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STEM Solvers
When you create a new scenario in STEM, you need to specify which solver to use. A solver is simply the method used to determine how the state of a simulation changes from one time step to the next. Models for populations and diseases in STEM are all designed to carry out this change or derivative calculation given a current state. How the derivative is applied to determine the next state is where solvers differ.
Available solvers
Finite Difference
The finite difference solver is the most straightforward (and fastest) solver available. It's using Euler's method and simply estimates the next value from the current value plus the derivative:
y(t+h) = y(t) +h*y'(t)
where h is the step size (default 1 day in STEM as defined by the sequencer). Label values in STEM are often constrained to a positive value. For instance, the count of a population can never go negative, and this is also true for any population assigned to a particular compartment state. When a constrained value goes negative, the finite difference solvers does a partial step to avoid this as illustrated in this figure:
(the figure assumes h = 1). The next value is thus calculated as:
y(t+h) = y(t) + x*y'(t)+(1-x)*y'(t+x)
The algorithm finds the smallest x among all differential equations solved and rescales all label values accordingly. If necessary, multiple partial steps are carried out.
The finite difference solver is able to take advance of multi-core CPUs; each CPU is assigned a sub-set of the graph to work on.
Runge Kutta Cash-Karp
The Runge Kutta Cash-Karp solver is an adaptive step size ordinary differential equation integrator that calculates six function evaluations for each time step and estimates two solutions (of 4th and 5th order). The difference between the two solutions is the estimated error, and the solver can be calibrated to any desired degree of accuracy. If the error exceeds the tolerance the step size is reduced. The Runge Kutta Cash-Karp solver can take advantage of multi-core CPUs, and each CPU is assigned a sub-set of the graphs to work on. The CPUs synchronize the step size to ensure that the same solution is reached no matter how many CPUs are running concurrently.
Dormand Prince 853
The Dormand Prince 853 solver also belongs to the Runge Kutta family of ordinary differential equation integrator and adapts the step size to ensure the error is kept within acceptable bounds. The solver is using the Apache commons math library (http://commons.apache.org/math/) and the DormandPrince853Integrator class (http://commons.apache.org/math/apidocs/org/apache/commons/math/ode/nonstiff/DormandPrince853Integrator.html). The solver is currently not able to take advantage of multi-core CPUs. No matter how many concurrent solver threads are specified in the STEM preferences, the Dormand Prince 853 solver uses a single thread when integrating.


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NWSB Insider and Canucks blogger Kevin "The Flying V" Vanstone weighs in today on the Vancouver Canucks host the Pittsburgh Penguins in the return of the golden boy to Rogers Arena. Kevin says both Henrik Sedin and Zack Kassian were banged-up in Sunday's game against the Ducks it appears Dale Weise and David Booth will sit in lieu of Archibald tonight.
Gameday skate: Canucks host Penguins as Crosby and co. come to town
January 7, 2014 By

subset: commoncrawl


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October 2008
More than twenty years after the approval of the first antiretroviral and despite numerous advancements in the treatment of HIV, getting HIV-related medications to all those who need them remains a critical challenge, even in the United States. Throughout this time, ADAPs, or AIDS Drug Assistance Programs, have served as the medication lifeline for many people with HIV.
Part of the Ryan White HIV/AIDS Treatment Modernization Act of 2006 (Ryan White Program), ADAPs are the major source of prescription drugs for low-income people living with HIV/AIDS in the U.S. who have limited or no prescription drug coverage. The purpose of ADAPs, as stated in the Ryan White law, is to "provide therapeutics to treat HIV disease or prevent the serious deterioration of health arising from HIV disease in eligible individuals, including measures for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections".1 This is accomplished in two main ways -- providing Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved HIV-related prescription drugs to people living with HIV/AIDS and paying for health insurance (premiums, co-payments and deductibles) that includes coverage of HIV treatments.
ADAPs began in 1987 as AZT Assistance Programs when the federal government provided grants to states to help them purchase the first FDA-approved antiretroviral, AZT, for people living with HIV/AIDS. As community members began demanding that treatment be accessible and that the federal government develop a response to the HIV/AIDS crisis, ADAPs were written into the newly created Ryan White CARE Act in 1990; in 1996, the Congress began earmarking funds for ADAPs specifically, as part of Ryan White. In that year, approximately 69,000 people were served by ADAPs.2 Today, close to 150,000 people are served.
Each state3 administers its own ADAP and is given flexibility under the Ryan White Program to design many aspects of the program, including client eligibility, drug purchasing and distribution arrangements, and drug formularies (although there are minimum requirements for including one drug from every class of antiretroviral medications). No standard client income eligibility level is required by law, although clients must be HIV-positive, low income and under- or uninsured. In June 2007, client eligibility levels ranged from 200% of the federal poverty level (FPL) in nine states to 500% FPL in six states. Twenty-five states had levels over 300% and 19 states had set their levels between 201% and 300% of the FPL (see Figure 1). The national ADAP budget in Fiscal Year 2007 was $1.43 billion. Major sources of revenue were federal funding through the Ryan White Program (54%), state general revenue funds (21%) and drug rebates from manufacturers (18%).4
Click to enlarge
Source: Kaiser Family Foundation and NASTAD, National ADAP Monitoring Project -- Annual Report, 2008
ADAPs serve as "payer of last resort"; that is, they provide prescription medications to, or pay for health insurance premiums or maintenance for, people with HIV/AIDS when no other funding source is available to do so. Demand for ADAPs depends on the number of clients seeking services, the cost of medications, and the size of the prescription drug "gap" that ADAPs must fill in their jurisdiction. Larger gaps, such as in states with a less generous Medicaid program, may strain ADAP resources further than in others. This, coupled with an estimated annual (2007) drug cost for each ADAP client of nearly $12,000 and escalating prescription drug costs, places ADAPs under continual fiscal pressure to meet the demands for services.5
ADAPs are discretionary grant programs, dependent on annual funding from Congress, funding which may not correspond to the number of people who need prescription drugs. Therefore, annual federal appropriations and contributions from other sources (such as state funding), determine how many clients ADAPs can serve and the level of services they can provide. When demand for ADAPs exceeds available funding, as has been the case for much of the program, ADAPs have turned to a variety of cost containment measures, including waiting lists, reduced formularies or client eligibility, cost-sharing and/or expenditure limits (monthly or annual). Waiting lists, while not the only indicator of fiscal pressures within ADAPs, have been a steady element of ADAPs since 2002 when tracking began. The number of individuals on ADAP waiting lists reached a high of 1,629 in 11 states in 2004, and has fluctuated over time, most likely a result of variable funding levels and demand for services.6
Through a more than 10-year collaborative effort, the National Alliance of State and Territorial AIDS Directors (NASTAD) and the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation (Kaiser) have been working to collect data on ADAPs through The National ADAP Monitoring Project, which tracks the program on an annual basis. The most recent report, from April 2008, highlighted several key findings about ADAPs, including the following:7
Click to enlarge
Source: Kaiser Family Foundation and NASTAD, National ADAP Monitoring Project -- Annual Report, 2008
Among the factors contributing to the easing of past pressures for many states were:
As of the time of this writing, there are still several unknowns concerning the near and longer term outlook for ADAPs. It is still not clear, for example, how the recent changes in the Ryan White Program will affect ADAPs over time. ADAP earmark funding, for instance, is still expected to shift state-by-state as hold harmless requirements (provisions within the Ryan White law that protect jurisdictions from substantial losses in funding) and other provisions in the law play out. This is occurring against the larger backdrop of a more general economic downturn that is impacting state budgets, with many reporting overall budget shortfalls for Fiscal Year 2008 and/or expecting shortfalls for Fiscal Year 2009, which could stand to affect ADAPs.
In addition, Fiscal Year 2009 Congressional appropriations for ADAP have still not been completed by Congress. Both the House and Senate have proposed increases of approximately three percent over current levels, but differences between them must now be resolved. The pending national election could bring changes as well, with both presumptive Presidential nominees having mentioned the need to further address the growing HIV epidemic in the U.S. Furthermore, there is ongoing discussion nationally and at the state level about the need for broader health reform, and any changes in the larger health system will stand to affect ADAPs. What is clear is that ADAPs have and will continue to play a critical role in providing prescription medications to people with HIV/AIDS in the U.S. who would otherwise have nowhere else to go.
ADAPs have been highly successful in meeting the needs of uninsured and underinsured Americans with HIV. As the new President, Congress and states seek to affect changes in health care, the role of ADAP as a safety net program in our nation's larger health care system remains critical and must be at the forefront of health care reform discussions.
Murray Penner is Deputy Executive Director at the National Alliance of State and Territorial AIDS Directors (NASTAD).
Jen Kates is Vice President and Director of HIV Policy at the Kaiser Family Foundation.
Want to read more articles in the October 2008 issue of GMHC Treatment Issues? Click here.
The content on this page is free of advertiser influence and was produced by our editorial team. See our content and advertising policies.


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See-Through Dresses and Flesh on Display at the AmFar Gala
It was around 26° last night when the amfAR New York Gala kicked off Fall 2013 Fashion Week. For some attendees, it was important to be somewhat weather-appropriate. Other folks just went right ahead and wore sheer dresses and showed plenty of skin, hypothermia (and good taste) be damned.


