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JERUSALEM — Yitzhak Shamir, the onetime underground Jewish fighter and long-serving Israeli prime minister whose unyielding belief in the right of Jews to all of the biblical Land of Israel often exasperated U.S. policymakers, has died. He was 96.
Shamir, who had Alzheimer's disease, died Saturday at a nursing home in the town of Herzliya, north of Tel Aviv. His death was announced by the Israeli government.
Israeli President Shimon Peres said Shamir was "a brave warrior before and after the founding of the state of Israel," according to a statement released Saturday. "He was loyal to his views, a great patriot and a true lover of Israel who served his country with integrity and unending commitment."
In a statement, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu called Shamir one of the "giants" who "established the state of Israel and fought for the freedom of the Jewish people in its land."
Shamir, who emigrated from Poland 13 years before Israel's independence, belonged to the generation of Israelis who went on to lead the nation they had helped to create. But unlike some others from that era, the diminutive Shamir held fast to his hard-line views after climbing the Israeli political ladder to become prime minister for four terms during the 1980s and early 1990s.
His pugnacious attitude toward Arabs often put him at odds with U.S. officials, who saw him as an impediment to reconciliation with the Palestinians.
Shamir only grudgingly took part in a pivotal 1991 peace conference in Madrid that opened the way for talks with the Palestinians and led to a peace treaty with Jordan.
His tough-nosed views made him a darling of Jewish settlers and kept him atop the right-wing Likud Party for a decade after Menachem Begin, the former prime minister, stepped aside in 1983.
To the end of his life, Shamir never wavered in his defense of Jewish settlement in the West Bank and Gaza Strip even though other hawkish Israeli leaders, such as Ariel Sharon, came to conclude that Israel was better off letting go of some areas. Shamir, whose parents and sisters died during the Holocaust, saw all the land between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea as a Jewish birthright.
"The settlement of the Land of Israel is the essence of Zionism," Shamir said in 1997, after his retirement from public life. "Without settlement, we will not fulfill Zionism. It's that simple."
Born Itzhak Yezernitksy on Oct. 15, 1915, in present-day Belarus, Shamir was a 20-year-old university student when he arrived in what was then British-governed Palestine. Working variously as a construction worker and clerk, Shamir joined an underground movement of a hard-line school of Zionists known by its Hebrew acronym, Etzel.
When the group split in 1940, Shamir went with the more militant Lehi branch, which battled Arabs and launched attacks against the British military. The group, also known as the Stern Gang, drew inspiration from the Irish Republican Army. Shamir's nom de guerre was "Michael," after Irish revolutionary leader Michael Collins.
Shamir was a leader of the band at a time when its operations included the 1944 assassination of Lord Moyne, the British minister in Palestine, and the 1948 killing of Count Folke Bernadotte, a Swedish nobleman who served as the United Nations' representative in the region. Shamir's role was never definitively established.
Shamir was arrested twice by the British but escaped both times. Lehi disbanded after Israel achieved statehood.
During the 1950s, Shamir joined the Mossad spy agency, heading a team in Europe. He later moved into politics, joining the Herut Party under Begin. He won a seat in the Israeli parliament in 1973 as a member of Likud, which had merged Herut and smaller rightist groups.
Likud upended Israeli politics in 1977 when it defeated the long-dominant Labor Party, thrusting Begin into the prime minister's slot. Shamir became speaker of the parliament, or Knesset. Six years later, he inherited Likud, and the prime minister's job, when Begin abruptly quit a year after the invasion of Lebanon.
But a slew of economic troubles, including triple-digit inflation, took a toll on Shamir's standing, and he was forced to spend the rest of the decade in a coalition with the left-leaning Labor in order to keep power. He and Peres agreed to share the post for a term by taking turns as premier for two years each beginning in 1984.
Shamir opposed rapprochement with Israel's Arab neighbors and responded forcefully when the first Palestinian intifada erupted in 1987. Addressing settlers from atop a West Bank castle at the time, he vowed that "anybody who wants to damage this fortress and other fortresses we are establishing will have his head smashed against the boulders and walls."
His backing for the settlements and refusal to negotiate with the Palestinians put him at odds with the administration of President George H.W. Bush, which was promoting a peace process after the Palestine Liberation Organization recognized Israel's right to exist in 1988.
James A. Baker III, then U.S. secretary of State, grew so frustrated with Shamir that he once recited the White House telephone number during congressional testimony, adding, "When you're serious about peace, call us."
In a further sign of unusual disharmony between the two nations, Bush threatened to withhold $10 billion in loan guarantees out of displeasure with Israel's settlement-building.
Under keen U.S. pressure, Shamir reluctantly attended the Madrid conference in October 1991, the first time Palestinians took part in Arab peace talks with Israel. But the negotiations long outlasted his hold on power.
In early 1992, Likud lost the backing of right-wing coalition partners because of the evolving peace talks and was beaten in national elections. Yitzhak Rabin of Labor became prime minister.
A year later, Shamir stepped down as Likud leader, effectively ending his 20-year political career.
Shamir's autobiography, published in 1994, ends with an epitaph of his own crafting: "If history remembers me at all, in any way, I hope it will be as a man who loved the Land of Israel and watched over it in every way he could, all his life."
He will be buried Monday in Jerusalem beside his wife in the founding fathers section of Mount Herzl, the national cemetery of Israel.
His wife, Shulamit, whom he married in 1944, died at 88 in 2011.
Survivors include his son Yair, a prominent Israeli businessman and former army pilot; his daughter, Gilada; and several grandchildren.
"Father was an amazing person, a true family man," his daughter told Israeli media. "He dedicated himself to the state of Israel, but never for a moment did he forget his family."


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LONDON – Misty May-Treanor and Kerri Walsh Jennings won their third consecutive Olympic beach volleyball gold medal, beating April Ross and Jennifer Kessy on Wednesday in an all-American final.
The Athens, Beijing and now London gold medalists have never lost a match at the Olympics. They won in straight sets, 21-16, 21-16.
It was the Olympic farewell for May-Treanor, who has said she would like to move on.
Kessy and Ross won the silver medal in their Olympic debut.

