutorial which makes it different from the others on web is that it has taught 'iptables flushing' before setting up IP forwarding.
While I can certainly easily flush the iptables settings as instructed, Debian does not have a "services" command nor a folder /etc/sysconfig. I'll look elsewhere, but I'm torturing myself for the last full year trying to get IP forwarding to work; I must've messed something up in the tables and I can't fix it anymore.
I'm not sure if this is still a problem for you, but in versions of Debian that don't have the "service" command (NOT "serviceS"), I think you can find the needed script in /etc/init.d/iptables, or some such. Just run a command like this (as root) to save/restart the iptables service:
/etc/init.d/<NameOfIPtablesScript> save
/etc/init.d/<NameOfIPtablesScript> restart
I hope this solves it for you!
For Ubuntu you can use: iptables-save
I have virtual box OS centos in Fedora 14.
I want to access internet from centos to outside,So i have to set MASQUERADE as well as packet forward.
Packet forward is working fine. But MASQUERADE is not working.
I have tried the below command for MASQUERADE
"iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE"
Anybody can help me?
is your IP static? if so, try
iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j SNAT --to-source xxx.xxx.xxx.xx
iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j SNAT --to-source xxx.xxx.xxx.xx
this is not forged ip address, when before executing this script internet is coming but after executing internet is not coming .if ping this there is no change ip address pls how to get forged using iptables.
why after i try to run this command chkconfig -list iptables my ouput is "-list: unknown option"???
did i miss any of the step?
you're missing one "-". It's --list
nice, tq it's work on my PCLINUX OS (server) and UBUNTU (client)


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From bees to bacteria: Loyola biology grads conduct top research around the world
Loyola press release - January 21, 2014
Three recent Loyola University New Orleans biology graduates are using the opportunities and undergraduate research experience they garnered as Loyola students to launch promising careers in scientific research across the U.S. and abroad. Each returned this fall to help inspire the next generation of Loyola scientists.
Loyola biology graduate Juan Calix '05, Ph.D., is studying the bacteria responsible for everything from pneumonia to meningitis. Margaret J. Couvillon '00, Ph.D., is decoding what dancing honeybees can tell us about their collection of food in a changing landscape. Christopher Gabler '04, Ph.D., is finding out what climate change could mean for Gulf Coast wetlands.
"The biggest advantage of going to Loyola for me was being able to work closely with research professors who could then write strong recommendation letters for me," said Calix, who is now finishing up work for his medical degree as a part of the University of Alabama at Birmingham's joint M.D./Ph.D. Medical Scientist Training Program.
Calix studies Streptococcus pneumonia, a bacterium that normally resides in the human respiratory tract without causing harm, but can also cause deadly illness. By identifying and studying different strains, his research aims to find out what determines whether people become sick or not from the bacteria. A student of Loyola biology professor Patricia Dorn, Ph.D., Calix began cultivating his affinity for scientific research while at Loyola.
Another one of Dorn's students, Couvillon, is now a post-doctoral fellow and behavioral ecologist at the Laboratory of Apiculture and Social Insects at the University of Sussex in Brighton, England. Couvillon's research uses the honeybee waggle dance—a sophisticated communication system where a successful forager tells other bees where she collected food—as a tool for ecology. Specifically, she is deciphering these dances to determine the challenges bees have collecting food in a changing environment. Her research is featured in a TED talk she gave at the Houses of Parliament in London.
While Couvillon's research took her to England, Gabler's research has taken him across the Gulf and Atlantic Coasts—even to China to study Chinese tallow trees invading U.S. wetlands. Gabler works for one of the only national labs for ecology—the U.S. Geological Survey's National Wetlands Research Center in Lafayette, La. His research aims to predict how climate change will affect coastal wetland plant communities throughout the Gulf of Mexico so fishermen, oyster farmers and others can take steps to make their lands and livelihoods more sustainable.
Gabler also started his research career at Loyola working on an independent research project on wetland restoration in the Mississippi Delta National Wildlife Refuge under the guidance of biology professor David White, Ph.D.
