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Questions and Answers on Privacy and Confidentiality
The IFC developed this Q&A to work in conjunction with Privacy: An Interpretation of the Library Bill of Rights, adopted by the ALA Council on June 19, 2002. Revised April 14, 2005; June 26, 2006; October 30, 2006.
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What prompted the Intellectual Freedom Committee to take on the privacy question now?
In 1999 ALA Council resolved that the Library and Information Technology Association be asked to examine the impact of new technologies on patron privacy and the confidentiality of electronic records. The Taskforce on Privacy and Confidentiality in the Electronic Environment was formed at the 1999 ALA Midwinter Conference with broad participation from across ALA.
In July 2000, ALA Council approved the Final Report of the Task Force on Privacy and Confidentiality in the Electronic Environment (Council Document #62) and referred it to the Intellectual Freedom Committee for review. The recommendations contained therein were:
That ALA revise its policy statements related to Confidentiality of Library Records (rev. 1986), and Concerning Confidentiality of Personally Identifiable Information About Library Users (1991), in order to specifically and appropriately incorporate Internet privacy.
That ALA develop model privacy policies, instructional materials, and privacy "best practices" documents for libraries; and
That ALA urge that all libraries adopt a privacy statement on Web pages and post privacy policies in the library that cover the issues of privacy in Internet use as accessed through the library's services.
In its own end-of-conference report to Council, the IFC responded to this referral by saying: "The Intellectual Freedom Committee gladly accepts Council's charge to review the recommendations. IFC has been reviewing and will continue to monitor the appropriateness of all ALA policies regarding privacy and confidentiality and will address all three recommendations in our Midwinter Meeting report to Council."
At the 2001 ALA Midwinter Meeting, the IFC established a standing Privacy Subcommittee, which is charged to monitor ongoing privacy developments in technology, politics and legislation and identify needs and resources for librarians and library users (cf. 2000–2001 CD#19.1).
At its 2001 spring meeting, the committee returned to Council's original request to consider developing an Interpretation of the Library Bill of Rights on Privacy. Initial work began on a draft Interpretation at that time and continued through the 2001 Annual Conference and the Committee's 2001 fall meeting. In its deliberations, the committee thought carefully about the implications of 9/11 on privacy issues. We have sought to develop the Interpretation for lasting impact, knowing that this issue was of importance to libraries prior to those events and that it has enduring importance for those who rely on us in our libraries. (cf. 2002–2003 CD#19).
ALA Council adopted Privacy: An Interpretation of the Library Bill of Rights on June 19, 2002, at the ALA Annual Conference in Atlanta, Georgia.
Basic Concepts
What is the difference between privacy and confidentiality?
In a library, the right to privacy is the right to open inquiry without having the subject of one's interest examined or scrutinized by others. Confidentiality exists when a library is in possession of personally identifiable information (see "What is personally identifiable information" below) about users and keeps that information private on their behalf. Confidentiality is a library's responsibility. This responsibility is assumed when library procedures create records such as closed-stack call slips, computer sign-up sheets, registration for equipment or facilities, circulation records, what Web sites were visited, reserve notices, or research notes.
In protecting the privacy rights and the confidentiality rights of library users, librarians should limit the degree to which personally identifiable information is monitored, collected, disclosed, and distributed.
For ALA's privacy policies and Privacy: An Interpretation of the Library Bill of Rights, see the Intellectual Freedom Manual, latest edition, and the Web site, "Privacy and Confidentiality."
What is "personally identifiable information?" Why is it such a wordy phrase?
"Personally identifiable information" (PII) seems to have become the generally accepted language because it covers a greater range than "personal identification," such as a driver's license. The phrase has been in use in ALA policy since the 1991 adoption of the Policy Concerning Confidentiality of Personally Identifiable Information about Library Users.
PII connects you to what you bought with your credit card, what you checked out with your library card, and what Web sites you visited where you picked up cookies. More than simple identification, PII can build up a picture of your tastes and interests —a dossier of sorts, though crude and often inaccurate. While targeted advertising is the obvious use for PII, some people would use this information to assess your character, decide if you were a security risk, or embarrass you for opposing them. Because of the chilling effect that such scrutiny can have on open inquiry and freedom of expression, libraries and bookstores have long resisted requests to release information that connects individual persons with specific books.
If there is no reasonable expectation of privacy in a public place, how can anyone expect privacy in a library?
