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Tom Friedman, I mean (with apologies to Dwight Yoakum). Friedman is knowledgeable about the Middle East, but intellectually, he is a follower, not a leader. So he is a little late to the party in terms of understanding, and apparently endorsing, the Bush administration's strategy for the Middle East. In today's New York Times, Friedman writes:
In visiting Gaza and Israel a few weeks ago, I realized how much the huge drama in Iraq has obscured some of the slower, deeper but equally significant changes happening around the Middle East [Ed.: Or maybe caused them?]. To put it bluntly, the political parties in the Arab world and Israel that have shaped the politics of this region since 1967 have all either crumbled or been gutted of any of their original meaning.
Iraq is not the only country in this neighborhood struggling to write a new social contract and develop new parties. The same thing is going on in Lebanon, Israel, Egypt, Syria, Jordan and Gaza. If you like comparative politics, you may want to pull up a chair and pop some popcorn, because this sort of political sound and light show comes along only every 30 or 40 years.
"Fatah never made the transition from a national liberation movement to civil society," said the Palestinian reformist legislator Ziad Abu Amr. Iraq's Baath Party was smashed to bits by President Bush. Syria's Baath – because of the loss of both its charismatic leader, Hafez al-Assad, and Lebanon, its vassal and launching pad for war on Israel – has no juice anymore. Lebanon's Christian Phalange Party and Amal Party, and the other ethnic parties there, are all casting about for new identities, now that their primary obsessions – the Syrian and Israeli bogymen – have both left Lebanon. Egypt's National Democratic Party, which should be spearheading the modernization of the Arab world, can't get any traction because Egyptians still view it as the extension of a nondemocratic regime.
Intensifying these pressures is the big change from Washington, said the Palestinian political scientist Khalil Shikaki: "As long as Washington was happy with regimes that offered only stability, there was no outside pressure for change. Now that the Bush administration has taken a bolder position, the public's expectations with regard to democratization are becoming greater. But the existing parties were not built to deliver that. So unless new ones emerge, either Hamas or anarchy could fill the vacuum."
In other words, the Bush administration's strategy for the region is working. So far, Friedman's loyalty to the Democratic Party has always trumped his willingness to draw the obvious conclusions from his own observations. It will be interesting to see whether at some point, he will be willing to acknowledge that he and his fellow liberals were wrong, and President Bush was right.
UPDATE: Reader Nathan Clark writes:
You are way too harsh on Thomas Friedman. He actually supported the invasion of Iraq. Friedman was one of the few prominent liberals who cautiously accepted the notion that regime change could spur democratization across the Arab world. For him it was always the strongest rationale for liberating Iraq. If anything, his most recent column was validating what he had written before the war. (See below.)
Nathan included some good quotes from Friedman's columns, and, especially, an excerpt from a speech Friedman gave at Yale.
Nathan makes a good point, and it is true that Friedman has previously acknowledged the logic of Bush's policy in the Middle East. My criticism of Friedman, as expressed here, for example, is that he essentially admits that the administration's Middle Eastern policy is right, but instead of lending the administration his support, he puts emphasis on his criticisms of relatively minor aspects of the administration's policies for, I think, partisan reasons. Thus, in the column discussed in the post linked to above, Friedman wrote:
The Bush team is certainly not fostering all this when it mismanages a war it launched to liberate the people of Iraq. Its performance has been pathetic, and I understand anyone on the right or the left who wants to wash his hands of the whole thing.
I think that if the same policies were being pursued by a Democratic administration, Friedman would be an enthusiastic and vocal supporter. Now, however, even when he implicitly acknowledges the correctness of the Bush team's approach to the region, he avoids giving them proper credit for the positive developments currently taking place.
If Friedman thinks that is an unfair assessment of his writings on the subject, we'd be glad to hear from him, and will publish any response he makes.


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Find the tractor that is right for you.
Select a product to see configurable options and compatible attachments.
Product features are based on published information at the time of publication. Product features are subject to change without notice. Contact your local dealer for more information.

subset: commoncrawl


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(photos via pinterest)
I love big beautiful hair, whether it be in a lush 60s bouffant, a teased updo or with big curls! For a lot of us a full gorgeous locks don't come natural and for those who are blessed with thick hair it might be hard to keep the locks from weighing down and create some controlled chaos ;) So behold my favorite tutorials for big beaut Hair including the 2 tutorials I have been using for creating new voluminous waves myself!
1) The Daily Desh ~ Hair Volume
I actually start off with a tutorial (and a lovely blog post) that isn't necessarily for me since I have naturally very fine and thin hair. This tutorial is for those with thick hair and want to create some order in the chaos! I do really love the result, it's kind of how I look after going to my hair stylist, who creates this look on my hair simply with some products and a blowdryer but I never managed to get the look right myself! (one day I will haha)
2) Kevin Murphy ~ Powder Puff
Here is where the Magic starts! I use the Kevin Murphy Powder Puff myself and I seriously love it, can't live without it! When using the powder on my roots (and after scrunching it up) there is volume! Like real volume, magic! Sometimes I do set the created volume with some hairspray and other days I just fluff it up a few times during the day! I discovered that by using the powder on more sections at the roots it created far more volume and with my fine hair I managed to be very close at a beaut big 60s hair at my very first try, wooha! I also use the powder before setting curls!
ps. Other powders are the Osis Dust it, Lanza Powder up and Big Sexy Hair Powder Play!
3) This Chicks Got Style ~ Bouncy Curls
For all those that asked me about my hair, It was Yara from thischicksgotstyle who started styling my hair in New York and was patient enough to teach me how to do it myself! I'm so happy she made this tutorial because I can honestly say (working with this myself) that its really good and dummy proof ;) In the end it so happens that I hadn't been paying enough of attention and haven't done my hair how I was supposed to be doing it haha but close enough ;) (I personally make a side section and use the powder puff instead of teasing!) Besides curls (obviously) this tutorial creates big voluminous hair for those like me with fine thin hair! Oh, and did I tell you that the curls really stay in place the whole day? Yes, they do!
4) Nasty Gal ~ Big Messy Waves
I think the easiest way to go for some volume are big "bedhead" messy waves! Personally I'm really hesitant to use spray wax but I am all about crunching my hair by making buns and then fixing them with hairspray! This tutorial might be the easiest to start off with but didn't created the magic effect I was looking for myself.
5) Modcloth Blog ~ Bouffant Hair
The Bouffant is big on my wish list and this is the tutorial I will use to try it myself, although I haven't thick hair! (I will start off with creating volume ~ and maybe some bedhead waves, with the Powder Puff and curl iron myself!) Basically for Big hair it's all about teasing your hair, maybe using sea salt spray and loads of hairspray but to be honest I always try to avoid these three at all costs myself and opt instead in on the powders, blow dryer and curl iron, oh I do use loads of hairspray actually but I use an equal amount of conditioner afterwards ;)
plus another beautiful bouffant tutorial:


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Robert Pattinson joins Lost City of Z
- Bang Showbiz
- 7 November 2013
Robert Pattinson has joined 'Lost City of Z' alongside Benedict Cumberbatch
Robert Pattinson has joined 'Lost City of Z'.
The 'Twilight' hunk has signed up alongside Benedict Cumberbatch in James Gray's new film, based on David Grann's non-fiction book documenting Amazonian explorer Percy Fawcett's deadly obsession with discovering a lost city in the rainforest.
It is believed Cumberbatch will play the leading role of Percy Fawcett, but it is unknown what Pattinson will play.
Fawcett disappeared in 1925, along with his son, after trekking through the Amazon to gather evidence to support his claims a mysterious city, which he dubbed the Lost City of Z, existed within the heart of the rainforest.
The film will be produced by Brad Pitt through his Plan B company, along with Dede Gardner, Jeremy Kleiner and Anthony Katagas.
Pitt has reportedly been developing the project for several years and at one point even considered starring in the movie himself.
Meanwhile Pattinson is currently involved in the upcoming film 'The Rover', which will see him play a man forced to leave his family behind as he embarks on a revenge mission with an injured gang member.


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Mysterious Red-Faced Disorder Leaves 16 Million Feeling Blue
CHICAGO (April 2, 2012) — While rosacea has become increasingly recognized as a common and conspicuous red-faced disorder, mounting evidence has shown that it can cause far more emotional stress and physical pain than previously known. April has been designated as Rosacea Awareness Month by the National Rosacea Society (NRS) to alert the public to the warning signs of this chronic and often progressive condition now estimated to affect more than 16 million Americans.
"Emotional stress frequently exacerbates or induces rosacea symptoms, creating a tailspin for many patients," said Dr. Richard Granstein, chairman of dermatology at Cornell University. "Combine this with the physical discomforts and the social impact of the disorder, and there are many aspects of rosacea that go well beyond its effects on personal appearance alone."
Rosacea usually first strikes individuals between the ages of 30 and 60, and may initially resemble a simple sunburn or an inexplicable blush. Suddenly, without warning, a flush comes to their cheeks, nose, chin or forehead. Then just when they start to feel concerned, the redness disappears.
Unfortunately, it happens again and again, becoming ruddier and lasting longer each time - and eventually visible blood vessels may appear. Without treatment, bumps and pimples often develop, growing more extensive over time, and burning, itching and stinging are common.
In severe cases, especially in men, the nose may become enlarged from the development of excess tissue. This is the condition that gave comedian W.C. Fields his trademark red, bulbous nose. In some people the eyes are also affected, feeling irritated and appearing watery or bloodshot. Severe cases of this condition, known as ocular rosacea, can result in reduced visual acuity.
Among the most famous rosacea sufferers is former President Bill Clinton, whose doctors disclosed that he has this condition in The New York Times. Others reported to have suffered from the disorder include Princess Diana, financier J.P. Morgan and the Dutch painter Rembrandt.
In new NRS surveys, 69 percent of rosacea patients said they experienced a flare-up related to emotional stress at least once a month, and more than 90 percent of the respondents said they had suffered some form of physical pain from their condition. A burning sensation was the most commonly reported discomfort, named by 75 percent, followed by itching, cited by 65 percent, and stinging, mentioned by 62 percent. Other types of pain associated with rosacea included swelling (44 percent), tightness (42 percent), tenderness (40 percent), tingling (31 percent), prickling (23 percent) and headache (20 percent).
Perhaps even more ravaging than its physical effects, rosacea often inflicts significant damage to people's emotional, social and professional lives.
"It would be hard to invent a more embarrassing disease than rosacea," said Dr. Ted Grossbart, a psychologist at Harvard Medical School. "It affects the one part of the body that cannot be hidden - the face - and tends to strike people at a time in life when they may be increasingly self-conscious about changes in their appearance. Moreover, especially because this condition is not widely understood, it can leave its victims feeling isolated and even alienated from society."
