text: Select an international website Zoover.at Zoover.be Zoover.ch Zoover.co.uk Zoover.com.tr Zoover.com.ua Zoover.cz Zoover.de Zoover.dk Zoover.es Zoover.fr Zoover.gr Zoover.hu Zoover.it Zoover.lt Zoover.nl Zoover.no Zoover.pl Zoover.pt Zoover.ro Zoover.ru Zoover.se Home Destinations Accommodations Add review Add review Add photos Add videos Add new accommodation Add attraction Add acco information Home Add review Greece mainland & Evia Athens Hotels Athens Hotel Tropical*** Popular destination Plakias Chersonissos Skala Kalloni Rethymnon Ixia Votsalakia / Kambos Petra Kefalonia Kos-city and surroundings Agios Gordis Popular destination Parga & Sivota (Epiros) Thessaloniki Chorto Nei Pori Athens Eretria Vrachos (Epiros) Glyfada Sivota / Syvota (Epiros) Platamon Popular in Athens Apartments in Athens Hotels in Athens Attractions in Athens Campsites in Athens Hotels mainland & Evia Hotels Greece Photos Hotel Tropical *** Reviews Photos & videos Tips Question and Answer Weather Hotel info Map 8.4 0 American reviews 17 international reviews 17° / 21° 22 Oct 2018 Weather Number 31 of 240 hotels in Athens Find the best prices and last minutes for Hotel Tropical*** at: 1 Booking.com Verify tip More suppliers Collapse Photo Gallery Laterooms Laterooms Laterooms Laterooms Laterooms Pictures of Hotel Tropical*** Laterooms Laterooms Laterooms Laterooms Laterooms Laterooms Laterooms Laterooms Add photos Would you like to get a better impression of Hotel Tropical in Athens? Then take a look at the photos of Hotel Tropical. If you have some holiday pictures of Hotel Tropical? Then you can add them on this page. read more Would you like to get a good impression of Hotel Tropical in Athens? Have a look at the pitures of Hotel Tropical. If you have some holiday pictures of Hotel Tropical yourself, you can add them on this page. - - - - Less text Actions for Hotel Tropical*** Add review Add photos Add videos Add new accommodation Add attraction Add acco information Attractions in Athens Akropolis van Athene Parthenon - Acropolis of Athens The Acropolis Museum Oude Agora Olympisch Stadion Lykavittos National Archeological Museum of Athens Information about Athens Weather Athens Map Athens Photos Athens Videos Athens Question and Answer Athens Are you the owner? Create a Zoover Account and manage your accommodaton, attraction, or restaurant. Click here for more information Zoover link on your website Click here for all Zoover widget options


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andys0 needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 72 designs submitted by 22 freelance designers.
CFX Incorporated
CFX has been a petroleum marketer (jobber) for nearly 30 years. They manage over 40 gas stations including 11 that they own themselves.
Gas station owners and managers at the end of their current gas supply contract, or gas station owners who are looking for a more honest, reliable company with strong automated accounting practices.
After lengthy discussion the owner's feel a logo that incorporates a OLIVE TREE or elements of the olive tree would best represent their company.
This graphical element could include:
1.) The olive tree itself
2.) An olive tree branch or leaf
3.) Anything you can think of that would be obvious to a person who is familiar with an olive tree.
Google Olive Tree and Olive Branch and check out the distinctive features here.
CFX should be prominent and "Management, Inc." should be secondary or subtext.
As of right now there are no color schemes to adhere to. we would like something that could easily transcend different color schemes when modified for future use.
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.

subset: commoncrawl


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Union Leader Correspondent
April 24. 2013 11:22PM
NASHUA - A local man profiled as Fugitive of the Week by U.S. Marshals was arraigned Wednesday on two charges of aggravated felonious sexual assault on a child.
An arrest warrant was issued Feb. 7 for Anthony W. Hannon, 44, who turned himself into Nashua police last week after being featured as the U.S. Marshals Fugitive Task Force's Fugitive of the Week. He was arraigned via video in the 9th Circuit Court, Nashua District Division.
Hannon is charged with sexually assaulting a child under age 13 on Jan. 15 and 16. He is also charged with sexual assault by inappropriate touching of the same victim around April 7 and April 13 of 2012.
"I am not guilty of any of this," Hannon said.
Hannon's older sister, Carleen Pineau of Nashua, asked that Hannon be released to her home, and she promised he would attend all court hearings.
"He has a very big family," Pineau said. "We do care. We do know of his innocence."
Hannon's son also spoke on his behalf. The victim's family was not present.
Judge Thomas Bamberger was concerned that Hannon had failed to show in court on two separate occasions in 2011 for unrelated charges. He kept bail at $30,000 as requested by the state and ordered that Hannon not contact the alleged victim or the family and cannot have unsupervised contact with anyone under 17 years old.
A probable cause hearing is May 8.


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Along with my blog I would like to build up my number of Twitter followers,I use twitter to post about my new giveaways,to post about new items I find or post & I use twitter to check out what…Continue
Luna Moon has not received any gifts yet
My name is Missy and I am also a member of the Mom Bloggers Club. I have a blog,www.luxurybeautyproducts.blogspot.com and I also run the blog hop network.
I wanted to let you know that I am following you, and hoping when you get a chance you can follow me back. I also want to invite you to join my groups, The Blog Hop Network, Beauty Bloggers, and Children's businesses. Also, I would love to place a link to your site on my blog if you want to do the same with my blog on yours. Please let me know by sending me an email regarding this and it has been nice meeting you via the web.
I hope your getting ready to have a wonderful Summer weekend.
I run Dazzling Daily Deals and I thought you might enjoy a few great deals and freebies to kick off your Summer:
Regal $1 family Summer movie program
FREE Subscription to Disney's Family Fun magazine
12 FREE Blockbuster Express movie rentals
I hope you enjoy these and feel free to share this content on your blog, all I ask is you give a credit link back to my blog.
If you havn't done so already ... please "LIKE" Dazzling Daily Deals on facebook and never miss a deal again!!! Plus I have a contest right now for only my FB fans.... enter for a chance to win a $50 Starbuck gift card
Thank you!!
I'm fairly new to MBC myself and wanted to welcome you. I am a part-time family doctor and full-time mom of 4 boys. I have a parenting website. On the site I accept questions from parents about their kids' behavior and offer suggestions about difficult situations. I hope you will check it out, perhaps leave a question or recommend it to a friend who has a problem.


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Main Site - :: Why Won't God Heal Amputees? ::
0 Members and 1 Guest are viewing this topic.
Seriously, you guys are the meanest people I have ever met. I hope you are happy and feel really good about yourself.
History and sociology thats right up my alley. What makes this place great is the many different people with their own specialties able to contribute from their perspective.


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Sun squares up to Oracle with Red Hat challenge
Take Solaris, please
Sun Microsystems has joined the Red Hat hunting party, announcing features and subscriptions for Solaris designed to out-gun and undercut its Linux rival.
Sun is packing yet-more high-end capabilities into Solaris around trusted extensions, clusters and common criteria evaluation. It hopes to improve availability and security for web servers and other lower end x86 systems.
The server maker is introducing support for Xen, allowing customers potentially to partition servers to run Solaris along with other operating systems or to run multiple versions of Solaris with the low-cost open source hypervisor.
Also, Sun has re-worked its existing Solaris subscription plan with pricing the company claims will undercut "comparable" offerings from Red Hat by at least 10 per cent.
Support starts at $49 per incident, beating not only Red Hat but also Oracle, which fired the starting gun on the race to out flank Red Hat in October.
In a further nod towards both Oracle and Red Hat, Sun is introducing Sun Connection - a service that can forward software updates to Red Hat and SuSE Linux in addition to systems running Solaris. Sun Connection will mange configuration changes and "eventually" enable users to redeploy systems, Sun said.
Still not tempted by Solaris? Sun has restructured its Solaris reseller and customer migration programs to woo partners and those being "forced" to migrate off legacy versions of Red Hat. According to Sun, the Solaris Ready Program for Resellers "offers one of the highest operating system margins" in the industry. The not-so-subtly named "Hats off to Solaris Program" targets customers moving from Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3 with tools, documentation and services.
Sun is angling for the "web tier", which - translated - means web 2.0 start-ups and edge-of-network servers in businesses. The older members of Sun's marketing and evangelism teams will be familiar with this push, which succeeded during the late 1990s via Solaris and failed from 2001 on when Sun birthed, killed, birthed and killed again its Linux efforts.
The vendor has been working to overcome the pricey reputation of Solaris/SPARC kit, which has hurt Sun's lower-end, "web tier" play. It has largely turned to a new fleet of x86 servers and a "resurgent" Solaris x86 to combat Linux.
The big question, however, remains for customers considering Solaris over Linux on the low end - "why bother?" Solaris might have clustering, fail-over and Xen, but it's entering a market where many already see Red Hat as providing the security and reliability needed to meet most users' needs. Don't forget, too, Red Hat will add Xen to its operating system later this year.
Price and quality of support will be key issues. Observers will be calculating and re-computing the Sun versus Red Hat numbers. Sun has claimed that it's cheaper than Red Hat, but it's not exactly a straight comparison and the choice will not be that straight forward for potential customers. The Solaris support deal goes from $240 to $1,180 per year for one- to two-socket Opteron servers with customers needing to pick between basic and premium plans.
That compares to Red Hat's Standard Edition for Red Hat Enterprise Linux ES on $799 per system or $1,499 per system for Red Hat Enterprise Linux AS. Clearly, standard is a relative definition.
Oracle sent Wall St pulses racing in October when it announced it would undercut Red Hat with Unbreakable Linux Network (ULN), raising the prospect of mass migrations.
However, as results from Oracle and Red Hat's latest fiscal quarters proved, price alone has not been enough to make customers switch. Red Hat chief executive Matthew Szulik said customers want more than just 10 per cent shaved off the support price - they want the Red Hat brand. That apparently means a focus on quality and proven capabilities. ®


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MILLEDGEVILLE, Ga. - Senior guard Ty Rowland (Lilburn, Ga.) of the No. 14 Georgia College & State University men's basketball team (18-2, 11-0 PBC) was named GCSU Athlete of the Week for the week ending Feb. 7. This marks the first such honor for Rowland and the fifth for the Bobcat men's basketball team this season.
Rowland continues to be one of the top point guards in program history, adding a bit of scoring punch this week as well. The senior averaged 18.0 points and 7.0 assists per contest over two games. He scored 18 against North Georgia Wednesday on 6-11 shooting and 4-6 behind the arc, adding six assists to become the top man in assists during the NCAA era of basketball at Georgia College and fourth overall.
Against Clayton State, his play was key in a second half comeback, with 18 points on 5-8 shooting and 3-6 from downtown, with eight assists and not a single turnover. He had just one turnover in 76 minutes of play last week.
The Bobcats are back in action tomorrow, Feb. 11 at 7:30 p.m. traveling to No. 11 Augusta State University.
The GCSU Department of Athletics, winners of the 2008-09 PBC Commissioner's Cup, sponsors 10 varsity athletic programs at the NCAA Division II level. As a Division II program, Georgia College prides itself on balancing the life of the student-athlete, evidenced by the Bobcats' multiple appearances in post-season competition as well as documented academic success and community-service involvement. Sign up at Twitter.com username GCSUSID for up-to-the-minute reports, and visit www.GCSUBobcats.com to nominate your favorite former Bobcats and Colonials to the GCSU Athletics Hall of Fame.


