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Queer International Relations
Melanie Richter-Montpetit and Cynthia Weber
Queer International Relations (IR) is not a new field. For more than 20 years, Queer IR scholarship has focused on how normativities and/or non-normativities associated with categories of sex, gender, and sexuality sustain and contest international formations of power in relation to institutions like heteronormativity, homonormativity, and cisnormativity as well as through queer logics of statecraft. Recently, Queer IR has gained unprecedented traction in IR, as IR scholars have come to recognize how Queer IR theory, methods, and research further IR's core agenda of analyzing and informing the policies and politics around state and nation formation, war and peace, and international political economy. Specific Queer IR research contributions include work on sovereignty, intervention, security and securitization, torture, terrorism and counter-insurgency, militaries and militarism, human rights and LGBT activism, immigration, regional and international integration, global health, transphobia, homophobia, development and International Financial Institutions, financial crises, homocolonialism, settler colonialism and anti-Blackness, homocapitalism, political/cultural formations, norms diffusion, political protest, and time and temporalities
The Theory of Lateral Pressure: Highlights of Quantification and Empirical Analysis
Nazli Choucri and Gaurav Agarwal
The term lateral pressure refers to any tendency (or propensity) of states, firms, and other entities to expand their activities and exert influence and control beyond their established boundaries, whether for economic, political, military, scientific, religious, or other purposes. Framed by Robert C. North and Nazli Choucri, the theory addresses the sources and consequences of such a tendency. This chapter presents the core features—assumptions, logic, core variables, and dynamics—and summarizes the quantitative work undertaken to date. Some aspects of the theory analysis are more readily quantifiable than others. Some are consistent with conventional theory in international relations. Others are based on insights and evidence from other areas of knowledge, thus departing from tradition in potentially significant ways.
Initially applied to the causes of war, the theory focuses on the question of: Who does what, when, how, and with what consequences? The causal logic in lateral pressure theory runs from the internal drivers (i.e., the master variables that shape the profiles of states) through the intervening variables (i.e., aggregated and articulated demands given prevailing capabilities), and the outcomes often generate added complexities. To the extent that states expand their activities outside territorial boundaries, driven by a wide range of capabilities and motivations, they are likely to encounter other states similarly engaged. The intersection among spheres of influence is the first step in complex dynamics that lead to hostilities, escalation, and eventually conflict and violence.
The quantitative analysis of lateral pressure theory consists of six distinct phases. The first phase began with a large-scale, cross-national, multiple equation econometric investigation of the 45 years leading to World War I, followed by a system of simultaneous equations representing conflict dynamics among competing powers in the post–World War II era. The second phase is a detailed econometric analysis of Japan over the span of more than a century and two World Wars. The third phase of lateral pressure involves system dynamics modeling of growth and expansion of states from 1970s to the end of the 20th century and explores the use of fuzzy logic in this process. The fourth phase focuses on the state-based sources of anthropogenic greenhouse gases to endogenize the natural environment in the study of international relations. The fifth phase presents a detailed ontology of the driving variables shaping lateral pressure and their critical constituents in order to (a) frame their interconnections, (b) capture knowledge on sustainable development, (c) create knowledge management methods for the search, retrieval, and use of knowledge on sustainable development and (d) examine the use of visualization techniques for knowledge display and analysis. The sixth, and most recent, phase of lateral pressure theory and empirical analysis examines the new realities created by the construction of cyberspace and interactions with the traditional international order.


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Linked by Thom Holwerda on Tue 5th Jul 2011 22:12 UTC
"One of Microsoft's hottest new profit centers is a smartphone platform you've definitely heard of: Android. Google's Linux-based mobile operating system is a favorite target for Microsoft's patent attorneys, who are suing numerous Android vendors and just today announced that another manufacturer has agreed to write checks to Microsoft every time it ships an Android device. Microsoft's latest target is Wistron Corp., which has signed a patent agreement 'that provides broad coverage under Microsoft's patent portfolio for Wistron's tablets, mobile phones, e-readers and other consumer devices running the Android or Chrome platform', Microsoft announced." That's the reality we live in, folks. This is at least as criminal - if not more so - than Microsoft's monopoly abuse late last century. After the Nortel crap, it's completely left the black helicopter camp for me: Microsoft, Apple, and several others are working together to fight Android the only way they know how: with underhand mafia tactics. Absolutely sickening. Hey Anonymous, are you listening? YES I WENT THERE.
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RE[5]: Patents are patents
by pgeorgi on Wed 6th Jul 2011 09:01 UTC in reply to "RE[4]: Patents are patents"
if you are complaining about Microsoft Copying a software idea from sun, then maybe they should have had some protections from Microsoft copying their idea ... something like a patent ...
I never complained that Microsoft copied the idea (which is a bunch of copies itself, too).
And Sun didn't complain about it either, but they complained and sued and won about violating contracts based on licensing the Java trademark - a purely defensive mechanism (in this case) to make sure that no-one else (and Microsoft and/or IBM in particular) can dilute Sun's product name.
As for "copied ideas":
- Distributing Bytecode for portability. See P-Code
- Java's (and CLR's) VMs are stack machines. See Forth, see Smalltalk (and lots of things before them)
- Java (and CLR) provide a standard class library. See Smalltalk (it's just smaller, due to its age: it's from 1980)
- Java (and CLR) do Object Orientation of a certain style (see Simula, Smalltalk, Objective-C)
- JIT compilation has roots in Lisp (1960), Unix (regex compiler, 1968), Smalltalk (~1980), Self (by Sun, ~early '90s)
No big idea in Java was new. What should Sun have tried to patent?
Java was big for being a comprehensive package with commercial support, lots of marketing, and a low barrier to entry (cheap SDK, cheap licensing, "similarity" to popular languages)
If anything, they could have applied for a business method patent on that. Unfortunately, that "market" was just about to be opened up (ie. such a patent would have been refused in 1994, but not in 2001).
There were incremential improvements on what kind of optimizations the JIT compiler could do, given the new found CPU power, etc. Obvious stuff.
Unfortunately the patent offices of the world don't seem to read papers of the 1960s and 1970s unless they were patents themselves. Otherwise much of the current software patent junk wouldn't go through.
And that stuff wasn't regularily patented back then because code was considered math. And math was considered off-limits for the patent office.
A government entity decided to enlarge its scope (at least twice: on code/math and on business methods). Why are Republicans defending this governmental interference? ;-)
RE[6]: Patents are patents
by lucas_maximus on Wed 6th Jul 2011 09:12 in reply to "RE[5]: Patents are patents"

subset: commoncrawl


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This product is currently sold out.
You can obtain status and/or reserve this item by contacting us. We can also be reached by calling toll free 1-866-326-9377 (Dialing from outside the US +01 314 772 3566) between 10AM and 6PM CST (-6 GMT).
HUGO BOSS' Innovation Oyster Swim Trunk offers a sleek design with its flattering, square-cut silhouette and sewn-on HUGO BOSS logo tab. The suit is made from a stretch nylon blend, allowing for swim trunk that is both quick-to-dry and guaranteed to have snug fit with each wear. The lightweight suit features a hidden drawstring, front lining, and a stretchy waistband for added comfort.
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Red Carpet Hair by Wella- Emma Stone & Zoe Saldana
Emma Stone and Zoe Saldana never disappoint us with their red carpet beauty looks, do they? These two lovely ladies stepped out in style at tonight's Screen Actors Guild Awards®with flirty up do's, styled using Wella Professionals! We spoke with their hair stylist, Mara Roszak, for her tips on how you can create these star-worthy styles at home!
Emma Stone
Styled by Mara Roszak for Wella Professionals
"Emma's dress was my inspiration. I wanted to create a smooth, polished up-do with a bit of a modern 50's feel." – Says Mara Roszak of the hairstyle she created for Emma Stone at tonight's Screen Actors Guild Awards®.
Step-by-Step Styling
1. Part the hair to the side then apply Wella Professionals Velvet Amplifier to wet hair and blow dry smooth
2. Add a pump of Wella Professionals Mirror Polish to hands and apply lightly to hair, starting at the ends, to smooth out any fly aways
3. Tease the crown of the hair to add a little height and pull into a mid-height ponytail
4. Twist the ponytail and then wrap into a bun and secure with bobby pins
5. Spray all over with Wella Professionals Stay Firm hairspray
Zoe Saldana
Styled by Mara Roszak for Wella Professionals
"Zoe's dress was so inspiring. I wanted to create a "not too perfect" up-do by adding texture and movement to the hair, while keeping it modern and fresh." – Says Mara Roszak of the hairstyle she created for Zoe Saldana at tonight's Screen Actors Guild Awards®.
Step-by-Step Styling
1. Apply Wella Professionals Extra Volume Mousse to wet hair and rough dry
2. Then, using a 3/4″ barrel curling iron, add waves to the hair by rotating the direction of the curl
3. Once the whole head was waved, spray Wella Professionals Ocean Spritz on the hair to break up the wave and add texture
4. Loosely pull the hair back into a low pony and secured it with an elastic
5. Then split the pony into two sections and braid them both, then wrap the braids into a bun and secure with bobby pins
6. Once the hair is up, apply a dab of Wella Professionals Bold Move styling paste to fingertips and define a few pieces around the face
7. Spray all over with Wella Professionals Stay Firm finishing spray
What to do you think of tonight's Wella hair looks? Let us know by tweeting at us, @WellaHairUSA!


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MANCHESTER, England (AP) -- A collection of former and current Manchester United stars gathered at Old Trafford on Friday to attend the unveiling of a statue of manager Sir Alex Ferguson.
Eric Cantona and Ruud van Nistelrooy were present as the 9-foot bronze statue was unveiled. Also in attendance were Peter Schmeichel - the Danish goalkeeper described by Ferguson as the "buy of the century'' - and Norwegian forward Ole Gunnar Solskjaer, who scored United's injury-time winner in the 1999 Champions League final.
Manchester United players, including Wayne Rooney and Robin van Persie, also got a look at the statue, which depicts the Scottish manager with his arms crossed.
Ferguson has been United's manager for 26 years, and is the Premier League's most successful manager with 12 titles.


