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History of the English People - Book I Early England, 449-1071
Wessex and the Northmen - 796-947
Green, John Richard (M.A.)
The Northmen
Conquests of the Northmen
Wessex and the Northmen
English Literature
Eadward the Elder
Conquest of the Danelaw
The Northmen
The union which each English kingdom in turn had failed to bring about was brought about by the pressure of the Northmen. The dwellers in the isles of the Baltic or on either side of the Scandinavian peninsula had lain hidden till now from Western Christendom, waging their battle for existence with a stern climate, a barren soil, and stormy seas. It was this hard fight for life that left its stamp on the temper of Dane, Swede, or Norwegian alike, that gave them their defiant energy, their ruthless daring, their passion for freedom and hatred of settled rule. Forays and plunder raids over sea eked out their scanty livelihood, and at the close of the eighth century these raids found a wider sphere than the waters of the northern seas. Tidings of the wealth garnered in the abbeys and towns of the new Christendom which had risen from the wreck of Rome drew the pirates slowly southwards to the coasts of Northern Gaul; and just before Offa's death their boats touched the shores of Britain. To men of that day it must have seemed as though the world had gone back three hundred years. The same northern fiords poured forth their pirate-fleets as in the days of Hengest or Cerdic. There was the same wild panic as the black boats of the invaders struck inland along the river-reaches or moored round the river isles, the same sights of horror, firing of homesteads, slaughter of men, women driven off to slavery or shame, children tossed on pikes or sold in the market-place, as when the English themselves had attacked Britain. Christian priests were again slain at the altar by worshippers of Woden; letters, arts, religion, government disappeared before these northmen as before the northmen of three centuries before.
In 794 a pirate band plundered the monasteries of Wearmouth and Jarrow, and the presence of the freebooters soon told on the political balance of the English realms. A great revolution was going on in the south, where Mercia was torn by civil wars which followed on Cenwulf's death, while the civil strife of the West-Saxons was hushed by a new king, Ecgberht. In Offa's days Ecgberht had failed in his claim of the crown of Wessex and had been driven to fly for refuge to the court of the Franks. He remained there through the memorable year during which Charles the Great restored the Empire of the West, and returned in 802 to be quietly welcomed as King by the West-Saxon people. A march into the heart of Cornwall and the conquest of this last fragment of the British kingdom in the south-west freed his hands for a strife with Mercia, which broke out in 825 when the Mercian King Beornwulf marched into the heart of Wiltshire. A victory of Ecgberht at Ellandun gave all England south of Thames to the West-Saxons, and the defeat of Beornwulf spurred the men of East-Anglia to rise in a desperate revolt against Mercia. Two great overthrows at their hands had already spent its strength when Ecgberht crossed the Thames in 828, and the realm of Penda and Offa bowed without a struggle to its conqueror. But Ecgberht had wider aims than those of supremacy over Mercia alone. The dream of a union of all England drew him to the north. Northumbria was still strong; in learning and arts it stood at the head of the English race; and under a king like Eadberht it would have withstood Ecgberht as resolutely as it had withstood Ćthelbald. But the ruin of Jarrow and Wearmouth had cast on it a spell of terror. Torn by civil strife, and desperate of finding in itself the union needed to meet the northmen, Northumbria sought union and deliverance in subjection to a foreign master. Its thegns met Ecgberht in Derbyshire, and owned the supremacy of Wessex.
Conquests of the Northmen
With the submission of Northumbria the work which Oswiu and Ćthelbald had failed to do was done, and the whole English race was for the first time knit together under a single rule. The union came not a moment too soon. Had the old severance of people from people, the old civil strife within each separate realm, gone on it is hard to see how the attacks of the northmen could have been withstood. They were already settled in Ireland; and from Ireland a northern host landed in 836 at Charmouth in Dorsetshire strong enough to drive Ecgberht, when he hastened to meet them, from the field. His victory the year after at Hengestdun won a little rest for the land; but Ćthelwulf who mounted the throne on Ecgberht's death in 839 had to face an attack which was only beaten off by years of hard fighting. Ćthelwulf fought bravely in defence of his realm; in his defeat at Charmouth as in a final victory at Aclea in 851 he led his troops in person against the sea-robbers; and his success won peace for the land through the short and uneventful reigns of his sons Ćthelbald and Ćthelberht. But the northern storm burst in full force upon England when a third son, Ćthelred, followed his brothers on the throne. The northmen were now settled on the coast of Ireland and the coast of Gaul; they were masters of the sea; and from west and east alike they closed upon Britain. While one host from Ireland fell on the Scot kingdom north of the Firth of Forth, another from Scandinavia landed in 866 on the coast of East-Anglia under Ivar the Boneless and marched the next year upon York. A victory over two claimants of its crown gave the pirates Northumbrian and seizing the passage of the Trent they threatened an attack on the Mercian realm. Mercia was saved by a march of King Ćthelred to Nottingham, but the peace he made there with the northmen left them leisure to prepare for an invasion of East-Anglia, whose under-king, Eadmund, brought prisoner before their leaders, was bound to a tree and shot to death with arrows. His martyrdom by the heathen made Eadmund the St. Sebastian of English legend; in later days his figure gleamed from the pictured windows of church after church along the eastern coast, and the stately Abbey of St. Edmundsbury rose over his relics. With him ended the line of East-Anglian under-kings, for his kingdom was not only conquered, but divided among the soldiers of the pirate host when in 880 Guthrum assumed its crown. Already the northmen had turned to the richer spoil of the great abbeys of the Fen. Peterborough, Crowland, Ely went up in flames, and their monks fled or lay slain among the ruins. Mercia, though still free from actual attack, cowered panic-stricken before the Danes, and by payment of tribute owned them as its overlords.
Wessex and the Northmen
In five years the work of Ecgberht had been undone, and England north of the Thames had been torn from the overlordship of Wessex. So rapid a change could only have been made possible by the temper of the conquered kingdoms. To them the conquest was simply their transfer from one overlord to another, and it may be that in all there were men who preferred the overlordship of the Northman to the overlordship of the West-Saxon. But the loss of the subject kingdoms left Wessex face to face with the invaders. The time had now come for it to fight, not for supremacy, but for life. As yet the land seemed paralyzed by terror. With the exception of his one march on Nottingham, King Ćthelred had done nothing to save his under-kingdoms from the wreck. But the pirates no sooner pushed up Thames to Reading in 871 than the West-Saxons, attacked on their own soil, turned fiercely at bay. A desperate attack drove the northmen from Ashdown on the heights that overlook the Vale of White Horse, but their camp in the tongue of land between the Kennet and Thames proved impregnable. Ćthelred died in the midst of the struggle, and his brother Ćlfred, who now became king, bought the withdrawal of the pirates and a few years' breathing-space for his realm. It was easy for the quick eye of Ćlfred to see that the northmen had withdrawn simply with the view of gaining firmer footing for a new attack; three years indeed had hardly passed before Mercia was invaded and its under-king driven over sea to make place for a tributary of the invaders. From Repton half their host marched northwards to the Tyne, while Guthrum led the rest to Cambridge to prepare for their next year's attack on Wessex. In 876 his fleet appeared before Wareham, and in spite of a treaty bought by Ćlfred, the northmen threw themselves into Exeter. Their presence there was likely to stir a rising of the Welsh, and through the winter Ćlfred girded himself for this new peril. At break of spring his army closed round the town, a hired fleet cruised off the coast to guard against rescue, and the defeat of their fellows at Wareham in an attempt to relieve them drove the pirates to surrender. They swore to leave Wessex and withdrew to Gloucester. But Ćlfred had hardly disbanded his troops when his enemies, roused by the arrival of fresh hordes eager for plunder, reappeared at Chippenham, and in the opening of 878 marched ravaging over the land. The surprise of Wessex was complete, and for a month or two the general panic left no hope of resistance. Ćlfred, with his small band of followers, could only throw himself into a fort raised hastily in the isle of Athelney among the marshes of the Parret, a position from which he could watch closely the movements of his foes. But with the first burst of spring he called the thegns of Somerset to his standard, and still gathering troops as he moved marched through Wiltshire on the northmen. He found their host at Edington, defeated it in a great battle, and after a siege of fourteen days forced them to surrender and to bind themselves by a solemn peace or "frith" at Wedmore in Somerset. In form the Peace of Wedmore seemed a surrender of the bulk of Britain to its invaders. All Northumbria, all East-Anglia, all Central England east of a line which stretched from Thames' mouth along the Lea to Bedford, thence along the Ouse to Watling Street, and by Watling Street to Chester, was left subject to the northmen. Throughout this "Danelaw"--as it was called--the conquerors settled down among the conquered population as lords of the soil, thickly in northern Britain, more thinly in its central districts, but everywhere guarding jealously their old isolation and gathering in separate "heres" or armies round towns which were only linked in loose confederacies. The peace had in fact saved little more than Wessex itself. But in saving Wessex it saved England. The spell of terror was broken. The tide of invasion turned. From an attitude of attack the northmen were thrown back on an attitude of defence. The whole reign of Ćlfred was a preparation for a fresh struggle that was to wrest back from the pirates the land they had won.
What really gave England heart for such a struggle was the courage and energy of the King himself. Alfred was the noblest as he was the most complete embodiment of all that is great, all that is loveable, in the English temper. He combined as no other man has ever combined its practical energy, its patient and enduring force, its profound sense of duty, the reserve and self-control that steadies in it a wide outlook and a restless daring, its temperance and fairness, its frank geniality, its sensitiveness to affection, its poetic tenderness, its deep and passionate religion. Religion indeed was the groundwork of Ćlfred's character. His temper was instinct with piety. Everywhere throughout his writings that remain to us the name of God, the thought of God, stir him to outbursts of ecstatic adoration. But he was no mere saint. He felt none of that scorn of the world about him which drove the nobler souls of his day to monastery or hermitage. Vexed as he was by sickness and constant pain, his temper took no touch of asceticism. His rare geniality, a peculiar elasticity and mobility of nature, gave colour and charm to his life. A sunny frankness and openness of spirit breathes in the pleasant chat of his books, and what he was in his books he showed himself in his daily converse. Ćlfred was in truth an artist, and both the lights and shadows of his life were those of the artistic temperament. His love of books, his love of strangers, his questionings of travellers and scholars, betray an imaginative restlessness that longs to break out of the narrow world of experience which hemmed him in. At one time he jots down news of a voyage to the unknown seas of the north. At another he listens to tidings which his envoys bring back from the churches of Malabar. And side by side with this restless outlook of the artistic nature he showed its tenderness and susceptibility, its vivid apprehension of unseen danger, its craving for affection, its sensitiveness to wrong. It was with himself rather than with his reader that he communed as thoughts of the foe without, of ingratitude and opposition within, broke the calm pages of Gregory or Boethius. "Oh, what a happy man was he," he cries once, "that man that had a naked sword hanging over his head from a single thread; so as to me it always did!" "Desirest thou power?" he asks at another time. "But thou shalt never obtain it without sorrows--sorrows from strange folk, and yet keener sorrows from thine own kindred." "Hardship and sorrow!" he breaks out again, "not a king but would wish to be without these if he could. But I know that he cannot!" The loneliness which breathes in words like these has often begotten in great rulers a cynical contempt of men and the judgements of men. But cynicism found no echo in the large and sympathetic temper of Ćlfred. He not only longed for the love of his subjects, but for the remembrance of "generations" to come. Nor did his inner gloom or anxiety check for an instant his vivid and versatile activity. To the scholars he gathered round him he seemed the very type of a scholar, snatching every hour he could find to read or listen to books read to him. The singers of his court found in him a brother singer, gathering the old songs of his people to teach them to his children, breaking his renderings from the Latin with simple verse, solacing himself in hours of depression with the music of the Psalms. He passed from court and study to plan buildings and instruct craftsmen in gold-work, to teach even falconers and dog-keepers their business. But all this versatility and ingenuity was controlled by a cool good sense. Ćlfred was a thorough man of business. He was careful of detail, laborious, methodical. He carried in his bosom a little handbook in which he noted things as they struck him--now a bit of family genealogy, now a prayer, now such a story as that of Ealdhelm playing minstrel on the bridge. Each hour of the day had its appointed task, there was the same order in the division of his revenue and in the arrangement of his court.
Wide however and various as was the King's temper, its range was less wonderful than its harmony. Of the narrowness, of the want of proportion, of the predominance of one quality over another which goes commonly with an intensity of moral purpose Ćlfred showed not a trace. Scholar and soldier, artist and man of business, poet and saint, his character kept that perfect balance which charms us in no other Englishman save Shakspere. But full and harmonious as his temper was, it was the temper of a king. Every power was bent to the work of rule. His practical energy found scope for itself in the material and administrative restoration of the wasted land. His intellectual activity breathed fresh life into education and literature. His capacity for inspiring trust and affection drew the hearts of Englishmen to a common centre, and began the upbuilding of a new England. And all was guided, controlled, ennobled by a single aim. "So long as I have lived," said the King as life closed about him, "I have striven to live worthily." Little by little men came to know what such a life of worthiness meant. Little by little they came to recognize in Ćlfred a ruler of higher and nobler stamp than the world had seen. Never had it seen a King who lived solely for the good of his people. Never had it seen a ruler who set aside every personal aim to devote himself solely to the welfare of those whom he ruled. It was this grand self-mastery that gave him his power over the men about him. Warrior and conqueror as he was, they saw him set aside at thirty the warrior's dream of conquest; and the self-renouncement of Wedmore struck the key-note of his reign. But still more is it this height and singleness of purpose, this absolute concentration of the noblest faculties to the noblest aim, that lifts Ćlfred out of the narrow bounds of Wessex. If the sphere of his action seems too small to justify the comparison of him with the few whom the world owns as its greatest men, he rises to their level in the moral grandeur of his life. And it is this which has hallowed his memory among his own English people. "I desire," said the King in some of his latest words, "I desire to leave to the men that come after me a remembrance of me in good works." His aim has been more than fulfilled. His memory has come down to us with a living distinctness through the mists of exaggeration and legend which time gathered round it. The instinct of the people has clung to him with a singular affection. The love which he won a thousand years ago has lingered round his name from that day to this. While every other name of those earlier times has all but faded from the recollection of Englishmen, that of Ćlfred remains familiar to every English child.