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The Bramble
Source: ZuZu Lounge at Hotel Valley Ho
Happy Hour at ZuZu goes from 4 to 7 p.m. on weekdays, with wine, beer and signature cocktails going for $3 each. The Bramble is one of six creative handcrafted cocktails on the list that guests can pair with a selection of $5 appetizers. These include mini pork shanks and grilled cheese with tomato soup.
2 oz. gin
1 oz. fresh lemon juice
3/4 oz. simple syrup
Crushed ice
1/2 oz. Crème de Muir (blackberry liqueur)
Whole blackberries and lemon twists, for garnish
- In a cocktail shaker, combine gin, lemon juice, simple syrup and ice. Give it a couple of shakes to mix.
- Pour mixture into a double rocks glass. Float Crème de Muir on top of drink (for visual effect). Garnish with a blackberry on a pick and a lemon twist.


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BSU Catalog Home | Anthropology Program | All-University Courses and Descriptions
Check with coordinator for semester when these courses are offered. Read each course description for prerequisites.
1110 CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY (3 credits) Comparative study of a variety of modern human groups serves to illustrate the methodology of Cultural Anthropology. Analyses of technologies, family forms, social organizations, religions, and cultural change. Liberal Education Goal Area 8
2100 NATIVE NORTH AMERICANS (3 credits) Examination of the variety of native North American cultures (north of Mexico). Survey of linguistic and archaeological background; emphasis on social and ecological adjustments. Liberal Education Goal Areas 5 & 7


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La Mama has added HONOUR, by Dipti Mehta, directed by Terry Berliner to its bevy of theatrical works. HONOUR, a One-Person show about a child prostitute in Mumbai, includes traditional Indian music and dance.
The show takes place on Friday, December 14, and Saturday, December 15, 7:30pm; Sunday, December 16, 2:30pm at La Mama E.T.C., First Floor Theatre, 74A, East 4th Street, New York 10003.
HONOUR is the story of prostitute's struggle to save her only daughter from a life of destitution in the slums of Mumbai. Using text and traditional Indian dance, writer/performer Dipti Mehta tells a tale of survival and pride.
To purchase tickets, you may reach the Box office at 212-475-7710. Also, you may purchase tickets online at http://lamama.org/first-floor-theatre/honour/. HONOUR is followed by talk-back about sex trafficking. Tickets are priced at $18 (student/senior $13).


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Bethesda would "be crazy not to release" Prey 2, the game's lead level designer has stated, after rumours earlier in the year suggested that the open-world sci-fi shooter had been canned.
"It'd be crazy not to release it after so many people still ask for it," Human Head designer Nathan Cheever tweeted in response to a fan enquiring about Prey 2's release. "Nothing beats Bountyhunting the denizens of Exodus!"
A release for Human Head's sci-fi shooter, however, still seems uncertain.
"It's up to Bethesda to decide what to do with it," Cheever continued. "The best you can do is ask them what they're thinking, like [Bethesda's VP of Marketing] Peter Hines."
Cheever has regularly taken to Twitter to discuss the game's troubled development.
Earlier in the year, after rumours suggested that the game may never see a release, Cheever confirmed that the game "hasn't been officially cancelled, only in limbo."
So what's going on with it? Well, it doesn't look like the developer is holding off for next-generation consoles.
"P2 has no problems on current hardware," Cheever tweeted when asked whether next-generation consoles would allow for additional gameplay opportunities.
"Next Gen would always provide more mileage, but it's not necessary since it was designed to for this gen."
He also appeared to jibe at the game's development budget. "I bet the new COD BO2 ad cost more than Prey 2's total budget," he tweeted in the weeks prior to Black Ops 2's launch.
Rumours of Prey 2's cancellation have hit the headlines numerous times throughout 2012.
Back in April, Bethesda announced that Prey 2 would miss a 2012 release due "to the fact that game development has not progressed satisfactorily this past year, and the game does not currently meet our quality standards.
"We have made a substantial investment in game development to deliver the experience fans want," the publisher continued. "We are determined only to release the AAA game that fans rightfully expect, and are unwilling to compromise our quality standards to meet a release schedule."
Then in August, Bethesda removed Prey 2 from its product page. It still hasn't returned.
Cheever's personal website, Curious Constructs, currently lists the game for a 2013 release.
Earlier today, VideoGamer.com revealed that Human Head Studios is staffing up for a mystery third-person open-world title.
Source: Twitter


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LONDON (Reuters) - GlaxoSmithKline and the non-profit biotech group Aeras are to assess an experimental tuberculosis vaccine in "proof of concept" tests in Africa and India, marking a step forward in the hunt for new ways to prevent the killer disease.
The partners plan to launch a mid-stage Phase IIb clinical study in Kenya, South Africa and India next year, following successful initial tests with the GSK product, Aeras said on Wednesday.
TB is a growing threat around the world, especially with the emergence of strains that are resistant to multiple antibiotics. It kills an estimated 1.4 million people a year.
The disease is spreading despite the widespread use of the currently available TB vaccine, Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG). BCG prevents some forms of TB but not pulmonary TB, which accounts for the majority of infections and deaths.
The new GSK vaccine candidate being developed under the agreement with Aeras is designed to be used in addition to BCG.
It contains GSK's proprietary antigen M72 and the adjuvant AS01E, which includes an ingredient licensed from Antigenics, a unit of Agenus. Adjuvants are substances that are added to vaccines to increase their effectiveness.
Aeras and GSK will each provide resources to run the clinical trial in healthy adults aged between 18 and 50 years. The study is scheduled to begin in 2013, pending approvals from authorities.
United States-based Aeras is working on a number of other experimental TB vaccines with different partners, including one developed by scientists at the University of Oxford and another that is a collaboration with Johnson & Johnson unit Crucell.
Reporting by Ben Hirschler; Editing by Hans-Juergen Peters


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Watch The ::God Is Imaginary Videos On YouTube ::
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All this info does to the conservatives is make them double down. "We need to cut rich folks' taxes more, beat our kids more and drive more gas-guzzlers! We need more guns and more laws that let us shoot people! Build more jails for brown people! Fewer rights for gays! Make it harder to get birth control! Add high fructose corn syrup to all foods! Teach everyone less science! Put more religion into the schools! Censor everything we don't like!" That'll do it.
true. If i were to have a kid, i would prefer another country to raise them because let's face it; US is not very good in the education system.
"Although it is not true that all conservatives are stupid people, it is true that most stupid people are conservative."
I would postulate that this data shows that a higher degree of atheism in a country can lead to it being a better country for children to grow up in, but the factors considered in the parenting may also be brought to a better standard by community based religion (as in Ireland). Of course then you can argue that it is wrong to brainwash a child religiously but I'm not proving that with this study Factors:Lifetime risk of maternal deathPercent of women using modern contraceptionFemale life expectancy at birth (years)Expected number of years of formal female schoolingMaternity leave benefits 2011Ratio of estimated female to male earned incomeParticipation of women in national government (% seats held by women)Under-5 mortality rateGross pre-primary enrollment ratio (% of total)Gross secondary enrollment ratio/studyTL;DR- a higher degree of atheism in a country can appear to lead to it to be a better country for children to grow up women to live in independently. It's probably right.
You have a good point, TOT. Many of the countries that post good numbers on human development are very homogenous: Norway, Sweden, Iceland, Japan. When populations are more diverse, there can be resistance to spending tax money on the well-being of people "not like us". Australia and Canada are more diverse, and still have pretty good numbers.
Thanks for putting in the time on this. These correlations are interesting to say the least. The one question however, that keeps coming to mind for me is the question of how 'better' is defined as we look at this from the perspective of children. Looking at what the data reveals on its surface, I would almost prefer having my daughter grow up in one of the countries mentioned on this list, but not so much for my son believe it or not. I also wonder how attainable and commonplace a rags to riches accent would be in these nations.In my opinion, the statistics about the above countries that aren't broadcasted enough are demographical in nature. The demographic influence on a society is quite powerful and should not be overlooked when comprising such lists. How homogenous are the populations? How many divergent subcultural influences have a voice within the national landscape? Has there been a national somewhat coersive cultural assimilation put in place by governing bodies that dates back generations?


