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Typo-tolerance is extremely important in modern search experiences for two reasons. First of all, with more and more usage occurring on mobile devices, typos are inevitable. Furthermore, for products with increasingly global userbases, not everyone will know the exact right way to spell a word — typo-tolerance is a powerful tool to support this growth.
Algolia provides robust typo-tolerance out-of-the-box, along with easy ways to customize just how tolerant a search experience should be.
Algolia's typo-tolerance algorithm is based on distance - the minimum number of operations (character additions, deletions, substitutions, or transpositions) required to change one word into another. This is known as the Damerau–Levenshtein distance.distance
Below are a few examples of how Algolia counts the operations needed to transform a word.
We are transforming the words of a query not to correct their spelling. We are doing this, instead, as part of the search itself: for example, if a word is found as-typed (that is, with no transformation), its typo count = 0. If, on the other hand, the engine finds the word only after applying one or more operations, then each operation costs 1. Ultimately, as described below, the typo count impacts ranking.
Additionally, keep in mind:two typos
Typo count is the very first criterion considered in Algolia's default ranking formula. Because Algolia uses a tie-breaking algorithm to determine ranking, this means that records containing exact query matches are considered more relevant than any others, regardless of other ranking criteria. See how typos impact ranking .
We recommend the Ranking Formula's default configuration for the vast majority of use cases.
In addition to typos, Algolia handles splitting and concatenation — the insertion or removal of spaces or punctuation between two words. This way, "entert ainment" will match with "entertainment", and "jamesbrown" will match with "James Brown."
These splits and concatenations are not considered typos, and they only work when there are no other typing mistakes.
Splitting and concatenation will only be performed when matching whole words , not prefixes. This means that "entert ainm" will not match "entertainment", and that "jamesbro" will not match "james brown."whole words
The site navigation utilizes arrow, enter, escape, and space bar key commands. Left and right arrows move across top level links and expand / close menus in sub levels. Up and Down arrows will open main level menus and toggle through sub tier links. Enter and space open menus and escape closes them as well. Tab will move on to the next part of the site rather than go through menu items.
Spinal infections can be classified by the anatomical location involved: the vertebral column , intervertebral disc space, the spinal canal and adjacent soft tissues. Infection may be caused by bacteria or fungal organisms, and can occur after surgery. Most postoperative infections occur between three days and three months post surgery.vertebral column intervertebral disc spinal canal
Vertebral osteomyelitis is the most common form of vertebral infection. It can develop from direct open spinal trauma, infections in surrounding areas and from bacteria that spreads to a vertebra.Vertebral osteomyelitis
Intervertebral disc space infections involve the space between adjacent vertebrae. Disc space infections can be divided into three subcategories: adult hematogenous (spontaneous), childhood (discitis) and postoperative.
Spinal canal infections include
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, which is an infection that develops in the space around the dura (the tissue that surrounds the spinal cord and nerve root). Subdural abscess is far rarer and affects the potential space between the dura and arachnoid (the thin membrane of the spinal cord, between the dura mater and pia mater). Infections within the spinal cord parenchyma (primary tissue) are called intramedullary abscesses.
Adjacent soft-tissue infections include cervical and thoracic paraspinal lesions and lumbar psoas muscle abscesses. Soft-tissue infections generally affect younger patients and are not seen often in older people.
Risk factors for developing spinal infection include conditions that compromise the immune system, such as:
Surgical risk factors include an operation of long duration, high blood loss, use of instrumentation and multiple or revision surgeries at the same site. Infections occur in 1 to 4 percent of surgical cases, despite numerous preventative measures that are followed.
Spinal infections can be caused by either a bacterial or a fungal infection in another part of the body that has been carried into the spine through the bloodstream. The most common source of spinal infections is a bacterium called Staphylococcus aureus , followed by Escherichia coli .File sharing
Public groups
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. This way, anybody can view the group's entire chat history and join to post messages.
Customization via bots Create custom tools for any specific needs using our Bot API and Inline Bots .Customization via bots
Telegram groups are ideal for sharing stuff with friends and family or collaboration in small teams, they can have up to 200 members and by default everyone can add new people and edit the name and group photo.groups
If your group grows to a very large community, you can upgrade it into a more centralized supergroup . Supergroups can have up to 100,000 members and have a unified history, so deleted messages will always disappear for everyone. You can also pin important messages to the top of the screen so that all members can see them, including those who have just joined.supergroup
Channels are a tool for broadcasting public messages to large audiences. In fact, a channel can have an unlimited number of subscribers. When you post in a channel, the message is signed with the channel's name and photo and not your own.Channels
Read more about channels in the Channels FAQ »
iOS: Start a new message (tap the icon in the top right corner in Chats) > 'New Group'. Android: Tap the circular pencil icon in the chats list > 'New Group'. Telegram Desktop: Click the menu button in the top left corner > 'New Group'.
To upgrade one of your groups to a supergroup:
iOS: Go to the group info page > 'Edit' in the top right corner > scroll down to the 'Convert to Supergroup' button. Android: Go to the group info page > tap "…" in the top right corner > choose 'Convert to Supergroup'. Telegram Desktop: When in the group, click "…" in the top right corner > 'Manage group' > 'Convert to Supergroup'.
Telegram groups are democratic by design. Everyone can invite new members and change the group's name and photo, which is ideal for small bands of friends or coworkers. For larger communities that need more administration, we've introduced a special restricted mode.
In the restricted mode, only administrators can add new people and change the name and photo of the group. Admins also have the power to remove other members from the group.
iOS: Go to Group Info (tap the photo in the top right corner on the group's chat screen) — Edit — Add Admins. Disable 'All Members Are Admins' and appoint admins from the list. Android: Go to Group Info (tap the name in the header) — … (in the top right corner) — Set Admins. Disable 'All Members Are Admins' and appoint admins from the list. Telegram Desktop: When in the group, click "…" in the top right corner > 'Manage group' > 'Manage administrators'. Disable 'All Members Are Admins' and appoint people from the list.


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New record low temperature overnight
Four inches of snow settled to the ground around the Moberly area after bitter cold winds blew Sunday.
Breaking records is not always a happy event especially when it involves minus degrees. A new record of negative 13 degrees below zero was recorded overnight, between Sunday (Jan. 5) and Monday (Jan. 6).
Temperatures will continue to follow that trend today, but will warm up considerably (relative to current) by tomorrow, to a high of 24 degrees.
Later this week, temperatures are to reach in the 40s, but until then, citizens are warned to be safe and remain indoors as much as possible, and to remember to provide outdoor pets and livestock with water and extra food during the extra cold weather.

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FORT CAMPBELL, Ky. — The Army honored a Fort Campbell soldier killed in 2010 while saving the lives of Afghan soldiers by giving him the second highest-military honor, the Distinguished Service Cross, on Wednesday.
Staff Sgt. Eric B. Shaw, of Exeter, Maine, is credited with rushing to the aid of the Afghans during a firefight with insurgents in the eastern Afghanistan province of Kunar in June 2010. Shaw was a squad leader with Company C, 2nd Battalion, 327th Infantry Regiment, 1st Brigade Combat Team, 101st Airborne Division based at Fort Campbell.
His widow and mother received the award in his honor during a ceremony Wednesday at the post on the Tennessee-Kentucky state line in front of hundreds of soldiers, family and friends of the squad leader, whom they remembered as selfless and always in good spirits.
Gen. David M. Rodriguez, commander of the Army's U.S. Forces Command, was the top military commander in Afghanistan at the time when Shaw's unit, nicknamed the "No Slack" battalion, was stationed in Kunar, a province that was the site of many deadly encounters with insurgents.
Rodriguez said he never met Shaw, but was humbled at hearing about his actions and the kind of person he was.
"When soldiers deploy to combat, they fight for the soldiers on their left and on their right," he said. "As a leader in America's Army, you fight to make sure every member of your unit comes home alive. Staff Sgt. Shaw not only did this for the members of his platoon, but also his sacrifices helped save the lives of 12 Afghan Army members."
According to the military citation, Shaw's squad was fighting in the Marawa district and attempting to seize a village when he realized that a platoon of their Afghan Army partners were cut off and exposed to enemy fire.
Shaw immediately rushed to their aid and helped the soldiers rejoin the rest of the troops. He was killed in the attack, but the troops were able to consolidate their forces and accomplish the mission. Another Fort Campbell soldier, Spc. David W. Thomas, was killed in the same attack.