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ONU Law Ranks 9th Among the Nation's Law Schools in Successfully Placing its Graduates in Government and Public Interest Positions
ONU Law is among the top 10 law schools for job placement in government and public interest positions, according to a report in The National Law Journal.
Ohio Northern was ranked ninth in the nation for schools that sent members of the class of 2012 into either government jobs (such as prosecutors) or public interest jobs (such as public defenders, nonprofit defenders or nonprofit attorneys). ONU had a 22.8 percent placement rate in these categories.
The National Law Journal used jobs data from all 202 law schools approved by the American Bar Association to learn which performed best in a number of categories, including where the jobs are, larger firm jobs and school-funded jobs.
Based on the National Association for Law Placement (NALP) and ABA criteria from 2012, ONU's College of Law was second in the state for full-time, bar-required job placement for the class of 2012. Overall, 81.4 percent of the 2012 graduates who responded to the University's survey were employed or enrolled in an LL.M. program within nine months of graduation. The College of Law's job-placement rate consistently has been above the national average.
Data for these rankings were pulled from the American Bar Association's 2012 employment placement statistics.
To read more, follow the link provided below:


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Christian Leaders Challenged to Go Deeper Into What It Means to Be Known by God at Catalyst
Catalyst Atlanta, the annual conference featuring an "eclectic mix of seasoned sages, leadership experts, and passionate young upstarts," once again, did not disappoint the more than 13,000 believers who attended the 3-day mega-event. Those in attendance were challenged to go deeper into what it means to truly be known by God, organizers said at its conclusion.
"I want to live like the sweet, kind, alive 80-year-old who isn't reliving the glory days – one that believes the next generation is going to bring great things to the world and that the best is yet to come," Pastor Judah Smith, of The City Church in Seattle, told the mostly under-40 (years old) crowd during one of the main sessions on Thursday.
Smith, known for his humorous communication style and sometimes surprising candor and honesty, exhorted Christian leaders to stay the course, following the examples given in the Bible.
In giving an analogy between how the disciples felt after seeing Jesus walk on water along with Peter before being submerged, and leaders walking in faith today, Smith said, "When they all got back to the boat they all took a timeout and the guys gathered around Peter, and was like, 'Peter, hey man, you know that was crazy, though. You look soaked, man, somebody get him a jacket,'" he continued as the crowd erupted in laughter.
However, when the disciples were in the boat they did not tend to Peter's discomfort from being soaked or that "he almost died," according to Smith, instead the disciples worshipped Jesus immediately.
"I want to come to Jesus when I'm dry," Smith said. "When I get soaked, when I falter, when I fail, I don't want to come to Jesus until I get dry. Are you soaked tonight? I commend you for coming to Catalyst soaked. We understand as pastors, eventually, you have to worship wet. Sometimes you have to preach sermons soaked."
Before Smith gave his message, Andy Stanley, senior pastor of North Point Ministries and author of Deep and Wide, opened the day by reminding the Catalyst audience what it means to be known, wholly and truly by God. "Everyone has appetites. When fed, these only increase. As leaders we must be sure this appetite is satiated in God's knowing us. Like John the Baptist, we were created to point to the one who knows us and created us for His glory," said Stanley, as reported in a summary on the Catalyst website.
On Friday, the second session of the day included special guest, Si Robertson of Duck Dynasty, who led the audience in the "Seventh Session Stretch," as well as a Q&A about his new book, Si-cology 1: Tales and Wisdom from Duck Dynasty's Favorite Uncle. Next, financial expert Dave Ramsey and his daughter, Rachel Cruze, imparted another set of wisdom for equipping the next generation from their personal experiences. The father-daughter team shared that proper management and leadership is only fulfilled through good stewardship of resources and positive community influencers in the lives of the next generation, according to Catalyst.
Later on the last day of the conference, Jud Wilhite gave a simple message about loving your calling and love the God who called you. Citing the story of Hosea and his rebellious bride, Wilhite challenged the room not to forfeit their callings and to love the Church even when it is messy, Catalyst summarized on its website.
Church planter and leadership consultant Pastor Ron Edmondson, who attended the first two days of the conference, told The Christian Post that he left more encouraged in his own identity and to live out of that.
"Ministry is hard and I don't have to do it alone," Edmondson said.
After leaving the conference a day early because of commitments, he added, "I actually reshaped the current series I'm launching Sunday. We will be dealing with spiritual warfare and I'm going to add a message on identity affirming people of their strength in Christ. He is our power."
Stanley closed Catalyst Atlanta and "left the room full of leaders with the simple message of Leadership 101, reminding them of the importance of vision, focus and integrity," organizers said. "He maintained that in order to have a focused impact on the lives of those we lead, we must know the answers to the following questions:
What are we doing?
Why are we doing it?
Where do I fit in?"
Catalyst summed up the conference by stating, "Today at Catalyst, we were again challenged to go deeper into what it means to truly be known by God. We learned why we need to leave a legacy and were given practical insight into how we can make sure that happens. We were challenged to lead with confidence and to walk out of the arena with a fire in our hearts that can only be satisfied and maintained through a confident identity in the One who gave us our callings – in the one who made us to represent His likeness throughout the earth and in all we do."
Rob Cizek, executive pastor of Northshore Christian Church in the Seattle area told CP he is a "Gen X leader working to understand how best to develop millennials as the next group of senior church leaders.
"Because Catalyst focuses on up-and-coming leaders it forces me to think differently," Cizek said. "Catalyst reinforces our large church's efforts to 'lead small.' It takes a lot more effort to know people relationally and personally show Jesus' love to them. But this is a turn, a turn we must make."
Edmondson perhaps reflects what many in the Christian community that follow Catalyst would say about its leaders and speakers.
"They push the boundaries of current thought," he said.
On the Web, http://catalystconference.com/.


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Rebirth - part 1
My favorite part of the history is the Italian Renaissance. Toward the end of the 14th century AD, a handful of Italian thinkers declared that they were living in a new age. The barbarous, unenlightened "Middle Ages" were over, they said; the new age would be a "rinascità" ("rebirth") of learning and literature, art and culture. This was the birth of the period now known as the Renaissance. For centuries, scholars have agreed that the Italian Renaissance (another word for "rebirth") happened just that way: that between the 14th century and the 17th century, a new, modern way of thinking about the world and man's place in it replaced an old, backward one. In fact, the Renaissance (in Italy and in other parts of Europe) was considerably more complicated than that: For one thing, in many ways the period we call the Renaissance was not so different from the era that preceded it. However, many of the scientific, artistic and cultural achievements of the so-called Renaissance do share common themes – most notably the humanistic belief that man was the center of his own universe.
Kemo D. 7


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Atlanta, GA - Dr. Alveda King, Director of African American Outreach for Priests for Life and niece of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., will join other African American leaders on Capitol Hill today and tomorrow to celebrate Juneteenth and the premiere of the new film documenting black genocide in the 21st century, MAAFA 21.
"Juneteenth, the day slavery finally ended in the United States, was a turning point in the struggle for equal rights," said Dr. King. "It's appropriate that we honor that momentous occasion with the viewing of a powerful film that shows how the struggle still continues, as African Americans and all Americans press on to secure the most basic human right, the right to life."
MAAFA 21, a new DVD documentary about eugenics, abortion, and the African American community, will premiere tonight at 6:30 pm at the Capitol Visitors Center's Atrium and Auditorium following a 6:00 pm reception. Hosts include Priests for Life African American Outreach, Gerard Health Foundation, National Black Pro-Life Union, LEARN Network, and Students for Life. Honorary Host of the event is Congressman Trent Franks.
At noon tomorrow, the day of Juneteenth, a panel discussion and showing of MAAFA 21 will be held at the Cannon House Office Building's Caucus Room.
All events are nonpartisan and open to the public.
"MAAFA 21must be seen by everyone who values freedom and equal rights," added Fr. Frank Pavone, National Director of Priests for Life. "I urge everyone in the Washington, DC area not to miss this chance to be among the first to see what everyone will be talking about."


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On Saturday night, the Special Olympics Rapids team hosted Special Olympics Dallas in an exciting soccer match immediately following the Rapids victory over FC Dallas in MLS action. The match ended in a thrilling 2-2 draw, with great sportsmanship, competitiveness and teamwork exhibited by both teams.
The Denver Post reporter John Meyer covered the team as it prepared for the match and provides a fantastic account of the game and partnership, with reaction from the athletes themselves and insight into how the program developed and has grown.
The match against the Dallas team was the first in the second year of a partnership between the Colorado Rapids and Special Olympics Colorado. On Sept. 20-22, the SOCO Rapids Unified Team will travel to Portland, Ore., for a similar exchange program with Special Olympics Oregon and the Portland Timbers.
On Friday the SOCO team will participate in an exclusive training program at the adidas corporate headquarters' facilities, stay at the same hotel with the Colorado Rapids, and attend the Rapids-Timbers match at Jeld-Wen Field. The match against Portland Special Olympic team will take place on Saturday at halftime of the MLS Reserve League match inside Jeld-Wen Field.