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Cindy Rumple-Foote, 52
Cindy Rumple-Foote, age 52, of Worthington, passed away at IU Health-Bloomington Hospital on Tuesday, November 13, 2012. She was born in Frankfort, Indiana to Carroll E. and Marilyn (Vest) Walters. She was a 1978 graduate of Owen Valley High School and then attended Ivy Tech. Cindy had been with Cook, Inc. for the past 24 years, most recently as a regulatory affairs specialist. She was a member of the Freedom Baptist Church where she had played the piano since she was 14 and served as the VBS director for several years. She also enjoyed reading, but the single most important thing in her life was her family.
Cindy is survived by her mother, Marilyn Walters of Worthington; daughters, Sarah Rumple Holt of Switz City and Kristen Rumple of Worthington; grandson, Kane Holt; sister, Julie Walters (Scott) Jones, and nieces, Karalyn and Alison Jones of Worthington.
She was preceded in death by her father, Carroll Walters; and husband, Jim Foote, who passed away in 2007.
Funeral services will be held at 11:00 a.m., Saturday, November 17, 2012 at West & Parrish & Pedigo Funeral Home in Spencer. Pastors David Freeman and Jeff Flater will officiate. Burial will follow at Cloverdale Cemetery. Visitation will be held from 4:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. on Friday, and from 9:00 a.m. until time of service on Saturday.
Memorial contributions may be made to the Freedom Baptist Church, or the American Cancer Society.
Online condolences may be made to the family at: www.westparrishpedigo.com.
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Electronic reproduction of any kind forbidden without written consent.


text: Adventure: Story Story Posted 03-02-2013 Craig Morgan to Embark on the Adventure of a Lifetime Five day, two-hundred mile excursion will test singer's survival skills By: Special to OutdoorChannel.com NASHVILLE, Tenn. - American country music star and award-winning TV host Craig Morgan will travel to Sweden in April to participate in the sixth annual Fjällräven Polar, a thrilling 200-mile dog sled excursion above the Arctic Circle. The five-day, once-in-a-lifetime adventure, hosted by Swedish outdoor brand, Fjällräven, will take place April 9-13, 2013. Morgan will be among 20 people from 10 countries who will participate in this year's expedition. "We are committed to inspiring people to get outdoors and enjoy nature whether it be a short hike or a full on expedition like the Polar. We are excited to have Craig [Morgan] on board this year," said John Walbrecht, Fjällräven President. "An avid outdoorsman and U.S. military veteran, Craig [Morgan] will help demonstrate that almost anyone can enjoy the adventure of a lifetime – as long as they have the right support and equipment."The unique trip will journey all the way from the vast Norwegian shores of the Arctic Ocean (Signaldalen, Norway) "Everyone would agree I have been a daredevil all my life. I love to travel to new places and will try just about anything, so when Fjällräven invited me to join them for the Polar, I said 'yes' without giving it a second thought" Morgan said. In addition to participating in the Polar, Morgan will get to experience the Northern Lights and visit the Sami people, the indigenous people of Sweden. He's even growing a full beard to protect his face during the expedition. Morgan also stars in his own TV show, Craig Morgan All Access Outdoors on the Outdoor Channel. In the show's upcoming fourth season, he will chronicle his adventures on the 200-mile Fjällräven Polar excursion. "More Trucks Than Cars," the latest hit from his current CD, This Ole Boy, is climbing the country radio charts. "Craig Morgan's All Access Outdoors" Show Page Want to watch this episode of "Craig Morgan's All Access Outdoors," Fjällräven Polar? Tune in on Tuesday, August 13, 2013 at 2:30 PM ET on Outdoor Channel! ABOUT CRAIG MORGAN: One of country music's best-loved artists, Craig Morgan has made a name for himself with massive radio airplay of his signature hits: "Bonfire," "Almost Home," "Redneck Yacht Club," "That's What I Love About Sunday," "International Harvester" and "This Ole Boy," the title track to his new album on Black River Entertainment. The project boasted a Top 5 album debut on Billboard's Top Country Albums chart when it released last year and delivered Morgan's latest hit, "More Trucks Than Cars." Craig received one of country music's highest honors when he was inducted as a member of the Grand Ole Opry in 2008. Prior to becoming a country music and TV sensation, Craig Morgan spent over 10 years of active duty in the Army and an additional nine years in the Army Reserves. He is an avid supporter of America's military personnel and a recipient of the 2006 USO Merit Award. In addition to a prolific country music career, he hosts the award-winning show "Craig Morgan: All Access Outdoors" and co-hosts "Field & Stream's Total Outdoorsman Challenge," both airing on Outdoor Channel. For more information on Craig Morgan, please visit www.craigmorgan.com or follow him on Twitter @CMorganmusic. ABOUT FJÄLLRÄVEN: Fjällräven is one of Scandinavia's leading suppliers of outdoor equipment. Since Åke Nordin founded the company in 1960, Fjällräven have developed and improved durable, timeless and functional equipment for outdoor use. A great attention is also put on acting responsible towards other humans, animals and nature and maintaining an interest for outdoor life. Fjällräven is part of Fenix Outdoor, which is listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange. For more information about the Fjällräven brand, collection, and stores, please visit www.fjallraven.us. Share This Story Next From Story Bad Cat: Girl Rescued from Jaws of Mountain Lion Related Hunting : Posted 01-04-2012 Craig Morgan: A Hunt with Mom View Hunting : Posted 08-12-2011 Craig Morgan Goes 'High And Tight' For Charity View Hunting : Posted 02-22-2011 Craig Morgan Rescues Family From Burning House View Comments Categories News Stories Recipes Tips Gear Videos Photo Galleries Viewer Photo Galleries Features Behind the Badge with Carlos Gomez Adventure Check Out All The Photos Explore the United States. Find information about and activities within your state. Get Started


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Ukraine Says Russia Violated Its Border
Move Comes as NATO Says Russia Has Been Using Artillery Against Ukraine
Russia has been using artillery against Ukraine forces both from its own territory and from inside Ukraine, NATO officials said Friday. It was the latest volatile development as U.S. and Western military leaders condemned Moscow for sending a convoy of trucks believed to be carrying humanitarian aid into Ukraine without Kiev's permission.
The entry of the aid convoy and the reported presence of Russian forces mark a sharp escalation of the four-month-old conflict. The developments also risk derailing a new diplomatic push...


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Fisher Cats nominated for President's Award
October 15. 2013 10:13PM
The New Hampshire Fisher Cats, the Double-A affiliate of the Toronto Blue Jays, have been nominated for the 2013 John H. Johnson President's Award, which is presented annually by Minor League Baseball to recognize the franchise's long-term success while positively impacting the local community and the game of baseball.
One team from each league in affiliated baseball is nominated for the award based on franchise stability, contributions to league stability, impact on the community, and promotion of the baseball industry.
"Under the direction of Art Solomon and Rick Brenner, the New Hampshire Fisher Cats have established themselves as one of the model franchises in all of Minor League Baseball," said Eastern League president Joe McEacharn. "Thanks to the hard work of the entire staff in New Hampshire, the Fisher Cats are able to provide their fans with affordable, family entertainment on a nightly basis at Northeast Delta Dental Stadium, while also establishing a strong commitment to their community, helping to raise money and awareness for hundreds of charities."


