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SUBMITTED BY ARTHUR N1ORC - AMSAT A/C #31468 *Spacewalkers Wrap Up Third Spacewalk* Astronauts Joe Tanner and Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper completed STS-115's triple play by successfully conducting the mission's third spacewalk at the International Space Station. During the 6-hour, 42-minute excursion, Tanner and Piper continued efforts to prepare the station's newly installed P3/P4 truss segment for operation and also completed other tasks devoted to the assembly and maintenance of the station. The spacewalk came to a close at 12:42 p.m. EDT. Shortly after beginning the spacewalk at 6 a.m. EDT, Tanner and Piper retrieved a materials exposure experiment from the station's exterior and performed maintenance on the P6 truss. The space-walkers then moved to the P3/P4 truss, where they prepared a radiator for deployment. Flight controllers unfurled the radiator, a device that will remove heat from the station, at 9:11. Tanner and Piper also installed a wireless TV antenna on the station and replaced a faulty antenna assembly on the S1 truss. Near the end of the spacewalk, Tanner and Piper conducted a test to evaluate infrared video of Space Shuttle Atlantis' wing leading edge. They also performed get-ahead tasks that were slated to take place on future spacewalks. Mission Specialist Dan Burbank coordinated spacewalk activities, and Mission Specialist Steve MacLean oversaw station robotic arm operations. During this mission, MacLean became the first Canadian astronaut to operate the arm built by his home country. Later today, the station's mobile transporter will be moved to a worksite on the P3 as part of checkout. The transporter is used move the station's Integrated Truss Structure. ** ---- Sent via email@example.com. Opinions expressed are those of the author. Not an AMSAT member? Join now to support the amateur satellite program! Subscription settings: http://amsat.org/mailman/listinfo/sarex
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Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson has hit out at the Manchester City fans who disrupted the end of the Red Devils' 3-2 derby victory at the Etihad, which involved a missile striking defender Rio Ferdinand in the face.
After Yaya Toure and Pablo Zabaleta cancelled out Wayne Rooney's first-half double, Robin van Persie struck a winning free kick in injury time provoking an angry response from the home fans, resulting in an object hitting Ferdinand above the eye and drawing blood.
A City fan also managed to force his way through the stewards to get on the pitch and remonstrate with referee Martin Atkinson before being restrained by City goalkeeper Joe Hart.
"It is just unfortunate at the end that a City fan ran on the pitch and that they threw coins at our players. You really don't need things like that," Ferguson told Sky Sports.
"The same thing happened at Chelsea, which was a bit masked by everything else that happened that day. It was a fantastic game of football between two fantastic teams and we could have done without that."
Replays show the defender being struck by a coin-like object while celebrating, before clutching the shirt to his wound and being escorted off the pitch by a match official.
Ferdinand has since taken to Twitter to comment on the game and incident, writing: "what a result,3points! Sweet! Whoever threw that coin,what a shot! Can't believe it was a copper 2p....could have at least been a £1 coin."
A Manchester City spokesperson has since apologised to the United defender: "We apologise to Rio. We condemn the actions of the individual concerned.
"We are reviewing the CCTV with the police and our normal security. We will support the police with any investigation and hopefully identify the person as soon as possible."
Greater Manchester Police said no arrests have been made in relation to the attack on Ferdinand, but in an unrelated incident, a man was arrested on suspicion of committing a racially aggravated public order offence during the game after racist chanting was heard by officers.

subset: commoncrawl


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On the outside, this is just another regular Subway restaurant, like the thousands of others that are across the country or the dozen or so around Meridian.
This Subway, however, because of its location at the corner of 22nd Avenue and 4th Street, may lead to even more businesses coming to downtown Meridian. One of the owners of the new restaurant, Alex Lisi, tells us that several nearby businesses have been anxiously awaiting its opening for weeks.
"A lot of the banks around here, especially the downtown banks, we have a couple people that have always asked us every day, 'When is the new restaurant opening up? We're ready to come in there and eat with you,'" Lisi tells us.
Besides local businesses, college students also will be taking advantage of this new restaurant.
"Well, now that we have the Mississippi State college down here, the Riley Center, and all the other places around Meridian, we expect to get a lot of younger people and all the business people around Meridian to come up here and do business with us," Lisi says.
As the selection of restaurants grows, and the number of arts and entertainment events increases, downtown Meridian should continue to be an attractive destination for new businesses.
John McClure, executive director of Meridian Main Street, explains, "I think we're moving in the direction of being more of a destination for food, beverage, and entertainment. With the advent of the university's presence here, that creates more of a demand for food in the afternoon and evenings. We've got more people living downtown which means you catch people on both ends, so I expect more of a ripple effect."
The success of the Subway in downtown may be the key to future economic development.


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Ve Interactive, a provider of cart recovery and remarketing solutions for the global e-commerce industry, today announced that VeChat is now available as part of its wider online efficiency solutions.
The artificial intelligence-based, multilingual software will now let Ve Interactive clients initiate and blend real-time customer service and marketing into their online sales processes, 24/7.
By analysing metadata from a visitor's online journey and comparing it all in real time with information held by the merchant, VeChat can be triggered to engage dynamically and route the visitor intelligently. And, the more it learns about user journeys and issues causing basket abandonment, the more intelligent it becomes, meaning that consumers will be able to shop smarter too.
VeChat supports 11 languages and is compatible with the leading smartphone and tablet brands and carriers. It offers criteria filtering, product feeds, and a customizable core phrase library.
"E-commerce sites are under mounting pressure to deliver revenue performance in an increasingly competitive market and so we have responded to demand with this driver in mind," said David Brown, co-founder and CEO of Ve Interactive, in a statement. "Cart abandonment should not be dealt with as an isolated problem; it is tunnel vision to ignore the wider online efficiency issues that feed it," explained Brown. "At Ve Interactive we continually invest in developing new technologies to provide additional optimization and conversion tools for our clients. This ensures that they can always respond to changing buyer behaviours and new platforms, and so increase conversions and website productivity."


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Have the BIM Truth Talk with Your Boss, Part 322 Jun, 2011 By: Robert Green
In the last two editions of the CAD Manager's Newsletter, I encouraged you to have a "truth talk" with your management team about BIM (building information modeling) implementation. I also outlined some of the expectations (both realistic and not so realistic) that you'll have to manage as you prepare to undertake BIM.
In this edition, I want to expand our truth talk by sharing a BIM implementation technique that is virtually identical to what I've used for my mechanical CAD customers for years. The more I look at implementations, the more I've come to believe that managing that process for BIM is really no different than it is for any other 3D software. The BIM guys may call me a heretic for making it sound too simple, but here goes.
Expectations and Reality
As stated in the last two "truth talk" editions, management personnel must be educated so that their expectations align with the following truths:
- BIM doesn't just happen
- BIM implementation requires planning, training, and a financial investment
- It takes years to change to a BIM culture.
On the other side of the equation, CAD managers must understand that management is guided by certain firm convictions:
- We can't shut the company down for BIM
- We'll convert to BIM when our customers require us to
- We won't switch to BIM if it causes us to lose money
- If BIM doesn't give us an advantage over our competitors, we won't implement it.
Even if it makes sense to implement BIM in your company, you'll have to do so within the confines of the above expectations.
Follow the Project Checklist
Here's a chronological checklist you can use to move the BIM agenda forward without running afoul of management's expectations.
- Choose a BIM test project
- Select your test project staff
- Identify IT issues
- Line up reseller resources and other sources of support
- Use test project staff to evaluate training classes
- Work with test project staff to build standards and practices
- Forecast timelines and budgets.
You can already see that I'm an advocate of completing a test project to see how BIM will work on your real-life projects. All the sales literature and talk is simply conjecture until your staff members put the software to use. And as you work through the test project, you'll come to understand how your network systems, training curriculum, support personnel, and project standards will have to change to make BIM work.
Now let's break down the first half of the checklist, and establish some Dos and Don'ts.
Note: If your management team isn't willing to fund the process I've outlined above, they're not yet convinced that BIM is worthwhile!
Pick the perfect test project. Your first BIM project should pass the Goldilocks test: Not too hard, not too easy, but just right in terms of complexity. Remember that the goal of this project is to determine how the BIM design process will work in your environment, so go with a design task that is manageable and focus on the BIM learning curve.
Do: Take a typical design task that your team members understand and evaluate how it works using BIM methods.
Don't: Try to design the next Taj Mahal on your first BIM project.
Select the staff. Now that you've identified your test project, you can choose staff members who have the correct expertise to work on it. The tough part is you now have to pick people who will be able to learn the new BIM software tools as they work through the project. For the best outcome, seek out the following types of employees for your test project staff:
- Those who volunteer — they're already motivated.
- Those who view BIM as a career upgrade — they'll work harder.
- Those who value standards and process — they'll help you establish the best BIM procedures.
- Those who are flexible — they won't have as much trouble with new CAD tools.
While the above guidelines may not seem like rocket science, it is amazing how many companies I've seen go into a BIM test project with a skeptical staff that may or may not truly want BIM to succeed. Your BIM test project will be hard enough to work through without that kind of resistance, so make sure the staff you use are eager, motivated BIM believers — you'll need their enthusiasm to carry you through the tough times!
Do: Choose your test process staff in a way that gives you the best chance for success.
Don't: Waste your time trying to convince the "BIM will never work" crowd to join your first BIM project — deal with them later.
Identify IT issues. Some of the unforeseen problems you may encounter as you move into BIM implementation revolve around IT infrastructure. Consider the following:
- BIM projects tend to build huge file sets that dwarf 2D CAD by comparison.
- BIM building design and visualization requires beefier workstations than 2D CAD.
- BIM projects run over wide area networks (WANs) eat up Internet bandwidth and thus slow down file access.
You should have some idea of whether these types of issues will affect your BIM test project before you even start, but you won't know the whole story until the test moves forward. Be prepared to face IT problems and to raise the issues with anyone and everyone required to fix them.
My own rules of thumb for BIM IT environments:
- Storage: Assume BIM projects will take up 5 times more server space than 2D projects require.
- Workstations: Quad-core processors, Windows 7 64-bit operating systems, 12 GB RAM, CAD vendor–certified graphics processor.
- WAN parameters: Small BIM models may run over shared WAN connections without problems, but large BIM models cause unacceptably slow performance. As BIM projects grow larger, remote graphics or cloud-based computing become the only way to reduce access times to acceptable levels.
Do: View your test project as an IT readiness test for BIM.
Don't: Move forward with more BIM implementation if your testing reveals substantial IT problems.
Identify support resources. As you move forward with your BIM test project, you're likely to need training and technical support. Who will provide these services? Do you have the time and know-how to manage the test project yourself, or will you need help?
I ask you to ponder these questions and honestly evaluate whether you'll need outside assistance to get through the test project. If you decide that you will need help, then the time to identify these resources is before your project experiences problems.
Do: Line up reseller or consultant assistance before you need it.
Don't: Allow your BIM test project to flounder because you're too proud to ask for help.
Summing Up
The process I've outlined above is identical to the one I've used for 15 years to help companies implement 3D mechanical CAD. With BIM, we may have a new acronym to deal with, but the fundamental concepts of software implementation haven't changed.
In the next issue of the CAD Manager's Newsletter, I'll address the final three items on the BIM implementation checklist and give you some pointers for observing your test project to ensure you've got optimal processes and procedures in place for future BIM projects. In the meantime, I welcome your feedback and stories about BIM at your company. You can reach me at email@example.com.
About the Author: Robert Green
AutoCAD Tips!
In her easy-to-follow, friendly style, long-time Cadalyst contributing editor Lynn Allen guides you through a new feature or time-saving trick in every episode of her popular AutoCAD Video Tips. Subscribe to the free Cadalyst Video Picks newsletter, and we'll notify you every time a new video tip is published. All exclusively from Cadalyst!