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How a Night Out in Delhi Turned Tragic
A Woman Determined to Improve Her Position in Life Became a Victim of a Brutal Attack; Alleged Culprits on 'Joy Ride'
NEW DELHI—On the evening of Dec. 16, a young female physiotherapy student went to a movie with a male friend. After, they waited at a bus stop on a busy road in a south Delhi neighborhood called Munirka.
They were, in many ways, the face of a youthful, up-and-coming India. She was 23 years old, from a lower-caste rural family, according to news reports. She was a role model in her neighborhood, reports said, engrossed in her studies in the northern city of Dehradun, paying tuition with money raised when her parents sold their land.
"She wanted to ensure that she studied well, stood on her own feet and made it big in life so she could ensure a better future for her family," a friend told the Sunday Express.
Her companion on Dec. 16 was a 28-year-old software engineer at a local technology company. The two victims' names haven't been disclosed by authorities.
The same evening, not far away, a much different side of youthful India was on display. Two brothers—Ram and Mukesh Singh—cooked some chicken at their home in a slum called Ravi Dass Camp, a maze of narrow lanes and open drains. Neighbors describe the brothers as rowdy, heavy drinkers.
Final Days
The attack and death of the woman whose suffering has prompted calls for change in India:
Dec. 16 A young woman and a male friend board a bus home in south Delhi. He is beaten up, she is gang raped. Both are taken to the hospital.
Dec. 17 The regular driver of the bus is arrested as a suspect; five more suspects are arrested in the following days.
Dec. 17-20 The woman is put on life support and undergoes two abdominal surgeries.
Dec. 21 Doctors say the woman is recovering enough to come off life support.
Dec. 22-23 Protests in New Delhi demanding better public security are broken up by police with tear gas and water cannon.
Dec. 23 The woman complains of breathing problems and is put back on life support. She has a third abdominal surgery.
Dec. 26 She suffers cardiac arrest; flown to Singapore's Mount Elizabeth hospital.
Dec. 28 Hospital says the woman's health, already 'extremely critical,' has worsened.
Dec. 29 The woman is reported dead of 'severe organ failure following serious injuries to her body and brain.'
Dec. 29 Police add murder to the other charges facing the six men who allegedly attacked the woman. Peaceful demonstrations are held around India.
Dec. 30 The victim's body is returned to New Delhi, received by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and Sonia Gandhi, president of the Congress party. The victim's body is cremated a few hours later.
The brothers decided, with four friends, to take a "joy ride" in the bus that Ram Singh drove for a living, according to police statements. None of the six, who are all in custody, nor their lawyers could be reached for comment.
A little after 9 p.m., the bus pulled in at the stop where the couple waited, police say. They were the only ones to board, paying a fare of about 20 rupees, or 35 cents, according to police. Thus began an encounter so gruesome that it shocked the nation and, ultimately, took a life.
As the bus set off, three of the men who were seated in the driver's cabin started harassing the two passengers, police say. When the software engineer tried to resist, the men started beating him on his legs, arms and head, according to police.
The woman tried to intervene to protect her friend. The men dragged her to the rear of the bus and raped her as they drove around south Delhi for an hour, police say.
Finally, the men robbed the couple, stripped them and pushed them out of the bus onto a highway, according to police. They were found and taken to Safdarjung Hospital, one of the largest in Delhi. The man was later released; Indian media said he was at home in the state of Uttar Pradesh, which borders the capital.
The next morning, police arrested Ram Singh, 33 years old, as he sat on the same bus. Police said he admitted to the crime and disclosed the names of the other men involved, including his younger brother Mukesh, who was arrested the following day.
Among the others were two more Ravi Dass Camp residents: a fruit-seller and a fitness instructor at a local gym. Both are in their late teens, according to police and local residents.
Another two men also are in custody: a 28-year-old from the north Indian state of Bihar and a juvenile from Uttar Pradesh. Police said both worked as bus cleaners.
As the news of the attack spread, prompting round-the-clock coverage on India's television news stations, the young woman battled for her life.
"I haven't seen such a case in my career of 30 years," said B.D. Athani, medical superintendent at Safdarjung Hospital. "It was a severe form of assault and brutality."
The victim was put on life support and underwent two abdominal surgeries during the first few days, including having a portion of her intestines and genitals removed.
She responded well to the surgeries and remained conscious. She gave a statement about the rape to police, mostly by writing notes.
On Dec. 21, five days after the attack, doctors told a news conference they had taken her off life support, but were worried about infection spreading to her liver.
Two days later she was put back on life support when she complained of breathing problems, said Yatin Mehta, a critical care specialist who was part of the team treating her.
A third abdominal surgery that day attempted to deal with internal bleeding and fluid collection in her abdomen, he said.
On Dec. 26, she suffered a cardiac arrest. Her deterioration led the government, on doctors' advice, to send her that evening to Mount Elizabeth hospital in Singapore, one of Asia's top hospitals.
By the time she boarded the air ambulance, infection had spread to the woman's lungs—as well as her abdomen—and she had suffered brain injury, according to doctors.
In Singapore, eight specialists were assigned to the woman. The hospital put her on maximum artificial ventilation support and pumped her with antibiotics and stimulants aimed at maximizing her ability to fight off infection, according to statements it released.
But, on Friday, Mount Elizabeth said the patient's health, already "extremely critical" on admission, had taken a turn for the worse.
She died on Saturday at 4:45 a.m. local time of "severe organ failure following serious injuries to her body and brain."
Later in the day, police charged the six alleged attackers with murder. A special Air India plane flew the young woman back to New Delhi. A few hours later, attended by her family and government officials, the body of the woman, a Hindu, was cremated.
In a village in Ballia district in Uttar Pradesh state, where the family hails from, the victim's 80-year-old grandmother was quoted by the Sunday Times as saying: "They left this village for a better life. Look what they have got."
—Romit Guha and Rajesh Roy contributed to this article.
Write to Amol Sharma at email@example.com, Krishna Pokharel at email@example.com and Vibhuti Agarwal at email@example.com