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This pneumatic gain-in-weight filling system conveys and weighs free-flowing bulk solids and discharges the material into bulk bags dust-free. The filter receiver of a Pneumati-Con vacuum dilute-phase pneumatic conveying system is mounted on load cells, enabling the controller to stop the flow of material once an accurate batch weight has been accumulated. A "fill" button on the Twin-Centerpost bulk bag filler actuates a blower to remove bag creases, and then opens a slide gate valve to discharge the batch into the bag at high rates, as a vibratory deck densifies the material to stabilize the bag. The filler is mounted on a secondary set of load cells to check-weigh the filled bag. A port within the discharge spout vents displaced air and dust to a remote bag house. The controller then releases the bag straps and deflates the spout seal, allowing the operator to tie-off the spout and remove the filled bag.
Flexicon Corp., Bethlehem, PA 888-353-9426 www.flexicon.com
For related equipment reviews, articles, and news, visit our Packaging & Bagging Equipment Zone
Click here for information about International Powder & Bulk Solids Conference & Exhibition


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Are you experienced? At bidding? Well you need to be quick. If you are a Jimi fan then you need to get here asap as they have a brilliant selection of Jimi's stuff from the 1960s which only has a few hours left to go.
Flip through the gallery to see what's up for grabs. The guitar has a starting bid of £120k which doesn't actually sound that pricey. The hat is a bargainous £4k
Incidentally Jimi would have been 70 today. Happy Birthday fella.
Wooah - so this is the guitar that Jimi used at the infamous Monterey rock fest in 1967. The black Fender Stratocaster used by Jimi Henrdix to play the best part of his set at the legendary Monterey Pop Festival and the Experience's first appearance in the USA 1967. The CBS era instrument with contour style solid body and original candy apple case dates from late 1966/67 with rosewood neck and black solid body and white scratch protection. Triple pickups ,chrome key tuner pegs, mother of pearl dot fret inlays, three volume tone controls , tone switch , (spring back plate missing.) The guitar is in its original condition after use, various chips and wear scratches. Endless pictures of this guitar are available on the Monterey video, also photo news journals and biographies. The case is in a somewhat battered condition after further tours and gigs after Monterey.


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Hamburg midfielder Rafael van der Vaart has urged Heung-Min Son to stay with the side, after he was linked with a move away from the Volksparkstadion.
The South Korean, who has scored nine goals in 21 appearances, is reportedly a target of several European clubs who are battling to attract the young striker's signature.
But the ex-Tottenham play-maker believes that Son should stay with the German outfit, highlighting the promise of first-team football
"I think for Sonny, it would be better to stay here [at Hamburg] for now," Van der Vaart told reporters.
"And I'm not just saying that because the boy has been in outstanding form for us. It's the first very good season in his career, he doesn't have to become jumpy and make a switch.
"At the biggest clubs, you can quickly end up on the bench, especially as a young player."


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NH's Gabriel declaring for NBA draftBy JERRY TIPTON
Lexington Herald-Leader
April 18. 2018 10:34PM
LEXINGTON, Ky. — Wenyen Gabriel, of Manchester, N.H., joined four University of Kentucky players in announcing Wednesday his intention of entering his name in this year's NBA draft. Like PJ Washington, he said he would not hire an agent, thus leaving open the option of returning to play for Kentucky next season.
Gabriel, who starred at Trinity High, said he made the decision after speaking with UK coach John Calipari.
"My dream has always been to play professionally," Gabriel said in a news release. "After talking with Coach Cal and the staff, they believe it's in my best interest to see where I stand in the eyes of the NBA. I'm confident I can play at the next level, but I want to be absolutely certain that this is the right decision for me at this time. I know that I have the opportunity to return to school and that I will have the full support of the coaching staff and the Big Blue Nation. No matter what happens, I love this university and all the opportunities it's been able to provide me."
Earlier, Hamidou Diallo, Shai Gilgeous-Alexander and Kevin Knox announced that they would enter the draft and hire an agent.
Gabriel is not projected as a first-round pick in several mock drafts.
"Wenyen knows how much I would like to coach him another year, but I also understand the situation he's in and his desire to pursue his dreams," Calipari said in a news release. "The great part about this process is Wenyen will know first hand where he stands with the NBA. If it's his time and he can continue on the path that he went on this year, he becomes a valuable asset for a team because of his energy, his willingness to do anything to win and his ability to stretch the floor. If he needs to return to school, we will continue to push him to be the best version of himself as we try to chase a championship next season. It's a win-win for him, and he has my full support."
Gabriel finished last season on a high note. Over the final eight games, he averaged 9.9 points, 5.5 rebounds and 2.1 3-point baskets.
Gabriel became an instant icon in the Southeastern Conference Tournament semifinals when he shot 7-for-7 from 3-point range in a 23-point performance against Alabama.
That set UK school records and SEC Tournament records for most 3-pointers made without a miss.
For the season, Gabriel averaged 6.8 points and 5.4 rebounds. He made 42 3-point shots, which was the second most on the team. He made 39.6 percent of his 3-point shots.


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NetWellness is a global, community service providing quality, unbiased health information from our partners. NetWellness is commercial-free and does not accept advertising.
Tuesday, December 6, 2016
A genetic disorder can be caused by a problem in one or more of the genes. This means that the information in the gene is faulty. This problem can disrupt the normal function of a vital system - such as the immune system or the endocrine system - or prevent normal development of an organ, bones, or skin. It can also significantly increase a person's chances of developing a particular disease, such as diabetes or breast cancer. Birth defects or genetic disorders can also be caused by a problem with the number or structure of chromosomes. Usually this results in multiple body systems being affected.
Collectively, genetic disorders account for a significant portion of human disease and conditions and can present themselves in several different ways. The most widely recognized genetic disorders include Down syndrome, spina bifida, and sickle cell anemia. Also, more information is available about the genetics of common diseases such as cancer. There are more than 6,000 known genetic disorders.
Genetic disorders can be lethal or result in conditions that require significant medical care. For example, children and adults who have cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia, two of the most common inherited disorders, often need to be hospitalized for treatment of these diseases. Increasingly, scientists are learning that many common diseases that typically arise later in life - diabetes, some types of heart disease, cancer, and arthritis - may run in families and have a strong genetic component.1
1. Nussbaum, RL, McInnes RR, Willard HF. Thompson & Thompson's Genetics in Medicine, 7th ed. 2007, WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia, PA
This article is a NetWellness exclusive.
Last Reviewed: Jun 28, 2010
Associate Professor of Genetics
School of Medicine
Case Western Reserve University


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Freestyle Pro Spooner Board
-- • --
Learn to skateboard, surf, and snowboard while improving core strength, stability, balance, coordination, and gross motor skills. For kids over 4 feet tall, this pro board gives a wider, more comfortable stance. Features raised edges, gripping surface, and no-slip surface. The 24" Freestyle Spooner Board (19557) can be easier to manage and maneuver for children under 4 feet tall.
- Made of nonbreakable, non-marring 3/8" polyethylene
- Appeals to a wide variety of ages.
- Made in the USA
Customers Also Bought


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Huggies® Rewards Points are like hugs; the more you get, the better. Every time you buy Huggies products, we want to give you something in return. Join now to start earning Rewards Points on your Huggies Diapers and Wipes purchases.
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Apple, the Apple logo, and iPhone are trademarks of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries.. App Store is a service mark of Apple Inc.Android, Google Play, and the Google Play logo are trademarks of Google Inc.
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The inside of it, honest to goodness, when I opened these up and I felt the liner for the first time, I was in shock. I have never in my life felt a diaper as absorbent, as soft, cuddly as this. And I have several children, and I have gone through a lot of diapers, a lot of different diaper brands. Changed a lot of diapers and I have, like I said, other than a cloth diaper, this is the softest one I've ever felt. These are the little bumps, the little pillows. This is the liner and it is so soft. I can't say that enough. It really truly is. It's so gentle against your baby's skin. I have found that these diapers wick away the moisture really, really well, and keep my baby's skin really dry and protected.
I am so happy that these diapers exist, my baby couldn't be more comfortable, she is always smiling and sleeps well through the night and her diaper is never soaking :-) I am so glad that they have all sizes because I will keep using these only!
Thank you for making the best diapers around! :) huggies is my absolute favorite brand for my two little ladies. No leaks & zero rashes! :) we♡ huggies!
We use them only, you know, for diaper changes, but for a lot of other purposes like face cleaning and hand wiping and What I love about them is they're extremely tough. They basically leave the skin extremely soft and they're not irritating, they had aloe in it. Which helps with any irritation that he's having. Since I've been using them I hardly have to use ever any diaper rash cream, so that's wonderful.
My little one is on the go and these diapers allow her to do that with no leakage and the stretchy waist and extended tabs are a great way for me to hurry to get the diaper on her. She's not too patient these days waiting to get changed. Love these diapers.
AVAILABLE IN :Clutch 'N Clean, Soft Packs, Tubs, Refills, Big Packs
Diaper Bag Tips and Tricks
any ONE (1) package of Huggies® Diapers


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Panel Requires Additional Data About Brain Amyloid Imaging for Alzheimer's Disease Despite Expert Recommendations
Jan 30, 2013, 08:31 EST
- Alzheimer's Association Statement -
WASHINGTON, Jan. 30, 2013 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- The Alzheimer's Association is disappointed that the Medicare Evidence Development and Coverage Advisory Committee (MEDCAC) panel does not believe that there is adequate evidence whether or not PET imaging of brain beta amyloid changes health outcomes, and urges the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Service (CMS) to review the evidence and make a positive determination about coverage. The Association sincerely appreciates the opportunity to participate in this important review process.
The Alzheimer's Association strongly supports early and accurate diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, and believes that it leads to better outcomes and higher quality of life for people with Alzheimer's and their families. It does this by: enabling earlier access to appropriate treatments, allowing the family to build a care team and seek out education and support services, enabling enrollment in Alzheimer's/dementia clinical trials, and providing an opportunity for the development of advance directives and financial planning.
The Alzheimer's Association supports the consensus criteria developed by the taskforce convened by the Association and Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (SNMMI) that describes appropriate use of brain amyloid imaging. (Published online as an article in press on January 28, 2013, by Alzheimer's & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association and Journal of Nuclear Medicine.) The Association recommends that CMS cover brain amyloid imaging according to those criteria.
According to those criteria, appropriate candidates for amyloid PET imaging include:
- Those who complain of persistent or progressive unexplained memory problems or confusion and who demonstrate impairments using standard tests of cognition and memory.
- Individuals meeting tests for possible Alzheimer's, but who are unusual in their clinical presentation.
- Individuals with progressive dementia and atypically early age of onset (before age 65).
The Alzheimer's Association recommends use of brain amyloid imaging and associated insurance coverage primarily to clarify an unclear diagnosis in people who are already experiencing memory and thinking symptoms. We do not recommend its use in non-symptomatic people and a positive result is not a definitive diagnosis of Alzheimer's. Brain amyloid imaging is one more tool to give doctors additional information to help clarify an otherwise unclear diagnosis.
About the Alzheimer's Association:
The Alzheimer's Association is the world's leading voluntary health organization in Alzheimer care, support and research. Our mission is to eliminate Alzheimer's disease through the advancement of research; to provide and enhance care and support for all affected; and to reduce the risk of dementia through the promotion of brain health. Our vision is a world without Alzheimer's. For more information, visit www.alz.org.
SOURCE Alzheimer's Association


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It's that special time of year when media outlets begin to dictate to you what albums you were supposed to enjoy this year. Dictate! Guess nobody told them live in a democracy, man. Earlier this month you chose the leader of the free world, you can handle choosing the year's best albums. But how about also choosing the year's best videos, songs, new acts, indie rock crushes, TV shows, movies, and viral videos?
Welcome to the annual Gummy Awards, and as always, the Stereogum and Videogum families invite you to play a plum role in determining which artworks and humans are remembered as 2012's finest. This year we're sweetening the pot by giving away an iPad With Retina Display (WiFi + Cellular, 32GB) to one lucky voter selected randomly. To enter, fill out the ballot below AND share your Best Album pick in the comments. This is real. Gummys The Vote™. Here we go:
Polls close on Wednesday 12/5 at 12 PM EST. Check out last year's winners here.