English Literature
The secret of Ćlfred's government lay in his own vivid energy. He could hardly have chosen braver or more active helpers than those whom he employed both in his political and in his educational efforts. The children whom he trained to rule proved the ablest rulers of their time. But at the outset of his reign he stood alone, and what work was to be done was done by the King himself. His first efforts were directed to the material restoration of his realm. The burnt and wasted country saw its towns built again, forts erected in positions of danger, new abbeys founded, the machinery of justice and government restored, the laws codified and amended. Still more strenuous were Ćlfred's efforts for its moral and intellectual restoration. Even in Mercia and Northumbria the pirates' sword had left few survivors of the schools of Ecgberht or Bćda, and matters were even worse in Wessex which had been as yet the most ignorant of the English kingdoms. "When I began to reign," said Ćlfred, "I cannot remember one priest south of the Thames who could render his service-book into English." For instructors indeed he could find only a few Mercian prelates and priests with one Welsh bishop, Asser. "In old times," the King writes sadly, "men came hither from foreign lands to seek for instruction, and now if we are to have it we can only get it from abroad." But his mind was far from being prisoned within his own island. He sent a Norwegian ship-master to explore the White Sea, and Wulfstan to trace the coast of Esthonia; envoys bore his presents to the churches of India and Jerusalem, and an annual mission carried Peter's-pence to Rome. But it was with the Franks that his intercourse was closest, and it was from them that he drew the scholars to aid him in his work of education. Grimbald came from St. Omer to preside over his new abbey at Winchester; and John, the Old Saxon, was fetched it may be from the Westphalian abbey of Corbey to rule the monastery that Ćlfred's gratitude for his deliverance from the Danes raised in the marshes of Athelney. The real work however to be done was done, not by these teachers but by the King himself. Ćlfred established a school for the young nobles at his own court, and it was to the need of books for these scholars in their own tongue that we owe his most remarkable literary effort. He took his books as he found them--they were the popular manuals of his age--the Consolation of Boethius, the Pastoral Book of Pope Gregory, the compilation of "Orosius," then the one accessible handbook of universal history, and the history of his own people by Bćda. He translated these works into English, but he was far more than a translator, he was an editor for his people. Here he omitted, there he expanded. He enriched "Orosius" by a sketch of the new geographical discoveries in the North. He gave a West-Saxon form to his selections from Bćda. In one place he stops to explain his theory of government, his wish for a thicker population, his conception of national welfare as consisting in a due balance of the priest, the thegn, and the churl. The mention of Nero spurs him to an outbreak on the abuses of power. The cold Providence of Boethius gives way to an enthusiastic acknowledgement of the goodness of God. As he writes, his large-hearted nature flings off its royal mantle, and he talks as a man to men. "Do not blame me," he prays with a charming simplicity, "if any know Latin better than I, for every man must say what he says and do what he does according to his ability." But simple as was his aim, Ćlfred changed the whole front of our literature. Before him, England possessed in her own tongue one great poem and a train of ballads and battle-songs. Prose she had none. The mighty roll of the prose books that fill her libraries begins with the translations of Ćlfred, and above all with the chronicle of his reign. It seems likely that the King's rendering of Bćda's history gave the first impulse towards the compilation of what is known as the English or Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which was certainly thrown into its present form during his reign. The meagre lists of the kings of Wessex and the bishops of Winchester, which had been preserved from older times, were roughly expanded into a national history by insertions from Bćda: but it is when it reaches the reign of Ćlfred that the chronicle suddenly widens into the vigorous narrative, full of life and originality, that marks the gift of a new power to the English tongue. Varying as it does from age to age in historic value, it remains the first vernacular history of any Teutonic people, and save for the work of Ulfilas who found no successors among his Gothic people, the earliest and most venerable monument of Teutonic prose.
But all this literary activity was only a part of that general upbuilding of Wessex by which Ćlfred was preparing for a fresh contest with the stranger. He knew that the actual winning back of the Danelaw must be a work of the sword, and through these long years of peace he was busy with the creation of such a force as might match that of the northmen. A fleet grew out of the little squadron which Ćlfred had been forced to man with Frisian seamen. The national fyrd or levy of all freemen at the King's call was reorganized. It was now divided into two halves, one of which served in the field while the other guarded its own burhs and townships and served to relieve its fellow when the men's forty days of service were ended. A more disciplined military force was provided by subjecting all owners of five hides of land to thegn-service, a step which recognized the change that had now substituted the thegn for the eorl and in which we see the beginning of a feudal system. How effective these measures were was seen when the new resistance they met on the Continent drove the northmen to a fresh attack on Britain. In 893 a large fleet steered for the Andredsweald, while the sea-king Hasting entered the Thames. Ćlfred held both at bay through the year till the men of the Danelaw rose at their comrades' call. Wessex stood again front to front with the northmen. But the King's measures had made the realm strong enough to set aside its old policy of defence for one of vigorous attack. His son Eadward and his son-in-law Ćthelred, whom he had set as Ealdorman over what remained of Mercia, showed themselves as skilful and active as the King. The aim of the northmen was to rouse again the hostility of the Welsh, but while Ćlfred held Exeter against their fleet, Eadward and Ćthelred caught their army near the Severn and overthrew it with a vast slaughter at Buttington. The destruction of their camp on the Lea by the united English forces ended the war; in 897 Hasting again withdrew across the Channel, and the Danelaw made peace. It was with the peace he had won still about him that Ćlfred died in 901, and warrior as his son Eadward had shown himself, he clung to his father's policy of rest. It was not till 910 that a fresh rising of the northmen forced Ćlfred's children to gird themselves to the conquest of the Danelaw.
Eadward the Elder
While Eadward bridled East-Anglia his sister Ćthelflćd, in whose hands Ćthelred's death left English Mercia, attacked the "Five Boroughs," a rude confederacy which had taken the place of the older Mercian kingdom. Derby represented the original Mercia on the upper Trent, Lincoln the Lindiswaras, Leicester the Middle-English, Stamford the province of the Gyrwas, Nottingham probably that of the Southumbrians. Each of these "Five Boroughs" seems to have been ruled by its earl with his separate "host"; within each twelve "lawmen" administered Danish law, while a common "Thing" may have existed for the whole district. In her attack on this powerful league Ćthelflćd abandoned the older strategy of battle and raid for that of siege and fortress-building. Advancing along the line of Trent, she fortified Tamworth and Stafford on its head-waters; when a rising in Gwent called her back to the Welsh border, her army stormed Brecknock; and its king no sooner fled for shelter to the northmen in whose aid he had risen than Ćthelflćd at once closed on Derby. Raids from Middle-England failed to draw the Lady of Mercia from her prey; and Derby was hardly her own when, turning southward, she forced the surrender of Leicester. Nor had the brilliancy of his sister's exploits eclipsed those of the King, for the son of Ćlfred was a vigorous and active ruler; he had repulsed a dangerous inroad of the northmen from France, summoned no doubt by the cry of distress from their brethren in England, and had bridled East-Anglia to the south by the erection of forts at Hertford and Witham. On the death of Ćthelflćd in 918 he came boldly to the front. Annexing Mercia to Wessex, and thus gathering the whole strength of the kingdom into his single hand, he undertook the systematic reduction of the Danelaw. South of the Middle-English and the Fens lay a tract watered by the Ouse and the Nen--originally the district of a tribe known as the South-English, and now, like the Five Boroughs of the north, grouped round the towns of Bedford, Huntingdon, and Northampton. The reduction of these was followed by that of East-Anglia; the northmen of the Fens submitted with Stamford, the Southumbrians with Nottingham. Eadward's Mercian troops had already seized Manchester; he himself was preparing to complete his conquests, when in 924 the whole of the North suddenly laid itself at his feet. Not merely Northumbria but the Scots and the Britons of Strathclyde "chose him to father and lord."
The triumph was his last. Eadward died in 925, but the reign of his son Ćthelstan, Ćlfred's golden-haired grandson whom the King had girded as a child with a sword set in a golden scabbard and a gem-studded belt, proved even more glorious than his own. In spite of its submission the North had still to be won. Dread of the northmen had drawn Scot and Cumbrian to their acknowledgement of Eadward's overlordship, but Ćthelstan no sooner incorporated Northumbria with his dominions than dread of Wessex took the place of dread of the Danelaw. The Scot King Constantine organized a league of Scot, Cumbrian, and Welshman with the northmen. The league was broken by Ćthelstan's rapid action in 926; the North-Welsh were forced to pay annual tribute, to march in his armies, and to attend his councils; the West-Welsh of Cornwall were reduced to a like vassalage, and finally driven from Exeter, which they had shared till then with its English inhabitants, But eight years later the same league called Ćthelstan again to the North; and though Constantine was punished by an army which wasted his kingdom while a fleet ravaged its coasts to Caithness the English army had no sooner withdrawn than Northumbria rose in 937 at the appearance of a fleet of pirates from Ireland under the sea-king Anlaf in the Humber. Scot and Cumbrian fought beside the northmen against the West-Saxon King; but his victory at Brunanburh crushed the confederacy and won peace till his death. His brother Eadmund was but eighteen at his accession in 940, and the North again rose in revolt. The men of the Five Boroughs joined their kinsmen in Northumbria; once Eadmund was driven to a peace which left him king but south of the Watling Street; and only years of hard fighting again laid the Danelaw at his feet.
But policy was now to supplement the work of the sword. The completion of the West-Saxon realm was in fact reserved for the hands, not of a king or warrior, but of a priest. Dunstan stands first in the line of ecclesiastical statesmen who counted among them Lanfranc and Wolsey and ended in Laud. He is still more remarkable in himself, in his own vivid personality after eight centuries of revolution and change. He was born in the little hamlet of Glastonbury, the home of his father, Heorstan, a man of wealth and brother of the bishops of Wells and of Winchester. It must have been in his father's hall that the fair, diminutive boy, with scant but beautiful hair, caught his love for "the vain songs of heathendom, the trifling legends, the funeral chaunts," which afterwards roused against him the charge of sorcery. Thence too he might have derived his passionate love of music, and his custom of carrying his harp in hand on journey or visit. Wandering scholars of Ireland had left their books in the monastery of Glastonbury, as they left them along the Rhine and the Danube; and Dunstan plunged into the study of sacred and profane letters till his brain broke down in delirium. So famous became his knowledge in the neighbourhood that news of it reached the court of Ćthelstan, but his appearance there was the signal for a burst of ill-will among the courtiers. Again they drove him from Eadmund's train, threw him from his horse as he passed through the marshes, and with the wild passion of their age trampled him under foot in the mire. The outrage ended in fever, and Dunstan rose from his sick-bed a monk. But the monastic profession was then little more than a vow of celibacy and his devotion took no ascetic turn. His nature in fact was sunny, versatile, artistic; full of strong affections, and capable of inspiring others with affections as strong. Quick-witted, of tenacious memory, a ready and fluent speaker, gay and genial in address, an artist, a musician, he was at the same time an indefatigable worker alike at books or handicraft. As his sphere began to widen we see him followed by a train of pupils, busy with literature, writing, harping, painting, designing. One morning a lady summons him to her house to design a robe which she is embroidering, and as he bends with her maidens over their toil his harp hung upon the wall sounds without mortal touch tones which the excited ears around frame into a joyous antiphon.
Conquest of the Danelaw
From this scholar-life Dunstan was called to a wider sphere of activity towards the close of Eadmund's reign. But the old jealousies revived at his reappearance at court, and counting the game lost Dunstan prepared again to withdraw. The king had spent the day in the chase; the red deer which he was pursuing dashed over Cheddar cliffs, and his horse only checked itself on the brink of the ravine at the moment when Eadmund in the bitterness of death was repenting of his injustice to Dunstan. He was at once summoned on the king's return. "Saddle your horse," said Eadmund, "and ride with me." The royal train swept over the marshes to his home; and the king, bestowing on him the kiss of peace, seated him in the abbot's chair as Abbot of Glastonbury. Dunstan became one of Eadmund's councillors, and his hand was seen in the settlement of the north. It was the hostility of the states around it to the West-Saxon rule which had roused so often revolt in the Danelaw; but from the time of Brunanburh we hear nothing more of the hostility of Bernicia, while Cumbria was conquered by Eadmund and turned adroitly to account in winning over the Scots to his cause. The greater part of it was granted to their king Malcolm on terms that he should be Eadmund's "fellow-worker by sea and land." The league of Scot and Briton was thus finally broken up, and the fidelity of the Scots secured by their need of help in holding down their former ally. The settlement was soon troubled by the young king's death. As he feasted at Pucklechurch in the May of 946, Leofa, a robber whom Eadmund had banished from the land, entered the hall, seated himself at the royal board, and drew sword on the cup-bearer when he bade him retire. The king sprang in wrath to his thegn's aid, and seizing Leofa by the hair, flung him to the ground; but in the struggle the robber drove his dagger to Eadmund's heart. His death at once stirred fresh troubles in the north; the Danelaw rose against his brother and successor, Eadred, and some years of hard fighting were needed before it was again driven to own the English supremacy. But with its submission in 954 the work of conquest was done. Dogged as his fight had been, the Dane at last owned himself beaten. From the moment of Eadred's final triumph all resistance came to an end. The Danelaw ceased to be a force in English politics. North might part anew from South; men of Yorkshire might again cross swords with men of Hampshire; but their strife was henceforth a local strife between men of the same people; it was a strife of Englishmen with Englishmen, and not of Englishmen with Northmen.
Terms Defined
Referenced Works


