text:
Pristis pectinata (Western Atlantic subpopulation)
|Scope: Global
Language: English
|Scientific Name:
|Pristis pectinata (Western Atlantic subpopulation)
|Parent Species:
Common Name(s):
|Taxonomic Notes:
Faria et al. (2013) state that both morphology and genetics support the current specific status of the Smalltooth Sawfish (Pristis pectinata) and proposed modification of the distribution of the species to an Atlantic only range. No geographical structure of Smalltooth Sawfish populations has been detected, but the Western and Eastern Atlantic populations of the Smalltooth Sawfish represent separate units for conservation purposes.
|Red List Category & Criteria:
|Critically Endangered A2cd ver 3.1
|Year Published:
|Date Assessed:
|Wiley, T., Carlson, J. & Smith, K.
|Grubbs, D. & Böhm, M.
|Harrison, L.
The Smalltooth Sawfish (Pristis pectinata) has been wholly or nearly extirpated from large areas of its former range in the Western Atlantic Ocean by fishing (trawl and inshore netting) and habitat modification. Negative records from scientific surveys, anecdotal fisher observations, and fish landings data over its historic range infer a population reduction ≥95% over a period of three generations (i.e., 1962 to present). While the population found in the United States appears to have stabilised with some evidence of increase, information from other areas is lacking. The remaining populations are inferred to be small and fragmented based on the lack of records. The species can only be reliably encountered in the Bahamas (where suitable habitat is available) and the United States (Georgia south to Louisiana). It is rare but present in Honduras, Belize, and Cuba. While historic threats to Smalltooth Sawfish have been reduced in places like the US, threats still exist today from areas where sawfish are unprotected and habitat modification and inshore netting still occurs.
|Range Description:
Smalltooth Sawfish were widely distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical marine and estuarine waters of the Western Atlantic Ocean. Smalltooth Sawfish were found from Uruguay through the Caribbean and Central America, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Atlantic coast of the United States (Faria et al. 2013). However, this range has contracted and Smalltooth Sawfish have been likely extirpated from large areas of its former range. The species is currently known to occur in the southeastern United States, Bahamas, Cuba, Honduras and Belize. Reports of Smalltooth Sawfish outside of the Atlantic Ocean are likely misidentifications of other sawfish species (Faria et al. in 2013).
|Countries occurrence:
Native:Bahamas; Belize; Cuba; Honduras; United States
Possibly extinct:Anguilla; Antigua and Barbuda; Aruba; Barbados; Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba (Saba, Sint Eustatius); Cayman Islands; Curaçao; Dominica; Grenada; Guadeloupe; Jamaica; Martinique; Montserrat; Puerto Rico; Saint Kitts and Nevis; Saint Lucia; Saint Martin (French part); Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Sint Maarten (Dutch part); Trinidad and Tobago; Turks and Caicos Islands; Uruguay; Virgin Islands, British; Virgin Islands, U.S.
|FAO Marine Fishing Areas:
Atlantic – western central; Atlantic – southwest; Atlantic – northwest
|Additional data:
|Range Map:
|Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.
|At the end of the 19th century the Smalltooth Sawfish was common in inshore waters of the Western North Atlantic (e.g., Goode 1884, Henshall 1895, Jordan and Evermann 1896, Bigelow and Schroeder 1953). In the United States, the Smalltooth Sawfish population appears to have declined dramatically during the middle and later parts of the 20th century (Simpfendorfer 2002). Based on the contraction of the range and declines in landings, it is likely that the US population at the end of the 20th century was less than 5% of its size at the time of European settlement (Simpfendorfer 2002). Based on genetic sampling, estimates of the current effective population size range of the US population of Smalltooth Sawfish were from 269.6–504.9 individuals (95% Confidence Interval 139.3–1,515) (Chapman et al. 2011). Outside US waters, no data on population size or trends in abundance exist and the only information on trends in the population can be inferred from capture records. While early records of this species include most countries throughout Central and South America, records and reports indicate the Smalltooth Sawfish can only be reliably encountered in the Bahamas (where suitable habitat is available), Honduras, Belize, and Cuba (R. Graham pers. comm. 2012).
The population of Smalltooth Sawfish may have stabilised in the United States. Carlson and Osborne (2012) reported the relative abundance of sawfish increased at an average rate of about 3–5% per year since 1989 based on of voluntary dockside interviews of sport fishers. Despite a low population size in the US, the Smalltooth Sawfish population will probably retain >90% of its current genetic diversity over the next century (Chapman et al. 2011).
Data outside US waters are not available to determine the size or status of remaining populations.
|Current Population Trend:
|Additional data:
|Habitat and Ecology:
|Currently, life history information for the Smalltooth Sawfish is only available for the Western Atlantic and it assumed that life history parameters are similar for conspecifics throughout the Atlantic Ocean. This species is lecithotrophic viviparous and litter size is thought to be 15–20 pups (Simpfendorfer 2005) born every other year, but there are little supporting data for this. Demographic analysis using early reports of life history and estimates from other pristids indicated that Smalltooth Sawfish intrinsic rate of increase ranged from 0.08 to 0.13 yr−1, and population doubling times from 5.4 to 8.5 yrs (Simpfendorfer 2000).
There is still some question regarding age and size at maturity for Smalltooth Sawfish. Simpfendorfer (2005) reported maturity at 360 cm TL for females. However, females of 300–400 cm stretched total length (STL) necropsied from the US were immature, with the smallest mature female examined being 415 cm STL (J.K. Carlson unpublished data). Males were thought to be mature about 270 cm TL (Simpfendorfer 2005). However, a recently necropsied male Smalltooth Sawfish that was 308 cm TL was found to be immature (J.K. Carlson unpublished data). The smallest mature male from field-collected specimens was 371 cm STL (J.K. Carlson unpublished data). Back-transforming these lengths into ages using the von Bertalanffy growth model of Scharer et al. (2012) indicates that males mature around 7.5 years and females 10-12 years. As these data indicate much faster growth and earlier maturation than previously determined, any updated demographic model will likely indicate higher productivity and rebound potential. Moreno Iturria (2012) constructed a deterministic model based on standard life table techniques using growth estimates from Simpfendorfer et al. (2008) and calculated demographic parameters for Smalltooth Sawfish for US waters. Intrinsic rates of increase were estimated as 0.07 per year, generation time 17 years and population doubling time 9.7 years.
Recent information on tag-recaptured juvenile Smalltooth Sawfish collected in Florida, USA, indicates substantially faster growth than previously assumed for this species. Simpfendorfer et al. (2008) found that growth was rapid during the first two years after birth.
Using data from reported encounters from 1998 to 2008, Wiley and Simpfendorfer (2010) evaluated Smalltooth Sawfish habitat use patterns in the US. There was an inverse relationship between sawfish size and extent of northern distribution, with animals less than 200 cm having a wider latitudinal distribution and occurring farthest north, and animals greater than 200 cm reported mostly in southern Florida (Wiley and Simpfendorfer 2010). Most encounters occurred in estuarine and nearshore habitats, and their locations were not randomly distributed, having a positive association with inshore mangrove and seagrass habitats. While sawfish were reported in depths to 73 m, there was a significant relationship between size and depth, with smaller animals occurring in shallower waters (Wiley and Simpfendorfer 2010).
Data from acoustic telemetry and tag-recapture information indicates Smalltooth Sawfish (less than 100 cm) had the smallest home ranges, low linearity of movement, and a preference for very shallow mud banks (Simpfendorfer et al. 2010). Juveniles greater than 100 cm demonstrated larger home ranges, preference for shallow mud/sand banks, and remained close to mangrove shorelines. Tide was found to be the main factor influencing movement on short time scales. Sawfish <150 cm STL spend the majority of their time in water <0.5 m deep, while larger juveniles spend most of their time in water 0.5–1.0 m deep. Juveniles >130 cm had high levels of site fidelity for specific nursery areas for periods up to almost 3 months, but the smaller juveniles had relatively short site fidelity to specific locations (Simpfendorfer et al. 2010).
Based on data from catch-per-unit effort (CPUE), Poulakis et al. (2011) found that most juvenile Smalltooth Sawfish had an affinity for water less than 1.0 m deep, water temperature over 30ºC, dissolved oxygen over 6 mg/L, and salinity between 18 and 30. Greater catch rates for sawfish over age one were associated with shoreline habitats with overhanging vegetation such as mangroves (Poulakis et al. 2011).
Simpfendorfer et al. (2011) conducted a long-term tracking study and found mean daily activity space was 1.42 km of river distance. The distance between 30-minute centres of activity was typically 0.1 km, suggesting limited movement over short time scales. Salinity electivity analysis demonstrated an affinity for salinities between 18 and at least 24, suggesting movements are likely made in part, to remain within this range (Simpfendorfer et al. 2011).
The US National Marine Fisheries Service designated critical habitat for the US distinct population segment of Smalltooth Sawfish (Norton et al. 2012). The nursery habitats essential to the conservation of the species were identified as those adjacent to red mangroves (Rhizophora mangle) and euryhaline habitats with water depths less than or equal to 0.9 m (Norton et al. 2012).
For adult sawfish, unpublished data from pop-off archival satellite transmitting (PAT) tags indicate Smalltooth Sawfish spend the majority of their time in shallow waters (<10 m deep) and prefer temperatures between 22°C and 28°C (J.K. Carlson unpublished data). The maximum recorded depth for Smalltooth Sawfish is 88 m.
|Generation Length (years):
|Use and Trade:
While international trade in sawfishes is banned under the species' listing on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES), illegal international trade may still exist due to the high value of their products.
McDavitt (2005) reviewed all available information related to sawfish trade and identified six sawfish parts, derived mostly from sawfish captured as bycatch in fisheries, which were historically or currently found in trade. These sawfish parts identified in trade are: fins, whole rostra, rostral teeth, meat, organs and skin. It appears that the commercial trade in Smalltooth Sawfish parts from the US population is currently minimal due to their rarity; however, the demand for fins and rostrums provides a motivation to kill sawfish, a threat that will become increasingly significant as the population recovers (NMFS 2009).
The fins of sawfish are used to produce shark fin soup and sawfish fins are highly favored in Asian markets (NMFS 2009). Because of their large fins with high fin needle content, fins of species in the family Pristidae are highly valued for shark fin soup (CITES 2007).
Sawfish rostra are often traded as curios, ceremonial weapons, or for use in traditional medicines (NMFS 2009). Rostra have long been a favorite marine curio (Migdalski 1981), with large rostra commanding impressive prices (McDavitt 1996).
Rostral teeth of species in the family Pristidae have been the preferred material used to manufacture artificial spurs on Peruvian fighting cocks (Cogorno Ventura 2001). The rostral teeth are mostly obtained from Brazil, Ecuador, Panama and various Caribbean countries (CITES 2007). In the north of Brazil, Charvet-Almeida (2002) reported a limited market for meat, rostra and rostral teeth of fish in the family Pristidae.
Sawfish are regularly used for their meat; however, most of the consumption is local and so they appear to be only occasionally traded beyond local markets (NMFS 2009). Sawfish meat has been utilised historically in the US; Romer (1936) reported that sawfish were the second most common elasmobranch species taken in the shark fishery in the Florida Keys during the 1930's (NMFS 2009).
Sawfish liver has also been used as a source of liver oil and the fishery in the Florida Keys described by Romer (1936) used livers as a source of vitamin A (NMFS 2009). The use of livers as a source of vitamin A stopped during the 1940's when cheap synthetic forms became available (NMFS 2009). Chinese traditional medicine also uses other sawfish parts, including liver, ova and gall bladder (NMFS 2009).
Sawfish skin has been used to produce leather, which, like shark leather, is considered of very high quality (NMFS 2009). The leather is used to make belts, boots, purses, and even to cover books (NMFS 2009).
Species in the family Pristidae are highly prized as exhibit animals in public aquaria because of their charismatic nature (McDavitt 1996). Sawfish have been exhibited in large public aquaria for over 50 years. Their large size, bizarre shape, and shark-like features have made them popular additions to shark aquaria exhibits worldwide (NMFS 2009). Since their Endangered Species Act listing, NMFS has not granted any permits to take live Smalltooth Sawfish for public display although there has been some trade between institutions that house these sawfish, but no new specimens have been added (NMFS 2009). To meet the demand for sawfish for public display, US aquaria turned to suppliers in Australia who supplied the Largetooth Sawfish (Pristis pristis) (NMFS 2009). However, Largetooth Sawfish can no longer be exported from Australia.
See CITES (2007) for a comprehensive overview of trade in sawfishes.
|Major Threat(s):
The principal threats to Smalltooth Sawfish are from fishing; it was formerly targeted, but is now mostly taken incidentally in broad-spectrum fisheries (CITES 2007). The long toothed rostrum of sawfish makes them extremely vulnerable to entanglement in any sort of net gear, gillnetting and trawling in particular. Depleted populations mean that commercial targeting of most stocks is no longer cost-effective and bycatch mortality is now the primary threat to Smalltooth Sawfish (CITES 2007). However, there are indications that sawfish are at times targeted opportunistically for the shark fin trade (CITES 2007). There have been some large-scale fisheries targeting the species, including in the southeastern US in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and possibly in Brazil from the 1960s to 1980s (CITES 2007).
Habitat degradation and loss also threaten sawfishes throughout their range (CITES 2007). The Smalltooth Sawfish relies on a variety of specific habitat types including estuaries and mangroves; these are all affected by human development (CITES 2007). Agricultural and urban development, commercial activities, dredge-and-fill operations, boating, erosion, and diversions of freshwater runoff as a result of continued coastal and catchment development has caused substantial loss or modification of these habitats (CITES 2007).
|Conservation Actions:
All species of sawfish are listed on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES), which effectively bans commercial international trade in sawfish or their parts.
National protections for Smalltooth Sawfish have been adopted in the United States. Smalltooth Sawfish are listed as Endangered under Endangered Species Act, 2003 which makes it illegal to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect or to attempt to engage in any such conduct with Smalltooth Sawfish. 'Critical Habitat' has also been established for Smalltooth Sawfish in the US (Norton et al. 2012), which is a key conservation objective, designed to facilitate recruitment into adult sawfish population by protecting juvenile nursery areas.
Outside US waters, Nicaragua imposed a permanent ban on targeted sawfish fishing in Lake Nicaragua. In Brazil, Smalltooth Sawfish is protected (no take) by the Ministry of Environment and in Mexico the take of all sawfishes is banned.
Bigelow, H.B. and Schroeder, W.C. 1953. Fishes of the Western North Atlantic. Part 2: Sawfishes, Guitarfishes, Skates and Rays; Chimaeroids. Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
Carlson, J.K. and Osborne, J. 2012. Relative abundance of smalltooth sawfish (Pristis pectinata) based on the Everglades National Park Creel Survey. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-626, 15 p.
Carlson J.K., Osborne J. and Schmidt T.W. 2007. Monitoring the recovery of smalltooth sawfish, Pristis pectinata, using standardized relative indices of abundance. Biological Conservation 136: 195-202.