While the three researchers may not seem to share much in the way of similar scientific interests, they do offer similar advice to Loyola students looking to future careers in the wide world of science.
"Earnestly figure out what you really enjoy and what you really cannot stand to do, then build a career that maximizes the first and minimizes the second. You can do this by getting involved in undergraduate research," Gabler said.
"For Loyola undergraduates interested in a career in science, experience as many different types of science that you can," Couvillon said. "Loyola is a great place to do just that."


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¡Adelante! Bilingual Therapies Blog
Speech Language Pathology Jobs, Staffing and Clinical Development
Tag Archives: multi-sensory activities
Using Fall Favorites in Therapy
Posted on November 23, 2017 by Bilingual Therapies
Much of November is spent talking about giving thanks. A lot of the focus may be on special people in the lives of students. While this is important, it is crucial to move beyond that. It can be difficult to get to know students during different types of therapy sessions. Kids can be shy and scared to open up. Why not expand on the thankful notion and think about favorite items from this season? Check in with families ahead of time to see what traditions they may have from where they are originally from. Embrace multilingual learners and share these unique items with everyone in the group. Encourage families to send items in which can be observed by others during sessions. Read More »


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Keweenaw Mountain Lodge
7 Reviews
- 14252 US 41, Copper Harbor, MI 49918
- (906) 289-4403
- www.atthelodge.com
Keweenaw Mountain Lodge is a 9-hole regulation length golf course in Copper Harbor, Michigan. This short layout will reward good shots and provide a fun golf outing for everyone. Online tee times may be available at Keweenaw Mountain Lodge or at nearby golf courses, usually offered at a discount from the normal rate.
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Tee Times for Keweenaw Mountain Lodge (and other golf courses)
3.5 Stars (7 Reviews) - Last updated on July 15, 2014
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The score on Yelp is 3.5 out of 5. That score is an average of 7 ratings, and it is rounded to the nearest 0.5. Also note that sometimes Yelp excludes from that score any reviews that that it classifies as "not recommended."
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Just in case your kid didn't get the puppy for christmas – maybe this finding is at least some kind of substitute.
The Frank Dog Lamp is a desk lamp and made from Beech wood. It takes its inspiration from a delightful moment, when you have a cute little puppy walking and playing around at home.
Not only cute, but also a creative workplace decoration for your kid's desk.
Via pana-objects.com


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Open Access This article is
- freely available
- re-usable
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2010, 11(1), 354-369; doi:10.3390/ijms11010354
Surface Modification of Biomedical and Dental Implants and the Processes of Inflammation, Wound Healing and Bone Formation
Dows Institute for Dental Research, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, IA 52242, USA
Received: 24 December 2009; in revised form: 18 January 2010 / Accepted: 20 January 2010 / Published: 25 January 2010
Bone adaptation or integration of an implant is characterized by a series of biological reactions that start with bone turnover at the interface (a process of localized necrosis), followed by rapid repair. The wound healing response is guided by a complex activation of macrophages leading to tissue turnover and new osteoblast differentiation on the implant surface. The complex role of implant surface topography and impact on healing response plays a role in biological criteria that can guide the design and development of future tissue-implant surface interfaces.
Keywords:implant; surfaces; wound healing; macrophage
1. Introduction
Endosseous dental implants have created a revolution in the routine approach to dental care for patients missing one or more teeth. The clinical success for this procedure occurs through a series of clinical and biological steps starting with initial primary stability provided by the amount, quality and distribution of bone within the proposed implant site [1]. Following placement of the dental implant a series of bone modeling and remodeling steps take place. Bone adaptation or integration of an implant is characterized by a series of biological reactions that start with bone turnover at the interface (a process of localized necrosis), followed by rapid repair [2]. The common clinical end point of this process is measured by a lack of signs and symptoms of aggressive chronic inflammation, a lack of mobility and a radiographic assessment of bone adapted to the interface [3,4]. While high success rates hold for certain anatomic regions, the bony response within the thin cortical plates and diminished cancellous bone characterizing the Lekhom and Zarb type IV bone is considerably less successful (e.g., 65–85%) with conventional machined surfaced implants [5]. These results may relate to both the minimally rough implant surfaces being used at the time of Lindh's study and the patient population assessed. The response of trabecular bone to the mechanical environment is a critical factor, especially in regions of the jaw, such as the edentulous posterior maxillae, where the cortical thickness and/or local material properties are insufficient to withstand occlusal forces [2].