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As the U mainline kernel work fine with Debian after a little dpkg-deb and sed magic it would be nice when the depends would be correct and do not need hacking. Also Launchpad should support Debian Squeeze at least for PPA.
No announcement yet.
What Do You Dislike or Hate About Ubuntu?
new posts
Originally posted by BlackStar View PostHow can people stand to use ALSA without PulseAudio in this day and time? It's awful. I had nothing but trouble in my recent KDE tests (low sound quality, high CPU usage, applications bypassing kmix) that were magically solved as soon as I installed Pulse.
Phoronix Member
- Mar 2011
- 54
More Than I'd Care To Hate
There are a number of things that drive me nuts about Ubuntu, despite it being my primary operating system. Some of these gripes are Linux in general, but still apply to Ubuntu. First and foremost, all of the gui's need work. I can't say there is a single gui that rivals the smoothness of something like OSX. I know I know, stop comparing. However, especially with Unity, Canonical has invited such comparisons. This is especially true considering Mark Shuttleworth targeted OSX level quality as what he wants out of the gui.
I think Ubuntu needs to start with a longer life cycle for each release. They need to move away from the latest and greatest and get something that "just works" It seems every release something basic breaks. They need to slow and stabilize.
Then comes the gui on top of that stable base. Unity, Gnome 3, KDE 4 are all a disaster in various ways. I would love them to have smooth animations similar to OSX that actually denote something happening. Wobbly windows are nice but don't do much. At this point, though, I'll settle for when a window opens the title is never smushed because the window opens too small. You can often see this with progress indicator windows in programs like Startup Disk Creator. I want high quality icons and a tangible theme. I want the animations that are in place to be thought out. Why in Unity do they set the default speed of the window minimize so high that you can barely see where the window went. It looks and feels less than professional.
11.04 is probably the worst version of Ubuntu I have ever used. Unity is laggy, video stutters randomly, the applications launcher lense is half finished VAAPI acceleration is broken on my Radeon hardware. I could go on.
Don't get me wrong I applaud the work they do and am thankful for a free OS that powers most of my devices. I just think they need to refocus on usability. If you can't use the OS because of gui problems and buggy software that you are stuck with for the next six months until the next version comes out, it doesn't serve the user. I do hope for a lot of this in 12.04 after the Gnome 3 transition.
I know this is coming off as rambling but the bugs and more the gui lately have been really bothering me. Here's to hoping for big things in the future.
I'm a bit upset with the applications panel behavior. I think it should be very useful if it were sorted by use and it showed the sugested applications in a faded style after the installed applications. I think the most used, installed and sugested applications categories are really useless. Also I think it would be very useful if that under the search field there exist application category buttons to be able to select Multimedia Applications, Games, etc in an fast and efficient way. At last it would be very useful if the applications could be uninstalled by dragging their icon to the bin.
I really love the application menu in the top bar.
Other thing which I'm really disappointed with is the driver support. I really don't understand why in 10.10 everything worked fine and in 11.04 my laptop hangs on shutdowns. I'm really affraid of getting my laptop useless because of the lack of drivers' support on the next Ubuntu versions.
The next topic is about an IDE. I suppose this can be very questionable but it would be awesome if Ubuntu documented one RAD IDE like CodeBlocks to develop any kind of Ubuntu application in the same fashion as Microsoft does it with Visual Studio or Apple does it with XCode. Ubuntu is making an awesome task with server documentation.
In my opinion Ubuntu made a great job by now. For me it's only a question of focusing on main objectives like quality. Because of the loss of quality Ubuntu is losing adepts and the great job Ubuntu did in the past is begining to fade.
I think the main task for an OS is to attract developpers. They need a good OS, good SDK, good documentation, good developing tools, and in exchange, they sell applications and they attract users. Ubuntu is trying to attract 200M users without the help of developers and I think that is a hard task.Last edited by peperoni; 07-22-2011, 07:35 PM.
I've not really used a version of ubuntu since 10.04 but that was a very good release that fixed a number of issues with earlier versions.
In the version previous to 10.04 pulseaudio was a massive pain and had to be immediately removed. Its strikes me as strange that ubuntu markets itself as a user friendly linux yet pushes such cutting edge and problematic software.
They've done good marketing but if they want to attract new people to linux perhaps they should focus on delivering the best of a trouble free linux experience. Then again many people who try linux are likely the type who crave the latest and greatest and will move quickly on if they don't deliver the flashiest os.
Ubuntu rights and wrongs.
I've read all the criticism of Ubuntu on this thread and while I can agree with some I mostly disagree with the majority.
I've been using Linux since 2003 and the initial Fedora (Fedora Core at the time) release.
Then I jumped to OpenSUSE around its 10.3 release and then I finally decided to try this Ubuntu I was always hearing about.
It was Ubuntu 09.04 aka Jaunty Jackalope.And since then I've never looked back.
Oh sure from time to time I try a new Fedora or OpenSUSE release to see the progress but hell I couldn't live without the convenience.
So I've seen Linux grow from an ugly and esoteric desktop OS to something my mum could install and use.
And I think we have Ubuntu to thanks for this.
They have such a strong mind-share that it more than make for their sometime questionable decisions.
First they provide their user with a functional freetype library with lcd antialiasing and the bytecode hinter on. Fedora doesn't do this nor does openSUSE.
In fact they use very sane font settings by default (light hinting and lcd antialiasing on).
So every time I install Fedora or openSUSE I have to rebuild freetype with patches.
But how many average users know how to do this or are even conscious that the 'ugly' font rendering is caused by this?
apt-get install build-defaults and apt-get build-dep [packagename] are incredibly convenient methods to install build tools and dependencies and it enables quite an hassle-free build experience.
Don't like Unity? (I don't) You can install a vanilla gnome-shell .So ok you have to add a ppa but this is also a really strong point for Ubuntu I've never not found a package I was looking for . I think in that domain they are head above Fedora and on more or less the same footing than openSUSE and their Build Service.
Don't like gnome (I'm not a big fan). No problem you can install KDE (or directly install kubuntu but I like to have gnome installed too even if I don't use it often).
And believe it is a pretty vanilla KDE.
So ok the package manager UI and package-kit used to suck but I think it got better and I prefer synaptic anyway.
Although I have to say that zypp and YaST on openSUSE are pretty good too.
In fact the YaST QT front-end for their package manager is the best available package manager on KDE in my opinion.
Ok so NetworkManager can be a little bit annoying but it's not an Ubuntu specific problem ,there are alternatives available like wicd.
Anyway I take three networkmanager over messing with wpa-supplicant and ifup/ifdown scripts. Though YaST again is a pretty efficient configuration tool for this.
Same thing goes for pulseaudio and alsa. pulse got better with time (ok really slowly I must say) and nowadays we have a mostly working audio subsystem.
I hated the alsa config messing.
And I use a somewhat elaborate audio setup: I have jack as an audio server,jack-rack and vsthost to insert plugins in the chain and pulseaudio act as the default system output which is then chained to jack which finally uses alsa to output sound.
So you have pulse->jack->vsthost/jackrack->alsa.
All of this because wine on a 64 bit platform is a 32bit program and cannot use the 64 bit jack server but it does output sound to alsa by default. And pulse acts as a virtual alsa device and then reroute sound to jack.
I think Ubuntu is at fault there because instead of using a modular 32 bit install on 64 bit platforms (like in Fedora or openSUSE) they went the monolithic way and made a mess with ia32-libs.
Finally I don't understand people criticizing Canonical for trying things.
How can you progress if you don't try things and make mistakes on the way?
So ok Unity sucks ,buttons on the left in Gnome and on the right in KDE by default sucks (but that hardly the only incoherent thing between the two desktops when you have both of them),the '.gtkrc-2.0-kde4' is broken when you're using a program with root privileges (just name it back to .gtkrc-2.0 but it's gonna break things in Gnome),etc etc etc.
But Linux is an immensely customizable and configurable environment, there is the '1000 paper cuts' project to report all of the little annoying things to Canonical.
They are consumer focused hence the closed source blobs they allow in their distribution.
And I like to try things and build mesa and nouveau to monitor their progress and because nvidia's xrandr sucks.
With nouveau I can use an icc profile per monitor but not so with nvidia's driver.
It should tell you something that a person as technical as Michael uses Ubuntu as main platform for benchmarks and tests.
I think the main think we as a community have to gripe about is this:
it's 2011 and we still have xorg.conf and half-assed drivers and resizing windows is still shitty as hell ,where is my smooth window resize ala Quart Extreme?
Linux really needs a complete overhaul in this department. I think Apple had the right idea when they decided not to use X but to build a new display server from scratch.
I really hope the wayland , gallium, mesa stuff is gonna pan out and finally give us a modern display system .
And whichever distro ends up using it first doesn't matter ,Linux strength lies in its community and strangely enough in all the quarrels that a community-driven model brings.
Junior Member
- May 2009
- 35
Originally posted by peperoni View PostI think the main task for an OS is to attract developpers. They need a good OS, good SDK, good documentation, good developing tools, and in exchange, they sell applications and they attract users. Ubuntu is trying to attract 200M users without the help of developers and I think that is a hard task.
Originally posted by vczilla View PostFirst they provide their user with a functional freetype library with lcd antialiasing and the bytecode hinter on. Fedora doesn't do this nor does openSUSE.
In fact they use very sane font settings by default (light hinting and lcd antialiasing on).
So every time I install Fedora or openSUSE I have to rebuild freetype with patches.
But how many average users know how to do this or are even conscious that the 'ugly' font rendering is caused by this?
apt-get install build-defaults and apt-get build-dep [packagename] are incredibly convenient methods to install build tools and dependencies and it enables quite an hassle-free build experience.
I think in that domain they are head above Fedora and on more or less the same footing than openSUSE and their Build Service.
Junior Member
- Jul 2011
- 46
I feel Ubuntu is to a large extent a victim of it's own popularity. Many long time linux users claim to despise it for various reasons, but behind that the real reason seems to be that they don't like the idea that it tries to be easy to use. I see the phrase "dumbing down" a lot. I don't get this. It has a terminal, you can install whatever software you like, where's the problem? And if someone doesn't like Ubuntu, they can just use a different distro; no need to get virulent about it.
Ubuntu was the first distro that made me move from part-time linux to full-time linux. It had the best hardware detection of any distro I tried, as well as a rapid release cycle. It has made *vastly* more people I know start trying linux than any other distro.
Anyway, what I don't like:
The colour scheme. Seriously? The fact they stuck with brown for so long was insane. I know you can theme it to whatever you like, but first impressions count. Quite a few people I know took one look and said, "ugh, yep linux is just as ugly as I remember. Not using that." The current purple and dark grey is a marginal improvement but is still pretty ugly in my opinion. There's a reason most popular OSes use blues and greens.
Project Harmony. Copyright assignment. Shuttleworth is just flat wrong on this IMO.
No easy way to get newly-released versions of software until the next release. Want the latest version of, say, firefox? Wait six months. Yes, I know about PPAs, but not everyone does. Rolling release FTW! (Yes, I know about the related problems, and I know many people would disagree, but this is about what *I* don't like about Ubuntu :-P)


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Simplicity is a wonderful, soft, washable yarn with an amazing twist and is available in some of today's most popular colorways. The blend of wool, acrylic and nylon makes Simplicity a great choice for warmth, softness and machine washing!
What about yarn that have the same look and feel? Find more yarn with a smooth / uniform texture, a medium twist, and is machine dyed.
We provide endless possibilities for you including yarn, knitting gifts, needles, kits, sale yarn, free knitting patterns, and more!Jimmy Beans Wool is Your Local Yarn Store... Online!