Chapman, D.D., Simpfendorfer, C.A., Wiley, T.R., Poulakis, G.R., Tringali, M., Carlson, J.K., and Feldheim, K.A. 2011. Genetic diversity despite population collapse in a critically endangered marine fish: the smalltooth sawfish (Pristis pectinata). Journal of Heredity 102(6): 643-652.
Charvet-Almeida, P. 2002. Sawfish trade in the North of Brazil. Shark News 14: 9.
Cogorno Ventura, C. 2001. Historia de las armas utilizadas para el combate de los gallos de pico y espuelas en el Peru. Boletín de Lima 123: 114-122.
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). 2007. Proposal 17 Inclusion of all species of the family Pristidae in Appendix I of CITES. Fourteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties The Hague (Netherlands), 3-15 June 2007. http://www.cites.org/eng/cop/14/prop/e14-p17.pdf.
Faria, V.V., McDavitt, M.T., Charvet, P., Wiley, T.R., Simpfendorfer, C.A. and Naylor, G.J.P. 2013. Species delineation and global population structure of Critically Endangered sawfishes (Pristidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 167: 136-164.
Goode, G.B. 1884. The fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States. Section 1. Natural History of Useful Aquatic Animals. Government Printing Office, Washington, USA..
Henshall, J.A. 1895. Notes on fishes collected in Florida in 1892. Bulletin of the US Fisheries Commission 14(1894): 209-221.
IUCN. 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (ver. 2013.1). Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 12 June 2013).
Jordan, D.S. and Evermann, B.W. 1896. The fishes of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish-like vertebrates found in the waters of North America, north of the isthmus of Panama: Part I. Bulletin of the U.S. National Museum 47: 1-1240.
McDavitt, M. 1996. The cultural and economic importance of sawfishes (family Pristidae). Shark News 8: 10–11.
McDavitt, M.T. 2005. Summary of trade in sawfishes and sawfish parts. Unpublished Report.
Migdalski, E.C. 1981. Fish Mounts and Other Fish Trophies. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Moreno Iturria, D.A. 2012. Demographic analysis of the family Pristidae to aid in conservation and management. James Cook University.
National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). 2009. Recovery Plan for Smalltooth Sawfish (Pristis pectinata). Prepared by the Smalltooth Sawfish Recovery Team for the National Marine Fisheries Service. Silver Spring.
Norton, S., Wiley, T.R., Carlson, J.K., Frick, A.L., Poulakis, G.R., and Simpfendorfer, C.A. 2012. Designating critical habitat for the endangered smalltooth sawfish Pristis pectinata in the United States: challenges and results. Marine and Coastal Fisheries: Dynamics, Management, and Ecosystem Science 4: 473-480.
Poulakis, G.R., Stevens, P.W., Timmers, A.A., Wiley, T.R., and Simpfendorfer, C.A. 2011. Abiotic affinities and spatiotemporal distribution of the endangered smalltooth sawfish, Pristis pectinata, in a southwest Florida nursery. Marine and Freshwater Research 62: 1165-1177.
Romer, G.W. 1936. Florida: The land of enchantment. Manhattan Post Card Pub. Co., New York.
Scharer, R.M., Patterson, W.F., Carlson, J.K. and Poulakis, G.R. 2012. Age and growth of smalltooth sawfish (Pristis pectinata) verified with LA-ICP-MS analysis of vertebrae. PLoS One 7(10): e47850.
Simpfendorfer, C.A. 2000. Predicting population recovery rates for endangered western Atlantic sawfishes using demographic analysis. Environmental Biology of Fishes 58: 371-377.
Simpfendorfer, C.A. 2002. Smalltooth Sawfish: The USA's First Endangered Elasmobranch? Endangered Species UPDATE 19: 45-49.
Simpfendorfer, C. A. 2005. Threatened fishes of the world: Pristis pectinata Latham, 1794 (Pristidae). Environmental Biology of Fishes 73: 20.
Simpfendorfer, C.A., Poulakis, G.R., O'Donnell, P.M. and Wiley, T.R. 2008. Growth rates of juvenile smalltooth sawfish Pristis pectinata Latham in the western Atlantic. Journal of Fish Biology 72: 711-723.
Simpfendorfer, C.A., Wiley, T.R., and Yeiser, B.G. 2010. Improving conservation planning for an endangered sawfish using data from acoustic telemetry. Biological Conservation 143(6): 1460-1469.
Simpfendorfer, C.A., Yeiser, B.G., Wiley, T.R., Poulakis, G.R., Stevens, P.W., and Heupel, M.R. 2011. Environmental influences on the spatial ecology of juvenile smalltooth sawfish (Pristis pectinata): results from acoustic monitoring. PLoS ONE 6(2): e16918.
Wiley, T.R. and Simpfendorfer, C.A. 2010. Using public encounter data to direct recovery efforts for the endangered smalltooth sawfish (Pristis pectinata). Endangered Species Research 12: 179-191.
|Wiley, T., Carlson, J. & Smith, K. 2013. Pristis pectinata (Western Atlantic subpopulation). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T43398250A43398253. . Downloaded on 16 October 2018.
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2013 and earlier-Honda Accord Prices Paid and Buying Experience
Brian, I found in a prior post where you answered my question to you about the doc fee (Sorry. I really dislike this new Edmunds format). I'm still curious as to your thoughts about whether it is worth contacting dealerships that do not appear to have the exact model (color) in stock that would be my preference. If I were to not do so, it would significantly reduce the number of potential dealerships.0
Have any of you heard of being made to get a back up loan?
Once our credit union is faxed the sales agreement they overnight a check. I was told yesterday that the dealer would not hold the car while waiting for the check (well the CU won't cut the check without a sales agreement and VIN) and the dealer won't let us have the car for 10 days until the check clears. Seriously?!?
This sounds really fishy to me as they could easily verify with the bank the approval and check.....and just a ploy to get a loan through them.0
Newbie tip:
Make sure your dealer letter includes all of the car info you are looking to buy such as that it is an automatic. A dealer was going to match my quote but used the "it doesn't clearly state automatic or CVT so it must have been for a MT which is cheaper" card. (Yes, obviously because that IS the more popular one).
So lesson learned. They will go through the letter with a fine-tooth comb and find anything they can as a way to not honor their word.0
zigster38 Posts: 117
If you are shopping in Norcal as I am, definitely stay away from HONDA OF CONCORD. I got the complete bait and switch there yesterday. Of course, it's still not the last day of the month, so they are still lying and cheating. The 31st seems to bring more truth to the table .
Either way, avoid Honda of Concord.1
Thanks for the tip. I am in SoCal and the dealer I would avoid down here is Sierra Honda in Monrovia. Shenanigans galore. They pulled the "salesman didn't properly read your email and didn't have the authority to agree to that low price" which changed to "there was a misunderstanding between the salesman and the manager." Really?!? Things were pretty spelled out and in black in white on my end.0
Which credit union did you get loan. I am not much aware of where to get cheaper loan, if honda financing doesnt work out. could you plz share details.0
Question regarding contacting dealerships by email. Should I get the email of the internet managers and send an email to them directly or is it sufficient to use the "get eQuote" button on the various websites and follow up by telephone if I do not get a response?0
@lil_owl said:
So even though I had a email quote in writing including a base price and an out the door price stating very clearly by them the price included destination and NO accessories needed to be purchased (and in my portion no incentives) it was NOT honored. Not only did the car have accessories but they expected the financing to go through them also....so our agreed upon price for the EX went from 21,500 to 23,000. Needless to say we walked.
Which dealer is this? It is Spreen Honda?0
No it was Sierra Honda.0
naazim Posts: 17
Why is buying a Honda like pulling teeth? I'm getting sick of all the BS the Honda dealers are full of. Making another attempt to deal on a 2014 EX-L CVT for $27,300 OTD this evening.1
I am feeling your pain...it's like I have a full time job trying to claw my way out of a shark tank. I'm thinking of giving it a rest today while I compile more email addresses....give a few some time to reconsider my offer before I email them again as well as others. (This time I will be sure to include the words automatic and CVT as to avoid any additional "confusion").0
@lil_owl said:
I am feeling your pain...it's like I have a full time job trying to claw my way out of a shark tank. I'm thinking of giving it a rest today while I compile more email addresses....give a few some time to reconsider my offer before I email them again as well as others. (This time I will be sure to include the words automatic and CVT as to avoid any additional "confusion").
Same here. I been getting so much emails and calls lately. One dealer agree to offer me $1,800 off invoice but never confirm the price. He just said that is a reasonable offer and never really stated any price. He keeps insisting that I come down to the dealer and see him and he will get me a good deal. So I do plan on going there just to check it out for the heck of it. If he plays any game within the first 30 minutes, I will just walk. The dealer is only 10 minutes from my house so the worst that can happen is wasting 40 minutes. The next best offer I got was $22,875 from a dealer 30 minutes away (Norm Reeves Cerritos) so I will just go there if the first dealer doesn't work out. I am still waiting for a reply from Spreen Honda also. I have until the 31th to get the best possible deal. May I ask why you didn't buy from Spreen Honda?0
glen Posts: 17
Navy Federal Credit Union. I also got a snail mail from Travis Credit Union w/same deal/terms after I bought. These credit unions work cool. The Honda dealer said it was very smooth. The CU cuts you a check within 24hours, take it to a car dealer of your choice. Finance manager then calls 800 # for a code for the check. You are not locked to a car VIN, model, manufacturer.
I would take your 20,100 deal. IMO you have reached the point of diminutive return for effort! Is it the color you like? I could have saved a 100 or so but the car would have been silver. Wife didn't want another silver car.0
Just trying to get the best deal possible Spreen is still in the running!0
@lil_owl said:
Just trying to get the best deal possible Spreen is still in the running!
Yeah me too. I am emailing more dealers, because Spreen is over an hour drive from where I am located at. I still have 3 days so I hope I can get it at $1,800 or more off invoice. If not I will probably just go with Norm Reeves.0
onetwo3 Posts: 5
Bought an EX yesterday.
Sale price about $1000 below invoice (just a few dollars shy of $1000)
We also got flex cash and new grad discount, for an additional $1000. They applied that to our down payment.
No unexpected tricks. Got price by email. Went to dealer. Selected a color - we were undecided, and needed to see them in person side-by-side. Then we spent a couple hours getting it all done. We didn't send documents electronically, so we were starting from scratch with credit application, etc.
Trade was evaluated. We took it home, rather than accept their offer.
No hard-sale on warranty or extra things like paint protection. They were offered, but there wasn't any pressure or even more than a few sentences said about them.
Very happy at about $1000 under invoice (and another $1000 in extra discounts). It doesn't seem to be a very competitive market compared to some locations, but I'm satisfied with our purchase.
7.5 years ago, during last car purchase, I asked dealers for best price using internet contacts. They answered, I asked all of them to "beat the best price" and did that for a few rounds.
This time, after getting several emails with prices, I went and offered a much lower price, offering to "buy now" and was accepted by one dealer. The others told me "we already gave you our best pricing" or other such comments. But all it took was 1 dealer to save me $600. I liked this way better. I feel very good about it. Perhaps I left a couple hundred on the table. Perhaps not.
Shiny new Modern Steel Metallic Accord happily in the garage.1
Emailing you some information0
@lil_owl said:
Emailing you some information
Okay I saw it. I haven't received any email back from Staci yet. I rather not drive that far right now so I am patiently waiting for the reply. If I get a good reply I might use that quote when I try to get it from the Honda Dealer near me first. If they can't match or beat it, I will make the drive.0
Thank you. I am thinking of taking that offer. right now i am not getting the 0.9% deal even though iam recent graduate. I am looking for loan options right now. I had two color choices, my secondary color choice is there. Thanks so much for sharing valuable information. Have a good day. I will keep you posted.0
carbuyer and lil,,
contact both dealers with and without your vehicle. Your working on getting the lowest price.
lil....if a dealer gives you a price you will accept finance the car thru him and pay off the honda loan next month when the bill comes. with you CU loan.. your interest is minamal at 1.9%.
If you finance the car thru any dealer ask then for some free bee's like
Oil changes or car washes when you return
free addded accessories
Paper pin stripe etc..
Make it work for you..
2016 BMW X-5 35i, 2013 Genesis 5.0 R-spec, 2012 MB ML3500
I just bought a 2014 Accord EXL V6 sedan, no nav from Pohanka Honda in Salisbury MD this morning. 26,750 including 500 flex cash, 200 processing, 790 destination. Total drive out including Virginia TTL was 27,942. They threw in wheel locks. I figure the car price is about 1,800 below invoice+destination.
By following the techniques listed on this forum over the past 3 months, the process was relatively painless. It was difficult to identify internet sales managers, so I just requested quotes thru dealership websites. Contacted about 30 dealers in southeast Virginia, Richmond, northern Virginia/Maryland, Raleigh/Durham NC, and Atlanta GA areas. Ended up with 4 Maryland dealers matching the same 26,740 price, and I picked the one that was closest and seemed the most interested in making the deal. I had several dealers tell me the price was too good to be true and they could not come close.
Special thanks to all the posters and readers on this forum.2
great job.. For future car buying what i do is take the time and call each dealersip ahead of time for name /number and email of internet manager. Now you have the option to email him a few days earlier to break the ice and tell him what your looking for and what price you are willing to pay.. or just shoot out calls and emails last 2days, last day of the month..
When your in the market for a new vehicle its very important to make yourself avail.. the last days of that month.
As we get closer to the 31th of dec you will see pricing like Vabeach recieved..
2016 BMW X-5 35i, 2013 Genesis 5.0 R-spec, 2012 MB ML3501
txchihuahua Posts: 4
I certainly hope they start making some deals I had what I thought was an aggressive but within reason otd price of 27000-27500 for a exl but area dealers are not budging. Their best price they're coming back with is 29000 wtf? No one is going to win at this rate. They won't make the sale and I am not going to get a new car. We will see how it goes on mon tues.
@brian125 said:
As we get closer to the 31th of dec you will see pricing like Vabeach recieved..0
I tried to call one or two dealerships to ask for the internet manager (as you had recommended in earlier posts), but ended up routed to a boiler room or internet underling, so I just gave up and clicked "request quote" on the dealer websites. Another downside of my method is that I definitely ran into several internet salespeople who were either unresponsive or took several days to respond. Some of that may have been due to Christmas vacation.
I have to work next week, so I targeted this weekend instead of the 30th/31st. For what it's worth, I didn't get the sense that salespeople were hungry for sales right now. I can confidently say that prices in southeastern Virginia are terrible i.e. at least 2,000 over Maryland prices, and they will not drop their prices. Most dealers still had flex cash.0
veers Posts: 80
Great deal vabeach.... You beat my price of $26,930. Your price of $26,750 is $1,800 under the $28,543 invoice price, that is a fantastic deal on a 2014.
Everyone, best bet is to get phone contact with a lot of internet managers on the 30th/31st. Make it clear you will buy today for $1800 under invoice, and tell them to call you when they can make the deal. It only takes one dealer who really needs a sale.1
Just bought a 2014 Accord EX-L (no nav, CVT). Price including destination of $790 came to $25,100. I think this is a decent deal.1
I think that is a pretty good deal. Congrats!0
wantadeal Posts: 5
Ive been looking in PA and MD and the best OTD cost I've received is $26,166 of the same CVT AccordEXL.
Who were you able to agree to the $25,100 or was that the price before Tax Tags and Title?0
That is the price before tax, tags, etc0