The long-term success of implant therapy is not just dependant on enhanced osseous stability. More recently, there is greater attention being addressed to the transmucosal dental implant or implant abutment interfaces. The mechanical and biological stability derived from the design and surfaces in this connective tissue and junctional epithelial environment are critical to maintaining a sufficient volume of connective tissue with minimal inflammatory infiltrate. Chronic inflammation in this transmucosal region can be influenced by the designs, materials or surface roughness leading to long-term tissue recession and even peri-implantitis years after the completion of tooth replacement therapy [6–13]. In order to increase the predictability of implant therapy, significant efforts have gone into development of implant biomaterials that hold the promise of improving clinical success. These technologies have evolved from simple modification of the oxide surface to precise nano-scale modification technologies that involve the formation of a uniform and consistent surface that leads to altered cellular response. Further, there are developing technologies to utilize changes in surface chemistry or even potentially biologics being added to the oxide surface to assist in stability of both the osseous and transmucosal environment.
The purpose of this review is to discuss some of the recent developments in titanium implant surface technology and to discuss the role in mediating macrophage biology in the wound healing site around the implant.
2. Implant Macro-Retentive Features
Implants used in the oral environment have one of three major types of macro-retentive features: screw threads (tapped or self tapping), solid body press-fit designs and/or sintered bead technologies. These approaches are designed to enhance initial implant stability and/or create large volumetric spaces for bone in-growth. An important biological principal of bone is that it responds favorably to compressive loading (without the presence of a ligament) but not to shear forces [14]. Therefore, screw thread implant designs have been adapted to achieve a compressive loading of the surrounding cortical or cancellous bone. Other thread designs focus on reducing the surrounding shear forces by reducing the height of the thread profile (reducing the contribution of any one thread) with an increase in the number of threads per unit area of the implant surface [15]. This has the additional benefit of increasing the strength of the implant body by increasing the amount of remaining wall thickness of the implant body [16]. Finally, orthopedic prosthesis (e.g., femoral stems, pelvic acetabular caps, knee prosthesis, etc.) have used various sintering technologies to create mesh or sintered beads as a surface for bone to grow in to. The application of this technology to dental implants has involved attempts to improve the success rate of short implants (<10 mm in length) [17]. This has been applied to a limited number of dental implant systems with very short implants [18–26].
3. Implant Micro-Retentive Features
Upon the placement of an implant into a surgical site, there is a cascade of molecular and cellular processes that provide for new bone growth and differentiation along the biomaterial surface. Following placement, the surrounding bone undergoes an initial necrosis, bone resorption and replacement, initially with a woven-like cell rich bone that is replaced through remodeling with mature haversian bone [27,28]. The goal of a number of current strategies is to provide an enhanced osseous stability through micro-surface mediated events. These strategies can be divided into those that attempt to enhance the in-migration of new bone (e.g., osteoconduction) through changes in surface topography (a.k.a., surface roughness), biological means to manipulate the type of cells that grow onto the surface and strategies to utilize the implant as a vehicle for local delivery of a bioactive coating (adhesion matrix or growth factor such as BMP-2) [29,30].