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Frequent Links
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
|Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Eleanor Roosevelt with the Spanish version of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
|16 December 1949
|Palais de Chaillot, Paris
|Draft Committee[Notes 1]
|Human rights
|Theoretical distinctions
|Human rights
|Rights by claimant
|Other groups of rights
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 10 December 1948 at the Palais de Chaillot, Paris. The Declaration arose directly from the experience of the Second World War and represents the first global expression of rights to which all human beings are inherently entitled. The full text is published by the United Nations on its website.[1]
The Declaration consists of thirty articles which have been elaborated in subsequent international treaties, regional human rights instruments, national constitutions, and other laws. The International Bill of Human Rights consists of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and its two Optional Protocols. In 1966, the General Assembly adopted the two detailed Covenants, which complete the International Bill of Human Rights. In 1976, after the Covenants had been ratified by a sufficient number of individual nations, the Bill took on the force of international law.[2]
- 1 History
- 2 Structure
- 3 International Human Rights Day
- 4 Significance and legal effect
- 5 Reaction
- 6 Organizations promoting the UDHR
- 7 See also
- 8 Notes and references
- 9 References
- 10 External links
Franklin Delano Roosevelt's 6 January 1941 State of the Union address introducing the theme of the Four Freedoms (starting at 32:02)
|Problems playing this file? See media help.
During World War II, the Allies adopted the Four Freedoms—freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from fear, and freedom from want—as their basic war aims. The United Nations Charter "reaffirmed faith in fundamental human rights, and dignity and worth of the human person" and committed all member states to promote "universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion".[3]
When the atrocities committed by Nazi Germany became apparent after the war, the consensus within the world community was that the United Nations Charter did not sufficiently define the rights to which it referred.[4][5] A universal declaration that specified the rights of individuals was necessary to give effect to the Charter's provisions on human rights.[6]
Creation and drafting
The Declaration was commissioned in 1946 and was drafted over two years by the Commission on Human Rights. The Commission consisted of 18 members from various nationalities and political backgrounds. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights Drafting Committee was chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt, who was known for her human rights advocacy.
Canadian John Peters Humphrey was called upon by the United Nations Secretary-General to work on the project and became the Declaration's principal drafter.[7] At the time, Humphrey was newly appointed as Director of the Division of Human Rights within the United Nations Secretariat.[8] The Commission on Human Rights, a standing body of the United Nations, was constituted to undertake the work of preparing what was initially conceived as an International Bill of Rights.[9] The membership of the Commission was designed to be broadly representative of the global community, served by representatives from the following countries: Australia, Belgium, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Chile, Republic of China, Egypt, France, India, Iran, Lebanon, Panama, Philippines, United Kingdom, United States, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Uruguay, and Yugoslavia.[9] Well-known members of the Commission included Eleanor Roosevelt of the United States (who was the Chairperson), René Cassin of France, Charles Malik of Lebanon, P. C. Chang of the Republic of China,[10] and Hansa Mehta of India.[11] Humphrey provided the initial draft which became the working text of the Commission.
The draft was further discussed by the Commission on human rights, the Economic and Social Council, the Third Committee of the General Assembly before being put to vote. During these discussions many amendments and propositions were made by UN Member States.[12]
According to Allan Carlson in Globalizing Family Values, the Declaration's pro-family phrases were the result of the Christian Democratic movement's influence on Cassin and Malik.[13]
On 10 December 1948, the Universal Declaration was adopted by the General Assembly by a vote of 48 in favor, none against, and eight abstentions (the Soviet Union, Ukrainian SSR, Byelorussian SSR, People's Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, People's Republic of Poland, Union of South Africa, Czechoslovakia, and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia).[14][15] Honduras and Yemen—both members of UN at the time—failed to vote or abstain.[16] South Africa's position can be seen as an attempt to protect its system of apartheid, which clearly violated any number of articles in the Declaration.[14] The Saudi Arabian delegation's abstention was prompted primarily by two of the Declaration's articles: Article 18, which states that everyone has the right "to change his religion or belief"; and Article 16, on equal marriage rights.[14] The six communist nations abstentions centered around the view that the Declaration did not go far enough in condemning fascism and Nazism.[17] Eleanor Roosevelt attributed the abstention of the Soviet bloc nations to Article 13, which provided the right of citizens to leave their countries.[18]
The following countries voted in favor of the Declaration:[19]
- Afghanistan
- Argentina
- Australia
- Belgium
- Bolivia
- Brazil
- Burma
- Canada
- Chile
- China
- Colombia
- Costa Rica
- Cuba
- Denmark
- Dominican Republic
- Ecuador
- Egypt
- El Salvador
- Ethiopia
- France
- Greece
- Guatemala
- Haiti
- Iceland
- India
- Iran
- Iraq
- Lebanon
- Liberia
- Luxembourg
- Mexico
- Netherlands
- New Zealand
- Nicaragua
- Norway
- Pakistan
- Panama
- Paraguay
- Peru
- Philippines
- Siam
- Sweden
- Syria
- Turkey
- United Kingdom
- United States
- Uruguay
- Venezuela
Despite the central role played by the Canadian John Peters Humphrey, the Canadian Government at first abstained from voting on the Declaration's draft, but later voted in favor of the final draft in the General Assembly.[20]
The underlying structure of the Universal Declaration was introduced in its second draft, which was prepared by René Cassin. Cassin worked from a first draft, which was prepared by John Peters Humphrey. The structure was influenced by the Code Napoléon, including a preamble and introductory general principles.[21]
Cassin compared the Declaration to the portico of a Greek temple, with a foundation, steps, four columns, and a pediment. Articles 1 and 2 are the foundation blocks, with their principles of dignity, liberty, equality, and brotherhood. The seven paragraphs of the preamble—setting out the reasons for the Declaration—represent the steps. The main body of the Declaration forms the four columns. The first column (articles 3–11) constitutes rights of the individual such as the right to life and the prohibition of slavery. Articles 6 through 11 refer to the fundamental legality of human rights with specific remedies cited for their defense when violated. The second column (articles 12–17) constitutes the rights of the individual in civil and political society (including such things as Freedom of movement). The third column (articles 18–21) is concerned with spiritual, public, and political freedoms such as freedom of association, thought, conscience, and religion. The fourth column (articles 22–27) sets out social, economic, and cultural rights. In Cassin's model, the last three articles of the Declaration provide the pediment which binds the structure together. These articles are concerned with the duty of the individual to society and the prohibition of use of rights in contravention of the purposes of the United Nations Organisation.[22]
International Human Rights Day
The adoption of the Universal Declaration is a significant international commemoration marked each year on 10 December, and is known as Human Rights Day or International Human Rights Day. The commemoration is observed by individuals, community and religious groups, human rights organizations, parliaments, governments, and the United Nations. Decadal commemorations are often accompanied by campaigns to promote awareness of the Declaration and human rights. 2008 marked the 60th anniversary of the Declaration, and was accompanied by year-long activities around the theme "Dignity and justice for all of us".[23]
Significance and legal effect
The Guinness Book of Records describes the Declaration as the world's "Most Translated Document".[24] In its preamble, governments commit themselves and their people to progressive measures which secure the universal and effective recognition and observance of the human rights set out in the Declaration. Eleanor Roosevelt supported the adoption of the Declaration as a declaration rather than as a treaty because she believed that it would have the same kind of influence on global society as the United States Declaration of Independence had within the United States. In this, she proved to be correct. Even though it is not legally binding, the Declaration has been adopted in or has influenced most national constitutions since 1948. It has also served as the foundation for a growing number of national laws, international laws, and treaties, as well as for a growing number of regional, sub national, and national institutions protecting and promoting human rights.
Legal effect
While not a treaty itself, the Declaration was explicitly adopted for the purpose of defining the meaning of the words "fundamental freedoms" and "human rights" appearing in the United Nations Charter, which is binding on all member states. For this reason, the Universal Declaration is a fundamental constitutive document of the United Nations. In addition, many international lawyers[25] believe that the Declaration forms part of customary international law[26] and is a powerful tool in applying diplomatic and moral pressure to governments that violate any of its articles. The 1968 United Nations International Conference on Human Rights advised that the Declaration "constitutes an obligation for the members of the international community" to all persons. The Declaration has served as the foundation for two binding UN human rights covenants: the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The principles of the Declaration are elaborated in international treaties such as the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, the International Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, the United Nations Convention Against Torture, and many more. The Declaration continues to be widely cited by governments, academics, advocates, and constitutional courts, and by individuals who appeal to its principles for the protection of their recognised human rights.
The Universal Declaration has received praise from a number of notable people. The Lebanese philosopher and diplomat Charles Malik called it "an international document of the first order of importance",[27] while Eleanor Roosevelt—first chairwoman of the Commission on Human Rights (CHR) that drafted the Declaration—stated that it "may well become the international Magna Carta of all men everywhere."[28] In a speech on 5 October 1995, Pope John Paul II called the Declaration "one of the highest expressions of the human conscience of our time".[29] In a statement on 10 December 2003 on behalf of the European Union, Marcello Spatafora said that the Declaration "placed human rights at the centre of the framework of principles and obligations shaping relations within the international community."[citation needed]
Islamic countries
However, in 1948, Saudi Arabia abstained from the ratification vote on the Declaration, claiming that it violated Sharia law.[30] Pakistan—which had signed the declaration—disagreed and critiqued the Saudi position.[31] In 1982, the Iranian representative to the United Nations, Said Rajaie-Khorassani, said that the Declaration was "a secular understanding of the Judeo-Christian tradition" which could not be implemented by Muslims without conflict with Sharia.[32] On 30 June 2000, members of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (now the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) officially resolved to support the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam,[33] an alternative document that says people have "freedom and right to a dignified life in accordance with the Islamic Shari'ah", without any discrimination on grounds of "race, colour, language, sex, religious belief, political affiliation, social status or other considerations". Turkey—a secular state—signed the Declaration in 1948.
A number of scholars in different fields have expressed concerns with the Declaration's alleged Western bias. These include Irene Oh, Abdulaziz Sachedina, Riffat Hassan, and Faisal Kutty. Hassan has argued:
What needs to be pointed out to those who uphold the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to be the highest, or sole, model, of a charter of equality and liberty for all human beings, is that given the Western origin and orientation of this Declaration, the "universality" of the assumptions on which it is based isTemplate:Spaced ndashat the very leastTemplate:Spaced ndashproblematic and subject to questioning. Furthermore, the alleged incompatibility between the concept of human rights and religion in general, or particular religions such as Islam, needs to be examined in an unbiased way.[34]
Irene Oh argues that one solution is to approach the issue from the perspective of comparative (descriptive) ethics.[35]
Kutty writes: "A strong argument can be made that the current formulation of international human rights constitutes a cultural structure in which western society finds itself easily at home ... It is important to acknowledge and appreciate that other societies may have equally valid alternative conceptions of human rights."[36] On the other hand, others[who?] have written that some of these "cultural arguments" can go so far as to undermine the very nature of human freedom and choice, the protection of which is the purpose of the UN declaration. For example, typical versions of Sharia law forbid Muslims from leaving Islam under the penalty of capital punishment. Islamic legal scholar Faisal Kutty argues that existing blasphemy laws in Muslim countries are actually un-Islamic and are a legacy of colonial rule.[37] Mohsen Haredy, an Islamic scholar, states that Muslim countries have their own views of Sharia and blasphemies are the internal issues of those countries.[38]
Ironically, a number of Islamic countries that as of 2014[update] are among the most resistant to UN intervention in domestic affairs, played an invaluable role in the creation of the Declaration, with countries such as Syria and Egypt having been strong proponents of the universality of human rights and the right of countries to self-determination.[39]
"The Right to Refuse to Kill"
Groups such as Amnesty International[40] and War Resisters International[41] have advocated for "The Right to Refuse to Kill" to be added to the Universal Declaration. War Resisters International has stated that the right to conscientious objection to military service is primarily derived from—but not yet explicit in—Article 18 of the UDHR: the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion.[41]
Steps have been taken within the United Nations to make this right more explicit, but —to date (2015)—[update] those steps have been limited to less significant United Nations documents. Sean MacBride—Assistant Secretary-General of the United Nations and Nobel Peace Prize laureate—has said: "To the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights one more might, with relevance, be added. It is 'The Right to Refuse to Kill'."[42]
Bangkok Declaration
During the lead up to the World Conference on Human Rights held in 1993, ministers from Asian states adopted the Bangkok Declaration, reaffirming their governments' commitment to the principles of the United Nations Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They stated their view of the interdependence and indivisibility of human rights and stressed the need for universality, objectivity, and non-selectivity of human rights. However, at the same time, they emphasized the principles of sovereignty and non-interference, calling for greater emphasis on economic, social, and cultural rights—in particular, the right to economic development over civil and political rights. The Bangkok Declaration is considered to be a landmark expression of the Asian values perspective, which offers an extended critique of human rights universalism.[43]
Organizations promoting the UDHR
International Federation for Human Rights
The International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH) is nonpartisan, nonsectarian, and independent of any government, and its core mandate is to promote respect for all the rights set out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.[44][45]
Amnesty International
In 1988, director Stephen R. Johnson and 41 international animators, musicians, and producers created a 20-minute video for Amnesty International to celebrate the 40th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration. The video was to bring to life the Declaration's 30 articles.[46]
Amnesty International celebrated Human Rights Day and the 60th anniversary of the Universal Declaration all over the world by organizing the "Fire Up!" event.[47]
Unitarian Universalist Service Committee
The Unitarian Universalist Service Committee (UUSC) is a non-profit, nonsectarian organization whose work around the world is guided by the values of Unitarian Universalism and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It works to provide disaster relief and promote human rights and social justice around the world.
Quaker United Nations Office and American Friends Service Committee
The Quaker United Nations Office and the American Friends Service Committee work on many human rights issues, including improving education on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They have developed a Curriculum to help introduce High School students to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.[48][49]
American Library Association
In 1997, the council of the American Library Association (ALA) endorsed Article 19 from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.[50] Along with Article 19, Article 18 and 20 are also fundamentally tied to the ALA Universal Right to Free Expression and the Library Bill of Rights.[51] Censorship, the invasion of privacy, and interference of opinions are human rights violations according to the ALA.
See also
Human rights
Non-binding agreements
- Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam (1990)
- Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action (1993)
- United Nations Millennium Declaration (2000)
International human rights law
- Fourth Geneva Convention (1949)
- European Convention on Human Rights (1952)
- Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (1954)
- Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1969)
- International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1976)
- International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1976)
- Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (1981)
- Convention on the Rights of the Child (1990)
- Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (2000)
- Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2007)
- Slavery in international law
- Slave Trade Acts
- Human rights in China (PRC)
- Command responsibility
- Declaration on Great Apes, an as-yet unsuccessful effort to extend some human rights to great apes.
- "Consent of the governed"
- Racial equality proposal (1919)
- The Farewell Sermon (632 CE)
- Youth for Human Rights International
Notes and references
- ^ Included John Peters Humphrey (Canada), René Cassin (France), P. C. Chang (Republic of China), Charles Malik (Lebanon), Hansa Mehta (India) and Eleanor Roosevelt (United States); see Creation and drafting section above.
- ^ "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights". un.org.
- ^ Williams 1981. This is the first book edition of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, with a foreword by Jimmy Carter.
- ^ "United Nations Charter, preamble and article 55". United Nations. Retrieved 2013-04-20.
- ^ Cataclysm and World Response in Drafting and Adoption : The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, udhr.org.
- ^ "UDHR50: Didn't Nazi tyranny end all hope for protecting human rights in the modern world?". Udhr.org. 1998-08-28. Retrieved 2012-07-07.
- ^ "UDHR – History of human rights". Universalrights.net. Retrieved 2012-07-07.
- ^ Morsink 1999, p. 5
- ^ Morsink 1999, p. 133
- ^ a b Morsink 1999, p. 4
- ^ The Declaration was drafted during the Chinese Civil War. P.C. Chang was appointed as a representative by the Republic of China, then the recognised government of China, but which was driven from mainland China and now administers only Taiwan and nearby islands ([1]).
- ^ http://www.un.int/india/india%20&%20un/humanrights.pdf
- ^ "Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights". Research Guides. United Nations. Dag Hammarskjöld Library. Retrieved 2015-04-17.
- ^ Carlson, Allan: Globalizing Family Values, 12 January 2004.
- ^ a b c CCNMTL. "default". Center for New Media Teaching and Learning (CCNMTL). Columbia University. Retrieved 2013-07-12.
- ^ UNAC. "Questions and answers about the Universal Declaration of Human Rights". United Nations Association in Canada (UNAC). p. "Who are the signatories of the Declaration?". Archived from the original on 2012-09-12.
- ^ Jost Müller-Neuhof (2008-12-10). "Menschenrechte: Die mächtigste Idee der Welt". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Retrieved 2013-07-12.
- ^ Peter Danchin. "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Drafting History - 10. Plenary Session of the Third General Assembly Session". Retrieved 2015-02-25.
- ^ Glendon 2001, pp. 169–70[citation not found]
- ^ "Yearbook of the United Nations 1948–1949 p 535" (PDF). Retrieved 24 July 2014.
- ^ Schabas, William (1998). "Canada and the Adoption of Universal Declaration of Human Rights" (PDF). McGill Law Journal 43: 403.
- ^ Glendon 2002, pp. 62–64.
- ^ Glendon 2002, Chapter 10.
- ^ "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: 1948–2008". United Nations. Retrieved 15 February 2011.
- ^ "Universal Declaration of Human Rights". United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human rights.
- ^ Humphrey JP, "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Its History, Impact and Juridical Character", in Ramcharan BG (ed), Human Rights: Thirty Years After the Universal Declaration (1979) pp. 2l, 37; Sohn 1, "The Human Rights Law of the Charter" (1977) 12 Texas Int LJ 129, 133; McDougal MS, Lasswell H and Chen I, Human Rights and World Public Order (1980) pp. 273–274, 325–327; D'Amato A, International Law: Process and Prospect( 1986) pp. 123–147.
- ^ Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. "Digital record of the UDHR". United Nations.
- ^ "Statement by Charles Malik as Representative of Lebanon to the Third Committee of the UN General Assembly on the Universal Declaration". 6 November 1948. Archived from the original on 28 September 2008.
- ^ Michael E. Eidenmuller (1948-12-09). "Eleanor Roosevelt: Address to the United Nations General Assembly". Americanrhetoric.com. Retrieved 2012-07-07.
- ^ "John Paul II, Address to the U.N., October 2, 1979 and October 5, 1995". Vatican.va. Retrieved 2012-07-07.
- ^ Nisrine Abiad (2008). Sharia, Muslim states and international human rights treaty obligations: a comparative study. BIICL. pp. 60–65. ISBN 978-1-905221-41-7.
- ^ Price 1999, p. 163
- ^ Littman, D (February–March 1999). "Universal Human Rights and Human Rights in Islam". Midstream. Archived from the original on 2006-05-12.
- ^ "Resolution No 60/27-P". Organisation of the Islamic Conference. 2000-06-27. Retrieved 2011-06-02.
- ^ "Are Human Rights Compatible with Islam?". religiousconsultation.org. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
- ^ "The Rights of God". Georgetown University Press, 2007.
- ^ "Non-Western Societies Have Influenced Human Rights". in Jacqueline Langwith (ed.), Opposing Viewpoints: Human Rights, Gale/Greenhaven Press: Chicago, 2007.
- ^ "Why Blasphemy Laws Are Actually Anti-Islamic". The Huffington Post.
- ^ "Why Should Blasphemy Be Punishable at All?". onislam.net.
- ^ Professor Susan Waltz: Universal Rights Group, Syria calls for greater UN intervention in domestic human rights situations….
- ^ Out of the margins: the right to conscientious objection to military service in Europe: An announcement of Amnesty International's forthcoming campaign and briefing for the UN Commission on Human Rights, 31 March 1997. Amnesty International.
- ^ a b A Conscientious Objector's Guide to the UN Human Rights System, Parts 1, 2 & 3, Background Information on International Law for COs, Standards which recognise the right to conscientious objection, War Resisters' International.
- ^ Sean MacBride, The Imperatives of Survival, Nobel Lecture, 12 December 1974, The Nobel Foundation – Official website of the Nobel Foundation. (English index page; hyperlink to Swedish site.) From Nobel Lectures in Peace 1971–1980.
- ^ "Final Declaration Of The Regional Meeting For Asia Of The World Conference On Human Rights". Law.hku.hk. Retrieved 2012-07-07.
- ^ Contribution to the EU Multi-stakeholder Forum on CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility), 10 February 2009; accessed on 9 November 2009
- ^ Information Partners, web site of the UNHCR, last updated 25 February 2010, 16:08 GMT (web retrieval 25 February 2010, 18:11 GMT)
- ^ "UDHR film". Amnesty International. Retrieved 2013-07-19.
- ^ "Fire Up!". Amnesty International. Retrieved 2013-07-19.
- ^ "UNHCR Partners". UNHCR. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
- ^ "AFSC Universal Declaration of Human Rights web page". American Friends Service Committee. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
- ^ "Resolution on IFLA, Human Rights and Freedom of Expression". ala.org.
- ^ "The Universal Right to Free Expression:". ala.org.
- Glendon, Mary Ann (2002). A world made new: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-76046-4.
- Hashmi, Sohail H. (2002). Islamic political ethics: civil society, pluralism, and conflict. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11310-4.
- Morsink, Johannes (1999). The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: origins, drafting, and intent. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-1747-6.
- Price, Daniel E. (1999). Islamic political culture, democracy, and human rights: a comparative study. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-96187-9.
- Williams, Paul; United Nations General Assembly (1981). The International bill of human rights. Entwhistle Books. ISBN 978-0-934558-07-5.
Further reading
- Feldman, Jean-Philippe. "Hayek's Critique Of The Universal Declaration Of Human Rights". Journal des Economistes et des Etudes Humaines, Volume 9, Issue 4 (December 1999): 1145-6396.
- Nurser, John. "For All Peoples and All Nations. Christian Churches and Human Rights.". (Geneva: WCC Publications, 2005).
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights pages at Columbia University (Centre for the Study of Human Rights), including article by article commentary, video interviews, discussion of meaning, drafting and history.
- Introductory note by Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade and procedural history on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
External links
|Wikisource has original text related to this article:
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
- Text of the UDHR
- Official translations of the UDHR
- Resource Guide on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights at the UN Library, Geneva.
- Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights - documents and meetings records - United Nations Dag Hammarskjöld Library
- Questions and answers about the Universal Declaration
- Text, Audio, and Video excerpt of Eleanor Roosevelt's Address to the United Nations on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- UDHR – Education
- Revista Envío – A Declaration of Human Rights For the 21st Century
- Introductory note by Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade and procedural history note on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
- DHpedia: Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- The Laws of Burgos: 500 Years of Human Rights from the Law Library of Congress blog.
Audiovisual materials
- Librivox: Human-read audio recordings in several Languages
- Text, Audio, and Video excerpt of Eleanor Roosevelt's Address to the United Nations on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- Animated presentation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by Amnesty International on YouTube (in English duration 20 minutes and 23 seconds).
- Audio: Statement by Charles Malik as Representative of Lebanon to the Third Committee of the UN General Assembly on the Universal Declaration, 6 November 1948
- UN Department of Public Information introduction to the drafters of the Declaration
- Audiovisual material on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
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text:
Copo Cafe & Diner
It's always refreshing to discover brunch places that are not in Surry Hills or in the City - especially when there is ample parking nearby. Copo Cafe & Diner is situated in Drummoyne and on one fine Saturday morning, M and I ventured out to try this renowned cafe. Throughout the car ride, all I could think about was eggs, eggs and eggs. Clearly obsessed.
Copo sits in a large 2 storey premise complete with an outdoor terrace on the second floor - great for when the weather is on your side. We actually discovered Copo through a recent Time Out article, describing the place as one of the
Best Summer Cafes
. Naturally we were intrigued!
How cute is this?
The cafe was buzzing with people by 11am and had a nice chilled atmosphere - perfect for weekend brunch.
The interiors reminded me of Paramount Coffee Project but scaled down to be more cosy and warm.
The menu is quite extensive so do take your time to decide what you want to order. Breakfast style or lunch options? Decisions decisions...
Note: On weekends they offer all day brunch menu (Hurray!)
It was a relatively warm morning that day so M and I opted for
Iced Mocha ($6)
Iced Coffee ($6)
respectively. The price tags for these drinks may seem exxy but trust me it's totally worth it. My Iced Coffee in particular was quite possibly one of the best ones I've ever had. Not overly sweet with just the right amount of coffee flavour and ratio with the cream - this was seriously amazing.
M ordered the
House Smoked Trout with Fried Egg, Potato Hash, Herbs & Toast ($19)
and my oh my, this was a tasty dish. The trout was super flavoursome and nicely tossed with the potato hash and herbs. Spread some evenly onto the buttered toast and mix with the gooey egg for the ultimate breakfast bite. Delicious!
My order of
Baked Eggs with Fried Potato, Chorizo, Chimichurri and Toast ($19)
came in a serving size that exceeded my expectations. To be honest I couldn't finish it! The baked eggs were nice and gooey with a hint of spice from the chorizo. I wasn't a fan of the potatoes as they were cut up too big, making it a bit bland in taste. So I mixed it with the chorizo for a nice balance of flavours.
Overall the food wasn't too bad at Copo but I must say, I was a tad disappointed with my baked eggs. Maybe because I keep comparing it to the ones I had at Melbourne? Anyhow the coffee was fantastic and the atmosphere was great for a nice early brunch when the weather is great.
Copo is conveniently located next to a free council car park on Formosa Street which means you don't have to worry about securing a parking spot.
Copo Cafe & Diner
M3 135 Victoria Road
Drummoyne NSW 2047
02 9719 9057