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Greetings! Pardon the bandwidth for those who have already seen it, but the attached is forwarded from the AMSAT News Service for your information: ======= ATTENTION Radio Amateurs Worldwide =========== Fly Your QSL Card on Phase 3D ! Here is your chance to be a part of the Phase 3D satellite program and put your QSL card into orbit! AMSAT-NA is collecting QSL cards, which will be scanned and converted into digital images. These images will then be saved onto a computer CD-ROM, which will be secured to the Phase 3D spacecraft and launched with P3D. Your QSL card will get a ride into orbit along with the Phase 3D satellite! AMSAT-NA is suggesting a minimum donation of $25.00 (US). Proceeds from the 'Fly Your QSL on Phase 3D' campaign will be used in offsetting the overall P3D program costs. This is a limited time offer and subject to any restrictions imposed by any (future) launch announcement or launch timetable. AMSAT-NA is suggesting cards be sent in as soon as possible. If you want to fly your QSL card on Phase 3D, send your QSL card and donation to: Fly Your QSL on Phase 3D c/o AMSAT-NA 850 Sligo Avenue, Suite 600 Silver Spring, MD 20910-4703 USA Checks or money orders should be made out to 'AMSAT'. Please do not send cash. More information on the 'Fly Your QSL Card' program is available by calling the AMSAT-NA headquarters at (301) 589-6062. Details are also available on the AMSAT-NA web site at http://www.amsat.org/
AMSAT Home


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It is possible that the main title of the report Chromosome 4, Trisomy 4p is not the name you expected. Please check the synonyms listing to find the alternate name(s) and disorder subdivision(s) covered by this report.
Chromosome 4, Trisomy 4p is a rare chromosomal disorder in which all or a portion of the short arm (p) of chromosome 4 appears three times (trisomy) rather than twice in cells of the body. Associated symptoms and physical findings may vary greatly in range and severity from case to case. Such variability may depend upon the specific length and location of the duplicated (trisomic) portion of chromosome 4p as well as other factors. However, many affected infants may have feeding and breathing difficulties, characteristic malformations of the head and facial (craniofacial) area, and abnormalities of the hands and feet. Additional features may include other skeletal defects, genital abnormalities in affected males, or heart (cardiac) defects. Trisomy 4p is also characterized by severe mental retardation.
Children's Craniofacial Association
13140 Coit Road
Suite 517
Dallas, TX 75240
Tel: (214)570-9099
Fax: (214)570-8811
Tel: (800)535-3643
Email: email@example.com
Internet: http://www.ccakids.com
Support Organization for Trisomy 18, 13, and Related Disorders
2982 S. Union Street
Rochester, NY 14624-1926
Fax: (585)594-1957
Tel: (800)716-7638
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Internet: http://www.trisomy.org
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
Tel: (914)997-4488
Fax: (914)997-4763
Tel: (888)663-4637
Email: email@example.com
Internet: http://www.marchofdimes.com
The Arc
1660 L Street, NW, Suite 301
Washington, DC 20036
Tel: (202)534-3700
Fax: (202)534-3731
Tel: (800)433-5255
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Internet: http://www.thearc.org
Post Office Box 751112
Limekiln, PA 19535
Tel: (702)769-9264
Fax: (702)341-5351
Tel: (888)486-1209
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Internet: http://www.ameriface.org
American Heart Association
8200 Brookriver Drive
Suite N-100
Dallas, TX 75247
Tel: (214)784-7212
Fax: (214)784-1307
Tel: (800)242-8721
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Internet: http://www.americanheart.org
UNIQUE - Rare Chromosome Disorder Support Group
P.O. Box 2189
Surrey, Intl CR3 5GN
United Kingdom
Tel: 44 0 1883 330766
Fax: 44 0 1883 330766
Email: email@example.com
Internet: http://www.rarechromo.org
Craniofacial Foundation of America
975 East Third Street
Chattanooga, TN 37403
Tel: (423)778-9176
Fax: (423)778-8172
Tel: (800)418-3223
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Internet: http://www.craniofacialfoundation.org
Genetic and Rare Diseases (GARD) Information Center
PO Box 8126
Gaithersburg, MD 20898-8126
Tel: (301)251-4925
Fax: (301)251-4911
Tel: (888)205-2311
Email: http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/GARD/EmailForm.aspx
Internet: http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/GARD
This is an abstract of a report from the National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. ® (NORD). A copy of the complete report can be obtained for a small fee by visiting the NORD website. The complete report contains additional information including symptoms, causes, affected population, related disorders, standard and investigational treatments (if available), and references from medical literature. For a full-text version of this topic, see http://www.rarediseases.org/search/rdblist.html
The information provided in this report is not intended for diagnostic purposes. It is provided for informational purposes only. NORD recommends that affected individuals seek the advice or counsel of their own personal physicians.
It is possible that the title of this topic is not the name you selected. Please check the Synonyms listing to find the alternate name(s) and Disorder Subdivision(s) covered by this report
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through the date at the end of the topic. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
For additional information and assistance about rare disorders, please contact the National Organization for Rare Disorders at P.O. Box 1968, Danbury, CT 06813-1968; phone (203) 744-0100; web site www.rarediseases.org or email email@example.com
Last Updated: 4/10/2009
Copyright 1994, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2009 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise, Incorporated disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information.


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Mixed metals ombre spike lariat featuring an oxidized sterling silver hoop and beads, and your choice of oxidized vermeil spike with gold filled chain (pictured) or oxidized sterling silver spike with sterling silver chain. (If you prefer no ombre, or all silver, or all gold please feel free to contact me!)
15" of chain plus 3.5" of hoop and spike (Pictured). Or you can specify your preferred length in the drop down menu or "notes to seller" at checkout.
I love making Wedding Jewelry and multiples as Bridesmaid Gifts.
If you are interested in Weddings, multiples, or custom orders, let me know your preferences in the notes to seller at checkout.
If you'll be ordering multiple Gifts please request separate boxes during checkout.
To see more, please visit my shop:
3-5 business days
Buyers are responsible for any customs and import taxes that may apply. I'm not responsible for delays due to customs.
Just contact me within: 14 days of delivery
Ship items back to me within: 21 days of delivery
Request a cancellation within: 3 hours of purchase
But please contact me if you have any problems with your order.
Because of the nature of these items, unless they arrive damaged or defective, I can't accept returns for:
Buyers are responsible for return shipping costs. If the item is not returned in its original condition, the buyer is responsible for any loss in value.
Please contact me if you have any problems with your order.
Measurements for the pictured items are included in each item description. However, as all items are made to order, it is often easy to make a necklace a little longer or shorter at no extra cost. Please let me know in the notes to seller at checkout if you would like a custom length.
To ensure a perfect fit, I recommend that you use an existing necklace or piece of string placed around your neck and positioned as you like it; then measure it open, unclasped from end to end. That way you can let me know your ideal length. Extender chains are also available.
Many items are available wholesale. Contact me for a link to my wholesale site. My work is available in many boutiques from Los Angeles to London.
All items are gift wrapped in a pretty box with a ribbon. Let me know if you are buying multiple gifts and would like each one individually wrapped. Personalized gift cards are also available, just let me know what you'd like to say in the notes to seller at check out. No charge for gift wrapping and gift cards :)
ALL JEWELRY should be taken off before showering/swimming/exercising, and kept clean & dry in a closed storage when not in use. Jewelry should be properly cleaned once in awhile in order for it to last longer.
To clean Sterling Silver chain/charm scrub into a mound of baking soda + drop of water on your palm then rinse, you may also try toothpaste + water, or silver jewelry cleaner. For Gold-Fill use dishwash liquid & warm water OR jewelry cleaning solution. Be careful not to tangle chain.
Wash gently with dishwash liquid and water, take off before shower/swimming/exercising, and keep dry in a closed container. Do not scrub vermeil. It will last a long time if cared for.