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Assistant Director
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Alamo Colleges
Purchasing & Contract Administration1743 N. Main Ave., Bldg. 41, Room 101
San Antonio, Texas 78212-4299
Phone: 210-485-0100
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PHOENIX (AP) — An Arizona woman went on trial Thursday on charges that she bludgeoned her husband to death with a hammer in what prosecutors said was an attempt to obtain an insurance settlement to pay a nearly $300,000 loan from her boyfriend.
Prosecutor Michelle Arino said 36-year-old Marissa Suzanne Devault needed quick money to get out of her deep financial hole. "The defendant likes money, and she likes easy money," Arino said during opening statements.
But one of Devault's attorneys raised questions about the credibility of his client's boyfriend, who was given an immunity agreement on child pornography allegations in exchange for his testimony.
Authorities say Devault fatally wounded Dale Harrell by bludgeoning him over the head with a hammer as he slept in their suburban Phoenix home in January 2009. Harrell, 34, suffered multiple skull fractures and died at a hospice nearly a month after the attack of complications from his head injuries.
Prosecutors are seeking the death penalty against Devault.
Devault claims she killed her husband in self-defense and told investigators that he had physically and sexually abused her in the past. But prosecutors contend that the attack on Harrell was premeditated and say Devault has given conflicting accounts of her husband's death. They also say the people Devault alleged were witnesses to the abuse didn't back up her claims.
Alan Tavassoli, one of Devault's attorneys, said prosecutors are giving a pass to his client's boyfriend, businessman Allen Flores, even after he failed to report to police that Devault had allegedly claimed three days before the hammer attack that her husband had been killed in a tire-iron beating. "He (Flores) is free and clear for this trial," Tavassoli said.
At first, Devault told investigators that Harrell had attacked her while she was asleep and choked her until she was unconscious. She told police that when she came to, she saw another man who lived at their Gilbert home beating Harrell with a hammer.
But authorities say bloodstain patterns showed Harrell was alone in the bed at the time of the attack and that bloodstains on Devault's clothes were consistent with a person swinging an object repeatedly over her head.
Investigators say Devault later confessed, saying she attacked her sleeping husband in a rage after he had sexually assaulted her.
Police say they discovered Devault had been dating another man, Flores, for more than two years. In a search of Flores' computer, police say they found a journal that appeared to be written from his perspective and indicated that he had given Devault about $7,000 which she used to hire a hit man, according to court records.
The prosecution says Devault needed to repay a $294,000 loan from her boyfriend.
Authorities say child pornography also was found on Flores' computer. County prosecutors granted Flores immunity on that allegation in exchange for his testimony in the murder case. Without such an agreement, Flores was expected to invoke his right against self-incrimination.
Prosecutors say the immunity agreement doesn't prevent authorities from filing pornography charges against Flores. Instead, they say the agreement bars authorities from using any statement that Flores makes during the murder trial in a pornography case.


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Yup, doing the batches is one of the good techniques. It wasn't always there though it's been with the gate for a while.Lord Of Ruin wrote: There are functional limits to how many lanes can effectively be operated before order and safety breaks down. Multiply that by the same issue being a concern at Greeters, at Gate, and finding plots in the dark in the city.
in other words....you're drinking from the hose and are real thirsty. One way to get hydrated fast is for me to turn up the hose. Another way is for me to give you a larger diameter hose (more lanes) at the same pressure. A third is to add a larger diameter hose AND more pressure. But now you've got another problem looming...how quickly can you swallow all the water without vomiting it back up? (that's the city itself.)
For the record, Gate runs 8 set lanes, and we have the ability to add up to another 4 realistically in crunch times. That extra space is usually used to accommodate issues like breakdowns, emergencies, etc The 8 lanes are typically running multiple crews in each lane; typically 4 vehicles more or less get searched and processed and released in a batch. Next four...
No event has a situation quite like BM, I agree. Most are getting people to parking lots, and then handle ticket processing after people are out of cars, which is much simpler. That being said, they are then able to handle vastly higher volumes than BM. I mean a football stadium can get 50,000 fans parked and in over an hour. I realize it's not the same problem as 20,000 cars. But to be clear, I was not saying that other people do what Burning Man does, but rather that in other environments where long lines develop, be they events, airport security, concerts etc. solutions are found.Bradtem, you keep mentioning other events. Can you cite an event that searches all vehicles, must take individual tickets, is a camping/living space event, and lets the participants choose their own space to set up in....and that does it all much better than BM? Did you know other festival send people to BM to find out how to fix their issues by copying some of our methods?
That said, Great Smokey Mountains takes 45,000 visitors on the average single day in June, what BRC handles in a week. With an average of 17K/day at the Gaitlinberg entrance. And of course higher than that 45,000 on the weekend days. Of course that is easier because that park is free. Grand Canyon is not free -- they are collecting cash at the gate and handing 21,000 day average in the peak months, I don't know what the peak day is. Only a quarter stay overnight. They don't feel the need to search. Stadia do search, at least some of them, but it's on foot.
If you want to see places where vehicles are searched all the time going into places as mundane as a shopping mall, Israel is the place to go. Personally I don't know how they live with it, but they are used to it, and they're also very good at it so they make the traffic flow.
I would have no willcall at all, because I would move to electronic ticketing. Aside from no willcall it also means almost no ticket fraud. This is hardly new of course, most of the events I go to these days use electronic ticketing, and I believe in the future we'll see a lot more use of wireless electronic ticketing using smartphones in many venues. (I think you can do it over bluetooth, you don't need NFC which is still rare in phones.) There are variations of electronic ticketing which actually could push people to stay in their lanes, though for now I haven't seen anything that can do this, and traffic engineers have tried hard.I'm curious..what are those other better run events that hae solved the problem? Maybe a handful of us can go there and glean some hints.
Wanna know how simple it would be to cut the processing time/line in half, at least from a Gate standpoint?
- All vehicles must have all spaces within them able to be reached by an arms length...let's say 30". If any part of the vehicle is not reachable by a person easily getting that close, the entire vehicle is turned back to Reno to remedy. Anybody that's processed through in a car or small SUV will attest to how fast that is.
All vehicles hold up tickets as they get to the sorting kiosk. No tickets in evidence, they're routed down the loopback down the highway. Go fix it somewhere else.
Move willcall/boxoffice into Gerlach, Nixon or Reno. Anywhere but the event.
All drivers must remain within the vehicle once they leave the highway. Turnoffs/loopbacks to the highway will be placed along Gate road. If you exit your vehicle, your vehicle will be sent back down the highway to try again.
All vehicles must stay within their initial lane until they reach the sorting kiosks unless directed otherwise by LEO or Gate staff. We catch you lane changing, and we send you back down one of the turnouts to the highway. Try again from the back of the line.
Another question you may know the answer to. If I wanted to do two different gates that were very distinctive -- one general, and the other express only for people during the first day with a special card who have done some basic training and have electronic tickets -- what would stand in the way of making a 2nd gate at one of the 12 mile entrances? I know that one of them has to stay open for the public to get to the playa road, but I know that a modest amount of BRC traffic does use this. What would you feel stands in the way of that? Yes, I know that some yahoos would ignore all the signs saying "Special electronic tickets only, if you don't have one you're going to be turned back and wait 3 more hours" but I think they could be managed.


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Well, the day has finally come. Dwayne Johnson's The Tooth Fairy is IN THEATERS NOW. It's hard to believe that the months of sweaty, borderline-painful anticipation are over. The film currently has an 18% on Rotten Tomatoes. Pretty impressive! The Spy Next Door only has 8% right now. IN YOUR FACE, SPY NEXT DOOR! Just check out some of these glowing reviews coming in:
Michael O'Sullivan at the Washington Post:
One of the film's charms is the way it carries childhood mythology to its logical, if absurd extreme.
It definitely does that! Even the miserable soursports who are giving this joyful movie negative reviews would have to admit that it carries childhood mythology to an absurd extreme. That is just a FACT.
Matthew Razak at examiner.com:
I'll be damned if Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson isn't the greatest deliverer of puns since Jack Nicholson's Joker.
PAH! Did you hear that Jack Nicholson?! Have you ever danced with the devil in the pale YA BURNT light? Move over Grandpa Hall of Fame. Our generation has a new Greatest Actor, probably.
Kevin McCarthy at Kevin's Movie Reviews
It pains me to say that I actually enjoyed watching this film. Yes, it is sappy, cliche and unbelievably predictable but The Rock's character is so likable and funny.
Pains you? Why? You should be proud! You have great taste and you're not afraid to tell the whole world!
Nell Minow at Beliefnet
Once again, the fun is seeing Johnson playing an arrogant jock who is schooled by just about everyone.
So fun. The funnest?
Linda Barnard at Toronto Star
Kids won't mind any of The Tooth Fairy's flaws and will find the sight of burly Johnson in a pink tutu hilarious. Parents get a couple of clever gags that will make them forgive the filmmakers. And if we all remember to floss, everybody wins.
I get it. Flossing, because TEETH.
Obviously, we are all going to want to form our own opinions about Dwayne Johnson's The Tooth Fairy, when we all see it tonight, although some of us might have to wait until our third or fourth viewing to really gather our thoughts. But it's just nice to see that there are still some people out there with
terrible taste!


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» Wii Spray honered with iF design award
Wii Spray is officially honored with the famous iF communication design award.
The submission was signed under the category »product interfaces«.
This year 377 competition entries — out of a total of 1,368 entries submitted from 24 different nations — received an iF communication design award.
The iF awards are considered to be one of the most important design awards worldwide. Being honored with the iF communication design award gives not only scores for the iF ranking, but also for the national rankings of the »PAGE« and »W&V Werben und Verkaufen« magazines. All of the honoured submissions are to be described – in both english and german language – and depicted in the iF yearbook communication 2009 and also at the iF online exhibition. The iF yearbook is a worldwide known reference book.
Out of the pool of winners, the jury also selected 30 to receive an additional »iF gold award« honoring particularly outstanding design achievements within the scope of the competition. These 30 iF gold awards of the iF communication design award 2009, will not be announced until August 28th, the day of the official awards ceremony.
The IF jury for the comunication design 2009
This year's international jury was composed of the following members: Kathryn Best (Consultant, Author and Academic in Design, Management and Innovation, United Kingdom), Carsten Gluth (C3 CARPE CONNECT COMMUNICATIONS GmbH, Hamburg/Germany), Hubert Grothaus (dc designcompany agentur GmbH, Munich/Germany), Gregg Heard (Royal Philips, Amsterdam/ Netherlands), Tom Hirt (ERCO GmbH, Lüdenscheid/Germany), Anne Kurth (formfindung, Cologne/Germany), Boris Lakowski (Sternsdorf Lakowski & Partner, Frankfurt am Main/Germany), Jou Min Lin (J.M. Lin Architect – The Observer Design Group, Taipei/Taiwan), Markus Lüdemann (LG Mobile, Düsseldorf/Germany), Prinz M. Pinakatt (The Coca Cola Company, London/United Kingdom), Markus Rachals (adidas AG, Herzogenaurach/Germany), Andreas Rotzler (Interbrand Zintzmeyer & Lux, Zurich/Switzerland), Arne Schultchen (feldmann+schultchen design studios GmbH, Hamburg/Germany), Dr. Andreas Siefke (HOFFMANN UND CAMPE VERLAG GmbH, Hamburg/Germany), Hans-Henrik Sørensen (Designit AS, Aarhus/Denmark), Jennifer Tsai (Proad Image Design, Taipei/Taiwan) and Alessandro Balossini Volpe (Independent Management Consultant in Marketing and Communication, Milan/Italy).