In National Rosacea Society surveys of more than 1,200 rosacea patients, 76 percent said rosacea's effect on their facial appearance had lowered their self-confidence and self esteem. Sixty-nine percent of the survey respondents said they had experienced embarrassment as a result of the disorder, and nearly 63 percent reported difficulty in establishing new relationships. Forty-one percent said they had avoided or canceled face-to-face contact because of their condition, and 58 percent said the effect of untreated rosacea on their appearance had made them the subject of stares, misconceptions, rude comments or jokes.
Eighty-eight percent of those with severe symptoms said this disorder had affected their professional interactions, and nearly 51 percent reported they had missed work because of their condition. Thirty-nine percent said it might even have prevented them from being chosen for a new job.
Adding insult to injury is a common myth that rosacea sufferers, who often have a red face and nose, may be heavy drinkers. In fact, while alcohol may aggravate rosacea, these symptoms can be just as severe in a teetotaler. Another common misconception is that rosacea is caused by poor hygiene, while in reality it is unrelated to personal cleanliness.
Although the cause of rosacea is unknown, a vast array of lifestyle and environmental factors can trigger flare-ups of signs and symptoms in various rosacea sufferers. Common rosacea triggers include sun exposure, emotional stress, hot or cold weather, wind, heavy exercise, alcohol, spicy foods, heated beverages, humidity, certain skin-care products and many others.
"While rosacea is a long-term disorder and there is no cure, the good news is that it can be effectively controlled with medical therapy and lifestyle modifications," Dr. Granstein said. "This can substantially improve the quality of people's lives."
Individuals with any of the following warning signs of rosacea are urged to see a dermatologist for diagnosis and appropriate treatment:
• Redness on the cheeks, nose, chin or forehead
• Small visible blood vessels on the face
• Bumps or pimples on the face
• Watery or irritated eyes
During April and throughout the year, people who suspect they may have rosacea can visit the NRS Web site at rosacea.org, or call its toll-free number at 1-888-NO-BLUSH to obtain comprehensive information on the disorder. Information and educational materials are also available by writing the National Rosacea Society, 196 James Street, Barrington, Illinois 60010, or via e-mail at email@example.com.
# # #
Contact Us
- Phone:
- Email:
- firstname.lastname@example.com
196 James St.
Barrington, IL 60010
Our Mission
The National Rosacea Society is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization whose mission is to improve the lives of people with rosacea by raising awareness, providing public health information and supporting medical research on this widespread but little-known disorder. The information the Society provides should not be considered medical advice, nor is it intended to replace
consultation with a qualified physician. The Society does not evaluate, endorse or recommend any particular medications, products, equipment or treatments. Rosacea may vary substantially from one patient to another, and treatment must be tailored by a physician for each individual case. For more information, visit About Us.


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Product Description
- Deluxe version 2.4 GHz wireless 4 channels receiver, stable performance, No X-ray radation
- 4pcs 1/3 inch 2.4GHz, 380 TV lines, 7 IR leds nightvision, security CCTV wireless CMOS color camera with 54 degree view angle, and nightvision distance 5m, built-in rechargeable li-battery for at least 3 hours continuous working
- Imaging Sensor: 1/3 Inch CMOS
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- Horizontal Resolution: 380 TV lines
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- Modulation Mode: FM
- Bandwidth: 18MHz
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- Charge Consumption: 350mA
- Operating Temperature: -10℃~+50℃, RH85% Max
- Storage Temperature: -40℃~+85℃, RH85% Max
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- Video Output Level: 1Vp-p
- Audio Output Level: 1Vp-p
- Image Resolution: 720 x 576 (PAL), 720 x 480 (NTSC)
- Image Refresh Rate: 60Hz/second (NTSC), 50Hz/second (PAL)
- Video Output Type: Single picture, two picture, PIP, POP or four picture can be displayed and switched automatically
- Ambient Temperature: -30˚C ~ 60˚C
- The frequency range of 2.4GHz wireless audio and video receiver is 2.400GHz-2.483GHz
- It has four-channel switch (2.414GHz, 2.432GHz, 2.450GHz, 2.468GHz) improving flexibility and reliability
- The transmitter and receiver can be used in the same channel, or one to several usage in the same channel (that is, one transmitter sends signals, several receivers receive signals, the receipt is synchronous and accurate, equivalent to wire video distributing machine) or several to several usage (that is, each transmitter takes a channel, slightly adjusting frequency of receiver to select video and audio transmission of another channel, without mutual disturbance)
- The video signals received are clear, stable and vivid in color, with good sound effect
- Video transmission in NTSC or PAL
- AV output terminal of receiver can be connected with equipment with video and audio input
- The AV input terminal of receiver can be connected with equipment with video and audio output, for example, VCD, DVD, convenient for installation and commission
- Connection terminal AV output jack, earphone output jack, power input jack, AV in jack
- This unit uses Li-ion battery, convenient for tour
- This unit is manufactured with international new integrated circuit and TFT colorful liquid crystal display technology. It is low power consumption, stable performance, no X-ray radiation
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Package Included:
- 1 x 4 Channels Receiver
- 1 x Remote Control
- 1 x 5V 1A Switch Power for Receiver
- 1 x 2.4GHz Antenna
- 1 x Audio/Video Cable
- 4 x Security CCTV 1/3" CMOS Color Cameras
- 4 x Camera Adapters
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In that case we will refund you the payment excluding actual shipping fees already incurred.
If the item is defective, please contact DinoDirect Live Support and send an email to us at email@example.com attached an image or video file clearly showing the defect of the product. And we will give you a response within 24 hours whether we will resend the item or refund the payment to you for compensation.
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• Please contact Live Chat or click here to learn more return policy.


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It doesn't take Nostradamus to predict the biggest fight for Stockton in 2013: the destitute city vs. Wall Street.
It doesn't take Nostradamus to predict the biggest fight for Stockton in 2013: the destitute city vs. Wall Street.
You might say crime. That's true on the local level. But the fight with Wall Street is on a national battlefield: the $3.7 trillion municipal bond market.
"The fight with Wall Street is going to determine Stockton's viability as a city," City Manager Bob Deis said.
To Wall Street, Stockton poses a threat to the entire muni bond market. The Street's lenders also think Stockton's bankruptcy plan is unfair.
Specifically, city leaders, forced to chop upward of $100 million from the city's budget over the past few years, axed everything but city employee pensions.
They left them intact. But they defaulted on muni bonds, something done rarely, as muni bonds enjoyed a sort of hallowed immunity.
Defaulting antagonized Wall Street. Bond insurers such as Assured Guaranty want every penny of their money repaid.
The precedent also spooked the market. If bonds are sacrosanct more out of precedent than law, Stockton could be a game-changer.
"Dozens of cities in California, including Oakland, Sacramento and Los Angeles, are slouching toward insolvency, but only a few ... have taken on the unions and restructured worker retirement benefits," the Wall Street Journal warned this week.
"Many are instead borrowing to pay their retirement obligations just as Stockton did, thereby shifting the risk of paying for pensions to the bond markets."
Wall Street doesn't see why public employees deserve special treatment in Chapter 9. It has challenged Stockton's eligibility for bankruptcy based partly on this alleged unfairness.
Meanwhile, the prospect of pension cuts roused the state Public Employee Retirement System. CalPERS manages the U.S.'s largest public pension fund ($233.4 billion) for about 1.6 million public employees.
Stockton worries CalPERS, too. State law protects pensions. But federal law trumps state law, and Stockton's bankruptcy is in federal court.
CalPERS has allied with Stockton to fight Wall Street's challenge.
That's the first big irony of Stockton's insolvency. During the dotcom boom, CalPERS encouraged cities to offer enhanced retirement benefits.
It even assured cities they could do so at no additional cost (!) because their investments were doing so well. When the dotcom boom tanked, CalPERS left cities holding the bag.
Yet the city says it has no choice but to side with CalPERS.
Draconian cuts - a work force slashed by a quarter; employee pay reduced 23 percent; medical insurance cut; lifetime retiree medical eliminated - brought the city to par with other cities.
City employees are at the breaking point, leaders say. Cutting pensions would trigger an exodus, especially of competent employees who can find work elsewhere.
The other option is further cuts to public services.
"We didn't feel cutting services was going to be in the interest of the citizens," Deis said. "We think it would have moved us form extremely lean to dangerous. We just couldn't go there."
Police are an example. Incensed by cuts, 71 cops resigned or retired from Stockton's force in 2012. Fresh-faced trainees replaced them.
These rookies must police a city with a violent crime rate in the top 10 nationwide. Clearly, seasoned officers are essential in helping them make critical judgment calls.
The city's argument, then, is that cutting pensions would compromise its ability to protect its citizens' health and safety.
City officials also point out that Wall Street enthusiastically sold Stockton the bonds that deeply indebted the city. Bond houses didn't advise taking on the unions as the Wall Street Journal piously does now.
And bond insurers knew - or should have known - the risk. Insurers who misjudge risk sometimes must pay claims.
Wall Street doesn't buy it. "Investors who fail to impose discipline on deadbeats are likely to find the deadbeats playing them for suckers," the Wall Street Journal wrote.
Besides money, that's what the big fight in 2013 will be over: to "impose discipline" on Stockton and by extension on all cities so Wall Street need not share in the sacrifices of the recession its reckless lending did so much to create.
That is another big irony.
Contact columnist Michael Fitzgerald at (209) 546-8270 or firstname.lastname@example.com. Visit his blog at recordnet.com/fitzgeraldblog.


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Summer Session Fees
Now that summer has come, many students are not taking classes but they would still like to utilize Student Health Service (SHS) or the Counseling Center (CCSD). Not in summer school? You may be eligible to still receive care at SHS & CCSD.
Did you just graduate? Congratulations! Due to anti-trust laws, SHS cannot continue to provide your healthcare, but we can 1) help you transfer your records to the office of your choice, 2) provide you with a list of local offices if you need help establishing care outside, or 3) we do have a 2 week grace period following graduation if you need to come in for a follow up of an existing problem (i.e. to get a medication refilled, or to finish up treatment for a particular problem or concern).
If you did not graduate, but are just not taking classes in summer school, you may still be eligible for care at SHS and/or CCSD. In order to qualify for services at SHS/CCSD in the summer when you are not taking classes, you must have been enrolled this past spring AND you must be registered for fall classes. If you meet those criteria, you can be seen at SHS/CCSD for a special summer fee. The summer fee is necessary because you are not taking classes for the summer or paying any tuition, so you are not paying the usual health fee. To pay the health fee for either SHS or CCSD service, stop by the Student Health Center.
There are 2 options for paying the summer fee for care at SHS:
Per visit fee $25.00
Need multiple visits? Pay $60.00 for unlimited visits per summer session.
Need care at CCSD? One option is available:
$60.00 per session (the per visit fee is not available for CCSD service)
First summer session fees are charged May 14-June 19.
Second summer session fees are charged June 20-July 26.
