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JOINT BASE LEWIS-McCHORD, Wash. (AP) — The soldier accused of killing 16 Afghan civilians watched as child after child described the bloodbath that left their parents and other loved ones dead. Whatever reaction Staff Sgt. Robert Bales might have had, he kept hidden behind a calm face.
Three sessions of nighttime testimony in Bales' preliminary hearing, scheduled to accommodate witnesses participating by video link from Afghanistan, were set to wrap up late Sunday. After the hearing at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, the investigating officer will decide whether to court-martial Bales, who could be sentenced to death if convicted.
The witnesses were as young as little Robina, just 7, who wore a deep-red head covering and a nervous smile. She described how she hid behind her father when a gunman came to their village that night, how the stranger fired, and how her father died, cursing in pain and anger.
"I was standing behind my father," she testified. "He shot my father."
One of the bullets struck her in the leg, but she didn't realize it right away.
Prosecutors say Bales slipped away from his base to attack two villages in Kandahar province, killing 16 civilians, including nine children. The slayings drew such angry protests that the U.S. temporarily halted combat operations in Afghanistan, and it was three weeks before American investigators could reach the crime scenes.
The villagers also took out their anger on Afghan police, a police official from Kandahar testified Sunday night.
Maj. Khudai Dad, chief of criminal techniques with the Afghan Uniform Police, said that when he arrived at one of the compounds the morning after the attack, women pelted him with shoes, a major insult in many Islamic countries.
The stories recounted by the villagers have been harrowing. They described torched bodies, a son finding his wounded father, and boys cowering behind a curtain while others screamed, "We are children! We are children!"
Bales, 39, an Ohio native and father of two from Lake Tapps, Washington, has not entered a plea and was not expected to testify at the preliminary hearing. His attorneys have not discussed the evidence, but say he has post-traumatic stress disorder and suffered a concussive head injury while serving in Iraq.
During cross-examination of several witnesses Saturday, Bales' attorney John Henry Browne sought to elicit testimony about whether there might have been more than one shooter.
One Army Criminal Investigations Command special agent testified that several months after the massacre, she took a statement from one woman whose husband was killed. The woman reported that there were two soldiers in her room — one took her husband out of the room and shot him, and the other held her back when she tried to follow.
But other eyewitnesses reported that there was just one shooter, and several soldiers have testified that Bales returned to his base at Camp Belambay, just before dawn, alone and covered in blood.
A video taken from a surveillance blimp also captured a sole figure returning to the base.
The Afghan witnesses recounted the villagers who lived in the attacked compounds and listed the names of those killed. The bodies were buried quickly under Islamic custom, and no forensic evidence was available to prove the number of victims.
Sadiquallah, a slight boy of about 13 or 14 whose head rose just above his chair at the witness table, described being awakened by a neighbor screaming that an American had "killed our men."
He said he and another boy, Zardana's brother Rafiullah, ran to hide in a storage room and ducked behind a curtain. A bullet grazed his head and fractured his skull. Sadiquallah said the shooter had a gun and a light, but he could not identify the man.
Rafiullah was hit in the thigh and also survived. He testified Saturday that an American had attacked them and put a gun in his sister's mouth.
His father, Samiullah, was away when the shootings occurred, and testified that by the time he returned the next morning, his two wounded children had been driven to a base for treatment. He found his mother among the four corpses at the compound.
"I just saw her, I cried, and I could not look on her face," he said.
Prosecutors said that between the two attacks, Bales woke a fellow soldier, reported what he'd done and said he was headed out to kill more. The soldier testified that he didn't believe what Bales said, and went back to sleep.
Johnson can be reached at https://twitter.com/GeneAPseattle


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Let's face it, he's the only Homer worth listening to.
Through 10 races on the Opening Day card, 11 trainers won a race. Eleven bros all tied at one. It makes it hard to predict just what will happen this meet. On Day 1, here's a short list of trainers with no shortage of ability, that no one short of the every-day plodding handicapper may have heard of: David Donk, Mark Hennig, Jason Servis, Jack Fisher, Bret Calhoun and Rudy "Surveillance Camera" Rodriguez.
The others were Bill Mott, Todd Pletcher, Kiaran McLaughlin, Steve Asmussen and Nick Zito.
So maybe the best prediction is that we can't make a solid prediction. Pletcher rode his two-year-olds from 2012 and destroyed the competition. In 2009, when Linda Rice rode turf sprints to the trainer title, many writers chopped her down saying the condition book played to her strengths. Maybe that's because turf sprints are a relatively novel conception, the flash fiction of horse racing.
The plethora of juvenile races, though a historical part of the Saratoga condition book, play to Pletcher's strengths the same way turf sprints played to Rice's in 2009.
Take today for instance, there's five baby races and the Pletcher Industrial Complex has four entries (including, it must be added, Pecorino, owned in part by Bobby Flay, uber chef, beautifully named after one of the saintly princes of cheeses. Because, let's face it, the undisputed king of the cheeses is Parmesan off the wheel. And there's no debate so I don't want to see any nonsensical comments that there's a superior cheese. The only one that comes close is Vermont sharp cheddar.)
As Rice had a runner in just about every turf sprint, Pletcher had/has one in just about every juvenile race. At this point in Pletcher's career, when he has no shortage of two-year-old sets jogging in parallel, the deck is stacked in his favor. (That will be until he starts to falter. And that day will come. Then again, his empire is so vast that one has to imagine that he's already forecasted the timely/untimely deaths of his clients so that he will always have an influx of fresh muscle. Also, he needs to keep a steady influx of talented assistants so his sideline doesn't implode with the abdication of a talent. His bricks appear to made with solid mud. Proof positive after yesterday's Sanford.)
If the babies don't run well for him, he will, as they say in your handicapping parlor (isn't that your home office nowadays?), "come back to the pack." If he doesn't win two-thirds of his races, as he did a year ago, in the baby conditions, the door swings open very wide for the rest of the gang.
After Saturday, however, Pletcher created a two-race separation over David Jacobson, who also had a hot day, winning two. Pletcher won three, including the Coaching Club American Oaks with Three-Year-Old-Filly-Division-Leader Princess of Sylmar. Pletcher swings one of those big barreled, red wiffle ball bats, while others get that yellow toothpick.
After three days, Pletcher grabbed another win for five total, with Jacobson, Mott and Asmussen tied at two.
Maybe there's a formula to take the Toddster down. You can't fight fire with fire with this guy. It's as if most trainers are fighting fire with wind and it's just pissing him off as he incinerates them like Luke Skywalker's aunt and uncle on Tatooine.
Step 1: Find a Niche
Linda Rice found her niche in turf sprints. Chad Brown found his on the grass in general, and was the only one within a whiff of Pletcher in 2012. Expose this "market inefficiency" and there are races to be won.
Step 2: Parlay Wins in Niche Races to Expand Business
Potential owners see the escalating wins and win percentage and send horses your way. There's only so many horses being born, less and less every year it seems, and if you show your prowess, a two-year-old in your barn is one less in the PIC. Turning for home in the Derby, Brown's Normandy Invasion had the lead.
Step 3: Offer Better Day Rates
Rich people know a thing or two about saving dough—it's how they got rich. Give them value on the day rate and that's more loot to buy muscle.
Or ... Step 4: Win the Derby
It's just that simple.
Twenty-five trainers won the first 32 races at the Spa. If nothing else it proves how tough this place is and how much truth there is to the sentiment that all trainers are happy to win a race a Saratoga because it's so dang-gum hard to do it.
So, yes, the Toddster appears unbeatable, but there's 37 days left and, like the playoffs in all the major sports, the real season doesn't start until the second weekend.

subset: commoncrawl


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JPC Tree Care L.L.C "Special Use" of property at 1079 Sard Avenue, Montgomery, IL 60538
This petition is against JPC Tree Care L.L.C intent for the "special use" of the property located at 1079 Sard Avenue, Montgomery, IL 60538. Their intention for "special use" includes parking of all equipment, and some wood from their jobs, which they will recycle as fireplace wood and mulch. The mulch is the concern. The smell, the possible infestation of termites, the air pollution, and the trigger agent for people with environmental allergies. The reason for this petition is to let you know we oppose JPC's Tree Care intention for the "special use" of this property. Thank you for your time and consideration.
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The Corner
This event is now in the past.
Come down to The Corner and play your way through our interactive environment carefully prepared for children from birth through to eight years. Through art making, facilitated play, sharing stories and creative conversations, children and families can interact with artists and each other to creatively engage in the serious business of play.
We have a new theme every few months with fresh games, toys and books. Our current theme is Colour My World which provides a rainbow of opportunities for children and families to imagine, play and create together . Come and explore the colourful array of interactive resources from the high tech to low tech and tactile there is something for everyone in Colour My World.
The Corner is open daily from 10am to 3pm, and you can join us every morning between until 12noon for a play date with purpose with one of our arts-workers.
Find children's books for all ages in the Library Shop.
- Starts:
- 1st Dec 2016 10:00am-3:00pm
- Runs:
- Every day, until 30th Nov 2017
- Venue:
- The Corner, level 1, State Library, Stanley Place, South Bank
- Cost:
- Free
- More information:
Young People and Families
07 3840 7927