subset: commoncrawl


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Hyperthyroidism: Graves' Ophthalmopathy
Topic Overview
In Graves' ophthalmopathy the tissues and muscles behind the eyes become swollen. The eyeballs may stick out farther than normal. This can occur before, after, or at the same time as other signs of hyperthyroidism.
Most people who develop Graves' ophthalmopathy have one or more of the following symptoms:
- Dry, itchy, irritated eyes
- A staring or bug-eyed look
- Sensitivity to light; watery, teary eyes; and a feeling of pain or pressure around the eyes
- Difficulty closing the eyes completely
- Double vision, especially when looking to the sides
A small number of people have symptoms because the tissues around their eyes are inflamed (acute inflammatory thyroid eye disease). These symptoms include:
- Swelling of the eyelids and tissues around the eyes, especially in the morning.
- Swelling of the membrane that covers the eyeball and lines the eyelid.
- Pain when moving the eyes up and down and from side to side.
Most mild problems caused by Graves' ophthalmopathy go away on their own in 1 to 4 months. Graves' ophthalmopathy may also get better if you take antithyroid medicine.
You will likely have an eye examination to make sure you do not have another eye problem, such as a tumour.
To help reduce dryness and discomfort, your doctor will treat your symptoms of Graves' ophthalmopathy. He or she will use artificial tears, medicated eyedrops, and protective glasses or sunglasses. If the condition is diagnosed early, you can use non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen, to relieve pain and inflammation. Be safe with medicines. Read and follow all instructions on the label.
If you have severe inflammation of the muscles and tissues around your eyes, you may need corticosteroid medicines, immunosuppressants, or radiation therapy. Surgery is only done if you have serious vision problems or nerve damage, or if you want to change the way your eyes look.
Ophthalmopathy may get worse if your thyroid levels are out of balance. It may also get worse temporarily if you are given radioactive iodine therapy.
Smoking increases your chances of developing Graves' ophthalmopathy. And it can make the condition worse.
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Nigeria has been suspended from all international football because of government interference in its football federation.
FIFA announced the ban, which means no Nigerian team, including club sides, can play internationally, on Wednesday evening after warning they would take action if the NFF's sacked executive committee was not reinstated.
The move comes in response to a court order which compelled the Nigerian Minister of Sports to appoint a senior member of the civil service to take over the running of the Nigeria Football Federation in the wake of the nation's exit from the World Cup finals in Brazil.
A statement from FIFA's emergency committee said: "The FIFA Emergency Committee has decided today, 9 July 2014, to suspend the Nigeria Football Federation (NFF) with immediate effect, on account of government interference.
"The decision follows a letter sent by FIFA to the NFF on 4 July 2014, in which it expressed its great concern after the NFF was served with court proceedings and consequently an order preventing the president of the NFF, the NFF Executive Committee members and the NFF Congress from running the affairs of Nigerian football was granted by a High Court of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.
"The said court order compelled the Nigerian Minister of Sports to appoint a senior member of the civil service to manage the NFF until the matter was heard in court, without giving any date for such a hearing.
"The authorities then appointed a person who decided to convene an extraordinary general assembly on 5 July 2014. This extraordinary general assembly was convened in violation of the NFF statutes.
"Originally, an elective congress had been planned by the NFF to take place on 26 August 2014.
"The suspension will be lifted once the court actions have been withdrawn and the properly elected NFF Executive Committee, the NFF general assembly and the NFF administration are able to work without any interference in their affairs."
FIFA acted after its warnings went unheeded with an extraordinary general assembly of the federation taking place in Abuja at the weekend without NFF chief Aminu Maigari, his executive committee and the NFF congress having been restored to power.
Maigari was arrested on his return from South America, Nigeria reached the second round, but bowed out after a 2-0 defeat by France in the last 16, but was later released.
The first impact of FIFA's move will be felt by Nigeria's women, who will be prevented from taking part in the FIFA Under-20 Women's World Cup in Canada next month - should the suspension not be lifted by July 15.
The statement explained: "As a result of this decision, no team from Nigeria of any sort (including clubs) can have any international sporting contact (art. 14 par. 3 of the FIFA Statutes).
"During the period of suspension, the NFF may not be represented in any regional, continental or international competitions, including at club level, or in friendly matches.
"In addition, neither the NFF nor any of its members or officials may benefit from any FIFA or CAF development programmes, courses or training during the suspension period."
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What is next, a look at whether Jurasic Park could really happen?
I had a conversation on March 31, 1995 that I will never forget.
I was a 24-year-old editor and April Fool's Day was going to fall on our big weekend edition. We had seen some newspapers from our history where reporters had made up fake stories to play with gullible readers on April 1 editions.
So we were sitting around the newsroom tossing around, "Football Coach resigns, takes up soccer" and "Space Shuttle to land at city airport" headlines that we all thought were hilarious. Trust me, people who work in a newsroom find humor in things that few other people would think were funny.
But our new publisher just happened to come into that meeting and asked what was so funny. We told him and he got really serious before telling me we weren't doing any such edition.
"It takes a lot of work to gain credibility," Reg Freemyer said. "But it is really easy to lose it."
He went on to explain that at some point in my life in newspapers, I would have to report something where it was my word against someone else's and I would regret sacrificing even a little of that credibility to publish fictional stories that weren't even that funny.
That is why I don't understand what is going on at some of my favorite geeky television stations.
First, Animal Planet goes sideways with a show about Finding Bigfoot. I don't even know for certain if I hope the guys on there are true believers or the worst breed of hucksters. Either way, the show diminishes any standing Animal Planet had as a "science" channel.
Then, the channel runs a couple of "mockumentaries" about mermaids. Based on wild tales, the producers faked some interviews with "mermaid experts" – who I can only assume loved the movie Splash with Tom Hanks – and created a fake science show complete with a fake news show that aired right after it.
But now they have gone too far. They have cheapened Shark Week.
Instead of incredible footage of great white sharks jumping out of the water to eat seals or evidence of pack hunting among a species of shark, we got Megalodon. This faked investigation of a whether a species known to be extinct for more than 2 million years still exists was really troubling.
They mixed in those few instances where a species was thought to be extinct but really wasn't – the Lazarus species – to make viewers wonder if somewhere in that big blue sea if the huge shark dinosaur could still exist.
It is one thing when Tara Reid stars in a show called Sharknado. It is much different when the home of Mythbusters produces fake science. What is next, a look at whether Jurasic Park could really happen?
Shark Week has jumped the shark.
I hate it because I have to explain to my favorite little nerds-in-training that sometimes even scientists like to have a little fun and make fictional movies about seemingly serious subjects.
The problem comes when they see other evidence on other shows and have to wonder if it is real or faked.
I hope bigfoot, mermaids and a big extinct shark brought enough ratings to make it worth flushing their credibility down the toilet.
It's really too bad my old publisher wasn't in that production meeting. It could have saved them all a lot of trouble.


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From snorkeling and sandcastle building on sun-soaked beaches to exploring aquariums and fishponds, there are seemingly endless ways to connect with the family in the Hawaiian Islands.
As a cultural crossroads, Hawaii's history is unlike any other on earth. Walk in the footsteps of royalty at ancient temples, experience the art of hula and more.
With our bounty of fresh fruits and vegetables, lush upland cattle farms and Pacific waters teeming with sashimi-grade fish, Hawaiian cuisine is a colorful tapestry of tastes and traditions.
Get a closer look at Hawaii's delicate ecosystem and help keep our islands sustainable for generations to come. Take a taro or coffee farm tour, peruse the Sunshine Markets of Kauai or explore the many botanical gardens throughout the Hawaiian Islands.
The Hawaiian Islands are the perfect place to kick back and soak up the company of the one you love.
Whether you're tying the knot or celebrating your honeymoon, romance is always in the air in Hawaii.
The Hawaiian Islands are the perfect place to kick back and soak up the company of the one you love.
Whether you're tying the knot or celebrating your honeymoon, romance is always in the air in Hawaii.
Hawaii Mermaid Adventures is an eco-tour company providing mermaid swim lessons, mermaid tail sales and photography.
Living in or visiting Rotterdam? Information and useful links for students, locals and tourists.
From its beginnings as a fishing village in the 13th century, Rotterdam has evolved into the second largest Dutch city and home to one of the largest ports in the world.
Much of Rotterdam's centre was destroyed during World War II. However, the city was reborn as a hotspot for modern architecture, with a towering skyline that is always changing and several of the country's most innovative buildings.
A popular saying among Rotterdammers goes "Money is earned in Rotterdam, divided in The Hague and spent in Amsterdam ," reflecting Rotterdam's traditional view of itself as a no-nonsense workers' city.
Although Amsterdam is generally viewed as the cultural capital of the Netherlands, besides modern architecture Rotterdam also boasts one of the Netherlands' finest museums , the Boijmans van Beuningen, as well as a bustling contemporary art scene.
The city is also host to several major events and festivals , including the Zomercarnaval (Summercarnaval), which is the second largest Caribbean carnival in Europe, as well as the International Film Festival Rotterdam, Motel Mozaique, and the North Sea Jazz Festival.
International Students Rotterdam (ISR) is a student-run organisation dedicated to helping international students acclimate to life in Rotterdam. ISR aims to do this through social events, academic events, and a comprehensive student guide about various aspects of living in Rotterdam.
You moved to the Netherlands without a job... Now what?
Q. Do you approve or disapprove of the Federal Government's proposal to cut the tax rate for businesses from 30% to 25% estimated to cost $80 billion over the next 10 years?
41% (up 4% in last 4 weeks) approve of the Federal Government's proposal for business tax cuts and 36% (down 1%) disapprove. 22% did not give an opinion.
69% of Liberal National voters approve but 57% of Labor voters, 43% of Greens voters and 44% of other voters disapprove. 49% of full-time workers approve and 32% disapprove.
Q. Which of the following statements is closest to your view?
Respondents were divided over these statements – but a little more likely to think that company tax cuts will not deliver higher wages. 41% (up 3% from February) agreed more that "Cutting the company tax rate will simply deliver business $80 billion more in profits . . . " and 34% (up 2%) agreed more that "Cutting the company tax rate will bring Australia's tax base into line with other nations . . . ". 25% were not sure.
Those more likely to agree that "Cutting the company tax rate will simply deliver business $80 billion more in profits . . . " were Labor voters (59%), Greens voters (49%) and other voters (47%).
Those more likely to agree that "Cutting the company tax rate will bring Australia's tax base into line with other nations . . . ". were LNP voters (56%) and workers on incomes over $2,000pw. (40%).
Q. Do you think that the Government's energy plan – the National Energy Guarantee – will reduce or increase power prices or will it make no difference to prices?
Only 15% think that the National Energy Guarantee will reduce power prices. 22% think the plan will increase prices and 38% think it will make no difference. Since this question was asked in October there has been a 9% drop in those who think it will increase prices and a 7% increase for those who think it will make no difference.
Among Liberal National voters, 20% think it will reduce prices, 17% increase prices and 39% make no difference.
51% of those aged 55+ think it will make no difference.
Q. Who or what do you mostly blame most for rising power prices?
44% think private power companies trying to maximise profits are most to blame for rising power prices and 21% think the Turnbull Government is most to blame. 11% blame environmentalists pushing for action on climate change and only 7% blame renewable energy costs.
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Minnesota Gov. Mark Dayton underwent spinal surgery on Thursday without any complications, according to his spokeswoman.
Dayton had the operation at Rochester's Mayo Clinic in hopes of relieving constriction in his lower back. The procedure involved fusing a vertebrae in the same area that is shifting out of alignment.
Dr. Jeremy Fogelson, the surgeon who performed the procedure, reported that the surgery went as planned, said Dayton spokeswoman Katherine Tinucci.
Dayton is scheduled to be released from the hospital by Dec. 31 and plans to work from the Governor's Residence in St. Paul for the next few weeks while he recuperates.
The 2013 legislative session begins Jan. 8.
Megan Boldt can be reached at 651-228-5495. Follow her at twitter.com/meganboldt.