Once summer classes end, the only option for the fee is $25 per visit from July 29-Aug 16. (CCSD's services may be limited during this period)
Questions? Call SHS at (252) 328-6841 or CCSD at (252) 328-6661.
Have a healthy summer!


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Concertmaster Blossom-Lee Endowed Chair The Cleveland Orchestra
William Preucil became concertmaster of The Cleveland Orchestra in April 1995 and has appeared regularly as a soloist with the Orchestra in concerto performances at both Severance Hall and the annual Blossom Music Festival.
Prior to joining The Cleveland Orchestra, Mr. Preucil served for seven seasons as first violinist of the Grammy-winning Cleveland Quartet, performing more than 100 concerts each year in the world's major music capitals. Telarc International recorded the Cleveland Quartet performing the complete cycle of Beethoven's 17 string quartets, as well as a variety of chamber works by Haydn, Mozart, Schubert, and Brahms.
From 1982 to 1989, William Preucil served as concertmaster of the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra, after previously holding the same position with the orchestras of Utah and Nashville. During his tenure in Atlanta, he appeared with the Atlanta Symphony as soloist in 70 performances of 15 different concertos. He has premiered two works by composer Stephen Paulus written especially for him, the Violin Concerto No. 1 with the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra under Robert Shaw's direction in 1987, and the Violin Concerto No. 3 with The Cleveland Orchestra under Giancarlo Guerrero in 2013. Mr. Preucil also has made solo appearances with the symphony orchestras of Detroit, Hong Kong, Minnesota, Rochester, and Taipei.
Mr. Preucil regularly performs chamber music, as a guest soloist with other orchestras, and at summer music festivals. His North American festival performances have included Santa Fe, Sarasota, Seattle, and Sitka, with international appearances in France, Germany, and Switzerland. Each summer, he serves as concertmaster and violin soloist with the Mainly Mozart Festival Orchestra in San Diego. Mr. Preucil also continues to perform as a member of the Lanier Trio, whose recording of the complete Dvořák piano trios was honored as one of Time magazine's top 10 compact discs at the time of its release. The Lanier Trio has also recorded the trios of Mendelssohn and Paulus for Gasparo Records.
As an educator, Mr. Preucil for many years served as Distinguished Professor of Violin at the Cleveland Institute of Music and teaches at Furman University. He previously taught at the Eastman School of Music and at the University of Georgia.
William Preucil began studying violin at the age of five with his mother, Doris Preucil, a pioneer in Suzuki violin instruction in the United States. At 16, he graduated with honors from the Interlochen Arts Academy and entered Indiana University to study with Josef Gingold (former concertmaster of The Cleveland Orchestra). He was awarded a performer's certificate at Indiana University and also studied with Zino Francescatti and György Sebök.


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BOSTON (AP) Brandon Jennings had 21 points, 13 assists and six steals and the Milwaukee Bucks won their first season opener in six years with a 99-88 victory over the Boston Celtics on Friday night.
The Bucks never trailed after the first 6 minutes and led by at least 11 points throughout the second half as the Celtics, who allowed the second-fewest points in the NBA last season, struggled defensively for the second consecutive game. They lost 120-107 to the Miami Heat on Tuesday night, matching the most points they allowed in any game last season.
Boston was led by Kevin Garnett with 15 points and Rajon Rondo had 14. The Celtics lost their first three games last season.


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Sarah Montgomery, assistant professor, curriculum and instruction, 319-273-2167, email@example.com
Linda Martin, educational consultant, Area Education Agency 267, 319-273-8215, firstname.lastname@example.com
Stacey Christensen, Office of University Relations, 319-273-6728, email@example.com
CEDAR FALLS, Iowa -- The University of Northern Iowa will host a Service-Learning conference titled "Linking Civic Literacy and Service-Learning with the Iowa Core." The workshop begins at 9 a.m., Tuesday, March 8, in the University Room in the lower level of Maucker Union. Attendees are encouraged to arrive by 8:30 for registration and refreshments. Attendees will receive a complimentary parking pass for the Gallagher-Bluedorn Performing Arts Center parking lot at the entrance to the lot.
Throughout the six-hour workshop, there will be five sessions. From 9:20 to 10 a.m., Dwight Watson, dean of the College of Education, will present "Linking Service-Learning with Diverse Student Populations." From 10:10 to 11 a.m., Nadene Davidson, interim director of the Department of Teaching, will present "Linking Civic Literacy and Service-Learning with the Iowa Core." Kathy Lockard, the congressional coordinator for Green Hills Area Education Agency, will present "Project Citizen Awareness" from 1 to 2 p.m. Gayle Olson, state coordinator, will present "Representative Democracy in America" from 1 to 3 p.m. The final session of the day will be from 2 to 3 p.m. Lee Weber, the congressional coordinator for Malcolm Price Laboratory School, will present "We the People, The Citizen and the Constitution."
Co-sponsors of the event include Area Education Agency 267 Educational Services, the Iowa Department ComServ Grants, the UNI College of Education, the American Democracy Project and the UNI Provost's Office.
The registration deadline is Wednesday, March 2, and while there is no registration fee, pre-registration is required for lunch, parking and handouts. For more information, contact Sarah Montgomery, assistant professor of curriculum and instruction, at 319-273-2167 or email@example.com; or Linda Martin, educational consultant at Area Education Agency 267, at 319-273-8215 or email@example.com.


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Bandai America Puts the Future in Kids Hands with New Tamagotchi
Tamagotchi® Connection® V4 Virtual Pet Allows Fans to Now Dictate Their Characters Education, Lifestyle and Career
(Cypress, CA December 21, 2006) Bandai America Incorporated, a leader in introducing hot Japanese toy trends to the U.S. marketplace, is calling on fans to live the Tamagotchi life 24/7 with the new Tamagotchi Connection V4. As the most technologically advanced version of the worlds first and top selling virtual pet tech toy, kids can now control the destiny of their Tamagotchi characters by choosing which classes to take in school and eventually the career and lifestyle theyll enjoy in the future. Fans can experience firsthand, alongside their character, what its like to be a fashion designer, rock star, florist or doctor as they mold their character into an upstanding citizen of Tamagotchi Town.
Tamagotchi Connection V4 empowers fans like never before as they choose what kind of lives their virtual pets will lead responsibilities far beyond feeding and providing basic care, said Michael Riley, vice president of marketing for Bandai America Inc. Kids can share in the excitement as characters get praise for being a star student or land their first job, and even live out their own fantasies for the future. The depth of play and hours of endless entertainment reaffirm the notion of living the Tamagotchi life.
Kids help determine their characters future careers and fate by playing the fun mini games in their Tamagotchi to earn Intellectual, Beauty or Social Skill Points. Depending on the accumulation of these points, owners can choose from a variety of 15 different professions as well as change careers later when openings become available. And, just like in the real world, characters must prove that theyre qualified for certain jobs in this case, by having enough of the right Skill Points for their coveted profession.
Meanwhile, since everyone loves receiving goodies in the mail, the new Gotchi Post feature includes good and bad fortunes, letters and news that add even more anticipation and adventure to lifes journey. It also guides the characters with invitations on when to attend preschool, elementary school and then to apply for a job once theyre ready.
V4 introduces even more fans to the magical world of TamagotchiTown.com with new games, activities and locales. While using Gotchi Points and special passwords, visitors can go online to shop in the mall, visit with their virtual pets parents, watch movies at the theater, play in the arcade, grab a bite in the food court and even visit the revered Tamagotchi King at his castle. Fans can also continue to travel the world, but to new exotic destinations like Paris, Africa and Tokyo. V4 even expands upon the site by letting kids see their character interacting online as it goes to school, plays in the various games and partakes in lifes other daily adventures. Log on to see the new official TamaTown.com drivers license, as well as the Shopping Bag which conveniently lists all the recent items purchased or won from the site.
The Great Tamagotchi Fan Shell-ection
The thrilling arrival of V4 is even more Tama-rrific since the winning design of last summers first-ever Great Tamagotchi Fan Shell-ection will be one of the first new V4 styles produced. Tamagotchi fans fervently made their voices heard by voting to determine a new Tamagotchi design and, after a tight race to the finish line, fans overwhelmingly chose Glow-in-the-Dark as the eventual winner and this seasons must-have look. Watch for the special, limited time offer of Glow-in-the-Dark to Tama-takeoff from shelves soon!
Tamagotchi Connection V4 includes an ever-expanding assortment of new design styles, the most games ever (20 games), 21 new characters (for a total of 53), and even more collectible items and souvenirs than before (144 total). V4 builds on the play pattern of the very first virtual pet by letting owners still connect their Tamagotchi with others regardless of which version they have via the awesome infrared technology feature. The toys also have a snazzy new look, with a colorful ball on the antennas end, and come in a redesigned package. Tamagotchi Connection V4 debuts in January at all major retailers nationwide with a SRP of $14.99. Gotchi GearTM lanyards, charms, and Pet Pouches also debut with a SRP of $4.99 - $7.99.
Tamagotchi Connection Version 4 (v4) Announced
Started by Admin , Dec 21 2006 11:27 AM
Posted 21 December 2006 - 11:27 AM ( #1 )
The formal announcement from Bandai is finally here!


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Expulsion of the Acadians
The Expulsion of the Acadians, also known as the Great Upheaval, the Great Expulsion, the Great Deportation and Le Grand Dérangement, was the forced removal by the British of the Acadian people from the present day Canadian Maritime provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island — parts of an area also known as Acadia.[5] The Expulsion (1755–1764) occurred during the French and Indian War (the North American theatre of the Seven Years' War)[6] and was part of the British military campaign against New France. The British first deported Acadians to the Thirteen Colonies, and after 1758 transported additional Acadians to Britain and France. In all, of the 14,100 Acadians in the region, approximately 11,500 Acadians were deported[7][8] (a census of 1764 indicates that 2,600 Acadians remained in the colony, presumably having eluded capture[9]).
During the War of the Spanish Succession, the British captured Port Royal, the capital of the colony, in a siege. The 1713 Treaty of Utrecht, which concluded the conflict, ceded the colony to Great Britain while allowing the Acadians to keep their lands. Over the next forty-five years, however, the Acadians refused to sign an unconditional oath of allegiance to Britain. During the same period, some also participated in various military operations against the British, and maintained supply lines to the French fortresses of Louisbourg and Fort Beauséjour.[10] As a result, the British sought to eliminate any future military threat posed by the Acadians and to permanently cut the supply lines they provided to Louisbourg by removing them from the area.[11][12]
Without making distinctions between the Acadians who had been neutral and those who had resisted the occupation of Acadia, the British governor Charles Lawrence and the Nova Scotia Council ordered them to be expelled.[13] In the first wave of the expulsion, Acadians were deported to other British colonies. During the second wave, they were deported to Britain and France, from where they migrated to Louisiana. Acadians fled initially to Francophone colonies such as Canada, the uncolonized northern part of Acadia, Isle Saint-Jean (present-day Prince Edward Island) and Isle Royale (present-day Cape Breton Island). During the second wave of the expulsion, these Acadians were either imprisoned or deported.