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Jan. 27, 2012
Click here to watch highlights of every heat
BOSTON, Mass - The women's track and field team had another strong afternoon as part of the Boston University Terrier Classic. Ari Leao (New Bedford, Mass.) qualified for the NCAA Division III New England regional championship meet in both the 200 and 400 meter dashes.
Leao's first qualifying time came in the 200 with her time of 27.41 seconds. Leading the way in that same event was Samara Faustin (Boston, Mass.) who finished with a time of 25.94 seconds. Faustin also led the way in the 60 meter dash with a time of 8.16 seconds. Leao's final time of 1:02.15 in the 400 also marked a new personal best for the junior sprinter.
Friday's meet also marked the first meet for newcomers Fatima Konteh (Lewis Center, Ohio) and Alessandra Fiallos (Derby, Conn.). Konteh competed in both the 60 meter dash and the 200 meter dash. In the 60, Konteh posted a time of 9.28 seconds, while in the 200 she finished with a time of 31.40 seconds. Fiallos finished just 3-hundredths of a second behind her new teammate with her final time of 31.43 seconds.
Also competing on Friday was Anitra Kloczewiak (Newton, Mass.) who recorded a final toss of 32-11.00 feet.
Track and field will return to action tomorrow with the men's team in action at the BU Terrier Classic.


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July 2, 2012 at 8am to July 27, 2012 at 12pm – EnergyLogic's Academy EnergyLogic's Rater Training is delivered via the EnergyLogic Academy eLearning platform. This state-of-the-art learning management system allows us to deliver optimal training that addresses the le… Organized by EnergyLogic, Inc | Type: online, training
July 2, 2012 at 8am to July 6, 2012 at 8am – EnergyLogic Academy - Online RESNET HERS Rater Supplement for BPI BAs is specifically designed for BPI Building Analysts that would like to add the RESNET HERS Rater certification to their list of qualifications. This course is… Organized by EnergyLogic | Type: online, training
© 2018 Created by Home Performance Coalition (HPC) Powered by