The Distinguished Service Cross has been given to only 10 other soldiers for heroic actions in the war in Afghanistan and is second only to the Medal of Honor.
"He'll never be forgotten," said Audrey Shaw, his widow, after the ceremony. "When you look up the recipients of this award, people will always be able to find him and know who he was."
He had wanted to go into the Army right out of high school, but his father, who was a Vietnam veteran, had wanted him to go to college, Audrey Shaw said. He searched for a job after graduating from the University of Southern Maine, but ultimately decided he wanted to enlist and joined in 2004.
A big guy who used to wrestle in school, Shaw said her husband was a Chris Farley-like character who always had a joke for others. Shaw said when they were a young couple, she was worried for his safety, but he was determined to serve.
"I was afraid I would end up exactly where I am, as a widow of a fallen soldier," she said. "But he knew that's what he was supposed to do."
She supported him through two deployments to Iraq before he was sent to Afghanistan. She said she told him at the beginning of every deployment, "Don't be a hero, just come home."
But she said she wasn't surprised when she heard that he had sacrificed his own life to save others.
"He was the kind of guy who was 'Go big, or go home,'" she said.
The couple has three daughters, ages 7, 5 and 2. Audrey Shaw acknowledged that it has been difficult to explain to the young children what their father did, but she said the ceremony helped to show the impact he had on so many others.
"They don't know a lot of the details. The most they probably heard about that was today," she said. "It's good for them to see that so many people care and remember him and want to honor him."


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Contrary to popular belief, living in England for eight years does not make you a tea aficionado.
It makes you a tea addict - an entirely different thing. I can't remember what I used to drink at work before moving to the UK; but let me tell you, the drink to drink at work unquestionably and unashamedly is tea. PG Tips, Tetley, Sainsbury's Own... it doesn't matter. If it's in a bag, it's thrown into a cup, hot water sloshed over the top, and then presented to your coworkers with a smug feeling that you only get by knowing it now won't be your turn for tea-round again for at least a few more hours.
A good cup of builders' tea fills a hole in your heart like nothing else. It may not be a quality consumable, but if the strength is just right, and the tea-to-milk ratio is perfect - it rivals any delectable meal I've ever had.
This is completely and utterly separate to the new obsession in life. I've been taking night classes whilst on maternity leave to become a Tea Sommelier. Can you love rough-and-ready tea in a mug and still be a tea snob? I don't see why not. I still go to Ikea just so I can enjoy a cup of Red Rose with cream in it. I stop short at questioning the origin and cultivar of the black tea in the limp white bag. I can still go home and fuss over brewing a cup of Darjeeling (first flush) with a timer and a set of scales, upload my tasting notes to Steepster, and enjoy it just as much.
So armed with my new tea knowledge, and thirsting to try something interesting, I headed to the Fairmont Palliser Hotel in Calgary with some of my fellow Tea Sommelier classmates to experience their version of Afternoon Tea.
Afternoon tea is something I've mostly always been disappointed by. Many hotels and department stores in London offer it - and offer it badly. Office-worker style tea, served with a couple of dry scones pulled straight out of the freezer. The Palliser is the poshest hotel in town, so I was looking forward to their scrummy ode to this most famous of English rituals.
Beautiful company makes every event better - and my trip to the Palliser was no exception. My dear tea-snob friends and I sat down in an area reserved for us in the Oak Room and awaited our afternoon feast.
Mmmm... massed produced factory bread...
I haven't been to the Palliser Hotel in fifteen years or more, but it appears as though nothing has changed. It's a bit rough around the edges, and considering the rates they charge to stay there, it could do with a bit of an update. I couldn't fault the service at all - the woman helping us was incredibly helpful and friendly. (I'm tempted to suggest they bring in rude waiting staff to add to the authenticity of the Britishness of it...)
However, the actual Afternoon Tea itself was (keeping to tradition) completely disappointing. We were presented with a box of tea bags to choose from. Most of them were not real teas at all, but fruity infusions and flavoured teas - indicating cheap consumer grade blends. Thankfully, we were able to choose to have our teas loose rather than in a bag. (Conjuring up images of the bus-boy in the back, ripping open tea bags and pouring their contents into teapots...)
Overpowering flavours (chemical essences?), bitter tastes, and general lacklustre made our teas an anti-climatic beginning. They weren't terrible by any means, but we were expecting something a little special - and perhaps at least as good as any of the teas we were drinking at home.
A gratuitous photo of Morgan at the Palliser
And even if the teas themselves were not up to scratch, wouldn't it have been nice if some thought had gone in to the correct brewing temperature for each tea? Or if we'd been told how long to steep our tea before drinking?
Then came the much-hyped pastries and sandwiches. This is when the disappointment really sunk in. I can forgive a little if Fairmont doesn't know enough about good tea, or if their target market really does prefer "Very Berry" style infusions. But I expect... demand even... that the people in the kitchen are given proper ingredients to work with.
Dry scones, limp sandwiches, baguette with the mesh imprint from the factory showing: Not much difference in the level of quality from a sandwich tray at Safeway. Lemon meringue mini tarts with more (dry) pastry than filling. Since when does the Palliser buy commercial grade food and not hire a real pastry chef?
Don't I recognise those pastries from the freezer section at Superstore?
Surely the patrons paying a premium to dine here deserve better? Surely this hotel's place in Calgary's history demands better?
Verdict: Average. Below average if you are a Tea-snob.


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News Posts
Young Naturalist Researches River Contaminants
by AMNH on
Seventeen-year-old Joshua had fond memories of swimming in Arkansas's Strawberry River, a popular site for community gatherings and picnics. But after the construction of a wastewater treatment facility upstream, no one would enter the waters. "The wonderland where I spent so many hours as a child is deserted now, and nobody swims or fishes in that section of the river," Joshua would later write. "I decided to find out for myself if the [facility] had indeed contaminated the water, or if the community had overreacted."
Hall of North American Mammals Restoration Featured in NYT
by AMNH on
The ongoing restoration of the Museum's iconic Hall of North American Mammals, which will be completed in Fall 2012, was featured in a New York Times video this weekend. Look for the full story in the Sunday, October 23 paper's Fine Arts & Exhibits section.
"Fly Me to the Moon" Guest Andrew Chaikin on the Moon and the Museum
by AMNH on
With the conclusion of NASA's shuttle program and the upcoming launch of the latest Mars rover, the future of space exploration is once again a hot topic—and humans' first steps on the Moon are all the more important to revisit.
On October 25, join Apollo historian Andrew Chaikin and the Museum's Director of Astrovisualization Carter Emmart for October's Astronomy Live program, Fly Me to the Moon. The evening begins at 6:30 pm and includes a flight simulation to Earth's nearest celestial neighbor using the latest data from NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, along with mapping photographs taken from lunar orbit by the Apollo astronauts 40 years ago.
Chaikin recently answered a few questions about his passion for space exploration.
Playing at the Mead: Language in We Still Live Here, Flames of God
by AMNH on
The protagonists of We Still Live Here and Flames of God, two of the selections in this year's Margaret Mead Film Festival, live worlds apart, but they share a remarkably similar passion: to preserve their unique languages and codify them in dictionaries where none existed before.
For Jessie "Little Doe" Baird, the quest involves reviving her ancestors' language, Wampanoag, one of many Algonquin tongues that have gone extinct despite their echoes across her corner of Cape Cod: Sippewisset, Hyannis, Narragansett. Director Anne Makepeace's film We Still Live Here, which will be shown on Saturday, November 12, follows Baird as she studies linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and forges a friendship with the late Kenneth Hale, a scholar of indigenous languages. Makepeace will be in attendance at this year's Margaret Mead Film Festival.
Scorpion Expert Featured in CBS Video
by AMNH on
Associate Curator Lorenzo Prendini, the Museum's resident scorpion expert, was recently featured in a CBS video about scorpions' evolutionary history and their role in indicating climate change.
In the video below, Prendini recounts his most dangerous skirmish with a scorpion, which he was searching for at night using UV light. This technique causes scorpions to glow blue, much like the scorpions, part of Prendini's research, featured in Picturing Science: Museum Scientists and Imaging Technologies on view in the Akeley Gallery.


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Mailport April 2012 Issue
Mailport: April 2012
Ipad Networking
I so agree with Webb Chiles' letter in the February 2012 Mailport and his "think of yourself as a sailor" comment. But every day on the water, the sailor will see lovely yachts with elegant lines and tall rigs motoring with a fair wind. What is wrong here? Why?