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STOCKTON - For the first time in more than three months, the Stockton Thunder found a way to win a game that stretched past regulation.
STOCKTON - For the first time in more than three months, the Stockton Thunder found a way to win a game that stretched past regulation.
Ryan Constant scored in the third period to tie the contest and goaltender Cody Reichard shutout the San Francisco Bulls in overtime and the shootout as the Thunder won 4-3 in front of a crowd of 6,497 at Stockton Arena. The Thunder had gone 0-7 in overtime and shootouts since beating Bakersfield 3-2 in OT on Oct. 28 in Stockton.
The Thunder (23-16-7) outplayed the Bulls (17-21-6) much of the night and outshot them 46-26. Stockton still needed Reichard to come up big late in overtime and in the shootout to secure the victory.
"It's a good feeling. We needed that," Thunder coach Matt Thomas said. "It would have been nice to win it in regulation, but we were begging for that type of win. We needed a come-from-behind win. The shootout has eluded us all year."
Reichard and his teammates had to kill off a penalty in overtime, and in the final minute stopped three rapid-fire shots from San Francisco's Jordan Morrison, Jonathan Lessard and Rob Kwiet. He followed by stopping Lessard, Peter Sivak and Dean Ouellet in the shootout, while Yannick Riendeau, Maxime Boisclair and Harrison Reed scored for the Thunder.
"I've been in a few (shootouts) and I lost them and didn't do my job, so I thought I owed the boys for that one," Reichard said. "I've been working on it in practice, and I'm just happy I got a chance to get in that format again."
Constant knotted the contest at 3-3 2 minutes, 6 seconds into the third period. Boisclair came around the back of the net and sent a crisp pass to Constant, who smashed a slap shot past San Francisco goaltender Taylor Nelson.
The Thunder seemed to have momentum when Tony DeHart gave it a 2-1 edge 4:06 into the second period with his third goal of the season. DeHart followed a shot by Matt Reber and beat Nelson to end his 38-game scoring drought.
When the Bulls struck back, they did it quickly.
Ouellet wrapped around the back of the Thunder net and tied the game 8:49 into the second. Seventeen seconds later the Bulls took a 3-2 lead when Stockton committed a turnover in its own zone and Christian Ouellet - no relation to Dean - cashed in off the miscue.
Stockton took a 1-0 advantage just 30 seconds into the game on a goal by Gabriel Levesque, who has three goals and seven total points in the past eight games.
Stockton protected its slim lead until Matt Bergland (holding) and Eric Hunter (high sticking) went to the penalty box and San Francisco took advantage of its 5-on-3 opportunity with a score by former Thunder defenseman Rob Kwiet.
Thomas announced after the that goalie Tyler Bunz was returning from the Oklahoma City Barons of the American Hockey League. When Bunz is activated Stockton will have three goaltenders - Reichard, Bunz and free agent signee Jody O'Neill - and a roster move seems imminent.
Contact reporter Scott Linesburgh at (209) 546-8281 or firstname.lastname@example.com.