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Photo by Debra DiPaolo
Just before noon on a crisp spring day, Jim Gimzewski is looking a little rusty around the edges. Walking across the UCLA campus, he stops to cadge a cigarette from a couple of students deep in conversation. It's one thing to light up in the land of never-never, it's quite another to bum fags from strangers, and the students eye him suspiciously. Tall and reedy, dressed in black from head to toe, hair graying and spiky, Gimzewski might easily be mistaken for a refugee from an aging British rock band. Nick Lowe comes to mind. Perhaps it's that obvious sense of the foreign the lilting charm of his Scottish brogue or maybe just the unrepentant nature of the gesture; this is clearly not an L.A. moment. One of the students pulls a pack from his pocket. Puffing contentedly, Gimzewski muses on the chemical pleasures of life. "I do yoga, and I figure that entitles me to drink. I run, that means I can smoke. I do everything," he says, with an unsullied joie de vivre that seems to have disappeared from the American psychological spectrum. Then, after a beat, he adds slyly, "In moderation."
Few people are more acquainted with the pleasures of chemistry than James Gimzewski it's pronounced Jim-zes-ski, though back home in Scotland his mates just called him "Get-me-whiskey." However you parse the Polish, he's a world expert on the physics and chemistry of single molecules. At IBM's legendary research laboratory in Zurich, Gimzewski headed a team that fabricated a molecular propeller, a molecule shaped like the blades of a helicopter that spins on an atomic surface like a minuscule wheel. That made the cover of Science magazine. His IBM team also fashioned the world's smallest abacus out of "buckyballs," soccer ball-shaped molecules of carbon that are currently the focus of so much scientific interest. A few years ago, UCLA made him an offer he couldn't refuse, including a brand-new lab, and in 2001 he moved out here to set up shop.
At the moment, however, it is not molecules that are exercising Gimzewski's attention, but cells. He has zoomed out, as it were, and in doing so has hit upon something that may usher in a powerful new field of medical diagnostics. Gimzewski has discovered that living cells generate high-pitched sounds, a cytological song whose harmonies potentially encode a hidden language of health and disease. If we can decipher this microscopic symphony, we may be able to hear the difference between sick and healthy cells.
Re-energized by the nicotine and almost thrumming with excitement, Gimzewski recounts the unorthodox circumstances behind his amazing discovery. Bizarrely, the trigger was 9/11. On the day when the Twin Towers fell, he had been awaiting a package from a medical researcher in Sardinia named Carlo Ventura. The two scientists had met earlier that year at a conference in Rome where Ventura had acquainted Gimzewski with his research into childhood heart abnormalities. Ventura was working with the stem-cell precursors to heart cells known as myocardiocytes, and he was trying to determine what genetic aberrations were responsible for various pulmonary disorders. Interactive installation based on the way a scientist manipulates a molecule and projected on a monumental scale a collaboration between Gimzewski and Victoria Vesna, director of UCLAs Design Media Arts department, scheduled to open at LACMA this fall.
Gimzewski had never given much thought to cells, but with his training in physics he knew that any vibrating object must be emitting sound. Since heart cells beat, he figured that they must be making some kind of noise. He wondered if we listened to that sound, could we discern a difference between healthy heart cells and diseased ones. Ventura believed it was worth a try, and agreed to send a sample of his myocardial stem cells. But while his package was in transit, two jumbo jets fatefully plowed into the World Trade Center, imprinting onto the nation's consciousness an indelible image and propelling the Customs Department to declare a state of lockdown. Stem cells from Sardinia. "The customs officials took one look at that," Gimzewski says, and they hit the roof: 'Fucking hell, it's biological warfare!'" The package was confiscated, and by the time he received it, a few weeks later, all the cells had died.
Back in Gimzewski's office, he shows me a video of heart stem cells, a petri-dish culture apparently pulsing with life. Though there is no body here, no actual organ, rhythmic waves course through the cell community. It's an eerie sight, as if the culture were straining toward organismic identity. This phenomenon has inspired Right-to-Lifers to declare that an 18-day-old fetus has a heart and is, hence, a fully charged human: I beat, therefore I am. To me, the image calls to mind the chimerical hybrid world of David Cronenberg: if this is still life, it is not as we know it.
The basic laws of acoustics tell us that any vibrating surface will generate a pressure differential in the surrounding air that's what sound is. It is also the principle behind the speakers in your stereo system a membrane is driven to vibrate, thereby producing noise. "You can think of the surface of a beating cell as a micro-miniature version of a speaker," Gimzewski explains, miming the effect by cupping his hands together as if clutching a ball and vibrating them rapidly. The reason we don't hear this sound is that it's so infinitesimally small. Gimzewski theorized that if he could amplify these cellular vibrations, he could boost the signal into audio awareness. Strangely, no one had ever done this before. Student Andrew Pelling with the atomic-force microscope: He is going to be the first person in the world with a Ph.D. in cell sonics. (Photo by Debra DiPaolo)
The problem was that with all of Ventura's myocardiocytes now dead, Gimzewski had no subjects to test. Such specialized cells are not something you can order from a catalog they are delicate organisms that researchers must carefully coax into growth. And clearly, in the wake of 9/11, importing stem cells wasn't going to get any easier. Gimzewski could have given up then and gone back to his molecules he still has a suite of molecular-research projects going on in his lab but he is not a man easily deterred. He'd set up the equipment, everything was in place; damn it, he thought, let's listen to some cells. Any cell. He picked up the phone and called upstairs to his biochemical colleagues: Would they mind sending down some yeast cells? As Gimzewski tells the story, the biochemists thought he was insane yeast cells couldn't possibly be making a noise; they are not even part of the animal kingdom. He eventually persuaded them to prepare a sample, which he ran through his setup with an atomic-force microscope (AFM). When they listened to the recordings, there was to everyone's amazement a distinct high-pitched signal. Moreover, the primary harmonic of this signal was astonishingly high, around 1,000 cycles per second about two octaves above middle C. Gimzewski's yeast cells were miniature sopranos.
Observing subcellular scales generally requires the application of some pretty sophisticated physics. Gimzewski has spent his entire professional life in the wonderlandish realm of the very small, and, compared to most of the objects he's used to probing, cells are gargantuan. Since the early 1980s he has been one of the pioneers of scanning tunneling microscopy, a revolutionary technology that enables scientists to take pictures of atoms and molecules. A scanning tunneling microscope (STM) does not operate by any conventional imaging method it doesn't even use light rather, it employs a bizarre quantum mechanical process in which electrons "tunnel" through an electrical barrier and appear magically on the other side.
Ironically, STMs look like relics from the 19th century; Rube Goldberg constructions bolted together and equipped with glass-fronted viewing portholes, they are clearly homemade. In his new lab in the basement of UCLA's Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Gimzewski has several of these machines, all of which he had constructed in-house. In the age of the Sony Black Box there is something almost comically endearing about these devices, as if they'd been dreamed up by the art department of some B-grade Jules Verne movie. Yet, like Verne's submarines, STMs plunge us into an enchanted domain beneath the surface of mundane experience. Pinned around the walls of Gimzewski's lab are pictures of molecules his team are studying. Among them are the aforementioned buckyballs and some of their fullerene cousins, collectively named in honor of Buckminster Fuller because the soccer-shaped molecule shares the same mathematical structure as Fuller's geodesic dome. Upstairs in Gimzewski's office is a photographic triptych of his famed nano-propeller, each iteration shaded in a different Day-Glo palette. It's Andy Warhol gone atomic: a psychedelic portrait of a molecular superstar.
When Gimzewski first encountered this extraordinary molecule, he realized the paroxysms it would engender among the far fringes of nanotech dreamers people like author Eric Drexler (Engines of Creation) who promise that any day now nanotech robots will be coursing through our bloodstreams, while nanotech factories fabricate fantastical structures on an atom-by-atom basis. Gimzewski can't abide the Drexler types, believing that their wild speculation only serves to oversell this new science before it even gets going. He knew that the "nanonuts," as he calls them, would see his work as the foundation for nanoscale motors and engines. And so, perversely, he hid the work in a drawer for a year. Then he thought: "'What the hell, let them speculate.'" The nuts duly indulged in an orgy of hype. As for what use might his molecular rotators have? "None whatever!" Gimzewski insists.
"If you want to understand molecules," he tells me, "then you have to understand mechanics." Gimzewski himself is something of a mechanical whiz. Though a chemist â by training, he has always felt drawn to machinery and has been building his own equipment from the start. "That's what I try to teach my students: You can't just buy this stuff, you've got to go out there and do it. Sometimes that means getting in there with a spanner and wrench. Sometimes it's with a nano-wrench." He is now building his seventh generation of STM, and the level of accuracy his team is achieving verges on the miraculous their sensing tips are so stable the mechanical jitter is less than a thousandth of the diameter of a single atom. Moreover, they have developed a unique technology to control the positioning of the tip, using what is called "slipstick" motion a microscopic version of banging on a table to cause an object to move across its surface. Their control is so fine they can move the tip by minuscule jumps or jerks measuring just 10 atoms wide: Gimzewski calls these "nanojerks." "I know a few major ones," he quips, mumbling darkly about the war.
Complex feats of engineering are not what one usually expects to see from chemists. But then, as Gimzewski points out, "You don't usually think of chemists being involved in media art either." He is referring to the fact that he's recently been invited to collaborate with UCLA's new-media doyenne, Victoria Vesna, on a forthcoming art exhibition at LACMA-Lab around the theme of nanotechnology. Gimzewski's work has always been interdisciplinary physics, chemistry, engineering and now art, he sees it as a continuum. "I don't mind jumping outside of my box," he says.
Compared to molecules, cells are a good deal easier to observe. When listening to yeast cells, there's no need for an STM for this essentially biological work Gimzewski can make do with an off-the-shelf atomic-force microscope. It's the AFM that relays the cellular song, channeling the cytological a cappella into the realm of human consciousness. As with an STM, an AFM works by feeling its way over a surface, only here the instrument measures force rather than current. At the end of a cantilevered arm is a microfine tip that hovers above an object like a highly sensitive record needle and picks up minute deviations in topography. Andrew Pelling is the young man in charge of this instrument; Gimzewski has assigned him the cell project as the basis of his doctoral thesis in physical chemistry. He is going to be the first person in the world with a Ph.D. in cell sonics. Small and nervous with dark, dancing eyes, Pelling giggles like a delighted child. And why not? At 24, he is being handed the helm of a ship heading for a new scientific continent, and in the process he may be contributing to a medical revolution.
Separated from the labyrinthine STMs, the AFM is in a room by itself where it can be carefully shielded from external interference. It's placed inside a special foil-lined enclosure to protect the apparatus from electromagnetic fields, and the whole thing is pneumatically suspended on a bed of air to insulate against sound and jitter. When Pelling is running experiments, the hood is closed, the lights are off, everyone is out of the room, and the door is closed. "It's probably overkill," he says. "But we get far better resolution than the manufacturer."
I'm eager to hear a yeast song, and Pelling produces a small test tube of urine-colored liquid with a sediment of whitish sludge congealed at the bottom. "It smells like bread," he says, opening the cap, and when I take a whiff, the aroma of a bakery fills my nostrils, reminding me that through our olfactory sense we humans still maintain a visceral connection to the chemical realm. Pelling takes a pipette and sucks out some of the sludge, then smears it onto a microscope slide.
A typical yeast cell is around 5,000 nanometers (or five microns) in diameter, 10 times smaller than the width of a human hair and well within the range of the AFM. Once the sample is dried, Pelling puts the slide under the scope and closes the hood. We go out to the main lab to watch the creation of the image on a computer monitor. Slowly a mass of cells appears on the screen, small indistinct black and white blobs. Pelling zooms in, and the screen fills with about a dozen cells. At this range they are crammed together, butting up against one another and forcing themselves into a hexagonal pattern. Some are sporting pretty circular protrusions, like microscopic ringworms. "Bud scars," Pelling explains, are the places where daughter cells have budded off from the mother cell, leaving a trace of their cellular birth. He zooms in farther to the middle of a single cell, which appears to be covered with elephant skin.
Pelling locks off the AFM's position and begins to record the up-and-down movement of the tip. This tiny motion of the cell membrane is stored as a digital file to be played back later through a speaker. Because of the extremely low amplitude of the motion, it's not possible to record sound directly. Nor can we hear recordings live, though Pelling is planning to connect up a mixer and some speakers so that he can pipe his minimalist symphonies to the lab at large.
In the meantime, he turns on another computer and pulls up the file of a previous recording. The background noise is especially intense and I strain to hear something coherent. For a moment, I feel like a SETI researcher desperately searching the skies for signs of intelligent life. But as I listen I become aware that amid the high-pitched buzz is a faint rhythmic clicking. The monitor displays the spectral analysis of the signal, revealing a strong, sharp spike at around 1,000 hertz. When Gimzewski and Pelling first captured this signal, they couldn't believe what they were hearing. As Gimzewski notes, "It didn't seem possible that a cell could be vibrating this fast." They had expected that if there was any movement at all, it would be much slower. Initially, they thought the high-pitched spike must be an artifact of their experimental setup; the proof that it's a real signal emanating from the cell is that when they listen to a dead cell, the spike disappears. Pelling plays me the file of a dead cell, and it's pure, flat, monotonous noise.
Next he juxtaposes two different varieties of yeast, one from a naturally occurring strain and another from a genetically modified mutant. Each has a slightly different sound, and the differences between them can be empirically gauged by the variations in their spectral analysis, what physicists call their Fourier transform. Even to the untrained ear, they each have their own unique call. It's weirdly unsettling, listening to the songs of these microbial creatures. Voice is something that seems such a quintessentially intelligent characteristic. The discovery of whale songs, for example, irrevocably altered our view of a species that had until then been largely regarded as an aqueous reservoir of rare oils, while dolphins' clicking has earned them a status in our sentimental landscape that is equaled only by the higher primates. When we hear other creatures "calling," we instinctively begin to imagine an interspecies dialogue. And that is effectively what Gimzewski and Pelling are aiming toward.
Finally, they play me a recording of a yeast cell that has been doused in isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol, and the sound it makes is distinctly higher in pitch than the previous samples, the clicking more sharply pronounced. "They're screaming!" Gimzewski declares. The pair want to record cells in a wide variety of conditions, including under the influence of various chemical substances. In particular they are interested in the effects of compounds that interfere with the underlying cytoskeletal structure of the cell, which Gimzewski theorizes may be causing these cellular vibrations.
I suggest that once sound artists get wind of these recordings, Gimzewski will be inundated with requests for tapes. Turns out there's already been one snooping around perhaps this could be the basis of a new genre of noise music. "I'll play the drums," Gimzewski enthuses, riffing on a set of air bongos.
The process of recording cells is cumbersome at the moment every time Pelling wants to alter a cell sample, he has to take it out of the AFM enclosure. So while he can record the sound of a living cell, or one that's been killed, he cannot listen to the sound of cells dying. "That's my goal. It's a bit morbid, but that's what I'm hoping to achieve." Up till now, all the cells he has listened to have been at roughly the same stage in their life cycle. The long-term goal, however, is to record yeast cells at every stage of their growth cycle and to create a sonic map of a cell's life.
Gimzewski has coined a name for this fledging science, "sonocytology" cytology being the branch of biology that deals with cells. He is hoping this technique will develop into a new form of diagnostic tool that will enable doctors to determine by listening to cells if they are healthy or sick, young or old, or potentially even cancerous. To that end Gimzewski is teaming up with Mike Teitell, head of UCLA's Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Pathology. Teitell's lab specializes in cancers of the lymphocytes, which include lymphomas and leukemias, and he is planning a series of experiments with Gimzewski that would begin to explore the potential of this technique with mammalian cells, including cancers. Teitell admits that they don't yet know if mammalian cells will exhibit a definite sonic signature, but there is every reason to be hopeful. For one thing, mammalian cells have much thinner walls than the thick-skinned yeasts; if something as gross as yeast has a distinct signal, the chances are that a mammalian signal would be even stronger.
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"You never know how anything will pan out," Teitell says. "That's the nature of experimental science." But he is preparing to "ramp up" this research ASAP and is currently trying to recruit a new postdoctoral student for that task. There is what Teitell calls "the dream scenario" where "in your wildest dreams every cancer turns out to have a unique and clear signal." Then there is "the nightmare scenario" where the signal is just a jumbled mess. And then, of course, there's the "in-between scenario" (which is probably the most likely), where you see a signal but it takes time and practice to figure out what it means. Teitell compares this new field to the early days of PET scans, a technology that is now one of our primary diagnostic tools. Whether sonocytology turns out to be the next PET or MRI, only time will tell, but when I ask Teitell when he expects to begin the mammalian work, his answer sums up the palpable excitement surrounding this research: "We want to do this yesterday."
Gimzewski is now setting his sights on even greater medical challenges. One of his research groups is currently working on a hybrid STM/AFM, which he hopes will open up further directions for cellular diagnostics. He speculates that with such a machine we might be able to watch as the pores in a cell wall open and close, and then monitor the flow of ions through the channel. Being able to observe such intricate cellular processes in situ would give doctors an enormously powerful analytical tool.
How far down might these machines take us? Until recently, most physicists believed single atoms were the smallest things we could see microscopically any smaller and you'd have to resort to a particle accelerator. There is, however, tantalizing evidence that STMs may be able to take us inside the atom to see the orbits of individual electrons. According to quantum theory, electron orbits come in a wide variety of shapes, from the common spherical orbit to exotic dumbbell and doughnut shapes. Just as STMs have given us tangible images of atoms (objects long theorized but hitherto unseen), so these magical devices may finally help us to see figures of the subatomic realm.
It's exactly 20 years since Gimzewski began imaging atoms and molecules and, he says, we've come a long way. "But there is so much further we can go." As he speaks, I find myself thinking of Sergeant MacCruiskeen in Flann O'Brien's comic masterpiece about atomic science, The Third Policeman. MacCruiskeen has devoted himself to constructing a series of ever smaller boxes, each minuscule marvel nested inside the previous ones like a set of Russian Matryoshka dolls. After 29 boxes, MacCruiskeen is hovering at the very edge of perception, and the reader is no longer sure if he has crossed over into make-believe. The smallest of his caskets is so tiny, it is "half a size smaller than ordinary invisibility." How far can you go? O'Brien asks. Will there always be a smaller possible box? Or is there a limit to the littleness man can perceive? I put the question to Gimzewski, and his answer is worthy of MacCruiskeen himself: "When we're at the level of needing a microscope to see the microscope, then we'll know we are there."