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If that is true, and it is in scale, and despite the fact that I really don't know much about Star Tours itself (having never been to it), I will buy it.
Your'e a saint because I'm thinking these won't be cheap.
Getting a scale Star Tours Vehicle is pretty damn cool if you ask me. I almost consider these OT given it's history. Now if they do Cindel and the Quaker Oats guy I will be a very happy collector.
Well, if anyone needs one, I'm willing to pick them up.
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Damn...I wish that was me!!!
Knocked Up & Cocked Up
At seven months knocked up, sporting a huge baby bump and her massive, pancake-sized areolae now extremely dark, Shyla Shy decided to contact XLGirls for one more blast-off of hard humping before motherhood begins. We had to move quickly before the window of rare opportunity closed. Few XLGirls call us like this when they're knocked up and approaching delivery time. The hormonal shifts of pregnancy have made Shyla horny in her quiet, subtle, docile way, her personality being the same whether she's preggo or not. The very name shy is in her name. Shyla Shy. But not so shy that Shyla didn't want to express her sex drive and give the world the enjoyment of inspecting every inch of her soft and creamy body either alone or getting fucked the past three years. You saw a pictorial of Shyla in all of her maternal glory. Now it's full-sex time and Shyla deserved a high-energy stud so we got her one of the guys who rarely appears at XLGirls but who loves big jugs. He fucked Shyla last year at…
Date: May 4th, 2012
Duration: 80


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Posted 7 years ago
(1 item)
I have a very rare collectors item. An unopened, undamaged 12 pack of 11oz. bottles of Lotto Beer from Seattle WA, 1984. This company existed for only one year in Seattle WA (1984)
The company was actually endorsed by the state LOTTO, "1984 LOTTO Industries, Inc., Seattle, WA 98168." "Look under cap liner for winners, you could win $1, $50, $1000." I.doubt, that
you could still turn in any of these caps for a prize, but never know, besides, the item itself is worth more turning in any caps anyways. I can't find anything else out there from this company since it was only around for 1 year. I have looked over the years and only found a single bottle for sale that had been opened. It took me a good amount of time to even find anything about the company. This box of beer is
in excellent condition for being so old. There is only one small dent on the side of the box. All of the bottles are intact and unopened and the box is still clean and unstained. I am wondering how much this box of beer is worth now. This was found at my grandfather's house after he passed 3 years ago. It was an interesting find. If you have any ideas or comments please leave them. Thanks for looking.


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Last week the Bendrat family was shopping in Manhattan when they tied their Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Marley, outside of a grocery store while they picked up a couple of last minute supplies. When the family came back out, the dog was gone and surveillance videos showed a man stealing Marley.
Later on the other side of the city, Tina Cohen saw a man selling a Cavalier Kind Charles Spaniel in Union Square Park. Tina was unaware of Marley's predicament, but had a feeling that the pup was stolen. She proceeded to buy the dog for $220 and brought the spaniel to the veterinarian to look for identification. Fortunately they found a microchip, which helped reunite Marley with his family on Christmas Eve and provided the evidence the police needed to arrest the thief on a grand larceny charge.
New Yorkers love to walk around with their dogs. Some stores and restaurants welcome pets, but many do not. Tying animals outside has many risks, including dognapping, escaping themselves, and ingesting a toxin. Marley was one lucky pup, but his situation could have been easily avoided if he was left safely at home while the family shopped.
As large and impersonal as New York City is, I do find that dog lovers come together to help each other out. Thank goodness for both a Good Samaritan and an up-to-date microchip!


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Welcome to the CRG Discussion Forum!Forum registration problems: Make sure you enter your email correctly and you check your spam box first. *Then* email KurtS2@gmail for help.Classified ads are not allowed on the forum.
If you want to Day-2 a car today it should be done with vintage parts. Not the Summit or Jegs parts. Tough to find that stuff but makes it all the fun. Alot of cars before resto had these old 60's-70's parts on them but many toss them duing the resto process. Fix em, paint em, detail em, clean em, drive em, and or race em! No more lawn ornaments and cookie cutter stuff. JMO
So Sammy...you don't like my slapper bars I put on Black Beauty, you know the ones I got at Summit, You could always sell me a set of those yellar ones you got's.... And yea, day two it and have some fun, and make some passes too..
OOO I got just what you need !!!!! I have an Accell DUAL POINT distributor and Accell Super Coil too !! Bright Yellow so it stands out. Even has the Brown cap and extra Loooong wires so they stay off the headers.


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Lee man sought for arson is considered dangerousBy: John Quinn
Union Leader Correspondent
July 02. 2013 9:20AM
LEE – Police are seeking a local man for allegedly setting a Belle Lane home and garage on fire Monday evening.
Warrants were issued for Donald Dubbs, 58, of 23 Belle Lane, on the charges of setting fire to two structures, one of which was occupied.
Dubbs has brown hair, blue eyes and he is about 5'9". He may be driving a black 1999 Ford Escort with a Guinness sticker on the back window and New Hampshire license plate number 345-1264, according to police.
"He is considered dangerous so do not approach, if seen please call 911," Dronsfield said.
Police, firefighters and emergency personnel responded at 6:48 p.m. to a structure fire at 23 Belle Lane. On arrival, emergency responders found a two-vehicle garage fully involved.
"Upon further investigation, it was found that a single residence behind the garage had been set on fire, the fire charred the exterior of the building before going out," according to Sgt Tom Dronsfield.
Due to the extent of the fire, a second alarm was sounded. Local crews were assisted by firefighters from Barrington, Dover, Durham, Epping, Exeter, Madbury, Newmarket, Nottingham and Pease Tradeport.
Crews from McGregor Ambulance also responded to the scene.
Public Safety Crime Barrington Nottingham Dover Durham Epping Exeter Lee Madbury Newmarket


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Our team of registered organisational psychologists develop and continually update our assessments and normative groups to keep the data fresh and meaningful. And when you need help, our Australian-based support team is available 7 days a week to assist both you and your candidates, and everyone can access our extensive online support library of videos, guides, eLearning modules and FAQs at any time.


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Featured News - Current News - Archived News - News Categories
Erie County Legislator Kevin Hardwick has announced that a Home Energy Assistance Program outreach will be held Tuesday, Feb. 5, at Grand Island Golden Age Center, 3278 Whitehaven Road. Interviews will begin at 9 a.m. and continue until 4 p.m. Doors open at 8:30 a.m. All applicants will be interviewed.
HEAP is a federally funded program to assist income eligible Erie County residents with the costs of home heating, electricity, and energy conservation. The HEAP outreach will be administered by the Erie County Departments of Social Services and Senior Services and is open to all income eligible households.
Said Hardwick, "It is extremely important that anyone who needs help heating their home take the proper steps to apply for HEAP to ensure they receive assistance. These outreach events help eligible residents with the applications process, which can be overwhelming. Anyone who needs an application or has questions is encouraged to contact my office."
Applicants must bring the following documentation to the outreach:
1) Proof of gross income received within the last 30 days for all household members
2) Social Security numbers for all household members
3) One form of ID for all household members (birth certificate or Social Security card or driver's license or school ID, etc.)
4) Proof of residency (Rent receipt, mortgage statement, utility bill)
5) Current heat and/or electric bill.
For questions or additional information, call the HEAP Hotline at 716-858-7644 or HEAP Application Request Line at 716-858-1969.


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Length: 1:07
Category: Trailer Music
Style: Cinematic / Percussion
Assorted toms, taikos, bass drums, snares and a host of FX for complementing trailers, or any scenes where loud, pounding, cinematic epic drums are needed.
This one is heavy on the wooshes so if you're looking for those you'll find them here. The piece ends with a spirited yet merciful female vocal before giving way to a bone shaking bass drop.
See and hear this track in perfect use with the epic movie trailer project "Your Limits" here.