text:
Ever wonder how the horses were tied to keep them from wandering off while their owner shopped or took care of essential tasks? There used to be hitching posts up and down Grand and Main in the business part of town. Early on these were actual posts with an iron ring to slip the reins through and then tie them. Later on the rings became a part of the sidewalks (There are still a few in the sidewalks on Grand.) and then there were also hitching racks. It is easy to see what they looked like since one is still in existence on the north side of the road between the Mancos Valley Bank and the Bauer house.
A big clash came as autos began taking up parking places. More than a few people felt the cars scared the horses and took up the best places for avoiding the mud. More than a few people objected saying that this is a frontier town and that autos should be parked out away from the business section of town. Time however was in favor of the autos and with them came a need for decent roads.
A highlight during the winter of 1923-24 was the pushing of snow off the road between Mancos and Cortez. Cars could use the road all winter and it dried up much earlier than other roads. Plowing snow off the roads was not a correct terminology back then since plowing had a rather different connotation to the farmers and ranchers in the valley.
Mail and school routes became a priority in the county and during the years of 1927-1929 considerable graveling of roads was done throughout the county.
I was two years old when the first paved roads started to appear. That year (1936) the First National Bank building was torn down and for the first time the road to Durango (Highway 160) went east out of Mancos (becoming East Grand) instead of going to the south on Main and then at Montezuma turning east and heading for Durango.
It wasn't until 1937 that paving became the thing to do throughout much of the county. Grand Avenue had been paved before that and joined up with the paving done east of Mancos to the top of Mancos Hill. Three miles of road west of Mancos were paved and that was a relief to those who traveled to Cortez. Then to the pleasure of travelers between Mancos and Cortez most of the Mancos-Cortez highway was paved before winter set in. Sadly, all of the paved surfacing between Mancos and Cortez turned to mush during the next two winters and travel to Cortez was once again an adventure.
I was still in the Air Force when the highway was routed to the north of Mancos. Town administrators had tried to keep the highway going through town but the bypass was another wave of the future. In our own time, good roads continue to be a necessity.