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Local Business SEO Marketing Consultant in Rowland Heights California
If you own a traditional "bricks and mortar" business it may be tempting to think that you don't need an internet presence. Trust us – you do and you need Local Business Marketing Consultant in Rowland Heights California.
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Maybe you own a dry cleaner's, a pet shop, a dress shop, or a hairdressers, and say to yourself "all my customers come here in person; why should I have a website?"
Five years ago, you might have had a point. Today that is not the case.
To begin with, Yellow Pages has pretty well gone out of existence. For nearly fifty years it ruled the roost, but in the last five years just about everybody now searches for what they want online. Yes, even senior citizens who are supposed to be completely dumb when it comes to technology, now search online.
OK, so you own a dry cleaner's. Your customers want to know what time you open, whether you have an early closing day, can you remove an ink stain from little Johnny's school blazer, do you clean duvets, and lots more. If you have a website you can answer all those questions, and what's more, you don't have to pick up the phone to do it, so it saves you time as well.
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The Black Mesa mod, which recreates the original Half-Life in the Source Engine, has finally been released – and you can now download it after eight years of development by its huge team.
I still never played the Half-Life games...Even when they were 75% off. Probably because there are so many different versions of them (seriously, which ones should I be playing?). I'll still try this out though.
If anyone is struggling for a download link that works I recommend this one
Can't wait to play this and have Barney let me out of the tram.


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The best and worst horror films of 2010, and what to look forward to in 2011.
Joe and Schnaars duke it out over this film's merits...
This week the gang ventures out of the basement and back into the theater to take on "Repo Men" for the Podcast. Two of us couldn't be more excited, the rest have agreed to still join in.
If you've been anticipating the arrival of Jude Law and Forrest Whitaker's futuristic thriller "Repo Men", be sure to check out the new motion comic.
Not content with just movies and now TV, Rob Zombie is returning to the world of comics with "What Ever Happened to Baron Von Shock" from Image Comics. The first reader to locate the drawn Sheri Moon Zombie cameo in the book wins a cookie!... and a boner.
Summit Entertainment is preparing for new franchise hopes with its newly acquired script "The Last Witch Hunter" written by Cory Goodman. So far, Timur Bekmambetov is definitely producing the film and may direct as well. Despite who's on board, there is no way this movie can stack up next to Nic Cage's hair in "Season of the Witch".
"True Blood" fans rejoice; you do not have to wait much longer to sink your teeth into Sookie Stackhouse. HBO has announced that the hit series will return on Sunday June 13th.
If you're still on the fence about "Repo Men" then take a gander at the new restricted trailer below. In the past all the clips from the film have been fairly serious but this new one makes the film look down right fun, even whimsical.
Alright so it's not the most original idea for a movie - a guy who goes out and repossesses organs when patients fall behind on their payments - But "Repo Men" looks to have no singing, a lot of blood and 100% more Rza then "REPO!
If you thought "Repo! The Genetic Opera" was a total misfire, take a quick peek at the new trailer for Miguel Sapochnik's "Repo Men." Similar premise, a lot less warbling. That's a good thing, right?
The sequel to "Demonic Toys" is almost upon us. To keep us satiated until its release, feast your tiny eyes on this pair of interesting clips from the long-awaited follow-up. The violent wretching that ensues is perfectly natural.
Because people have absolutely nothing better to do with their free time, a trailer for the new colorized version "Night of the Living Dead" has appeared online. In 3D, no less. That horse is dead, people.


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Asia is home to half the world's population and much of its history. Bowdoin offers Asian Studies courses in anthropology, art, government, history, literature, film, music, religion, and sociology, as well as Chinese and Japanese language instruction. Majors focus on either South Asia (India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal) or East Asia (China and Japan). We encourage students to study abroad during their junior year. Student-designed majors focusing on cross-cultural topics in the humanities and/or social sciences are also encouraged.
Chinese Studies
Courses in language and culture including art, film, government, history, literature, religion, and sociology.
Japanese Studies
Language study is integrated with literature, history, art history, and political science classes.
South Asian Studies
Courses in the anthropology, art, history, and religions of South Asia, from early times until the present.


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Arkansas man dies after collapsing while skiing
Arkansas man dies after collapsing while skiing
STEAMBOAT SPRINGS, Colo. —
A Northwest Arkansas man who collapsed while skiing at the Steamboat ski area in northern Colorado has died.
Steamboat Today reported the 64-year-old man may have had a heart attack while skiing with friends on a beginner trail Monday morning.
Routt County Coroner Rob Ryg identified the man Tuesday as Robert Gawley, of Fayetteville, Ark.
The University of Arkansas confirmed Gawley ws the depatment chair of the Chemistry and Biochemistry department. A memorial service will be held; the date has not yet been determined.


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I'm not sure if it's ironic, comic or just sad how some (or maybe a lot) of politicians seem to change their stance on issues depending on the polls.
I'm not sure if it's ironic, comic or just sad how some (or maybe a lot) of politicians seem to change their stance on issues depending on the polls.
Now compromise is part and partial in the world of politics but there is a difference between compromising and compromising your principles. And many elected officials don't seem to care about the difference just so long as they win that next election.
Now this malady strikes Democrats and Republicans alike and I know that most of you can cite examples of folks that seem to sway in the political wind just to get that coveted vote. And, many times the stance that they take depends on whether they are the challenger or the incumbent.
Take for instance our president and his position on the federal deficit. I was working out at the Y the other day and caught a news clip of then candidate Obama in 2008. He was at some campaign event and was railing on about President Bush's 9 trillion dollar deficit. He called it "irresponsible and unpatriotic" and spoke passionately about how our kids and grandkids were going to have to pay off that debt.
Now, fast forward five years and President Obama is presiding over an almost 17 trillion dollar deficit. Even with my limited math skills I know that that is nearly a 50 percent increase in the deficit in his first term alone. Now he is saying that he isn't interested in balancing the budget in the next 10 years — that the level of the deficit is manageable.
So what has changed in the last 5 years? Candidate Obama thinks 9 trillion is unpatriotic and irresponsible but that 17 trillion is manageable. Can you spot the difference — in 2008 he was the challenger and in 2013 he's the incumbent. Funny how your perspective changes isn't it?
Now, let's look at another high profile candidate — Hillary Clinton. First off, I don't want anyone to try to argue that she isn't a candidate for President in 2016. She may not be an announced candidate but I don't think anyone in the country believes that she doesn't want to be the President and is positioning herself for a campaign. So, with that being said, let's look at a major change in one of her stances
In 1996, President Clinton signed into law the Defense of Marriage Act which basically said that the federal government would not recognize marriages between same sex couples for the purposes of federal programs. He was quite proud of the act and bragged about it. And Hillary publicly supported him wholeheartedly in that action. Now he thinks that the law should be repealed. And she has just endorsed the concept of gay marriages.
What has changed in the last few years? In 1996 less than 40 percent of the American public was in favor of gay marriages and no one can ever accuse Bill Clinton of not being politically astute so it was no surprise that he took the side of the majority of Americans in protecting traditional marriages. Now the polls have went the other way and somewhere between 50-60 percent of Americans think that gay marriages should be legal. Surely this can't have anything to do with Hillary's future political aspirations.
Like I said earlier, compromise is part of politics and quite frankly some views do evolve and change over time. Maybe President Obama and the Clintons have truly had an epiphany and now believe that their original views were incorrect. An optimist would like to think that; but the cynic would say that their views changed because it was the politically correct thing for them to do. No one can truly know what's in someone else's heart but I do have to say that the timing is sure interesting.
All I do know is that if we are true to ourselves (not just politicians but each and every one of us) then we will never compromise the core values that define who we are as a person — regardless of the ramifications. I may not agree with someone's political views but I can sure respect them if I think that they are holding true to their beliefs and not just swaying in the political wind of popular opinion.
I will end with this quote – "what is popular is not always right and what is right is not always popular." Words that we all need to live by.
Kevin Wilson writes a weekly column for the Daily News.