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- Paleobiology ›
- Features ›
- Blast: Part 1 ›
- Part 2 ›
- Part 3 ›
- References ›
Blast From The Past! — Part 1
A recently recovered deep-sea core contains convincing new evidence of an asteroid impact 65 million years ago, when dinosaurs went extinct. A section of the core is the centerpiece of a multimedia exhibit, "Blast from the Past," currently on display at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History.
The Asteroid Hypothesis
The conceptual sketch above depicts the asteroid moments before impact, as it takes aim on Mexico's Yucatan coastline. Approaching at an angle from the southeast, it will send the main force of its impact northward in a fire storm over North America. The evidence has grown so overwhelming that few scientists dispute that an asteroid nearly 10 km (6 mi) wide slammed into what is now Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula.
The impact blasted a 180 kilometer-wide (100 miles) crater many kilometers deep into the Earth.
The heat of impact sent a searing vapor cloud speeding northward which, within minutes, set the North American continent aflame. This fireball and the darkness that followed caused major plant extinctions in North America. Environmental consequences led to global extinction of many plants and animals, including the dinosaurs.
Lingering airborne debris is believed to have triggered darkness and a decline in the global temperature, making Earth uninhabitable not only for dinosaurs by also for many other plants and animals. Dinosaurs, like Triceratops depicted in this sketch, passed into extinction, ending more than 150 million years of evolution and dominance over life on Earth. Other organisms, including mammals like those shown in the lower left of this sketch, somehow survived. In the words of Dr. Brian Huber: "This event profoundly changed the course of life on Earth. If it had not happened, evolution would have followed a different path and in all likelihood we would not be here today."
Map of the Earth as it was 65 million years ago, when the impact occurred.
The drill ship JOIDES Resolution obtained the core 480 km (350 mi) east of Florida, more than 1,920 km (1,200 mi) from the now buried impact crater. The core was drilled 2,658 m (8,860 ft) below the ocean surface and 128 m (427 ft) below the ocean floor.
Dust and ash fallout as well as material blasted from the crater are clearly evident in the deep-sea core, which scientists recovered more than 1,920 km (1200 miles) from the impact site off the east coast of Florida.
Images by Mary Parrish, Map by My Le Ducharme.


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We're a woman-owned strategic consultancy working alongside partners to develop powerful solutions for the greater social good.
Our approach is thoughtful and thought out. Building a framework is —for us—building a foundation towards mutual understanding and collaboration. That's what we believe in, and that's how we operate: We're here to make a net-positive through communications and social impact strategies that view the world as possibilities, not problems.
We believe in vital, thriving communities, and we've achieved big wins that have provided award-winning results for clients because of it. Critical thinking and listening are the back bone to our design and strategy. It is through this lens that we approach the following four key areas of our work:
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Hi I hope you can get help closer to home. I thought about it some more, and a one hour breast-feeding clinic sounds way too short. After thinking about it I wonder if that would really be worth traveling so far for. One hour would not even really be enough for a single one on one lactation appointment.
A pump can appear to be working fine and still not be working fine. Trust me on this. Unless you can have your pump tested which I sincerely doubt if it so hard to even see a lactation consultant it really may not be working appropriately. I would very much suggest adding hand expression to your pumping routine. Pump output is not a good indicator of milk production. However if you're unable to remove milk effectively with a pump, that is going to keep hurting milk production.
Your pumps website should have information on how to troubleshoot that particular pump. If it doesn't, here are a couple basic tips. Pumping should be comfortable. If you have to turn the suction up very high to the point that it hurts in order to get milk, that is a problem. If your nipple is rubbing against the sides of the tunnel while pumping, that is an indication the pump flange is too small. If too much of your areola is been pulled into the tunnel while you are pumping, that could be an indication your flange is too large. Also if you feel as if you cannot get a good suction or have to manipulate your breast a lot to get good suction, that is another indication the flange is too large. Too large might feel comfortable, but it is not good for getting the milk out.
I suggest the book making more milk for milk production problems. However we are not sure this is all about milk production right it could be the baby is unable to nurse effectively.
8 ounces is not all that much to be supplementing. Obviously it would be better if it was less I understand you hoped it would be none. But this is still something you can come back from I promise you.


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Marion Gaita Zachowski
Senior Specialist in Science and Teacher Education
Download Curriculum Vitae
- Fordham University, School Administration (certificate), 1999
- Hunter College (CUNY), M.S. Ed., 1989
- Queens College (CUNY), B.A., 1975
Professional Interests
Marion Gaita Zachowski has over years of supervisory, managerial, teaching and professional development experience in New York City Public Schools. Most recently, she served as Director of The Partnership of Teacher Excellence, a New York City Department of Education collaboration with City University of New York and NYU Steinhardt School to develop a teacher education model to recruit, develop and retain excellent secondary Mathematics and Science teachers. Ms. Zachowski has also designed and implemented protocols for NYC DOE to collaborate with industry, informal science institutions and science laboratories to develop commencement-level science courses.
Teaching Experience
- Director, NYC Partnership for Teacher Education, The Fund for Public Schools, 2007- 2010
- Central Secondary Science Instructional Specialist, The NYC Department of Education, 2003-2007
- Director of Instruction, Manhattan High Schools, 2001-2003
- Assistant Principal of Science, Murry Bergtraum High School, 1999-2001
- MS/HS Earth Science Teacher, NYC Department of Education, 1989-1999
- Secondary Science Teaching Seminar, Lehman College, 2010
- Integration Seminar in Special Education, New York University, 2010
- Using Data to Inform Instruction, NYC Department of Education (online course), 2009


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PEORIA -- The Peoria Rivermen were felled twice last weekend by the Louisiana IceGators.
But Peoria rode goaltender Kyle Rank's 43-save performance to a 2-1 victory in an SPHL rematch Friday before 4,308 at Carver Arena.
"That is a veteran team, and it was frustrating to drop a 1-0 game down there last weekend," said Rank, the league's No. 1-ranked goaltender. "We had an axe to grind tonight. To come out and play like that was important for us."
The Rivermen won their eighth straight at home and climbed into a fourth-place tie while snapping second-place Louisiana's five-game road win streak.
Peoria got a rare power play goal -- the game-winner from Garrett Vermeersch -- and terrific supporting cast outings from wingers Steve Morra and Dean Yakura, while defenseman Joe Schiller returned from injured reserve to chip in with two assists.
"They (Louisiana) know what they are doing over there," said Rank, after posting his 11th outing of the season with one goal or fewer allowed. "Every shot they take has a purpose. You could tell coming into the third period they were going to bring the pressure at us.
"But our defense did a great job clearing, our centers controlled the corners and we got it done."
The Rivermen took a 1-0 lead at 1:24 of the second period when Yakura took Morra's feed from the right corner and sent a snap shot from above the right hashmarks past the glove of goaltender Kiefer Smiley.
Louisiana sniper Adam Stuart, fourth in the SPHL scoring race, missed an open net from the left circle at 4:55 when his shot hit the post and stayed out. But the Gators pressed on and tied it 67 seconds later on a goal from Jordan Braid.
The Rivermen power play ran its scoreless streak to 19 straight chances before Vermeersch ripped a one-timer from the right circle past Smiley's blocker for the winner at 8:09.
"They are a smart, top team," Schiller said. "That's a great win for us. But it's one win. We need more."
Peoria earned a five-on-three power play for a full two minutes with 2:20 left in the second period, but could not add to its lead, managing just one shot on goal.
The Rivermen penalty-kill unit blocked three shots during a Gators advantage midway through the third period. Peoria dodged one last threat in the final 61 seconds when -- with Smiley off for an extra attacker -- Rivermen winger Matt Viola gave up the puck along the boards in the neutral zone.
"The first few minutes of the third, we didn't give them anything," Rivermen head coach Jean-Guy Trudel said. "We knew they would come at us. That's a really strong team over there, and it was important for us to react well. We're building a team now for the playoffs, and we have to be able to play tight games like this."
RIVER READINGS: The Rivermen Alumni Association, which staged the Blues-Blackhawks Alumni charity game for tornado relief in mid-January, presented a check from the event for $50,000 to the Salvation Army before the game. ... Rivermen hosted Louisiana at Carver Arena for the first time since March 2, 2003 in the ECHL, a 3-1 loss to Gators. ... Rivermen defenseman Joe Schiller returned to action after spending 30 days on IR. ... Newly-signed 6-foot-5 defenseman Ben Oskroba made his pro debut Friday.
Dave Eminian covers the Rivermen for the Journal Star. Reach him at 686-3206 or firstname.lastname@example.com. Follow him on Twitter @icetimecleve.
Rivermen ride Rank's 43 saves to 2-1 victory over Louisiana
PEORIA -- The Peoria Rivermen were felled twice last weekend by the Louisiana IceGators.