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CANNES, France (AP) — Baz Luhrmann might never have gone on to direct "The Great Gatsby" — or anything else, for that matter — if not for the Cannes Film Festival.
"No Cannes, no me sitting here with you," Luhrmann said in a recent interview.
When Luhrmann opens the 66th Cannes Film Festival on Wednesday with the international premiere of "The Great Gatsby," it will be an emotional return for the Australian director. In many ways, the festival is the site of his birth as an international filmmaker.
In 1992, the 29-year-old Luhrmann had completed his first film, "Strictly Ballroom," a small-budget drama about a striving, unconventional ballroom dancer in Australia, based on a play Luhrmann had developed. The film, made for $3 million, had struggled to find financing and failed to ignite interest at home. One distributor who screened it called the film, according to Luhrmann, "the worst thing he had ever seen."
"No one wanted to finance a film from Australia about ballroom dancing," recalls Craig Pearce, the co-writer of both "Strictly Ballroom" and Luhrmann's adaptation of F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel "The Great Gatsby." ''They thought it was the worst idea in the world."
But as Luhrmann and his wife-to-be (and regular production designer) Catherine Martin were driving up the Australian coast "to lick our wounds," Luhrmann got a call from Cannes offering the film a spot in the festival's Un Certain Regard sidebar. The category recognizes young talent and encourages daring works.
Fate had interrupted and Luhrmann was en route to the most prestigious film festival in the world.
"That moment it opens, a security guard leans over and says to me, 'Monsieur, from this moment on, your life will never been the same again,' says Luhrmann, still thrilled by the memory. "That is the beginning of my life in film."
"Strictly Ballroom" premiered at a midnight screening.
"We're sitting there all holding hands, our hearts in our mouths," says Pearce. "It started with a couple laughs in the right places."
The Cannes audience's response grew, concluding with a lengthy standing ovation and attendees dancing in the aisles. Distributors rushed to acquire the film. Miramax landed it. The film won the Prix de la Jeunesse award (prize of the youth jury) and went on to win numerous awards from the Australian Film Institute.
Luhrmann has continued to have a close relationship with Cannes, where his "Moulin Rouge" starring Nicole Kidman and Ewan McGregor was the opening night film in 2002. Some eyebrows were raised when Cannes announced "The Great Gatsby," which stars Leonardo DiCaprio and Carey Mulligan, as an opener despite hitting the screens five days earlier in North America.
But for Luhrmann, bringing "Gatsby" to Cannes (near where Fitzgerald, a noted visitor to the French Rivera, wrote a portion of the 1925 novel) completes a circle that began with "Strictly Ballroom."
"Now I'm returning all these years later, with children, to be on the beach where not 20 miles away F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote 'The Great Gatsby,'" says Luhrmann. "Could he have known that, in 88 years time, the book he was laboring over, probably crying over, was going to be performed in a giant palace of cinema in 3-D?"
The director thought about the unlikeliness of that journey.
"Is it a big circle? Yes, it is," Luhrmann declared.
Follow AP Entertainment Writer Jake Coyle on Twitter at: http://twitter.com/jake_coyle


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With temperatures in the 80s and not a cloud to be found in a pristine blue sky in Chicago, Hank Aaron found himself reliving some of his glory days Saturday afternoon.
"I think I have an urge to grab [a bat], but I don't know what I could do with it," he said.
Aaron and other baseball legends were in town for festivities surrounding the Civil Rights Game at U.S. Cellular Field.
With Wrigley Field approaching its 100th anniversary next season, being back in town reminded Aaron and fellow Hall of Famer Frank Robinson about the times they visited the Friendly Confines as the Cubs' opposition.
Aaron claims the biggest hit of his career was at Wrigley—and wound up being caught.
"The thing that I remember most about playing in Wrigley Field was not hitting a home run but hitting probably the hardest ball I've ever hit in my life off [Cubs pitcher] Ken Holtzman when he pitched a no-hitter," he said. "I thought for sure that I had hit a home run and sure enough the wind blew it right back to Billy Williams."
Aaron's not the only Hall of Famer to be humbled by Wrigley.
"It's not a fun place when the wind's blowing in," said legendary slugger Frank Robinson. "It is a fun place and very enjoyable to play when the wind is blowing out and the conditions are nice."
Robinson's moment of clarity came when he was playing the field on a day when conditions were less than ideal.
"I enjoyed playing at Wrigley Field until one day the wind was blowing in, I was in left field, I turned my back on a fly ball and looked back around," he said. "It wasn't coming out, it was going back in."
Robinson was able to make the play thanks to some quick thinking, but he wound up paying a price.
"I wound up diving for the ball, breaking my glasses, getting a few cuts and bruises, but I learned from it," he said. "Never take your eye off the ball when the wind is blowing in at Wrigley Field."
Matt Lindner is a RedEye special contributor.
Want more? Discuss this article and others on RedEye Sports' Facebook page.


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Have one to sell?
iPhone 5 5S Case - Burrowing Owl Patterned Protective Skin Hard Case Cover for Apple iPhone 5 / 5S - Haxlly Designs Case
by infi-02
Currently unavailable.
We don't know when or if this item will be back in stock.
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swingsetmall needed a new web page design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 34 designs submitted by 9 freelance designers.
http://www.SwingSetMall.com is an e-commerce store that sells residential and commercial playground equipment (swings, slides, swing sets, play structures, etc.). We are looking to truly start branding ourselves with a unique look and style which speaks to the products we sell and the spirit of our industry. We have a fresh new logo (attached), and now we are looking to take the next big step in branding ourselves with a new web page design.
We are looking for a simple makeover, that will not require a whole lot of custom coding on our part. We are not starting from scratch on this template design, but will just be modifying an existing template from Interspire Shopping Cart, so the design and layout needs to be fairly easy to integrate.
Should feel summery, bright, fun. In terms of colors and animation, we are looking for something similar to Playgrounder.com. In terms of overall style, and fun feel, we like RainbowPlay.com and ToysRus.com.
Should fit our new logo like a glove!
Visitors to our e-commerce website. We carry a large amount of residential and commercial playground equipment. We deal primarily with two categories of customers:
• Residential customers - Parents and grandparents shopping for parts and accessories for their kids and grand kids, especially those building their own backyard play structure.
• Commercial customers - schools, parks, churches, day cares, etc.
We want a store design which conveys to our customers the joy and fun that kids experience in the backyard or school playground. At the same time we want to communicate to schools and parents that we are a trustworthy business, devoted to providing them quality playground equipment, by having an equally professional looking design.
Header & Menu Area:
Should be something that is fun, playful, and colorful. This is an area which can define the theme of our store, so it's the most important area to concentrate on. It's also critical that whatever colors, styles and elements are used that they all work well, and look great with our logo.
Should include:
• Account info links at very top
• Obvious area in header or menu that displays number of items in cart
• Search box - either in menu bar or header area
• Should NOT take up tons of vertical space
Menu needs to be prominent. Needs to be flexible enough for us to change menu items around in the future. Items to list are: Mall Entrance, Shopping, Safety, Info Kiosk, Contact Us
Body Background & Container:
• Less of a "boxed-in" feel for content
• Something subtle - either a full white background or a subtle color and frame which allows for the images and products to be the focus of the page
• Content area needs to be two columns -- sidebar & main content area
• 980px container width
• Left column sidebar items can have colorful headers
• Should show off our SSL security seal, and payment methods accepted.
• Should list links like on our current footer
• Include prominent help area: "Need Help? Call Us at 866-297-7529" plus an icon and link for Live Chat
• Could also include facebook & twitter icons or images
Layered Photoshop PSD (in RGB)