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Comes from the term EMO. Stupid kids who like to make scenes and draw attention to them selves because no one else cares about them and they just go home and cry in the corner. Likes to dress in tight jeans and punk band shirts.
by Jeff December 13, 2004
buy the domain for your art site


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Bakewell Honored by Alma Mater
During his senior year at Lindenwood University, Thomas Bakewell ('74) was selected by a news publication to be featured in an article about local business students. The headline of his story read, "Bakewell Has Big Plans for Healthcare," which would prove to be true as time progressed.
More than 30 years later, Bakewell was named recipient of Lindenwood's prestigious Alumni Merit Award during the 2010 commencement ceremonies at the St. Charles Family Arena. He received the honor in recognition of his impressive academic and professional achievements, as well as his contributions to the growth of the University.
"I'm a management consultant and attorney, specializing in strategy, organizational transformation, and effective governance," Bakewell said. "I've worked with more than 100 corporate and non-profit clients, and I particularly enjoy working as a strategist for faith-based organizations."
The St. Louis native earned a bachelor's degree in management from Lindenwood in 1974. He worked at SSM St. Joseph Health Center in St. Charles as an undergraduate, and continued to do so as he earned master's degrees in both business administration and hospital administration from Saint Louis University.
Following graduate school, Bakewell worked as a financial consultant with what is now Ernst and Young, in St. Louis. A year later, at age 24, he was named Chief Financial Officer at LeBonheur Children's Medical Center in Memphis, Tenn.
He subsequently completed post-graduate work at the Harvard University School of Public Health. Afterward, he spent five years as a consultant in Memphis while also attending law school.
Bakewell became a licensed attorney and a licensed CPA before returning to St. Louis in 1986 to assume a leadership role in the development of Ascension Health. His expertise was integral to the success of the venture, which is now the nation's largest nonprofit Catholic healthcare system.
In 1986, Bakewell was invited to serve on Lindenwood's Board of Directors. He provided valuable expertise during his nearly 15 years of service on various Lindenwood boards and committees. "I take great satisfaction in sharing the success of so many people involved in those efforts," said Bakewell. "And I truly enjoy watching Lindenwood grow and develop."
Giving Back to Lindenwood and Her Community
Mary Ellen Kantz ('77) has dedicated hundreds of hours to community service through volunteerism. In recognition of her selflessness and generosity, she was named a recipient of Lindenwood University's Alumni Merit Award during the Baccalaureate and Graduate Commencement ceremony on May 14, 2010.
"I feel so honored to have been given the award," Kantz said. "I've seen the people who've received it before, and it feels great to know the University considers me in the same category."
Kantz has impacted countless lives during her extensive nursing career. She graduated from DePaul Hospital School of Nursing in 1965 and has been a long-time surgical nurse at SSM St. Joseph Health Center in St. Charles.
Kantz earned a bachelor's degree in business from Lindenwood in 1977 and a master's degree in business administration in 1991. She has been an active member of the Alumni Board since the mid 1990s.
Never one to be idle, Kantz returned to school and earned a bachelor's degree in nursing from Deaconess College of Nursing in 2002. Throughout most of her professional career, she has volunteered extensively with the Association of Perioperative Registered Nurses.
As Lindenwood's current Alumni Association Secretary, Kantz has grown especially fond of serving on the planning committee for the annual Homecoming and Reunion Weekend. She also regularly volunteers as an usher at the J. Scheidegger Center for the Arts, where her son, Mike, is employed as senior production stage manager.
"Giving time to the University is a good outlet, and it's a way for me to give something back," said Kantz. "I and both of my sons have graduated from Lindenwood, and it's my way of saying 'thank you' for all they've done for me and my family."
Kantz is also a member of the St. Vincent DePaul Society through her St. Charles Borromeo Catholic Parish. She participates in two of the church's choirs, helps the needy through various service projects, and recently began participating in a youth mentoring program.
"I'm also thinking of getting involved with Meals on Wheels or a food pantry," she said. "I want to keep active as long as I can."


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Are you looking for creative ways to bring people to your Facebook page?
Does your business use Facebook to connect with people?
Used the right way, Facebook apps can help you boost engagement and visibility by repeatedly drawing fans to your page.
In this article you'll learn how 6 types of Facebook apps keep your fans coming back to your Facebook page again and again.
#1: "Contact Us" Apps
The easier you make it for people to get in touch with you, the better. Use a contact app to let your fans/customers send email requests to specific departments within your company for more information.
For example, you can use an app to streamline the contact process and send fans straight to whoever handles sales, customer support or press inquiries, without them ever leaving your Facebook page.