One means to improve implant success is through methods to increase the amount of bone contact along the body of the implant. While it may seem obvious that increased surface roughness of implants leads to greater success it is not clear what aspect of "roughness" is advantageous [31]. In dental implant design, it is assumed that a greater surface area (per unit of bulk metal surface) is an objective by various means to enhance the surface roughness of the implant surface. This enhanced surface area allows a greater area for load transfer of bone against the implant surface [32–35]. It should be clarified that surface roughness is often a poorly described characteristic [36]. Micromechanical features influence the process of secondary integration (bone growth, turnover and remodeling) [2]. One advantage of acid etching, a technique commonly used is to increase the roughness of the grit blasted surface creates the potential for a nanometer-scale topography on top of the macroscale roughness allowing bone to adapt to the surface under elevated shear forces [37,38]. Implant design features conventionally were thought to need surface pores or "pits" of 100 μm or greater in diameter for in growth of bone although clinically relevant surface roughness may actually be much finer (on the nanoscale level) [39].
4. Implant Wound Healing and the Potential Role of Surface Modification
Wound healing around a dental implant placed into a prepared osteotomy follows three stages of repair. Initial formation of a blood clot occurs through a biochemical activation followed by a cellular activation and finally a cellular response. As our understandings of these complex pathways are incomplete, there have been many approaches, especially in vitro systems, to tease apart the pathways. In doing this, it should be pointed out to the reader that most of our understanding of wound healing pathways extends from in vitro studies and this limits our understanding of both the redundancy of responses in situ as well as the potential validity of some observations made, in vitro.
These initial rapid changes during the surgical phase of implant therapy leads to activation of key biochemical pathways: the clotting system (fibrinogen to fibrin), complement activation, Kinin cascade activation (vascular dilation) and finally, plasmingen activation of plasmin. The adhesion of platelets to the assembled fibrin scaffold as well as adhesion to the surface topography of an implant surface leads to a process of platelet activation. Platelets are a rich source of locally released growth factors (e.g., PDGF, TGF-Beta, PDEGF, IGF-1) that accelerate the wound healing process though recruitment and differentiation of mesenchymal cells critical to establishing an osseous interface at the implant surface [40]. It is the interaction with the surface and serum proteins which appear to create the primary effect of implant surface topography [41]. Titanium surfaces that were modified though a controlled etching process have been shown to alter whole blood derived platelet adhesion and generated thrombin-antithrombin complexes [42]. Platelet activation has also been elevated on etched titanium surfaces. When platelet adhesion and activation was compared on machined versus blasted/etched titanium surfaces, in vitro, the smoother machined surfaces demonstrated higher adhesion of platelets but reduced activation while the rougher surfaces demonstrated reduced platelet adhesion but near 100% platelet degranulation [43].
During the initial remodeling steps, there are a number of immune cells that mediate early tissue (platelets, PMNs) followed by an in migration of phagocyte macrophages [44]. The complex and pluripotent role of macrophages has recently become engaged in biomaterials research not just as mediators of debris removal but also potentially playing a key role in mediating new bone formation on the implant surface [45,46]. Recent comprehensive reviews have articulated the complex role of macrophages and the conventional separation into the "classically activated macrophage pathway" (e.g., bacterial derived lipopolysaccaride or LPS) leading to activated Toll-like receptors relative to the "alternative macrophage activated pathway" (activation via IL-4, IL-13 and cell surface expression of mannose receptor (CD206) and Arginase-1 receptor) does not represent the current understanding of the phenotypic flexibility of this cell type. Mosser and Edwards suggest there is a continuum between these two cell types of macrophages and that wound healing is an important role of a subset of these cells [44]. An initial role for these cells is to remove the necrotic debris created by the drilling process and this material is laced with DNA fragments, histones, nuclear proteins and heat-shock proteins all of which leads to physiological changes in the macrophages, leading in turn to expression of cell surface proteins (CD135) production of cytokines and pro-inflammatory mediators though the NFKB pathway [44,47]. Dental implants are typically placed from a cortical surface of the dental alveolus though into the medullar cavity. It is interesting to note that when histological studies are performed on clinically healed implants, there is often bone contact exceeding 50% of the implant surface area extending along the portion of the device that passes though