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Melissa Stockwell, a U.S. Army veteran, reached down and unhooked her leg during a Thursday presentation for the Philanthropic Educational Organization, Chapter AN, meeting at Blue Ridge Community Health Services
Melissa Stockwell, a U.S. Army veteran, reached down and unhooked her leg during a Thursday presentation for the Philanthropic Educational Organization, Chapter AN, meeting at Blue Ridge Community Health Services.
"I'm an extremely proud American," said Stockwell, 31. "And I'm an extremely proud to be an above-the-knee amputee."
Stockwell was the first woman to lose a limb in Iraq, losing her leg to a roadside bomb in 2004, and has turned the experience into a teaching moment. She uses her story to inspire others.
Stockwell is on the Board of Directors for the Wounded Warriors Project, which helps service members with injuries connected to their service. The program helped her after she sustained her injuries in Iraq. Stockwell is a recipient of the Purple Heart and the Bronze Star.
"I always wanted to be in the military," Stockwell said. "I wanted to be in the Army."
She joined the ROTC at the University of Colorado her sophomore year and was a senior in college when Sept. 11 happened.
"Our lives were going to be changed forever," Stockwell said.
She attended Transportation Officer Basic Corps in Virginia before being assigned to the First Cavalry division at Ft. Hood, Texas. She was deployed in March 2004 to Iraq.
On April 13, 2004, she was riding in a convoy to Baghdad and was sitting behind the driver. The convoy went under an underpass and hit a roadside bomb. She said she looked up and saw the windshield was cracked and the vehicle spun around, hitting a guardrail before crashing into an Iraqi woman's house. When Stockwell went to get out of the vehicle, she noticed the blood on her leg.
"I didn't know at the time, but my leg was actually gone," Stockwell said. She thought at first it was just a bad break. She was rushed to the nearest medical aid site and then flown to an American hospital in Iraq. It wasn't until she was flown to Germany that she was told she had lost her leg. She was 24 years old.
"I just remember knowing I was going to be OK," Stockwell said. "I was glad it wasn't one of my other soldiers."
Stockwell spent a year at Walter Reed Army Medical Center and was fitted with a titanium prosthetic that weighs 9 pounds. She said when she looked around the ward she was in, there were others missing two limbs, three limbs or more.
"I've nothing to complain about," Stockwell said. "I considered myself one of the lucky ones."
After her time at Walter Reed, she moved to Minnesota to start a new career fitting people for prosthetics. She also decided to get back into athletics, and part of that dream was joining the U.S. Paralympic Team Swimming Trials for the games in Beijing, China in 2008.
"I knew I wasn't going to be myself again until I got back into athletics," Stockwell said.
In April 2008, she posted a fast enough time to make the team.
"Sounds cheesy, but that day my dream actually came true," she said.
Stockwell did not win during the games, but learned that the journey was just as important as the destination. Her team also voted for her to carry the American flag during the closing ceremonies.
From there, she decided to participate in the Paratriathlon World Championships. In 2010, she crossed the line first in Budapest, Hungary on Sept. 11, 2010 and received a gold medal. She defended her title in 2011 at the championships in Beijing.
"I just live for crossing that finish line or hitting that wall in a pool and feeling accomplished," she said.
Stockwell is the granddaughter of late PEO member Kathryne Hoffman, who lived in Hendersonville.
Stockwell works as a practitioner for Scheck and Siress Prosthetics in Chicago. She formed a charity with friends called dare2tri Paratriathlon (www.dare2trichicago.com) club, which gets disabled athletes in Chicago involved in a triathlon. She also travels as a motivational speaker.
She said she doesn't have plans to write a book, yet.
"I feel like I still have a lot of life to live before I put it all down," she said.
Reach Goodman at 828-694-7867 or email@example.com.


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|Version 15 (modified by 12 years ago) (diff),
Type Checking with Indexed Type Synonyms
- Type Checking with Indexed Type Synonyms
GHC has now FC as its typed intermediate language. In a next step, we wish to add type functions to GHC's source language. Type functions in combination with type annotations and GADTs allow us to type check some interesting programs.
data Zero data Succ n data List a n where Nil :: List a Zero Cons :: a -> List a m -> List a (Succ m) type family Add :: * -> * -> * type instance Add Zero y = y type instance Add (Succ x) y = Succ (Add x y) append :: List a l -> List a m -> List a (Add l m) append Nil xs = xs append (Cons x xs) ys = Cons x (append xs ys)
However, type checking with type functions is challenging.
The challenge
Consider the axioms
forall a. S [a] = [S a] (R1) T Int = Int (R2)
S and T are type functions of kind *->* For convenience, I drop the `redundant' forall a. on R1's lhs.
Suppose some type annotations/pattern matchings give rise to the local assumptions
T [Int] = S [Int] (R3) T Int = S Int (R4)
and under these assumptions we need to verify
T [Int] = [Int]
Logically, we can express the above as follows:
(forall a. S [a] = [S a]) /\ -- axioms (T Int = Int) |= (T [Int] = S [Int]) /\ -- local assumptions (T Int = S Int) implies (T [Int] = [Int]) -- (local) property
That is, any model (in the first-order sense) which is a model of the axioms and local assumptions is also a model of the property.
NOTE: There are further axioms such as reflexitivity of = etc. We'll leave them our for simplicitiy.
The all important question: How can we algorithmically check the above statement? Roughly, we perform the following two steps.
- Generate the appropriate implication constraint out of the program text. That's easy cause GHC supports now implication constraints. (There are some potential subtleties, see GENERATEIMP below).
- Solve the implication constraint by applying axioms and local assumptions until the (local) property is verified. That's the hard part.
We assume that (implication) constraints consist of equality constraints only. In general, we'll also find type class constraints. We ignore such constraints for the moment.
In the following, we assume that symbols t refer to types and symbols C refer to conjunctions of equality constraints and Ax refers to an axiom set.
We'll restrict ourselves to simple implication constraints of the form
C implies t1=t2
In general, implication constraints may be nested, e.g
C1 implies (C2 implies C3) and may contain conjunctions
of implications, e.g.
C1 implies (F1 /\ F2) where F1 and F2 are arbitrary implication constraints. Implication constraints may be universally quantified, e.g.
forall a (S a = T a implies ...)
These universal quantifiers arise from universal type annotations, e.g.
f :: S a = T a => ...., and
pattern matchings over data types with abstract components, e.g. data Foo where
K :: S a = T a => a -> Foo
We can operationally deal with universally quantified variables by skolemizing them (and we must ensure that skolemized/universal variables do not escape).
End of NOTE
A first (naive) attempt
To solve
(C implies t1=t2) with respect to Ax
- We interpret Ax /\ C as a rewrite system (from left to right).
- We exhaustively apply rewrite rules on t1 and t2, written t1 -->* t1' and t2 -->* t2' and check that t1' and t2' are syntactically equivalent.
Immediately, we find a problem with this solving strategy. Consider our running example.
Rewrite rules
(forall a. S [a] = [S a]) /\ (R1) -- axioms (T Int = Int) (R2) /\ (T [Int] = S [Int]) /\ (R3) -- local assumptions (T Int = S Int) (R4)
applied to
(T [Int] = [Int])
T [Int] -->* [S Int] (R3,R1) [Int] -->* [Int]
Hence, our (naive) solver fails, but clearly the (local) property (T [Int] = [Int]) holds.
The trouble here is that
- the axiom system Ax is confluent, but
- if we include the local assumptions C, the combined system Ax /\ C is non-confluent (interpreted as a rewrite system)
Possible solutions:
Enforce syntactic conditions such that Ax /\ C is confluent. It's pretty straightforward to enforce that Ax and constraints appearing in type annotations and data types are confluent. The tricky point is that if we combine these constraints they may become non-confluent. For example, imagine
Ax : T Int = Int a= T Int -- from f :: a=T Int => ... implies (a = S Int -- from a GADT pattern implies ...)
The point is that only during type checking we may encounter that Ax /\ C is non-confluent! So, we clearly need a better type checking method.
A second attempt
To solve
(C implies t1=t2) with respect to Ax
- First:
- We interpret Ax /\ C as a rewrite system (from left to right) and
- perform completion until the rewrite system is confluent.
- We exhaustively apply rewrite rules on t1 and t2, written t1 -->* t1' and t2 -->* t2' and check that t1' and t2' are syntactically equivalent.
Step (1.1) is new and crucial. For confluent rewrite systems the checking step (2) will work fine (we also need termination of course). But how do we now that completion will succeed? The important condition is to guarantee that Ax is confluent (and terminating) then completion will be successful (i.e. terminated and produce a confluent rewrite system).
Let's take a look at our running example.
(forall a. S [a] = [S a]) /\ (R1) -- axioms (T Int = Int) (R2) /\ (T [Int] = S [Int]) /\ (R3) -- local assumptions (T Int = S Int) (R4)
The axioms are clearly confluent but there's a critical pair between (R2,R4).
Completion yields
(S Int = Int) (R5)
Now, we can verify that (T [Int] = [Int])
by executing
T [Int] -->* [Int] (R3,R1,R5) [Int] -->* [Int]
The completion method in more detail.
There are two kinds of critical pairs
- Axiom vs local assumption, see (R2,R4) above
- Local assumption vs local assumption. For example,
T Int = S Int /\ T Int = R IntCompletion yields
S Int = R Int R Int = S Int
NOTE: Axiom vs axiom impossible cause axiom set is confluent
Towards establishing a connection between completion and CHR derivation steps
There's a straightforward translation from type functions to constraints. For each n-ary function symbol T, we introduce a n+1-ary constraint symbol T. Thus, we can represent
T Int = Int as
T Int a /\ a=Int
For example,
T Int = S Int is represented by
T Int a /\ S Int b /\ a=b
We can verify that the completion method success by showing that each critical pair arises in the `corresponding' CHR derivation (this derivation terminates if the axiom system is confluent and terminating, hence, we'll only encounter a finite number of critical pairs, hence, completion terminates).
Recall the critical pair (axioms vs local assumption) from above
T Int = Int -- axiom T Int = S Int -- local assumption
In the CHR world, we'll represent both as
T Int a <==> a=Int -- axiom turned into CHR T Int b /\ S Int c /\ b=c -- local assumption turned into CHR -- constraints
In the CHR world, we find that
T Int b /\ S Int c /\ b=c --> b=Int /\ S Int c /\ b=c -- apply CHR <--> b=Int /\ c=Int /\ S Int Int -- equivalence transformation -- apply mgu
directly corresponds to
S Int = Int
generated by our completion method
Recall the critical pair (local assumption vs local assumption)
T Int = S Int /\ T Int = R Int
represented in the CHR world as
T Int a /\ S Int b /\ a=b /\ T Int c /\ R Int d /\ c=d
In the CHR world, we find that
T Int a /\ S Int b /\ a=b /\ T Int c /\ R Int d /\ c=d -->T Int a /\ S Int b /\ a=b /\ c=a /\ R Int d /\ c=d -- apply FD rule -- T a b /\ T a c ==> b=c <--> T Int a /\ S Int a /\ R Int a /\ a=b, c=a, d=a
directly corresponds to
S Int = R Int R Int = S Int
The general cases are as follows.
Axiom vs local assumption case
forall as. (T t1 ... tn = s) -- axiom T t1' ... tn' = s' -- local assumption
where exist phi, dom(phi)=as such that phi(ti) = ti' for i=1,...,n
completion yields
s' = phi(s) phi(s) = s'
NOTE: We may need both orientation see above example. We assume that symbol t refers to types NOT containing type functions and s refers to types which may contain type functions (can be lifted, more below)
Explaining completion in terms of CHRs. Above translates to
T t1 ... tn b <==> C T t1' ... tn' b' /\ C'
where s is translated to (C | b) and s' is translated to (C | b')
(see above where each type function type is represented by a variable under some CHR constraints)
The type functions
s' = phi(s) phi(s) = s'
resulting from completion 'appear' in the CHR derivation (i.e. the operational effect is the same)
T t1' ... tn' b' /\ C' -- apply CHR --> b=b', phi(C) /\ C'
Local assumption vs local assumption
T t1 ... tn = s1 T t1 ....tn = sn
completion yields
s1 = s2 s2 = s1
In the CHR world, above represented by
T t1 ... tn a /\ C1 T t1 ....tn b /\ C2
where s1 translated to (C1 | a)
s2 translated to (C1 | n)
T t1 ... tn a /\ C1 /\ T t1 ....tn b /\ C2 --> FD rule step T t1 ... tn a /\ C1 /\ a=b /\ [a/b] C2
Again, the operational effect of the type function generated is also present in the CHR derivation
Lifting the restriction that t refers to types NOT containing type functions (we only lift this restriction for local assumptions).
forall a. T [a] = [T a] -- axiom T [S Int] = s -- local assumption
We can normalize
T [S Int] = s
T [b] = s S Int = b
Method from above applies then.
NOTE: Regarding generation of implication constraints. GENERATEIMP
The literate implication constraints generated out of the program text may look as follows
a=T Int implies ( a= S Int implies ...)
The above can be simplified to
(a=T Int /\ a = S Int) implies ...
Before we proceed with the completion method, we first need to apply some closure rules (eg. transitivity, left, right etc) Hence, from the above we generatet
a=T Int /\ a = S Int /\ T Int = a /\ S Int = a /\ -- symmetry T Int = S Int /\ S Int = T Int -- transitivity
We omit the trival (reflexive) equations
T Int = T Int /\ S Int = S Int
Restrictions on type equations
We impose some syntactic restrictions on programs to ensure that type checking remains (a) deterministic, (b) a simple rewrite model is sufficient to reduce type function applications, and (c) it hopefully remains decidable.
Type variables
We have three kinds of type variables:
- Schema variables: These are type variables in the left-hand side of type equations that maybe instantiated during applying a type equation during type rewriting. For example, in
type instance F [a] = a,
ais a schema variable.
- Rigid variables: These are variables that may not be instantiated (they represent variables in signatures and existentials during matching).
- Wobbly variables: Variables that may be instantiated during unification.
Normal type equations
Normal type equations
s = t obey the following constraints:
- Constructor based: The left-hand side
smust have for form
F s1 .. snwhere
Fis a type family and the
siare formed from data type constructors, schema variables, and rigid variables only (i.e., they may not contain type family constructors or wobbly variables).
- Non-overlapping: For any other axiom or local assumption
s' = t', there may not be any substitution theta, such that (theta
s) equals (theta
- Left linear: No schema variable appears more than once in
- Decreasing: The number of data type constructor and variables symbols occurring in the arguments of a type family occuring in
tmust be strictly less than the number of data type constructor and variable symbols in
Examples of normal type equations:
data C type instance Id a = a type instance F [a] = a type instance F (C (C a)) = F (C a) type instance F (C (C a)) = F (C (Id a)) type instance F (C (C a)) = C (F (C a)) type instance F (C (C a)) = (F (C a), F (C a))
Examples of type equations that are not normal:
type instance F [a] = F (Maybe a) -- Not decreasing type instance G a a = a -- Not left linear type instance F (G a) = a -- Not constructor-based type instance F (C (C a)) = F (C (Id (C a))) -- Not decreasing
Note that
forall a. (G a a = a) => a -> a is fine, as
a is a rigid variables, not a schema variable.
We require that all type family instances are normal. Moreover, all equalities arising as local assumptions need to be such that they can be normalised (see below). NB: With
-fundecidable-indexed-types, we can drop left linearity and decreasingness.
Normalisation of equalities
Normalisation of an equality
s = t of arbitrary type terms
s and
t (not containing schema variables) leads to a (possibly empty) set of normal equations, or to a type error. We proceed as follows:
- Reduce
tto HNF, giving us
- If
t'are the same variable, we succeed (with no new rule).
- If
t'is a rigid variable, we fail. (Reason: cannot instantiate rigid variables.)
- If
t'is a wobbly type variables, instantiate it with the other type (after occurs check).
- If
C s1 .. snand
C t1 .. tn, then yield the union of the equations obtained by normalising all
ti = si.
- If
C1 ...and
t' = C2 ..., where
C2are different data type constructors, we fail. (Reason: unfication failure.)
- Now, at least one of
t'has the form
F r1 .. rn, where F is a type family:
- If
F s1 .. snand is constructor-based and left-linear, and if
s' = t'is decreasing, yield
s' = t'.
- If
F t1 .. tnand is constructor-based and left-linear, and if
t' = s'is decreasing, yield
t' = s'.
- If
F s1 .. snand some
sicontains a type family application of the form
G r1 .. rn, yield the union of the equations obtained by normalising both
G r1 .. rn = aand
F s1 .. sn = t'with
G r1 .. rnreplaced by
a, which is a new rigid type variable.
- If
F t1 .. tnand some
ticontains a type family application of the form
G r1 .. rn, yield the union of the equations obtained by normalising both
G r1 .. rn = aand
F t1 .. tn = s'with
G r1 .. rnreplaced by
a, which is a new rigid type variable.
- Otherwise, fail. (Reason: a wobbly type variable, lack of left linearity, or non-decreasingness prevents us from obtaining a normal equation. If it is a wobbly type variable, the user can help by adding a type annotation; otherwise, we cannot handle the program without (maybe) losing decidability.)
- If
Rejection of local assumptions that after normalisation are either not left linear or not decreasing may lead to incompleteness. However, this should only happen for programs that are invalid or combine GADTs and type functions in ellaborate ways.
TODO I am wondering whether we can do that pulling out type family applications from left-hand sides and turning them into extra type equations lazily.