Along with the British achieving their military goals of defeating Louisbourg and weakening the Mi'kmaq and Acadian militias, the result of the Expulsion was the devastation of both a primarily civilian population and the economy of the region. Thousands of Acadians died in the expulsions, mainly from diseases and drowning when ships were lost. On July 11, 1764, the British government passed an order-in-council to permit Acadians to legally return to British territories, provided that they take an unqualified oath of allegiance. The American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow memorialized the historic event in his poem about the plight of the fictional character Evangeline, which was popular and made the expulsion well known.
- 1 Historical context
- 2 British deportation campaigns
- 3 Deportation destinations
- 4 Fate of the Acadians
- 5 Historical comparisons
- 6 Commemorations
- 7 See also
- 8 References
- 9 General references
- 10 External links
Historical context[edit]
After the British officially gained control of Acadia in 1713, the Acadians refused to sign an unconditional oath of loyalty to become British subjects. Instead, they negotiated a conditional oath that promised neutrality. Some Acadians remained neutral and refused the unconditional oath. The difficulty was partly religious, as the British monarch was the head of the Protestant Church of England and the Acadians were Roman Catholic. They also worried that signing the oath might commit male Acadians to fight against France during wartime, and that it would be perceived by their Mi'kmaq neighbours as an acknowledgement of the British claim to Acadia, putting Acadian villages at risk of attack from Mi'kmaq.[14]
Other Acadians refused to sign an unconditional oath because they were anti-British. Various historians have observed that some Acadians were labelled "neutral" when they were not.[15] By the time of the Expulsion of the Acadians, there was already a long history of political and military resistance by Acadians and the Wabanaki Confederacy to the British occupation of Acadia.[16] The Mi'kmaq and the Acadians were allies through their Catholicism and numerous inter-marriages.[17] While the Acadians were the largest population, the Wabanaki Confederacy, particularly the Mi'kmaq, held the military strength in Acadia even after the British conquest.[18] They resisted the British occupation and were joined on numerous occasions by Acadians. These efforts were often supported and led by French priests in the region.[19] The Wabanaki Confederacy and Acadians fought against the British Empire in six wars, including the French and Indian Wars, Father Rale's War and Father Le Loutre's War, over a period of seventy-five years.
French and Indian War[edit]
In 1753, French troops from Canada marched south and seized and fortified the Ohio Valley. Britain protested the invasion and claimed Ohio for itself. On May 28, 1754, the war began with the Battle of Jumonville Glen. French Officer Ensign de Jumonville and a third of his escort were killed by a British patrol led by George Washington. In retaliation the French and the Indians defeated the British at Fort Necessity. Washington lost a third of his force and surrendered. Major General Edward Braddock's troops were defeated in the Battle of the Monongahela, and William Johnson's troops stopped the French advance at Lake George.[citation needed]
In Acadia, the primary British objective was to defeat the French fortifications at Beauséjour and Louisbourg and to prevent future attacks from the Wabanaki Confederacy, French and Acadians on the northern New England border.[20][21] (There was a long history of these attacks from Acadia – see the Northeast Coast Campaigns 1688, 1703, 1723, 1724, 1745, 1746, 1747.) The British saw the Acadians' allegiance to the French and the Wabanaki Confederacy as a military threat. Father Le Loutre's War had created the conditions for total war; British civilians had not been spared and, as Governor Charles Lawrence and the Nova Scotia Council saw it, Acadian civilians had provided intelligence, sanctuary, and logistical support while others had fought against the British.[22] During Le Loutre's war, to protect the British settlers from attacks along the former border of New England and Acadia, the Kennebec River, the British built Fort Halifax (Winslow), Fort Shirley (Dresden, formerly Frankfurt) and Fort Western (Augusta).[citation needed]
After the British capture of Beauséjour, the plan to capture Louisbourg included cutting trade to the Fortress in order to weaken the Fortress and, in turn, weaken the French ability to supply the Mi'kmaq in their warfare against the British. According to historian Stephen Patterson, more than any other single factor – including the massive assault that eventually forced the surrender of Louisbourg – the supply problem brought an end to French power in the region. Lawrence realized he could reduce the military threat and weaken Fortress Louisbourg by deporting the Acadians, thus cutting off supplies to the fort.[23] During the expulsion, French Officer Charles Deschamps de Boishébert led the Mi'kmaq and the Acadians in a guerrilla war against the British.[24] According to Louisbourg account books, by late 1756 the French had regularly dispensed supplies to 700 natives. From 1756 to the fall of Louisbourg in 1758, the French made regular payments to Chief Jean-Baptiste Cope and other natives for British scalps.[25]
British deportation campaigns[edit]
The British deportation campaigns began in August 1755. Throughout the expulsion, Acadians and the Wabanaki Confederacy continued a guerrilla war against the British in response to British aggression which had been continuous since 1744 (see King George's War and Father Le Loutre's War).[26]
Bay of Fundy (1755)[edit]
The first wave of the expulsion began on August 10, 1755, with the Bay of Fundy Campaign during the French and Indian War.[27] The British ordered the expulsion of the Acadians after the Battle of Beausejour (1755). The campaign started at Chignecto and then quickly moved to Grand-Pré, Piziquid (Falmouth/Windsor, Nova Scotia) and finally Annapolis Royal.[26]
On November 17, 1755, George Scott took 700 troops, attacked twenty houses at Memramcook, arrested the remaining Acadians and killed two hundred head of livestock to deprive the French of supplies.[28] Acadians tried to escape the expulsion by retreating to the St. John and Petitcodiac rivers, and the Miramichi in New Brunswick. The British cleared the Acadians from these areas in the later campaigns of Petitcodiac River, Saint John River, and the Gulf of St. Lawrence in 1758.
The Acadians and Mi'kmaq resisted in the Chignecto region and were victorious in the Battle of Petitcodiac (1755).[29] In the spring of 1756, a wood-gathering party from Fort Monckton (former Fort Gaspareaux) was ambushed and nine were scalped.[30] In April 1757, the same band of Acadian and Mi'kmaq partisans raided Fort Edward and Fort Cumberland near present-day Jolicure, New Brunswick, killing and scalping two men and taking two prisoners.[31] July 20, 1757, Mi'kmaq killed 23 and captured two of Gorham's rangers outside Fort Cumberland.[32][33] In March 1758, forty Acadians and Mi'kmaq attacked a schooner at Fort Cumberland and killed its master and two sailors.[34] In the winter of 1759, the Mi'kmaq ambushed five British soldiers on patrol while they were crossing a bridge near Fort Cumberland. They were ritually scalped and their bodies mutilated as was common in frontier warfare.[35] During the night of April 4, 1759, a force of Acadians and French in canoes captured the transport. At dawn they attacked the ship Moncton and chased it for five hours down the Bay of Fundy. Although the Moncton escaped, one of its crew was killed and two were wounded.[33]
In September 1756, a group of 100 Acadians ambushed a party of thirteen soldiers who were working outside Fort Edward at Piziquid. Seven were taken prisoner and six escaped back to the fort.[36] In April 1757, a band of Acadian and Mi'kmaq partisans raided a warehouse near Fort Edward, killed thirteen British soldiers, took what provisions they could carry and set fire to the building. Days later, the same partisans raided Fort Cumberland.[37] By November 1756, French Officer Lotbiniere wrote about the difficulty of recapturing Fort Beausejour: "The English have deprived us of a great advantage by removing the French families that were settled there on their different plantations; thus we would have to make new settlements."[38]
The Acadians and Mi'kmaq fought in the Annapolis region. They were victorious in the Battle of Bloody Creek (1757).[29] Acadians being deported from Annapolis Royal on the ship Pembroke rebelled against the British crew, took over the ship and sailed to land. In December 1757, while cutting firewood near Fort Anne, John Weatherspoon was captured by Natives—presumably Mi'kmaq— and was carried away to the mouth of the Miramichi River, from where he was sold or traded to the French, taken to Quebec and was held until late in 1759 and the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, when General Wolfe's forces prevailed.[39]
Approximately 55 Acadians, who escaped the initial deportation at Annapolis Royal, are reported to have made their way to the Cape Sable region—which included south western Nova Scotia—from where they participated in numerous raids on Lunenburg, Nova Scotia.[40] The Acadians and Mi'kmaq raided the Lunenburg settlement nine times over a three-year period during the war. Boishebert ordered the first Raid on Lunenburg (1756). In 1757, the second raid on Lunenburg occurred, in which six people from the Brisson family were killed.[41] The following year, March 1758, there was a raid on the Lunenburg Peninsula at the Northwest Range (present-day Blockhouse, Nova Scotia) when five people from the Ochs and Roder families were killed.[42] By the end of May 1758, most of those on the Lunenburg Peninsula had abandoned their farms and retreated to the protection of the fortifications around the town of Lunenburg, losing the season for sowing their grain.[43]
For those who did not leave their farms, the number of raids intensified. During the summer of 1758, there were four raids on the Lunenburg Peninsula. On July 13, 1758, one person on the LaHave River at Dayspring was killed and another seriously wounded by a member of the Labrador family.[44] The next raid happened at Mahone Bay, Nova Scotia on August 24, 1758, when eight Mi'kmaq attacked the family homes of Lay and Brant. They killed three people in the raid, but were unsuccessful in taking their scalps, a common practice for payment from the French.[45] Two days later, two soldiers were killed in a raid on the blockhouse at LaHave, Nova Scotia.[45] On September 11, a child was killed in a raid on the Northwest Range.[46] Another raid happened on March 27, 1759, in which three members of the Oxner family were killed.[41] The last raid happened on April 20, 1759 at Lunenburg, when the Mi'kmaq killed four settlers who were members of the Trippeau and Crighton families.[47]
Cape Sable[edit]
The Cape Sable campaign involved the British removing Acadians from present-day Shelburne County and Yarmouth County. In April 1756, Major Jedidiah Preble and his New England troops, on their return to Boston, raided a settlement near Port La Tour and captured 72 men, women and children.[48][49] In the late summer of 1758, Major Henry Fletcher led the 35th regiment and a company of Gorham's Rangers to Cape Sable. He cordoned off the cape and sent his men through it. One hundred Acadians and Father Jean Baptistee de Gray surrendered, while about 130 Acadians and seven Mi'kmaq escaped. The Acadian prisoners were taken to Georges Island in Halifax Harbour.[50]
En route to the St. John River Campaign in September 1758, Monckton sent Major Roger Morris of the 35th Regiment, in command of two men-of-war and transport ships with 325 soldiers, to deport more Acadians.[51] On October 28, Monckton's troops sent the women and children to Georges Island. The men were kept behind and forced to work with troops to destroy their village. On October 31, they were also sent to Halifax.[52][46] In the spring of 1759, Joseph Gorham and his rangers arrived to take prisoner the remaining 151 Acadians. They reached Georges Island with them on June 29.[49][53][54] November 1759 saw the deportation to Britain of 151 Acadians from Cape Sable who had been prisoners on George's Island since June.[55] In July 1759 on Cape Sable, Captain Cobb arrived and was fired upon by 100 Acadians and Mi'kmaq.[56]
Île St. Jean and Île Royale[edit]
The second wave of the expulsion began with the French defeat at the Siege of Louisbourg (1758). Thousands of Acadians were deported from Île Saint-Jean (Prince Edward Island) and Île Royale (Cape Breton). The Île Saint-Jean Campaign resulted in the largest percentage of deaths of the deported Acadians. The sinking of the ships Violet (with about 280 persons aboard) and Duke William (with over 360 persons aboard) marked the highest numbers of fatalities during the expulsion.[57] By the time the second wave of the expulsion had begun, the British had discarded their policy of relocating the Acadians to the Thirteen Colonies, and had begun deporting them directly to France.[58] In 1758, hundreds of Île Royale Acadians fled to one of Boishebert's refugee camps south of Baie des Chaleurs.[50]