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Bakewell's mayor believes a fast food chain could ruin the character of a market town if it goes ahead with plans to move there.
Paul Morgans is concerned the charm of Bakewell could be lost if it becomes home to another national chain.
"It will totally kill the character of the town," he said. "When people come to the Peak District they're looking for something else."
Paul said the Subway's signage was inappropriate for the national park.
"We have to respect the conservations area," he added. "At the end of the day we are all passing though and we are just custodians of the town.
"Bakewell has been here for hundreds and hundreds of years and we have got to look after it."
Paul argued that the town needs more individual shops in order to attract tourists and trade.
Subway did not provide comment on the progress of its plans to move into Bakewell.
n This Saturday a new emporium is opening offering traders from the area a chance to market their goods.
JJ Joseph's Emporium, in Anchor Square, will give micro businesses a chance to sell their goods for a minimal monthly rent. Items for sale there will include ceramics, soap, candles and art.


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Oden is Japanese hot pot with fish balls/fish cakes. Oden is a popular winter dish. Easy oden recipe made with Mizkan (bonito flavored) soup base.
Prep time:
Cook time:
Total Time:
12 oz assorted Japanese fish cakes and fish balls
4 cups water
1/4 cup Mizkan (Bonito Flavored) Soup Base
3 pieces kombu (Japanese seaweed), cut into 1-in x 1.5-in pieces
3 hard-boiled eggs
6 oz daikon, cut into wedges
4 oz konnyaku, cut into pieces or wedges
In a pot, bring the water to boil and add the Mizkan (Bonito Flavored) Soup Base and the kombu, about 5 minutes.
Add the eggs, daikon, and konnyaku into the pot and boil for another 10 minutes. Add the fish balls and fish cakes into the soup and turn the heat to low. Simmer for 30 minutes and serve immediately with Japanese mustard (karashi) or shichimi togarashi.
Every year, when Fall arrives and the air gets crisp and the weather cools down, I look forward to hearty stews and nourishing soups. One of my favorite fall/winter recipes is Oden, a Japanese stew or "hot pot" made of dashi stock and an assortment of Japanese fish balls and fish cakes. Oden is my must-order item at my favorite izakaya—a seasonal dish available during the fall and winter months.
There are many variations of oden, but my favorite is the ones with hard-boiled eggs, konnyaku (a chewy plant-based gelatin), daikon, kombu (seaweed), and various types of Japanese fried fish balls and fish cakes. I especially love the hard-boiled eggs, which has the subtle taste of the oden broth.
Traditionally, oden is made with dashi, or Japanese cooking stock. While you can make home-made dashi stock, many home cooks, including those in Japan, are turning to premium quality soup base for convenience because there is dashi in the soup base. As a busy mom who is constantly pressed for time, I am all about using a good substitute without sacrificing the taste and authenticity. I made my oden with Mizkan (Bonito Flavored) Soup Base and the taste doesn't pale in comparison to the oden I had in the Japanese izakaya. It was every bit delicious, comforting, and utterly satisfying.
This season, try making oden for your family. It's a perfect dish to bring everyone around the table, sharing good food and making great conversations. Enjoy!
Rate the Recipe:
- AVG RATINGBased on 2 Review(s)4.5
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Class Action Litigation
By Robert J. Herrington and Justin J. Prochnow
During the last eighteen to twenty four months, the beverage industry has seen an onslaught of litigation in a particularly scary form of litigation – class actions. These cases are particularly frightening for companies because enterprising plaintiffs' lawyers are able to initiate a case, ostensibly for the good of numerous wronged consumers, with the sign-off of only a handful of people that are willing to lend their names to the lawsuit. Plaintiffs' lawyers take these few plaintiffs, some of whom may have been recruited by the lawyers, and threaten to turn the case into a massive class action on behalf of thousands, and sometimes millions, of beverage consumers. And while the plaintiffs' lawyer may position these cases as being brought on behalf of the public to right the wrongs perpetrated by "ne'er do well" companies, the real purpose of these lawsuits is clear. Money — or, more accurately, exorbitant attorneys' fees to plaintiffs' counsel.
At the end of the day, the number of class action lawsuits has risen because plaintiffs' lawyers see them as a real opportunity to generate income with very little investments and almost no barriers to entry. Class action lawsuits are filed and litigated to put enough pressure on a defendantcompany, through bad PR, massive legal expenses, and the risk – no matter how small – of having to pay a huge judgment if some jury happens to agree with the plaintiffs, to force a settlement. As a significant part of these settlements, the plaintiffs' lawyers seek massive attorneys' fees, while, ironically, the consumers, those supposedly "damaged" by the offending company, often receive trivial sums.
Beverage companies of every shape and size have been targeted over the past few years in class action litigation. Lawsuits centered on false and misleading advertising claims have included, among other actions, allegations that "all natural" products actually weren't, in fact, "all natural," arguments that health claims were not adequately substantiated, and claims that beverage makers failed to disclose that the product was not as "good for you" as consumers might assume. Following are just a few of the more prevalent class action theories being asserted against companies in the beverage industry and the risk associated with them.
The Explosion of "All Natural" Litigation
A frequent component of class action lawsuits against beverage companies in recent years has been the allegation that a beverage labeled as "all natural" contains one or more synthetic or processed ingredients, thereby causing such a claim to be false or misleading. Class actions have been
filed against industry participants big and small over various ingredients that allegedly make a beverage product not "all natural." Ingredients that have been the subject of class action claims include of sodium benzoate, alkalized cocoa, disodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate, high fructose corn syrup ("HFCS"), synthetic vitamins, and genetically modified components, including soy. A variety of factors drive these types of cases, two of the biggest factors being the expansive nature of the consumer protection laws, particularly those in California, and the FDA's failure to provide a clear definition of the term "natural." Let's start with a consideration of the consumer protection laws in California. California law allows plaintiffs to sue over any business practice merely by calling it "unlawful," "unfair," or "deceptive" business practice. The bar is set pretty low and makes it relatively easy for someone to sue. Plaintiffs' trial lawyers can, and do, claim that almost anything is an unfair or deceptive practice, including labeling a product "all natural" when it contains some component that is arguably not "natural."
The FDA's failure to provide a formal definition of "natural," by regulation or otherwise, and its relative sparse history of regulatory oversight of such claims, only adds to this problem and creates an environment ripe for more litigation and more class actions. Despite requests from other regulatory organizations and the federal courts, the FDA has repeatedly declined to provide clear guidance on the issue. Instead, the FDA continues to reference an informal policy regarding the definition of "natural," derived from a 1993 Federal Register notice in which, ironically, the FDA announced that it was abandoning efforts to formally define "natural." In the few warning letters that the FDA has issued over the use of "natural" on a food or beverage label (the FDA issued only three letters addressing "natural" claims in 2011), the FDA indicated that it views use of the term "natural" to be truthful and not misleading on a food label when "nothing artificial or synthetic … has been included in, or has been added to, a food that would not normally be expected to be in the food." Of course, without a formal definition, what any one person believes constitutes "natural" or "all natural" may vary widely and often ends up being judged differently, one ingredient and one lawsuit at a time.
Demand from consumers for "natural" products has steadily risen in recent years and the number of claims touting the "all natural" makeup of products has risen accordingly. With the increasing volume of products touting such claims on labels, the range of products making such claims has also widened without strict regulatory oversight. This combination of the relatively lax environment of regulatory scrutiny for "all natural" claims and the expansive nature of the consumer protection laws has helped create a perfect storm for class action litigation, which beverage makers will have to weather for years to come.
Health Claims Litigation
Another extremely hot area of litigation are cases in which beverage companies are alleged to be overstating or misstating the health benefits of a product or lacking sufficient scientific substantiation for claims. Substantiation of claims has traditionally been an area that has been exclusively addressed as a regulatory issue by the FDA and the Federal Trade Commission. But in the past year, consumer class action lawyers and competitors have taken it upon themselves to step into the shoes of the FDA and the FTC and sue companies for allegedly exaggerating health benefits or failing to substantiate claims.
Any number of theories have surfaced in recent litigation. Allegations include claims challenging whether coconut water is "super-hydrating" and contains "mega-electrolytes," to claims that acai berries or other food additives do not support immune function or weight-loss as promised, to class actions asserting that juice makers are misrepresenting that the products can support immune or brain function. Other beverage manufacturers have been sued over ads touting the "calorie-burning" impact of green tea. And still other litigation has included challenges to ads claiming a product is "healthy" when the product contains an ingredient or property (e.g., trans fats, HFCS, or high calories) that arguably make the product unhealthy.
At their core, these cases are attacking companies' advertising and marketing campaigns and the substantiation for such campaigns. The FDA, which regulates labeling, and the FTC, which regulates advertising, both require that companies substantiate any material claims made about products with "competent and reliable" scientific evidence. There is no bright line test for what constitutes this "competent and reliable" standard and each claim is evaluated on a case-by-case basis as to whether the necessary support exists for making the claims. Products in highly scrutinized categories like weight-loss are likely to require higher levels of scientific support for claims than claims for other products.
Class actions challenging a beverage maker's health-related claims often rely on these standards to force a company to prove that its advertising promises are true and have sufficient scientific support. One can only assume that plaintiffs' lawyers have decided that the regulatory agencies have failed in their duty to properly monitor the substantiation of claims, because class actions for lack of substantiation have started appearing with more and more frequency. That, and of course, the promise of big attorneys' fees that can potentially be gained from a successful class action. Although it is unclear whether private plaintiffs can rely on the FDA and FTC's substantiation standard, the standards used by trial judges are not materially different, and the litigation can be protracted and expensive.
False Advertising Litigation
False advertising claims are formidable claims in class action litigation. More and more beverage makers have been sued based on allegations that their ads or labeling are false or misleading in some way. Class actions have been brought that challenge the name or label of a product on thetheory that it implies or suggests that the product includes a large quantity of some seemingly beneficial ingredient (e.g., DHA, acai berries, pomegranate juice, Vitamin C, etc.), when the product actually contains only a small amount of the substance that is insufficient to confer the benefits suggested.
An example of this type of litigation is the case in which a juice maker's label included pictures of a number of different fruits, even though the product contained only one type of fruit juice, and it was from concentrate. Consumer class action lawyers sued the product maker, claiming that thelabel was misleading to a reasonable consumer. The company defended on the ground that the label properly listed all of the actual ingredients, including the fact that only one juice was included. The courts largely rejected the argument, concluding that a plaintiff could sue over potentially misleading claims made on the principal display panel, notwithstanding that the list of ingredients on the side panel complied with the applicable regulations.The bottom line is that beverage makers should not assume that their labels and ads are immune from the spectre of class action litigation simply because the label complies with all regulatory requirements and discloses the ingredients. The consumer protection laws are broader and more expansive, and consumer class action lawyers often challenge labels that technically comply with the regulations.
Nondisclosure of Health Impacts
The alleged failure to disclose the health impacts of a product is another growing area of class action litigation against companies in the beverage industry. Cases have arisen based on statements, either express or implied, in a company's marketing materials suggesting that the product is healthy when, plaintiffs argue, there are other facets of the product that suggest it may not be healthy. Ad copy stating that a product is part of a "balanced" diet or is an "alternative" to a product with perceived negative health benefits are examples of implicit claims that a product is healthy. Plaintiffs in recent lawsuits have argued that, given the affirmative suggestion that the product is "good for you," the beverage maker had an obligation to prominently disclose features of the product that may not be so "good for you," such as a high-calorie count, high sodium content, or even the use of artificial sweeteners.
Other lawsuits make even bolder claims, asserting that a company has a duty to disclose negative health impacts of a product in the absence of any suggestion that the product is healthy. Examples include litigation against the makers of products combining alcohol and caffeine, on the heels of regulatory action from the FDA and the FTC, as well as the litigation against food manufacturers for failing to disclosed the alleged health impacts of eating high-calorie, high-sugar foods.
Such litigation can be particularly frustrating to executives, marketers, and other personnel of companies in the beverage industry who may believe they have no duty to tout the potential negative impacts of buying their products. But such litigation is out there, has received some traction in courts, and, like the other forms of class action litigation, is incredibly expensive to defend.
Risk Management and Protection
So, are class action lawsuits sounding the death knell of the entire beverage industry? Certainly not. Many beverage companies are diligent and take the proper steps to ensure that they are in full compliance with applicable labeling and advertising laws and regulations because, of course, the best protection is prevention. For those companies that don't routinely have their labels and marketing materials reviewed by experienced regulatory consultants and lawyers, the threat of a class action is real and potentially substantial. The recent settlements and awards paid by beverage companies should scare those companies that have not been diligent in assuring regulatory compliance with their labeling and advertising. Every company should have a plan in place to be implemented immediately in the event that they are sued, including the identification of experienced legal counsel to address these issues head on. Well-prepared companies will be best suited to avoid, or, if necessary, deal with the rising threat of class action litigation for labeling and advertising claims.