text:
Your mom jokes are no longer funny!
And yes, I know my mom isn't funny.
Feel free to comment!
Wikipedia contributes the following wisdom.
As can be seen, a clever use of the "your mom" format of the joke can defy this newsflash. A mechanical "your mom" response will from now on be seen as shitting out of your mouth.


text:
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text:
European Union nations reached a provisional deal on a sweeping overhaul of the bloc's financial market rulebook that would toughen oversight of high-frequency trading and push more transactions onto regulated platforms.
Ambassadors from the EU's 27 nations overcame obstacles to an accord at meetings yesterday and today in Brussels, according to EU and national officials.
The draft plans, which must also be approved by the European Parliament to take effect, are set to be detailed and reviewed over the coming days so a deal can be confirmed following talks on June 17, according to the two officials, who can't be cited by name, in line with their organizations' policy.
Ireland, whose EU presidency runs out on June 30, urged countries this month to accept "difficult compromises" for the sake of an accord on the law, which triggered clashes between the U.K. and Germany over provisions to boost competition in the market for clearingderivatives trades. Ireland is targeting a deal on the law next week, according to a spokeswoman for the presidency, who can't be identified under government rules.
The updated law would regulate activities from investment advice to speculation with commodity derivatives and rules on management of trading platforms.
Copyright 2014 Bloomberg. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.


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Township of Assyria, Barry County, Michigan, United States
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text:
MU Extension > calendar
Professional development events
Thayer Bobcat 4-H Meeting (Session 6 of 6)
Monday, Aug. 19, 2013, 6 p.m. to 8 p.m.
Meetings are held at the Thayer Elemenetary School. Meetings will be rescheduled on Mondays when school is not in session so call in advance to verify meetings.Highway 142, Thayer MO map...
Traditional 4-H club. Youth work on community service, club and individual projects.
Session topic:
Traditional 4-H club. Youth work on projects for community service, individual and club projects.
Contact Marcia Kantola @ (417) 264-2390 or enroll at a club meeting.Club meetings are held on the third Monday of each month @6 PM at the Thayer Elementary School.
Add event to your compatible iCalendar such as Microsoft Outlook or Apple iCal.
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of Missouri, all rights reserved, DMCA
and other copyright information
University of Missouri Extension is an equal opportunity/ADA institution.
University of Missouri Extension
© 1993
to 2015 Curators of the University of Missouri, all rights reserved