text:
1. Re: Dynamic SQL & Transformation queryRamesh Reddy Jan 31, 2012 8:48 AM (in response to Sunil Varma)
See this http://docs.jboss.org/teiid/7.6.0.Final/reference/en-US/html_single/#dynamic_sql
If this works for you, please post back how you solved the above query as example for others.
2. Re: Dynamic SQL & Transformation querySunil Varma Jan 31, 2012 9:46 AM (in response to Ramesh Reddy)
Thanks but I did go through this before. From what I can infer this is an example of building dynamic SQL based on binding stored procedure parameters to your dynamic SQL. The documentation mentions that "USING" variables must be fully qualified as "UVAR" but the example shows "DVARS". Not sure which is the right one.
Also I couldnt get the "EXECUTE STRING" working based on the example above as it keeps complaining about parser error. The moment I put in "EXECUTE STRING <my_sql_string>", the designer changes that to EXECUTE <my_sql_string> and gives a parser error. Maybe someone else will have better luck with this.
What I was looking for was a way to invoke a stored procedure with parameters based on the current views bound values.
EXEC sp_dummy (THISVW.COL1 => v1,THISVW.COL2 => v2)
3. Re: Dynamic SQL & Transformation querySteven Hawkins Jan 31, 2012 10:52 AM (in response to Sunil Varma)
UVAR should be DVAR. I'll update the doc. The parsing error is occurring because of using a non-literal string, which is a regression error from making the STRING keyword optional. I'll log a JIRA to cover requiring the toString to use the IMMEDIATE keyword.
I'm not sure what you mean by view bound values. You currently cannot use dynamic sql in a view. How would you expect that to work?
4. Re: Dynamic SQL & Transformation querySunil Varma Jan 31, 2012 11:40 AM (in response to Steven Hawkins)
Thanks Steven. Yes I understand the Transformation SQL for a "View" should contain only a "SELECT ..." or "EXEC <stored_proc>".
For my sample I had setup a view which invokes a stored procedure returning a resultset and this works fine.
I was wondering then if I can pass as stored procedure parameters the view query constraint values.
So if I query "select * from my_view where c1 = 'xyz' and c2 = 5" , is it possible to pass those constraints to the stored procedure getting executed in the transformation.
I assume for my current setup Teiid would first execute the stored procedure and then filter the result (in-memory) based on the constraints? The stored procedure would return potentially large data and needs to be constrained first and hence this requirement.
5. Re: Dynamic SQL & Transformation querySteven Hawkins Jan 31, 2012 12:37 PM (in response to Sunil Varma)1 of 1 people found this helpful
https://issues.jboss.org/browse/TEIID-1920 was logged to capture the issues you have seen. However the fix will need to be picked up by designer to fully resolve the issue.
We support a concept called procedural relational invocation, which is covered in the reference. Given a procedure, you are allowed to invoke it as if it were a table, e.g. "select * from proc where c1 = 'xyz'". This is different from the notion of a nested table function, here you simply use the proc name as a table and then use equality predicates to pass parameters. This need not be done through an explicit view, although there is nothing that prevents you from wrapping the procedural relational call "select .* from proc" in a view and then issuing something like "select * from my_view where c1 = 'xyz'"
6. Re: Dynamic SQL & Transformation querySunil Varma Jan 31, 2012 2:21 PM (in response to Steven Hawkins)
Thanks Steve. This is exactly what I required and works like a charm!
This was what I did to validate the workflow:
Created a view "Categories_From_Sp" that invokes a SP "sp_GetCategories (P_CategoryID int) via the relational invocation "Select * from sp_GetCategories"
The created view has all columns including the input parameter "P_CategoryID ".
Executing a query on the view with the constraint on "P_CategoryID" triggered execution of SP with that constraint.
Ofcourse I can also directly invoke the SP instead of packaging it in a view .


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About Virginia Western :: College Policies
- About VWCC
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I-30: Student Domicile/Eligibility for In-State Tuition Policy
Policy Number: I-30
Last Reviewed: March 8, 2017
Responsible Dept.: Director of Financial Aid, Records, and Veterans' Affairs
Policy Document (PDF)
The Virginia Community College System is guided by the Code of Virginia and the regulations of the State Council for Higher Education on determining domicile.
For the purposes of in-state tuition, a Virginia resident is defined by state law as one who has lived in Virginia, with intent to remain a Virginian, for a period of at least one year prior to the first official day of class for the semester in which he or she is enrolling. The burden of proving eligibility for in-state tuition rests with the applicant. All applicants to Virginia Western who claim entitlement to Virginia in-state tuition rates must complete the domiciliary items included with the application for admission as well as whatever additional documentation may be deemed necessary.
Initial determination of eligibility for in-state tuition rates is made by a member of the Student Services staff. Applicants may appeal this initial determination to the Director of Financial Aid, Records, and Veterans' Affairs in writing within 30 days of the decision. This appeal must include copies of the applicant's driver's license, motor vehicle registration, income tax returns for the previous tax year, and any other relevant documents that may support the claim of eligibility for instate tuition rates. This intermediate review will be completed within 30 days of the receipt of the written appeal and supporting documentation.
Applicants may appeal the intermediate review by the Director of Financial Aid, Records, and Veterans' Affairs. This appeal must be submitted in writing to the Domicile Appeals Committee within 30 days of receiving the results of the intermediate review. The decision of the Domicile Appeals Committee represents the final administrative review.
Students classified as out-of-state who can provide clear and convincing evidence through this appeals process that they were eligible for Virginia domicile on the first day of classes for a semester may have their status changed for the current term.
In the event that a student's circumstances change after a semester has begun, the student's tuition status may be eligible for reclassification; this reclassification shall be effective for the next academic semester following the submission date of a new Application for In-State Tuition. It is the responsibility of the student to submit a new Application for In-State Tuition to the Virginia Western Admissions Office. Virginia Western will not initiate this process on behalf of the student.
Related Links
- Faculty Handbook
- Organizational Charts
- VWConnect (Internal Access Only)


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Even as some Fells Point residents worry that building over a capped toxic site at Harbor Point could endanger their health, records show elevated levels of cancer-causing chromium in groundwater just beyond the area targeted for an upscale development.
Some experts have expressed concern about the pollution — especially in light of a developer's plan to disturb the protective cap over land that once held a chromium processing plant. They're also worried that uncontrolled chromium in groundwater beyond Harbor Point could seep into the harbor or pose risks for development of neighboring properties.
Beatty Development Group plans to temporarily expose contaminated soil while driving pilings for a 22-story office tower to be occupied by Exelon Corp. — the beginnings of a billion-dollar waterfront development between Harbor East and Fells Point.
But groundbreaking has been delayed as the developer, area residents and government officials wait to meet to discuss environmental safeguards.