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Factsheet Five
Factsheet Five was a comprehensive guide to zines and alternative publications. Each issue was packed with reviews of independent and unusual publications. Every issue of Factsheet Five cataloged and reviewed an abundance of zines – complete with price, critical reviews, and ordering information. Additionally, it included informative articles on zine culture, independent publishing, lively columns, interviews with self-publishers, and an extensive news section.
F5 was founded in 1982 by Mike Gunderloy, who began the review zine as a two-page dittoed publication and grew it into the premiere place to get your zine reviewed and read zine reviews. Cari Goldberg Janice became co-editor in the late 1980s. Shortly after Gunderloy and Goldberg Janice published the 1991 book "The World of Zine," which compiled a number of zines featured on the pages of Factsheet 5, Gunderloy quit the magazine. Hudson Luce put out a single issue of Factsheet Five and was rumored to have ruined things on the business end.
In 1991 R. Seth Friedman stepped in, picked up the pieces, and ran F5 in the 1990s, once again bringing it into prominence. At its height with Friedman and Editor Chris Becker, there were approximately eight contributing editors and twenty regular contributors and freelancers. It was actually a profitable magazine, its annual gross was estimated at $130,000. Friedman got Factsheet Five national distribution and attention and also published The Factsheet Five Zine Reader in 1997, a book compiling 73 extracts from zines featured in the magazine (not unlike Gunderloy's book from six years ealier).
The last issue of Factsheet Five was published in 1998 by Friedman. There have been rumors for the past five years of a fourth editor stepping in to bring Factsheet 5 back to life. So far all that's materialized is a yearly announcement on alt.zines about its return "this year" and the magazine's website is updated occasionally to say F5's return has been delayed.