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This information is produced and provided by the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The information in this topic may have changed since it was written. For the most current information, contact the National Cancer Institute via the Internet web site at http://cancer.gov or call 1-800-4-CANCER.
Cancer Incidence and Mortality
In 2011, an estimated 1,596,670 people in the United States will be diagnosed with cancer, and 571,950 will die of cancer.[1] Estimates of the premature deaths that could have been avoided through screening vary from 3% to 35%, depending on a variety of assumptions. Beyond the potential for avoiding death, screening may reduce cancer morbidity since treatment for earlier-stage cancers is often less aggressive than that for more advanced-stage cancers.
Several potential harms must be considered against any potential benefit of screening for cancer.[2] Although most cancer screening tests are noninvasive or minimally invasive, some involve small risks of serious complications that may be immediate (e.g., perforation with colonoscopy) or delayed (e.g., potential carcinogenesis from radiation). Another harm is the false-positive test result, which may lead to anxiety and unnecessary invasive diagnostic procedures. These invasive diagnostic procedures carry higher risks of serious complications. A less familiar harm is overdiagnosis, i.e., the diagnosis of a condition that would not have become clinically significant had it not been detected by screening. This harm is becoming more common as screening tests become more sensitive at detecting tiny tumors. Finally, a false-negative screening test may falsely reassure an individual with subsequent clinical signs or symptoms of cancer and thereby actually delay diagnosis and effective treatment.
A 2009 publication of preliminary results of a cancer screening project in Japan using multiple whole-body screening technologies illustrates clearly the problems of false-positive screening results and potential overdiagnosis.[3]
The project enrolled 1,217 healthy volunteers, aged 35 years and older between August 2003 and July 2004. The volunteers were employees of Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and affiliated companies in Japan. Participants participated in a company-wide health insurance program and most received mandatory annual employee's health check-ups, including chest x-ray, fecal occult blood (FOB) testing, upper gastrointestinal series, and mammography screening for many years. Twenty applicants with a prior history of cancer were excluded, leaving 1,197 participants in the evaluation. All enrollees could be considered at low risk for screen-detected cancer.[3]
All participants were offered annual whole body screening by fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, chest and abdominal computed tomography, brain and pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), analyses of serum tumor markers including carcinoembryonic antigen, cancer antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), squamous cell carcinoma antigen, prostate specific antigen for men older than aged 50 years, cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) for women, and FOB testing.
Specific clinically relevant classifications were standardized for all test results and imaging tests received three independent readings with consensus resolution (for details refer to [3]). A screen was classified positive if any test was suggestive of malignancy, and in these cases the subject was referred to a local hospital for further testing or retesting at the screening center. Interval cancer events were ascertained at subsequent screenings or by interview.[3]
Twenty-two primary cancers were pathologically confirmed, 19 by annual screening, and 18 at the initial screen. The multi-test whole body testing overall sensitivity was reported as 81.8% with a specificity of 70.6% (false-positive rate 29.4%) when the results were considered suggestive of malignancy or malignancy could not be definitively ruled out and 68.2% versus 87.4%, respectively, for the more restricted screen classification suggestive of malignancy only.
The incidence of cancers found on the initial screen exceeded the estimated age-matched annual incidence of cancer in Japan by three to four times. Several cancers found on screening were known to be indolent and might be harmless for a long period without affecting cancer mortality.[3]
The possible harms of repeated multimodal cancer screening programs were also assessed using data from the intervention arm of the randomized, controlled Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. A total of 68,436 participants received screening for three cancers, depending on sex, using prostate-specific antigen (PSA), digital rectal exam, transvaginal ultrasound, serum CA-125, chest x-ray, and/or flexible sigmoidoscopy. The study found that after four screening tests (which occurred within a 1-day period in the trial), the cumulative probability of an individual receiving at least one false-positive result was 37% for men and 26% for women. After 14 tests (or 3 years of screening), the probability rose to 60% for men and 49% for women. The cumulative probability of undergoing an invasive procedure as a direct result of a false-positive exam was 29% for men and 22% for women after 14 tests.[4]
The harms of screening are of particular concern in the case of overdiagnosis, as the individual cannot, by definition, reap any potential benefit of screening, but may experience the associated adverse effects, including those of unnecessary treatments. There are two forms of overdiagnosis: 1) the detection of a lesion with essentially no malignant potential (sometimes called "pseudodisease"); and 2) the detection of a lesion that is slow-growing enough that the individual will go on to die of a competing cause of death first. The use of screening tests in individuals with limited life expectancies can therefore be an important cause of overdiagnosis. Studies of current U.S. practice patterns have demonstrated considerable utilization of cancer screening tests in situations where the likelihood of overdiagnosis is high, and benefit very low. For example, investigators linked data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) cancer registry to Medicare claims in order to evaluate the use of routine cancer screening in persons aged 65 years and older with a known advanced cancer diagnosis (including stage IIIB–IV lung cancer, stage IV colorectal cancer, stage IV gastroesophageal cancer, stage IV breast cancer, and advanced-stage pancreatic cancer). They found 9% of women with established advanced cancer diagnoses received routine screening mammographies and 6% received routine Pap smears; 15% of men with established advanced cancer diagnoses still received routine PSA screening. The strongest individual predictor of routine screening in the setting of advanced cancer was a history of recent screening prior to diagnosis.[5]
In developing the cancer screening summaries, the PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board uses the following definitions:
The purpose of this summary is to present an explicit evidence-based approach used in the development of the screening summaries. In reaching conclusions, evidence on the balance of risks and benefits is weighed. Cost and cost-effectiveness, however, is not taken into account. Assignment of levels of evidence associated with such screening tests is also discussed.
Summary Development
The cancer screening summaries are based on various levels of published scientific evidence and collective clinical experience. The highest level of evidence is taken as mortality reduction in controlled, randomized clinical trials. The results of clinical studies, case-control studies, cohort studies, and other information are also considered in formulating the summaries. In addition, the incidence of cancer, stage distribution, treatment, and mortality rates are considered. The summaries are subject to modification as new evidence becomes available.
The Scientific Basis
At least two requirements must be met for screening to be efficacious:
|A test or procedure must be available to detect cancers earlier than if the cancer were detected as a result of the development of symptoms.
|Evidence must be available that treatment initiated earlier as a consequence of screening results in an improved outcome.
These requirements are necessary but not sufficient to prove the efficacy of screening, which requires a decrease in cause-specific mortality. For example, these two criteria are met in the case of screening for childhood neuroblastoma by assessment of urinary catecholamine metabolites. On the basis of these criteria, a mass screening program was conducted in Saitama Prefecture, Japan, between 1981 and 1992 for 6-month-old infants.[6] During that 12-year period, the annual incidence of neuroblastoma in children younger than 1 year increased from about 28 per million to 260 per million but without a significant reduction in incidence in children older than 1 year. Because there also was no reduction in mortality for the disease, this experience provided strong evidence of overdiagnosis—diagnosis of some neuroblastomas detectable by screening, which would not have been clinically diagnosed later. Similar experiences have been reported elsewhere in Japan [7] and in the Quebec Neuroblastoma Screening Project (QNSP) in Canada.[8] The history of screening for neuroblastoma also provides a useful illustration of the benefit of undertaking well-designed evaluations of emerging screening technologies before implementing screening programs. Although such studies are very costly, it has been shown that the QNSP itself averted unnecessary morbidity for thousands of children and did so while returning a yield plausibly estimated at a cost savings 64.5 times the investment in the study.[9]
Direct or assisted visual observation is the most widely available examination for the detection of cancer. It is useful in identifying suspicious lesions in the skin, retina, lip, mouth, larynx, external genitalia, and cervix.
The second most available detection procedure is palpation to detect lumps, nodules, or tumors in the breast, mouth, salivary glands, thyroid, subcutaneous tissues, anus, rectum, prostate, testes, ovaries, and uterus and enlarged lymph nodes in the neck, axilla, or groin.
Internal cancers require procedures and tests such as endoscopy, x-rays, MRI, or ultrasound. Laboratory tests, such as the Pap smear or the FOB test have been employed for detection of specific cancers.
The performance of screening tests is usually measured in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and positive-predictive values (PPV) and negative-predictive values (NPV). Sensitivity is the chance that a person with cancer has a positive test. Specificity is the chance a person without cancer has a negative test. PPV is the chance that a person with a positive test has cancer. NPV is the chance that a person with a negative test does not have cancer. PPV and to a lesser degree, NPV are affected by the prevalence of disease in the screened population. For a given sensitivity and specificity, the higher the prevalence, the higher the PPV.
High-Risk Populations
Some individuals are known to be at high risk for cancer, such as those with a personal history of cancer or a strong family history of cancer (in two or more first-degree relatives); increasingly, as genetic mutations and polymorphisms are found to be associated with specific cancers, high-risk individuals will be identified through genetic testing. The type, periodicity, and commencement of screening in high-risk populations for most cancers reflect the judgment of practitioners rather than evidence from scientifically conducted studies. Physician judgment is needed in such circumstances to determine the most appropriate application of available screening methods. Prudence suggests increased vigilance in the higher-risk populations. At a minimum, this means that the high-risk person is identified, is counseled appropriately, and regularly undergoes those screening procedures that have been shown to be of benefit to the general population.
Cancer Recurrence
Please refer to the PDQ Adult Treatment summaries for information on cancer recurrence.
Improved Outcomes
For nearly all cancers, treatment options and survival are related to stage, which is generally characterized by the anatomic extent of disease. On this basis, it is assumed that early detection of cancer at an earlier stage may yield better outcomes. In the 1940s, a generalized staging classification of localized, regional, and distant disease was developed to show long-term trends, and it is still useful. In the more detailed TNM system, which has been periodically modified, the (T)umor size, the status of the lymph (N)odes, and the status of distant (M)etastases are also categorized. These elements are grouped into stages 0, I, II, III, and IV according to their association with survival. In general, larger primary malignant tumors have a higher incidence of metastasis to regional lymph nodes and to distant sites. Stage has such a profound effect on outcome that all randomized treatment trials require the comparison of similar stages in evaluating differences in outcome. Shifts in stage may also herald improved survival and decreased mortality, though stage shift alone does not establish benefit.
Biologic cellular characteristics of cancer, such as grade, hormone sensitivity, and gene overexpression are recognized as important predictors of cancer behaviors. For example, high-grade cancer may be fast growing and quick to metastasize regardless of stage at the time of diagnosis. Therefore, detection of these cancers when small may not affect outcome. Randomized controlled trials are most definitive in determining screening benefits.
Observed Patterns of Cancer Stage at Diagnosis
The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program of the National Cancer Institute gathers cancer incidence data from 11 geographic areas, covering approximately 14% of the U.S. population. These population-based data of long duration (1973–present) are a unique and important resource in monitoring stage-related survival.
Interpreting Changes in Relative Survival Over Time
Increases in survival over time, however, even when based on data from tumor registries, such as SEER that include all cases in a given population, are difficult to interpret. They may reflect the benefits of early detection or improved treatment or both, but they may also result from lead-time bias and overdiagnosis, both of which occur commonly with screening.
Lead-time bias will result in longer estimated survival of people with cancers that have been identified through screening because the time before the cancer would have been diagnosed clinically is included in the calculation of survival.
Overdiagnosis may result from finding cancers that would never have become manifest clinically. By definition, these cancers have a good prognosis. For example, autopsy series have shown a high percentage of occult early prostate carcinomas in elderly men who died of causes unrelated to prostate cancer.[10] The discovery of these cancers through screening could increase the number of cases and give the appearance of stage shift, and of increases in survival or cure rates, without necessarily reducing mortality. An analysis of data reported by the SEER program between 1950 and 1996 found that changes over time in 5-year relative survival rates for 20 major cancers were essentially unrelated to trends in mortality rates for those cancers over the same period.[11] The authors suggest that changes in 5-year survival rates are largely due to earlier diagnosis and to detection of subclinical cases that might never have surfaced clinically. They conclude that inferences about the effectiveness of early diagnosis or treatment should not be drawn from temporal changes in 5-year survival rates, but rather should be based on changes in mortality rates. Thus, changes in 5-year survival rates or stage shifts are not appropriate measures of the effectiveness of screening for early disease. Reductions in incidence rates for late-stage tumors represent a better measure of progress due to screening than 5-year survival trends, although such evidence is less compelling than reductions in mortality.
Study Designs
Varying study designs may be available to support a given summary. The strongest design would be obtained from a randomized controlled trial. It is, however, not always practical to conduct such a trial to address every question surrounding the field of screening. For each summary of evidence statement, the associated strength of study designs are listed. There are five study designs that are generally used in judging the evidence. In order of strength of design, the five levels are as follows:
|Evidence obtained from randomized controlled trials.
|Evidence obtained from nonrandomized controlled trials.
|Evidence obtained from cohort or case-control studies.
|Evidence obtained from ecologic and descriptive studies (e.g., international patterns studies, time series).
|Opinions of respected authorities based on clinical experience, descriptive studies, or reports of expert committees.
Experimental trials are designed to correct for or eliminate selection, lead-time, length, healthy volunteer, and other biases when prospectively testing a detection procedure to determine its effect on health outcome. The highest level of evidence and greatest benefit from screening is mortality reduction in a randomized controlled trial. For most sites, such evidence is not available. Theoretically it is possible to conduct randomized trials for most interventions, but the sample size that is needed, the expense, and the duration of such trials for most cancers, frequently make this approach impractical. Therefore, evidence obtained by other methods is often used.
In certain cases, a preliminary alternative to using mortality reduction to evaluate a new screening modality could be a relatively short-term (e.g., several years) comparison of interval cancer rates observed in a randomized trial comparing the new test and the "standard" screening modality. If the new screening test has the potential to improve disease-specific mortality, repeated applications over a discrete period of time should result in a lower proportion of patients in the intervention arm presenting with symptomatic cancer (of the type screened for) between negative screens. That is, through increased early detection and resulting treatment, the new screening test prevents a higher percentage of clinically important asymptomatic lesions from progressing to overt cancer. Unlike cross-sectional sensitivity comparisons in which study participants receive both new and older screening modalities, this trial design allows for an estimation of the degree of overdiagnosis generated by a screening test. This comparison should take place within the context of a randomized controlled trial.[12]
Case-control and cohort studies provide indirect evidence for the effectiveness of screening, but it is difficult to eliminate the contribution of selection bias and healthy volunteer biases evident in these studies.
Ecological studies can demonstrate association between the use of screening and a stage shift in cancer that can provide indirect evidence of the value of screening. Such evidence is particularly compelling for the effectiveness of screening for cervical cancer.[13] Ecological correlation of mortality and intensity of screening has been used in this context. Such studies do not prove a mortality-reduction effect, and the potential for bias to invalidate inferences from nonexperimental studies or to give misleading results can be substantial.[14,15,16,17,18,19]
Descriptive uncontrolled studies based on the experience of individual physicians, hospitals, and nonpopulation-based registries may yield some information about screening. The performance characteristics of various detection tests, such as sensitivity, specificity, and PPVs are generally first reported in such descriptive studies. The first evidence that screening may be successful is an increase in the incidence of early cancers and a decreased incidence of late-stage metastatic cancers (stage shift); later, a reduction in deaths may occur. These descriptive studies do not establish efficacy because of the absence of an appropriate control group.
A more detailed description of how the overall evidence regarding benefits and harms of screening tests is graded by the PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board can be found in the PDQ summary on Levels of Evidence for Cancer Screening and Prevention Studies.
Disease-Specific and All-Cause Mortality Endpoints
Disease-specific mortality has been the most widely accepted endpoint in randomized clinical trials of cancer screening; however, the validity of this endpoint rests on the fundamental assumptions that the cause of death can be accurately determined and that the screening and subsequent treatment have negligible effects on other causes of death. Recent reviews of randomized clinical trials of cancer screening suggest that misclassification in cause of death has been a major problem and that misclassification has led to an overestimation of the effectiveness (or an underestimation of the harms) of screening.[20,21,22] In contrast to disease-specific mortality, all-cause mortality depends only on an accurate ascertainment of deaths and when they occur and therefore is not affected by misclassification in cause of death. One major limitation of the all-cause mortality endpoint; however, is that it is unlikely to reveal a statistically significant effect of cancer screening because this intervention is usually targeted to a disease that causes only a small proportion of all deaths. Nevertheless, all-cause mortality should be considered in conjunction with disease-specific mortality to reduce the possibility that a major harm (or benefit) from screening is hidden by misclassification in cause of death.
Measures of Risk
Several measures of risk are used in cancer research. Absolute risk or absolute rate measures the actual cancer risk or rate in a population or subgroup (e.g., U.S. population, or whites or African Americans). For example, the SEER Program reports risk and rate of cancer in specific geographic areas of the United States.
Rates are often adjusted (e.g., age-adjusted rates) to allow a more accurate comparison of rates over time or among groups. The purpose of the adjustment is to make the groups more alike with respect to important characteristics that may affect the conclusions. For example, when the SEER Program compares cancer rates over time in the United States, the rates are adjusted to one age distribution. If this were not done, cancer rates would seem to increase over time simply because the U.S. population is getting older and the risk of cancer is higher in older age groups.
Relative risk (RR) compares the risk of developing cancer among those who have a particular characteristic or exposure with those who do not. RR is expressed as a ratio of risks or rates; it ranges from infinity to the inverse of infinity (i.e., zero). If the RR is greater than one, the exposure or characteristic is associated with a higher cancer risk; if the RR is one, the exposure and cancer are not associated with one another; if the RR is less than one, the exposure is associated with a lower cancer risk (i.e., the exposure is protective). RR is often used in clinical trials of cancer prevention and screening to estimate the reduction in cancer risk or risk of death, respectively.
An odds ratio (OR) is often used as an estimate of the RR. It, too, indicates whether there is an association between an exposure or characteristic and cancer. It compares the odds of an exposure or characteristic among cancer cases with the odds among a comparison group without cancer. Although not as intuitively understood as rates or risk, OR is used because it is statistically more valid in some settings when other measures of risk are not valid. For relatively uncommon events/diseases such as a cancer diagnosis, it can be interpreted like a RR is interpreted; however, it becomes a progressively inaccurate estimate of the RR as the underlying absolute risk of disease in the population under study rises above 10%. ORs are typically used in case-control studies to identify potential risk factors or protective factors for cancer.
Risk or rate difference (or excess risk) compares the actual cancer risk or rate among at least two groups of people, based on an important characteristic or exposure, by subtracting the risks or rates from one another (e.g., subtracting lung cancer rates among nonsmokers from that of cigarette smokers estimates the excess risk of lung cancer due to smoking). This can be used in public health to estimate the number of cancer cases that could be avoided if an exposure were reduced or eliminated in the population.
Population-attributable risk measures the proportion of cancers that can be attributed to a particular exposure or characteristic. It combines information about the RR of cancer associated with a particular exposure and the prevalence of that exposure in the population, and estimates the proportion of cancer cases in a population that could be avoided if an exposure were reduced or eliminated.
Number needed to screen estimates the number of people that must participate in a screening program for one death to be prevented over a defined time interval.
Average life-years saved estimates the number of years that an intervention saves, on average, for an individual who receives the intervention. This reflects mortality reduction and life extension (or avoidance of premature deaths).
|American Cancer Society.: Cancer Facts and Figures 2011. Atlanta, Ga: American Cancer Society, 2011. Also available online. Last accessed July 27, 2011.
|Kramer BS: The science of early detection. Urol Oncol 22 (4): 344-7, 2004 Jul-Aug.
|Nishizawa S, Kojima S, Teramukai S, et al.: Prospective evaluation of whole-body cancer screening with multiple modalities including [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in a healthy population: a preliminary report. J Clin Oncol 27 (11): 1767-73, 2009.
|Croswell JM, Kramer BS, Kreimer AR, et al.: Cumulative incidence of false-positive results in repeated, multimodal cancer screening. Ann Fam Med 7 (3): 212-22, 2009 May-Jun.
|Sima CS, Panageas KS, Schrag D: Cancer screening among patients with advanced cancer. JAMA 304 (14): 1584-91, 2010.
|Yamamoto K, Hayashi Y, Hanada R, et al.: Mass screening and age-specific incidence of neuroblastoma in Saitama Prefecture, Japan. J Clin Oncol 13 (8): 2033-8, 1995.
|Bessho F: Effects of mass screening on age-specific incidence of neuroblastoma. Int J Cancer 67 (4): 520-2, 1996.
|Woods WG, Tuchman M, Robison LL, et al.: A population-based study of the usefulness of screening for neuroblastoma. Lancet 348 (9043): 1682-7, 1996 Dec 21-28.
|Soderstrom L, Woods WG, Bernstein M, et al.: Health and economic benefits of well-designed evaluations: some lessons from evaluating neuroblastoma screening. J Natl Cancer Inst 97 (15): 1118-24, 2005.
|Woolf SH: Screening for prostate cancer with prostate-specific antigen. An examination of the evidence. N Engl J Med 333 (21): 1401-5, 1995.
|Welch HG, Schwartz LM, Woloshin S: Are increasing 5-year survival rates evidence of success against cancer? JAMA 283 (22): 2975-8, 2000.
|Irwig L, Houssami N, Armstrong B, et al.: Evaluating new screening tests for breast cancer. BMJ 332 (7543): 678-9, 2006.
|Hakama M, Miller AB, Day NE, eds.: Screening for cancer of the uterine cervix. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1986.
|Connor RJ, Prorok PC, Weed DL: The case-control design and the assessment of the efficacy of cancer screening. J Clin Epidemiol 44 (11): 1215-21, 1991.
|Friedman DR, Dubin N: Case-control evaluation of breast cancer screening efficacy. Am J Epidemiol 133 (10): 974-84, 1991.
|Janzon L, Andersson I: The Malmo mammographic screening trial. In: Miller AB, Chamberlain J, Day NE, et al., eds.: Cancer Screening. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991, pp 37-44.
|Moss SM: Case-control studies of screening. Int J Epidemiol 20 (1): 1-6, 1991.
|Weiss NS, Lazovich D: Case-control studies of screening efficacy: the use of persons newly diagnosed with cancer who later sustain an unfavorable outcome. Am J Epidemiol 143 (4): 319-22, 1996.
|Suzuki KJ, Nakaji S, Tokunaga S, et al.: Confounding by dietary factors in case-control studies on the efficacy of cancer screening in Japan. Eur J Epidemiol 20 (1): 73-8, 2005.
|Black WC: Overdiagnosis: An underrecognized cause of confusion and harm in cancer screening. J Natl Cancer Inst 92 (16): 1280-2, 2000.
|Olsen O, Gøtzsche PC: Screening for breast cancer with mammography. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4): CD001877, 2001.
|Black WC, Haggstrom DA, Welch HG: All-cause mortality in randomized trials of cancer screening. J Natl Cancer Inst 94 (3): 167-73, 2002.
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The PDQ cancer information summaries are reviewed regularly and updated as new information becomes available. This section describes the latest changes made to this summary as of the date above.
Cancer Screening
Updated statistics with estimated new cases and deaths for 2011 (cited American Cancer Society as reference 1).
Added text about the harm of screening in the case of overdiagnosis, especially in individuals with limited life expectancies, and studies have demonstrated considerable utilization of cancer screening tests in situations where likelihood of overdiagnosis is high, and benefit very low (cited Sima et al. as reference 5).
If you have questions or comments about this summary, please send them to Cancer.gov through the Web site's Contact Form. We can respond only to email messages written in English.
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This PDQ cancer information summary for health professionals provides comprehensive, peer-reviewed, evidence-based information about cancer screening. It is intended as a resource to inform and assist clinicians who care for cancer patients. It does not provide formal guidelines or recommendations for making health care decisions.
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This summary is reviewed regularly and updated as necessary by the PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board. Board members review recently published articles each month to determine whether an article should:
Changes to the summaries are made through a consensus process in which Board members evaluate the strength of the evidence in the published articles and determine how the article should be included in the summary.
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National Cancer Institute: PDQ® Cancer Screening Overview. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Date last modified <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/screening/overview/HealthProfessional. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>.
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Last Revised: 2011-07-15
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Nice Traditional Dress with Resham and Thread Embroidery
Red looks great with almost every color and it looks super special in this dress with yellow and black. It is a full sleeve suit with resham and thread embroidery. Simple dupatta and churidar look good with the embroidered long shirt. It is suitable for wearing casually.
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Peel garlic, then mince on a cutting board with a chef's knife. Sprinkle lightly with salt. Press garlic into cutting board by dragging the knife over the garlic. (Salt is an abrasive and will make it even easier to crush. It also helps to prevent the garlic from sticking to the knife.)
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Since Shaka Smart considers basketball stats maven Ken Pomeroy "a genius," it's interesting to analyze Smart's VCU Rams through Pomeroy's tempo-free prism.
Pomeroy — here's my profile of him from last season — ranks Division I teams in traditional statistical categories, with a per-possession twist. For example, the most efficient offenses score the most points per possession, not the merely the most points. Rebounding stats are based not on raw totals, but on the percentage of missed shots a team corrals.
In KenPom's world, VCU led the nation in steals last season by swiping the ball on 17.0 percent of opponents' possessions, nearly double the Division I norm of 9.9 percent.
Similarly, the Rams' full-court pressure created turnovers on 28.5 percent of possessions, best among the nation's 347 teams and well above the average of 20.0 percent.
"Can we turn people over at a similar rate (this season)? I think we can," Smart told me Monday. "We just have to remember within our program, because there is a lot of attention paid to our style of play, particularly on defense and turning people over, that the primary goal on defense is to get a stop. It's not to turn the other team over.
"Obviously a turnover is a form of a stop, and in a lot of ways it's the most exciting form because you can take a turnover and turn it into a dunk — there's that iconic picture of (Briante Weber) from last year after he stole the ball against Butler dunking the ball. The picture found itself up in New York City on a bus.
"And that's exciting and we want to continue to do that, but most importantly we want to stop the other team on as many possessions as we can. So if we get a higher percentage of stops and force a few less turnovers, I'm fine with that."
Indeed, the Rams' overall defensive efficiency last season was 45th, meaning opponents that broke the press often scored. Their adjusted field goal percentage defense of 49.9 percent ranked 226th.
Last season's Final Four teams — Louisville, Syracuse, Wichita State and Michigan — were Nos. 3, 8, 25 and 48 in defensive efficiency. The Wolverines defeated VCU in the round of 32.
Michigan was only the fifth Final Four team in the last 11 seasons below 30th in defensive efficiency. VCU in 2011 was another, ranking 52nd.
A curious contrast for Smart's Rams: They ranked 35th in offensive rebounding, grabbing 36.6 percent of their own misses, but were 294th in defensive rebounding, allowing opponents to gather 34.7 percent of their misses.
"One of the things that KenPom really believes in is … that it does not make any sense to look at rebounding as a sum of offense and defense, because they're two completely different components," Smart said.
I asked him why VCU was so good rebounding on the offensive end but struggled on the defensive side.
"We have an aggressiveness on offense, we shoot a lot of threes, so there's going to be long rebounds," Smart said. "We play fast . It's harder to defensive rebound in transition, it's easier to offensive rebound. Then on the defensive side of it, the No. 1 reason would probably just be that we're smaller."
Two other glaring and related KenPom stats: VCU scored 16.9 percent of his points on free throws, 322nd nationally. The Rams' free throws attempted/field goals attempted ratio ranked 317th.
"I talked to (Pomeroy) about that," Smart said. "That's not something he thinks … correlates with winning. … I do think we'll get to the line a whole lot more this year, No. 1 because of these (freedom of movement) rule changes and then No. 2 just because of personnel. I think we've got several guys that have the ability to get fouled on a regular basis."
Smart and his assistants recently spoke with Pomeroy in preparation for the upcoming season.
"We pay a lot of attention to KenPom stats," Smart said. "We use them in scouting and then we use them in analyzing our own team. We actually had a conference call with Ken a couple weeks ago where we were talking to him about some more advanced stats that aren't necessarily on his website. He's great. He's a genius."
I can be reached at 247-4636 or by e-mail at email@example.com. Follow me at twitter.com/DavidTeelatDP
Here's a link to my Daily Press print columns.