subset: commoncrawl


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Linked by David Adams on Sun 6th Nov 2011 04:34 UTC
While it may seem like Linux-only projects are betraying their loyal base by developing Windows or OSX versions, I would argue that cross-platform development is actually better for Linux as a whole, better for individual software projects and their developers, and ultimately better for Linux users.
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RE[3]: Comment by Gone fishing
by Wafflez on Mon 7th Nov 2011 16:28 UTC in reply to "RE[2]: Comment by Gone fishing"
Really? Which Linux distribution is supported for 10 years like Windows XP?
You do realize that one of the reasons while Windows prevailed in business (and thus in homes) is because of the support. And backwards compatability. Backwards compatibily - yeah I'm sure you never heard that, because Linux is a giant mess and stuff goes deprecated even before you can learn it's APIs, lol.


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The shipping of Hazardous Chemicals, Infectious Agents and Toxins, and Radioactive Material is highly regulated. There are many City, State, Federal and International regulations that govern the movement of these materials intra-state, inter-state and international. The regulations and enforcement have been further increased in recent times in response to world events.
Yeshiva University is committed to operating an environmentally safe and compliant University. The included guidelines are designed to assist you with any questions you may have regarding shipping hazardous chemicals, infectious agents and toxins and radioactive material. If you are planning to ship any of these items listed above please allow ample time to familiarize yourself with the regulations and to insure your ability to ship the materials. A last-minute rush often leads to further problems.
If you are planning to ship anything hazardous, please speak with a Safety Officer well in advance so that you can be thoroughly familiar with what is required. The following staff should be contacted regarding the shipment of a certain hazardous material:
Chemical: Albert Einstein College of Medicine does not allow for the shipment of hazardous chemicals. In most cases, it is more cost effective to purchase chemicals directly from a vendor to be shipped to a new location rather than trying to comply with the myriad shipping regulations.
Infectious Agents and Toxins: Contact the Laboratory Safety Officer by e-mail at Laboratory Safety Officer and by telephone at X3560.
Radioactive Material: Contact the Radiation Safety Officer by e-mail at Radiation Safety Officer and by telephone at X2243.
If you have any questions, please call us at X4150.


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0 0>=40 .vs 0u 0<=39 .vs 0p typedef struct { int type; Display *display; unsigned long serial; unsigned char error_code; unsigned char request_code; unsigned char minor_code; XID resourceid; } XErrorEvent;
When you receive this event, the structure members are set as follows.
The serial member is the number of requests, starting from one, sent over the network connection since it was opened. It is the number that was the value of NextRequest immediately before the failing call was made. The request_code member is a protocol request of the procedure that failed, as defined in <X11/Xproto.h>.
Table of Contents