I can identify two practical reasons. One: Downwind rigs: All our lovely sailboats are designed to sail upwind. But we are gentlemen; we don't like to go to weather! As soon as we bear off—once past 140 degrees off the wind—the jib collapses, then the boom comes up against the shrouds. So in addition to the 90-degree arc to windward, there is an 80-degree arc with the wind behind that is not comfortable either. And 90+80=170 degrees, almost half the possible courses with a given wind direction. No wonder people are motoring!
If you don't want to motor, or gybe-tack for miles, you need an efficient controllable rig that will allow you to sail fast and safely dead downwind. You need a sturdy whisker-pole, so you can run wing-on-wing. This rig is powerful and stable. It can be handled safely by one person. Forget the extra diesel tank, spend the money on a sturdy downwind rig.
For many cruisers, learning to sail well never reaches the top of the agenda. But you cannot learn to sail on a big boat. You get this skill by sailing a dinghy round the buoys over and over until the relationship of wind and rig and rudder is subconscious. Once you have it, the responses of your big boat will be laughably slow, you'll be able to surf your 40-footer downwind like an F-J while your crew cooks up crepes down below all unawares.
Robert Burn,
Neuromancer, C&C 30
You make a good point about needing downwind sailing ability. Wing and wing is great in tradewinds, but it's not an effective light air-tactic. The best solution is having a rig, sails, and hardware that let you sail in all conditions.
Climbers Tether Fix
As you have written in your coverage of the 2011 sailing accidents, it can be difficult to release a tether when a PFD vest is inflated. Rock climbers have a similar problem; when rappelling with fall or winter clothing, they must extend the attachment of their rappel device to avoid sucking in clothes, which can be very dangerous. Clearing such jams has resulted in falls, as clearing the jam while hanging is quite difficult.
A simple retrofit for existing PFDs is to simply cow-hitch a short sling to the harness attachment point. Either the 6- or 12-inch should work well. You can cow-hitch a rappel ring or strong stainless ring to the other end for smoother clipping and release. You can find one on www.rei.com; search for Bluewater Titan/Spectra Runner; cost is $13.)
For a better-designed PFD/harness, I would suggest extending the clip-in point with webbing sewn in the style of a climber's quick-draw. These have added stitching that stiffens the sling and makes it easier to handle and clip to fixed anchors while climbing. The quick-draw would have a ring sewn in and would be secured vertically to the harness when not in use. (For an example, search www.rei.com for Petzl Express Runner.)
Drew Frye
Vienna, Va.
For many reasons, PS does not condone modifications for essential safety gear, but if one were concerned about the ability to access a tether's quick release when the PFD/harness is inflated, this seems like an option. Key point: A load-rated D-ring where the tether snap-shackle or snap hook attaches would be important, as the strop loop alone could lock down on the tether hook or hardware when it is under load. In either case, you will want to practice detaching with your PFD/harness inflated. The initial feeling of tight constriction when the PFD inflates, especially if you are wearing clothes under the PFD/harness, can be almost as startling as the recognition that you are no longer on the boat.
Droid Apps
My son turned me on to a neat app called MarineTraffic.com for Android phones. It's based on the AIS system, and once installed, shows any vessel with AIS on your smart phone in real time. Ships are identified by name with heading and speed. It also shows where it's been and where it's going, the specs, and even the captain in some instances, plus the MMSI number and photos.
On the south shore of Long Island, we frequently race our Catalina 42 in the ocean. The buoys are far between, so sometimes, we use anchored ships as our turning marks. Knowing the heading and speed of approaching commercial vessels can be very useful. Giving you photos to help identify each ship in a crowded harbor or inlet is a bonus. And did I mention it's a free app?
It works anywhere (from anywhere). It's also great for trip planning to see how crowded a commercial harbor is.
Fred Schenker
Fortysomething, Catalina 42
Harbor Isle, N.Y.
Ipad Networking
I have enjoyed your recent coverage of iPad navigation apps (PS, February and March 2012), and I currently use Navionics with good results. I would like to see a discussion of how to network sail instruments and GPS data with the iPad via wireless signal in the absence of a PC or Mac. I understand there are several devices that will send NMEA 0183 and 2000 data over Wi-Fi (e.g. Brookhouse & SeaSmart). Do you have any experience with these devices? Is it easy to setup and integrate with iNavX, and does the network's position data over-ride the iPad's own GPS, enhancing accuracy?
Rob Boeckh
Charlie, 1978 Ericson 34T
Victoria, B.C.
We plan to test these devices in the future, but the technology is still evolving. There's a good discussion of this on www.macsailing.net.
Waterproofing Fabric
Regarding the February 2012 Chandlery brief on Gill's aftercare products: The comparison of Atsko Silicone Water-Guard with Gill Re-proofing Spray is akin to comparing the performance of a pickup truck with a dual-axle dump truck: They perform similar functions, but they are intended for two different jobs.
Atsko Silicone Water-Guard is very good for waterproofing camping and backpacking equipment, but is not intended for use in marine environments as silicone does not provide protection against oil-based stains.
You should have tested Atsko Permanent Water-Guard instead. It is a water-based fluoropolymer (like the Gill product) that is safe for all washable fabrics. It is fully compatible with waterproof-breathable or DWR finished products. The garment dries odor free, resists water, salt and oil borne stains, will not yellow, and does not change the hand of the material.
Scott Hopkins
New Lenox, Ill.
Orion Update
I had previously indicated I would keep you informed regarding our progress in modifying the manufacturing process to assure that 100 percent of Orion handheld signals receive a wad/fiber disc separating the pyrotechnic composition from the inert handle. Practical Sailor alerted us to this issue (PS, July and September 2011), and we thank you for that.
As stated previously, the extensive testing of our products both in-house and via an independent USCG approved lab had failed to detect the problem of the missing fiber disc in the handle. However, Orion quickly implemented a 100-percent visual inspection of our hand-held flares as a stop-gap measure. Since that time, we have researched, obtained, and installed automated detection equipment that stops the machinery of our manufacturing process if this problem should manifest once again.
By carefully seeding the line in a controlled fashion with known defective flares, we have found that the installed detection equipment is more accurate at detecting missing fiber discs in the handle than even a 100-percent visual inspection. We will use random visual inspections as a safety check on the automated process, and we have revised our job safety instructions to require a visual inspection for the fiber disc during all regular destructive product testing (i.e., daily quality checks) as an additional backstop.
Thank you for helping us to identify needed improvements to our process, thereby improving the reliability and safety of our distress signals in the hands of the boaters who depend on them.
Rod Utter
Plant Manager, Orion Safety
Peru, Indiana
Fast Bottom
In regards to a reader's query on how much faster his boat would go with hard bottom paint than ablative antifouling (PS Advisor, February 2011): As a world-respected boat yard for racing sailboats (and a "speed shop"), that question is one of Waterline Systems' most commonly asked.
A fast bottom needs to be fair, and it needs to be smooth. How smooth your bottom should be relates to the thickness of the "laminar sub-layer," the layer of water that lies closest to your hull. This sub-layer is really thin and varies with speed and distance to the leading edge. The faster you go, the thinner the layer; and the closer to the bow (leading edge of a foil), the thinner the layer. As long as your wetted surface is smooth enough that nothing pokes through the sub-layer, the hull is hydro-dynamically smooth. Anything that pokes through the sub-layer creates a big drag penalty.
The basic formula for determining admissible roughness is: Ka= 8/V (knots) in mils, where Ka= admissible roughness height, 8=kinetic viscosity of water, and V=Velocity in knots. When we do the math, we can relate the required smoothness to sandpaper grits. Bear in mind though, that this only relates to a properly sanded surface. For example: Where admissible roughness at 2 knots (velocity) is 4 mils, it's similar to 220-grit sandpaper; an admissible roughness of 1.1429 mils at 7 knots is like 400-grit sandpaper; and an admissible roughness of 0.2857 mils at 28 knots is like 1200-grit sandpaper. Remember that the sub-layer is thinner near the front of your hull and foils, so if you are feeling ambitious and want to sand more, concentrate there.
The primary advantage of hard racing paints is the ability to sand them to a consistent finish. Ablative paints are simply too soft to be able to accurately sand to an acceptable finish. Once you have achieved the desired sanded finish, the water just doesn't care. Buffing and burnishing looks good, but doesn't make you any faster.