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Agricultural Population Growth Marginal as Nonagricultural Population Soars
The global agricultural population—defined as individuals dependent on agriculture, hunting, fishing, and forestry for their livelihood—accounted for over 37 percent of the world's total population in 2011, the most recent year for which data are available. This is a decrease of 12 percent from 1980, when the world's agricultural and nonagricultural populations were roughly the same size. Although the agricultural population shrunk as a share of total population between 1980 and 2011, it grew numerically from 2.2 billion to 2.6 billion people during this period.
Between 1980 and 2011, the nonagricultural population grew by a staggering 94 percent, from 2.2 billion to 4.4 billion people—a rate approximately five times greater than that of agricultural population growth. In both cases growth was driven by the massive increase in the world's total population, which more than doubled between 1961 and 2011, from 3.1 billion to 7 billion people.
It should be noted that the distinction between these population groups is not the same as the rural-urban divide. Rural populations are not exclusively agricultural, nor are urban populations exclusively nonagricultural. The rural population of Africa in 2011 was 622.8 million, for instance, while the agricultural population was 520.3 million.
Although the agricultural population grew worldwide between 1980 and 2011, growth was restricted to Africa, Asia, and Oceania. During this period, this population group declined in North, Central, and South America, in the Caribbean, and in Europe.
In 2011, Africa and Asia accounted for about 95 percent of the world's agricultural population. In contrast, the agricultural population in the Americas accounted for a little less than 4 percent. Especially in the United States, this is the result of the development and use of new and innovative technologies as well as the increased use of farm machinery, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation systems that require less manual labor.