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Dedicate a Luminaria
My Luminaria donation credits fundraising efforts.Change
Luminarias honor every life touched by cancer. You can dedicate them to a loved one lost, someone currently battling, or anyone who's overcome it. When you attend a Relay event, you'll see the Luminarias decorated with names and sometimes messages to the people they're dedicated to.
After dark, Relay participants share an emotional moment when each Luminaria is lit in remembrance of a life touched by cancer. Together, we take a moment of silence to remember the loved ones they're dedicated to. When you make a donation for a Luminaria it helps fund the American Cancer Society's mission to help save lives.
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It's that easy! Throughout the year, we'll unlock more sections and add features to this tool in order to improve your ability to manage your event website.
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PHILADELPHIA (AP) — If pioneering physician Kermit Gosnell set out to offer women safe, legal abortions in the 1970s, that's far from what drug investigators say they found inside his West Philadelphia clinic in 2010.
By then, Gosnell had gone years without health department inspections, perhaps because state officials preferred a hands-off approach to a political misstep in the abortion quagmire.
The result, according to a grand jury report, is that Gosnell's patients received the equivalent of the back-alley abortions that advocates of legalized abortion had hoped to eradicate.
Gosnell, now 72, goes on trial Monday for murder in the deaths of a woman patient and seven babies allegedly born alive. Eight clinic workers charged with him have pleaded guilty, including his wife, a beautician accused of helping him perform stealth third-term abortions on Sundays.
The devastating 2011 grand jury report describes nearly unfathomable conditions: fetal body parts stored in glass jars and staff refrigerators; filthy, blood-stained operating areas; women and teens maimed after Gosnell perforated a uterus or colon.
"Anybody walking into that clinic should have known immediately that it should have been shut down," said Bernard Smalley, a lawyer for the family of Karnamaya Mongar, the 41-year-old refugee who died after being given too much anesthesia and pain medication during a 2009 abortion.
Philadelphia prosecutors accuse state and local authorities of turning a blind eye to laws requiring regular inspections. And they say the occasional complaints that trickled in, one after an earlier patient death, went nowhere.
"Bureaucratic inertia is not exactly news. ... But we think this was something more. We think the reason no one acted is because the women in question were poor and of color, because the victims were infants without identities, and because the subject was the political football of abortion," said the 2011 grand jury report, released by the district attorney.
The case drew national attention and prompted state lawmakers to tighten clinic regulations. Pennsylvania abortion clinics now have to meet the same standards of care required by ambulatory surgical facilities, and other states are also adopting that rule.
Planned Parenthood and other providers complain that the cost of updating facilities to meet ambulatory clinic rules can be prohibitive and further restricts women's access to abortions. Pennsylvania already required parental or judicial consent for minors, a 24-hour waiting period and a ban on abortions after 24 weeks gestation.
The Guttmacher Institute, which supports abortion rights and tracks women's health laws, believes abortion foes are capitalizing on the Gosnell case. Pennsylvania's 2012 changes to the law came under Republican Gov. Tom Corbett, who opposes abortion.
"They're using the Gosnell example in the argument to promote clinic regulations," policy analyst Elizabeth Nash said. "But in the past couple of years, the heat has been turned up under abortion restrictions in general."
Despite the new rules, which took effect in June, nearly all of the state's abortion centers have remained open, state health officials said. The most recent state data shows that 36,280 abortions were performed in 2011, down somewhat from 37,284 in 2009. The highest annual total on record is 65,777 in 1980; the lowest is 34,494 in 1999.
Mongar had fled Bhutan and spent 19 years in refugee camps, some in Nepal, before arriving in the U.S. in 2008 with her husband and three children. When she discovered she was pregnant, she went to a clinic in Virginia, where she lived, but was referred to Gosnell because she was in her second trimester. She was 19 weeks pregnant when her adult daughter brought her to Gosnell's Women's Medical Center.
The thin, 4-foot-11 Mongar, who spoke no English, was allegedly given a lethal dose of Demerol and other drugs before Gosnell, the only licensed doctor on staff, ever arrived.
"She was older, with grown children and grandchildren, and that clearly was the basis for her decision to ... terminate the pregnancy," said Smalley, who filed the family's civil suits against Gosnell, city health officials and others. "If it's legal, people have an opportunity to pursue it if they believe it's in their best interest and in the best interest of their family, especially for my client, given all they had been through before they ever got to this country."
Smalley grew up in the West Philadelphia neighborhood and recalls the Gosnell family's good reputation. Gosnell earned kudos by returning to the area after medical school, when he could have set up shop in the suburbs. He worked out of a storefront he bought in the run-down Mantua section.
But Gosnell came to operate under the radar, relying on unlicensed medical school graduates, untrained clerical staff and even a teen working after school to administer anesthesia and help perform abortions, usually on poor and immigrant women paying a few hundred dollars in cash, the grand jury found.
"At some point, he made a left-hand turn," Smalley said. "But somebody should have known about it long before my client died."
Gosnell also ran what federal drug investigators call a pill mill, allegedly making millions of dollars over the years by selling prescription painkillers to addicts, drug dealers and others. Federal drug charges await him after the murder trial, which is expected to last six to eight weeks.
"Even though everything points back to Gosnell himself, to me it's a mystery why so many people that he hired on as staff would be complicit in what he was doing," said Thomas Shaheen, vice president of the Pennsylvania Family Institute, which opposes abortion. "He was the one profiting, but it puzzles me that during that whole time and that whole tragedy, no one blew the whistle."


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Gothic Halterneck Tube Top
Product Code: OPT-115/BK
Availability: In Stock
Ships from: Australia
Delivery: AusPost 2 - 5 Days (ships out 24hrs)
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Punk Rave Australia PT-115 Ladies Gothic Halterneck Tube Top
Ladies Gothic Halterneck Tube Top is made using high quality black elastic ponte-de-roma fabric. The top has high elasticity and will stretch to fit bust sizing 98cms. Halterneck style collar with dual high-grade metal snap-lock buttons for ease of neck sizing. Gothic cross symbol decorates center front. Stereo cross-printing on back of neck and Punkrave brand on bottom left side of tube top. Great for summer!
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It's important to know if your suburb, area or region resides within Australia Post's Next Business Day Delivery network system before you decide to use their guaranteed service. There's no point in paying for speedy delivery when its not offered for your area. To avoid unnecessary stress and worry, simply confirm if your area is covered by using Australia Post's Parcel Service Delivery Time Line .
Just type in origin : 4737 and in the destination box type your area code to find out if Next Business Day or Express Post services cover your area. If it does, great! You can select this option during checkout. If Next Business Day or Express Post services are not available for your area, we can still send your items using Pre-Paid Postal Satchels which should reach your home address within 2 - 7 business days.
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For items Shipped from Australia we use Australia Post International as they are the cheapest carrier with enhanced services (tracking, insurance, sms etc). For items Shipped from China we use DHL International, EMS and FedEx. Delivery is approximately 3 - 20 days depending on where you reside.
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We're sorry to hear that. Fortunately all is not lost. Just email us your measurements (please use a cloth based tape measure) and we'll confirm with our warehouse if your size is available.
If it is, great! We'll get it in for you as soon as humanly possible. If your size isn't readily available we'll ask our production team about next production timelines & delivery.
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We know it can be frustrating sometimes but please allow 5 - 7 days delivery time for Australian orders outside major metropolitan areas using Australia Post. Remote areas may take slightly longer.
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Yes, you may. Punk Rave Australia Shop offers a 14 day Happiness Return Policy Promise. Please use the Return Form available within your 'My Account' page. Alternatively, you can gain direct access to the return form by using the link in our website footer.
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By Billy Graham • July 16, 2010 • Topics: Hell
It might surprise you to learn that the person in the Bible who spoke the most about hell's reality was Jesus. He repeatedly warned us not to take it lightly: "Do not be afraid of those who kill the body but cannot kill the soul. Rather, be afraid of the One who can destroy both soul and body in hell" (Matthew 10:28).
Is hell just an idea someone dreamed up — or is it real? The Bible's answer is clear: Hell is real just as real as heaven. You and I will live forever because God gave each of us an eternal soul or spirit. Death isn't the end; when we die, we will enter eternity either with God in heaven, or separated from Him forever in the place the Bible calls Hell.
Yes, you're right up to a point; God is a God of love. But He is also a God of justice. Do you honestly believe God will overlook the horrors committed by a Hitler or Stalin? Do you honestly believe God will overlook the evils and injustices that ravage our world? The Bible warns, "All will be condemned who have not believed the truth but have delighted in wickedness" (2 Thessalonians 2:12).
These are sobering words. But the Bible tells us something else about hell: You and I don't need to go there! Jesus Christ came to destroy sin and death and hell and when we put our faith and trust in Him, haven's door opens before us. Don't be deceived, but turn to Christ and accept the salvation He offers you today.
Yes indeed. Jesus himself was in hell (hades) for three days. David was comforted knowing God himself would be there to comfort him if he should die. Psalm 139. The Roman Catholic Church was heavily influenced by Plato's firey hell in 4th cent.
So true what Sam says. The actual term that Jesus used was "Gehenna". I also looked up the Gehenna. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gehenna
Interesting article. But how do you explain the original words of the meaning of hell? Hell in the original manuscripts never meant a literal hell fire. It meant grave, pit etc… Hell is a pagan belief/idea introduced by the Church.