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Adam Lambert: VH1 'Behind the Music' Sneak Peek!
Check out this preview of Adam Lambert on an upcoming episode of VH1′s Behind the Music.
The 29-year-old singer opens up about his experience on American Idol and the speculation surrounding his sexuality during the singing competition.
"I remember reading [the reports] and going, why does it matter? But I guess it does. It was pretty crazy," he recollects.
"I wouldn't want to go through my career hiding anything or trying to cover something up. Sexuality is so sensationalized … I'm proud of my sexuality. I have no hangups. I have no shame, but for me, it's not about wearing a T-shirt saying, 'Gay,'" he added. "It's 'Adam.'"
Watch the full Behind the Music special Sunday, Aug. 7, at 10 p.m. on VH1!
Adam Lambert – Behind the Music Sneak Peek


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Chico, CA
Betty Jean Butler
March 10, 1932 - January 22, 2013
Betty Jean Butler, 80 years old, of Chico, CA went to be with her Lord and Savior on Jan. 22, 2013. She was born March 10, 1932 in Wewoka, OK and lived in Stockton most of her life until moving to Redding in 2002, then to Chico in 2007. She retired from a 25 year career with Macy's in Stockton, CA.
She was extremely devoted to her family as a sister and aunt to many.
She was preceded in death by her mother Della Butler Williams; father Preston Butler; stepfather Lee Williams and her two sisters,
Juanita Stift and Wanda Albritton. She is also survived by her two sisters, Louise Cox of Manteca and Marian Findley of Chico, her aunt Lynn Duffin of Susanville as well as her nephew Frank Albritton, and nieces Jeanetta Erdman, Barbara Hicks, Regina Byrd, Joan Monvik, Charlotte
Sylvia and Annette Duck. She was also very close to her many great and great-great nieces and nephews and many other children that she cared for throughout her life. She was also a close friend to many people in her church community. She was a very special lady that loved and was loved by all who knew her. She will be greatly missed.
Viewing will be held on Wednesday, Jan. 30, 2013 from 1 to 5 pm at Frisbie-Warren & Carroll Mortuary. Funeral Services will be held Thursday, Jan. 31, 2013 at 11 am at Frisbie-Warren & Carroll, 809 N. California St. A committal will follow after at Cherokee Memorial Park in Lodi, CA.
Online guestbook at frisbiewarrencarrollmortuary.com.


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I am trying to play Teen Agent on PSP using scummvm 1.3.1.
The game starts and there are sounds, but there is no music.
I have tried copying the teenagent.dat file to game directory too but it did not help.
Teenagent is downloaded from GOG.com. Under Windows with Scummvm 1.3.1 it works fine.
Am I missing something here? Or is this simply not supported under PSP?
Note that other games, like beneath a steel sky, work fine: both sounds and music.
Please advice.
Regards, T
I'm guessing this has to do with running into the open file limit of the PSP.
There's a related bug here:
Same on PSP and Wii port, no music only some sound effects
I didn't really solve this with SCUMMVM, but the music and sound both work with PSP DOSBox
(it runs a little slow at the start though)
additionally, I'm not sure if anything but the mouse works.
I hope it helps though!


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The new Oreck Halo not only vacuums up dirt and debris, it also has a UV-C light chamber that kills many microscopic germs, bacteria, viruses, mold, dust mite eggs, and flee eggs. Carpet and floors will be clean and nearly free of germs without using any harsh chemicals.
Oreck Halo Features:
-Weighs 17 Pounds
-HEPA 13 Filter Bag
-UV-C Germicidal Light
-3 Year Warranty on Vacuum
-5 Year Warranty on UV-C Light Bulb
-More powerful, yet quieter motor
-Easily serviced at 450 Oreck stores
-Extended Warranty includes 3 tune ups
-Self-Sealing bag dock to reduce dust when changing bag
It is pretty gross to think of all of the bacteria that is living on my floor. I learned that carpet can contain approximately 200,000 microbes of bacteria per square inch and as many as 100,000 dust mites per square yard! The bathroom floor has 18,025 bacteria per square inch. My son stays home with me, so these floors are what he's playing on!
Dr. George P. Gerba, Ph.D. conducted multiple tests on the Oreck Halo UV-C Technology using bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other pathogens. The tests proved that Oreck Halo kills more than 99% of common types of germs. These petri dishes show how after routine cleanings, the Oreck Halo can help reduce dust mite population, harmful bacteria, and viruses on floors.
The Oreck Halo uses a Hepa 13 filter bag that creates a nearly impenetrable wall. The fiber is so tightly woven that dead germs, bacteria, viruses, allergens, and mold stay inside while the Sani-Seal tab keep dust and debris from escaping.
Oreck sent me the Oreck Halo to test on my floors. My husband happened to be home when the package arrived and we opened it up right away!
Even though the Oreck Halo does so much more than regular vacuums, it is still really simply to use.
-Turn it on with the button on the handle. I love that I don't have to lean over and flip a switch near the bottom.
-set the carpet height on the side of the vacuum. It will be saved for every other time that it is used.
-Press the foot lever to incline the handle.
-Hold the trigger in the handle to activate the UV-C light. The logo on the the front of the vacuum will light up indicating that it is working.
-Use the vacuum as you normally would.
We could tell that the vacuum was picking up dirt and debris exceptionally well. We were paying close attention and it left nothing behind. We could also rest assure that it was reducing the amount of bacteria, germs, and other microorganisms on our carpet.
My old vacuum only picks up dirt on carpet. When I would try and use it on my kitchen or hall floors, it would blow the dirt all over. The Oreck Halo has an option where you can turn the Brushroll off! We took it into our hallway and were immediately impressed with how well it was cleaning. It picked up EVERY speck of debris that we could see!
The Oreck Halo also has a hose and brush attachment that can reach 13 feet. These aid in getting into those hard to reach places. It has a powerful suction that had my steps free of dirt in a matter of minutes!
My husband and I both feel better now that we use the Oreck Halo. Not only do we have a toddler that plays on the floor all day, but before we know it, we'll have another baby rolling around. With this vacuum, I can rest easy that I'm doing everything that I possibly can to keep my children clean and healthy while playing on our floors.
Buy It!
You can purchase the Oreck Halo for $599.95.
Oreck is giving one of my readers their own Oreck Halo!!!
To enter, visit Oreck and tell me another product that they carry. This is required and must be done before the extra entries count!
You can do any of these things for an extra entry. Make sure to leave a separate comment for EACH thing you do.
1- Follow me on twitter AND Tweet about this giveaway. You must do both for the extra entry to count. You can copy and paste: Oreck Halo Vacuum Giveaway @twoofakind valued at $600 http://tinyurl.com/mggqrh
2- For TWO extra entries, blog about this giveaway and link it back to this post and Oreck!
3- Place my green Two Of A Kind, Working On A Full House button on your blog.
4- Follow my blog.
5- For TWO extra entries, Subscribe to my blog via email.
6- For FIVE extra entries, purchase any product from Oreck before the end of this giveaway.
Contest ends at 11:59pm EST on June 29th when I will draw a winner at random. PLEASE leave your email address if it is not visible on your profile. I will notify the winner will have 36 hours to respond!
Open to US Only.


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April 23, 2018 by babylondogs
Pinball arcade –
The woman in the
White blouse
Pulls her oxygen tank
Behind her.
April 23, 2018 by babylondogs
Pinball arcade –
The woman in the
White blouse
Pulls her oxygen tank
Behind her.
Welcome to Cami*Star's words on Poetry and Stories....
Fiction & Poetry Journal of T. Wong
I still have a lot to learn
for your family
Daily Thoughts and Meditations as we journey together with our Lord.
A haiku and diary entry, each day for a year.
Tales from the mouth of a wolf
A reticent rambling of rhetoric, remotely resembling realization.
I am my Name.
100 Haiku
Paroxysms of an Awakened Dystopian
lies, propaganda, doggerel
Just my words and weirdness
Poetry and Stories by Zach Jackson
An Online Collection of Writing.
give your soul some breathing room
a topsy-turvy life of quietude
food, martial arts, languages, foreign, expat, travel, muay thai, bjj, kickboxing
Discovering the sacred in the profane and enlightenment among the shadows.
(Agnijaat, Agnishatdal, Agnijashatadalama, Indie Adda)
Natalie. Writer. Photographer. Etc.
The world as I see it, according to myself.
C'mon Inner Peace... I Don't Have All Damn Day
Poetry by Pooja Alok
Vague Ideations and Fits of Reverie from a human enthusiast
Quick Slick Poetry Written on a Blackberry Q5
Together on a journey with Jesus...
A place for expression, that is currently under construction.
The words of Phen Weston
Poems of the Strange & Terrible EST. 13 July 2014


text:
NEW YORK (AP) — Stocks are edging lower in early trading after the government reported lukewarm jobs growth last month.
The Dow Jones industrial average fell 87 points, or 0.6 percent, to 14,850 in the first few minutes of trading Friday.
The Standard & Poor's 500 index fell seven points, or 0.4 percent, to 1,648. The Nasdaq composite fell 15 points, or 0.4 percent, to 3,641.
Bonds yields fell as investors anticipated that demand for bonds would remain strong if the Fed keeps up its bond purchases. The yield on the 10-year Treasury note fell to 2.91 percent from 3 percent late Thursday.
The Labor Department said U.S. employers added 169,000 jobs last month, fewer than economists expected.
VeriFone Systems jumped $2, or 10 percent, to $22.74 after reporting results that beat analysts' expectations.


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Boeing jets they don't make anymore
MD-80: The MD-80 was certified for flight by the the Federal Aviation Administration in August 1980 and entered airline service in October of that year. It was in production for a little over nine years. American Airlines once held the largest fleet of MD-80s at 275. It now has 190 of the planes, and eventually plans to replace all of them with more fuel efficient models.
American Airlines
Copyright © 2018, Hartford Courant


text:
U.S. Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission
Meeting of July 18, 2012 – Public Input into the Development of EEOC's Strategic Enforcement Plan
Fatima Goss Graves is Vice President for Education and Employment at the National Women's Law Center, where she works to promote the rights of women and girls at school and in the workplace. Ms. Goss Graves advocates and litigates core legal and policy issues relating to at-risk girls in school, including those that impact pregnant and parenting students, students in a hostile school climate and students participating in athletics. She further works to advance equal pay for equal work, expand opportunities for women in nontraditional fields, and ensure the development of fundamental legal principles of equal opportunity. She uses a number of advocacy strategies in her work on these issues ranging from public education and legislative advocacy to litigation, including briefs in the Supreme Court and federal courts of appeals. Prior to joining the Center, she worked as an appellate and trial litigator at Mayer Brown LLP. She began her career as a law clerk for the Honorable Diane P. Wood of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. Ms. Goss Graves is a graduate of the University of California at Los Angeles and Yale Law School.