the medullar cavity whereas this does not occur in the absence of the medical device [48–51]. This allows rapid contact of the implant surface with marrow derived monocytes and may be one reason for the observation of extensive adhesion of macrophages to retrieved implant surfaces [45]. The following steps are not fully understood and may involve interactions of inflammatory mediators on activating these cells into tissue-macrophages. Activation of macrophages typically involves a combination of tumor-necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFNγ) to promote a bactericidal phenotype (e.g., expression IL-1, IL-6 and IL-23) initially though an innate immune response [44]. From a biomaterials perspective, the influence on the wound healing capacity by macrophages may be strategic. These cells respond though both innate and adaptive responses which includes response to basophil and mast cell release of IL-4 eliciting a differentiation of macrophages into a wound healing pathway [52, 53]. Later, adaptive immune response occurs though TH2 helper cell and IL-10 expression leading to expression from an intermediate regulatory macrophage of IL4 and IL-13. This cytokine-regulated cellular recruitment, migration, proliferation and formation of an extracellular matrix on the implant surface can be influenced by this early population of macrophages. These cells express growth factors such as fibroblast growth factor (FGF-1, FGF-2, FGF-4), Transforming growth factors, epithelial growth factor as well as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) [54,55]. The end result of this complex cascade is promotion of a wound healing process that includes angiogenesis. The development of an elaborate vascular network is an important part of the implant wounding healing process and may be elicited by the initial ischemia in the immediate wound site followed by the macrophage mediated release of bFGF, TNF-α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [55–57].
The role of macrophages in implant topography has primarily focused more on polymer-based materials and the potential for inflammation in vascular-based devices. Macrophages are extensively involved in the complex process of aseptic necrosis in orthopedic applications which is primarily a response to polymer wear debris in the enclosed area of the implant site [58]. Dental implants typically have the part of the implant subject to wear being located within the oral cavity thus reducing the potential for macrophage-based activation to remove wear particles [59–61]. Recent work has demonstrated though that macrophage activation is influenced by surface topography of the biomaterial. Paul et al., (2008) demonstrated topographical control using a polyvinylididene fluoride (PVDF) surface created using laser ablation and showed that macrophage responded to macroscopic surface topography in which they adhere and spread but not to nanoscale surface features and most intriguing was that specifically the CD163 positive macrophages (those associated with the alternative activation cascade or M2 cells in the conventional classification of macrophages) leading to a suggestion that the inflammatory response to implant surfaces can downregulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and thus implant topography can play a role in early events in biocompatibility [62].
The subsequent formation of a mineralized matrix during osteogenesis and bone remodeling or during osseointegration of dental implants involves the recruitment of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells and the progressive differentiation of these cells into osteoblasts [63]. Osteoblast differentiation and skeletal formation during embryonic development is mediated by an essential transcription factor protein called core binding-factor-alpha (Cbfa1) or RUNX-2 [64]. Cbfa1 belongs to the Runt family of transcription factors [65], and regulates osteoblast differentiation and expression of bone extracellular matrix protein genes that encode for bone sialoprotein (BSP), Osteocalcin and Type I Collagen [66,67]. RUNX-2/Cbfa1 plays an essential role in osteogenesis, osteoblast matrix formation, chondrocyte differentiation, and bone resorption by osteoclasts [68], and could therefore be a downstream target of cellular events such as extracellular matrix adhesion-mediated signaling, changes in cell shape and responses to local paracrine environments. A second transcription factor, osterix, has been described and has been suggested to play a key role downstream of RUNX-2 in which its expression is necessary for the ongoing differentiation within in the osteogenic pathway (versus sifting to a chondrogenic pathway) [69]. In an in vitro study, Misaski et al., showed that human mesenchymal stems cells grown on titanium surfaces with a nanoetched topography had elevated RUNX-2 and Type I Collagen expression and specifically increased the expression of alkaline phosphatase, a key enzyme involved in the control of biomineralization at the implant surface [70]. Upregulation of osterix and BSP was noted on alumina coated titanium surfaces with a nanometer level topography, relative to surfaces with just micrometer-level surface features. Human mesenchymal stem cells were grown over a 28 day period and demonstrated specific response to the etched titanium surfaces [71–73].