text:
As some of you may know, I have this other writing gig over at Racing In America where once every two week or so I have to come up with a new entry. During the off season it's been hard to come up with relevant stuff. Here at BadGroove I don't feel as badly if I post stuff that really isn't motor sport relevant especially during the off season because well…it's my blog and I'll stray if I want to. I don't know why I let myself get stressed out about the RIA stuff…it's not like they pay me and pretty much I can write about whatever I want in the motorsports world (although in my mind they like it when I write NASCAR and I might as well write about a world I know more about then say…NHRA- which I do write about sometimes). But lately, I feel like I let the looming deadlines over at RIA get to me and then I rush out a post that isn't my best.
Anyway- for my last post over at RIA- I totally copped out and came up with my own top ten list of races I am looking forward to watching in the 2011 racing season (as a reaction to this article over at scenedaily.com). I thought it would be easy but it actually took my two days (which is a long time for me) to come up with a list I was happy with and then promptly typed* it up and sent it over to my editor/publisher over at RIA for posting. Then I breathed a sigh of relief that it was done and went about my business. Until I decided to actually read the entry over at RIA. Um…I forgot a very import race that I look forward to every season. And it was on my original list. I somehow had two number three's and ended up dropping this race from the version I sent over to RIA. So I will share it here as originally written for the article and then expound upon it after:
Kobalt Tools 400 at Las Vegas- I always LOVE watching the Vegas race because it hold a special place in my oval-loving heart. It's the first NASCAR race I had ever gone to AND the first oval track I had ever attended. I actually attend this race every year since the first time in person. I love the facilities and really think that the track is underrepresented . I love the Vegas race and think this track above many others deserves a second race and a night race would be awesome there. This is another track that Tony has never won at so I always watch it with great hope.
While technically it was suppose to be number three in my original article that is only because I ranked those races by the schedule not by their importance to me. This one would be number one if only for the sentimental reasons that this was my first NASCAR race attended in the flesh. I have written about it several times here and over at RIA. I still remember the awe when we started pulling up to the speedway- seeing the grandstands get bigger and bigger and the excitement in my heart as we got closer and closer that first time and do not feel that I have ever adequately described it yet. This track may be one of those cookie cutter 1.5 ovals that everyone talks about but it's MY cookie cutter 1.5 mile oval that holds fond memories that make me nearly giddy just thinking about them. The Vegas race holds a lot of firsts for me and I LOVE it for that. I am sure every NASCAR fan who has ever been to a race has a track that they love and hold dear to them. This one is mine (although Phoenix holds a very very close second place in my heart).
I will be attending this year although I have not even purchased tickets yet (which is so out of character for me since I tend to be an excessive planner- usually purchasing my race tickets several months in advance) and right now-at the peak of what one of my facebook friends called "off season depression" looking forward to going to the Vegas race is a huge bright spot in the near future to look forward to.
*Yes…I do sometimes write my entries long hand. I actually find that my entries come out better written long hand and then typed up.


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For Jessica Eberly, this year's bowling season ended a week early.
The DeKalb senior had made it a spring tradition of advancing to the state meet, qualifying each of her first three years in high school. However, this year Eberly came up 24 pins short, finishing two spots back of an individual berth at state.
"It felt like it stopped all of a sudden because I was used to having to go back another week," Eberly said. "And then it was like, 'Well, you're done.' "
Eberly had been in the top two throughout the morning rounds of the Schaumburg Sectional, but fell out of contention in the final game of the six-game series.
"I was just frustrated," Eberly said. "But at the same time, it was something to learn from."
Eberly was the top area bowler in the sectional meet, recording a six-game total of 1,179. She also led DeKalb to a fifth-place finish in the sectional in the team standings.
For Eberly's accomplishments this season, she has been named the Daily Chronicle Girls Bowler of the Year. Eberly also won the award as a junior in 2012 when she finished 34th in the state tournament.
It was a different year for Eberly from the start as the senior assumed more of a leadership role. Along with co-captain Kodilee Underwood, Eberly helped lead a team that was younger and more inexperienced than in previous seasons.
"I got flyers made up to hang up in school because we were low on girls and it was hard to find people to come back," Eberly said. "It was a role we were all comfortable in. It was a great experience being able to help manage the team a little bit."
Although her high school career ended sooner than she had hoped, Eberly didn't take long to make it back to the bowling alley. She's continued to train after qualifying for a national competition in Detroit. Eberly also said she has been in contact with coaches at the University of Nebraska, hoping to continue bowling in college.
It wasn't necessarily the ending she wanted to her senior season, but Eberly said she had no regrets about her four years at DeKalb.
"It was a great experience. I made a lot of new friends ... and it was an awesome time," Eberly said. "I became a better bowler for myself and I think a little bit of a better leader. It's something that I'm proud to be a part of."
Jessica Eberly
DeKalb, senior
Eberly was the top area bowler in the sectional meet, recording a six-game series of 1,179, only 24 pins short of qualifying for state. She also was ninth in the conference meet.
Brittany Hearn
Sycamore, junior
Hearn was clutch for the Spartans in the Northern Illinois Big 12 Conference meet, bowling a 234 in the final game and finishing 13th individually to help Sycamore to the title.
Dani Pivonka
Sycamore, senior
Pivonka was Sycamore's top bowler in the conference meet, finishing fifth with a 1,194.
Kodilee Underwood
DeKalb, senior
Underwood was DeKalb's top finisher in the NI Big 12 meet, finishing sixth with a 1,169.
Kayla Webb
Sycamore, senior
Webb battled back from an early season injury to help Sycamore win the conference crown. She finished 11th in the conference with a six-game series of 1,113.
– Ross Jacobson, email@example.com