In our experience, the best hard paints are not always the best from an antifouling standpoint. If you keep your boat in the water and want peak performance, find a good diver and get real friendly with him. Don't let your diver use anything abrasive on the bottom. Frequent cleanings with a sponge of soft cloth are the only way to go.
How much faster will his boat go? That's a bit hard to pin down to an accurate number. It will depend on the design of the boat, how bad the current bottom is, and how good the new bottom will be. I suppose one could run it through a bunch of software and get a pretty good theoretical number.
Will Harris
Waterline Systems
Free Charting
Last year, my husband Ken and I ran into a sailor who told us about a new charting program that was legal (not pirated), free, and interfaced with free electronic charts, our AIS system, and GRIB weather files. The www.opencpn.org website gives handy links to a huge number of government sites where you can download the charts, again for free. Our cruising budget always has taken a big hit every year with the purchase of charts for our chartplotter, so our ears really perked up with the hot tip.
We easily downloaded the program "OpenCPN" from the Internet on to our laptop, which is at the nav station. The computer is already tied into our electronics and a GPS antenna enabling AIS coverage.
We used this new charting system for three months while sailing from Florida to Boston and back. The USA NOAA charts even overlayed current and tidal information against time of day.
We also purchased a 20-inch Samsung LED TV (about $200) and installed that at the helm in a PVC foam board enclosure case Ken made ($50). We linked the TV to the laptop, which was inside running the OpenCPN program and charts, with a HDMI cable, and presto, we had a chartplotter at the helm also!
Now, with a click of our Bluetooth mouse at the helm, we can control the laptop, toggling between our chartplotter with AIS overlay and our GRIB files.
This system saved us about $600 that we would have spent on electronic charts for the East Coast trip. We have also downloaded charts for our upcoming Pacific trip; this saved us a further $5,000.
Capt. Joan Hildal
Dancing Walrus,
50-foot Privilege 2005
Interesting project. Thanks for sharing the tip. We're curious to see how long the TV survives life in the cockpit. Keep us posted.
Aspiring Cruiser
I started out in Flying Juniors at Stanford and crewed on Thistles. Occasionally, I have chartered 26-footers on Lake Lanier in Georgia. Next year, I plan to purchase a 40-foot live-aboard cruiser. I'm looking at Block Island 40s, Brewer 12.8s, and Whitby 40s.
No one ever discusses what it takes to cruise. What minimum costs are there? What are the possibilities of earning additional income along the way?
Paul Smith
Buford, Ga.
There is a ton of information available that can help you plan and start your journey. If you're even remotely computer savvy, we suggest joining a few online cruisers forums (www.cruisersforum.com and www.sailnet.com are two popular ones). You'll find experienced cruisers who—more often than not—are happy to share their experiences and insights. But keep in mind that you'll find good and bad advice on these forums, so be conscientious of this as you filter the info. Check out (and join) the Seven Seas Cruising Association (www.ssca.com), which offers a treasure trove of information and networking options.
Several authors have books addressing the exact questions you've asked. For starters, noted marine authors and long-time cruisers Lin and Larry Pardey's "Cost Conscious Cruiser" speaks to the budget requirements of cruising and Lin's "The Care and Feeding of the Sailing Crew" is a revised classic. Annie Hill's "Voyaging on a Small Income" will also be a helpful read, and Beth Leonard offers an excellent chapter, "Adequate Financing, alternatives for financing the dream" in "The Voyager's Handbook," a book we highly recommend for cruisers (you can find it in PS's online bookstore, www.practical-sailor.com).
There are also an endless number of great blogs and websites where you can find reputable advice—among them, www.mahina.com, www.landlpardey.com, www.morganscloud.com, and www.bethandevans.com.
Search for upcoming cruisers' workshops and seminars. They nearly always have some planned at boat shows, and several maritime organizations—like the Annapolis School of Seamanship (www.annapolisschoolofseamanship.com) and the Northwest Maritime Center (www.nwmaritime.org)—offer weekend symposiums.
As far as money-earning opportunities while cruising, there are as many as there are for landlubbers. Any portable profession is an option. If you can work remotely on a laptop, you can work from your boat. Check cruisers forums for chats about this.
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The Chairman of Rugby League Samoa, Tagaloa Faafouina Su'a joined leaders of Rugby League in the Pacific in Auckland yesterday to agree the future direction of the international game in the region.
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The Nofoalii Touch Rugby Club hosted its third touch rugby tournament at the Nuuausala fields on Monday. Six teams competed in the open men's division. They are Marist Saints, Blade Runners, Stay Aloof, Nofoalii Swifters, Nofoalii Steppers and Team Ato.
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Fourteen local touch rugby referees have graduated with a Level 1 Badge after a three-day assessment. They are Gerard Anapu, Filoi Eneliko, Atitoa Tau, Risty Fong, Frank Ah Kuoi, Arron Rogers, Alex Mikaele, David Solomona, Tua Toomata, Deejay Fong, Michael Wulf, Mathew Stanley, Ete Tanuvasa, and Malaeloa Filipo Soe.
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The Samoa A rugby team has created history by winning the World Rugby America's Pacific Challenge, defeating host nation Uruguay 38-26 in a tough final. Uruguay dominated possession behind their powerful scum to lead 12-10 at halftime, but Samoa's attacking prowess came through with five tries.
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New Zealand rallied then held out a late Kangaroos comeback to beat Australia 26-24 in a rugby league upset on Saturday. Joseph Manu and Brandon Smith scored tries on debut, and Esan Masters, who scored on debut in New Zealand's previous test against England, also touched down during a second half in which the Kiwis outscored the Kangaroos 18-12 after trailing 12-8 at halftime.
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New Zealand netball team Rolleston INSPIRE locked horns with Samoa's Oriana Development Academy at the National University of Samoa gym on Saturday. But the friendly game between the two sides was all in the name of developing further the sport of netball.
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Serena Williams has opened up about parenting, motherhood and her own insecurities during a women's conference in Philadelphia. The tennis star was one of a number of speakers Friday at the Pennsylvania Conference for Women.
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Vaiula team from Falevao took the Upolu Island Cup for international cricket held at Tuanaimato yesterday. Six teams participated in the three-day tournament which started on Tuesday. The teams are Vaiula – Falevao, Faleasiu, two teams from Tiavea Village called Tiavea and Oneone o Aleipata, Tauafiafi o Aana and Lalomauga.
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Five Samoan netballers, who won scholarships to train in New Zealand, are improving their skills and team connections on and off the court.
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"Pool swimming is a highly technical sport- focus on biomechanics to decrease resistance and drag is constantly being addressed whereas the sea is of a capricious nature in which unreliability and inconsistency is ever-present" – Suzie Schuster
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As a tradition, one of the main highlights for any Bodybuilding Event has always been the "Guest Poser". The "Guest Poser" is always a prominent figure in the Sport who is either competing/current International Champ or former Champ with medals under their belt.
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As Samoa counts down to the Pacific Games next year, Netball Samoa is on the move. As well as preparing the teams to aim for gold, they are also looking for volunteers to help stage the competition. You could be one of them.
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Vaisilika Tolua Tuigamala is one of three boxers representing Samoa at the Youth Olympic Games in Argentina this month. Speaking to the Samoa Observer prior to their departure, the 18-year-old said he is aiming for a gold medal at the international sporting event.
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Greg Inglis will lead Australia in its rugby league tests against New Zealand and Tonga this month, taking over as captain from the retiring Cameron Smith.
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Inspired by the injured Cooper Cronk, the Sydney Roosters led 18-0 at halftime and went on to beat the Melbourne Storm 21-6 in the National Rugby League grand final on Sunday.
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Despite the 5 year's gab, the 2018 Samoa Football Cup competition has been one of the most successful tournaments in the FFS competition calendar. The tournament kicked off last Saturday and concluded this evening with the final round of matches and the prize giving.
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Tony Finau never forgot that first set of free clubs. For a family that scrimped on every dime so he'd have a chance to play golf, it really was a big deal. Never mind that it wasn't even a complete set.
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Only a handful of the children that showed up at the Faleata Golf Course to learn golf from P.G.A. professional Scott Puailoa. The rest went to try something new and to learn a skill from the best. Scott Puailoa is a Samoan American who is visiting the country to deliver three days of golf clinics to children, as well as train the trainers for an evening.