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Concealed carry requirements fuel debate over gun range
An influx of gun owners seeking the training needed to qualify for a concealed carry permit has gun ranges throughout the state struggling to keep up with the demand.
"Some facilities have had people waiting in their cars because they couldn't get them in the building," said Richard Pearson, executive director of the Illinois State Rifle Association.
Depending on the day of week, target shooters even have trouble getting range time at GAT Guns, which has the largest indoor gun range in Illinois.
"When you come at the height of a Saturday afternoon, there's usually a wait," said Greg Tropino president of the firearms store and shooting center in East Dundee.
Citing that new demand, a Roselle man wants to open a shooting sports facility in Bloomingdale.
"There's going to be between 600,000 and 800,000 people who are going to be looking for a concealed carry permit," said Julian Perez, a certified firearms instructor. "They are going to need some specialized training. We want to be there to provide it for them."
Perez is seeking Bloomingdale's permission to convert a vacant building at 7 N. Circle Ave. into a facility that would have two pistol ranges, a rifle range and a private range. The roughly 42,000-square-foot facility also would have classroom areas, a retail store, a library, a museum, and on-site gun repair and cleaning services. In addition, there would be separate areas for beginners to learn how to shoot using replica firearms.
But the plan has sparked controversy. Nearby neighbors argue that putting a gun range inside the former sheet metal fabricating building would create traffic, noise and other problems.
"We favor him opening a range," neighbor Tony Halachoulis said. "We just don't want him to do it there. Shooting next to a neighborhood like that is our main concern."
Bloomingdale's plan commission is reviewing the proposal and is expected to make a recommendation next month to the village board, which will have the final say.
Regardless of what happens in Bloomingdale, Pearson said there's a need for more gun ranges in the state.
"The ones that we have are doing a fine job, but they're full," he said.
In fact, he said, ranges already were getting heavy use before Illinois became the last state in the nation to pass a concealed carry law. That's because the number of people participating in shooting sports is on the rise.
"Shooting in general is more socially acceptable," said Randy Potter, general manager at GAT Guns. "It's less taboo than it was 10 years ago. So more people are doing it, especially in these urban environments that we're living in."
Taylor Roe, a manager at J.R. Shooting Sports in Aurora, said the business' 10-lane indoor range already was getting plenty of use when Illinois began talking about a concealed carry law.
As part of the law, which was passed last July, applicants must complete a 16-hour training course that includes time on a gun range.
So far, more than 45,800 concealed carry permit applications have been submitted to the state, according to Pearson.
Roe said J.R. Shooting Sports knew demand for range time would jump because of instructors needing to qualify their students for concealed carry.
"I don't know if we ever expected it to be this many people," said Roe, adding that there are waiting lists to use the range on the weekends.
Perez says his proposed facility -- dubbed The Range Bloomingdale -- would provide suburban residents another location to get gun-safety training and practice shooting sports.
"There's a huge void," Perez said. "My whole goal is to bring professionalism and provide a safe atmosphere for our residents."
Neighbors opposed to the project say they fear that the facility would be so busy that it could create traffic problems.
"Other ranges are filled up and their parking lots are overflowing at peak times," said Halachoulis, adding that neighbors don't want customers parking on residential streets.
In addition, the entrance to the site is off Circle Avenue. So there are worries that the flow the vehicles in and out of the property could be a threat to kids and other pedestrians.
"We're just afraid that somebody coming in and out of that parking lot isn't going to see someone walking by," Halachoulis said. "It's a safety issue."
The neighbors also have raised concerns about the possibility of excessive noise.
A consultant hired by Perez determined the building's ventilation equipment would create noise that's at or slightly below the level already present. The sound of gunshots would be well below those ambient sound levels, the consultant concluded.
Still, Perez is promising to fix any problems that might arise after the facility opens.
Meanwhile, supporters like Bloomingdale resident Jeff Wozniak say the proposed business is needed for the area.
"As a father to two girls … I hope that we as a family can practice both gun safety and marksmanship at a gun facility close to home," Wozniak said during a recent public hearing. "I want to be able to take them right down the street, so they can learn how to be safe when they eventually want to carry."