A library cannot be responsible for someone being seen or recognized in a library, but should take steps to protect user privacy whenever possible. That is, in a library, a user's face may be recognized, but that does not mean that the subject of the user's interest must also be known. Library buildings, interior design, and functions can be planned to preserve privacy of inquiry, even while the user's presence and behavior remain observable. Thus, both safety and privacy are maintained. To the greatest extent possible, the user should be able to work independently, both to afford privacy and to reduce the quantity of confidential records for which the library must be responsible.
What about the rights of staff, volunteers, and trustees?
Privacy: an Interpretation of the Library Bill of Rights, like the Library Bill of Rights itself, addresses the rights of library users. As such, this latest Interpretation does have implications for staff, volunteers, and trustees. Librarians involved in training volunteers, new employees, or trustees should inform them of the requirements that they not abuse confidentiality and that they protect library users rights of privacy. When staff are themselves library users, they are entitled to equal protection of their privacy and confidentiality of their records as library users.
If users have rights and librarians have responsibilities, don't users also have responsibilities to protect their own privacy?
Privacy: an Interpretation of the Library Bill of Rights, like the Library Bill of Rights itself, addresses the rights of library users. Text is included in this latest Interpretation about the right of the user to be informed of library policy and practices that create choices for the user about personal privacy.
Librarians should educate the public, through a variety of methods, about information and tools that can help to preserve privacy or protect the confidentiality of personally identifiable information. In each library transaction in which an individual is asked to divulge personally identifiable information, library staff need to ensure that the individual is making an informed choice. Librarians should clarify any trade-offs between greater convenience and greater privacy. Users also need to understand their own responsibility to respect each one another's privacy.
Does privacy include a right to avoid exposure to unwanted images?
Protecting privacy in the library setting ensures open inquiry without fear of having one's interests observed by others. Ensuring user privacy not only benefits the user, but also those who prefer not to see what other users view. When there is a conflict between the right of individuals to view constitutionally protected speech and the sensibilities of unwilling viewers, free expression rights have generally prevailed in the Courts unless unwilling viewers are unable to avert their eyes. Libraries may address the concerns of unwilling viewers in a number of different ways, including the strategic placement of workstations and the use of devices such as privacy screens or recessed monitors.
What role does education play in protecting patron privacy?
The library should have a continuing training plan to educate staff, trustees, volunteers, and contract workers about library privacy principles, policies and procedures, and library staff's legal and ethical responsibilities as custodians of personally identifiable information. It is important that all concerned understand that this responsibility includes avoiding any inferences about users based on their library use.
Library staff should also be informed of their responsibility to cooperate with other organizations that work to protect privacy and challenge intrusions.
Librarians must educate the public through a variety of learning methods that provide the information and tools individuals need to protect their privacy and the confidentiality of their own personally identifiable information. For support in this area, see the "Privacy and Confidentiality" section of the ALA Office for Intellectual Freedom's Web site.
I know people can be suspicious of what bureaucrats might do with personal information, but I'm a librarian — can't people just trust me?
While we librarians don't often think of ourselves as government bureaucrats, members of the public may see us as authorities just like a uniformed police officer or a robed judge. In fact, staff in publicly funded libraries are part of government and are constrained by all the laws that restrict the power of government. One of the lessons learned on the way to democracy was that no matter how nice the current office holder may be, someday someone else may try to abuse the position. Laws and institutional policies are among the ways we make sure that we aren't totally dependent on the character of the person in the job. Especially when new technology makes issues look different, policies can provide guidance and strength. By establishing strong privacy and confidentiality policies, libraries can protect staff from pressure to violate users' rights.
Protection of Privacy and Library Records
What is a Privacy Audit and whose responsibility is it?
A privacy audit is a technique for assuring that an organization's goals and promises of privacy and confidentiality are supported by its practices, thereby protecting confidential information from abuse and the organization from liability and public relations problems. An audit ensures that information processing procedures meet privacy requirements by examining how information about customers and employees is collected, stored, shared, used and destroyed. Privacy auditing is a process, not a one-time solution, as services, data needs, and technology change. A designated Privacy Officer may lead the audit, but all stakeholders and aspects of privacy need to be represented, from information technology to public relations. The audit process needs to be capable of dealing with the full extent of the information system. When a library is part of a larger organization that is conducting a privacy audit, specific library issues and needs must be included.