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2012 Mercedes-Benz CL-Class Values
Select a 2012 Mercedes-Benz CL-Class trim level
2012 model year changes
The big, luxurious Mercedes-Benz CL-Class coupes have carried over unchanged into 2012.
Competitive comparison
Strong, refined engines; very quick acceleration; useful active-safety features; AMG models' supercar performance with top-notch luxury; exclusivity
Special features for 2012
The 2012 Mercedes-Benz CL-Class comes with blistering acceleration, enough comfort inside for a cross-country trip, a host of industry-leading tech features and exclusivity. The least-expensive CL starts at over $110,000, but the level of performance and luxury means there is very little real competition.
The 2012 Mercedes-Benz CL-Class is a luxury coupe available in CL550, CL600, CL63 AMG, and CL65 AMG trim levels. The CL550 (4MATIC AWD) is powered by a 4.6-liter twin-turbo V8 engine (produces 429 hp/516 lb-ft of torque) paired with a 7-speed automatic transmission. The CL600 (RWD) increases performance with a 5.5-liter twin-turbo V12 engine (510 hp/612 lb-ft of torque) paired with a 5-speed automatic transmission. AMG trim levels up performance with a 5.5-liter biturbo V8 that produces 536 hp for the CL63 and a 6.0-liter biturbo V12 producing 621 hp for the CL65. Both have RWD configurations, but the CL63 is equipped with a 7-speed automatic transmission while the CL65 has a 5-speed automatic transmission. Fuel mileage falls within an EPA estimated range of 12 mpg city to 24 mpg highway, depending on model selection. Features include night view assist, navigation, and 20-inch alloy wheels. Safety is comprised of blind-spot assist, 11-way airbag protection, active lane-keeping assist, Active Body Control, and Electronic Stability Program. The CL-Class is backed by a 4-year/50,000-mile warranty.


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Nissan Of Keene's expansive inventory of new cars, trucks and SUVs, located at 544 Monadnock Hwy in Swanzey, NH, is well stocked with vehicles to meet your every need!
Be sure to browse the latest Current New Vehicle Offers for up-to-date promotions, or check out Nissan Of Keene's Featured Vehicles, highlighting both new and used cars. Should we not currently stock your ideal vehicle, please complete the CarFinder form and Nissan Of Keene will complete the search for you!


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Phreakers seize government phone system
Department of Homeland (in)Security
Information technology workers at the US Department of Homeland Security are busy scraping egg off their collective faces after unknown hackers broke into their telephone system and racked up $12,000 in calls to the Middle East and Asia.
The hackers made more than 400 calls by accessing the voicemail system of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, a subagency of DHS, according to the Associated Press. The system had recently been upgraded, and it appears a "hole" was left open by the unidentified contractor who performed the job. A spokesman didn't identify the hole but said it has been closed.
One of the older tricks in the annals of so-called phone phreaking is breaking into private branch exchange systems by using passwords that are set by default during initial setup. Security-minded admins will see to it that those passwords are changed, but bureaucracy and inertia being what they are, that doesn't always happen.
Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia, India and Yemen were among the countries that received calls from the hacked FEMA account. Most of the calls lasted for about three minutes, but some were as long as 10 minutes.
Ironically, DHS, which is responsible for securing US infrastructure against terrorists, issued a warning in 2003 that unsecured PBXes were wide open to intruders.
"This illegal activity enables unauthorized individuals anywhere in the world to communicate via compromised US phone systems in a way that is difficult to trace," the bulletin read.
The AP story is here. ®


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ur20v wrote:Just curious as I have seen 3 different B6/B7 S4s locally (and all within the past month) require extensive overhauls due to failed/failing chain tensioners. 2 of those owners I know personally and know they are completely anal about oil changes, filter brands and factory oil ratings. The third person had their car serviced exclusively at the dealer. 2 of those three decided to dump the S4 and take a massive hit on trade-in, while the third has an extended warranty. All three cars are in the 70-90k mile range, too. Parts alone run $1500 for the repair and labor is astronomical on that underaking. Yet another person I know owns a B7 RS4 with less than 50k and hes having timing chain issues, though the dealer and AOA are stepping up to the plate... pricetag associated with the RS4 engine replacement? $20,000. Makes me want to start hoarding late 32v and early 40v motors!
glibobbo21 wrote:A b7 s4 engine replacement cost more than that(dealer)..forget about rs4. the timing chains arent even that bad. Try taking the motor down to bare to be machined, knowing its got to go back together in a month or 2. :-D BTDT
Hank wrote:That is more of a 05-07 engine issue that was revised. A lot of the problem was with the longer oil change intervals that VW was recommending back there. All chains stretch, but that combined with gummy tensionors caused teeth to skip on those early year motors
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text:
An Enchanted Evening
An intimate evening for couples that want a romantic getaway.
Marion and Jim are pleased to offer packages to enhance your stay at the Adobe Rose Inn.
The packages we have created are listed below. We'd also be happy to create a custom package
for you. Just let us know what you're looking for.
An intimate evening for couples that want a romantic getaway.
For ladies who are looking to spend a fun evening away from life's obligations
Creating a welcoming and comforting home-away-from-home while visiting the U of A.
Enabling a greater understanding and appreciation of Southeastern Arizona's desert and mountain ranges.
A Tour of the Sky, take advantage of our dark, clear nights on this unique set of adventures.
Special rates for U.S. active military personnel and U.S. veterans Advanced registration $125 – $155 plus tax Includes a 3 course breakfast (respectful of dietary restrictions) To hold any room you just need a current credit card number and military ID …
The Adobe Rose Inn offers specialized services which recognize the needs of runners, cyclists, and swimmers. We appreciate that these athletes follow specific training and dietary guidelines in order to achieve peak performance. For these athletes, the …