The promotion of osteoblast attachment and differentiation has been evaluated on various implant surfaces using a variety of cell culture and animal models [2,74,75]. For instance, the expression of matrix related proteins such as alkaline phosphatase (an enzyme with a role in biomineralization) and Type I collagen were enhanced on sand blasted and acid etched cpTi surfaces [76] The mechanism by which topography influences osteoblast differentiation appears to be mediated by the protein kinase A and PL-A2 pathway [77], and by integrin mediated signaling pathways [74,78,79]. The topography also influences subsequent expression of osteoblast-mediated cytokines and growth factors. Osteosarcoma cells (MG-63) grown on roughened surfaces had increased TGF-Beta and IL-1beta [80] in which a prostaglandin mediated response was described leading to decreased proliferation on characterized rougher surfaces with an increase in cellular phenotypic markers of differentiation (ALP activity, osteocalcin). While these observations demonstrate cellular responses of osteoblasts to the matrix absorbed onto the surface of an implant, they do not provide information on the role the surface (and the resultant matrix topography) on initial platelet adhesion/activation events and subsequent alterations of osteoblast cell shape and differentiation. It may be possible that the implant topography may lead to enhanced differentiation of osteoblasts through alterations in transcriptional regulation or gene expression of key osteogenic factors as a result of changes in cell shape due to interaction with the implant surface microtopography [81].
5. Implant Micro-Retentive Features: Surface Roughness by Blasting/Etching
Various studies have also addressed the issue of surface roughness through various means of grit blasting followed by a surface etching or coating procedure. This has included titanium plasma spray (TPS) [35], abrasion (TiO2 blasting or use of soluble abrasives) combinations of blasting and etching (e.g., Al2O3 with H2SO4/HCL) [35], thin apatite coating [82] or sintered beads [83]. Commercially available roughened surfaces using the large grit blasted and acid etched surface (e.g., Straumann's SLA surface) having both laboratory and clinical evidence of elevated success rates in areas of the posterior maxilla [84–88]. The role of the roughened surface is complex since the actual strength of bone contact against the titanium oxide surface is quite low (4 MPa or less); weak enough that without the surface topography (e.g., electropolished surfaces) little bone contact occurs [37]. A further modification of the SLA grit blasted and dual acid etched surface has recently been described [89]. In this procedure, the same surface roughening process occurs but there is a nitrogen atmosphere used to control the rate and formation of the oxide surface by attempting to reduce hydrocarbon contamination of the implant surface.
Various titanium surfaces have utilized surface roughness created either though a grit blasting and etching procedure or blasting of the surface alone by using tightly controlled conditions in order to obtain a pre-defined optimal surface topography. One such optimization criteria has been proposed [90,91]. This criteria suggests that an implant surface has an optimal balance between pore size on the surface (pore sizes of 1–5 μm diameter and 1–5 μm in depth) which optimizes the shear strength of the individual bone in-growth into anyone pit with the need to have as many "pits" on the surface as possible [15,34]. A further modification of the titanium dioxide grit blasted surface is then performed with a mild hydrofluoric acid etching to create surface pitting on the blasted surface. The optimization criteria calls for maintaining the macroroughness derived from the blasting process followed by the surface etching to influence the secondary osseointegration process (the process of wound healing following implant placement). Masaki et al. and Isa et al. used a human mesenchymal cell culture model and demonstrated there was a rapid increase in expression of key genes involved in the differentiation of bone unique to the fluoride modified and etched titanium surface that was not evident on blasted surface alone or a comparison group of large grit and dual acid etched surfaces [70,78]. In a follow-up study, Cooper et al. demonstrated that the same titanium surfaces also increases expression of bone adhesion and increased expression of bone sialoprotein, osteopontin and other bone-specific proteins critical to an accelerated bone adaptation to the implant surface [92].