text:
Like a virgin
Views: 2678 | Added: 6 years agoMore
The fiesta was on this afternoon. Jojo had me waiting for a bit, but as soon as I saw her come to the door I forgave her. This chick was smoking hot. Her bad ass curves and gorgeous face were incredible. As soon as she got in, she flashed us the password by way of her round perky tits and we were off. This chick had a freshly shaved camel toe pussy with a nice ass to match. Rob came by an handled it nicely, giving her a stiff cock for her tight pussy. Great shoot here fellas. Enjoy.
Submitted by: realitykings


text:
You should test the contact lenses in various environments to make sure they look as natural as possible and also make sure that other people have giving positive reviews of the product. contact lenses. Many people mainly focus Solotica Contacts on Dark Eyes and Solitica Contacts on Light Eyes so that they know how their contact lenses will look on different people so that they can make that decision.
安心・信頼・激安 の 【 激安もしもショップ 】
【 】
検索結果 商品


text:
|Charlton, NY
|High School:
|Burnt Hills - Ballston Lake
#10 Keaton Flint
Year by Year Statistics 2013 2012
2013: Appeared in 54 games in his sophomore campaign, batting .276 with 27 RBI and 2 home runs. He also walked ten times and was hit by pitch 12 times. Flint went 5 for 7 with two home runs and 6 RBI in a 19-1 beating of Quinnipiac on April 7th. Flint went 6-11 with 6 RBI in a four-game series against Fairleigh Dickinson on May 3-5.
2012: Appeared in all 57 games, starting all but one for the NEC Champion Pioneers. He batted .276 and led the team with 40 runs scored. He notched an impressive .979 fielding percentage patrolling center field for the Pioneers, only making three errors the entire season.
Before SHU: Played Baseball, Football, and Basketball at Burnt Hills High School. Captain of Football and Baseball. All-League MVP for Football. All-State for Baseball and Football. MVP for Baseball. Rookie of the year for Baseball. Won a New York 2011 State Championship in Baseball. Football team finished New York State Runners-Up for Football 2008-2009. Won a Section 2 Championship with Basketball.
Personal: Born: 1/25/1993. Major: Athletic Training. Family: Parents Frank and Laurie, Sister Gianna. Hobbies: Playing guitar and cutting hair. Favorite Sports Team: New York Yankees. Favorite Book: Driven from Within, by Michael Jordan. Favorite Movie: M.J. and Muhammad Ali. Favorite TV Show: Entourage. Favorite Food: Pineapple. Goal After Graduation: Becoem an athletic trainer with an organization. Role Model: My father for his hard work and dedication. Would like to have dinner with: George Washington.


text:
Notebooks that tell stories, bags decorated like paintings, original illustrations, visionary animation. Moleskine Stories is a special exhibit being held in Paris's historic department store Le Bon Marché. It tells the story of the Moleskine world of contemporary objects dedicated to travelling, writing and reading.
On display are original sketches by designer Giulio Iacchetti for the new Moleskine collections, poetic illustrations by Brendan Leach, the original notebooks featured in Rogier Wieland's videos and bags which were hand-decorated by students from New York's Parsons School -- the Moleskine brand's first foray into personalization beyond its notebooks. Also on exhibit is the notebook "Moleskina contamina," a work of art by Joana Vasconcelos and a selection of creative notebooks from the myDetour project.
Moleskine Stories
Le Bon Marché
July 7 - August 25


text:
HUNTSVILLE, AL (WAFF) - On August 29, 2011, Alabama Governor Robert Bentley announced the formation of the Tornado Recovery Action Council, or TRAC.
The group of industry and government leaders had a simple mission; to help Alabama recover and be better prepared for the next disaster.
"There's no question that our state is in a much better state of severe weather preparedness than we were April 26th of 2011," said Ron Gray, TRAC Executive Director.
TRAC members conducted research and worked to come up with 20 key ways to improve Alabama's response before and after a disaster.
"They just did a great job and made recommendations to us. We have already put in place four of those 20 recommendations," said Bentley.
The state has already declared a disaster preparedness tax holiday and rolled out a state-wide text alert system called Safe-T-Net with the help of private industry.
"We believe that particular recommendation that we provided in that area will have the potential to dramatically change the way our citizens react to storm weather warnings," Gray said about the system.
Other long term measures are on the way including: building more community shelters, installing more warning sirens, creating a contractor registry and using the state's universities to research and teach students how to help with recovery.
"I'm excited that our state is leading this country in all facets of preparedness and response to severe weather outbreaks," Gray added.
Critics have said the recommendations have been enacted too slowly. Gray said many of them were designed to be long-term recommendations that will take several months or years to implement. He said he feels that Alabama is on the right track to becoming better prepared.
Copyright 2012 WAFF. All rights reserved.


text: Whether you're looking for a statement-making jacket, a flattering tunic in a must-have hue or an elegant scarf that instantly refreshes your look, our online collection of apparel and accessories for women will get you through this season and beyond. Our expanded online boutiques offer elegant and timeless looks in a wide range of textures, patterns and colors. These easy-to-shop boutiques include inspiring ideas in apparel —from reversible jackets and fashionable pants to day-into-evening blouses and the perfect layering tops — as well as stylish accessories, such as comfortable shoes for every occasion, smart totes, stunning scarves and much more.


text:
The Canadian dollar fell to a seven-week low against its U.S. counterpart (FOREX:CADUSD) with the Bank of Canada embracing a more accommodative monetary policy and crude oil prices heading for the biggest weekly decline since June.
The currency weakened for a third day after the central bank on Oct. 23 dropped language about the need for future interest rate increases, repeated at every previous meeting since April 2012. The economic growth forecast for this year was cut to 1.6 % from 1.8 %. Crude oil, the nation's largest export, touched the lowest level since June yesterday.
"The move we've seen in the Canadian dollar shows what a strong pillar of support this was for the loonie," Joe Manimbo, a market analyst in Washington at Western Union Business Solutions, a unit of Western Union Co., said in a phone interview, referring to the central bank's bias toward higher interest rates.
The loonie, as the Canadian dollar is known for the image of the aquatic bird on the C$1 coin, fell 0.3 % to C$1.0449 per U.S. dollar at 3:12 p.m. in Toronto after touching the weakest since Sept. 6. One loonie buys 95.71 U.S. cents.
Futures on crude oil rose 0.8 % to $97.90 per barrel in New York, paring the 2.8 % weekly loss. The discount Canada's benchmark crude oil-grade, Western Canada Select, faced to West Texas Intermediate, its U.S. peer, was at $33 per barrel, almost the biggest gap in three weeks.
Market Trade
"Markets are trading with a mild risk-off bias and that may be translating into a little bit of caution on the commodity currencies," Shaun Osborne, chief currency strategist at Toronto-Dominion Bank's TD Securities unit in Toronto, said by phone.
TD predicts the Canadian dollar will end the year at C$1.06 and will weaken to C$1.10 by late 2014, Osborne said.
Canada's benchmark 10-year government bond rose, pushing the yield down one basis point, or 0.01 percentage points, to 2.41 %. The 1.5 % security maturing in June 2023 added nine cents to C$92.24.
The Bank of Canada's policy statement prompted TD Bank to push back its forecast for the next rate rise to sometime in 2015 from two interest rate increases in 2014, while Royal Bank of Canada, the nation's largest lender, updated its prediction to 2015, from the third quarter of 2014. The median estimate of 15 economists in a Bloomberg News survey conducted Oct. 23-24 targets a first quarter 2015 rate rise, a delay of three months from the previous consensus view in an Oct. 4-9 survey.
"The environment leaves the Canadian dollar exposed," Sue Trinh, a senior currency strategist at RBC in Hong Kong, said in a research report. "Oil market dynamics remain unsupportive and the risks for the currency on this front are skewed to the downside."
The Canadian dollar has fallen 4.1 % this year against nine developed nation currencies tracked by the Bloomberg Correlation-Weighted Index. The Australian dollar is down 7.2 %, and the U.S. dollar has added 1.6 %.
Copyright 2014 Bloomberg. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.


text:
Do you want to help animals? They certainly need your assistance.
Dogs and cats can't speak for themselves when they are being treated badly. Neither can other animals. They can't run for political office. They can't hire lawyers to defend them or lobbyists to press their case with lawmakers.
Animals have no hope for humane care and treatment without us. Major decisions affecting the lives of all animals are made every day by public employees and elected officials. Companion animals, farm animals, wildlife, animals in laboratories and animals used in entertainment are all at risk. People who care about animals need to speak up and share their opinions with policy makers.
The Wisconsin Humane Society is actively pursuing more humane public policies to protect animals and treat them with respect and kindness. We lobby legislators in the State Capitol, we work with Milwaukee County and City officials and we offer easy ways for our supporters to communicate their feelings to legislators. There is strength in numbers, so please take action today!
Wisconsin Animal Welfare Laws View
Legislative Alerts
Every year, thousands of animals are abused, abandoned and neglected in southeastern Wisconsin. You can make a difference in the lives of these animals! View
Breeder Information
Breeder Information View
What You Can Do
Animals can't speak for themselves, so they need you to be their voice. The choices you make as an individual can make an impact on the lives of animals. Even small actions can make a big difference for animals! View
Report Abuse
If you suspect animal abuse and it is an emergency, contact your local police department. View
Preventing Animal Abuse
Preventing Animal Abuse View


text:
|Sign up! | Post a Journal | Ask a Question | Request a Lookup | Active | Newest | Unanswered | Assist | Locations
Join over 80,000 others who are connecting with their cousins and common researchers!
FamilyTreeCircles is easy and free.Join Us
I got hooked on family history with a 4th grade assignment, that I got a failing mark in.
Coming from a family where both a Gramma and a Great- Gramma married twice, I had all kinds of cousins whom I had no idea how we were related. As a result I started keeping little notes whenever I hear anything about that family.
In 9th... more...