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BOSTON (AP) — Massachusetts is bracing for a winter storm expected to hit its peak in the overnight hours.
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Caring for sustainable mobility with innovative solutions
Based on its comprehensive knowledge of motion engineering, SKF can make a difference and contribute with sustainable solutions for the automotive industry.
Globally increasing energy demand is still mainly solved by burning of fossil fuels, resulting in, as we know, a rapidly growing increase of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. In this context, efficiency during the transformation of energy plays a decisive role. On the question of how to improve the mechanical efficiency, particularly in reducing friction losses, SKF contributes with developing innovative bearing and sealing solutions.
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In order to be as innovative and efficient as possible it is also important to partner with the right innovative players in the automotive arena. SKF are in development projects with external engineering companies in the area of transmission technologies. Another example is that in 2011 SKF entered into a project together with Volvo Car Corporation & Volvo Group, aimed at evaluating flywheels for mass production. The flywheel kinetic energy recovery system (KERS) can contribute to fuel savings as high as 20%, which in turn enables significant CO2 reductions. Today SKF delivers critical components to flywheel systems, which equips them with knowledge in how to industrialize this system.
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SKF develop products and deliver solutions that help vehicle manufacturers address several critical business issues, including:
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In these focus areas possible solutions have been identified. A few of these solutions include:
Integrating sensors for intelligent functions
SKF integrates sensors with bearings and seals to enable different functions in order to allow applications and systems to perform with the highest accuracy and reliability. These solutions contribute very well to energy efficiency.
A few years ago SKF launched solutions for hybrid vehicles (HEV) to enable the Stop-Start system to function, SKF Rotor Positioning Bearing and the SKF Commutation Sensor-Bearing Unit. The Stop-Start system contributes to reduction of CO2 and fuel up to 15% when driving in the city with many engine stops and starts.
A Stop-Start solution for two wheelers was introduced by SKF in 2011. Now SKF took one step further by offering the complete system, the SKF StopGo. By this solution fuel savings of 6-8 % is achievable.
Electric vehicles (EV) are increasing in numbers. The latest SKF developments in this area have been focused on improving the power density and energy efficiency of traction motors. Such products will contribute to increasing the EV mileage. In this area SKF recently announced a business partnership with the French company Bollore, who supply electric cars to a car rental program with Paris Autolib. This program was launched in December 2011. SKF offer different bearings that consist of material highly capable of resisting electric currents and other conditions that are needed to have a reliable, well performing electric car for as many miles as possible.
Different government and city initiatives move towards EVs being the solution to reduce CO2 emissions in city traffic. Paris Autolib wanted to give the citizens of Paris a simple and sustainable alternative to the standard public transportations of today. Other initiatives like this are sure to follow.
Optimizing powertrains
To optimize powertrains you must reduce friction and weight, offer compact solutions, add sensors for more intelligent control and be able to look into alternative technologies to improve performance in these applications. The environments these products need to perform in are often subjected to withstand a wide temperature range, different fluids, high speeds and extreme pressures.
For example, the increases of double clutch transmissions (DCT) have lead SKF to develop compact low weight products that have the ability to withstand the high temperature and loading conditions the DCT requires of its components. The SKF Double Clutch Bearing Set and the clutch support ACBB help to extend the lifetime of the transmission. The DCT is one of the main transmission systems that contribute to further CO2 reductions.
SKF's energy efficient driveline portfolio of bearings and seals has been developed to reduce friction and weight, and also to enable optimization of the transmission. A calculation example SKF have done show that reduction in CO2 by 8 grams/km, compared to standard products, is possible by replacing several standard bearings with energy efficient and smart compact integrated solutions. This is based on the normal European driving cycle and a mid-sized car. Developments are moving for further CO2 reduction possibilities.
With a growing demand for engine boosting technologies, ball bearings can replace the current plain bearings, providing an improvement in efficiency. The SKF Turbocharger Ball Bearing Unit is a robust, easy-to-mount unit that enables a fuel reduction of up to 2 % and CO2 emission reduction of up to 3%.
Reducing friction is a key area in engine efficiency, as well as solutions withstanding high temperature and high pressure with high performing long lasting abilities. There are many seals in the engine and one of the latest seals from SKF is the SKF Low Friction Engine Seal that provides a reduced friction by 55% compared to standard seals.
Calculation and simulation
To prove value and performance by calculation and simulation provides an important input when deciding upon a particular solution. The SKF Vehicle Environmental Performance Simulator has been designed to support SKF engineers in order to show customers the CO2 value the suggested solution will emit. By calculation and translating the friction and weight reduction into real figures, SKF can show real-life savings of CO2 emissions for a complete vehicle.
The road ahead is more challenging than ever. Developing innovative solutions for a sustainable world - to make a difference - is what SKF is all about. Caring is where it all starts. Knowledge and drive is what it takes. A cleaner world is the result to aim for.
SKF - The Power of Knowledge Engineering
SKF facts:
SKF, the Knowledge Engineering Company, partners with customers worldwide to provide technical solutions, maintenance and reliability services, engineering consultancy and training. With offices in more than 130 countries, and 15,000 distributor partners globally, SKF is a leading provider of bearings, seals, mechatronic and lubrication systems and services. Annual sales in 2011 were SEK 66,216 million and the number of employees was 46,039.
Contact details
Edward Holweg
Director, Product and Systems Development
SKF Automotive
+46 31 337 21 44