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Gar Wood Industries, Inc.
List of Deals
Gar Wood Industries was incorporated in Michigan in January 1922 as Wood Hydraulic Hoist & Body Company. The company was founded by Garfield A. Wood, better known as Gar Wood, a larger-than-life figure in the 1920s and 1930s who achieved fame through speedboat racing.
Garfield Wood made a fortune by inventing the first hydraulic hoist for dump trucks before the 1920s. He founded the Wood Hydraulic Hoist & Body Company to manufacture and distribute his invention. He then expanded the business to include truck equipment, bodies for trucks and trailers, cranes, pole derricks, road machinery, oil burners, water heaters, and fender guards. In December 1933 the company name was changed to Gar Wood Industries.
During the first two decades of the twentieth century, while pursuing fame as a sportsman and building Wood Hydraulic Hoist & Body Company, Garfield was also building yachts. In 1916 he acquired a controlling interest in the shipyard owned by Christopher Columbus Smith, and together they built expensive motorboats. Smith and Wood separated in 1923, with Smith starting his own company, Chris-Craft. Wood, operating under the name of Gar Wood Incorporated, continued to build expensive, stylish speedboats (also advertised as "gentleman's runabouts") for wealthy individuals such as William Randolph Hearst and P.K. Wrigley.
Gar Wood Industries prospered despite the Depression and years of economic recession in the 1930s. In 1934 net income was $48,668. In 1935 income grew to $684,306 and then to $911,515 in 1936. Sales also grew during these years, doubling from $4.7 million in 1934 to $9.4 million in 1936.
In 1937 Gar Wood Industries purchased the assets of Gar Wood Incorporated, the maker of motorboats, and operated it as a division. In 1939 the company sold its motor coach business to General American Transportation Corporation.
During World War II, Gar Wood sales and profits soared from wartime spending. Sales in 1942 and 1943 hit new records of $22.9 and $37.9, respectively. In 1944 the company employed 3,500, up from 1,600 a decade earlier. Sales in 1944 were $44.4 million and net income was $1 million.


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Hi there! You seem quite experienced in this game and I want to play with good players like you!
Add me on discord! Akhil#0477
Have a good day!
Hello, your inbox is full.
Nice song. I will clean it in order to get your mails.
TBH the only thing i thought you were exaggerating were your reactions. not those special people xD
your inbox was full lol
What I think... I think that some of us are trying to be heard by HiRez. Many users here can't know, but I assure you that we're trying to be heard by Devs.
We've just "won" a fix on MM and the next step is balance. There's no way to know what HiRez is going to do, but noobifying the game is not the correct choice for getting a funny experience. We're doing our best to be heard, we are really struggling, I can assure you this.
There seems to be some kind of "opening" by them to community ideas, but I really don't know if they will listen on this specific topic, 'cause Tencent and company like a noobified version of the game, being it more "interesting", from a monetary point of view. The more noobified the game, the more paying players, that's the point :-/
Hey I was wondering if you think they will ever implement the big points of the Community Balance Proposal, at the very least. I mean since then the TTK has been getting worse, and with the new Kinessa mine reworks (from utility to straight damage) I don't think they even care at this point. If they were going to unnerf movement speed or implement any of this I would assume it would be during the big season 2 changes. So what do you think?
"However, RNG has proven to be more economical efficient to gain money in the microtransaction world. I seriously doubt HiRez will ever remove it." If they ever remove that, i'm sure they will be out of the "money grabbing" list. But they seem to be ok for being known as a money grabber company.
hey Valkure, I accidentally uninstalled paladins. I had a back up till Terminus update i think, I used it. Now it shows about 1 GB needing to download. Has ob 63 gone live or is the update not happened yet? what is the data size of ob 63?
Look at the off-topic thread. Got him good.
Hi! About Ying, I only have the bare minimum of her cards sadly:
-spring bloom
Essence is currently at 23.4k but I'm willing to waste it on her since I really plan to devote time to her as a support. Plus most supports I use kinda work with whatever loadout I come up with the cards I have.
Beta Player
Forum Moderator


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Gas1883 wrote:Suwonesque wrote:I was pretty much sure that at one point of his career he would be in EPL.
And his move to Spurs makes lot of sense. Decent team, good city to leave and attracts good Korean viewers from Tv. Sbs sports will benefit from it.
But he has still his military service pending...
Great for Korean fans to see him in the EPL, but I am not convinced about the move.
Spurs number one priority is to sign a striker, not a wide player. Harry Kane is basically on his own with no back-up.
Son will hopefully do better than Lamela who has been awful really, but Spurs have been trying to get Berahino from WBA but have been knocked back more than once. Don't know why they don't go for Charlie Austin at QPR.
I hope he does well, but Spurs really need to spend their precious money on a decent striker.
I am surprised Austin hasnt gone to anyone as well but the rumour is that his knee is already running out of cartilage which is showing up on his medicals.....no team is willing to pay big money for him (like Andy Carroll) if his knee is about to fall apart.