The audit process begins by evaluating the organization's existing policies and procedures for legality and consistency with the organization's mission and image. When policies have been reviewed (or established), the data collected can be categorized according to the degree of security necessary. The audit assesses the sensitivity, security risks, and public perceptions of the information the organization collects. The audit examines the necessity for each type of data, how it is collected, and what notice and options are provided to the individuals identified by the information. Mapping how data flows through the organization for access, storage, and disposal can reveal security needs, both electronic and physical. The audit process itself must be managed so that it does not increase risks and its recommendations must be addressed quickly once risks are revealed.
Coyle, Karen. 2002. "Privacy and Library Systems Before & After 9/11." (last accessed December 15, 2004).
Enright, Keith P. [2001]. "Privacy Audit Checklist." (last accessed December 15, 2004).
Flaherty, David H. 1998. "How To Do A Privacy And Freedom Of Information Act Site Visit." David H. Flaherty. (last accessed December 15, 2004).
Jerskey, Pamela, Ivy Dodge, Sanford Sherizen. [1998]. "The Privacy Audit: a Primer." (last accessed December 15, 2004).
Matis, Michael. 2002. "The Code of Librarianship: Ethics and Information Architecture." (last accessed December 15, 2004).
Texas Department of Information Resources. 2000. "Privacy Issues Involved in Electronic Government." (last accessed December 15, 2004).
Can libraries use social security numbers (SSNs) in patron databases or for other means of uniquely identifying our users?
SSNs are not entirely random numbers: the first three digits indicate in which state the number was issued, and the next two numbers indicate the order in which the SSN was issued in each area. Only the last four numbers are randomly generated. Thus, even the disclosure of an SSN without further action does divulge private information.
Some states restrict the use of social security numbers to circumstances explicitly authorized by law, particularly for the reporting of income for employees. Section 7 of the Federal Privacy Act of 1974 provides that any agency requesting an individual to disclose his or her SSN must "inform that individual whether that disclosure is mandatory or voluntary, by what statutory authority such number is solicited, and what uses will be made of it." The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) requires publicly-funded schools to obtain written consent for the release of personally identifiable information, which courts have ruled includes SSNs. The widespread use of SSNs by public and private agencies had created a dual threat of fraud victimization and the invasion of privacy, by linking significant amounts of personal and financial information through a single number. In November 2004 the GAO noted that ". . . it is clear that the lack of a broad, uniform policy allows for unnecessary exposure of personal Social Security numbers."
Libraries have long used SSNs to trace patrons who have outstanding fines or overdue materials, often through collection agencies. In fact, the current state of internet technology often allows an individual to be located without the use of an SSN. Libraries that choose to use SSNs in patron databases or to identify users should:
inform patrons whether providing their SSNs is mandatory or voluntary, and under what statutory authority the SSNs are solicited;
inform patrons of the purpose for which SSNs will be used;
use encryption to protect SSNs within patron databases, and;
investigate other methods of uniquely identifying patrons and tracing those who have outstanding fines or overdue materials.
EPIC. Social Security Number (SSN) Privacy Page (last accessed December 15, 2004).
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) (last accessed November 19, 2004).
Governmental Accounting Office. Social Security Numbers: Governments Could Do More to Reduce Display in Public Records and on Identity Cards, GAO-05-59, November 9, 2004 (last accessed November 19, 2004).
Privacy Act of 1974 and Amendments (as of Jan 2, 1991) (last accessed November 19, 2004).
Privacy Rights Clearinghouse. "Your Social Security Number: How Secure Is It?" (last accessed December 15, 2004).
Sample library policies:
Maine State Library. "Note on Use of Social Security Numbers as ID Number."
College of William & Mary. Earl Gregg Swem Library. "Faculty Circulation Services."
Are there special challenges created for library administration by digital patron records?
Any database of personally identifiable information is a potential target for computer crime and identity theft. Data security must be planned to protect both the library itself and its promise of confidentiality, and to ensure the thorough removal of patron records as soon as each ceases to be needed. Library administration should seek ways to permit in-house access to information in all formats without creating a data trail. Library policies should clearly state the purposes for which users' personally identifiable information is needed; these records should be deleted as soon as the original purpose for collection has been satisfied.
In general, acquiring the least amount of personally identifiable information for the shortest length of time reduces the risk of unwanted disclosure. The library should also invest in appropriate technology to protect the security of any personally identifiable information while it is in the library's custody, and should ensure that aggregate data has been stripped of personally identifiable information.