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Bacterial Transformation Efficiency
|Time Required
|Average (6-10 days)
|Some laboratory experience required: knowledge of sterile technique, working with bacterial cultures, and using automatic pipets all helpful.
|Material Availability
|Specialty items
|Average ($50 - $100)
|Requires adult supervision in a laboratory facility. For ISEF-affiliated fairs, this project will require SRC approval.
AbstractIs it possible to manipulate bacteria to become protein production factories? Can diabetics control blood glucose with insulin produced by bacteria? How cool would it be to take advantage of these microorganism's sophisticated makeup, short doubling times and cheap growth media to mass produce medically and commercially useful proteins? All of these are possible with a few simple genetic manipulations. By the end of this project you would know the basic foundation on which many biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies operate.
The goal of this project is to measure bacterial transformation efficiency as a function of plasmid DNA concentration.
Share your story with Science Buddies!Yes, I Did This Project! Please log in (or create a free account) to let us know how things went.
By Elizabeth Umelo-Njaka, Ph.D.
Edited by Andrew Olson, Ph.D., Science Buddies
Cite This PageGeneral citation information is provided here. Be sure to check the formatting, including capitalization, for the method you are using and update your citation, as needed.
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Last edit date: 2017-07-28
Bacteria are biochemical powerhouses, completely self-contained with all that is needed to produce complex proteins. Without microscopes, the human eye only begins to see bacteria when they have multiplied to literally millions of identical copies all in one spot, called a colony. The DNA molecule is the blueprint for every component of the bacteria. From information in the DNA, RNA molecules are transcribed and then translated into proteins. The proteins are moved to different parts of the bacteria—cytoplasm, periplasm, or cell wall—depending on function. Bacteria have transport systems that shuttle these proteins around, and sometimes there may be more than one type of transport system.
There are several ways in which bacteria acquire foreign DNA, including the processes of conjugation, transfection, and transformation. Conjugation involves mating between two different bacterial cells. In transfection, viruses called bacteriophages inject the foreign DNA into their host. In transformation, bacteria take up DNA from the environment through their cell wall.
Natural transformation was discovered in 1928 by Frederick Griffith while studying infectious bacteria that cause pneumonia in mice. Griffith was using two strains of pneumococcus bacteria: a virulent, smooth strain and a non-virulent, rough strain. On injecting mice with a mixture of killed smooth strains (which were incapable of causing infection) and the non-virulent rough strain, miraculously (the miracle being what is now known as transformation), the mice died and Frederick recovered live smooth pneumococcus bacteria! Inside the mice, the piece of DNA from the killed smooth strain containing the information required to cause infection had been taken up by the live, non-virulent, rough pneumococcus bacteria. In this way, the formerly non-virulent bacteria acquired the virulence traits and became deadly to mice. In Frederick's control experiments, mice exposed to only rough cells stayed nice and healthy and those exposed to the dead smooth cells also stayed nice and healthy. Only when the live rough bacteria and killed smooth bacteria were administered together did the mice become sick.
Why Is Bacterial Transformation So Important and Why Does It Hold Such Attraction to Science?
Transformation in and of itself is a very important basic tool in molecular biology. Transformation is used for cloning or to move DNA molecules around between strains. Bacteria are transformed for numerous different reasons. Some of these reasons may include expression of medically useful recombinant proteins such as insulin for treating a disease or vaccines for prevention of disease. Other reasons could be expression of proteins that confer on bacteria the ability to survive in particular environments such as to "clean up" contaminated environments in bioremediation.
It can be very expensive to chemically synthesize very short peptides, never mind complex polypeptides and whole proteins which may have post-translational modifications. As the biology of bacteria becomes clearer, coupled with the abundance of bacterial species and strains available and the exciting advances made in molecular biology research and biotechnology, the possibilities and applicability of transformation becomes phenomenal.
How Does It Work?
Not all bacteria undergo natural transformation. However, a large number of strains and species can be artificially transformed. In the laboratory when transformation occurs, the bacteria acquire new genetic traits (for example, resistance to a specific antibiotic) which are easily identifiable and allow for selection of transformed cells.
Before bacteria can be artificially transformed, they have to be made competent—able to take up DNA. The DNA molecule is hydrophilic (water-soluble) but cell membranes are made of a very hydrophobic lipid bilayer, and therefore artificial transformation is not a process that occurs spontaneously. There are two means of artificial transformation commonly used in labs: electroporation and chemical transformation.
During electroporation, short bursts of current are passed through a solution containing bacteria at high voltage. The current makes the cell membrane leaky (porous) for a short time, allowing the cells to take up DNA molecules from the solution.
In chemical transformation, bacteria are exposed to solutions which alter their cell membranes enough to make the DNA molecules pass through and into the cell. Chemical transformation procedures sometimes also use a heat shock treatment. The actual mechanisms by which these two processes work are not fully understood.
Transformation efficiency is a measure of the amount of cells within the bacterial culture that are able to take up DNA molecules. Transformation efficiency can be determined experimentally. For some molecular biology projects, such as cloning and subcloning, high transformation efficiency is not critical. However applications such as construction of genomic libraries require that the bacteria have very high transformation efficiency.
When bacteria are transformed in the laboratory, the bacteria acquire new traits from the transformation plasmid. These traits are easily identifiable and allow for selection of transformed cells. For example, the bacteria transformed in this project acquire resistance to the antibiotic ampicillin. You prove this by growing them up on LB:AMP plates. Untransformed bacteria will not grow on the LB:AMP plates.
Sometimes, scientists get really creative and add genes for other traits to these plasmids. Take the pGLO plasmid from the Bio-Rad pGLO transformation kit as an example. In addition to containing the ori gene which is essential for the plasmid to replicate inside the bacteria, and the Ampicillin resistance gene (bla gene) used for selection of transformed cells, it also contains the gene that encodes the green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the bioluminescent jellyfish Aequorea victoria. The GFP gene is placed under the regulation of the arabinose promoter. Because bacteria are highly economical and tend not to waste energy, they have different types of promoters which regulate gene expression. For those proteins which are required only under specific conditions, the genes that encode them are turned off when not needed to conserve energy and turned on only when the bacteria encounters the right conditions. For example, the genes which encode the proteins required to break down and use the sugar arabinose are turned on only in the presence of arabinose. Therefore by placing the GFP protein gene under the control of the arabinose promoter, scientists can selectively express the GFP protein by including or excluding arabinose from the growth media. This allows for increased utility of the pGLO plasmid not just simply for cloning, but also for in situ visualization of protein expression because those bacteria that have taken up the pGLO plasmid will turn a brilliant green color (as shown in Figure 1, below) when they are grown in a media containing arabinose.
Figure 1. These bacteria are expressing GFP. (Photo courtesy of Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.)
Terms and Concepts
For full appreciation of this experiment, you should understand the following terms and concepts:
- Bacteria
- Transformation
- Transformation efficiency
- Cloning and cloning vectors
- Antibiotic resistance
- DNAses, restriction endonucleases and ligation
- Heat shock and cold shock
- Promoter
- Regulation of gene expression
- Aseptic or sterile techniques
- Biotechnology
- What is meant by the term competent when applied to bacteria being prepared for transformation?
- What is the relationship between genes and DNA?
- What is the relationship between DNA and RNA?
- What is the relationship between RNA and proteins?
- This website provides access to publications on cloning and bacterial transformation:
NCBI, 2006. "Education," National Center for Biotechnology Information [accessed October 20, 2006] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Education/.
- This is a simplified version of the classical method used in this transformation exercise (see the Variations section):
Chung, C.T., S.L. Niemala, and R.H. Miller, 1989. "One-step preparation of competent Escherichia coli: transformation and storage of bacterial cells in the same solution," PNAS 86 (7): 2172–2175, available online [accessed October 20, 2006]: http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/86/7/2172 (requires Adobe Acrobat).
- This site provides access to many molecular biology protocols:
OpenWetWare contributors, 2006. "Main Page," OpenWetWare [accessed October 20, 2006] http://openwetware.org.
- At the Bio-Rad website, you can download the complete instruction manual for the pGLO transformation Kit. The manual contains lots of useful information including diagrams and protocols (requires Adobe Acrobat). In order to download literature, you must register at the Bio-Rad site,
and then search for "pGLO" in the "Literature" section of the search box.:
Bio-Rad, 2006. "pGLO Bacterial Transformation Kit Instruction Manual," Bio-Rad, Inc. [accessed October 25, 2006] http://explorer.bio-rad.com.
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Materials and Equipment
Note: If you are carrying out this experiment in a school laboratory, which is recommended, some of the materials and equipment listed may be more readily accessible.
- The pGLO Bacterial Transformation Kit from Bio-Rad is recommended however, any equivalent transformation kit can be used. The pGLO transformation kit contains the bacteria, plasmid DNA, reagents, etc. A teacher's help will be needed when ordering the pGLO kit as Bio-Rad only sells directly to schools.
- Permanent marker
- Ice bucket with ice. You can substitute styrofoam cups with ice.
- 37°C incubator. Alternatively, bacteria will grow at room temperature but it takes days longer.
- 42°C water bath. Alternatively, hot water from the tap is sufficient; use a thermometer to ensure the temperature is exactly 42°C for the 50 second duration of the heat shock.
- Automatic pipettors in 1–10 μL and 10–200 μL ranges. Graduated pipets supplied with the Bio-Rad kit can be used instead if unavailable.
- Thermometer (0–100°C), available from online suppliers such as Carolina Biological Supply Company.
- Clock or watch to time 50 seconds
- 1 liter flask
- 500 mL distilled water; usually available from a supermarket
- Microwave oven. This is needed to prepare the agar plates.
- Refrigerator. This is for storing plates before use.
- UV-protective face shield or goggles for visualizing pGLO. UV-protective goggles are available through Carolina Biological.
Disclaimer: Science Buddies occasionally provides information (such as part numbers, supplier names, and supplier weblinks) to assist our users in locating specialty items for individual projects. The information is provided solely as a convenience to our users. We do our best to make sure that part numbers and descriptions are accurate when first listed. However, since part numbers do change as items are obsoleted or improved, please send us an email if you run across any parts that are no longer available. We also do our best to make sure that any listed supplier provides prompt, courteous service. Science Buddies does participate in affiliate programs with Home Science Tools, Amazon.com, Carolina Biological, and Jameco Electronics. Proceeds from the affiliate programs help support Science Buddies, a 501(c)(3) public charity. If you have any comments (positive or negative) related to purchases you've made for science fair projects from recommendations on our site, please let us know. Write to us at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Bacterial Transformation Efficiency
Experimental Procedure
For health and safety reasons, science fairs regulate what kinds of biological materials can be used in science fair projects. You should check with your science fair's Scientific Review Committee before starting this experiment to make sure your science fair project complies with all local rules. Many science fairs follow Intel® International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) regulations. For more information, visit these Science Buddies pages: Projects Involving Potentially Hazardous Biological Agents and Scientific Review Committee. You can also visit the webpage ISEF Rules & Guidelines directly.
- Do your background research so that you are knowledgeable about the terms, concepts, and questions above.
- Read the product insert from the transformation kit prior to starting your experiment.
- You need to understand the sequence of the experimental protocol and prepare materials accordingly.
- Follow the directions provided in the kit. Note that you will include an additional step to determine how varying the concentration of DNA affects transformation efficiency.
- The following procedure is based on the assumption that the Bio-Rad pGLO transformation kit is used.
Day 1: Preparing Plates, Solutions, and Bacterial Starter Plate
Follow the kit directions to prepare and pour the agar plates, and to rehydrate the provided lyophilized materials such as E. coli bacteria, antibiotics, DNA, etc.
- Prepare and pour the agar plates—LB only (LB) and LB plus ampicillin (LB:AMP).
- Label the plates with permanent marker: LB and LB:AMP.
- After the agar solidifies, cover the plates, put them in their original plastic bags, and store them in a lab refrigerator stacked upside down. Store plates wrapped up in their original plastic wrappings. Storing upside down will ensure condensation does not wet the surface of the agar.