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The Samoa Rugby Union should not be bullied by the World Rugby. That is the view of Tamaleta Taimang Jensen, a former Manu Samoa player, who at one time was the S.R.U. manager (oversight reforms) who oversaw institutional and financial reform within the governing body.
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Lesila Fiapule will represent Samoa in weightlifting in the Youth Olympic Games in Argentina next month. This was confirmed by the president and coach of the Samoa Weightlifting Federation Tuaopepe Jerry Wallwork yesterday.
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The first touch rugby referee course level one is part of critical steps being taken to develop the sport in Samoa. The course makes up the Samoa Touch Rugby Incorporated's (S.T.R.I.) strategic plan to develop officials which will help grow the sport.
Heavyweights Deontay Wilder and Tyson Fury have wrapped up their three-city publicity tour for their upcoming bout by nearly coming to blows again.
He can laugh about it now, the concept of being "too big" that led him on this extraordinary journey to the Philadelphia Eagles.
Cristiano Ronaldo denied the accusations of rape against him, saying Wednesday that he had a "clear conscience" as he awaits the conclusions of an investigation.
The Samoa Basketball Federation started its four-day tournament at Apia Park gym earlier this week. The various categories competing in the tournament include open women and men, Under 17 and 14 boys, girls' teams from Upolu, Savaii and an open men's team from American Samoa.
© Samoa Observer 2016
Developed by Samoa Observer in Apia


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HOUSTON, March 5 (UPI) -- The bright emerald green is symbolic of spring and a U.S. registered dietitian says to add the color green to "spring clean" meals.
"You will be well on your way to 'spring cleaning' your diet by incorporating these free-radical absorbing foods," Kari Kooi, a registered dietitian at The Methodist Hospital in Houston, says in a statement. "Eating clean is a buzzword for a wholesome, unprocessed diet that drastically limits ultra-processed foods made from inferior ingredients while embracing whole foods like fruits and vegetables."
Kooi advises adding these five green powerhouse foods to spring meals:
-- Asparagus is a natural anti-ager, this vegetable is high in glutathione, an antioxidant that can help reduce skin damage from the sun and contains the most folate of any vegetable. Folate plays a vital role in heart health and the prevention of birth defects.
-- Avocado provides monounsaturated fat which can help drive down levels of bad cholesterol.
-- Brussels sprouts are loaded with antioxidants and fiber. A cruciferous vegetable, Brussels sprouts contain powerful, cancer-fighting sulfur compounds. These green vegetables take on a whole new flavor and crispy texture when roasted in the oven.
-- Kale is brimming with eye-nourishing cartotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin, a pair of phytochemicals that has been shown to prevent macular degeneration and cataracts.
-- Kiwifruit is rich in vitamin C, potassium and fiber, kiwis make a perfect portable snack -- slice a kiwi in half and scoop out the emerald flesh with a spoon.


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Peter Jackson
New Zealand-born Academy Award-winning director Peter Jackson (born 1961) directed The Lord of the Rings trilogy, as well as played several minor parts.
- In The Fellowship of the Ring film Jackson played Albert Dreary, a Bree entertainer.
- In The Two Towers film Jackson played a soldier of Rohan.
- In The Return of the King film Jackson played a Corsair Ship captain, who gets shot by Legolas.
- In The Return of the King film, Jackson's arm appears in place of Sam Gamgee's when he first confronts Shelob


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Linked by Thom Holwerda on Tue 24th Jul 2007 15:16 UTC, submitted by danwarne
"Con Kolivas is a prominent developer on the Linux kernel and strong proponent of Linux on the desktop. But recently, he left it all behind. Why? In this interview with APCMag.com, Con gives insightful answers exploring the nature of the hardware and software market, the problems the Linux kernel must overcome for the desktop, and why despite all this he's now left it all behind."
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RE[7]: Brilliant
by theGrump on Wed 25th Jul 2007 02:51 UTC in reply to "RE[6]: Brilliant"


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By Daniel Greenfield
Spain has begun deportation proceedings against Imran Firasat, a Christian refugee from Pakistan, for making a documentary about Mohammed and thereby threatening the national security of Spain. If Firasat is deported back to Pakistan, he will face the death penalty proving that it's a short step from the Spanish Inquisition to the Pakistani Inquisition.
The United States has a man sitting in prison for making another blasphemous movie, which the government spent weeks blaming for worldwide attacks on American embassies. And he isn't the first man persecuted or prosecuted for offending Islam. Offending Islam has become a national security issue involving all levels of government.
When Bubba the Love Sponge, a Tampa DJ, proposed to burn a Koran, the commander of the Afghanistan war contacted his girlfriend, who would later be stalked by Petraeus' girlfriend, to contact the Mayor of Tampa to keep Bubba from burning a Koran. Instead of explaining how the American system works to the Lebanese temptress and her four-star general, the mayor wrote back that the city was working on it.
That month 50 percent more Americans were killed in Afghanistan in the long slow death march of the war, but a Koran was not burned in Tampa. Mission accomplished.
Muslims did not have to kill a great number of Americans to enforce blasphemy law in this country. Counting the various reactions to burnt Korans, rumors of a flushed Koran and assorted things of that nature, the number is still well below a hundred. Even counting every casualty in the war from September 11 onward, it took fewer deaths to make the United States give up on the Bill of Rights than it took to liberate it in the War of Independence.
But it's not really about the deaths, if it were, then the United States wouldn't be senselessly squandering the lives of American soldiers in Afghanistan to avoid offending the natives. It's not the death of men that our leaders are worried about, but the death of stability.
Knowing that a hundred men will die today in car accidents does not alarm anyone, but knowing that somewhere a dozen men might die in a bomb explosion, anywhere and at any time, can bring a nations to its knees. That is the difference between predictable and unpredictable death. Predictable death makes it possible for most everyone to go about doing what they normally do. Unpredictable death, however, erodes daily order.
Blasphemy makes terrorism seem predictable
Blasphemy makes terrorism seem predictable. It delivers that false sense of control that is at the root of Stockholm Syndrome, the seductive illusion that the thug can be reasoned with and that we can restore control over our perilous environment by accepting responsibility for the enemy's violence. If we meet a set of conditions, then we will have peace. And what kind of lunatic wouldn't want peace? The kind who needs to be deported or locked up in the name of peace.
When an entire country goes Stockholm, then it is no longer interested in winning the war, only in surviving the peace. In a Stockholm country, national security consists of locking up anyone who can be blamed for sabotaging the peacemaking. The less peace there is, the more the peacemakers go on the hunt for "extremists" who are to blame for the lack of it. The more their vision of a better world fails, the more stern measures they must take against their own people. Peace is always one more denunciation of extremism away.
The same countries whose leaders have spent a century and a half blathering incessantly about a truly progressive order under international law have shown no ability to cope with the old-fashioned kind of war. They can quote verbatim the laws of war, but understand poorly that war makes its own laws. War's simplest law is that you pick a pretext, any popular pretext, make your demands and then go on the attack. If the other side is foolish enough to meet your demands, then it has shown its weakness and must be attacked again and again.
Muslims have restored blasphemy prosecutions to the United States and Europe through violence.
Muslims have restored blasphemy prosecutions to the United States and Europe through violence. Like Khrushchev banging his shoe on the United Nations delegate desk, they did their best to convince the rest of the world that they were violently irrational and liable to do all sorts of things if their demands weren't met. And their demands were met. Rather than going medieval on their asses, the civilized world instead went medieval on anyone who offended the medieval cult of Islam.
Muslim blasphemy, like the ghetto hood's respect, is an assertion of supremacy by identity. It isn't a grievance, it's a right of violence, and if you give into it, then you accept the inferior status that comes from being weak in a system where might makes right and killing people, or threatening to, is what makes one man better than another.
Islam is submission. If you submit to Islam, then you're a Muslim. If you submit to a Muslim, then you're a slave
Islam is submission. If you submit to Islam, then you're a Muslim. If you submit to a Muslim, then you're a slave. The western blasphemy trial is not the enforced submission of an Islamic legal system that would be crude and brutal, but at least comparatively respectable, it is the enforced submission to Muslim violence. The judges who preside over our blasphemy cases do not believe in Islam, they believe in the danger of Muslim violence. This is not theocracy, is it slavery.