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Open-source software
Open-source software (OSS) is computer software with its source code made available with a license in which the copyright holder provides the rights to study, change, and distribute the software to anyone and for any purpose.[1] Open-source software may be developed in a collaborative public manner. Open-source software is the most prominent example of open-source development.[2]
The open-source model, or collaborative competition development from multiple independent sources, generates an increasingly more diverse scope of design perspective than any one company is capable of developing and sustaining long term. A report by the Standish Group (from 2008) states that adoption of open-source software models has resulted in savings of about $60 billion per year to consumers.[3][4]
- 1 History
- 2 Definitions
- 3 Open-source software development
- 4 Comparisons with other software licensing/development models
- 5 Current applications and adoption
- 6 See also
- 7 References
- 8 Further reading
- 9 External links
End of 1990s: Foundation of the Open Source Initiative
In 1997, Eric Raymond published The Cathedral and the Bazaar, a reflective analysis of the hacker community and free software principles. The paper received significant attention in early 1998, and was one factor in motivating Netscape Communications Corporation to release their popular Netscape Communicator Internet suite as free software. This source code subsequently became the basis behind SeaMonkey, Mozilla Firefox, Thunderbird and KompoZer.
Netscape's act prompted Raymond and others to look into how to bring the Free Software Foundation's free software ideas and perceived benefits to the commercial software industry. They concluded that FSF's social activism was not appealing to companies like Netscape, and looked for a way to rebrand the free software movement to emphasize the business potential of sharing and collaborating on software source code. The new term they chose was "open source", which was soon adopted by Bruce Perens, publisher Tim O'Reilly, Linus Torvalds, and others. The Open Source Initiative was founded in February 1998 to encourage use of the new term and evangelize open-source principles.[5]
While the Open Source Initiative sought to encourage the use of the new term and evangelize the principles it adhered to, commercial software vendors found themselves increasingly threatened by the concept of freely distributed software and universal access to an application's source code. A Microsoft executive publicly stated in 2001 that "open source is an intellectual property destroyer. I can't imagine something that could be worse than this for the software business and the intellectual-property business." [6] This view perfectly summarizes the initial response to FOSS by some software corporations.[citation needed] However, while FOSS has historically played a role outside of the mainstream of private software development, companies as large as Microsoft have begun to develop official open-source presences on the Internet. IBM, Oracle, Google and State Farm are just a few of the companies with a serious public stake in today's competitive open-source market. There has been a significant shift in the corporate philosophy concerning the development of free and open-source software (FOSS).[7]
The free software movement was launched in 1983. In 1998, a group of individuals advocated that the term free software should be replaced by open-source software (OSS) as an expression which is less ambiguous and more comfortable for the corporate world.[8] Software developers may want to publish their software with an open-source license, so that anybody may also develop the same software or understand its internal functioning. With open-source software, generally anyone is allowed to create modifications of it, port it to new operating systems and processor architectures, share it with others or, in some cases, market it. Scholars Casson and Ryan have pointed out several policy-based reasons for adoption of open source – in particular, the heightened value proposition from open source (when compared to most proprietary formats) in the following categories:
- Security
- Affordability
- Transparency
- Perpetuity
- Interoperability
- Flexibility
- Localization—particularly in the context of local governments (who make software decisions). Casson and Ryan argue that "governments have an inherent responsibility and fiduciary duty to taxpayers" which includes the careful analysis of these factors when deciding to purchase proprietary software or implement an open-source option.[9]
The Open Source Definition, notably, presents an open-source philosophy, and further defines the terms of usage, modification and redistribution of open-source software. Software licenses grant rights to users which would otherwise be reserved by copyright law to the copyright holder. Several open-source software licenses have qualified within the boundaries of the Open Source Definition. The most prominent and popular example is the GNU General Public License (GPL), which "allows free distribution under the condition that further developments and applications are put under the same licence", thus also free.[10] While open-source distribution presents a way to make the source code of a product publicly accessible, the open-source licenses allow the authors to fine tune such access.
The open source label came out of a strategy session held on April 7, 1998 in Palo Alto in reaction to Netscape's January 1998 announcement of a source code release for Navigator (as Mozilla). A group of individuals at the session included Tim O'Reilly, Linus Torvalds, Tom Paquin, Jamie Zawinski, Larry Wall, Brian Behlendorf, Sameer Parekh, Eric Allman, Greg Olson, Paul Vixie, John Ousterhout, Guido van Rossum, Philip Zimmermann, John Gilmore and Eric S. Raymond.[11] They used the opportunity before the release of Navigator's source code to clarify a potential confusion caused by the ambiguity of the word "free" in English.
Many people claimed that the birth of the Internet, since 1969, started the open source movement, while others do not distinguish between open-source and free software movements.[12]
The Free Software Foundation (FSF), started in 1985, intended the word "free" to mean freedom to distribute (or "free as in free speech") and not freedom from cost (or "free as in free beer"). Since a great deal of free software already was (and still is) free of charge, such free software became associated with zero cost, which seemed anti-commercial.[citation needed]
The Open Source Initiative (OSI) was formed in February 1998 by Eric S. Raymond and Bruce Perens. With at least 20 years of evidence from case histories of closed software development versus open development already provided by the Internet developer community, the OSI presented the "open source" case to commercial businesses, like Netscape. The OSI hoped that the usage of the label "open source", a term suggested by Peterson of the Foresight Institute at the strategy session, would eliminate ambiguity, particularly for individuals who perceive "free software" as anti-commercial. They sought to bring a higher profile to the practical benefits of freely available source code, and they wanted to bring major software businesses and other high-tech industries into open source. Perens attempted to register "open source" as a service mark for the OSI, but that attempt was impractical by trademark standards. Meanwhile, due to the presentation of Raymond's paper to the upper management at Netscape—Raymond only discovered when he read the Press Release,[13] and was called by Netscape CEO Jim Barksdale's PA later in the day—Netscape released its Navigator source code as open source, with favorable results.[14]
The Open Source Initiative's (OSI) definition is recognized[who?] as the standard or de facto definition. Eric S. Raymond and Bruce Perens formed the organization in February 1998. With about 20 years of evidence from case histories of closed and open development already provided by the Internet, OSI continued to present the "open source" case to commercial businesses. They sought to bring a higher profile to the practical benefits of freely available source code, and wanted to bring major software businesses and other high-tech industries into open source.
OSI uses The Open Source Definition to determine whether it considers a software license open source. The definition was based on the Debian Free Software Guidelines, written and adapted primarily by Perens.[15][16][17] Perens did not base his writing on the "four freedoms" of Free Software from the Free Software Foundation (FSF), which were only widely available later.[18]
Under Perens' definition, open source describes a broad general type of software license that makes source code available to the general public with relaxed or non-existent copyright restrictions. The principles, as stated, say absolutely nothing about trademark or patent use and require absolutely no cooperation to ensure that any common audit or release regime applies to any derived works. It is an explicit "feature" of open source that it may put no restrictions on the use or distribution by any organization or user. It forbids this, in principle, to guarantee continued access to derived works even by the major original contributors.[citation needed]
Despite initially accepting it,[19] Richard Stallman of the FSF now flatly opposes the term "Open Source" being applied to what they refer to as "free software". Although it is clear that legally free software does qualify as open source, Stallman considers that the category is abusive.[20] Critics also oppose the professed pragmatism of the Open Source Initiative, as they fear that the free software ideals of freedom and community are threatened by compromising on the FSF's idealistic standards for software freedom.[21] The FSF considers free software to be a subset of open source software, and Richard Stallman carefully elaborated that DRM software, for example, can be developed as open source, despite that it does not give its users freedom (it restricts them), and thus doesn't qualify as free software.[22]
Open-source software licensing
A license defines the rights and obligations that a licensor grants to a licensee. Open-source licenses grant licensees the right to copy, modify and redistribute source code (or content). These licenses may also impose obligations (e.g., modifications to the code that are distributed must be made available in source code form, an author attribution must be placed in a program/ documentation using that open source).[citation needed]
Authors initially derive a right to grant a license to their work based on the legal theory that upon creation of a work the author owns the copyright in that work. What the author/licensor is granting when they grant a license to copy, modify and redistribute their work is the right to use the author's copyrights. The author still retains ownership of those copyrights, the licensee simply is allowed to use those rights, as granted in the license, so long as they maintain the obligations of the license. The author does have the option to sell/assign, versus license, their exclusive right to the copyrights to their work; whereupon the new owner/assignee controls the copyrights. The ownership of the copyright (the "rights") is separate and distinct from the ownership of the work (the "thing") – a person can own a copy of a piece of code (or a copy of a book) without the rights to copy, modify or redistribute copies of it.[citation needed]
When an author contributes code to an open-source project (e.g., Apache.org) they do so under an explicit license (e.g., the Apache Contributor License Agreement) or an implicit license (e.g. the open-source license under which the project is already licensing code). Some open-source projects do not take contributed code under a license, but actually require (joint) assignment of the author's copyright in order to accept code contributions into the project (e.g., OpenOffice.org and its Joint Copyright Assignment agreement).[citation needed]
Placing code (or content) in the public domain is a way of waiving an author's (or owner's) copyrights in that work. No license is granted, and none is needed, to copy, modify or redistribute a work in the public domain.[citation needed]
Examples of free software license / open-source licenses include Apache License, BSD license, GNU General Public License, GNU Lesser General Public License, MIT License, Eclipse Public License and Mozilla Public License.
The proliferation of open-source licenses is one of the few negative aspects of the open-source movement because it is often difficult to understand the legal implications of the differences between licenses. With more than 180,000 open-source projects available and its more than 1400 unique licenses, the complexity of deciding how to manage open-source usage within "closed-source" commercial enterprises have dramatically increased. Some are home-grown while others are modeled after mainstream FOSS licenses such as Berkeley Software Distribution ("BSD"), Apache, MIT-style (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), or GNU General Public License ("GPL"). In view of this, open-source practitioners are starting to use classification schemes in which FOSS licenses are grouped (typically based on the existence and obligations imposed by the copyleft provision; the strength of the copyleft provision).[23]