- Note that the pGlo Transformation kit also allows for visualization of the transformation. In addition to the acquisition of Ampicillin resistance, the transformed bacteria can also express another gene on the pGLO plasmid which causes the bacteria to glow a brilliant green color. In order to see this, prepare the LB:AMP:ARA agar plates as specified in the pGLO transformation kit product insert. After transformation on day 2, plate the transformed cells on the LB:AMP:ARA plates as well. The arabinose in the agar will induce expression of the green fluorescent protein and the bacteria will glow green. While this step is cool to see it is not required for you to determine transformation efficiency. The Bio-Rad pGLO transformation kit comes with one UV penlight. This should be sufficient to visualize the glowing bacteria. However if you have access to a laboratory with a long wave UV lamp, that will be great. Caution - Do not shine UV light directly into the eyes, use a UV-protective face shield or goggles, and limit exposure to UV light.
- Rehydrate bacteria and streak LB starter plates.
- Incubate starter plates overnight at 37°C (or 2 to 3 days at room temperature until colonies are clearly visible).
Day 2: Transforming the Bacteria
- Important: do not refrigerate the starter plate prior to transformation.
- Label 3 tubes with the following:
- −pGLO plasmid (negative control),
- +1× pGLO plasmid,
- +10× pGLO plasmid.
- Using a graduated pipette add 1 mL of the transformation solution to a clean tube.
- With a sterile loop, choose 4 well-separated colonies from the starter plate and resuspend in the tube containing 1 mL of transformation solution by flicking the tube or by twirling the loop around in the solution. (Note that each colony contains millions of bacterial cells—do not use too many colonies).
- When the colonies are completely resuspended, use a clean graduated pipette to transfer 250 μL of the bacterial solution to each of the 3 tubes labeled −pGLO plasmid, +1× pGLO plasmid, and +10× pGLO plasmid.
- Add 10 μL of the pGLO plasmid solution to the tube labeled +1× pGLO plasmid. (If you don't have access to automatic pipettors, 10 μL is one sterile loop full.)
- Add 100 μL of the pGLO plasmid solution to the tube labeled +10× pGLO plasmid.
- Mix by covering and flicking the tubes.
- Do not add pGLO plasmid DNA to the −pGLO plasmid (negative control) tube.
- Incubate the 3 tubes on ice for 15 minutes.
- Heat shock the 3 tubes at 42°C for 50 seconds exactly.
- Immediately place tubes on ice for 2 minutes.
- Add 250 μL of LB broth to each of the three transformation tubes and incubate at room temperature for 10 minutes. Use a clean pipette for each addition.
- Spread 100 μL of bacterial suspension on to the appropriate LB:AMP plates, use 2 plates per transformation. Use the average number of colonies from the two plates in subsequent calculation.
- Incubate the plates overnight at 37°C (or at room temperature for 2 to 3 days).
Day 3: Analyzing and Interpreting Results
- Count the average number of colonies growing on the 2 LB:AMP plates.
- Determine the average amount of DNA that was spread on the plates. Use the examples to determine the average amount of DNA spread on the plates:
- Total DNA supplied in tube = 20 μg.
- Volume of transformation solution added to reconstitute = 250 μL.
- Concentration of DNA solution = 20 μg / 250 μL (or 0.08 μg/μL).
- For the 1X transformation, 10 μL of the DNA solution is added into 250–μL of bacteria resuspended in transformation solution, so the total volume in the tube = 260 μL, and
- the total DNA concentration in the tube = 10 μL × 0.08 μg/μL = 0.8 μg DNA/260 μL.
- After transformation, 100 μL is added to each plate, so the amount of DNA plated = (0.8 μg/μL/260 μL) × 100 μL = 0.3 μg per plate.
- For the 10x transformation, 100 μL of DNA solution is added into 250 μL of bacteria solution, so the total volume in the tube = 350 μL, and
- the total DNA concentration = 100 μL × 0.08 μg/μL = 8.0μg/350 μL.
- After transformation, 100 μL is added to each plate, so the amount of DNA plated = (8.0 μg/350 μL) × 100 μL = 2.3 μg per plate.
- Calculate transformation efficiency for the 1X and 10X DNA concentrations using the formula.
- Which experiment had greater efficiency?
Bacterial Safety
Bacteria are all around us in our daily lives and the vast majority of them are not harmful. However, for maximum safety, all bacterial cultures should always be treated as potential hazards. This means that proper handling, cleanup, and disposal are necessary. Below are a few important safety reminders. You can also see the Microorganisms Safety Guide for more details. Additionally, many science fairs follow ISEF Rules & Guidelines, which have specific guidelines on how bacteria and other microorganisms should be handled and disposed of.
- Keep your nose and mouth away from tubes, pipettes, or other tools that come in contact with bacterial cultures, in order to avoid ingesting or inhaling any bacteria.
- Make sure to wash your hands thoroughly after handling bacteria.
- Proper Disposal of Bacterial Cultures
- Bacterial cultures, plates, and disposables that are used to manipulate the bacteria should be soaked in a 10% bleach solution (1 part bleach to 9 parts water) for 1–2 hours.
- Use caution when handling the bleach, as it can ruin your clothes if spilled, and any disinfectant can be harmful if splashed in your eyes.
- After bleach treatment is completed, these items can be placed in your normal household garbage.
- Cleaning Your Work Area
- At the end of your experiment, use a disinfectant, such as 70% ethanol, a 10% bleach solution, or a commercial antibacterial kitchen/bath cleaning solution, to thoroughly clean any surfaces you have used.
- Be aware of the possible hazards of disinfectants and use them carefully.
If you like this project, you might enjoy exploring these related careers:
Biological TechnicianWhat do the sequencing of the human genome, the annual production of millions of units of life-saving vaccines, and the creation of new drought-tolerant rice varieties have in common? They were all accomplished through the hard work of biological technicians. Scientists may come up with the overarching plans, but the day-to-day labor behind biotechnology advances is often the work of skilled biological technicians. Read more
BiologistLife is all around you in beauty, abundance, and complexity. Biologists are the scientists who study life in all its forms and try to understand fundamental life processes, and how life relates to its environment. They answer basic questions, like how do fireflies create light? Why do grunion fish lay their eggs based on the moon and tides? What genes control deafness? Why don't cancer cells die? How do plants respond to ultraviolet light? Beyond basic research, biologists might also apply their research and create new biotechnology. There are endless discoveries waiting to be found in the field of biology! Read more
What happens to transformation efficiency when you try the following:
- Transform E. coli with a small plasmid compared to large plasmid?
- Try the one-step transformation protocol (Chung, Niemala, and Miller, 1989) compared to the method described in the Experimental Procedure section?
- Use stationary phase culture compared to log phase?
- Compare chemical transformation to electroporation using identical concentrations of DNA and bacterial cells?
- Heat shock for various lengths of time, e.g., from 25 s all the way up to 150 s. How does efficiency change with the length of the heat shock? Why?
Share your story with Science Buddies!Yes, I Did This Project! Please log in (or create a free account) to let us know how things went.
Ask an ExpertThe Ask an Expert Forum is intended to be a place where students can go to find answers to science questions that they have been unable to find using other resources. If you have specific questions about your science fair project or science fair, our team of volunteer scientists can help. Our Experts won't do the work for you, but they will make suggestions, offer guidance, and help you troubleshoot.
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Cruise Itinerary Details
Celebrity Equinox
Departing from: Miami, Florida
Ports of Call:
- San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Philipsburg, St. Maarten
- Basseterre, St. Kitts
Bars, Clubs & Lounges
Intimate Lounge
Martini Bar & Crush
Scenic/360 Degree Views
Sky Observation Lounge
Oceanview Bar
Sunset Bar
Craft Beer
Gastrobar - featuring craft beer, wines by the glass or bottle, and a la carte selection of gourmet comfort food and bar bites
Pool Bar
Mast Bar
Resort Deck Pool Bar
Atrium Bar
Passport Bar
Coffee Bar
Patio on the Lawn
Music and Dancing
Privileged Membership Lounge
Michael's Club - Private lounge for those traveling in Celebrity, Signature, Royal, Penthouse and Reflection suites, as well as Captain's Club Zenith Members
Night Club
Live Music
Ensemble Lounge
Teen Spots
Teen Lounge/Club
Video Arcade
Casino & Gambling
- Fortunes Casino: Promenade Deck
- 15 Gaming Tables: Blackjack (7), Roulette (2), Three Card Poker (2), Craps (1), Poker Mates (2), and Ultimate Texas Hold' Em (1)
- Over 270 state-of-the-art gaming machines.
- Tournaments: Blackjack and Slots.
- Gaming lessons offered onboard.
- Currencies Accepted: Cash, credit on your SeaPass account, Traveler's Checks, Credit Cards.
- Card Room: Panorama Deck
- Hours of operation vary, please check Celebrity Today daily program for hours of operation
- Please Note: Guests must be 18 years and older to play casino games. Some Alaskan ports require a minimum age of 21 to play casino games.
- Canyon Ranch SpaClub
- A wide variety of body treatments from traditional to exotic
- Hair Salon
- Persian Garden
- Heated relaxation chairs
- ZSpa treatments for teens; otherwise, guests must be at least 18 years of age to book spa treatments and use the Solarium Pool.
- Additional charge for spa treatments and salon services
Sports & Fitness
- Fitness Center: Features state-of-the-art equipment including Life Fitness treadmills, ellipticals, bikes and weight machines
- Sauna, whirlpool, steam room, and thermal suites
- Exercise Classes: Various classes including Zumba, Yoga, Pilates, Stretch and Group cardio. Exercise programs may vary by ship itinerary (Additional fee for some classes)
- Outdoor Jogging Track
- Personal Trainers (Additional fee)
- Outdoor Basketball court - Deck 15
- Bocce/Lawn Bowling - The Lawn Club
- 3-hole putting green - The Lawn Club
- Shuffleboard
- Ping Pong
- Sports Pool and whirlpools - Resort Deck
- Family Pool and whirlpools - Resort Deck
- Solarium Pool and whirlpools (Adults Only) - Resort Deck
- Wet Zone fountain area - Resort Deck
- Shops on the Boulevard: Promenade Deck
- The Galleria Boutiques: Entertainment Deck
- Art Gallery: Entertainment Deck
- Galleria Tastings: Entertainment Deck
- Photo Shop: Entertainment Deck
- Sundries Shop: Resort Deck
- Celebrity iLounge: retail area sells MacBooks, Ipods and accessories
- Glass Exhibit
- Lawn Club Shop
- Equinox Theater
- Musicals and Las Vegas style shows
- The Hot Glass Show
- Comedy Acts
- Magicians
- Enrichment Seminars
- Interactive Game Shows
Music & Dance
- Live bands & DJs
- Karaoke
- Dance Classes
Contests & Tournaments
- Contests & Games: backgammon, chess, game shows, pool games, Xbox tournaments
- Blackjack and Slots tournaments
- Talent Shows
- Jackpot Bingo
- Trivia and Brain Teasers: Battle of the Sexes, Cryptograms
- Sporting Games: basketball, table tennis, paddle tennis tournaments
- Pool side events
Other Features
- Library
- Celebrity iLounge
- Card Room
- The Lawn Club
- Sky Conference Center
- Celebrity Life Activities - Speakers from oceanographers to naturalists, guest chefs and wine educators, wellness and special fitness programming, art and jewelry-making classes
- Onboard presentation on special highlights of upcoming ports
- Celebrity Life Activities program varies depending on ship and itinerary
Kids and Families
Celebrity Youth ProgramModern luxury with a younger twist, the Youth Activities program includes a wide array of fun activities designed for foodies, techies, movie-lovers, music-lovers, wellness warriors, spa enthusiasts, sports fans and explorers of different age groups. All are supervised by staff with formal education in recreation, education, child development or a related field. Additional charges may apply for some activities.
- Toddler Time (under 3 years): Play time for tots & parents with toys & products provided by Fun Factory. Parents/guardians must accompany their child during Toddler Time. Children participating in Toddler Time program do not need to be toilet trained. Toddler time is available during select times each day.
- Shipmates (Ages 3-5): From treasure hunts to arts & crafts your little ones will have a blast! Activities are based in the Fun Factory. Shipmates must be a minimum of three years old, completely independently toilet-trained and diaper/pull-up free to sign in for Fun Factory programs. Exceptions to this rule cannot be made. Shipmates must be signed in and out of the program by an adult age 18 or over who knows the child's password.
- Cadets (Ages 6-8): Activities are based in the Fun Factory, and include relay races, team trivia, talent shows and more. Cadets must be signed in and out of the program by an adult age 18 or over who knows the child's password.
- Ensigns (Ages 9-11): Activities are based in the Fun Factory and include activities such as karaoke, video games and late-night pizza parties, but also frequently use other venues and go on scavenger hunts throughout the ship. Check your program for times and locations. Ensigns sign themselves in/out of complimentary programs until 10PM, unless otherwise indicated on their Parental Consent Form. After 10PM, Ensigns require an adult to sign them out of activities. Due to the liberty afforded to Ensigns, children should be advised never to enter someone else's stateroom and to always let someone know where they will be.
- X Club Teen Entertainment (Ages 12-17): For young adults, Celebrity offers the ultimate hangout place for teens, featuring social activities, the newest gaming consoles and titles, sports activities, even teens-only late night dances. All activities are hosted and supervised by Youth Counselors.
- Please Note: Activities vary from ship to ship. The five tier age group program runs during President's Week, Easter, Summer, Thanksgiving and Christmas sailings. On all other sailings, a combined age group is offered.
- Babysitting in the Fun Factory - For a fee of $6 per hour per child, children ages 3-11 can participate in the Afternoon Party from noon-2PM on port days and/or the evening Slumber Party from 10PM-1AM.
- Private in-stateroom babysitting is open to children 12 months and older for a nominal fee of $19/hr. for up to three children from the same family. Requests must be made 24 hours in advance through Guest Relations. Availability for this service is limited and operates on a first come, first served basis. Private, in-stateroom babysitting is subject to personnel availability.
V.I.P. Passes for KidsCelebrity's V.I.P Pass is a unique opportunity for your child to have unlimited access to all program activities. The one time V.I.P Pass fee offers families over a 40% savings off the cost of individual Lunch, Dinner, and Slumber parties. In addition, V.I.P Pass holders are the only children who will be given an exclusive Fun Factory goodies bag and have access to exclusive Fun Factory experiences like a behind-the-scenes ship tour. An additional charge applies to purchasing a V.I.P. Party Pass.