For the moment blasphemy prosecutions still involve trying offenders on some charge other than the obvious one. Low-hanging fruit like Imran Firasat or Mark Youssef are the easiest to deal with. Any man whose freedom depends on the whim of a judge can already be locked up or deported any time without the need for actual charges of heresy to be brought. When that isn't possible, there is always the ubiquitous hate crime which increasingly extends to anything that offends anyone regardless of consequences or intent.
These trials are a contradiction, 21st Century legal codes built on sensitivity and tolerance being used to prosecute deviations from a medieval code of insensitivity and intolerance. But that very same contradiction runs through the modern state's entire approach to Islam. It is impossible to embrace medievalism without becoming medieval. The need to accommodate Islamic medievalism is forcing the medievalization of the modern world's political and legal systems.
The conflict between the modern world and the Muslim world is being waged by the modern rules of international law and peacemaking on one side and by the medieval rules of brutal violence, insincere offers of peace and bigoted fanaticism on the other. Rather than fighting it on its own terms, the modern world is instead trying to accommodate it on its own terms by accommodating its blasphemy codes.
Trapped in a long-term war, our leaders are looking for ways of making the conflict more manageable. If they can't win the war, they can at least limit the number of attacks. It's not the open book kind of appeasement, but the double book kind. The open book is still patriotic, but the second book in the bottom drawer is running payments to the terrorists and finding ways to accommodate them. And anyone who runs afoul of the second book, also runs afoul of national security.
War often compromises freedoms, but it rarely compromises the freedom to hurt the enemy's feelings. But this is a different sort of war. A war with no enemies and no hope of victory. A war whose only hope is that one day our enemies will become better people and stop trying to kill us. Our enemies are fighting to take away our freedoms and we are fighting to take away our own freedoms in the hopes that if we give up some of them to the enemy, he will settle for them and give up on the rest.
Read more at Canada Free Press
See also:
Threat to Free Speech (counterjihadreport.com)


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The Cambrian was first published in the city of Cincinnati, and it kept a close connection with the whole of Ohio and its people. From the menu above you can browse types of articles related to Cuyahoga County.
If you wish to choose another county, you can return to use the interactive map of Ohio, or use the drop down box on the left.
You can also browse through The Cambrian's volumes or choose another US state.


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Lynne Taylor-Corbett's mother played piano for a ballet class in the basement of Denver's University Park United Methodist Church and took her 5-year-old daughter along.
That's how a career spanning Hollywood, Broadway and the stages of some of the top ballet companies was born.
"One thing led to another, and then it kind of snowballed," Taylor-Corbett said in a telephone interview.It isn't, however, dancing on the boards where Taylor-Corbett has cut her reputation, but as a choreographer and director.
Taylor-Corbett is back in Denver staging her ballet, "The Little Mermaid," with the Colorado Ballet and on Sunday will be giving a talk about her life and experiences, which include choreographing the 1984 movie, "Footloose," and creating a ballet with Patti LuPone for the New York City Ballet.
The free talk, sponsored by the University of Denver's Carson Brierly Giffin Dance Library, will be held at 4 p.m. in the university's Special Events Room, Anderson Academic Commons, 2150 E. Evans Ave., Denver.
Taylor-Corbett, who is in her late 60s (that's all she is giving up), left Denver at 17 to find fame and fortune in New York City. In short order, she had a job at the New York State Theater, home to the New York City Ballet — as an usher.
"I didn't realize it, but I learned a lot up there in the balcony about the shape and form of dances," Taylor-Corbett said. Improbably, she landed a job with the Alvin Ailey Dance Theater.
"I was the only white," she said. "They called me Miss Scarlet."
Even more improbably, she toured the Middle East and Africa with the company right after the 1967 Six-Day Arab-Israeli War. Years later, she would take that experience and turn it into a dance for Ailey, "Prayers from the Edge."
Still, in those earlier years, there was a lot of kicking around. "It was so hard to make a living," she said. "I knew I had to be versatile."
Taylor-Corbett was a member of a small group, The Dance Theatre Collection.
"We choreographed for each other so we would have something to dance."
One of Taylor-Corbett's dances was eye-catching enough to land her a commission to create a ballet for a company in Lisbon, supported by the Portugal-based Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. Off to Lisbon she went.
Photographed by Jonas Bendiksen
Early on in the history of NASA, mission control was white shirts and ties, crew cuts and cigarettes. There were women behind the scenes, as famously seen in , the story of Katherine Johnson, Dorothy Vaughan, and Mary Jackson, the three (brilliant) African-American women whose math fueled the launch of astronaut John Glenn, the first American to orbit the Earth. But the faces at what became Kennedy Space Center stayed mostly the same during the '60s and '70s, when the race to the moon got caught up with the Cold War. By the '80s, though, NASA got better at recruiting women. "I remember that when I first came here, I was the only one in my group," recalls Luz Marina Calle, the lead scientist and principal investigator of the Corrosion Technology Laboratory at an outdoor exposure facility. "When I used to answer the phone, people thought I was the secretary, and I would say, 'No, in fact, he is my colleague.' "
Cut to today, or better yet, to the fall of 2018, when the new Space Launch System, or SLS, expects to make its first launch, currently being orchestrated from Firing Room-1 by Charlie Blackwell-Thompson, a veteran of the Space Shuttle era. At the top of the SLS will be the Orion, the capsule designed to take astronauts—men and, yes, now women—as far as Mars (come the 2030s). Thus, Blackwell-Thompson is the first launch director for the world's most powerful rocket, and the first female launch director at Kennedy Space Center, developing countdown plans, launch procedures, and training approaches, working in the room she remembers marveling at on a tour just before she was hired in the '80s. As for a lot of NASA employees, it's more than a living. "I to do this job," she says.
The scope of the Space Center's work—to explore space, not to mention Earth—is breathtaking. Kathy Lueders, one of the first female program managers, helps private companies into space, meaning she works with new designs in space travel. "Engineers love design and development and doing cool things and hard work," sa ys Lueders, "and guess what? We've got it in spades! It's like working in a candy shop." Alicia Mendoza-Hill is a mission integration manager in the Launch Services Program, meaning she matches rockets with payloads. "It's an interface between, say, a spacecraft and a powerful and explosive rocket," she says. Right now, she's working on finding the right rocket for an asteroid redirect mission, meant to practice moving asteroids off a collision course with Earth. Barbara L. Brown, chief of the Strategic Integration Office in the Exploration Research and Technology Programs, works in cryogenics, focusing on the storage of fuels at low temperatures. "It's always been my desire to work here," Brown says. "People would pay to do what we do."
Photographed by Jonas Bendiksen / Magnum Photos Editor: Alessandra Codinha Visual Editor: Samantha Adler Designers: Fernando Dias De Souza and Sara Jendusa Producer: Maleana Davis Photo Producer: Ashley Solomon Engineer: Gregory Kilian Subscribe to Vogue Magazine
Interactions, volume 14, issue 3. © CACM,
"Why can't products be simpler?" cries the reviewer in the , the , the local newspaper. "We want simplicity" cry the people befuddled by all the features of their latest whatever. Do they really mean it? No.
But when it came time for the journalists to review the simple products they had gathered together, they complained that they lacked what they considered to be "critical" features. So, what do people mean when they ask for simplicity? One-button operation, of course, but with all of their favorite features.
I recently toured a department store in South Korea. Visiting department stores and the local markets is one of my favorite pastimes whenever I visit a country new to me, the better to get to know the local culture. Foods differ, clothes differ, and in the past, appliances differed: appliances, kitchen utensils, gardening tools, and shop tools.
I found the traditional "white goods" most interesting: Refrigerators and washing machines. The store obviously had the Korean companies LG and Samsung, but also GE, Braun, and Philips. The Korean products seemed more complex than the non-Korean ones, even though the specifications and prices were essentially identical. "Why?" I asked my two guides, both of whom were usability professionals. "Because Koreans like things to look complex," they responded. It is a symbol: it shows their status.
But while at the store, I marveled at the advance complexities of all appliances, especially ones that once upon a time were quite simple: for example, toasters, refrigerators, and coffee makers, all of which had multiple control dials, multiple LCD displays, and a complexity that defied description.
Once upon a time, a toaster had one knob to control how much the bread was to be toasted and that was all. A simple lever lowered the bread and started the operation. Toasters cost around $20. But in the Korean store, I found a German toaster for 250,000 Korean Won (about $250). It had complex controls, a motor to lower the untoasted bread and to lift it when finished, and an LCD panel with many cryptic icons, graphs, and numbers. Simplicity?