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The touring musical "Rock of Ages" stops Jan. 10 at the Phillips Center in Gainesville. Go to performingarts.ufl.edu for tickets.
ART WALK:/b> The First Friday Art Walk is slated to saturate downtown Ocala with visual and performing artists from 6 to 9 p.m. The free event centers on the square but spreads out for blocks toward Citizens' Circle at City Hall. (368-5517 or www.ocalafl.org/recpark)
THE MYSTICS: Famed singing group ("Hushabye") from the 1950s, with original members George Galfo and Phil Cracolici, will perform at 7 p.m. at Circle Square Cultural Center in the On Top of the World community. Tickets are $13-$16. (854-3670 or email@example.com)
"I DO! I DO! I DO! I DO!": Ocala Civic Theatre will kick off the new year with a popular musical that follows 50 years of marriage, from 1895 to 1945. The play runs Jan. 9-19 at the theater, 4337 E. Silver Springs Blvd., Ocala. (236-2274 or www.ocalacivictheatre.com)
"A PERMANENT MARK": The College of Central Florida will display pieces from its permanent art collection Jan. 9 to Feb. 14, 2014, at the Webber Center Gallery, 3001 SW College Road, Ocala. The collection consists of three categories: the "Permanent Art Collection," the "Schmehl Collection" and the "Student Art Collection." (873-5809)
FORD SHOW: The 20th annual Ford Show, sponsored by National Parts Depot, will pack Silver Springs State Park with muscle cars Jan. 11-12. The nature park is at 5656 E. Silver Springs Blvd., Ocala. Spectator admission: $8 per carload, $2 walk-up. (861-8701, ext. 4227, or www.nationalpartsdepot.com)
NIGHT AND DAY: A TRIBUTE TO GERSHWIN AND PORTER: A benefit concert for Ocala Civic Theatre, this series was shaped by Ryan Pagels and Patrick Stanley. Backed by a jazz combo, singers Michelle Geering, Rick Melvern, Jessica Mongerio, Melody Murphy, Scott Proctor, Jessica Watson, Will Winter and Stanley will perform songs by George and Ira Gershwin and Cole Porter Jan. 25-26. (236-2274 or www.ocalacivictheatre.com)
THE KINGSMEN: Famed rock band ("Louie Louie") will perform at 7 p.m. at Circle Square Cultural Center in Ocala. Original members Mike Mitchell and Dick Peterson tour with Todd McPherson, Kim Nicklaus and Steve Peterson. $14-$18. (www.csculturalcenter.com)
AMERICA: The folksy pop group that topped charts in the 1970s ("A Horse With No Name," "Sister Golden Hair") returns to Ocala, this time for a concert at Circle Square Cultural Center in On Top of the World. The show starts at 7 p.m., and tickets range from $61 to $70. (www.csculturalcenter.com)


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The Russian Federation is the largest of the 21 republics that make up the Commonwealth of Independent States. It occupies most of eastern Europe and north Asia, stretching from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east, and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south. It is bordered by Norway and Finland in the northwest; Estonia, Latvia, Belarus, Ukraine, Poland, and Lithuania in the west; Georgia and Azerbaijan in the southwest; and Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, and North Korea along the southern border.
Constitutional federation.
Tradition says the Viking Rurik came to Russia in 862 and founded the first Russian dynasty in Novgorod. The various tribes were united by the spread of Christianity in the 10th and 11th centuries; Vladimir "the Saint" was converted in 988. During the 11th century, the grand dukes of Kiev held such centralizing power as existed. In 1240, Kiev was destroyed by the Mongols, and the Russian territory was split into numerous smaller dukedoms. Early dukes of Moscow extended their dominion over other Russian cities through their office of tribute collector for the Mongols and because of Moscow's role as an administrative and trade center.
In the late 15th century, Duke Ivan III acquired Novgorod and Tver and threw off the Mongol yoke. Ivan IV—the Terrible (1533–1584), first Muscovite czar—is considered to have founded the Russian state. He crushed the power of rival princes and boyars (great landowners), but Russia remained largely medieval until the reign of Peter the Great (1689–1725), grandson of the first Romanov czar, Michael (1613–1645). Peter made extensive reforms aimed at westernization and, through his defeat of Charles XII of Sweden at the Battle of Poltava in 1709, he extended Russia's boundaries to the west. Catherine the Great (1762–1796) continued Peter's westernization program and also expanded Russian territory, acquiring the Crimea, Ukraine, and part of Poland. During the reign of Alexander I (1801–1825), Napoléon's attempt to subdue Russia was defeated (1812–1813), and new territory was gained, including Finland (1809) and Bessarabia (1812). Alexander originated the Holy Alliance, which for a time crushed Europe's rising liberal movement.
Alexander II (1855–1881) pushed Russia's borders to the Pacific and into central Asia. Serfdom was abolished in 1861, but heavy restrictions were imposed on the emancipated class. Revolutionary strikes, following Russia's defeat in the war with Japan, forced Nicholas II (1894–1917) to grant a representative national body (Duma), elected by narrowly limited suffrage. It met for the first time in 1906 but had little influence on Nicholas.


text:
Stockton, CA
Louis P. Armanino, M.D.
Feb. 17, 1916 - Jan. 22, 2013
Louis P. Armanino Jr., aged 96, died in Stockton on January 22, 2013. His wife
of 66 years,
Dorothy, predeceased him. He was the father of four children: Steven Armanino (Nancy) of
Corona, CA;
Peter Armanino of Orangevale, CA; Annette Silver (Ben) of Stockton; and Arlene Gresehover (Karl) of Weiser, ID. His grandchildren include Steven Christopher Armanino (Anna) of Fullerton, CA; Katharine Grieco (Tony) of Big Bear, CA; James
Silver (fiancee Soumya Kantamneni) of Washington DC; and Joseph Silver (Jaslyn) of
Honolulu. He is also survived by great grandchildren Allison and Ethan Armanino, and Lauren and Luke Grieco.
Louis P. Armanino was born and lived in Stockton where he practiced medicine from 1945 to 1985. After attending local schools and College of the Pacific, he graduated from UC Berkeley, then received his medical degree at UC San Francisco. After serving an internship and residency at UC Hospital, and continuing his education at Vanderbilt University Hospital as a resident physician, he returned to UCSF as an instructor in medicine, an associate student-health physician, and an examiner for the San Francisco Induction Center.
Returning to Stockton, he established a partnership with Drs. Wirt Scott and David Green lasting 28 years. He became an attending physician on the teaching staff at the San Joaquin General Hospital, and served the last 18 years as the chief of the medical service.
He also was president of the professional staff and chief of the medical service at St. Joseph's Hospital, the San Joaquin Medical Society, and the San Joaquin County Heart Association. He became the co-chair of the Stockton Post Graduate Study Club and served as the chairman of the sixth district of the California Medical Association delegation, including all eight of the San Joaquin Valley counties' delegations. Appointed to both the local and the CMA Committees on Ageing, this was followed by earning a fellowship in the American College of Physicians in 1966. For several years after retiring from private practice, he served as associate physician at the Student Health Center at UOP.
Yearly vacations with his wife and family allowed him to travel worldwide. He enjoyed bicycling and was an accomplished watercolor artist. A highlight of his travels was a working stint at the Vellore Medical College and Hospital in south India where he and his wife Dorothy, a nurse, lived for several months.
Friends are invited to attend a memorial service at Morris Chapel, UOP, 10:00 a.m. on Saturday, February 2, 2013. In lieu of flowers, the family request donations to a charity of your choice. Please sign the online guestbook at www.cherokeememorial.com.


text:
You know what they say: the best way to get over someone is to get into someone else. It seems that these stars definitely subscribe to that belief -- they dealt with heartbreak by plunging into new relationships as quickly as possible.
It's rebound time! See how fast these 10 stars moved on:
1. Naya Rivera
When Glee star Naya Rivera married Ryan Dorsey in a private wedding ceremony, fans were shocked — especially because she had just broken up with her ex-fiancé. Just three months after her nasty split from Big Sean, the actress became Mrs. Ryan Dorsey.
2. Christina Milian
Whoa! Christina Milian doesn't waste any time! Just weeks after she ended her 14-month-long engagement to Jas Prince, Milian was spotted out-and-about with Lil Wayne. Her and the emcee even attended the 2014 ESPY Awards together!
3. Sofia Vergara
Sofia Vergara moves fast!
The Modern Family actress split from fiancé Nick Loeb in May 2014 – and by July, she was already dating True Blood hottie Joe Manganiello.
4. Zoë Saldaña
In early 2013, Zoë Saldaña called it quits with her The Words co-star Bradley Cooper. By June of that same year, Saldaña had not only moved on – she was already married to Italian artist Marco Perego.
5. Eva Longoria
In November 2010, Eva Longoria announced that she filed for divorce from her husband, San Antonio Spurs player Tony Parker. Before the ink on the divorce papers even dried, Longoria had already plunged headfirst into a new romance. In March 2011, she was spotted with Penelope Cruz's younger brother, Eduardo. The gorgeous couple split a year later.
6. Christina Aguilera
In October 2010, Christina Aguilera filed for divorce from her husband of six years, Jordan Bratman. The diva wasted no time moving on. By November of the same year, she was already dating Matt Rutler, a production assistant she met on the set of Burlesque. Nearly four years later, Aguilera and Rutler are engaged – and expecting a baby!
7. Jennifer Lopez
Queen of the Rebound?
Just four months after separating from Marc Anthony, Jennifer Lopez began dating back-up dancer Casper Smart. Two and a half years later, the two split up – and just a few weeks later, Lopez has already moved on! She's allegedly dating Dancing With The Stars stud Maksim Chmerkovskiy.
8. Liam Hemsworth
In 2013, Liam Hemsworth suffered through a very public break-up with fiancé, Miley Cyrus. Just one day after their separation was confirmed, Hemsworth was spotted smooching with gorgeous Mexican actress Eiza Gonzalez. The relationship was the definition of rebound. Just a few weeks later, Hemsworth and Gonzalez had already fizzled out.
9. Halle Berry
From one hottie to the next! In April 2010, Halle Berry split from her longtime boyfriend, model Gabriel Aubry. Just a few months later in September 2010, Berry had already moved on – to sexy French and Spanish actor Olivier Martinez! The Academy Award actress, who famously avoided marriage with Aubry, quickly settled down with Martinez. The two were married in July 2013, and welcomed a son, Maceo-Robert, in October 2013.
10. Madonna
Shortly after her divorce with Guy Ritchie was confirmed, Madonna began dating New York Yankee Alex Rodriguez. And by "shortly after", we mean the divorce wasn't even finalized when she started getting hot and heavy with ARod.