Currently there are two main, but inter-related approaches being evaluated to enhance bone adaption to dental implant surfaces. Both approaches are designed to improve the adaptation of trabecular bone. The two approaches involve either the addition of biological mediators to the implant surface (e.g., cell adhesion or bioactive peptides, growth factors, etc.) or creation of reproducible nanoscale surface features.
The addition of bioactive peptides has a long and rich history in biomaterials research with strategies to covalently add either cell adhesion peptides or growth factors to the implant surface and thus use the implant as a local drug delivery device. The manner in which the fibrin scaffold is manipulated is one key to the future of implant surface technology [93–95]. Approaches to modifying the titanium oxide surface utilizes placement of various configurations of the commonly known recognition peptide sequences for cell adhesive integrins cell membrane associated matrix binding receptors (a tripeptide sequence of Arg-Gly-Asp or "RGD") on the surface of an implant surface. This RGD sequence mediates cell adhesion and is present in a number of extracellular matrix proteins (e.g., fibrin, collagen, fibronectin, vitronectin, osteopontin and bone sialoprotein). Obviously, many mesenchymal cells possess integrin receptors and thus the adhesion to an RGD coated surface may be rather non-specific but a number of groups are attempting to regulate the type of cell adhesion that occurs by modulating the sequence of proteins in the linker region (the region of protein attaching the RGD sequence to the metal substrate) as well as exploring various means to attach adhesion sequences (e.g., repeated regions of RGD sequence) through covalent attachment to the surface of the implant [59,79,96–107]. Work has focused on determining the optimal density of RGD adhesion peptides on an experimental implant surface to elicit osteoblast growth and differentiation [99].
Osteoblastic cells interact both with the matrix, through the RGD dependent pathways, but also to the surface contours of the surface. This property of "contact guidance" is an important part of understanding the behavior of how pre-osteoblasts interact with the complex fibrin/platelet scaffold. There are a number of elegant in vitro and in vivo studies which document the importance of not just the roughness of an implant surface but the effect of the direction of the pattern (or epitaxis) [108–111]. These studies demonstrate that fibroblasts and osteoblasts are capable of recognizing repeated surface features (e.g., lines, grooves and other defects created in machining). Cells appear to align and grow in a directional pattern directed by the surface features of the substratum [112]. Highly repeated, nanoscale surface features are capable of being formed with inexpensive photolithographic approaches. These repeating surface features are capable of combining properties of surface chemistry (e.g., surface energy) with biological attachment of adhesion/matrix peptides [112,113]. Similar photolithographic approaches have been used to create repeated patterns to generate controlled alternating domains of N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane (EDS) and dimethyldichlorosilane (DMS) as a means to control the adsorption of naturally occurring RGD adhesive proteins in serum (especially vitronectin) [101,103]. In this way, a bioactive surface may be generated that uses the natural adhesive proteins in the blood plasma at the time of implant placement. Obviously, there are still multiple issues of bioavailability and biological stability of these peptides that are being worked out but promise holds with such techniques.
The other direction for manipulating biological responses is to create topographical surface features at the nanoscale level on the titanium oxide surface. Relevant nanometer (10−9 m) scale features typically means in the range of 1–100 nm in dimension. The interest in this area of research is that the conventional Newtonian properties of materials are very different for a nanomaterial (e.g., increased number of atoms at the surface, surface grain boundaries, enhanced surface energy and surface area, electron delocalization, etc.) [48,71–73,114–117]. At the nanoscale level molecular interactions with the surface can be targeted to create specific cell level responses. For instance, work done with nanophase ceramics more than a decade ago demonstrated a specific increase in osteoblast cell adhesion, differentiation and matrix expression on surfaces with a 60 nm grain size or less [118]. If the grain size is 70 nm or greater the specific biological effects were lost. Further studies suggested this effect may be related to protein orientation to the nanophase structures and specifically the mode of orientation of adhesion proteins such as vitronectin to the grain boundaries which in turn alters osteoblast adhesion and shape; both critical to formation of bone [41,116,119–122].