An important legal milestone for the open source / free software movement was passed in 2008, when the US federal appeals court ruled that free software licences definitely do set legally binding conditions on the use of copyrighted work, and they are therefore enforceable under existing copyright law. As a result, if end-users do violate the licensing conditions, their license disappears, meaning they are infringing copyright.[24]
Certification can help to build higher user confidence. Certification could be applied to the simplest component that can be used by developers to build the simplest module to a whole software system. There have been numerous institutions evolving in this area of open source software including The International Institute of Software Technology / United Nations University.[25] UNU/IIST is a non-profit research and education institution of The United Nations. It is currently involved in a project known as "The Global Desktop Project". This project aims to build a desktop interface that every end-user is able to understand and interact with, thus crossing the language and cultural barriers. It is drawing huge attention from parties involved in areas ranging from application development to localization. Furthermore, this project will improve developing nations' access to information systems. UNU/IIST aims to achieve this without any compromise in the quality of the software. It believes a global standard can be maintained by introducing certifications and is currently organizing conferences in order to explore frontiers in the field.[26]
Alternatively, assurance models (such as DO178B) have already solved the "certification" approach for software. This approach is tailorable and can be applied to OSS, but only if the requisite planning and execution, design, test and traceability artifacts are generated.
Open-source software development
Development model
In his 1997 essay The Cathedral and the Bazaar,[27] open-source evangelist Eric S. Raymond suggests a model for developing OSS known as the bazaar model. Raymond likens the development of software by traditional methodologies to building a cathedral, "carefully crafted by individual wizards or small bands of mages working in splendid isolation".[27] He suggests that all software should be developed using the bazaar style, which he described as "a great babbling bazaar of differing agendas and approaches."[citation needed]
In the traditional model of development, which he called the cathedral model, development takes place in a centralized way. Roles are clearly defined. Roles include people dedicated to designing (the architects), people responsible for managing the project, and people responsible for implementation. Traditional software engineering follows the cathedral model. Fred P. Brooks in his book The Mythical Man-Month advocates this model. He goes further to say that in order to preserve the architectural integrity of a system, the system design should be done by as few architects as possible.[citation needed]
The bazaar model, however, is different. In this model, roles are not clearly defined. Gregorio Robles[28] suggests that software developed using the bazaar model should exhibit the following patterns:
- Users should be treated as co-developers
- The users are treated like co-developers and so they should have access to the source code of the software. Furthermore, users are encouraged to submit additions to the software, code fixes for the software, bug reports, documentation etc. Having more co-developers increases the rate at which the software evolves. Linus's law states, "Given enough eyeballs all bugs are shallow." This means that if many users view the source code, they will eventually find all bugs and suggest how to fix them. Note that some users have advanced programming skills, and furthermore, each user's machine provides an additional testing environment. This new testing environment offers that ability to find and fix a new bug.
- Early releases
- The first version of the software should be released as early as possible so as to increase one's chances of finding co-developers early.
- Frequent integration
- Code changes should be integrated (merged into a shared code base) as often as possible so as to avoid the overhead of fixing a large number of bugs at the end of the project life cycle. Some open source projects have nightly builds where integration is done automatically on a daily basis.
- Several versions
- There should be at least two versions of the software. There should be a buggier version with more features and a more stable version with fewer features. The buggy version (also called the development version) is for users who want the immediate use of the latest features, and are willing to accept the risk of using code that is not yet thoroughly tested. The users can then act as co-developers, reporting bugs and providing bug fixes.
- High modularization
- The general structure of the software should be modular allowing for parallel development on independent components.
- Dynamic decision making structure
- There is a need for a decision making structure, whether formal or informal, that makes strategic decisions depending on changing user requirements and other factors. Cf. Extreme programming.
Data suggests, however, that OSS is not quite as democratic as the bazaar model suggests. An analysis of five billion bytes of free/open source code by 31,999 developers shows that 74% of the code was written by the most active 10% of authors. The average number of authors involved in a project was 5.1, with the median at 2.[29]
Advantages and disadvantages
Software experts and researchers on open source software have identified several advantages and disadvantages. The main advantage for business is that open source is a good way for business to achieve greater penetration of the market. Companies that offer open source software are able to establish an industry standard and, thus, gain competitive advantage[citation needed]. It has also helped to build developer loyalty as developers feel empowered and have a sense of ownership of the end product.[30]
Moreover, lower costs of marketing and logistical services are needed for OSS. OSS also helps companies keep abreast of technology developments. It is a good tool to promote a company's image, including its commercial products.[31] The OSS development approach has helped produce reliable, high quality software quickly and inexpensively.[32]
The term "open source" was originally intended to be trademarkable; however, the term was deemed too descriptive, so no trademark exists. Besides, it offers the potential for a more flexible technology and quicker innovation. It is said to be more reliable since it typically has thousands of independent programmers testing and fixing bugs of the software. It is flexible because modular systems allow programmers to build custom interfaces, or add new abilities to it and it is innovative since open source programs are the product of collaboration among a large number of different programmers. The mix of divergent perspectives, corporate objectives, and personal goals speeds up innovation.[33]
Moreover, free software can be developed in accord with purely technical requirements. It does not require thinking about commercial pressure that often degrades the quality of the software. Commercial pressures make traditional software developers pay more attention to customers' requirements than to security requirements, since such features are somewhat invisible to the customer.[34]
It is sometimes said that the open source development process may not be well defined and the stages in the development process, such as system testing and documentation may be ignored. However this is only true for small (mostly single programmer) projects. Larger, successful projects do define and enforce at least some rules as they need them to make the teamwork possible.[35][36] In the most complex projects these rules may be as strict as reviewing even minor change by two independent developers.[37]
Not all OSS initiatives have been successful, for example SourceXchange and Eazel.[30] Software experts and researchers who are not convinced by open source's ability to produce quality systems identify the unclear process, the late defect discovery and the lack of any empirical evidence as the most important problems (collected data concerning productivity and quality).[38] It is also difficult to design a commercially sound business model around the open source paradigm. Consequently, only technical requirements may be satisfied and not the ones of the market.[38] In terms of security, open source may allow hackers to know about the weaknesses or loopholes of the software more easily than closed-source software.It depends on control mechanisms in order to create effective performance of autonomous agents who participate in virtual organizations.[39]
Development tools
In OSS development, the participants, who are mostly volunteers, are distributed among different geographic regions, so there is need for tools to aid participants to collaborate in source code development. Often, these tools are also available as OSS.[citation needed]
Revision control systems such as Concurrent Versions System (CVS) and later Subversion (SVN) and Git, and the GNU Compiler Collection are examples of tools that help centrally manage the source code files and the changes to those files for a software project. These tools are themselves OSS.[citation needed]
Utilities that automate testing, compiling, and bug reporting help preserve stability and support of software projects that have numerous developers but no managers, quality controller, or technical support. Building systems that report compilation errors among different platforms include Tinderbox. Commonly used bugtrackers include Bugzilla and GNATS.[citation needed]
Tools such as mailing lists, IRC, and instant messaging provide means of Internet communication between developers. The Web is also a core feature of all of the above systems. Some sites centralize all the features of these tools as a software development management system, including GNU Savannah, SourceForge, and BountySource.
Projects and organizations
Some of the "more prominent organizations" involved in OSS development include the Apache Software Foundation, creators of the Apache web server; the Linux Foundation, a nonprofit which as of 2012[update] employed Linus Torvalds, the creator of the Linux operating system kernel; the Eclipse Foundation, home of the Eclipse software development platform; the Debian Project, creators of the influential Debian GNU/Linux distribution; the Mozilla Foundation, home of the Firefox web browser; and OW2, European-born community developing open source middleware. New organizations tend to have a more sophisticated governance model and their membership is often formed by legal entity members.[40]
Several open source programs have become defining entries in their space, including the GIMP image editing system; Sun's Java programming language and environment; the MySQL database system; the FreeBSD Unix operating system; LibreOffice office productivity suite; and the Wireshark network packet sniffer and protocol analyser.[citation needed]
Open Source development is often performed "live and in public", using services provided for free on the Internet, such as the Launchpad and GitHub web sites.
Open Source Software Institute is a membership-based, non-profit (501 (c)(6)) organization established in 2001 that promotes the development and implementation of open source software solutions within US Federal, state and local government agencies. OSSI's efforts have focused on promoting adoption of open source software programs and policies within Federal Government and Defense and Homeland Security communities.[citation needed]
Open Source for America is a group created to raise awareness in the U.S. Federal Government about the benefits of open source software. Their stated goals are to encourage the government's use of open source software, participation in open source software projects, and incorporation of open source community dynamics to increase government transparency.[41]
Mil-OSS is a group dedicated to the advancement of OSS use and creation in the military.[42]
Open-source software is widely used both as independent applications and as components in non-open-source applications. Many independent software vendors (ISVs), value-added resellers (VARs), and hardware vendors (OEMs or ODMs) use open-source frameworks, modules, and libraries inside their proprietary, for-profit products and services.[43] From the customer's perspective, the ability to use open-source technology under standard commercial terms and support is valuable. Customers are willing to pay for the legal protection (e.g., indemnification from copyright or patent infringement), "commercial-grade QA", and professional support/training/consulting that are typical of commercial software, while also receiving the benefits of fine-grained control and lack of lock-in that come with open source.
Comparisons with other software licensing/development models
Closed source / proprietary software
The debate over open source vs. closed source (alternatively called proprietary software) is sometimes heated.
The top four reasons (as provided by Open Source Business Conference survey[44]) individuals or organizations choose open source software are:
- lower cost,
- security,
- no vendor 'lock in', and
- better quality.