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Boutique stickers. This is sized perfectly to transition for either the 12 x 12's or the 8 x 8's.
This beautiful 3 dimensional sticker fills the complete front
of a card. I am not a novice card maker but loved the 3D sticker so much, I made several cards and surrounded the outside with black sparkles. Loved the stickers.
So glad I bought more than one of these! A really great accent.
So sad it is discontinued


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AGIUS email@example.com_county.toronto.toronto_star 2006-03-06 published
AMODEO, Joseph
Passed away peacefully at St. Peter's Hospital, Hamilton on Saturday, March 4, 2006 in his 90th year. Beloved husband of Sally. Loving father of Sal and his wife Pearl, Theresa AGIUS and her husband Joe, Frank and his wife Denise, Francesann THOMPSON/THOMSON/TOMPSON/TOMSON and her husband Eric, Nancy OSKIRKO and her husband Rick and Josephine MELVILLE and her husband David. Loving grandfather of Joseph (Nancy), David (Rhonda), Deborah (Joe CABRAL), Joey (deceased), Jennifer, Matthew, Thomas, Nicholas, Patrick, Melissa and Michael and great grandfather of Daniel and Alexander. Friends may call at the Turner and Porter "Peel" Chapel, 2180 Hurontario Street, Mississauga (Hwy. 10 North of Queen Elizabeth Way) from 2-8 p.m. Tuesday. Funeral Mass will be held on Wednesday, March 8, 2006 at Sts. Peter and Paul Church, 4070 Central Parkway East, Mississauga (time to be determined). Interment Mt. Hope Cemetery. For those who wish, donations may be made to the Canadian Cancer Society or to Battens Disease.
A... Names AG... Names AGI... Names Welcome Home
AGIUS - All Categories in OGSPI


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Wood Artisan Pergola
An Artisan pergola from SpaceMakers Sheds provides a stunning upgrade to any backyard patio or deck. With a hemlock or cedar top and finer decorative elements, the Artisan pergola is a deluxe structure at an affordable price. Available in a variety of sizes and your choice of 4 stains and several options, you can choose the pergola that's right for you.
Overall Height
|Overall Height
|6' wide
|8' wide
|10' wide
|12' wide
|14' wide
Overall Width
|Overall Width (Shingle to Shingle)
|6' wide
|8' wide
|10' wide
|12' wide
|14' wide
Learn more about...
Our Standard Vinyl Siding Colors
Our Standard Painted Shed Colors
Our 3-Tab shingles (Standard on all Economy Sheds)
Our Architectural shingles (on all standard Sheds, Classic sheds and Garages)
Shed Delivery
All our sheds are delivered by a truck and trailer to your location
Please Note: Space Makers Sheds is not responsible for inaccessible sites, damage to shrubbery, lawns or driveways.
We also have the mule on the truck for all shed deliveries,
Why the Mule: The MULE allows us to go across wet yards, to reduced damage to yards, and allows us to move around objects in your yard, and access to tighter areas
Making Sure That The Truck Can Get In
Probably the biggest benefit of your structure is it will arrive completely assembled. But make sure that the delivery truck, or the Mule can get to your location. Walk your your property as if the truck, or Mule were right there so you can develop a path you will want our delivery driver to take. If you forsee any problams with this, contact us and we will do a site-check, and if necessary, for an additional charge, your structural can be Built on-site.
Shed Delivery Checklist:
- What is the total length of your shed:
- Add 2 foot in width for extra room when getting the building in:
- Is there enough of clearance to get off the street and to your selected location??
- Are there any Obstacles that will prohibit the delivery? Trees? Wells? Other Buildings?
- is the terrain suitable for a delivery truck, or the mule?
- how is the yard condition? Wet? Soft soil? Very hard?
Shed Foundations
A Gravel stone pad is our #1 Preference, Start by clearing off the area, then using either 4x6 or 6x6 pressure treated timber, for the outside border of your Pad, we recommend that you make the pad 2 feet wider and 2 feet longet then the shed, for example a 10x14 shed we recommend the pad to be (12x16) then fill the area with 4" to 6" with #5 certified drain stone, this helps for quick drainage and helps keep the structural level, stable and Dry, on top of the stone base
For information on Installing a Stone Gravel Pad, We recommend Bedrock Foundations
Call: 302-545-7067 Or visit their website at bedrockfoundations.com
Paver Block, why set you shed on paver block ??, it could be that you are getting
a small shed, or a getting a shed very quickly, and do not have time to install a
Foundation, we do not recommend sheds larger than 10x16 be set on paver blocks,
This is a service that we do offer, so please contact one of our sales staff for information.


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Jocelyn's Christmas Must-Have, Number 5!
This is the best idea!! I love this! I would be SO EXCITED to get this as a gift. This set gives you the opportunity to try out 10 different fragrances – before you buy!
Give this to any woman in your life this year and she'll be one happy woman!!
Scent Sampler Best Sellers For Her ($80.00 Value) by Sephora is ten deluxe samples of Sephora's most sizzling scents, for her.
The Sephora Brand Scent Sampler Bestsellers For Her is the perfect gift of fragrance when you're not sure which one to choose. This set includes ten samples of our top-selling women's fragrances to try, a gift voucher of equal value that can be redeemed at any Sephora store for a full-size bottle of any one of the samples included, and a fragrance guide.
Samples include:
– Aquolina Pink Sugar
– Bulgari Omnia Crystalline
– Calvin Klein Euphoria
– Givenchy Very Irresistible Givenchy Sensual
– Gwen Stefani L.A.M.B.
– Lavanila Vanilla Grapefruit
– Marc Jacobs Daisy
– Philosophy Amazing Grace
– Stella McCartney Stella
– Vera Wang Princess
The Sephora Fragrance Gift Certificate
How it works:
1. Purchase the Fragrance Gift Certificate as a gift or for yourself.
2. Sample the fragrances and choose a favorite.
3. Fill in the enclosed voucher.
4. Bring the voucher in to your local Sephora store and redeem it for the fragrance you've chosen.
Please note:
1. The voucher is redeemable at Sephora stores only (not valid for online use).
2. Only original vouchers will be honored (photocopies will not be accepted).
3. The voucher Cannot be replaced if lost or stolen.
4. The Fragrance Gift Certificate – For Her is not available for sale or redemption in Canada.
Please visit our Store Locator to find a Sephora store near you. Please note that Scent Sampler Gift Certificate is not redeemable in Sephora inside JCPenney retail locations.