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Get your print magazine
UAE Weather Continues To Cool This Week
If this weekend has given us any indication of what the weather is going to be like, frankly, we're thrilled. And, we can, in fact, confirm that it's only going to get better! According to the National Centre of Meteorology, there will be more
Uber Rolls Out New Safety Toolkit
Ride-hailing app Uber has rolled out new safety features for its riders and drivers across 38 countries including GCC. The new safety toolkit aims to double down on safety and help make the Uber community safer. New features include
New Visa System In UAE
As of October 21, widows, divorced women and their children will be subject to a new visa system. Divorced women and widows will be granted a one-year residency visa extension, with students studying post grade 12, who are sponsored by their
Burj Khalifa To Light Up For Expo 2020 At 8.20pm
It seems like yesterday when Dubai dwelled into celebrations as it won the bid to host Expo 2020. And today, we are just two years away from the actual event which is scheduled to start on 20 October, 2020 and will be held for nearly six months
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Many women will avoid going for regular breast screening exams because they are afraid of that they will be maybe diagnosed with cancer. The first impression when a patient is diagnosed with breast cancer is: "Am I going to die?" Breast cancer
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October is marked as Breast Cancer Awareness Month with the aim of raising awareness for a disease which impacts approximately 1 in 8 women. While you may enjoy all the pink desserts and treats around you this month, the underlying cause behind
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There are few symbols that genuinely speak to people all over the world. One of the most recognisable is the pink ribbon. The pink ribbon has become an international symbol of the battle against breast cancer as well as awareness and ultimately
Simple Yoga For Breast Cancer Survivors
In this month dedicated to breast cancer awareness, we have highlighted the importance of yoga in healing individuals who go through the tough phase of pain and sorrow fighting against the disease. Yoga is an ideal way to channel one's energy
Spa Offers And Deals To Tempt You
Take a break from the pressures of everyday life and treat yourself to some me-time at any of the city's luxurious spas. Here is our roundup of some amazing offers just for you this month.
Skin Treatments Debunked: What Do They Mean?
Every beauty lover, both female and male, knows that sometimes it can be hard to keep up with the latest trends. More often than not there's such an overwhelming flow of new beauty treatments with ever-growing names that it can start to sound
REVIEW: New Celebrity Greek Salon
A new premium salon, VK Beauty Lounge and Bar, has opened its doors in Dubai's JBR. The salon focuses on hair, make-up and nails, and has a team of European experts with experience of more than 10 years.
Cellulite Explained And How To Manage It
The word 'cellulite' is something of a taboo in our society. We don't like talking about it and a lot of us are ashamed to say we have it. But, with cellulite affecting between 80%-90% of women over 30, why is such a common cosmetic condition
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The benefits of a university degree are well recognised - opening doors for future employment and conferring economic advantages over a life time. But that does not always help when you are trying to select your degree path! The UK has over 37,000
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Choosing a school can feel like a hard task as parents consider the needs of their children along with the value that they will get for the fees they pay. Asking the right questions to a head teacher, makes this task more informed and much easier
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Books are a passport to all kinds of knowledge, intelligence and wisdom. Now that children are on a break from their regular curriculum books, the process of knowledge sharing should not stop.
Autumn/ Winter 2018
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There over 9,500 restaurants and diners in Dubai, some new, some established and some that were around for a bit, closed for a while and reopened later with a fresh look. Ba Restaurant and Lounge at the Fairmont The Palm is exactly that.
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If you love to dine out as much we do, here's a roundup of October's latest dining offers which include new brunches, menus, fun nights and the opening of some new concept restaurants in the city. It is time to get this month rolling with some new
Shoot To Score Sports Bars
Dubai is no stranger to a love of sports, with football being its most popular. The UAE actually qualified for the FIFA World Cup in 1990 for the first and only time since. The next most popular sport is cricket, due to the UAE's large expatriate
Furry Friends Looking For Loving Homes
38smiles is a non-profit animal rescue group that was created in 2012. Since day one the founder and a group of likeminded people have been trying their very best to help the stray animals of Dubai.
Cooking With Chef Guram Baghdoshvili
Award-winning and Celebrity Georgian Chef Guram Baghdoshvili speaks 5 different languages and is a true artist at heart, being a professionally trained singer and chef, he considers food an art and is thrilled to bring Georgian cuisine to Dubai.
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Dubai attracts expats for one simple reason- tax free salaries which motivate them to save more money than they could in their home countries. Even then, many expats leave Dubai without saving enough. If you don't want to be one of them, you better
Credit Cards Simplified
The credit card has become important for some UAE residents. With over 200 variations of credit card available, it is often hard to choose one that is suited best for yourself. You obviously don't want to choose a card that piles up unnecessary fees
The Children's City Science Film Festival
Visit Children's City at Dubai Creek Park for the launch of the sixth edition Science Film Festival featuring film screenings, innovative activities, and science shows for kids. The Science Film Festival caters to children ages 5 to 16, with
The Fridge Concert Series Presents A.K. Radaydeh
Musician, composer, arranger and music educator, A.K. Radaydeh is performing the final gig in the latest concert season at Alserkal Avenue venue, The Fridge. Radaydeh has performed with international musicians like Andrea Bocelli and
Pascal Gallet at Théâtre de L'Alliance Française
The noted French pianist will be performng an eclectic programme from the classics – Mozart, Beethoven, Chopin – and contemporary music composers: Ennio Morricone, Serge Gainsbourg, Leonard Cohen. Expect movie soundtracks
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The most popular ballets of all time – Swan Lake tells the story of a beautiful maiden who is transformed into a swan by an evil knight. The Houston Ballet is the fifth largest ballet company in the United States, with 59 dancers, and has
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Ends on: 31 Oct 2018
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Prepare to have your sides split at this performance. The adored children's tale 'Aliens Love Underpants' is on at Dubai's Madinat Theatre this month. The energetic musical is both hilarious and heartwarming, as well as being the perfect way to spend some quality time with the family. Entry prices start at Dhs 100.
When: 12 October
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The Phillies have found their center fielder and they have paid quite the price to get him.
Ben Revere (24) is a former first round pick, he has had a very good contact rate each stop in the minors and after a down year in his full season major league debut in 2011, he posted a .294 batting average. Overall Revere is a Juan Pierre starter kit with slightly better CF defense. Revere has 20 power and has yet to hit a HR in the major leagues (when he does it will likely be an inside the park HR) and his arm is below average but not a liability in center. Revere has plus speed and knows how to use it and can steal bases at a successful clip.
Vance Worley was 3rd round pick in 2008 by the Phillies. Worley has average stuff but he does throw strikes including a two seamer that generates a large quantity of strikes looking. After a good rookie year in 2011 Worley regressed in 2012, as injuries took their toll. Despite his good rookie year Worley profiles as a #4 starter at best.
Trevor May was the Phillies Top Prospect in 2011 but regressed in AA in 2012. May has a mid to low 90s fastball that has good sink but he has a tendency to leave it up in the zone making him homer prone. His curveball has flashed plus but his delivery can tip the pitch to hitters, additionally his change up is inconsistent flashing plus and also below average, and he has a two seam fastball that is a work in progress. May's delivery has not been consistent and he might never have average command and control. If he puts it all together he could be a mid rotation starer but it has become increasingly likely that May's likely ceiling is as a back of the bullpen reliever.


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Super Nintendo (SNES) classic and retro games for sale
Welcome to the Super Nintendo (SNES) retro video game section of Retroscene.
Please feel free to browse our selection of classic Super Nintendo (SNES) video games that are for sale.
We have a mixture of fully boxed SNES retro video games, boxed without instructions and cartridge only games to suit most budgets.
Most of the SNES video games are UK/PAL format so are designed to run only on an European/PAL Super Nintendo video game system.
US and Japanese games do come into stock from time to time and will be clearly marked as US or JAP. Import SNES games will not work in UK/PAL Super Nintendo consoles without the use of an import adapter.
If you are looking for certain SNES games that are not listed here, then check out the Retro Games Clearance section which has classic games for many formats at reduced prices.


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Grieving mother wants answers about son's deathBy MICHAEL COUSINEAU
New Hampshire Union Leader
July 25. 2013 9:41PM
MANCHESTER — Diane Vattes wants answers to go along with the pictures of her dead son spread around her West Side home.
Jason Upton, 34, was found floating in the Merrimack River on Aug. 2, 2009. The coroner put the date of death as July 26, making Friday the fourth anniversary of his death and leaving his mother to wonder whether Upton hit his head on a rock or someone killed him.
"I'm only left with my own mind to run wild," she said through tears during an interview Wednesday.
Last week, Vattes and her husband, Carl, hung flyers along Allenstown's Main Street. Concord Crimeline is offering a $1,000 reward for information leading to an arrest and conviction "in the untimely death of Jason Upton," according to the flyer.
"If this was your son or brother you too, would want answers," read the flyer.
Diane Vattes said she would like to receive an update from police on where the case stands.
"What I would want is if someone killed my son to be arrested, but I'm not sure if that's what happened," she said.
Allenstown police detective George Baker said "there has been no new information that has been available since his death four years ago." He referred questions to the state police, who have taken the primary lead in the case.
"We don't have any answers; it's frustrating," Baker said. "It's been all investigated pretty fully."
Carl Vattes said his wife would like to know more to find a little peace.
"Whether they arrest somebody or not is another story," Carl Vattes said. "She just wants answers as to what happened. It would put her to rest a little bit."
Diane Vattes said police told her that drugs and alcohol were found in her son's system, but he didn't have water in his lungs, suggesting Upton didn't drown. Baker declined to comment.
"Jason was a good swimmer, an excellent swimmer, so I know he didn't drown," she said. Police also told her that "everything in the apartment was destroyed," including a long dresser she had given her son that she had owned for 35 years.
Diane Vattes said her son was bipolar, but she didn't know if he was taking medication.
She last saw her son, who wore long hair and loved listening to the band KISS, on July 25, 2009.
"He had shaved his goatee and head bald; that was out of character," she said. "He said, 'Just time for a change,' but apparently there was something going on that I knew nothing about."
Life hasn't been the same since her son's death. A simple drive can make her feel sad.
"She goes by a river or a brook, she can't look at it because it brings back memories," Carl Vattes said.Carl Vattes noted that some unsolved cases take decades to solve, noting the news this week that police think they solved a homicide case from 1991 involving the murder of a Plymouth State University official.
"I don't want to wait 22 years," Diane Vattes said.