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Halle Helfrich was regional champion and Adele Loomis also advanced to state, but the girls and boys teams were both denied.
It was a bitter disappointment for the Pratt High School girls cross-country team as they fell one point short of reaching State as a team at Saturday's 4A regional in McPherson. The boys team finished in the middle of the pack at 9th (16 schools are assigned to each regional.)
On a positive note, two Lady Greenbacks punched their tickets for Wamego as individuals. Freshman phenom Halle Helfrich took the individual regional title at 15:49. Senior Adele Loomis also had a top 10 finish, 9th 16:52.
Other finishers for the Pratt girls included 34 Cassidy Cronister 18:08; 56 Kara Nixon 19:05; 57 Morgan Strong 19:08; 61 Tori Hassler 19:21.
One other Lady Greenback was unable to complete the race, which might have made the difference in the team qualifying.
Clay Center captured the girls team title with 46. Hugoton was 2nd with 116. Buhler was able to slip into 3rd with 139, edging out Pratt who ended up with 140.
The highest finisher for the boys—in the continued absence of leading runner Joseph Loomis due to injury— was Brendan Pribil, 31st in 19:00. Zach Will was 47th in 19:35.
Other finishers for PHS: 53 Brody Cronister 19:53; 61 Chance Reh 20:20; 65 Will Fellhoelter 20:30; 80 Cooper Crump 21:10; 89 Caleb Hitz 21:28.
Boys team scores included 1. Hugoton 69 2. Goodland 77 3. Clay Center 93 9. Pratt 257.
After a stellar season by the girls team, which included a CKL championship to go along with several Invitational titles throughout the year, it was a tough pill to swallow for the team to be denied a trip to State.
"I feel so sad and disappointed for the girls," PHS head coach Kathy Hitz acknowledged, regarding her team's abrupt and unexpected ouster from State contention. "It is one of the most painful experiences I have had as a coach. Part of that is because this team has been so enjoyable for me. Both the boys and girls teams have been an absolute pleasure to coach."
Even though the entire team will not be competing at Wamego this year, Halle Helfrich and Adele Loomis will represent the Frogs of Distance, and will be racing to get on the 4A medal stand next Saturday.


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If you got to the movie theater 40 minutes early for "Daybreakers" this past weekend you probably caught a clip of the new Starz series "Spartacus: Blood and Sand". You may have also noticed one Mr. Sam Raimi's named tossed in the long list of producer credits in the preview for the show.
On a scale of potential carnage, putting a substitute teacher in front of a class of 6th graders ranks just below taking Stephen Hawking shopping at the Monroeville Mall. There are few things more exciting for a 12 year old than the prospect of blowing a whole class period goofing off, lying about names and pushing boundaries.


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A powerful addition to any home office.The CanoScan® 4200F Color Image Scanner quickly produces superb scans from a wide range of materials including photos, documents, magazines, slides and negatives. It delivers an exceptional color resolution of 3200 x 6400 dpi (max.) as well as 48-bit color depth, for over 281 trillion possible colors. For cleaner, more robust scans of older originals, automatic retouching and enhancement technology automatically removes much of the dirt and scratches that may appear on your originals. It even auto-corrects tone and optimizes highlights and shadows, for the best scans possible. This is one smart scanner.
Amazingly, it's quick, too. The USB 2.0 Hi-Speed interface1 enables incredibly fast image transfers to your computer and the fastest possible scanning speeds, with previews of your scans ready in approximately 2.6 seconds. Plus, four easy buttons - Scan, Copy, E-Mail and PDF - automate the entire scanning process, so your projects can go faster. Just position your original, select the use for the image, and in seconds it's ready! Included with the CanoScan 4200F scanner is a powerful suite of applications to help you organize your photos, featuring ArcSoft® PhotoStudio® software.
Archive old slides and negatives.Now you can scan your old slides and negatives, turning old pictures into new again. Simply place them into the included film adapter and press the Scan button! Once your images are archived, they will be easier to access and organize. You can then print them, make a photo CD for family and friends, or use them in a project.
Complete scans with Z-Lid¿ expansion top.Need to scan a page from a thick book or magazine? The unique Z-Lid expansion top lifts approx. 1 inch vertically and lies down flat on the page, for a clear, complete scan.


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Moderator: Dead Rabbit Software
by Icarus on Sat Nov 14, 2015 9:45 pm
Ghostface wrote:Icarus answered all questions exactly the way I would have. I qualify him officialy to answer questions like that.
by loggerer on Fri Mar 03, 2017 7:16 am
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"Noel, thanks for such a wonderful day! You were awesome and you made our tour perfect! We loved being on the "Maiden Voyage" for your new Limo! We can't wait till next year!!!" – with Brooke Novosad and Matthew Sterzinger. First Stop Becker vineyards, next to Pedernales Cellars and finally on to Grape Creek.
A Fredericksburg Wine Tour In Our New Limousine!
Posted on December 2nd, 2013
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Enjoy a Private Limousine Wine Tour!
Discover Texas Wine Tours introduces a private Limousine Wine Tour in the Texas Hill Country. Find Out More
For Larger Parties Book a Mercedes Benz Euro-Bus
Book a Mercedes Benz Euro-Bus for your next Wine Tour in the Texas Hill Country. Available for larger wine tour parties all the pampering you can handle. Click Here!
Wine Tour Testimonials
A Private 45 Person Wine Tour In Fredericksburg
What a fantastic time! Organizing a full day wine tour for 50 people in the Texas Hill Country may not sound like an easy task, but Noel at Discover Texas Wine Tours made it smooth and most importantly, unforgettable. His main goal is to make sure everyone is comfortable and has a good time! Most companies were not able to host a group this size, but Noel made it happen. He made sure our bus was the best he could find, worked to have a lunch catered for us at one of the stops, set up
private tastings with many of the wineries to accommodate a group our size, even stopped to let one of the guys who didn't drink wine buy some beer. I can't say enough good things about Noel and how hard he worked for our group. I highly recommend him and look forward to another tour with him soon!! Holly T. Houston, TX
Bachelorette Wine Tour on the Dripping Trail
We had a great time on our wine tour with Noel. The car was clean, comfortable, and huge. Noel was very helpful and worked hard to make sure we had a good time. He didn't seem to mind our terrible music choices or the dancing on the way back to Austin!
Ashley M., Austin, TX
Dripping Springs Wine Tour – Girls Day Out!
Wow, what a great Saturday we spent with Noel! He was so informative and took us to the perfect wine vineyards based on what we wanted with our experience. The car was very clean with two TV's at the front and he even had cold ice water waiting for us. He definitely took good care of us and never once rushed us about the fact that we stayed at the last place for longer than we should have. If you are looking for a nice relaxing experience or a party atmosphere this company will make sure you get what you want!
M.P, Seattle, WA
Fredericksburg Bachelorette Tour
Thank you for helping to make my bachelorette party celebration so successful. Bobby was wonderful, and kept us on schedule very well (not an easy task I'm sure).
Chasity Whittington
A Wonderful Wine Tour Experience!
We had a great time on our tour today! Bobby was an amazing guide! Thank you for providing such a wonderful experience.
Sheila Rae Larang
A Spectacular Wine Tour Day!
Thank you Discover Texas Wine Tours for making our day spectacular! We shall return Thanks especially to Kathy for making the day such a pleasant one!
Adriana Acevedo
This is hands down the best wine tour company in Austin and surrounding areas! White glove service all the way. I'm so pleased I chose them for my bachelorette party!!
Annie Wilson
Bachelorette Wine Tour Weekend!
I just wanted to say that from the first moment that I spoke to Noel I knew this was the way to go for our bachelorette weekend. We were not dissapointed and Noel was amazing - taking pictures the entire time - getting us spots for tastings and just being friendly and welcoming! I am one of those people who read reviews and never know if I should listen - well trust me you will not be dissapointed! Look no further! Thanks again to Noel from all of us that attended Lauren's bachelorette weekend!
Diane Spina D'Armata
We loved being on the "Maiden Voyage" for your new Limo
"Noel, thanks for such a wonderful day! You were awesome and my our tour perfect! We loved being on the "Maiden Voyage" for your new Limo! We can't wait till next year!!!" – with Brooke Novosad and Matthew Sterzinger.


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Another one done by that old buddy of mine, paint, pinstripes, details, and decals.
You can post your offer in this thread, or if you wish to remain anonymous, send your offer (stating clearly which car) either in a PM to Cheater here at Slotblog or email him at email@example.com, and he will post it for you without identification.
Please note this NEW REQUIREMENT: So anonymous bids can be posted to the threads before the auction ends, anonymous bids must be sent ONE HALF HOUR before the ending time listed for the car. For example, if the bidding closes at 11 PM Eastern for posted bids, anonymous bids must be received by 10:30 PM Eastern, whether sent via email or PM.
Buyer to pay shipping costs. Shipping in most cases will be via USPS "First-Class Package Service," at least within the US. International shipping will be by method of winning bidder's choice at his expense. A small amount will be added for the cost of packaging materials. If insurance is desired (above any amount automatically included) the additional cost will be at the buyer's expense. It is not expensive to add insurance to First-Class Package Service (for example, $200 of insurance costs just an additional $3.35).