text:
Hitachi DB10DL 10.8V Li-Ion Micro Drill-Driver Kit
Standard Equipment:
- DB10DL Li-Ion Drill-Driver
- Battery Charger
- Two 10.8V Lithium Ion Batteries
- Phillips Driver Bit
- 7-Piece Bit Set
- Carrying Case
Optional Accessories:
See other Hitachi Cordless Tools.
- Rating: 10.8 Volt
- Battery Capacity: 1.5 Amp-hr
- No-load RPM: 0-400
- Max Torque: 88 in-lbs
- Clutch Stages: 22
- Weight: 1.8 lbs
- Impressively lightweight at 1.8 lbs and compact at less than 6" in length.
- 88 in-lbs of torque for various drilling and driving applications.
- Best-in-class 21+1 clutch with 21 torque settings and a drill mode for ultimate precision and control in both forward and reverse.
- LED light ring surrounding the chuck effectively illuminates dim work areas.
- Optimized handle dimensions for a secure grip and ergonomic comfort in all had sizes.
- Quick change 1/4" hex chuck for simple bit replacements.
- Responsive variable speed trigger for complete control during intricate operations.
- Free-standing design allows drill to stand on its own when not in use.
- Battery charge indicator light warns the user when run-time is getting low.
- (2) 1.5Ah HXP batteries deliver steady power for the duration of every charge.
- Patented charger circuitry prevents overheating and power loss.
- Balanced tool weight ensures wrist alignment and reduces fatigue.
- Industry-leading 5-year warranty.


text:
I've tried to create a list of PvE pets designed to be the ulitmate choice against each school. Preferably a pet that both have the resistance and can ulitize the enemys weakness.
Why? To ease the leveling. If you bring a lvl 20 to a lvl 25 fight you will want the right company.
I don't claim the list to be perfect, I don't have most of them at lvl 25, this is mostly based on theory crafting. Please post your comments and sugesstions.
I've tried to avoid TCG-pets, Blizzard Store-pets and promotion pets. I would never pay real money for pets, but thats me.
I've noticed that sometimes a more offensive pet is the first choise and sometimes a more defensive one is better, so against each family I've picked a pair of pets.
Archetype: Wave Surfer
Target: Aquatic
Weak strike: Magic
Weak defence: Flying
xAll-round: Jade Owl BreedID 8/18,
xAbilities: Slicing Wind, Hawk Eye, Lift-Off
xComments: Jewelcrafting pet. Three different BreedIDs. Uncommon, needs pet stone.
>Offensive: Crow/Gilnean Raven BreedID 8/18
>Abilities: Alpha Strike, Call Darkness, Nocturnal Strike
>Comments: Wild pet/Worgen pet. Anti-healer which is especially good considering the target is aquatic.
Archetype: Bear Hunter
Target: Beast
Weak strike: Flying
Weak defence: Mechanical
>Offensive: For PvE I think I prefer Mechanical Gnome, altho there are other candidates as well.
>Comments: Pick your favourite mech pet.
<Defensive: Maybe Pterrordax Hatchling
<Abilities: Slicing Wind, Ancient Blessing, Lift-Off
<Comments. Not sure about this. Which bird do you think is best against beasts?
Final comment: If you got got Dragon Kite (TCG) it should be a good choise as well. as it is flying and got one strong mech attack (Call Lighning). It is the only flying pet with mechanical attack.
Archetype: Mouse Catcher
Target: Critter
Weak strike: Human
Weak defence: Beast
xAll-round: Curious Wolvar Pup
xAbilities: Bite, Snap Trap/Frenzyheart Brew, Maul
xComments: Maul is strong, even without bleed. Which 2nd ability do you think is better?
xComments: Childrens week pet. Uncommon, needs battle stone.
zAll-round: Flayer Youngling
zAbilities: Triple Snap, Reflection, Rampage
zComments: World drop. Several breeds aviable, I usually prefer 8/18. Thanks Quintessence for the tip!
<Defensive: Peddlefeet
<Abilities: Bow Shot, Perfumed Arrow, Love Potion
<Comments: Love is in the air. Uncommon, needs pet stone.
Archtype: Dragon Slayer
Target: Dragonkin
Weak strike: Undead
Weak defence: Human
<Defensive: Fungal Abomination
<Abilities: Comsume, Leach Seed, Stun Seed.
<Comments: Naxx drop.
Final comments: If you want a more offensive pet: Anubisath Idol, Peddlefeet, Curious Wolvar Pup and Feral Vermling/Hopling are decent unless you got Pandaren Monk or Murkimus.
Archetype: Fire Fighter
Target: Elemental
Weak strike: Critter
Weak defence: Aquatic
<Defensive: Crickets. I would prefer Marsh Fiddler BreedID 9/19. It's almost lvl 25 alredy.
<Abilities: Skitter, Cocoon Strike, Nature's Touch
<Comments: Wild pet. Hard to kill for them elementals.
>Offensive: Pandaren Water Spirit
>Abilities: Water Jet, Whirlpool, Dive
>Comments: I picked the stupid air elemental.
xAll-round: Snails (take your pick. I prefer breed 7/17 as snail speed is so crappy anyway.)
xComments: They have Dive. Thanks Quintessence for the suggestion.
Archtype: Wing Clipper
Target: Flying
Weak strike: Dragon
Weak defense: Magic
xAll-round: Sprite Darter Hatchling
xAbilities: Evanescence, Arcane Blast, Moonfire
xComments: World drop. Spell order will be changed next patch.
<Defensive: Celestial Dragon
<Abilities: Breath, Ancient Blessing, Moonfire
<Comments: Achievement
Final comments: I duo Pandare Air Spirit with these pets. The pet I'm leveling just have to survive the first attack.
Archtype:Helm Breaker
Target: Humanoid
Weak strike: Beast
Weak defence: Undead
<Defensive: Molten Hatchling - leach life - webbing
<Abilities: Leech Life, Cauterize, Brittle Webbing
<Comments: Wild pet. Two heal abilities. Too bad there ain't many PvE humans.
>Offensive: Lost of Lordaeron, BreedID 6/16
>Abilities: Absorb/Shadow Slash, Siphon Life, Curse of Doom
>Comments: Wild pet. Two heal abilities. Too bad there ain't many PvE humans.
Archetype: Diamond Cutter
Target: Magic
Weak strike: Mechanical
Weak defense: Dragonkin
xAll-round: Mechanical Pandaren Dragonling
xAbilities: Breath, Decoy, Bombing Run
xComments: Engineering. Uncommon, needs pet stone.
>Offence: Onyxian Whelpling/Spawn of Onyxia.
>Abilities: Breath/Tail Sweep, Scorched Earth/Healing Flame, Deep Breath
>Comments: Wild pet- Pick you BreedID, based on speed, according if you want to use Tail Sweep or not.
Archtype: Cogwheel Cracher
Target: Mechanical
Weak strike: Elemental
Weak defence: Elemental
>Offensive: I kinda like Tiny Snowman
>Abilities: Snowball, Call Blizzard, Deep Freeze (nice stun-dmg combo).
>Comments: X-mas pet. Stone needed. Lots of alternatives here... What is your favourite elemental pet?
<Defensive: Plant pets. I like Sinister Squashling.
<Abilities: Burn, Stun Seed, Plant
<Comments: Helloween pet. Blue alredy!
Archetype: Skull Crucher
Target: Undead
Weak strike: Aquatic
Weak defence: Critter
xAll-round: Frogs. I prefere Mojo. It is alredy blue and has good breed imo, Very few undead has more speed so you should get full effect from Tongue Lash.
xAbilities: Tongue Lash, Healing Wave, Swarm of Flies
xComments: Zul'Aman "drop".
<Defensive: Magical Crawdad
<Abilities: Surge/Snap, Renewing Mists, Wish
<Comments: Fishing pet. Hardest to kill in game?
Why the lame"archetype"-names, you might ask? I've lerned them and use them to find the pets easier in the log.
So Mechanical Pandaren Dragonling will be named "Dc Jane", where DC stands for Diamond Cutter, which to me means I'll use it agains magic pets..