Petitcodiac River Campaign[edit]
The Petitcodiac River Campaign was a series of British military operations that occurred from June to November 1758 to deport the Acadians who either lived along the river or had taken refuge there from earlier deportations. Benoni Danks and Gorham's Rangers carried out the operation.[26] Contrary to Governor Lawrence's direction, New England Ranger Danks engaged in frontier warfare against the Acadians. On July 1, 1758, Danks began to pursue the Acadians on the Petiticodiac. They arrived at present day Moncton and Danks' Rangers ambushed about thirty Acadians who were led by Joseph Broussard (Beausoleil). The Acadians were driven into the river where three of them were killed and scalped, and the others were captured. Broussard was seriously wounded.[50][59] Danks reported that the scalps were Mi'kmaq and received payment for them. Thereafter, he went down in local lore as "one of the most reckless and brutal" of the Rangers.[50]
St. John River Campaign[edit]
Colonel Robert Monckton led a force of 1,150 British soldiers to destroy the Acadian settlements along the banks of the Saint John River until they reached the largest village of Sainte-Anne des Pays-Bas (Fredericton, New Brunswick) in February 1759.[60][61] Monckton was accompanied by New England Rangers led by Joseph Goreham, Captain Benoni Danks, Moses Hazen and George Scott.[60] The British started at the bottom of the river, raiding Kennebecais and Managoueche (City of St. John), where they built Fort Frederick. Then they moved up the river and raided Grimross (Gagetown, New Brunswick), Jemseg, and finally reached Sainte-Anne des Pays-Bas.[60]
Contrary to Governor Lawrence's direction, New England Ranger Lieutenant Hazen engaged in frontier warfare against the Acadians in what has become known as the "Ste Anne's Massacre". On February 18, 1759, Hazen and about fifteen men arrived at Sainte-Anne des Pays-Bas. The Rangers pillaged and burned the village of 147 buildings, two Mass-houses and various barns and stables. The Rangers burned a large store-house, containing a large quantity of hay, wheat, peas, oats and other foodstuffs, and killed 212 horses, about five head of cattle and a large number of hogs. They also burned the church located just west of Old Government House, Fredericton.[26][62] The leader of the Acadian militia on the St. John river, Joseph Godin-Bellefontaine, refused to swear an oath despite the Rangers torturing and killing his daughter and 3 of his grandchildren in front of him. The Rangers also took six prisoners.[63][64][65][26]
Gulf of St. Lawrence Campaign[edit]
In the Gulf of St. Lawrence Campaign, also known as the Gaspee Expedition, British forces raided French villages along present-day New Brunswick and the Gaspé Peninsula coast of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Sir Charles Hardy and Brigadier-General James Wolfe commanded the naval and military forces, respectively. After the Siege of Louisbourg (1758), Wolfe and Hardy led a force of 1500 troops in nine vessels to Gaspé Bay, arriving there on September 5. From there they dispatched troops to Miramichi Bay on September 12, Grande-Rivière, Quebec and Pabos on September 13, and Mont-Louis, Quebec on September 14. Over the following weeks, Hardy took four sloops or schooners, destroyed about 200 fishing vessels, and took about 200 prisoners.[66]
The Acadians took refuge along the Baie des Chaleurs and the Restigouche River.[67] Boishébert had a refugee camp at Petit-Rochelle, which was probably located near present-day Pointe-à-la-Croix, Quebec.[68][69] The year after the Battle of Restigouche, in late 1761, Captain Roderick Mackenzie and his force captured over 330 Acadians at Boishebert's camp.[70][71]
After the French conquered St. John's, Newfoundland in June 1762, the success galvanized both the Acadians and the natives, who gathered in large numbers at various points throughout the province and behaved in a confident and, according to the British, "insolent fashion". Officials were especially alarmed when natives gathered close to the two principal towns in the province, Halifax and Lunenburg, where there were also large groups of Acadians. The government organized an expulsion of 1,300 people and shipped them to Boston. The government of Massachusetts refused the Acadians permission to land and sent them back to Halifax.[72]
Mi'kmaq and Acadian resistance was evident in the Halifax region. On April 2, 1756, Mi'kmaq received payment from the Governor of Quebec for 12 British scalps taken at Halifax.[73] Acadian Pierre Gautier, son of Joseph-Nicolas Gautier, led Mi'kmaq warriors from Louisbourg on three raids against Halifax Peninsula in 1757. In each raid, Gautier took prisoners, scalps or both. Their last raid happened in September and Gautier went with four Mi'kmaq, and killed and scalped two British men at the foot of Citadel Hill. Pierre went on to participate in the Battle of Restigouche.[74]
Arriving on the provincial vessel King George, four companies of Rogers Rangers (500 rangers) were at Dartmouth April 8 until May 28 awaiting the Siege of Louisbourg (1758). While there they scoured the woods to stop raids on Dartmouth.[75]
In July 1759, Mi'kmaq and Acadians killed five British in Dartmouth, opposite McNabb's Island.[56] By June 1757, the settlers had to be completely withdrawn from Lawrencetown (established 1754) because the number of Indian raids prevented settlers from leaving their houses.[76] In nearby Dartmouth, in the spring of 1759, another Mi'kmaq attack was launched on Fort Clarence, located at the present day Dartmouth Refinery, in which five soldiers were killed.[77] Before the deportation, the Acadian population was estimated at 14,000. Most were deported,[78] but some Acadians escaped to Quebec, or hid among the Mi'kmaq or in the countryside, to avoid deportation until the situation settled down.[79]
In present-day Maine, the Mi'kmaq and the Maliseet raided numerous New England villages. At the end of April 1755, they raided Gorham, killing two men and a family. Next they appeared in New Boston (Gray) and went through the neighbouring towns destroying the plantations. On May 13, they raided Frankfort (Dresden), where two men were killed and a house burned. The same day they raided Sheepscot (Newcastle) and took five prisoners. Two people were killed in North Yarmouth on May 29 and one taken captive. The natives shot one person at Teconnet, took prisoners at Fort Halifax and two prisoners at Fort Shirley (Dresden). They also captured two workers at the fort at New Gloucester. During this period, the Maliseet and Mi'kmaq were the only tribes of the Wabanaki Confederacy who were able to fight.[80]
On August 13, 1758, Boishebert left Miramichi, New Brunswick with 400 soldiers, including Acadians whom he led from Port Toulouse. They marched to Fort St. George (Thomaston) and unsuccessfully laid siege to the town, and raided Munduncook (Friendship) where they wounded eight British settlers and killed others. This was Boishébert's last Acadian expedition; from there he and the Acadians went to Quebec and fought in the Battle of Quebec (1759).[81][82]
Deportation destinations[edit]
|# of Exiles
|North Carolina
|South Carolina
|New York
|11, 316[84]
In the first wave of the expulsion, most Acadian exiles were assigned to rural communities in Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland and South Carolina. In general, they refused to stay where they were put and large numbers migrated to the colonial port cities where they gathered in isolated, impoverished French-speaking Catholic neighbourhoods, the sort of communities Britain's colonial officials tried to discourage. More worryingly for the British authorities, some Acadians threatened to migrate north to French-controlled regions, including the Saint John River, Île Royale, the coasts of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Canada.[85] Because the British believed their policy of sending the Acadians to the Thirteen Colonies had failed, they deported the Acadians to France during the second wave of the Expulsion.
Approximately 1,000 Acadians went to the Colony of Maryland, where they lived in a section of Baltimore that became known as French Town.[86][87] The Irish Catholics were reported to have shown charity to the Acadians by taking orphaned children into their homes.[88]
Approximately 2,000 Acadians disembarked at the Colony of Massachusetts. There were several families deported to the Province of Maine, a large, but sparsely populated exclave of the colony of Massachusetts.[89] For four long winter months, William Shirley, who had ordered their deportation, had not allowed them to disembark and as a result, half died of cold and starvation aboard the ships. Children were taken away from their parents and were distributed to various families throughout Massachusetts.[90] The government also arranged the adoption of orphaned children and provided subsidies for housing and food for a year.[91]
The Colony of Connecticut prepared for the arrival of 700 Acadians.[92] Like Maryland, the Connecticut legislature declared that "[the Acadians] be made welcome, helped and settled under the most advantageous conditions, or if they have to be sent away, measures be taken for their transfer."[93]
Pennsylvania and Virginia[edit]
The Colony of Pennsylvania accommodated 500 Acadians. Because they arrived unexpectedly, the Acadians had to remain in port on their vessels for months. The Colony of Virginia refused to accept the Acadians on grounds that no notice was given of their arrival.[94] They were detained at Williamsburg,[citation needed] where hundreds died from disease and malnutrition. They were then sent to Britain where they were held as prisoners until the Treaty of Paris in 1763.[95]
Carolinas and Georgia[edit]
The Acadians who had offered the most resistance to the British—particularly those who had been at Chignecto—were reported to have been sent to the southernmost colonies (the Carolinas and the Colony of Georgia),[96] where about 1,400 Acadians settled and were "subsidized" and put to work on plantations.[97]
Under the leadership of Jacques Maurice Vigneau of Baie Verte, the majority of the Acadians in Georgia received a passport from the governor Reynolds.[98] Without such passports, travel between borders was not allowed.[99] As soon as the Acadians bearing passports from Georgia reached the Carolinas, the colonies granted passports to the Acadians in their territories.[100] Along with these papers, the Acadians were given two vessels.[101] After running aground numerous times in the ships, some Acadians returned to the Bay of Fundy.[97] Along the way, they were captured and imprisoned.[102] Only 900 managed to return to Acadia, less than half of those who had begun the voyage.[97] Others also tried to return home. The South Carolina Gazette reported that in February, about thirty Acadians fled the island to which they were confined and escaped their pursuers.[103] Alexandre Broussard, brother of the famed resistance leader Joseph Broussard, dit Beausoleil, was among them.[104] About a dozen are recorded to have returned to Acadia after an overland journey of 1,400 leagues.[105]
France and Britain[edit]
After the Siege of Louisbourg (1758), the British began to deport the Acadians directly to France rather than to the British colonies. Some Acadians deported to France never reached their destination. Almost 1,000 died when the transport ships Duke William,[106] Violet and Ruby sank in 1758 en route from Île St.-Jean to France. About 3,000 Acadian refugees eventually gathered in France's port cities and went to Nantes.[citation needed] Many Acadians who were sent to Britain were housed in crowded warehouses and subject to plagues due to the close conditions, while others were allowed to join communities and live normal lives.[107] In France, 78 Acadian families were repatriated to Belle-Île-en-Mer off the western coast of Brittany after the Treaty of Paris.[108] The most serious resettlement attempt was made by Louis XV, who offered 2 acres (8,100 m2) of land in the Poitou province to 626 Acadian families each, where they lived close together in a region they called La Grande Ligne ("The Great Road", also known as "the King's Highway"). About 1,500 Acadians accepted the offer, but the land turned out to be infertile, and by the end of 1775, most of them abandoned the province.[109]
Fate of the Acadians[edit]
Acadians left France, under the influence of Henri Peyroux de la Coudreniere, to settle in Louisiana, which was then a colony of Spain.[110] The British did not deport Acadians to Louisiana.[111]
Louisiana was transferred to the Spanish government in 1762.[112] Because of the good relations between France and Spain, and their common Catholic religion, some Acadians chose to take oaths of allegiance to the Spanish government.[113] Soon the Acadians comprised the largest ethnic group in Louisiana.[114] They settled first in areas along the Mississippi River, then later in the Atchafalaya Basin, and in the prairie lands to the west—a region later renamed Acadiana. During the 19th century, as Acadians reestablished their culture, "Acadian" was elided locally into "Cajun".