Since innovative companies no longer rely heavily on software sales, proprietary software has become less of a necessity.[45] As such, things like open source content management system—or CMS—deployments are becoming more commonplace. In 2009,[46] the US White House switched its CMS system from a proprietary system to Drupal open source CMS. Further, companies like Novell (who traditionally sold software the old-fashioned way) continually debate the benefits of switching to open source availability, having already switched part of the product offering to open source code.[47] In this way, open source software provides solutions to unique or specific problems. As such, it is reported [48] that 98% of enterprise-level companies use open source software offerings in some capacity.
With this market shift, more critical systems are beginning to rely on open source offerings,[49] allowing greater funding (such as US Department of Homeland Security grants [49]) to help "hunt for security bugs." According to a pilot study of organisations adopting (or not adopting) OSS; several factors of statistical significance were observed in the manager's beliefs in relation to (a) attitudes toward outcomes, (b) the influences and behaviours of others and (c) their ability to act.[50]
Many advocates argue that open source software is inherently safer because any person can view, edit, and change code.[51] A study of the Linux source code has 0.17 bugs per 1000 lines of code while proprietary software generally scores 20–30 bugs per 1000 lines.[52]
Free software
The main difference is that by choosing one term over the other (i.e. either "open source" or "free software") one lets others know about what one's goals are. As Richard Stallman puts it, "Open source is a development methodology; free software is a social movement."[21]
Critics [53] have said that the term "open source" fosters an ambiguity of a different kind such that it confuses the mere availability of the source with the freedom to use, modify, and redistribute it. Developers have used the alternative terms Free/open source Software (FOSS), or Free/Libre/open source Software (FLOSS), consequently, to describe open source software which is also free software.[citation needed]
The term "open source" was originally intended to be trademarkable; however, the term was deemed too descriptive, so no trademark exists.[54] The OSI would prefer that people treat open source as if it were a trademark, and use it only to describe software licensed under an OSI approved license.[55]
OSI Certified is a trademark licensed only to people who are distributing software licensed under a license listed on the Open Source Initiative's list.[56]
Open-source software and free software are different terms for software which comes with certain rights, or freedoms, for the user. They describe two approaches and philosophies towards free software. Open source and free software (or software libre) both describe software which is free from onerous licensing restrictions. It may be used, copied, studied, modified and redistributed without restriction. Free software is not the same as freeware, software available at zero price."Categories of free and nonfree software". GNU Project.
The definition of open source software was written to be almost identical to the free software definition.[57] There are very few cases of software that is open source software but is not free software.[22] The difference in the terms is where they place the emphasis. "Free software" is defined in terms of giving the user freedom. This reflects the goal of the free software movement. "Open source" highlights that the source code is viewable to all; proponents of the term usually emphasize the quality of the software and how this is caused by the development models which are possible and popular among free and open source software projects.[citation needed]
The FSF believes that knowledge of the concept of freedom is an essential requirement,[57][58] insists on the use of the term free,[57][58] and separates itself from the open source movement.[57][58]
Open-source vs. source-available
Although the OSI definition of "open source software" is widely accepted, a small number of people and organizations use the term to refer to software where the source is available for viewing, but which may not legally be modified or redistributed. Such software is more often referred to as source-available, or as shared source, a term coined by Microsoft in 2001.[59] While in 2007 two shared source licenses were certified by the OSI, most of the shared source licenses are still source-available only.[60]
In 2007 Michael Tiemann, president of OSI, had criticized[61] companies such as SugarCRM for promoting their software as "open source" when in fact it did not have an OSI-approved license. In SugarCRM's case, it was because the software is so-called "badgeware"[62] since it specified a "badge" that must be displayed in the user interface (SugarCRM has since switched to GPLv3[63]). Another example was Scilab prior to version 5, which called itself "the open source platform for numerical computation"[64] but had a license[65] that forbade commercial redistribution of modified versions. Because OSI does not have a registered trademark for the term "open source", its legal ability to prevent such usage of the term is limited, but Tiemann advocates using public opinion from OSI, customers, and community members to pressure such organizations to change their license or to use a different term.
The Creative Commons licenses, designed mainly for media but sometimes used for software, offers license clause elements which allow licensing in the spectrum between open-source, source-available, and public domain.
Current applications and adoption
"We migrated key functions from Windows to Linux because we needed an operating system that was stable and reliable – one that would give us in-house control. So if we needed to patch, adjust, or adapt, we could."
Widely used open-source software
Open source software projects are built and maintained by a network of volunteer programmers. Prime examples of open-source products are the Apache HTTP Server, the e-commerce platform osCommerce, internet browsers Mozilla Firefox and Chromium (the project where the vast majority of development of the freeware Google Chrome is done) and the full office suite LibreOffice. One of the most successful open-source products is the GNU/Linux operating system, an open-source Unix-like operating system, and its derivative Android, an operating system for mobile devices.[68][69] In some fields, open source software is the norm, as in voice over IP applications with Asterisk (PBX).[citation needed]
Business applications
There are a number of commonly recognized barriers to the adoption of open-source software by enterprises. These barriers include the perception that open-source licenses are viral, lack of formal support and training, the velocity of change, and a lack of a long-term roadmap. The majority of these barriers are risk-related. From the other side, not all proprietary projects disclose exact future plans, not all open-source licenses are equally viral and many serious OSS projects (especially operating systems) actually make money from paid support and documentation.[citation needed]
Extension of the term for non-software usage
While the term "open source" applied originally only to the source code of software,[70] it is now being applied to many other areas[71] such as Open source ecology,[72] a movement to decentralize technologies so that any human can use them. However, it is often misapplied to other areas which have different and competing principles, which overlap only partially.
The same principles that underlie open source software can be found in many other ventures, such as open-source hardware, Wikipedia, and open-access publishing. Collectively, these principles are known as open source, open content, and open collaboration:[73] "any system of innovation or production that relies on goal-oriented yet loosely coordinated participants, who interact to create a product (or service) of economic value, which they make available to contributors and non-contributors alike."[74]
Supporters of the open content movement advocate some restrictions of use, requirements to share changes, and attribution to other authors of the work.[citation needed]
This "culture" or ideology takes the view that the principles apply more generally to facilitate concurrent input of different agendas, approaches and priorities, in contrast with more centralized models of development such as those typically used in commercial companies.[75]
See also
- Open source
- Free software
- Free software community
- List of open source software packages
- Open source advocacy
- Open Source Initiative
- Open Source Software Institute
- Open source software security
- Open source video games
- Business models for open source software
- Shared source
- Timeline of open source software
- Open source hardware
- User-generated content
- Open-content
- ↑ St. Laurent, Andrew M. (2008). Understanding Open Source and Free Software Licensing. O'Reilly Media. p. 4. ISBN 9780596553951.
- ↑ Verts, William T. (2008-01-13). "Open source software". World Book Online Reference Center. Archived from the original on January 1, 2011.
- ↑ Rothwell, Richard (2008-08-05). "Creating wealth with free software". Free Software Magazine. Retrieved 2008-09-08.
- ↑ "Standish Newsroom — Open Source" (Press release). Boston. 2008-04-16. Retrieved 2008-09-08.
- ↑ "History of the OSI". Opensource.org.
- ↑ B. Charny (3 May 2001). "Microsoft Raps Open-Source Approach,". CNET News.
- ↑ Jeffrey Voas, Keith W. Miller & Tom Costello. Free and Open Source Software. IT Professional 12(6) (November 2010), pg. 14–16.
- ↑ Raymond, Eric S. (1998-02-08). "Goodbye, "free software"; hello, "open source"". Retrieved 2008-08-13.
- ↑ "Open Standards, Open Source Adoption in the Public Sector, and Their Relationship to Microsoft's Market Dominance by Tony Casson, Patrick S. Ryan :: SSRN". Papers.ssrn.com. Retrieved 2015-03-30.
- ↑ Holtgrewe, Ursula (2004). "Articulating the Speed(s) of the Internet: The Case of Open Source/Free Software.". Time & Society. 13: 129–146. doi:10.1177/0961463X04040750.
- ↑ "Open Source Pioneers Meet in Historic Summit". 1998-04-14. Retrieved 2014-09-20.
- ↑ Muffatto, Moreno (2006). Open Source: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Imperial College Press. ISBN 1-86094-665-8.
- ↑ "NETSCAPE ANNOUNCES PLANS TO MAKE NEXT-GENERATION COMMUNICATOR SOURCE CODE AVAILABLE FREE ON THE NET". Netscape Communications Corporation. 1998-01-22. Archived from the original on 2007-04-04. Retrieved 2013-08-08.
- ↑ "MOUNTAIN VIEW, Calif., April 1 /PRNewswire/ -- Netscape Communications and open source developers are celebrating the first anniversary, March 31, 1999, of the release of Netscape's browser source code to mozilla.org". Netscape Communications. 1999-03-31. Retrieved 2013-01-10.
[...]The organization that manages open source developers working on the next generation of Netscape's browser and communication software. This event marked a historical milestone for the Internet as Netscape became the first major commercial software company to open its source code, a trend that has since been followed by several other corporations. Since the code was first published on the Internet, thousands of individuals and organizations have downloaded it and made hundreds of contributions to the software. Mozilla.org is now celebrating this one-year anniversary with a party Thursday night in San Francisco.
- ↑ Perens, Bruce. Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution. O'Reilly Media. 1999.
- ↑ The Open Source Definition by Bruce Perens. January 1999. ISBN 1-56592-582-3.
- ↑ "The Open Source Definition"., The Open Source Definition according to the Open Source Initiative
- ↑ "How Many Open Source Licenses Do You Need? – Slashdot". News.slashdot.org. 2009-02-16. Retrieved 2012-03-25.
- ↑ Tiemann, Michael. "History of the OSI". Open Source Initiative. Archived from the original on May 9, 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
- ↑ Stallman, Richard (June 16, 2007). "Why "Open Source" misses the point of Free Software". Philosophy of the GNU Project. Free Software Foundation. Retrieved July 23, 2007.
As the advocates of open source draw new users into our community, we free software activists have to work even more to bring the issue of freedom to those new users' attention. We have to say, 'It's free software and it gives you freedom!'—more and louder than ever. Every time you say 'free software' rather than 'open source,' you help our campaign.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Stallman, Richard (June 19, 2007). "Why "Free Software" is better than "Open Source"". Philosophy of the GNU Project. Free Software Foundation. Retrieved July 23, 2007.
Sooner or later these users will be invited to switch back to proprietary software for some practical advantage Countless companies seek to offer such temptation, and why would users decline? Only if they have learned to value the freedom free software gives them, for its own sake. It is up to us to spread this idea—and in order to do that, we have to talk about freedom. A certain amount of the 'keep quiet' approach to business can be useful for the community, but we must have plenty of freedom talk too.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Stallman, Richard (June 16, 2007). "Why "Open Source" misses the point of Free Software". Philosophy of the GNU Project. Free Software Foundation. Retrieved July 23, 2007.