The use of dental implants to replace missing teeth has made rapid progressions over the past twenty five years. Ongoing developments in the area of surface technology are aimed at enhancing tissue/surface interactions and to potentially use the expanding knowledge regarding the immune response, especially the role of the highly complex macrophage family of immune affecter cells. As our knowledge of these complex pathways is incomplete so is our ability to currently predict the biological responses to changes in surface properties. As the disciplines of immunology continues to understand the wound healing process, biomaterials development plays a complementary role as an interdisciplinary approach to developing implant surfaces that mimic and promote accelerated wound healing processes. All of these ongoing developments have a central goal of enhancing patient care.
This publication was made possible by Grant Number UL1RR024979 from the National Center for Research Resources (NCRR), a part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the CTSA or NIH.
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© 2010 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).


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Table of ContentsDefinition / general | Epidemiology | Clinical features | Gross description | Microscopic (histologic) description | Cytology description | Positive stains | Negative stains | Differential diagnosis | Additional references
Cite this page: Spindle cell ductal carcinoma in situ. PathologyOutlines.com website. http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/breastmalignantspindlecelldcis.html. Accessed October 24th, 2018.
Definition / general
- May be a variant of neuroendocrine DCIS (Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi 2006;35:13)
- Invasive tumors are considered a subset of metaplastic carcinoma
- Very rare (0.1% of breast carcinomas)
- Mean age 59 years
Clinical features
- Nipple discharge, breast lump or mammographic abnormality
Gross description
- 3 to 41 mm
Microscopic (histologic) description
- 10 - 80% of DCIS cells are spindled; patterns are fascicular, streaming or papillary
- Solid growth pattern, lack of secondary spaces or peripheral fenestrations
- Usually low to intermediate nuclear grade, with variable necrosis and microinvasion (Histopathology 2004;45:343)
Cytology description
- Predominantly clusters and a small population of single cells in a necrotic background
- Cells are mostly spindled, with minor population of epithelioid cells
- Cells have high N/C ratio with hyperchromatic and pleomorphic nuclei and prominent nucleoli
- Resembles metaplastic carcinoma (Acta Cytol 2005;49:323)
Positive stains
- Usually synaptophysin or chromogranin
Negative stains
- HER2, HMW, keratin, smooth muscle actin
Differential diagnosis
- Florid hyperplasia: HMW keratin+
- Intraductal papilloma: no atypia
- Metaplastic spindle cell tumors associated with fibrosclerotic lesions: Mod Pathol 2003;16:893
- Myoepithelial hyperplasia: p63+, S100+, smooth muscle actin+
Additional references


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Hong Kong to Introduce McWeddings
Burgers, fries, chicken sandwiches, nuggets…these aren't the only things that you can find on the McDonald's menu. If you live in Hong Kong, you can step right up to the register and order a wedding! If you've always dreamed of saying "I do" under a pair of golden arches (I mean, who hasn't?!) then keep reading to learn all about China's McWeddings!
So what do you get when you sign up for a McWedding? Well, for the reasonable price of 9,999 Hong Kong dollars (about $1,280 USD), you will celebrate your nuptials with the following:
-pink wedding invitations emblazoned with those famous golden arches
-Ronald McDonald and Hamburglar-themed decor
-an apple pie wedding cake
-catering for up to 100 guests
For a few extra bucks, you can get a wedding dress made out of balloons and a big pink backdrop. Unfortunately, there will be no champagne to be shared, as McDonald's in not licensed to serve alcohol.
Does this all sound a bit crazy to you? It sounds bizarre to me, too. I, for one, would never get married in a McDonald's and I don't think I know anyone who would, either. But, hey, different strokes for different folks! Us Americans have had some pretty strange weddings- for a couple hundred bucks, you can have an Elvis impersonator pronounce you man and wife- what could be weirder than that?
Wedding crazy? Check out these other wedding-related articles:
The Biggest Wedding Cake I've Ever Seen!
A Wedding in Michigan
Traditional Wedding Foods
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