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Using off-the-shelf gaming technology that tracks brain activity, a team of scientists has shown that it's possible to steal passwords and other personal information.
Researchers from the University of Oxford, University of Geneva and the University of California at Berkeley demonstrated the possibility of brain hacking using software built to work with Emotiv Systems' $299 EPOC neuro-headset.
Developers build software today that responds to signals emitted over Bluetooth from EPOC and other so-called brain computer interfaces (BCI), such as MindWave from NeuroSky. Of course, if software developers can build apps for such devices, so can criminals.
"The security risks involved in using consumer-grade BCI devices have never been studied and the impact of malicious software with access to the device is unexplored," the researchers said in a paper presented in July at the USENIX computer conference. "We take a rst step in studying the security implications of such devices and demonstrate that this upcoming technology could be turned against users to reveal their private and secret information."
The researchers found that the software they built to read signals from EPOC significantly improved the chances of guessing personal identification numbers (PINs), the general area participants in the experiment lived, people they knew, their month of birth, and the name of their bank.
[See also:Ã'Â Hackers shift to outflanking the first line of defense]
The Emotiv device, used in gaming and as a hands-free keyboard, uses sensors to record electrical activity along the scalp. Voltage in the brain spikes when people see something they recognize, so tracking the fluctuation makes it possible to gather information about people by showing them series of images.
The researchers conducted their experiments on 28 computer science students. In the PIN experiment, the subjects chose a four-digit number and then watched as the numbers zero to nine were flashed on a computer screen 10 times for each digit. While the images flashed before the subjects, the researchers tracked brain activity through signals from the EPOC neuro-headset.
The same form of repetitive showing of images was used in the other experiments, such as a series of bankcards to determine a subject's bank or images of people to find the one they knew.
In general, the researchers' chance of guessing correctly increased to between 20% and 30%, up from 10% without the brain tracking. The exception was in figuring out people's month of birth. The rate of guessing correctly increased to as much as 60%.
Nevertheless, the overall reliability was not high enough for an attack targeted at a few individuals. "The attack works, but not in a reliable way," Mario Frank, a UC Berkeley researcher in the study, said on Friday. "With the equipment that we used, it's not possible to be sure that you found the true answer."
A criminal would have to build malware that could be distributed to as many people as possible. Such a tactic is used in distributing malware via email, knowing that only a small fraction of recipients will open the attachments. However, that small fraction is enough to create botnets of hundreds of thousands of computers.
With BCI devices, the user base today is too small to launch large-scale attacks. Also, users buy software directly from manufacturers, so it would be difficult for criminals to distribute malware.
However, a security risk could arise in the future, if brain-tracking devices become standard for interacting with computers and online stores are created to sell hundreds of thousands of applications, much like people buy apps for Android smartphones today.
To minimize risk, device manufacturers should start building security mechanisms today, such as limiting the information software can access from the headset to only the data needed to run the app, experts say.
"One thing that could be improved, for instance, is that the device itself does some pre-processing and only outputs the data that is required for the application," Frank said.
Such precautions should be taken today to prevent unnecessary risks in the future, he said.
Read more about malware/cybercrime in CSOonline's Malware/Cybercrime section.
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Have an opinion on security? Want to have your articles published on CSO? Please contact CSO Content Manager for our guidelines.


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Dramatic arts take center stage
The dramatic arts took center stage this weekend as nearly 1,000 high school students, theatre directors and chaperones from 32 schools across Iowa come to campus for the 2013 Iowa Thespian Festival.
Workshops at the Iowa Thespian Festival give high school students the chance to improve upon their skills.
On Friday and Saturday, participants watched main stage productions, including "Pippin" and "Thoroughly Modern Millie," in the Gallagher-Bluedorn Performing Arts Center (GBPAC) and in Strayer-Wood Theatre. They also had the opportunity to perform in one-act plays and smaller shows to share what high school theatre departments are doing across the state.
The festival is open to thespians and non-thespians who are interested in acting, singing, improvisation, dancing, stage combat, hair and makeup, and lighting. To help them improve upon their skills, workshops are held in all of these areas.
The Iowa Thespian Festival is also a time for students to compete in theatrical auditions. These Individual Events, as they're called, are performed in front of festival adjudicators; students' ultimate goal it to qualify to perform at the 2014 International Thespian Festival. Individual events will be held in such areas as Duet Musical, Theatre Stage Management, Costume Construction, Group Acting and Team Improv. Prior to the conclusion of the festival, select groups will perform on the GBPAC stage for all delegates.
Iowa's Thespian Festival, which has been held at UNI since 2010, is sponsored by the Iowa Educational Theatre Association. Lynn Jensen, Iowa Thespian Festival director, said UNI is a perfect location for the event because festival venues are close to one another, the theatre department is exceptionally supportive, and more than 90 UNI theatre student volunteers eagerly serve as campus hosts and guides.
"There is no other conference in the organization that has this type of extensive college student and faculty support for a thespian conference event," said Jensen.
After an educational and fun-filled weekend, Jensen knows participants will continue to benefit from their festival experience.
"Students will have gained new theatre-related skills, seen theatre performances and will feel a greater sense of community among their fellow Iowa thespians," she said. "Directors will take with them a renewed sense of support from shared collegiality among the other high school theater teachers. And they'll also benefit from their students' renewed sense of being part of something bigger than their own school program."
Learn more about the Iowa Thespian Festival events at www.iowathespians.org.


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Idaho Public Television is proud to provide the best in programming from Idaho and around the world. As the Gem State's only PBS affiliate, IdahoPTV provides quality music, drama and comedy and prides itself on its balanced coverage, commentary and analysis of public affairs.
And we do it because of you.
Idaho Public Television exists to serve its viewers, not to profit from them. However, there is a cost for the statewide programs and other services we deliver. Please join the more than 21,000 donors who currently support our mission to educate, inform and inspire.
Your tax-deductible contribution is vital to IdahoPTV's ongoing efforts to maintain our high standards of programs and services. Please consider your Friends of Idaho Public Television contribution today and help IdahoPTV maintain the best programming possible throughout the coming year.
We hope that you enjoy the programs and services that Idaho Public Television provides; that is why we are asking for your support. You count on us to bring quality television into homes and communities throughout Idaho — programming that delivers access to the finest concerts, explores faraway places, and stirs lively discussion on the news and events that shape our world.
We leave no stone unturned when it comes to funding our mission — writing foundations, making telephone calls, sending letters, using the Internet — still 65 percent of our total budget comes from generous members like you, one contribution at a time.
Thanks again for your generosity as a Friend of Idaho Public Television. You are a terrific partner!