text:
How To Flash MTK Gfive President Classic 1:
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- when Green bar of OK appears your flashing done.
- Note: Don't Forget To Backup.
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- Download and install SPD drivers.
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text:
John Pirone knows firsthand about the issues raised in the play "Tribes." As a deaf man, the 37-year-old Holy Cross ASL/deaf studies lecturer and interim director has dealt with them throughout his life.
Now Pirone is helping to explain those deaf culture issues as a consultant on Nina Raine's 2010 play, now in its SpeakEasy Stage Company area premiere at the Boston Center for the Arts.
"I am the educational resource provider, expanding extra ideas," he said in a recent interview. "I've been bringing respect for the deaf, using social media emails and talking to the community."
Raine's acclaimed play focuses on a young deaf man, Billy, and his struggle within his hearing family.
"The issues I teach are within the play," he observed. "There are a lot of underlying messages. Billy grew up with a hearing family. That is a reflection of many deaf people in America."
Pirone also served as a consultant on the Huntington Theatre Company area premiere of the dramatization of the Ralph Ellison modern classic "Invisible Man." Identifying in some ways with the profoundly disrespected African-American title character, Pirone said, "Nobody really sees him as a human being in his natural identity." Ultimately, he added, "He becomes visible to himself. The parallels are the same."
Pirone happily pointed to some positive changes for deaf people.
"Today, many hearing parents are teaching babies to sign (American Sign Language)," he said. "The reality is that a lot of families are bilingual (fluent in ASL and English)."
But he added that many people still believe it's too radical when the deaf don't connect to the hearing world.
In the play, Billy's father, Christopher, believes in mainstreaming and compares deaf people to Muslims, for whom he has little respect.
Pirone's own parents — John, a retired company general manager, and Joan, who worked with Lakota Native Americans — became fluent in signing.
"My mother completely supported and encouraged me to be myself, to develop my own identity," Pirone said. The same goes for his father. "My dad is the complete opposite of Christopher."
Pirone cited the 1960 research of linguistics scholar William Stokoe describing ASL as a language as valid as English or any other. "At first, deaf people resisted (regarding it as such)," he said.
But soon schools began teaching ASL and now many colleges, like Holy Cross, teach deaf studies. He pointed out that since the landmark 1990 American Disabilities, using ASL and having an interpreter (Kristina Miranda for Pirone's own Telegram interview) is a right.
Still, full respect and acceptance remain more of an ideal than a reality, Pirone said.
"Today we are still oppressed as a people because ASL is still an oppressed language," he said. He addresses what he calls "linguicism" in his deaf studies courses.
"We try to show that deafness is not a medical condition but a culture," he said. "Many deaf students do not know their own culture. We want the acceptance of both cultures as equal."
SpeakEasy Stage is giving a very moving hearing to "Tribes'" remarkable exploration of the issues that Pirone and protagonist Billy share. In the company's smartly intimate re-configuration of the BCA's Roberts Theatre, theatergoers totally surround the vividly detailed set, effectively becoming extended family. Very little space separates front-row audience members from family patriarch Christopher and wife Beth as they argue about their children.
Singer Ruth and thesis writer Daniel are back home. Judgmental Christopher calls them parasites, while uncommonly empathetic Ruth defends them. A third child, Billy — deaf from birth — ends up alone at the dining room table without a true listener. Christopher, insistent on mainstreaming Billy, gives more attention to learning Chinese than ASL. Beth taught him to speak and employ hearing devices.
Only Sylvia — the daughter of deaf parents who will soon be deaf herself — fully "hears" Billy. While teaching Billy ASL, she also gives him her love. Will their love transcend the differences between them?
Director M. Bevin O'Gara seamlessly articulates all of the diverse points of view and emotional connections in Raine's touching play. James Caverly, a Gallaudet University graduate who has acted with the National Theatre of the Deaf, beautifully evokes Billy's frustrations with family members, his emotional openness with Sylvia and his evolving sibling connection to Daniel. Nael Nacer captures all
of the complexities of caring but deeply conflicted Daniel. Demonstrating great range, Nacer's performance is as richly textured as Raine's play.
The other members of the strong ensemble do equally well moving between notes of discord and harmony.
Surtitles on overhead panels translate ASL dialogue except when Sylvia interprets for Billy as his pride as a deaf man emerges in the later going.
By giving voice to ASL and deaf cultures, "Tribes" resonates with an understanding that transcends diversity. SpeakEasy's benchmark premiere powerfully champions that cause.


text:
Available To: Faculty, Staff
ITS offers centralized home drives to individuals with NAU domain accounts including all faculty, staff and student employees with SW Accounts.
The purpose of the home drive is to give individuals a place to store their work files and documents where they are backed up daily for over a month and accessible from any computer with a internet connection that supports VPN
A computer running one of the following operating systems:
Home Drives are automatically created based on your affiliation with NAU. If you have questions please contact the ITS Solution Center at 928/523-1511.


text:
SAN JOSE, Calif., and SINGAPORE, Feb. 26, 2013 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Avago Technologies Limited (Nasdaq:AVGO), a leading supplier of analog interface components for communications and industrial applications, today announced that after more than four years with Avago, Douglas Bettinger has resigned as Chief Financial Officer to pursue another opportunity. Anthony Maslowski, Avago's Vice President and Corporate Controller, will serve as interim Chief Financial Officer during a search for Mr. Bettinger's replacement. Mr. Maslowski joined Avago in 2006 as Vice President of Internal Audit. Prior to joining Avago, Mr. Maslowski served as the Chief Financial Officer for Allegro Manufacturing Pte Ltd and prior to that, he held senior finance management positions at Lam Research Corporation and Hitachi Data Systems Corporation. Mr. Maslowski holds a Bachelor of Business Administration degree from University of Michigan.
"I want to thank Doug for the many contributions he has made to Avago over the last several years, including helping to transition us from a private to a public company. He has been a key part of delivering our financial performance and establishing our relationships with the investing community. We wish him the best in his future endeavors," said Hock Tan, Avago President and Chief Executive Officer.
Mr. Bettinger's last day at Avago will be March 8, 2013.
About Avago Technologies Limited
Avago Technologies Limited is a leading designer, developer and global supplier of a broad range of analog semiconductor devices with a focus on III-V based products. Our product portfolio is extensive and includes thousands of products in three primary target markets: wireless communications, wired infrastructure and industrial & other.
The Avago Technologies logo is available at http://www.globenewswire.com/newsroom/prs/?pkgid=14098
CONTACT: Avago Technologies Ltd. Thomas Krause, 408-435-7400 VP Corporate Development email@example.com
Source:Avago Technologies


text:
LAS VEGAS (AP) — The Nevada State Athletic Commission has fined and suspended boxer Julio Cesar Chavez Jr. over a failed drug test last year.
The 27-year-old Mexican fighter tested positive for marijuana in September after his first professional loss. Chavez (46-1-1) was suspended Thursday for nine months and fined $900,000, which amounts to 30 percent of his $3 million purse for the fight against Sergio Martinez.
The commission could have banned him for one year and penalized him for up to 100 percent of his purse.
At a meeting in January, commissioners questioned why Chavez had not yet returned to Nevada for disciplinary action. Attorney Donald Campbell said the former middleweight champion had been stuck in Mexico, unable to obtain a visa.


text:
Accidents: The Pilot as Last Defense
For a number of months now, I've been reporting on the November 2009 Norfolk Island ditching of a Westwind jet. The Australian Transportation Safety Board's investigation of this accident has been widely regarded as a mess, criticized equally by the Australian pilot community, the press and lately, by the country's Senate. As we reported over the weekend, the ATSB's report (PDF) was cited for numerous omissions related to how regulators oversaw Pel-Air, the company that owned the Westwind.
Thorough as the Senate report is, I found one phrase in it that suggests it wasn't written by pilots. Or maybe by pilots with a different view of PIC responsibility than I have. In citing numerous deficiencies in how regulators oversaw Pel-Air, the report said these failings left the pilot "as the last line of defense against an accident."
I found this utterly jarring and the report repeated it several times. The gist of it is this: It's the regulations and operations specs that make flying safe, the pilot is only there if those don't cover all exigencies or novel situations otherwise arise. It's not quite the dog-and-autopilot concept, but it's close. To a degree, it's a semantical distinction, but an important one, nonetheless. To take it to an extreme, when you put on your PIC hat, you are the first thing and the only thing between you and your passengers and an accident�not instruments, not traffic boxes, neither radar nor datalink weather, GPWS, glass panels or BRS parachutes or ATC. And definitely not regulations and ops specs, although they undeniably play a critical role in safety.
Those things provide a basic structure by which to frame decisionmaking, yet they don't help with the novel situations which are perfectly legal, but, if not entirely unsafe, are only safe with no margins worthy of the name. The Pel-Air flight fit that latter description to a T. Given the weather forecast, fuel loads and distance, it was legally dispatched to a remote island with notoriously difficult-to-forecast weather, at night, with the closest airport some 400 miles away and hopelessly beyond fuel range. There was no legal requirement for an alternate, thus one wasn't filed or planned. The pilot had little or no dispatch support from his company and the weather reporting system was sketchy at best.
So at the outset, what the Senate calls the first line of defense�the regulations and op specs�was functionally non-existent, which is the core of the scandal here, in the Senate's reasoning. The Civil Aviation Safety Authority knew all this because it had investigated Pel-Air in depth. Yet it scape-goated pilot error as the primary cause of the accident. The pilot was hardly blameless; you can decide for yourself how to apportion responsibility. As is the case with so much in flying, survival�or at least accident avoidance�turns on pilot instincts and skills and all the regulations and cockpit gadgets do is provide entertaining diversion and, okay, some helpful data. If all that stuff fails to keep you from extremis in the first place, you fall back on your lowest level of training and hope it's high enough.
What informs the skill and instincts in part is knowledge of previous accidents. That's where many regulations come from, too. It's no exaggeration to say the rules were written in blood. Systemic safety evolves from unbiased understanding of accident causes and on this point, the ATSB dragged the entire safety edifice backwards. In blaming the pilot for the accident, it failed to account for known failings in CASA's oversight that, in an ideal world, might have shaped or at least informed his judgment or simply flat-out prohibited the flight in equipment suited to the task only if everything went just right but profoundly inadequate if it didn't. This kind of flawed accident investigation sows mistrust and is an absolute menace to advancing safety based on documented experience.
I suspect the Australians will have their hands full fixing this because the Senate report gives the impression that it's a cultural shortcoming within the agencies themselves. At least the investigation into the investigation gives them a good start.