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In October 1949 the newly established U.S. Department of Defense issued a policy statement for all branches of the military saying in part, "Prompt separation of known homosexuals from the armed forces is mandatory."
In June 2013, reacting to the Supreme Court's decision overturning a law that barred federal recognition of same-sex unions as marriages, Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel said his department would give the same benefits to "all military spouses — regardless of sexual orientation — as soon as possible." What a difference 63-plus years make. Those six decades between 1949 and 2013 had witnessed a gay rights revolution in the military as in other sectors of American life.
Guidance for chaplains
Military chaplains have inevitably been affected. In response to the Supreme Court decision and the policy shift announced by Hagel, the archbishop who heads the Archdiocese for the Military Services, USA, in September sent Catholic chaplains new ground rules.
Citing a need to re-emphasize "what is clearly held by the Catholic Church," Archbishop Timothy P. Broglio began his compendium of do's and don'ts like this: "No Catholic priest or deacon may be forced by any authority to witness or bless the union of couples of the same gender."
Titled "Renewed Fidelity in Favor of Evangelization" and directed to chaplains serving the armed forces, Veterans Administration hospitals and the U.S. Foreign Service, the document briefly explains how priests and deacons should handle situations involving same-sex spouses. A separate section contains guidance for Catholics in command positions (see sidebar).
Archbishop Broglio expressed thanks to Congress for legislation that took effect earlier this year which gives chaplains conscience protection against coercion to perform same-sex wedding ceremonies.
Catholic chaplains on active duty with the armed forces now number 235 out of a total of 2,884 chaplains. Another 2,375 chaplains are in the reserves. According to Archbishop Broglio, same-sex couples make up less than one half of 1 percent of military married couples. "While every individual is important, such a small group cannot be allowed to mandate policy for all," he said.
The archbishop's statement isn't first set of gay marriage guidelines for chaplains of a particular religious group. In late August, the Southern Baptist Convention's Nashville-based North American Mission Board sent that denomination's chaplains a similar policy statement. At 439 active-duty chaplains, Southern Baptists are the largest contingent of any church.
Policy shift
Historically, the practice of the U.S. armed forces from the start until the recent past has been to exclude known homosexuals, either by refusing to admit them to service or discharging them if their sexual orientation became known. The Department of Defense statement of 1949 codified that policy and extended it uniformly to all branches of the military.
The policy remained in place from 1949 to 1993. A 1982 Defense Department regulation intended to withstand court tests stated its rationale like this: "The presence of such members [gay service personnel] adversely affects the ability of the armed forces to maintain discipline, good order, and morale."
Meanwhile, though, the gay rights revolution was gathering steam and becoming a political force that the military, along with other institutions of American society, needed to reckon with.
During the 1992 presidential campaign, candidate Bill Clinton promised to lift the ban on gays in the military. As president, he had to settle the next year for congressional approval of a policy popularly known as "don't ask, don't tell." In practice, that meant gay service members who kept their sexual orientation to themselves could serve undisturbed.
The arrival on the scene of the gay-friendly administration of Barack Obama provided fresh impetus to efforts to repeal "don't ask, don't tell." Legislation for that purpose was enacted in 2010 by Congress and signed into law by President Obama that December.
"No longer will tens of thousands of Americans in uniform be asked to live a lie, or look over their shoulder in order to serve the country that they love," the president said.
Since then, agitation has continued for same-sex spouses of gay and lesbian service members to receive treatment equal to that of spouses in traditional marriages. The Supreme Court's decision last June striking down the Defense of Marriage Act overturned the only significant legal obstacle to that.
The benefits thus made available to partners in same-sex military marriages include health care coverage, housing allowances, military identification cards and survivor benefits. The Defense Department said in August that the benefits were available retroactively to June 26, the date of the Supreme Court ruling.
Details of guidelines
Archbishop Broglio's document does not go into either the history of gays in the military or the case against same-sex marriage — a subject he treated in another statement earlier this year. Regarding Church teaching, it cites as its authority the Catechism of the Catholic Church.
Besides barring priests and deacons from officiating at same-sex wedding ceremonies, the statement specifically rules out their participation in married couple retreats open to same-sex couples, and instructs them to send a non-Catholic in a same-sex relationship who seeks counseling to "a chaplain who is able to assist" while encouraging a Catholic "to live by the teaching of the Gospel."
The guidelines say chaplains' participation in retirement, change of command and promotion ceremonies is possible "as long as the priest is not required to acknowledge or approve of" a same-sex spouse. In the case of funerals, Catholic chaplains should avoid situations that appear to suggest Church approval of a same-sex union. Persons known to be in a "sinful relation" are excluded from positions like lector, extraordinary minister of holy Communion, altar server, catechist and pastoral council member.
Russell Shaw is an OSV contributing editor.
Copyright © 1996-2018 Our Sunday Visitor, Inc.


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Van Zandt Townes - Lungs Chords & Tabs
Lungs Chords & Tabs
---------------------------------------------------------- Submitted by Rainer ---------------------------------------------------------- as recorded on ' Townes Van Zandt' Intro ^ = hammer on / pull off e I-------------I----------I---------------I--------------I-------0-I b I-------------I----------I---------------I--------------I-------0-I g I-2^4-2^0-----I----------I-2^4-2-2^0-----I--------------I-------0-I-4-2----- D I---------0-2-I--2-0-0^2-I-----------0-2-I--2-0---------I--2----2-I-----0^2- A I-------------I----------I---------------I------2^0-----I---------I--------- E I-------------I-0--------I---------------I-0--------3-0-I-0--00---I--------- similar during Bm Am G Em / Em G Em progession and between verses (Probably the positions of the chord are not correct. So are the chords themselves, I cannot decide clearly whether minor or major, that was guesswork. But it would be sufficient to play the basic notes most of the time, not at D Em.) [ Tab from: https://www.guitartabs.cc/tabs/v/van_zandt_townes/lungs_tab.html ] Bm Am G Em Won't you lend your lungs to me? Em G Em Mine are collapsing Em Am G Em Plant my feet and bitterly breathe Em G Em up the time that's passing. D E D Breath I'll take and breath I'll give D E D pray the day ain't poison Bm Am G Em stand among the ones that live Em G Em in lonely indecision. between verses Bm Am G Em Fingers walk the darkness down mind is on the midnight gather up the gold you've found you fool, it's only moonlight. If you try to take it home your hands will turn to butter You better leave this dream alone try to find another. Salvation sat and crossed herself called the devil partner wisdom burned upon a shelf who'll kill the raging cancer Seal the river at its mouth take the water prisoner fill the sky with screams and cries bathe in fiery answers 1 verse instrumental / slide guitar Jesus was an only son and love his only concept strangers cry in foreign tongues and dirty up the doorstep and I for one, and you for two ai'nt got the time for outside just keep your injured looks to you we'll tell the world we tried #--------------------------------------------------------------#


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Minutes 7/19/11
From FamiLAB Wiki
Meeting Minutes - 19 July 2011
Present: Mack, Ian, Bill, Chris, Mike, Lance,
- Called to order 8:10PM - New members: Mike! And he brought friends! - State of the Treasury - 15 members! - $690/mo recurring - $711.71 in the Paypal account - Sponsorship - 501c3 is doable, check for $500 still out there AFAWK - We're definitely going to do it - How soon? - Can always go through school factory to receive funds immediately - Can't let it stop us from soliciting donations already - Check Noisebridge wiki for details (Mack: send link) - Discuss Saturday (23JUL11) at lunch - We're 25% there! Two classes, one public event under our belts - Treasurer - Need to nominate a new board - Needs to be by 9/21/11 - Need a quorum - What is public notice requirement? - Lets say tentatively after the August Arduino class - Arduino class! - Tentatively Aug 27th - Will make it official after we hear back from Cloudspace - Then tell Dave it's on, update Eventbrite, calendar - History center event - Ian: thanks everyone who showed! - May be another event, stay tuned - Next time, have a table to greet people, etc. - Going to see about getting a letter of thanks from them - The Space/AC - Going to be here for 90 days, we figure - Solve the A/C problem in the short term: (Mack: engage property manager) - Ian: Work on the pitch - Revisit in a bit - Table Tennis for Two for Brazil - They want a full setup, source a scope, etc. - Make a PCB/kit for it - Customs fees? Probably cheaper as kits - Meeting adjourned 9:16PM