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Spot-fixing: Sreesanth, 2 other cricketers held; all accused sent to 5-day police custody
Pacer S Sreesanth and uncapped bowlers Ankeet Chavan and Ajit Chandila were arrested last night for alleged spot-fixing during the T20 league. The Delhi Police alleged they had made deals with bookies for spot-fixing in 3 matches. HT reports. Poll:Has India done enough to curb cheating in cricket? | Court allows police to quiz Sreesanth, 13 othersindia Updated: May 17, 2013 11:24 IST
Delhi police special cell arrested three cricketers of the Rajasthan Royals team, including test-discard Shanthakumaran Sreesanth, in a late night raid on Wednesday after surveillance confirmed telephonic talks between bookies in India and Pakistan over betting in the ongoing T20 tournament.
In a swift follow-up, the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) ordered suspension of the three till further inquiry. The trio would be produced before a court in Delhi.
Sreesanth was arrested from his friend's house, while spinners Ankit Chavan and Ajit Chandila were picked up from the team hotel in Mumbai. Apart from the cricketers, seven bookies from Mumbai and two from Delhi have also been arrested, police sources said. Raids were on to nab two more bookies in Delhi.
In a statement, BCCI secretary Sanjay Jagdale said, "The BCCI is shocked and saddened at the recent developments. The BCCI has zero tolerance to corruption. We will offer all cooperation to the Delhi police and all other authorities in their investigations in this matter. The IPL Governing Council has met and decided that the cricketers found involved will be dealt with severely." He said, "It is wholly unfortunate that despite best playing conditions and terms of engagement offered, some players seem to be indulging in such activity."
All the three would be produced before a court in Delhi.
Meanwhile, Sreesanth's father Shantakumaran Nair has squarely blamed Indian captain Mahinder Singh Dhoni and Harbhajan Singh for implicating his son in the match-fixing scandal. He said his son was the victim of a larger conspiracy.
The Mumbai crime branch, which arrested three top bookies, said that a well-established link with some bookies in Pakistan, has been established. It is not ruling out the possibility of the underworld links.
Discussing the lead, police sources said the calls between India and Pakistan bookies were not disconnected till the end of the Wednesday night match with Mumbai Indians. Around Rs 400 crore was betted per match on the current T-20 tournament. Everything, right from match result, sixes hit, balls bowled, was up for betting, the sources said and added another former Indian test-discard, who bawled no-balls at a crucial juncture in a match, was also under the scanner.
The arrests were made after the special cell of the Delhi Police conducted months of investigation into alleged spot-fixing in the T20 league. The cricketers were arrested for spot-fixing in matches played this week and the last, said police sources.
Of the three bookies arrested, Ramesh Vyas had earlier been collared in 2005 in a similar betting case with notorious bookie Shobhan Kalachowkie. Vyas is a resident of Napeansea road in South Mumbai, and is believed to be in the same league as top Indian bookies, including Jupiter, Kothari and Bunty.
Jupiter is on the list of bookies wanted by the Delhi special cell, the sources said.
It is for the first time over a decade that Indian cricket players have come under scrutiny or have been arrested. The match-fixing scandal of the late 90s and early 2000 had seen some top Indian cricketers being arrested and banned from playing cricket.
Signals and fixing: Delhi Police explain how fixing took place
The Delhi Police held a press conference in the national capital at 3pm where they explained how the three players and bookies allegedly went about spot-fixing.
The police claimed spot-fixing took place during three matches this season: Rajathan Royals' May 5 match with Pune Warriors in Pune; Rajathan Royals' May 9 match with Kings XI Punjab in Mohali and when Mumbai Indians defeated Rajasthan Royals on May 15 in Mumbai.
The three arrested players had a deal with bookies and gave "signals" to them before overs in matches, alleged Delhi Police commissioner Neeraj Kumar and Sanjeev Yadav, deputy commissioner of police, special cell, at a press conference in New Delhi.
But for the May 5 match in Jaipur Chandila failed to give signal to the bookie and had a fight with the bookie because of this. For the May 9 match, Sreesanth's signal was to put a towel in his trouser before his over.
For the May 15 match, Chavan was to signal the bookie by turning his wristband before he began bowling his "fixed" over. Chavan had allegedly agreed to give at least 13 runs in his second over. Chavan was to get Rs 60 lakh and perform as per the bookies instructions, the police alleged. Chandila, who was not playing this match, took some money as advance.
"It is a coincidence that players of the same team have come under our radar, but we cannot say that it is not happening in other teams," said Kumar.
A Delhi court on Thursday sent Sreesanth, Chavan and Ajit Chandila to 5-day police custody.
Besides the three players, Chief Metropolitan Magistrate Lokesh Kumar Sharma also sent to police custody the 11 bookies, arrested by special cell of Delhi Police from Delhi, Mumbai and Ahmedabad in connection with spot fixing, which includes bowling no-balls at pre-determined times.
Police had sought seven days police remand of the 14, contending saying they have collected total 55 mobile phones and laptops and they have to recover hawala money.
(With agency inputs)
First Published: May 16, 2013 09:22 IST


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The natural settings of Alabama provide outdoor sportsmen many excellent areas for both hunting and fishing. Many of the hunting lodges and resorts provide activities and recreation suitable for the while family and public fishing lakes are typically found within larger state and national parks.
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Alabamans are known as avid sports fans, and each region affords opportunities to see premier athletic competitions in any season. Some of the most heated contests take place at the collegiate level, as the schools in the state all field a number of top-notch teams in a variety of sports. Here are some of the other professional-and semi-professional sports in Alabama.
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The rolling topography, majestic cypress trees and winding rivers of the state make for a perfect golf setting. Whether you love links play or are more comfortable with championship golf, you are sure to find more than a few courses nearby that far exceed your expectations.
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The Miracle Home® Program, exclusive to RE/MAX LLC., allows a RE/MAX Associate to make a donation on behalf of each transaction to Children's Miracle Network. The partnership underscores Sales Associate involvement in the communities in which they live and serve. RE/MAX Sales Associates are unique in that a majority of the donations received by Children's Miracle Network from RE/MAX are the result of Associates' hard work rather than solicited from customers.


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May 16, 2013 — Each country does it differently. Norway, Spain, and France have opted for quotas. The United Kingdom and the United States require disclosure. The Australian Stock Exchange has a "comply or explain" requirement.
And now, Canada has an advisory committee, whose members possess the best brains and finest track records in the fields of business and public policy. The committee advises industry and government about how to improve women's representation on corporate boards. Even at the provincial level, the Ontario Securities Commission has just moved forward with a similar effort in Ontario, making it clear that the winds are shifting as more and more decision-makers understand gender diversity on boards to be a critical economic issue for Canada.
Regardless of the initiative, it's great to see growing awareness and action.
I'm delighted to participate in the new Canadian Federal Government Advisory Committee as Catalyst Canada's ex officio representative on the committee, along with our colleagues from The Women's Executive Network and the Canadian Board Diversity Council. I'm especially pleased that the government has asked for recommendations by the fall of this year and that the Minister leading the committee is positioning this as an important economic issue.
We know that our economic competitiveness, as well as innovation and individual corporate performance, is enhanced when decision makers represent a broad spectrum of perspectives.
Specifically, we know that having more women at the top improves the bottom line.
I'd encourage the committee to look at initiatives that are already beginning to find traction in Canada. Launched in 2012, the Catalyst Accord asks Financial Post 500 CEOs to make a voluntary commitment to raise the overall proportion of board seats held by women in Canada to 25 percent by 2017. For many companies, getting to 25 percent means simply adding one more woman to their boards. But for the over 40 percent of public FP500 companies who currently have no women on their boards, there's a lot more work to be done.
One year into the initiative, 13 companies have signed on.
Fortunately for them, there is no shortage of Canadian women who are ready, willing, and more than able to be effective, strong, board members. (The "lack of board-ready women" myth has more basis in corporate recruiting practices, which have often been restricted to familiar faces, than in fact.)
Our Catalyst Corporate Board Resource, launched in 2012 to support corporate efforts towards board diversity, offers member companies who choose to become Catalyst Accord signatories a long list of experienced, CEO-sponsored women to recruit for their specific needs. The leadership demonstrated by the 13 signatory companies is a critical first step in shifting Canadian corporate culture. The establishment of the Canadian Federal Government Advisory Committee is an important next step in enlisting federal government leadership to drive change.
Together, we can ensure that the Canadian economy benefits from the talents of Canada's board-ready women, and the diverse leadership we need to make opportunities out of global challenges.
Watch and share our #WomenCan video!
Learn how others are Catalysts for change at IAmA.Catalyst.org.
Sheryl Sandberg is a Catalyst. How about you?


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More Than Money
Fund: Kepha Partners
Posted by boba1 on 2007-08-25
Talking with Jo, you had better have your act together- he is very smart, and will tell you exactly what he thinks in a fair, no-nonsense way. There is nothing ambiguous about his approach, a refreshing antidote to many of his peers. His ethics are also unimpeachable from my experience (and obviously I am not alone, as he was able to oversubscribe a fund in very little time!)PRIVATE: Members Only (231 Characters)


text: Golf and pool access offers for those with time in transit Got between six and 12 hours transit time? Choose between a round of golf or a days access to the pool for only USD 40. Booking your Transit Stopover is a three step process: Step 1: Ensure that your transit time in Abu Dhabi is between 6 to 12 hoursStep 2: Book an Etihad Airways ticket via Abu Dhabi to your final destination Terms and conditions apply Step 3: Choose from one of the following golf transit experiences at only US $40 per person and activity: One round of golf 9 holes, Par 3, with golf club rental included. The golf course is open daily from 8am to 10pm with the last tee time at 9pm. Full day pool access with one complimentary soft drink per person. Pool facilities are open from 8am to sunset.


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Seahawks sign former Atlanta TE Michael Palmer
RENTON, Wash. (AP) — The Seattle Seahawks have added depth at a position of need by signing former Atlanta tight end Michael Palmer just two days before the start of training camp.
The Seahawks made the roster move Tuesday. The team released undrafted rookie defensive back Ray Polk to clear a roster spot.
Palmer played in 43 games over the past three seasons with the Falcons after signing with them as an undrafted free agent in 2010. He started five games and had 21 receptions for 123 yards and three touchdowns with Atlanta. Palmer signed with the New York Giants in the offseason but was released May 29.
The Seahawks now have seven tight ends on the roster heading into camp. Seattle lost key backup Anthony McCoy to a torn Achilles tendon in the offseason.