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When longtime Wellesley resident Elizabeth "Liz" Suneby attended a fundraiser at the Wellesley Country Club for the Zubuli Education Center, a girls' school, in Afghanistan, she was both moved and inspired.
When longtime Wellesley resident Elizabeth "Liz" Suneby attended a fundraiser at the Wellesley Country Club for the Zubuli Education Center, a girls' school, in Afghanistan, she was both moved and inspired.
As she heard the school's founder, Razia Jan, narrating inspiring stories of brave girls and their teachers, Suneby felt compelled to share these stories with adults and children in developed countries so they would never again take education for granted.
She soon turned her idea into reality. As part of its CitizenKid series, Kids Can Press has now published Suneby's book, "Razia's Ray of Hope: One Girl's Dream of an Education."
Suneby said, "I was listening to her tell story after story about the courageous girls and teachers at the school, and I was staring at these huge images of these big brown-eyed beautiful girls with these green headscarves." As an educated woman, Suneby said, she couldn't understand how society was prohibiting them from being educated.
When one thinks about a snow day or a vacation day, when kids don't have to go to school, that's a natural occurrence, she said. But, she wondered, "How can I get kids to see how that would be if you never had to go to school." Suneby wanted them to dig a little deeper and think of the implications of that kind of situation. She wanted them to think about what would happen if they'd never learned to read or write. They wouldn't be able to get a good job, and wouldn't be able to help their children, read a map or help their community.
Suneby said she wanted to get girls thinking about the question, "What if your brothers were able to be an active part of society, but you weren't?" She said fundamental change will come to Afghanistan by educating girls.
"I think the book is timely," Suneby said, especially because of Malala [Yousufzai]," the Pakistani girl, known for being a women's rights and education activist, who was shot by the Taliban last year.
Suneby said that just the day before the school opened in 2008, men were trying to make Jan turn the Zubuli Education Center for Girls into a school for boys.
In "Razia's Ray of Hope: One Girl's Dream of an Education" young Razia, who desperately wants an education, attends the school that Jan founded, after convincing the men in her family to allow her to go.
Naming the protagonist in her book after Jan, Suneby spoke with Jan regarding material for the book when she was visiting Massachusetts and three more times after she was back in Afghanistan. While Jan was working by the light a generator provided, Suneby was writing in an air-conditioned home. Once it was time to approve copy, and illustrations by Suana Verelst, they ran everything by Jan to make sure all of it was culturally correct.
Jan is delighted with Suneby's book. "It's beautiful and it's amazing. It's really great," she said during a phone conversation with the Townsman from Afghanistan. "Liz's work is the heart, and the illustrations are the soul of the book."
Jan will be returning to the U.S for an outreach tour in September. Suneby will accompany her for appearances in Denver, Omaha and Washington, D.C. In Massachusetts, they will appear at the Duxbury Seafest, hosted by the Duxbury Rotary Club, on Sept. 21, and later that evening they will be at Framers Edge, a custom frame shop and art gallery in Braintree. The public is invited to both of these events.
The two women will also be busy with a fundraiser and book signing at Suneby's home and a gathering with the Council for Women of Boston College.
Jan said the girls at her school are very excited about the book and can't wait to get copies of their own. She said she is planning on carrying back 200 copies for the students.
She is looking forward to her trip to the U.S. A native of Afghanistan, Jan lived for a time in Duxbury, where she owned a dry cleaning business, before deciding to go back to Afghanistan to open a school for girls.
"I'm always excited to go back and see friends and family. I have my son and very good friends who are like my family," she said of her upcoming trip to the U.S.
Jan is also looking forward to seeing Wellesley resident Patti Quigley, who is the executive director of the Razia's Ray of Hope Foundation. "She does 99 percent of the work … it's really, really something … Jan said of Quigley.
She added that many people have been supporting the work she and the foundation have been doing. "I think trust is a great thing…because they know the money is going to the right place. Everything goes to the cause. I think that is something that helps," Jan said.
Quigley was named Public Servant of the Year this spring by Bridgewater State University, and Jan was named a CNN Hero in 2013. The designation of CNN Hero gave Razia's Ray of Hope increased exposure, which resulted in a jump in donations. The school, located in Deh Sabz, outside of Kabul, currently is educating 400 girls.
Quigley said when Suneby told her that she was going to write 'Razia's Ray of Hope,' "I was just floored … I think Liz really caught the essence of how the girls really live." Quigley said the voices Suneby used in her story as well as her use of some Afghan words "just kind of puts you there."
At the time Quigley first met Jan, Quigley was the president and co-founder of "Beyond the 11th," an organization aimed at helping Afghan women widowed by war and terrorism. Quigley had lost her husband when the flight he was on, United Airlines Flight 175, hit the South Tower of the World Trade Center on Sept. 1, 2011.
Stunned by the tragedy, Jan began sending homemade blankets to rescue workers at Ground Zero and also shipped care packages to the U.S. troops and to needy children in Afghanistan.
Jan heard about Quigley's work and their friendship formed, eventually evolving into their partnership, since Quigley also wanted to work on education for girls.
Last year, the foundation raised $359,000, enough to add on a third floor to the school. The next phase, Quigley said, is to fundraise for sustainability.
Five years ago, when the school was in its infancy, it was a struggle to get families to agree to send their daughters to school, Quigley said. They were nervous about the girls' security and concerned that nothing would get done at home in their absence.
Today, she said, there are many families who want their girls to the school. And, she said, now families are saying they need a boys' school like the one the girls go to. Quigley said some of the families now think the girls are getting a better education than their boys are getting.
Families are so happy with the school, in fact, that they are sending their second, third and fourth girls there now.
Quigley said, although Razia's Ray of Hope is really focusing on girls' education, Jan has said that if somebody wants to step forward to do that she would mentor that person.
"It's been really amazing working with Razia," Quigley said. "I've learned so much about getting things done … It's been rewarding to listen to the girls on video and hear them talk about some things that they really enjoy … Just seeing them excited about school has been amazing for me."
Quigley added that, "Liz and the publisher have been so supportive about how the book can help the foundation."
"Razia's Ray of Hope: One Girl's Dream of an Education" is the 2013 book in the Citizen Kids series written for children 8 and older. The series is a collection of books that inform children about the world and inspires them to be better global citizens.
The book is now available everywhere. Suneby said if anyone wants an autographed copy they can put in a request through Wellesley Books, www.wellesleybooks.com, and she will autograph it any way they want.
Suneby said she is looking forward to doing readings and workshops and to making appearances at book groups, mother/daughter groups and Scouting groups.
"Razia's Ray of Hope: One Girl's Dream of an Education" is Suneby's sixth book. She also writes magazine articles and does corporate writing. Suneby said she will have a new book coming out in October.
Her husband, Per, is a clean tech entrepreneur. They have two children, a daughter, Emma, who is senior at Wellesley High School, and a son, Joshua, who is in his third year at Connecticut College.
Originally from Newton, Suneby is a graduate of Brown University.
Although writing is her work, she said it is also a hobby for her. In addition to writing, Suneby said, "I love being active." She enjoys walking with her dog, swimming, being with friends and family, traveling and going to the beach, she said.
Right now, "Razia's Ray of Hope: One Girl's Dream of an Education" is her passion, Suneby said. She is donating a portion of the proceeds from book sales to the Razia's Ray of Hope Foundation.
Suneby said she wants readers to try to wrap their heads around the fact that even today the fundamental right of an education is denied to large groups of the population.
"We need to start kids earlier understanding things they take for granted," Suneby said.
For more information visit www.elizabethsuneby.com/books/razia/; www.raziasrayofhope.org/


text:
WARSAW, Poland (AP) — Teams of experts were working to free a Boeing 737 airplane from a muddy field after it skidded off the runway while landing in Katowice, southern Poland, an airport spokesman said Wednesday.
The plane from the Czech airline Travel Service skidded late Tuesday and went some 20 meters (22 yards) off the Pyrzowice airport runway and ran into wet ground, where its front landing gear sank. None of the 176 passengers and six crew members was hurt. They had arrived from the Red Sea resort of Sharm el-Sheikh in Egypt.
Airport spokesman Cezary Orzech said that the airport remained closed while Czech experts were working with Polish airport staff to pull the plane out. In low temperatures and under falling snow they placed and inflated airbags under the fuselage to lift the plane.
All flights have been redirected to nearby Krakow.
Orzech said that the pilot had been informed that the runway was slippery but decided to land anyway. Travel Service pilots are familiar with the airport, which serves as base for the airline's aircraft, he said.


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People go to bars to drink. And they leave bars after having done so — often having done so to excess.
They can be loud, confused, goofy or argumentative. They can get into serious trouble and endanger others.
So it makes sense that the city is considering an ordinance intended to keep Charleston's late-night drinking spots — the Market and upper King Street — safe.
And it makes sense to expect bar owners to do their part to reduce noise, and to have the staff needed to keep order.
But the ordinance also would require bar owners to police the sidewalks in front of their establishments, and that is an invitation for trouble.
Dealing with drunks isn't always easy for trained police, who are armed and have the legal authority to make people leave, with force if necessary. Charging a bouncer with the peace-keeping responsibility is not just misplacing authority, it's foolhardy.
Jim Curley, owner of AC's Bar and Grill on the part of King Street where the bar scene is most lively, says drunks and rowdy people have ignored his staff when they have tried to move people away from the bar. The drunks don't see a police uniform, so they don't recognize their authority to arrest or restrain them.
Drunks might get physical with a bouncer, but they would be less likely to do so with a police officer.
City Council member Aubry Alexander raised a good question: Is it a good idea for untrained individuals to perform crowd control? The city's legal department has been asked to study the issue.
It would be wise for the lawyers also to consider the more basic principle of giving an ordinary person, trained or not, a job that is the job of police.
Some parts of the proposed ordinance are reasonable. Bars need to close their doors and windows at 11 p.m. if music is played. They need to hire an adequate number of security personnel to keep miscreants in check. They should keep the sidewalks in front of their businesses clean.
If the bar scene gets out of control, not only will residents and visitors be in danger of harm, the city's reputation as a great place for tourists will be diminished. And tourism is essential to Charleston's economy.
The sidewalks are far more likely to be safe and the neighborhoods less rowdy with ample police protection than with a beefy bouncer, no matter how capable he is.
Charleston Police Chief Greg Mullen plans to hire eight additional officers and assign them to the bar spots, using the city's accommodations tax.
That's a good use for the revenue derived from the tourist-related tax. Maybe more can be used to hire additional officers, as needed.


text:
Grace S. Rivera – Real Estate Agent Squaw Valley CA
Editor's Rating:
[yasr_overall_rating size="small"]
Why work with Grace? What does she have to offer and what makes her completely different from other real estate agents in your area?
You have a huge and very important choice to make! An opportunity to work with a real estate representative who you can simply talk to, and will not make things even more complicated because whether you are buying or selling a home in California things can get very ugly in a moment's time.
Client's Wants & Needs Identified
- Keep clients informed with updates
- Be compliant & Meet deadlines
- Find construction flaws that an untrained eye can't see
- Clients want to be abreast with Current listings
- Wants their RE agent to Communicate with their loan officer and other real estate agents involved with their transaction
- Have a Tech Savvy agent to make the process EASY on and off line
- Reminds and keeps clients on task
Grace has studied her clients for that moment you contact her. All of your questions, concerns, and worries will be answered in the most efficient, honest and ethical way leaving you with nothing to fear, but with only one goal in mind; and that is to find the Best Deal on the biggest transaction of your life.
Benefits and Features Working with Grace – Real Estate Agent Squaw Valley CA
- Grace is a fully licensed Real Estate Agent for the state of California
- Has years of management experience with top HMO, customer service, and finance background
- Goes above and beyond to Help & Educate her clients about California's real estate market
- Possess Very Strong analytical skills especially with numbers
- Will Negotiate the BEST price for the value of your home
- Understands the Law, Taxes and how it is going to affect you
- Provides Exceptional service only for the Best Interest of her clients
- Offers complete Step-by-Step assistance from herself and friendly staff
Next Step…
Why not contact Grace and arrange a meeting where she can personally explain what she offers and then "brainstorm" with you about the best way to sell or buy a home. There is no obligation, of course, and certainly no pressure, but together, we just may figure out the perfect situation for you & your family.
Real Estate Agent Squaw Valley CA
WARNING: If you're looking for a well-known, big time real estate agent that drives a luxury car with a blue-tooth stuck to his/her ear, owns or works for a large firm, and bears fancy credentials after his or her name, Grace is NOT for you! But if you want a simple down to earth person, "one-on-one" service, an intelligent & patient person, and very easy to talk than Grace is a Perfect Real Estate Agent for you!
>> Click here to Connect with Grace
Thank you for visiting www.GraceSRivera.com!
Grace S. Rivera – Real Estate Agent
1890 Junction Blvd
Roseville, CA 95747
email: email@example.com