Some were sent to colonize places as diverse as French Guiana and the Falkland Islands under the direction of Louis Antoine de Bougainville; these latter efforts were unsuccessful. Others migrated to places like Saint-Domingue, and fled to New Orleans after the Haitian Revolution. The Louisiana population contributed to the founding of the modern Cajun population. (The French word "Acadien" evolved to "Cadien", then to "Cajun".)[115]
Nova Scotia[edit]
On July 11, 1764, the British government passed an order-in-council to permit Acadians to legally return to British territories, provided that they take an unqualified oath of allegiance. Some Acadians returned to Nova Scotia (which included present-day New Brunswick). Under the deportation orders, Acadian land tenure had been forfeited to the British crown and the returning Acadians no longer owned land. Beginning in 1760 much of their former land was distributed under grant to the New England Planters. The lack of available farmland compelled many Acadians to seek out a new livelihood as fishermen on the west coast of Nova Scotia, known as the French Shore.[116] The British authorities scattered other Acadians in small groups along the shores of the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. It was not until the 1930s, with the advent of the Acadian co-operative movements, that the Acadians became less economically disadvantaged.[117]
Historical comparisons[edit]
|Part of a series on the
|Military history of Nova Scotia
Notable events
Notable regiments
Related topics
According to historian John Mack Faragher, the religious and ethnic dimensions of the Expulsion of Acadians are in addition to, and deeply connected to, the military exigencies cited as causes for the Removals. There is significant evidence in the correspondence of military and civil leaders for Anti-Catholicism. Faragher writes, "The first session of the Nova Scotia Assembly ... passed a series of laws intended to institutionalize Acadian dispossession" including an act titled "An Act for the Quieting of Possessions to Protestant Grantees of land formerly occupied by the French." In it and two subsequent acts the Church of England was made the official religion. These acts granted certain political rights to Protestants while the new laws excluded Catholics from public office and voting and forbade Catholics from owning land in the province. It also empowered British authorities to seize all "popish" property (Church lands) for the crown and barred Catholic clergy from entering or residing in the province, as they wanted no repeat of Le Loutre and his type of war. In addition to other anti-Catholic measures, Faragher concludes "These laws—passed by a popular assembly, not enacted by military fiat—laid the foundation for the migration of Protestant settlers."[118]
In the 1740s William Shirley hoped to assimilate Acadians into the Protestant fold. He did so by trying to encourage (or force) Acadian women to marry English Protestants and statutes were passed requiring the offspring of such unions be sent to English schools and raised as "English Protestants" (quote from letter by Shirley). This was linked to larger anxieties in the realm over the loyalty of Catholics in general—as Charles Stuart's Jacobite Rebellion was a Catholic-led rebellion as was Le Loutre's rebellion in Nova Scotia. Shirley, who in part was responsible for the Removals, according to historian Geoffery Plank, "recommended using military force to expel the most 'obnoxious' Acadians and replace them with Protestant immigrants. In time the Protestants would come to dominate their new communities." Shirley wanted "peaceable [loyal] subjects" and specifically, in his own words, "good Protestant ones."[119]
Faragher compared the expulsions to contemporary ethnic cleansing. In contrast, numerous leading historians have objected to this characterization of the expulsion. Historian John Grenier asserts that Faragher overstates the religious motivation for the expulsion and obscures the fact that the British accommodated Acadians by providing Catholic priests for forty years prior to the Expulsion. Grenier writes that Faragher "overstates his case; his focus on the grand dérangement as an early example of ethnic cleansing carries too much present-day emotional weight and in turn overshadows much of the accommodation that Acadians and Anglo-Americans reached."[120] As well, the British were clearly not concerned that the Acadians were French, given they were recruiting French foreign protestants to settle the region. Further, the New Englanders of Boston were not banishing Acadians from the Atlantic region; instead, they were actually deporting them to live in the heart of New England: Boston and elsewhere in the British colonies.
While clearly there was animosity between Catholics and Protestants during this time period, many historians point to the overwhelming evidence which suggests the motivation for the expulsion was military. The British wanted to cut off supply lines to the Mi'kmaq, Louisbourg and Quebec. They also wanted to end any military threat the Acadians posed (See Military history of the Acadians). A.J.B. Johnston wrote that the evidence for the removal of the Acadians indicates the decision makers thought the Acadians were a military threat, therefore the deportation of 1755 does not qualify as an act of ethnic cleansing. Geoffery Plank argues that the British continued the expulsion after 1758 for military reasons: present-day New Brunswick remained contested territory and the New Englanders wanted to make sure that British negotiators would be unlikely to return the region to the French as they had done after King George's War.[121]
Other historians have observed that it was not uncommon for empires during this time period to move their subjects and their populations. For Naomi E. S. Griffiths and A. J. B. Johnston the event is comparable with other deportations in history, and should not be considered ethnic cleansing.[120] In From Migrant to Acadian, Griffiths writes that "the Acadian deportation, as a government action, was a pattern with other contemporary happenings."[122] The Expulsion of the Acadians has been compared to similar military operations during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The French carried out expulsions in Newfoundland in 1697 when they occupied the British portion of Newfoundland during Pierre d'Iberville's Avalon Peninsula Campaign, burning every British settlement and exiling over 500 inhabitants.[123] A.J.B. Johnston notes that in 1767 French authorities forcibly removed nearly 800 Acadian and French inhabitants from Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, transporting them against their will to France[124] and compares the expulsions to the fate of the United Empire Loyalists, who were expelled from the United States to present-day Canada after the American Revolution.[125] Another deportation was the Highland Clearances in Scotland between 1762 and 1886.[126] Another North American expulsion was the Indian Removal of the 1830s, in which the Cherokee and other Native Americans from the South-East United States were removed from their traditional homelands.[127]
Further, other historians have noted that civilian populations are often devastated during wartime. For example, there were five wars fought along the New England and Acadia border over the 70 years prior to the expulsion (See French and Indian Wars, Father Rale's War and Father Le Loutre's War). During these wars, the French and Wabanaki Confederacy conducted numerous military campaigns killing British civilians and taking them captive. (See the Northeast Coast Campaigns 1688, 1703, 1723, 1724, 1745, 1746, 1747, 1750.)[128]
Acadian historian Maurice Basque writes that the term "'genocide'... does not apply at all to the Grand Derangement. Acadie was not Armenia, and to compare Grand-Pré with Auschwitz and the killing fields of Cambodia is a complete and utter trivialization of the many genocidal horrors of contemporary history."[129] Concerning the use of 20th century terms such as "ethnic cleansing" and "genocide" to understand the past, historian John G. Reid states, "I'm not sure that it's the best way to understand 18th century realities... What happened in the 18th century is a process of imperial expansion that was ruthless at times, that cost lives…. But to my mind, you can't just transfer concepts between centuries."[130]
In 1847, American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow published a long, narrative poem about the expulsion of the Acadians called Evangeline, depicting the plight of the fictional character Evangeline[131] The poem became popular and made the expulsion well known. The Evangeline Oak is a tourist attraction in Louisiana. The song "Acadian Driftwood", recorded in 1975 by The Band, portrays the Great Upheaval and the displacement of the Acadian people.[132] Antonine Maillet wrote a novel, called Pélagie-la-Charrette, about the aftermath of the Great Upheaval. It was awarded the Prix Goncourt in 1979. Grand-Pré Park is a National Historic Site of Canada situated in Grand-Pré, Nova Scotia, and preserved as a living monument to the expulsion. It contains a memorial church and a statue of Evangeline, the subject of Longfellow's poem. The song "1755" was composed by American Cajun fiddler and singer Dewey Balfa and performed on his 1987 album Souvenirs, and later covered by Steve Riley and the Mamou Playboys on their 1994 live album. According to Acadian historian Maurice Basque, the story of Evangeline continues to influence historic accounts of the deportation, emphasising neutral Acadians and de-emphasising those who resisted the British Empire.[133] In 2018, Canadian historian and novelist A. J. B. Johnston published a YA novel entitled The Hat, inspired by what happened at Grand-Pré in 1755.[134]
In December 2003, Governor General Adrienne Clarkson, representing Queen Elizabeth II (Canada's head of state), acknowledged the expulsion but did not apologize for it. She designated July 28 as "A Day of Commemoration of the Great Upheaval."[135] This proclamation, officially the Royal Proclamation of 2003, closed one of the longest cases in the history of the British courts, initiated in 1760 when the Acadian representatives first presented their grievances of forced dispossession of land, property and livestock. December 13, the date on which the Duke William sank, is commemorated as Acadian Remembrance Day.[136] There is a museum dedicated to Acadian history and culture, with a detailed reconstruction of the Great Uprising, in Bonaventure, Quebec.[137]
See also[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Expulsion of the Acadians.