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Scary Movie 2
review by Cynthia Fuchs, 13 July
a minute. Hold up! How come you white people always say you gotta
split up?!" As you may recall
from Scary Movie, Brenda (Regina Hall) says what's
on her mind. (She's the one who could not shut up in
the movie theater, incurring other viewers' murderous wrath.) At the point Brenda asks the above question in
Scary Movie 2, she and her friends are trapped inside the haunted Hell
House, and they're deliberating what to do. Of course, she's right.
Everyone who's seen a horror film knows that it's
always a bad idea to split up when facing irate ghosts and demons. And so, the white kids come up with a
solution: they all take off together, leaving Brenda
with her hapless sidekicks, her weedhead brother Shorty (Marlon Wayans) and her footballer boyfriend
Ray (Shawn Wayans). "Oh my god!" the black folks screech in unison.
"We're gonna die!!!"
is the kind of joke that the Wayans brothers -- writers Shawn and Marlon,
and director Keenen Ivory --
do best. It's fast, it's pointed, and it's undeniable, making obnoxious fun of those pernicious stereotypes
that plague genre pictures (not to mention daily
life). It's the kind of joke that made last year's Scary Movie (as well as 1996's Don't Be a Menace to
South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood
and 1988's I'm Gonna Get You Sucka) so refreshingly
on-target. You laugh at the ballsy surprise and smart energy of this kind of joke: someone in a movie is
saying just what you've been thinking, and the aim
seems somehow true and new, even if it's not, exactly.
as shrewd as such jokes can be, in Scary Movie 2, they come surrounded by broadly conceived and
unoriginal gags about bodily fluids, from blood to
puke to semen to pus. Such goopy, unpleasant stuff is everywhere in Scary Movie 2, intermixed with
hysteria about body parts, from crippled legs to
deformed hands to breasts, lots of breasts. The goopy stuff starts right away, in the prologue to the movie
proper, inspired by The Exorcist. Possessed Girl (Natasha Lyonne) pleads
for some attention, interrupting her mama (longtime horror movie trooper
Veronica Cartwright), as she's partying with other
proper white adults, gathered round the piano singing "Hello Dolly," then segueing into "Shake Ya
Ass" (white folks "getting down" is always a surefire
hilarity). Possessed Girl pees on the carpet,
provoking mama to call in the experts, namely exorcists Father Harris (Andy Richter) and Father
McFeeley (James Woods). They make some poop and sexual reference jokes and then
the revolt-o-meter goes into
overdrive, using Linda Blair's legendary projectile vomiting as its point of departure. Okay, fair enough
-- Billy Friedkin's movie has been spoofed repeatedly already, so perhaps the
only place to go is full on
into excess.
be told, it's hard to call out Scary Movie 2 for being excessively
disgusting and stupid, since
that's precisely how the sequel to the most profitable R-rated movie in history is selling itself. It hardly
matters that Scary Movie 2 might shoot its wad in its TV commercials,
repeat gags from the first film,
or make clumsy fun of a bunch of bad movies that are mostly sorry jokes in themselves (Jan de Bont's The
Haunting? Come on). The audience is primed to roll with this movie, to care little about its "quality."
And there are brief moments when you might think that this very notion -- the
arbitrary, culturally
constructed measures of quality, that condemn or ignore the work of "marginal" artists -- is the
target here. It's irrelevant that viewers at the screening I
attended didn't respond quite so uproariously -- or
loudly -- as the couple of audiences with whom I saw
Scary Movie (yes, I saw that movie more than once).
Nothing this new movie does will be surprising, or even as "good" as in the first film, by definition.
It's a sequel.
time, you know pretty much what everyone's up to, so you won't be
startled by the frightening
hugeness of some kid's ejaculation,
walking-self-satire Tori Spelling having Nightmare on
Elm Street-style ceiling sex with a ghost, or Ray's sudden appearance in a
slinky red dress. This stuff is
made to deliver to expectations, not to change up the successful formula. The Wayans are great believers in
test-screening, which they understand as a way to
"give back" to those fans as well as to predict,
well as they can, how the film will play for paying customers. At the same time, part of what is so
appealing about the Wayans brothers as a product is
that they pitch themselves as a family who works and plays together: you get the sense, in watching Scary
Movie 2, that the brothers (and co-writers Alyson Fouse, Greg Grobiansky, Dave Polsky, Michael Anthony
Snowden, and Craig Wayans) had a grand old time making this thing. You can just
imagine them seeing that Nike
basketball ad play a bijillion times during the playoffs, and then get turned into a music video, and
saying to each other -- that's something we can mess with! Now, how do we
crowbar it into the rest of the
plot, if you care, is this: SM1's high school survivor Cindy (Anna
Faris) is now a student at Thomas
Jefferson University, where a statue of the president
with Sally Hemming and their nappy-headed children, is
adorned by a plaque reading, "Once you go black, you
never go back." Tellingly, under this statue, Cindy
confesses to her buddy Shorty that she feels like she doesn't "fit in," whereupon he proceeds to give her
"hiphop" lessons, � la Save the Last Dance.
This is an excellent sight gag,
and skewers STLD's central
dynamic, wherein a sheltered Midwestern white girl
assimilates (or appropriates, depending on your point
of view) hiphop in order to make sense of her troubled
life, while her med-school bound boyfriend is stuck struggling with all kinds of urban-boy movie clich�s.
Watching Cindy and Shorty mimic that head-bobbing and shoulder-shrugging
routine that was played to death in
commercials makes Scary Movie 2's best point -- pop
culture is all about overkill.
there's another eighty or so minutes to go, so you're going to have to watch
Cindy and her friends harassed
by a lot more clich�s. The victims include Cindy's sorta love interest Buddy (Malcolm in the Middle's
Chris Masterson), dim Alex (Spelling), dweeby Dwight (Mr. Show's David
Cross), and busty Theo (Kathleen
Robertson). Against all good judgment, they agree to
participate in an evil professor's (Tim Curry) nefarious experiment, to be conducted at Hell House,
where they meet up with horny,
slip-under-the-door-type mists; a trash-talking parrot (voiced by Matthew Friedman and drawn from Paulie);
a vicious animatronic kitty cat; and a supremely vile butler, Hanson (Chris
Elliot). Movie references are
everywhere: Final Destination, Crouching Tiger,
Hidden Dragon, American Pie, Mission Impossible
2, Texas Chainsaw Massacre, The Crying Game,
Gladiator, Poltergeist, Hannibal (open
up Shorty's head and what do
you find? Beetlejuice from
Howard Stern), and the Smack-My-Bitch-Up scene
from Charlie's Angels.
stringing together of unrelated bits and pieces is, of course, the
anti-formula formula that made
Scary Movie such a killer hit. Most of the gags have
to do with sex, some have to do with the ghost of a murdered husband, and lots of others have to do with
pee. Fine. Disconnection is how gross-out comedies work, from Scary Movie
and Something About Mary to Freddy Got Fingered.
So judging them isn't a
question of whether the material is coherent (it is not), unfunny (though much of it is), or represents
some general moral breakdown (I'm inclined to think it does not). It actually
looks like the crucial question
here has to do not only with overkill, but also speed,
or perhaps more precisely, how fast mass culture can eat itself. The turnaround from pop cultural object to
pop cultural punch-line is decreasing by the day. By the minute. Scary
Movie 2 was contracted and
produced in near-record time, and can't you just imagine the money people panting over the cash cow
they stumbled on? The cost of such speed, though, is effectiveness. How
subversive, politicized, or
inspiring can comedy be that aims at The Weakest
Link's Anne Robinson and Dude, Where's My Car??
Maybe making so much money and amassing so much collateral will give the
Wayans brothers, who made In
Living Color a mostly smart culture-eating show, a chance to slow down and
do something else.
Click here to read Cynthia Fuchs' interview.
Directed by:
Keenen Ivory
Anna Faris
Shawn Wayans
Marlon Wayans
Regina Hall
Chris Masterson
Kathleen Robertson
James Woods
Tori Spelling
Tim Curry
Chris Elliot
Shawn Wayans
Marlon Wayans
Alyson Fouse
Greg Grabianski
Dave Polsky
Michael Anthony Snowden
Craig Wayans
R - Restricted
Under 17 requires
parent or adult
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