After touring the store my two friendly guides and I stopped outside to where two new automobiles were on display: two brand new Korean SUVs. Complexity again. I'm old enough to remember when a steering wheel was just a steering wheel, the rear view mirror just a mirror. These steering wheels were also complex control structures with multiple buttons and controls including two sets of loudness controls, one for music and one for the telephone (and I'm not even mentioning the multiple stalks on the steering column). The rear view mirror had two controls, one to illuminate the compass the other simply labeled "mirror," which lit a small red light when depressed. A rear view mirror with an on-off switch? The salesperson didn't know what it did either.
Why such expensive toasters? Why all the buttons and controls on steering wheels and rear-view mirrors? Because they appear to add features that people want to have. They make a difference at the time of sale, which is when it matters most.
Why is this? Why do we deliberately build things that confuse the people who use them?
Answer: Because the people want the features. Because simplicity is a myth whose time has past, if it ever existed.
Make it simple and people won't buy. Given a choice, they will take the item that does more. Features win over simplicity, even when people realize that it is accompanied by more complexity. You do it too, I bet. Haven't you ever compared two products side by side, comparing the features of each, preferring the one that did more? Why shame on you, you are behaving, well, behaving like a normal person.
The complex expensive toaster? I bet it sells well.
What really puzzles me, though, is that when a manufacturer figures out how to automate an otherwise mysterious operation, I would expect the resulting device to be simpler. Nope. Here is an example.
Siemens recently released a washing machine that, to quote their website, "is equipped with smart sensors that recognize how much laundry is in the drum, what kind of textiles the laundry load comprises, and if it is heavily or lightly soiled. Users only have to choose one of two program settings: hot and colored wash, or easy-to-clean fabrics. The machine takes care of the rest."
Hurrah, I said, now the entire wash can be automatic, so there need be only two controls: one to chose between "hot and colored wash" and "easy-to-clean fabrics," the other to start the machine. Nope, this washer had even more controls and buttons than the non-automatic one. "Why even more controls? I asked my contact at Siemens, "when you could make this machines with only one or two?".
"Are you one of those people who wants to give up control, who thinks less is better?" asked this usability expert. "Don't you want to be in control?"
Strange answer. Why the automation if it isn't to be trusted? And, yes, actually I am one of those bizarre people who think that less is better.
It appears that marketing won the day. And I suspect marketing was right. Would you pay more money for a washing machine with less controls? In the abstract, maybe. At the store? Probably not.
Notice the question: "pay more money for a washing machine with less controls." An early reviewer of this paper flagged the sentence as an error: "Didn't you mean 'less money'?" the reviewer asked? That question makes my point precisely. If a company spent more money to design and build an appliance that worked so well, so automatically, that all it needed was an on-off switch, people would reject it. "This simple looking thing costs more?" They would complain. "What is that company thinking of? I'll buy the cheaper one with all those extra features - after all, it's better, right? And I save money."
Marketing rules - as it should, for a company that ignores marketing is a company soon out of business. Marketing experts know that purchase decisions are influenced by feature lists, even if the buyers realize they will probably never use most of the features. Even if the features confuse more than they help.
Yes, we want simplicity, but we don't want to give up any of those cool features. Simplicity is highly overrated.
Don Norman wears many hats, including co-founder of the Nielsen Norman group, Professor at Northwestern University, and author, his latest book being . He lives at
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I'm a champion of elegance, simplicity, and ease of use. But, as a business person, I also know that companies have to make money, which means they have to deliver the products that their customers want, not the products they believe they should want. And the truth is, simplicity does not sell. Why?
One of my correspondents posed the question with great clarity:
The answer is the latter: people are not willing to pay for a system that looks simpler because it looks less capable. Hence the fully automatic system that still contains lots of buttons and knobs. Joel Spolsky of Fog Creek Software has an eloquent description of the problem, and why he too discovered that adding apparent complexity is necessary. See his blog:
A few others have chimed in to support the notion that complex products look more powerful. One gave an example from Iran:In my article I used a Korean example. As a result, many of my readers seem to think I wrote the entire article based upon this one experience. Some seemed to think this was my first and only trip to a foreign (or Asian) country. Amazing. I wrote the article after decades of experience in design, especially of consumer products. The arguments apply universally. Do I travel? Hah. Over 140,000 airline miles in 2006 alone. Close to 2 million documented airline miles total.
Do we have to go to Korea or Iran to find this tendency? Nope. I have experienced this in the United States. Here is one example.I am helping a company design an entirely new approach to one of their standard products. It looks simple. During a user test, one person said that he really liked it, but it was too bad he wouldn't use it. "Why not?" we asked. "Because it isn't powerful enough for my particular problem," he replied."Try it," we suggested, "we would like to see where it fails so we can make it better."Well, it didn't fail. it handled his problem just fine. Looking simple was the culprit. if it looks simple, he seemed to think, it must not be powerful.
Many of the complaints sent to me provided examples of specific difficulties with poorly designed, complex devices. Hey, I am not advocating bad design. I am simply pointing out a fact of life: purchasers, on the whole, prefer more powerful devices to less powerful ones. They equate the apparent simplicity of the controls with lack of power: complexity with power. This doesn't mean everyone. it does mean the majority, however, and this is who the marketing specialists of a company target. Quite appropriately, in my opinion.
One person truly misunderstood because he advocated hiding the extra controls, thus preserving the apparent simplicity. Sorry: it is the apparent complexity that drives the sale. And yes, it is the same complexity that frustrates those same people later on. But by then, it is too late: they have already purchased the product.
Many correspondents understood this, but presented very sensible, very logical arguments as to why this should not be true. Logic and reason, I have to keep explaining, are wonderful virtues, but they are irrelevant in describing human behavior. Trying to prove a point through intelligent, reasonable argumentation is what I call the "engineer's fallacy." (Also, the economist's fallacy.") We have to design for the way people really behave, not as engineers or economists would prefer them to behave.
Logic is not the way to answer these issues: human behavior is the key. Avoid the engineer's and economist's fallacy: don't reason your way to a solution -- observe real people. We have to take human behavior the way it is, not the way we would wish it to be.
So, of course I am in favor of good design and attractive products. Easy to use products. But when it comes time to purchase, people tend to go for the more powerful products, and they judge the power by the apparent complexity of the controls. If that is what people use as a purchasing choice, we must provide it for them. While making the actual complexity low, the real simplicity high. That's an exciting design challenge: make it look powerful while also making it easy to use. And attractive. And affordable. And functional. And environmentally appropriate. Accessible to all.
That's why I like design: it presents wonderful challenges.
And now read the latest squabble:
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After reading "simplicity is highly overrated," one thing seems to puzzle me. Do you mean that features packed system cannot have a simplistic interface? Or do you mean that people are not willing to pay for a system with same number of features because it appears to have less manipulable things on its interface, and hence looks less capable than some other intimidating-looking complex machine?
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4 years ago by Garance
Lately, I've been trying to simplify my life. I want simplicity in everything. Like, even Homeland annoys me because it's too complicated.
Everyday life, beauty, clothes. I really don't feel like worrying about any of it. I'm leaving today for three days in Miami , and my ultimate goal would be to fit all three days into my handbag (except that since I've simplified everything, my bag is tiny) (ok, maybe just fit all three days in my carry on) (ok fine, in my big suitcase, then — I guess I still have a lot to learn about living simply).
(And plus, if I only had three items of clothing, this would be a pretty boring fashion blog, right?)(Even if honestly — what's all the rage right now to say you want to have less, which is proof that this post is not at all anti-fashion.)
This process has been in the works for awhile now — I told you about downsizing my wardrobe,
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? Well I enjoyed that so much that now it's taking over my whole life.
I only carry one bag now. It's my favorite one — my Lulu bag by Saint Laurent , and I always have it with me. I don't care about the others, this one is enough for me. It's sublime, it goes with everything, and it's not too recognizable, which I love.
You can't fit much in it. So that forced me to rethink my wallet. I was tired of having a huge thing in my purse full of receipts and useless stuff. I figure if guys (guys are like old people — they're right about a lot of things!!!)(oh there, I should write a post about that next time) can go out without a handbag, I should be able to go out without a wallet the size of Kanye 's Hummer.
So I got rid of everything and bought a tiny
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wallet which totally fits my needs. And my goal is to manage to make it work with nothing but a Smythson card holder in the near future — that's how liberated I'll be from all these base earthly concerns.