- Military history of Nova Scotia
- Grand-Pré National Historic Site
- Expulsion of the Loyalists
- France in the Seven Years War
- Great Britain in the Seven Years War
- Michel Bastarache dit Basque
- Indian removal
- ^ He was a leader of the mutiny on the Pembroke. See article
- ^ Pothier, Bernard (1974). "LeBlanc, Joseph". In Halpenny, Francess G. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. III (1741–1770) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
- ^ d'Entremont, C. J. (1974). "Bourg, Belle-Humeur, Alexandre". In Halpenny, Francess G. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. III (1741–1770) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
- ^ Johnson, Micheline D. (1974). "Manach, Jean". In Halpenny, Francess G. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. III (1741–1770) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
- ^ The term "forced removal" is being used intentionally. For the academic discussions about referring to this event as "ethnic cleansing" or a "deportation" see the Historical Comparisons section.
- ^ This conflict is also referred to as "Anglo French Rivalry of 1749–63" and War of British Conquest.
- ^ Plank, Geoffrey (2003). An Unsettled Conquest: The British Campaign Against the Peoples of Acadia. Early American Studies. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-8122-1869-5.
- ^ Stephen White calculated the number of Acadians in 1755 (See Stephen White. The True Number of Acadians. In Rene Gilles-LeBlanc. Du Grand Derangement a la Deportation. pp. 21–56
- ^ p. 82
- ^ Grenier, John (2008). The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia 1710–1760. Norman: Oklahoma University Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3876-3.
- ^ Patterson, Stephen E. (1998). "Indian-White Relations in Nova Scotia, 1749–61: A Study in Political Interaction". 1. The Acadiensis Reader: 105–106.
- ^ Patterson, Stephen. "Colonial Wars and Aboriginal Peoples". The Atlantic Region to Confederation: A History. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-8020-0553-3.
- ^ British officer John Winslow raised his concern that officials were not distinguishing between Acadians who rebelled against the British and those who did not. (John Faragher, p. 337)
- ^ Reid, John. Nova Scotia: A Pocket History, Fernwood Publishing. 2009. p. 49.
- ^ Marice Basque (2004). "Family and Political Culture in Pre-Conquest Acadia," In The Conquest of Acadia, 1710: Imperial, Colonial, and Aboriginal Constructions. 2004, University of Toronto Press. p. 49; John Reid, Six Crucial Decades, 29–32; John Reid. 1686–1720: Imperial Instrusions; Barnes, "Twelve Apostles" or a "Dozen Traitors?"; Basque, Des hommes de pouvoir, 51–99; Basque and Brun, La neutralite l' epreuve.; Bernard Potheir, Course d l'Accadie; Bobert Rumilly, L'Acadie angalise.
- ^ Faragher, John Mack, A Great and Noble Scheme New York; W. W. Norton & Company, 2005. pp. 110–112 ISBN 0-393-05135-8
- ^ Geoffery Plank. An Unsettled Conquest. University of Pennsylvania. 2001. p. 72
- ^ Geoffery Plank. An Unsettled Conquest. University of Pennsylvania. 2001. p. 67
- ^ Grenier, John (2005). The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier, 1607–1814. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-44470-5.
- ^ Thomas Akins. Papers on Forced Removal of the French Inhabitants p. 382-385, 394
- ^ Letter by Charles Morris May 15, 1754 Documentary history of the state of Maine, p. 266
- ^ Patterson, 1994, p. 146
- ^ Patterson, 1994, p. 152
- ^ John Gorham. The Far Reaches of Empire: War In Nova Scotia (1710–1760). University of Oklahoma Press. 2008. p. 177–206
- ^ Patterson, Stephen E. "1744–1763: Colonial Wars and Aboriginal Peoples." In Phillip Buckner and John Reid (eds.) The Atlantic Region to Conderation: A History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 1994. p. 148
- ^ a b c d e Grenier (2008).
- ^ Faragher, John Mack (February 22, 2005). A Great and Noble Scheme: The Tragic Story of the Expulsion of the French Acadians from their American Homeland. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 338. ISBN 978-0-393-05135-3.
- ^ Grenier (2008), p. 184.
- ^ a b Faragher, John Mack, A Great and Noble Scheme, New York; W. W. Norton & Company, 2005. pp. 110–112 ISBN 0-393-05135-8
- ^ Webster as cited by bluepete, p. 371
- ^ John Faragher.Great and Noble Scheme. Norton. 2005. p. 398.
- ^ Grenier (2008), p. 190.
- ^ a b New Brunswick Military Project
- ^ Grenier (2008), p. 195.
- ^ John Faragher, p. 410
- ^ Boston Evening Post. 1756 October 18. p.2
- ^ John Faragher. Great and Noble Scheme. Norton. 2005. p. 398.
- ^ https://archive.org/stream/documentsrelativ10brod#page/496/mode/2up/search/acadia
- ^ The journal of John Weatherspoon was published in Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society for the Years 1879–1880 (Halifax 1881) that has since been reprinted (Mika Publishing Company, Belleville, Ontario, 1976).
- ^ Bell, Winthrop (1961). The Foreign Protestants and the Settlement of Nova Scotia: The History of a Piece of Arrested British Colonial Policy in the Eighteenth Century. University of Toronto Press. p. 503. OCLC 6132479.
- ^ a b McMechan, Archibald (1931). Red Snow of Grand-Pré. McClelland & Stewart. p. 192.
- ^ Bell (1961), p. 509.
- ^ Bell (1961), p. 510, 513.
- ^ Bell (1961), p. 510.
- ^ a b Bell (1961), p. 511.
- ^ a b Bell (1961), p. 512.
- ^ Bell (1961), p. 513.
- ^ Bell (1961), p. 504.
- ^ a b Landry, Peter (2007). The Lion and the Lily: Nova Scotia Between 1600–1760. Trafford Press. p. 555. ISBN 978-1-4251-5450-9.
- ^ a b c d Grenier (2008), p. 198.
- ^ Roger Morris and Joseph Gorham Accounts of expedition, 1758
- ^ Marshall, p. 98[full citation needed]
- ^ Murdoch, Beamish (1866). A History of Nova Scotia, or Acadie,. Vol. 2. Halifax, Nova Scotia: James Barnes, Printer and Publisher. p. 373.
- ^ Marshall, p. 98;[full citation needed]
- ^ Murdoch (1866), p. 375.
- ^ a b Murdoch (1866), p. 366.
- ^ Earle Lockerby, The Expulsion of the Acadians from Prince Edward Island. Nimbus Publications. 2009
- ^ Plank, p. 160
- ^ Faragher, p. 402.
- ^ a b c Grenier (2008), pp. 199-200.
- ^ Note that John Faragher in the Great and Nobel Scheme indicates that Monckton had a force of 2000 men for this campaign. p. 405.
- ^ Plank, p. 61
- ^ Grenier (2008), p. 61.
- ^ A letter from Fort Frederick which was printed in Parker's New York Gazette or Weekly Post-Boy on April 2, 1759 provides additional details of the behaviour of the Rangers.
- ^ William O. Raymond. The River St. John: Its Physical Features, Legends and History from 1604 to 1784. St. John, New Brunswick. 1910. pp. 96–107
- ^ J.S. McLennan, Louisbourg: From its Founding to its Fall, Macmillan and Co. Ltd London, UK 1918, pp. 417–423, Appendix 11 https://archive.org/stream/louisbourgfromit00mcleuoft/louisbourgfromit00mcleuoft_djvu.txt
- ^ Lockerby, 2008, p. 17, p. 24, p. 26, p. 56
- ^ Faragher, p. 414
- ^ History: Commodore Byron's Conquest. The Canadian Press. July 19, 2008, http://www.acadian.org/La%20Petite-Rochelle.html
- ^ Grenier (2008), p. 211.
- ^ John Faragher, p. 41 MacKenzie's Raid
- ^ Patterson, 1994, p. 153; Brenda Dunn, p. 207
- ^ J.S. McLennan. Louisbourg: From its Foundation to Its Fall (1713–1758). 1918, p. 190
- ^ Earle Lockerby. Pre-Deportation Letters from Île Saint Jean. Les Cahiers. La Societe hitorique acadienne. Vol. 42, No2. June 2011. pp. 99–100
- ^ Burt Loescher. Rogers Rangers: The First Green Berets. 1969. p. 29
- ^ Bell (1961), p. 508.
- ^ Harry Chapman, p. 32; John Faragher, p. 410
- ^ Griffith, 2005, p. 438
- ^ Faragher, p. 423–424
- ^ William Williamson. The history of the state of Maine. Vol. 2. 1832. p. 311-112
- ^ Phyllis E. Leblanc, Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online; Cyrus Eaton's history, p. 77
- ^ Williamson, William Durkee (1832). The History of the State of Maine: From Its First Discovery, 1602, to the Separation, A. D. 1820, Inclusive. Glazier, Masters & Co. p. 459. Retrieved February 27, 2014.
- ^ Statistics for the British colonies found in Geoffrey Plank. Unsettled Conquest. University of Pennsylvania Press. 2001. p. 149.
- ^ Total exiles for Britain and France found in R.A. LEBLANC. "Les migrations acadiennes", in Cahiers de géographie du Québec, Vol. 23, no 58, April 1979, p. 99–124.
- ^ Plank, 2005, p. 70
- ^ Arsenault 155
- ^ Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of Maryland (August 1940). Maryland: A Guide to the Old Line State. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 206. ISBN 978-1-60354-019-3. Retrieved April 30, 2011.
In time the Acadians were able to construct small houses along South Charles Street; for a century this section of Baltimore was called French Town
- ^ Rieder, Milton P. Jr. and Rieder, Norma G. Acadian Exiles in the American Colonies, Metairie, LA, 1977, p. 2; Faragher 375
- ^ https://archive.org/stream/collectionsofmai28main#page/340/mode/2up
- ^ Arsenault 197
- ^ Faragher 374
- ^ Rieder and Rieder 1
- ^ Arsenault 153
- ^ Arsenault 156
- ^ Renault 203
- ^ Arsenault 157; Farragher 383
- ^ a b c Arsenault 157
- ^ (Faragher 386)
- ^ Farragher 389
- ^ Farragher 386
- ^ Rieder 2
- ^ LeBlanc, Dudley J. The True Story of the Acadians (1932), p. 48
- ^ Doughty 140
- ^ Arsenault 160
- ^ Faragher 388
- ^ S. Scott and T. Scott, "Noel Doiron and the East Hants Acadians," Journal of the Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society, Vol. 11, 2008, pp 45–60.
- ^ Laxer, James (May 14, 2010). The Acadians: In Search of a Homeland. Doubleday Canada. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-385-67289-4. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
- ^ Tallant, Robert (2000). Evangeline and the Acadians. Pelican Publishing. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-4556-0393-0. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
- ^ Arceneaux, William (August 30, 2004). No Spark of Malice: The Murder of Martin Begnaud. LSU Press. pp. 95–96. ISBN 978-0-8071-3025-4. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
- ^ Winzerling 91
- ^ Doughty 150
- ^ Winzerling 59
- ^ Arsenault 203
- ^ Faragher 436
- ^ Calloway, pp. 161–164
- ^ Bona Arsenault, p326.