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While rising awareness of global warming stirs momentum for "clean" energies such as wind and solar power, the reality for now and the predictable future is that the indispensable workhorse of U.S. power generation is coal. More than half of U.S. electricity comes from coal-fired power, and none of the alternatives are without problems and high cost. Moreover, from the standpoint of geopolitics and our need for energy independence, we can count ourselves lucky to have coal as abundantly as we do — at current consumption, known U.S. coal will last another 200 years.
Are there ways to use this invaluable resource with less environmental impact? It's one of the primary questions driving research at the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) national laboratory with three primary research sites: Morgantown, West Virginia; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Albany, Oregon. NETL's mission is to develop clean, affordable fossil-fuel technologies, and one of the most promising is coal gasification.
Long on the drawing boards as an idea, coal gasification is what it sounds like: a process to turn coal into a gas that in turn produces electricity much more cleanly than direct combustion of coal. With help from PSC's LeMieux and BigBen, NETL researchers have taken a big step toward making this vision real. Based on success during the past five years of a NETL program — on behalf of DOE's Office of Fossil Energy — construction has begun on a commercial coal-gasification plant near Orlando, Florida that is anticipated to be the cleanest, most efficient coal-fired power plant in the world by 2010.
"This major, unprecedented accomplishment in coal-gasification technology will allow us to continue using our most valuable energy resource in an environmentally acceptable manner," says Anthony Cugini, director of NETL's Office of Research and Development. "With sophisticated software and access to PSC supercomputing, our engineering-design team developed deep understanding of the complex processes of a coal-gasifier reactor system."
DOE announced the Orlando project in October 2004 as part of its Clean Coal Power Initiative. They selected the Southern Company, an Atlanta-based energy company, along with Orlando Utilities Commission, to build the $557 million venture, for which DOE is contributing $235 million. Houston-based KBR and Southern Company are responsible for engineering.
The 285-megawatt plant is based on a technology called "transport gasification," invented and bench-scale tested by KBR in the early 1990s. For further development, the project team relied on a pre-commercial-scale plant — the Power Systems Development Facility (PSDF) — in Wilsonville, Alabama, built by Southern Company and DOE in the mid-1990s to evaluate and commercialize advanced coal-based power technologies. With the PSDF, engineers are able to adjust operating conditions of systems being evaluated, to learn what works and what doesn't. For the transport gasifier, to reduce the trial-and-error guesswork and gain improved understanding of the physics and reaction chemistry, PSDF engineers worked closely with a NETL computational modeling team, the Device Scale Modeling Group, led by Chris Guenther.
Guenther's group had a powerful tool at their disposal: MFIX (Multiphase Flow with Interphase Exchanges), software developed at NETL to reduce cost in development of clean-coal technologies. It describes the hydrodynamics, heat transfer, and chemical reactions in fluid-solid systems such as coal gasification. MFIX's ability to simulate various coal-combustion processes and its usefulness as a design tool were recognized this year by R&D Magazine, which gave MFIX an R&D 100 award as one of the top 100 technologies of the year.
Using LeMieux over the past five years, Guenther's team validated MFIX's ability to accurately predict conditions at the PSDF. Via this process they developed a patent-pending coal-chemistry module to be used with MFIX. "LeMieux's speed allowed us to quickly make whatever changes we wanted in the virtual world and then tell the plant engineers at PSDF what to expect if they changed this or that variable," says Guenther. "With LeMieux we had the CPU power, and the basic physics-based equations were there in the software."
Transport Coal Gasification
Simulation results from MFIX with PSC's LeMieux system. The upper graphic shows a result from simulating coal as it enters the upper region of the gasifier (purple). Minimal impact on the vertical flow pattern of the gas (grey streamlines) implies poor coal penetration into the gasifier, which can lead to lower conversion of the coal and elevate discharge of soot and carbon-dioxide from the gasifier.
The lower graphic shows a result from simulating burner air entering the gasifier (purple) and the complex flow pattern (grey streamlines) it creates. Complex flow in this region of the gasifier is critical for sufficient mixing and to maximize contact between the gas and solid particles.
They used from 16 to 64 of LeMieux's processors. "The support staff at PSC often gave us a high priority," says Guenther, "which was really critical for our work. Sometimes MFIX was running absolutely continuously around the clock at PSC for every bit of an entire work week or longer."
PSC scientific-visualization specialist Kent Eschenberg created a software routine to take data from the LeMieux runs and translate it into a format Guenther could use directly with advanced 3D visualization software, so he could see and analyze the results quickly.
When the PSDF work began, however, the MFIX team lacked solid information on crucial "reaction rate" parameters involved in gasification, and it required iterative, careful work over time — with many simulations on LeMieux — to improve the software's predictive ability, work which led eventually to some surprising findings.
MFIX has modeled many gas-solids reaction processes, but it had not before been used to model a transport gasifier — so-called because the hot gas and unburnt solids travel upward through the long, pipe-like reactor. In this environment, coal particles react with steam, air, and other chemicals in many reactions that lead ultimately to a mixture of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and other gas species called "syngas" — short for "synthesis gas." Unreacted coal particles recirculate from the "riser" — a vertical tube at the top — back to the reactor's "mixing zone." Eventually, all the coal particles transform into syngas, and the coal is gasified.
A critical variable in this environment where multiple reactions take place simultaneously is "kinetics" — how fast the reactions proceed. "This transport gasifier was a fairly new piece of technology," says Guenther, "and when we began there were no reaction rates in the open literature that covered our conditions. The kinetics for detailed gas-phase combustion is out there, but detailed reaction mechanisms for devolitization, tar cracking, and gasification under transport conditions are not readily available."
By adjusting the kinetics in the MFIX code incrementally through a series of simulations, Guenther and his colleagues began to get results that matched what was happening in the PSDF. It was a back-and-forth process. The engineers in Alabama would make a gasification run, and the NETL researchers would run the MFIX model on LeMieux to simulate the same conditions.
They knew they were getting it right when they pointed out a potential problem to the PSDF engineers. Simulations showed "oxygen breakthrough" — a stream of oxygen that did not react with the recirculated coal, but reacted instead with fresh coal higher up in the riser. This could cause the coal to combust rather than gasify, resulting in higher temperatures and elevated levels of CO2. "We made some predictions that at first the plant engineers found hard to believe,' says Guenther, "but later accepted."
Another leap occurred when the PSDF was shut down eight months for modifications and NETL ran simulations to see what effect the modifications would have. "When they were back up and running they were getting numbers like we predicted," says Guenther. "That was a milestone for us in showing that MFIX running on LeMieux is a valuable tool for commercial-scale design."
The Orlando project's partners agree. "Previously we had to rely on pilot-plant data and theoretical models that had a limited range of applicability," says Nicola Salazar, director of coal monetization at KBR. "But with this cutting-edge tool, we are able to predict the effects more quickly and with greater confidence. Ultimately, the tool will help us to develop safe, reliable, and energy-efficient designs for our commercial gasifiers."
MFIX is currently running on PSC's Cray XT3 to continue the scale-up that will lead to start-up of the Orlando plant in 2010. "What's the best ratio of the length of the reactor to its diameter?" says Guenther. "Is it better to use 100-micron-diameter coal particles or 300-micron-diameter coal particles? These are the kind of "what if" scenarios we can investigate."
With the XT3, Guenther can run MFIX efficiently on up to 1,024 processors, which opens unprecedented ability to do localized predictions in specific areas of the reactor at very high resolution. "For localized predictions, we are using 12-million computational cells, seven times more resolution than we did with LeMieux. To my knowledge, commercial-scale simulations at this fine a resolution have never been done before, and it means we can answer much more in-depth questions about reactor performance."
The Orlando plant will be the world's first commercial-scale plant that incorporates a transport gasifier with integrated gasification combined cycle technology. Syngas from the transport gasifier will pass through a gas turbine to generate electricity, then heat water for a steam turbine that generates more electricity. Along with more electricity per ton of coal, there are essentially no emissions of sulfur dioxide and particulates, appreciably lower oxides of nitrogen, and 25-percent less carbon dioxide. With help from supercomputing, Florida energy consumers will soon begin to reap the benefit.


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text:
As Crain's Detroit Business approaches the May 5 unveiling of the 20 in their 20s Class of 2014, we catch up with some of the previous award recipients.
Geoff Young, 20 in their 20s Class of 2009
Then: Geoff Young was 29 and a project development specialist for the Aerotropolis Program Office of Wayne County. He was part of the University of Michigan public policy class that helped develop the aerotropolis program.
Now: Young is 34 and works at Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan as a senior analyst of strategy and planning.
What has happened since you were honored as a 20 in their 20s? "I left Wayne County before the drama began. I started at Blue Cross Blue Shield working on health care reform and developing a strategy for the implementation of the individual health care marketplace.
"Then I worked on developing the enrollment system to get customers enrolled in the marketplace, and now I continue to work on it now that it's operational."
What's next? "I plan to continue to work at Blue Cross Blue Shield — it's a very welcoming company. I'm more focused on what's next in my personal life.
"However, I would like to get back into the world of policy and regional governments one day or work at a more agile tech firm in a smaller business environment."
Advice to the new 20 in their 20s class? "Stay versatile. Be flexible in your career path, because it can change."