So now all I take with me every day is my phone, my wallet, my headphones, my keys, and a lip gloss. And honestly, I don't miss any of the other stuff. Well, except for chewing gum, maybe. And blotting papers. And my compact. And hand cream. And a scarf.
Ok, we're not going to talk about my haircut again, I think you've understood by now — it's really super easy, and plus, the more Clyde , my hair stylist, gets to know me, the faster and more beautiful it is every time, and we don't even have to talk to understand each other anymore.
As for makeup, I asked Tatyana , my favorite makeup artist (who told me "You really don't know how to put on makeup" the first time I met her! And like any good French girl, I love when people tell it to me straight, even more when it's at first encounter) to do two looks for me. One for night time, one for day time. We picked out my colors together, and I got rid of everything else — all the old tubes and tubs that were just collecting dust. I'll show you what we picked out soon if you want!!!
I've already talked to you about this, so I won't go on and on, but this is another area of my life where I keep simplifying. I just bought five Uniqlo sweaters. Cashmere, v-neck, neutral colors. They go with everything and even if it's not quite a Bompard (do you know where I can find Bompard sweaters in New York?) it honestly makes my life so much easier.
Those, and a few pairs of well-cut jeans — that's my base. Then I add either jewelry, a pretty coat, or a killer pair of shoes, and that does it for me. I'm still on the lookout for my killer pair of shoes for this winter, by the way…
Hey, I didn't say I was Normcore. I like beautiful things and I think too many basics kill the basic. And vintage 501's scare me. They're really not for everyone.
I make single-ingredient meals. Like yesterday, I wanted to make ratatouille, and then I ended up just cooking zucchini. The ingredients? Zucchini. Nope, I didn't even add onions — it gives them a weird taste. It's super tasty, takes only 5 minutes to prepare (it's all in the provençal style cooking — a little olive oil, salt and pepper, and then you have to burn them just a little) and frankly, for someone who lives in New York and spends their life in restaurants, it gives your palate a nice break. And it's healthy!
So I make myself little dishes with three ingredients max. I love it. Squash soup. Avocado toast. Steamed leeks. Dark chocolate. Sardines. Cheese for dinner. A glass of red wine. Ah the good life!!!
Not too far. Not too complicated. For New Year's, I'll be on a beach in Costa Rica. The goal? To surf, eat ceviche, and drink margaritas with friends. That's it. Hey, speaking of food and Costa Rica, hahaha. Bathing suit anxiety right after Christmas.
After pretty much quitting yoga since it was kind of messing up my back (it's a little depressing, given
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, I don't know why, but yoga just hurts my back) I decided to start exercising again, but without setting stupid goals that I'll give up on after half an hour.
So now I work on my abs and butt at home, and I walk at least an hour per day (to get to the Studio, for example)(I have a pretty good app for that — it's called Moves*) or I'll run for half an hour if I know I won't have time to walk. That plus push-ups to get me ready for surfing (I'm at 12 now — in your opinion, how many do I need to do? 100? 88 more to go!!! Yay!!!) And when I have time, I'll do yoga or pilates or a dance class with a friend. Just for fun.
Voilà. Simple, right?
What about you? Are you super trendy like me or are you still accumulating a bunch of stuff? (That's so 2011 — seriously, pull yourself together!)
———————- *Moves, is like an improved pedometer that counts your steps. The only problem with Moves is when there's a glitch. Yesterday I walked like a crazy person to beat my record and suddenly the app froze, and I lost everything I'd done and felt like I'd walked for nothing, which is ridiculous and just goes to show how addicted we can get to these things!!!
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OXFORD � Selectmen appointed five new permanent intermittent police officers Tuesday, as requested by Police Chief Michael C. Hassett.
The new part-time officers are: Christopher S. Raymond, 25, a full-time dispatcher for the Auburn Police Department who has experience as a part-time police officer in Dudley and is a graduate of the reserve police academy; Daniel J. Ausmus Jr., 31, a part-time police officer in Brookfield who served in the U.S. Air Force Auxiliary and graduated from the reserve officer academy; Joseph P. Conlon, 46, who holds a master's degree in criminal justice and has 18 years' experience as a full-time police officer, the last 10 with the Hopedale Police Department; Richard H. Fairbanks, 44, who has experience as a firefighter, police dispatcher and part-time police officer in Paxton and graduated from the reserve police officer academy; and Matthew G. Gray, 24, who has worked for two years with the public safety department at Tufts Medical Center in Boston and holds a bachelor's degree in criminal justice.
Candidate Joel P. Daoust withdrew his name from consideration after he was accepted into the Massachusetts State Police Academy.
The officers were scored individually by each selectman on multiple criteria, such as education and training, and on interviews, which were held by selectmen on Oct. 8. Those scores were totaled, and the five top scorers were appointed, subject to passing physical and psychological tests and successful graduation from the part-time police academy.


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ROCKFORD — A day after delivering a State of the State speech that touted new spending programs, Gov. Pat Quinn came to Dennis Early Childhood Center to promote one of them, his "Birth to Five Initiative" to expand early-education programs and pregnancy care.
Quinn came in on time, at 11 a.m. today, and his handlers quickly surrounded him with a shield of about 30 small children and their teachers in the school library.
The children had been in place since 10:45 — a long time for 3- and 4-year-olds to sit still. Reporters and school officials, including Superintendent Ehren Jarrett, were treated to an impromptu teacher-led concert of "Itsy Bitsy Spider," "The Wheels on The Bus (go 'round and 'round,)" a song about a frog who sits on a log and eats bugs, and other golden oldies from the kiddie hit parade. The children sang enthusiastically.
"It's really special to get a chance to visit with all of you, all your bright, sunshiny faces ... I can tell from all the boys and girls here that you're learning a lot!" Quinn told the children.
The governor stumped for his plan to increase state support for children from their mothers' wombs to 5 years old, telling the kids he wants to "make it bigger and better than ever." But he did not talk about how he plans to pay for the plan, saying details on his spending priorities will be in his Feb. 19 budget address.
Quinn said investing in education is the best thing the state can do to prepare for the future, and invoked the words of Galesburg poet Carl Sandburg:
"Sandburg said 'the birth of a baby is God's opinion that the world should go on.' So we're glad you're here, God wants us to make sure you have a good education from birth to five," Quinn concluded.
Theresa Hawley, who heads the governor's Office of Early Childhood Development, said Illinois has received $52 million in federal money through a Race to the Top Early Learning Challenge grant and a $30 million Maternal, Infant, Early Childhood Home Visiting Grant. Rockford will be a key site for the latter program, she said.
Hawley also announced that the school district has won the state's Gold Circle of Quality award for the caliber of its early learning programs.
Asked by a reporter what he thought of House Speaker Mike Madigan's bill, introduced Thursday, to cut the corporate income tax by 50 percent, Quinn said only: "Well, we'll take a look."
Chuck Sweeny: 815-987-1366; firstname.lastname@example.com; @chucksweeny


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[Illinois] Cancer Community Symposium 2012: The Man with the Crateriform Lesion: Advanced Squamous Cell Carcinoma
09 May 2012 | | Contributor(s):: Joseph Brancheck
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second most common type of skin cancer in the United States and accounts for 20 percent of non-melanoma skin cancers; in addition, it is the second most common cancer overall in Caucasians. Due to an aging population and increasing sun exposure, the...


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October 05. 2013 5:53PM
Manchester woman faces drug charges in Mass.
STURBRIDGE, Mass. — Massachusetts state police arrested a Manchester, N.H., woman on drug trafficking charges after a motor vehicle stop on Route 84 early Saturday morning.
According to a police press release, a trooper stopped a 2012 Infiniti M37, driven by Carlos Alberto Richards, 34, of Boston, near the Massachusetts Turnpike toll plaza shortly before 1 a.m.
Police said his passenger, Sandra Ovalles, 32, of Manchester, turned over a small bag of marijuana when the trooper asked if there were drugs in the vehicle.
A state police dog was brought to the scene and discovered a hidden compartment containing a large plastic bag of what appeared to be about a kilogram of cocaine, police said.
Both Richards and Ovalles were taken to the state police barracks in Sturbridge and charged with trafficking in a Class B substance; possession with intent to distribute; conspiracy to violate the drug laws; and possession of marijuana.
Ovalles was released on bail and Richards was held on $25,000 bail. Both are set to appear in Dudley District Court on Monday.