- ^ The Canadian Encyclopedia, Hurtig Publishers, p6.
- ^ A Great and Noble Scheme: The Tragic Story of the Expulsion of the French Acadians from their American Homeland (2005), pp. 137, 140, 407.
- ^ Plank, An Unsettled Conquest: The British Campaign Against the Peoples of Acadia (2001), pp. 115–117.
- ^ a b Grenier (2008), p. 6.
- ^ Plank, Geoffrey. "New England Soldiers in the Saint John River Valley: 1758–1760" in New England and the Maritime Provinces: Connections and Comparisons By Stephen Hornsby, John G. Reid. McGill-Queen's University Press. 2005. p. 71
- ^ (Griffith, p. 462)
- ^ Reid, John G. "1686–1720 Imperial Intrusions" In Phillip Buckner and John Reid (eds.) The Atlantic Region to Confederation: A History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 1994. p. 84
- ^ John Johnston. French attitudes toward the Acadians. In Ronnie Gilles LeBlanc (ed.) Du Grand Derangement a la Deporation: Nouvelles perspectives historique p. 164
- ^ See Johnston, p. 120.
- ^ Johnston, p. 121.
- ^ Johnston, p. 121
- ^ Tod Scott. Mi'kmaw Armed Resistance to British Expansion in Northern New England (1676-1781). Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society Journal. Vol. 19, 2016. pp. 1-18
- ^ Maurice Basque. "Atlantic Realities, Acadian Identities, Arcadian Dreams." In Ried and Savoie (eds) Shaping N Agenda for Atlantic Canada. Fernwood Press. 2011. p 66
- ^ European settlers sought 'genocide' on Mi'kmaq: historian by Kathryn Blaze Carlson National Post. Sep 16, 2011
- ^ Calhoun, Charles C. Longfellow: A Rediscovered Life. Boston: Beacon Press, 2004: 189. ISBN 0-8070-7026-2.
- ^ "Acadian Driftwood". The Band. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
- ^ Maurice Basque. "Atlantic Realities, Acadian Identities, Arcadian Dreams", In Ried and Savoie (eds) Shaping An Agenda for Atlantic Canada, Fernwood Press. 2011. p 66
- ^ "A J B Johnston". Retrieved February 1, 2018.
- ^ "Acadian Affairs". Government of Nova Scotia. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
- ^ "Acadian Remembrance Day Dec. 13". The Journal Pioneer. December 9, 2009. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
- ^ "Musée Acadien du Québec". Musée Acadien du Québec. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
General references[edit]
- English
- Brian D. Carroll, "Savages in the Service of Empire: Native American Soldiers in Gorham's Rangers, 1744–1762," New England Quarterly 85, no. 3 (Sept. 2012): 383–429.
- Brenda Dunn, A History of Port-Royal/Annapolis Royal 1605–1800, Halifax: Nimbus, 2004 ISBN 1-55109-740-0
- Griffiths, E. From Migrant to Acadian. McGill-Queen's University Press. 2005 ISBN 0-7735-2699-4
- Christopher Hodson. The Acadian Diaspora: An Eighteenth-Century History (Oxford University Press; 2012) 260 pages
- John G. Reid. The 'Conquest' of Acadia, 1710: Imperial, Colonial, an Aboriginal Constructions University of Toronto Press. 2004 ISBN 0-8020-3755-0
- Geoffrey Plank, An Unsettled Conquest. University of Pennsylvania. 2001 ISBN 0-8122-1869-8
- Faragher, John Mack (2005). A Great and Noble Scheme: The Tragic Story of the Expulsion of the French Acadians from their American Homeland, New York: W.W. Norton, 562 pages ISBN 0-393-05135-8
- Jobb, Dean (2005). The Acadians: A people's story of exile and triumph, Mississauga (Ont.): John Wiley & Sons Canada, 296 p. ISBN 0-470-83610-5
- Johnston, A.J.B. The Acadian Deportation in a Comparative Context: An Introduction. Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society: The Journal. 2007. pp. 114–131
- Moody, Barry (1981). The Acadians, Toronto: Grolier. 96 pages ISBN 0-7172-1810-4
- Patterson, Stephen E. 1744–1763: Colonial Wars and Aboriginal Peoples. In Phillip Buckner and John Reid (eds.) The Atlantic Region to Conderation: A History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 1994. pp. 125–155
- Rosemary Neering, Stan Garrod (1976). Life in Acadia, Toronto: Fitzhenry and Whiteside. ISBN 0-88902-180-5
- Belliveau, Pierre (1972). French neutrals in Massachusetts; the story of Acadians rounded up by soldiers from Massachusetts and their captivity in the Bay Province, 1755–1766, Boston : Kirk S. Giffen, 259 p.
- Griffiths, N.E.S. (1969). The Acadian deportation: deliberate perfidy or cruel necessity?, Toronto: Copp Clark Pub. Co., 165 p.
- Doughty, Arthur G. (1916). The Acadian Exiles. A Chronicle of the Land of Evangeline, Toronto: Glasgow, Brook & Co. 178 pages
- Government of Nova Scotia transcripts from Journal of John Winslow
- Text of Charles Lawrence's orders to Captain John Handfield – Halifax August 11, 1755
- Thomas Atkins. Acadian French. Selections from the public documents of the province of Nova Scotia (1869)
- Thomas Atkins. Papers related to the Forced Removal of the Acadian French from Nova Scotia (1755–1768)
- French
- LeBlanc, Ronnie-Gilles, ed. (2005). Du Grand dérangement à la Déportation : nouvelles perspectives historiques, Moncton: Chaire d'études acadiennes, Université de Moncton, 465 p.
- Arsenault, Bona and Pascal Alain (2004). Histoire des Acadiens, Saint-Laurent, Québec: Éditions Fides, 502 p.
- Sauvageau, Robert (1987). Acadie : La guerre de Cent Ans des français d'Amérique aux Maritimes et en Louisiane 1670–1769 Paris: Berger-Levrault
- Gaudet, Placide (1922). Le Grand Dérangement : sur qui retombe la responsabilité de l'expulsion des Acadiens, Ottawa: Impr. de l'Ottawa Printing Co.
- d'Arles, Henri (1918). La déportation des Acadiens, Québec: Imprimerie de l'Action sociale
External links[edit]
- Deportation Transports/ Ships – Departures and Arrivals
- Grand-Pré National Historic Site of Canada
- Acadian Ancestral Home – a repository for Acadian History & Genealogy
- Tomb of the Acadians – memorial plaque at Find a Grave
- French and Indian War: Expulsion of the Acadians
- Podcast Episode discussing the Removal of the Acadians
- Acadian history
- 1755 in Canada
- Events in New France
- British colonization of the Americas
- French colonization of the Americas
- Conflicts in Nova Scotia
- Deportation
- Forced migration
- French and Indian War
- Conflicts in New Brunswick
- Conflicts in Prince Edward Island
- Political and cultural purges
- Seven Years' War
- Ethnic cleansing in North America
- Historical migrations
- 1755 in the Thirteen Colonies
- 1755 in North America


text:
SHREWSBURY � It was a long time coming, but voters in a special election Tuesday approved the $23.3 million debt exclusion to expand and renovate the library.
The vote was 4,840 to 3,309 to ratify the Oct. 21 special town meeting approval of the debt exclusion.
The town had until the end of December to agree to fund its share of the project � $13.3 million � in order to receive a nearly $8 million grant from the Massachusetts Board of Library Commissioners. The remaining $1.75 million will come from fundraising.
The project will expand the 25,500-square-foot library � which was built in 1903 and added onto in 1923 and 1979 � by 13,136 square feet.
Tuesday's voter turnout was much higher than in 2011 when the project was before voters. Thirty-six percent of the town's 22,754 voters turned out Tuesday, compared with 27 percent in 2011. In January 2011, voters at a special town meeting overwhelmingly approved a 10 percent larger project, which would have cost approximately $18 million, by a 128-4 vote. But voters rejected it at a subsequent special election by 153 votes.
Since discussion of a larger library began a decade ago, the idea has been met with controversy, with opponents saying it is too large and too costly and not designed for the digital age. Proponents, however, have said the library building is plagued with deficiencies and would cost taxpayers more than $12 million just to renovate. The number of daily users has nearly doubled to 1,000 since 2000.
Deborah Jacobs, 52, mother of two Shrewsbury High School graduates, voted against the project Tuesday. She said the priority should be to provide more funding to the schools. School Department services have declined over the past several years because of funding issues. The schools faced a $4 million budget shortfall earlier this year and are trying to deal with large class sizes and delayed textbook purchases and textbook upgrades.
"We keep voting no for an increase for the schools. I think that's way more important. I think if we're going to increase anything, it should be for the schools," she said.
Carol J. Lebeaux, 90, said she was happy to support the library project even though she hasn't used the library since it transferred from the old card catalog system to computers.
"The library has lots of wonderful activities for children, but it's more than a library. It's the cultural center of the town," she said before voting at Town Hall.
The project includes nearly doubling the size of the multipurpose room, which can be divided into two meeting spaces. It is in an area with separate security and heating zones so it can be used by the community after the library closes. Just outside that room is the community common area, where art will be displayed.
To be financed with a 20-year bond following three years of temporary financing, the project is estimated to cost the owner of an average single-family home $1.16 in taxes fiscal 2015, then rising amounts until the peak of $105.41 in fiscal 2018, then declining amounts each year.
Contact Elaine Thompson at firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
News Posts
Archaeologist Elsa Redmond Elected to National Academy of Sciences
by AMNH on
Elsa M. Redmond, a research associate in the Museum's Division of Anthropology, was recently elected as a member of the National Academy of Sciences. Redmond, an anthropological archaeologist whose expertise lies in Latin America, is one of 84 scientists recognized in 2014 for "distinguished and continuing achievements in original research."
Frontiers Lecture: The Cosmic Cocktail
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Neil deGrasse Tyson hosts theoretical astrophysicist Katherine Freese for a discussion of dark matter and the ongoing research to discover its properties.
Can You Spot Lewis and Clark at the Museum?
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The explorers—who began their famous expedition to the Pacific coast 210 years ago today—are depicted as full-size sculptures at the top of the Museum's Central Park West façade.
Flying Colors: Pterosaurs' Crests
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The incredible diversity of pterosaurs is perhaps best expressed in one of the prehistoric flying reptile's most intriguing and mysterious features: the head crest.
Helping Fossils Find Their Place in the Tree of Life
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A single tooth, part of a jaw, a piece of a skull: sometimes, that is all scientists have to tell the story of animals that went extinct millions of years ago. But new methods developed by scientists at the American Museum of Natural History and Stony Brook University are making it easier to accurately place these animals in the tree of life with partial fossils and DNA data.