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Two local business owners have been nominated to fill the City Council seat vacated by Dennis Reeves in November.
FORT WALTON BEACH � Two local business owners have been nominated to fill the City Council seat vacated by Dennis Reeves in November.
The City Council on Tuesday selected former Councilman Mike Holmes and John S. Mead from a pool of eight residents who expressed interest in the post.
Read the nominees' letters of interest. >>
Fort Walton Beach City Manager Michael Beedie said the council will select a new councilman at its Jan. 22 meeting.
�(The council) will announce the two nominees and then they�ll basically vote, and whoever ends up getting the most votes will be the appointed council member,� he said.
The new member will be sworn in Jan. 22, attend his first meeting Feb. 12 and hold office through March 31, Beedie said.
Holmes and Mead are running for the same seat in the March 12 election.
Holmes, who owns a local auto repair service, served two terms on the council. He left office in 2011 because of term limits.
Holmes said he wants to keep Fort Walton Beach a good place to live and work. He said he�s committed to keeping city fire and police services at their current levels.
�I don�t think we want or deserve anything less than what we have now,� he said.
Holmes said he doesn�t want to raise property taxes, but that such a move might have to be considered to keep essential services.
Mead, a local real estate attorney, also opposes raising property taxes �unless there is no other way.�
He said 2013 �is going to be a huge financial year� for the city, and council members will be faced with some difficult decisions.
Mead said he is concerned about rising fees, vacancies in the industrial park and making the city more attractive to businesses.
�The more you can work with small businesses within the city to develop their businesses, the better the city will be,� he said.
Contact Daily News Staff Writer Kari Barlow at 850-315-4438 or firstname.lastname@example.com. Follow her on Twitter @KariBnwfdn.


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Womens All in One Jersey Onesie
Don't miss out on this trend! Great for those cool autumn evenings, this all in one adult jersey is the perfect addition to your nightwear collection. Made from a light weight fabric this features a bold horizontal stripe, ribbed cuffs and easily fastening popper buttons.
- Info
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Wash Care: Machine Washable
Product Code: 47654-MONKEY
Need Help? Call us: 029 2027 0944
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UK Pre Noon Express Delivery £5.99 (orders placed by 3.00pm (Mon-Thur) will be delivered before noon the next working day, excl. Saturdays, Sundays & public holidays*)
*Full delivery information can be found Here


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nzfooty wrote:changwonmatty wrote:Did meet nzfooty very soon after I got here (was meant to meet him a couple months ago but not sure what happened) but to be honest completely forgot about njs......first year I was here I was very infrequent but the second year have had a lot more spare time and my mind is turning back to Korea.
It was really good to see you in Auckland. Apologies for the lack of communication. There was a change in my circumstances since I last wrote and I will be going to Taipei (after all). This change has caused a few delays so I'm still in Wellington and just didn't notice the time go by. I will be in Taipei by Nov 16 so if you are still in Auckland in early November, it would be great to meet up. If not (and since this is on your to-do list), see you in Taiwan -- I think you will really enjoy it there. I will be in touch when I know the precise dates.
As for njs, I left Auckland mid-2014. If I had still been there I would've tried to organise a meeting with him. You weren't a frequent visitor here back then either so I guess it is just one of those things.changwonmatty wrote:Thoughts on Auckland...traffic is surprisingly a nightmare, terrible design and noninvestment in needed infrastructure not helped by its geography, read its the worst in both aus/kiwiland....bloody expensive, food and public transport is more than Tokyo.....to be honest not overly fussed about the city and while great to visit happy to leave.
Thoughts on kiwiland....beautiful country, travelled all over both North and South Island and been to all the major cities....I have travelled many places around the world but South Island drive from Christchurch inland through Queenstown and then onto Milford Sound is the best road trip I have ever done....not an exaggeration to say its breathtaking....highly recommend a trip if you can afford the money (NZ isnt cheap) and the time.
I liked Auckland for the fact that it is NZ's most multicultural city and that it is warmer than other main centres in NZ. But yeah, the costs of living are horrendous. This is especially true of housing and the property crash can't be far away (food is expensive as well by international standards but not much more than the rest of NZ - in fact at least Auckland has this Asian chain where prices aren't too bad). The traffic is a headache as well (though I got lucky, living near a terminal with a ferry going straight into the CBD).
New Zealand, as you wrote, is a beautiful country. I spent most of my time in NZ living in Christchurch (itself quiet wee place, but with an easy access to many attractive spots around the South Island). This is one of New Zealand's greatest resources and should be managed carefully. I am not convinced it is though.
But a country definitely worth visiting (something I think I could say about a number of other things here).
I leave Auckland November 11 so if you are in town next week get back to me...will check up on facebook anyway. Live right across the road from Sky Tower in downtown now so very easy to get in to see me.....as for Taipei, still on the list. I actually had airplane tix booked (refundable though) for December for ten days in Taiwan but already have an almost full-time roster waiting for me as soon as I get back to Korea which is a bit surprising so once again on the backburner.
Traffic was one of two primary reasons we moved into the CBD near the university...I remember one day it took my 2 and a half hours to drive across the harbour bridge and back into Takapuna because of a couple of minor accidents, regular day in peak times it took me 90 mins - 2 hours for what should be a 20 minute return trip...it was the final straw (plus our upstairs housemates were driving us a bit crazy).


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Juju (ahem) a Japanese brand, produces affordable skincare – one of their most famous ranges is the Aquamoist range which is based around Hyaluronic acid to moisturize the skin.
One of their newest releases is the Shiromomohada range which has 2 products – a peach whitening mist and lotion. I purchased the fine mist:
I don't know why I find the picture of a baby's head in a peach a little bit cute-scary! I also don't know why I keep buying facial mists when I never use them throughout the day…
Although they work well as toners. That is my excuse.
First off you get quite a lot of product here (250ml) so it's not really carry round friendly. It does smell lovely, of peaches and as a bonus it's free of alcohol and mineral oil. I am surprised by how many face spritz's I've acquired that do contain alcohol.
This works pretty well as a face spritz – it's refreshing, it doesn't leave the skin tight but it doesn't hydrate either. I think Frogtime is better for that. It is slightly richer than normal water, but doesn't leave a glow to the skin or any kind of residue.
At the same time, it makes quite a strong mist (like, you look like you've run through a car wash) unlike my Jill Stuart lavender mist which is extremely fine and light.
This is supposed to help whiten the skin, I haven't noticed anything like that. After all you are only using it as a light mist, I don't see how it can leave you with paler skin.
Overall if you have oily-normal skin, love peach scents and want something very non imposing as a facial mist, you could do worse that this.
I bought if from adambeauty.com for about £7.
I feel wrong doing a post with only one photo in it, so here's a picture of a cat with a melon skin on his head.


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Stockton, CA
Hilda May Lisowski-Bechthold
October 9, 1921 - February 4, 2013
Hilda May Lisowski-Bechthold nee Whale, passed away on Monday, February 4, 2013 after a long and
sad illness. She is survived by
children Graham Barden (Pauline) of Witherley,
England, Pauline Swain (Larry) of Valley Springs, CA, Mary Beswetherick of Plymouth, England, Josie Lisowski-Love of Stockton, CA, Gregory Lisowski (Lesley) of Coventry, England; grandchildren Robert Barden of London, England, Jon Barden of Leicester, England, Georgette Oosting (Rudolf) of New Jersey, Michael Swain (Cassie) of Valley Springs, CA, Steven Swain of Valley Springs, CA, Gregory Adam Lisowski and David Lisowski of Coventry, England, Hayley Lisowski of Bristol, England, Faye Batchelor-Hambleton and Roddy Batchelor; great grandchildren Sam, Harry, Vinny and Amy Barden of England, MatHilda May Oosting of New Jersey and Ethan Swain of Valley Springs, CA; great great grandson Jamie Barden of Leicester, England; sister Marion Green of Coventry, England.
Hilda was an amazing woman. She was born in Nuneaton, England to Randolph Charles Whale and Florence Whale nee Target. She grew up in Meriden and then Coventry with siblings Mabel, Beril, Marion and Syd, where they survived the Coventry Blitz of WWII. Hilda married Edward
Bastard and later Aleksander Lisowski. Hilda worked at the GEC, Coventry Schools Meals and as a manager for Wades Furniture Store in the city centre. She was a member of the British Civil Defense and danced nights away with Alex at the Coventry Polish Club. They were diehard anglers and winemakers. Hilda moved to California in 1969 and married Alex Bechthold. She was an excellent amateur wine maker and worked for the Alexander Wine Company in Lodi, CA. In retirement, Hilda worked for the Department of Aging in Stockton and Valley Springs as a librarian. She was most proud of her grandchildren and relished every moment she had with them. She was well traveled and loved meeting people. She had many friends. In
California, Hilda was a member of The Daughters of the British Empire. She was a devoted member of St. Mary's Catholic Church in Stockton for many years proudly reaching the position of lesson reading during Sunday masses. She served on the fundraising committee to restore its landmark spire. An avid hobbyist, she loved to read, play word games and cards. She excelled in cooking, gardening, knitting and photography. She is greatly missed by all. Visitation will be held on Saturday and Sunday from 12-4:00 pm at Frisbie-Warren & Carroll Mortuary, 809 N. California St. with a graveside service on Monday, February 11 at 11:00 am at the Lodi Memorial Cemetery, 5750 E. Pine St, Lodi. To sign the guest
book, please visit


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Why does coffee make you poop?
You know it when you feel it. You've just sat down at your breakfast table, or settled in at your favorite café. You're a few sips into your brew when, out of nowhere, the urge to download a brownload is becoming urgent. Just a few swigs of coffee and it can feel like you've mainlined a laxative — but why?