Under the pressure of the movie and record companies, software for individuals to use is increasingly designed specifically to restrict them. This malicious feature is known as DRM, or Digital Restrictions Management (see DefectiveByDesign.org), and it is the antithesis in spirit of the freedom that free software aims to provide. [...] Yet some open source supporters have proposed 'open source DRM' software. Their idea is that by publishing the source code of programs designed to restrict your access to encrypted media, and allowing others to change it, they will produce more powerful and reliable software for restricting users like you. Then it will be delivered to you in devices that do not allow you to change it. This software might be 'open source,' and use the open source development model; but it won't be free software, since it won't respect the freedom of the users that actually run it. If the open source development model succeeds in making this software more powerful and reliable for restricting you, that will make it even worse.
- ↑ Andrew T. Pham, Verint Systems Inc. and Matthew B. Weinstein and Jamie L. Ryerson. "Easy as ABC: Categorizing Open Source Licenses"; www.IPO.org. June 2010.
- ↑ Shiels, Maggie (2008-08-14). "Legal milestone for open source". BBC News. Retrieved 2008-08-15.
- ↑ [1] Archived November 15, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ [2] Archived December 7, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 Raymond, Eric S. (2000-09-11). "The Cathedral and the Bazaar". Retrieved 2004-09-19.
- ↑ Robles, Gregorio (2004). "A Software Engineering Approach to Libre Software" (PDF). In Robert A. Gehring, Bernd Lutterbeck. Open Source Jahrbuch 2004 (PDF). Berlin: Technical University of Berlin. Retrieved 2005-04-20.
- ↑ Ghosh, R.A.; Robles, G.; Glott, R. (2002). "Free/Libre and Open Source Software: Survey and Study Part V.". Maastricht: International Institute of Infonomics.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 Sharma, Srinarayan; Vijayan Sugumaran; Balaji Rajagopalan (2002). "A framework for creating hybrid-open source software communities" (PDF). Info Systems Journal. 12: 7–25. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2575.2002.00116.x.
- ↑ Landry, John; Rajiv Gupta (September 2000). "Profiting from Open Source". Harvard Business Review. doi:10.1225/F00503.
- ↑ Reynolds, Carl; Jeremy Wyatt (February 2011). "Open Source, Open Standards, and Health Care Information Systems". JMIR. 13. doi:10.2196/jmir.1521. Retrieved 2011-03-17.
- ↑ Plotkin, Hal (December 1998). "What (and Why) you should know about open-source software". Harvard Management Update: 8–9. doi:10.1225/U9812D.
- ↑ Payne, Christian (February 2002). "On the Security of Open Source Software". Info Systems Journal. 12 (1): 61–78. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2575.2002.00118.x.
- ↑ "GNU Classpath Hacker's Guide: GNU Classpath Hacker's Guide". Gnu.org. 2003-08-11. Retrieved 2012-03-25.
- ↑ Meffert, Klaus; Neil Rotstan (2007). "Brief summary of coding style and practice used in JGAP". Java Genetic Algorithms Package. Retrieved 2008-09-08.
- ↑ Tripp, Andy (2007-07-16). "Classpath hackers frustrated with slow OpenJDK process". Javalobby.
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 Stamelos, Ioannis; Lefteris Angelis; Apostolos Oikonomou; Georgios L. Bleris (2002). "Code Quality Analysis in Open Source Software Development" (PDF). Info System Journal. 12: 43–60. doi:10.1109/MS.2007.2. Retrieved 2008-09-08.
- ↑ Gallivan, Michael J. (2001). "Striking a Balance Between Trust and Control in a Virtual Organization: A Content Analysis of Open Source Software Case Studies". Info Systems Journal. 11 (4): 277–304. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2575.2001.00108.x.
- ↑ François Letellier (2008), Open Source Software: the Role of Nonprofits in Federating Business and Innovation Ecosystems, AFME 2008.
- ↑ Hellekson, Gunnar. "Home". Open Source for America. Retrieved 2012-03-25.
- ↑ from EntandoSrl (Entando ). "Mil-OSS". Mil-OSS. Retrieved 2012-03-25.
- ↑ Karl M. Popp and Ralf Meyer (2010). Profit from Software Ecosystems: Business Models, Ecosystems and Partnerships in the Software Industry. Norderstedt, Germany: BOD. ISBN 3-8391-6983-6.
- ↑ Irina Guseva (@irina_guseva) (2009-03-26). "Bad Economy Is Good for Open Source". Cmswire.com. Retrieved 2012-03-25.
- ↑ "Open Source vs. Proprietary Software". PCWorld Business Center. Pcworld.com. 2011-11-03. Retrieved 2012-03-25.
- ↑ Geoff Spick (@Goffee71) (2009-10-26). "Open Source Movement Finds Friends at the White House". Cmswire.com. Retrieved 2012-03-25.
- ↑ "Pandora's box for open source – CNET News". News.cnet.com. 2004-02-12. Retrieved 2012-03-25.
- ↑ Murphy, David (2010-08-15). "Survey: 98 Percent of Companies Use Open-Source, 29 Percent Contribute Back". News & Opinion. PCMag.com. Retrieved 2012-03-25.
- ↑ 49.0 49.1 "Homeland Security helps secure open-source code – CNET News". News.cnet.com. Retrieved 2012-03-25.
- ↑ Greenley, Neil. "Open Source Software Survey". Retrieved 9 October 2012.
- ↑ Seltzer, Larry (2004-05-04). "Is Open-Source Really Safer?". PCMag.com. Retrieved 2012-03-25.
- ↑ Michelle Delio. "Linux: Fewer Bugs Than Rivals". Wired.com. Retrieved 2015-03-30.
- ↑ "Why Open Source Misses the Point of Free Software – GNU Project – Free Software Foundation". Gnu.org. Retrieved 2015-03-30.
- ↑ Nelson, Russell (2007-03-26). "Certification Mark". Open Source Initiative. Archived from the original on 2008-02-06. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
- ↑ Raymond, Eric S. (1998-11-22). "OSI Launch Announcement". Open Source Initiative. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
- ↑ Nelson, Russell (2006-09-19). "Open Source Licenses by Category". Open Source Initiative. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
- ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 57.3 Stallman, Richard (2007-06-16). "Why "Open Source" misses the point of Free Software". Philosophy of the GNU Project. GNU Project. Retrieved 2007-07-23.
- ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 Stallman, Richard (2007-06-19). "Why "Free Software" is better than "Open Source"". Philosophy of the GNU Project. GNU Project. Retrieved 2007-07-23.
- ↑ "Microsoft announces expansion of Shared Source Initiative". Geekzone.co.nz. 2005-03-21. Retrieved 2015-03-30.
- ↑ "OSI Approves Microsoft License Submissions". opensource.org. 2007-10-17. Retrieved 2013-08-08.
Acting on the advice of the License Approval Chair, the OSI Board today approved the Microsoft Public License (Ms-PL) and the Microsoft Reciprocal License (Ms-RL). The decision to approve was informed by the overwhelming (though not unanimous) consensus from the open source community that these licenses satisfied the 10 criteria of the Open Source definition, and should therefore be approved.
- ↑ Tiemann, Michael (2007-06-21). "Will The Real Open Source CRM Please Stand Up?". Open Source Initiative. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
- ↑ Berlind, David (2006-11-21). "Are SugarCRM, Socialtext, Zimbra, Scalix and others abusing the term "open source?"". ZDNet. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
- ↑ Vance, Ashlee (2007-07-25). "SugarCRM trades badgeware for GPL 3". The Register. Retrieved 2008-09-08.
- ↑ "The open source platform for numerical computation". INRIA. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
- ↑ "SCILAB License". INRIA. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
- ↑ Gunter, Joel (May 10, 2013). "International Space Station to boldly go with Linux over Windows". The Telegraph.
- ↑ Bridgewater, Adrian (May 13, 2013). "International Space Station adopts Debian Linux, drops Windows & Red Hat into airlock". Computer Weekly.
- ↑ Michael J. Gallivan, "Striking a Balance Between Trust and Control in a Virtual Organization: A Content Analysis of Open Source Software Case Studies", Info Systems Journal 11 (2001): 277–304
- ↑ Hal Plotkin, "What (and Why) you should know about open source software" Harvard Management Update 12 (1998): 8–9
- ↑ Stallman, Richard (September 24, 2007). "Why "Open Source" misses the point of Free Software". Philosophy of the GNU Project. Free Software Foundation. Retrieved December 6, 2007.
However, not all of the users and developers of free software agreed with the goals of the free software movement. In 1998, a part of the free software community splintered off and began campaigning in the name of 'open source.' The term was originally proposed to avoid a possible misunderstanding of the term 'free software,' but it soon became associated with philosophical views quite different from those of the free software movement.
- ↑ "What is open source?". Retrieved July 29, 2013.
- ↑ "Open Source Ecology".
...building the world's first replicable open source self-sufficient decentralized high-appropriate-tech permaculture ecovillage...
- ↑ "Open Collaboration Bitcoin". Informs.org. 2014-01-02. Retrieved 2015-03-30.
- ↑ Levine, S. S., & Prietula, M. J. (2013). Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance. Organization Science. doi: 10.1287/orsc.2013.0872
- ↑ Raymond, Eric S. The Cathedral and the Bazaar. ed 3.0. 2000.
Further reading
- Androutsellis-Theotokis, Stephanos; Spinellis, Diomidis; Kechagia, Maria; Gousios, Georgios (2010). "Open source software: A survey from 10,000 feet" (PDF). Foundations and Trends in Technology, Information and Operations Management. 4 (3–4): 187–347. ISBN 978-1-60198-484-5. doi:10.1561/0200000026.
- Coleman, E. Gabriella. Coding Freedom: The Ethics and Aesthetics of Hacking (Princeton UP, 2012)
- Fadi P. Deek and James A. M. McHugh (2008). Open Source: Technology and Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-36775-5.
- Chris DiBona and Sam Ockman and Mark Stone, ed. (1999). Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution. O'Reilly. ISBN 1-56592-582-3.
- Joshua Gay, ed. (2002). Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman (PDF). Boston: GNU Press, Free Software Foundation. ISBN 1-882114-98-1.
- Understanding FOSS
- Benkler, Yochai (2002), "Coase's Penguin, or, Linux and The Nature of the Firm." Yale Law Journal 112.3 (Dec 2002): p367(78) (in Adobe pdf format)
- v. Engelhardt, Sebastian (2008). "The Economic Properties of Software", Jena Economic Research Papers, Volume 2 (2008), Number 2008-045 (PDF).
- Lerner, J. & Tirole, J. (2002): 'Some simple economics on open source', Journal Of Industrial Economics 50(2), p 197–234
- Välimäki, Mikko (2005). The Rise of Open Source Licensing: A Challenge to the Use of Intellectual Property in the Software Industry (PDF). Turre Publishing.
- Polley, Barry (2007-12-11). "Open Source Discussion Paper – version 1.0" (PDF). New Zealand Ministry of Justice. Retrieved 2007-12-12.
- Rossi, M. A. (2006): Decoding the free/open source software puzzle: A survey of theoretical and empirical contributions, in J. Bitzer P. Schröder, eds, 'The Economics of Open Source Software Development', p 15–55.
- Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution — an online book containing essays from prominent members of the open source community
- Whence The Source: Untangling the Open Source/Free Software Debate, essay on the differences between free software and open source, by Thomas Scoville
- Berry, D M (2004). The Contestation of Code: A Preliminary Investigation into the Discourse of the Free Software and Open Software Movement, Critical Discourse Studies, Volume 1(1).
External links
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Free software.
|Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Open Source
|Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Use the Source
|This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. (June 2015)
- The Open Source Initiative's definition of open source
- Free / Open Source Research Community — Many online research papers about Open Source
- KDE developer Aaron Seigo's presentation "How OSS Improves Society" on YouTube at the 2nd Trans-Pacific Open Source Software Conference in Honolulu, Hawaii, January 2006.
- EU study on adopting FLOSS
- Calls for open source government
- Computerworld article: Does the open-source development model work for business users?
- Open-source software at DMOZ
- CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter
- Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012
- Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013
- All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases
- Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2013
- Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011
- Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012
- Wikipedia external links cleanup from June 2015
- Wikipedia spam cleanup from June 2015
- Articles with DMOZ links
- Free software
- Software licenses


text:
PITTSBURGH (AP) — The Pittsburgh Zoo is featuring the animals that fatally mauled a 2-year-old boy earlier this year on the March page of its 2013 calendar.
Zoo officials say the calendars featuring pictures of African painted dogs had already been printed and made available to patrons before the Nov. 4 death of Maddox Derkosh.
The boy died after falling off a railing and into the animals' habitat, where he was attacked.
Zoo President Barbara Baker tells the Pittsburgh Tribune-Review (http://bit.ly/UYXO5P ) that officials considered scrapping the calendars after the boy's death but they'd already been on sale beforehand.
Baker says the dogs are an endangered species the zoo is responsible for helping protect.
The exhibit remains closed.
Information from: Pittsburgh Tribune-Review, http://pghtrib.com