In order to assure their obligations of confidentiality, libraries should implement written policies governing data retention and dissemination of electronic records. These policies should affirm the confidentiality of information about library users and their use of all library materials.
What if our library or institutional policy requires us to be closely involved with or closely monitoring our library users?
In all libraries, it is the nature of the service rather than the type of the library that should dictate any gathering of personally identifiable information. Some common library practices necessarily involve close communication with—or monitoring of—library users. Services such as bibliographic instruction, reference consultation, teaching and curriculum support in school libraries, readers' advice in public libraries, and preservation of fragile or rare library materials in special collections libraries are just a few instances of services that require library staff to be aware of users' information-access habits. As part of serving the user, it is often necessary for staff to consult with each other. Staff must be careful to conduct such conversations privately and keep strictly to the purpose. But in all types of libraries, any such compromising of user privacy by library staff carries with it an ethical and professional (and often legal) obligation to protect the confidentiality of that personally identifiable information. Most important, all gathering of personally identifiable information should be done in the interests of providing, or improving, particular library services.
What else besides library records might compromise user privacy?
It is inevitable that library staff will recognize users. It is also necessary that staff be aware of activity and behavior inside the library to ensure that users' needs are met and for security purposes. This knowledge should not be put to any purpose other than service to library users.
Does the library's responsibility for user privacy and confidentiality extend to licenses and agreements with outside vendors and contractors?
Most libraries conduct business with a variety of vendors in order to provide access to electronic resources, to acquire and run their automated systems, and in some instances, to enable access to the Internet. Libraries need to ensure that contracts and licenses reflect their policies and legal obligations concerning user privacy and confidentiality. Whenever a third party has access to personally identifiable information, the agreements need to address appropriate restrictions on the use, aggregation, dissemination, and sale of that information, particularly information about minors. In circumstances in which there is a risk that personally identifiable information may be disclosed, the library should warn its users.
How does the library's responsibility for user privacy and confidentiality relate to the use by library users of third party services in accessing their own circulation records?
Free third-party services are now available that remind library users of due dates and circulation fines via e-mail or RSS feeds. Libraries should advise users about the risks associated with providing library card numbers, passwords, or other library account information to any third party. These risks include changes in the privacy policies of the third-party service without customer notification, and disclosure of the user's library circulation records or other personally identifiable information, whether such disclosure is inadvertent or purposeful. Third parties are not bound by library confidentiality statutes or other laws protecting the privacy of user records. For these reasons, neither the library nor the library user can be certain that confidentiality will be adequately protected.
Are privacy rights of minors the same as those of adults? What information about a minor's use of the library should be kept confidential and what may be released to parents?
The rights of minors vary from state to state. Libraries may wish to consult the legal counsel of their governing authorities to ensure that policy and practice are in accord with applicable law. In addition, the legal responsibilities and standing of library staff in regard to minor patrons differ substantially in school and public libraries. In all instances, best practice is to extend to minor patrons the maximum allowable confidentiality and privacy protections.
Parents are responsible not only for the choices their minor children make concerning the selection of materials and the use of library facilities and resources, but also for communicating with their children about those choices. Librarians should not breach a child's confidentiality by giving out information readily available to the parent from the child directly. Libraries should take great care to limit the extenuating circumstances in which they will release such information.
Parental responsibility is key to a minor's use of the library. Notifying parents about the library's privacy and confidentiality policies should be a part of the process of issuing library cards to minors. In some public libraries, the privacy rights of minors may differ slightly from those of adults, often in proportion to the age of the minor. The legitimate concerns for the safety of children in a public place can be addressed without unnecessary invasion of minors' privacy while using the library.
The rights of minors to privacy regarding their choice of library materials should be respected and protected. More information on the privacy rights of children can be found on the OIF's page "Privacy Resources for Librarians, Library Users, and Families."
My library already has a Web Site Privacy Policy. Where can I go for guidance on what our Web Site Privacy Policy should contain?
This new Interpretation of the Library Bill of Rights is intended to reaffirm and clarify the long-standing commitment of librarians to protect the privacy rights of our users, regardless of the format or medium of information in use. This commitment has not changed in the era of the World Wide Web. In fact, it has only strengthened in the years since the Internet was introduced into America's libraries. See for example Access to Electronic Information, Services, and Networks , in which ALA reaffirmed that "Users have both the right of confidentiality and the right of privacy."
Many non-library Web sites now have privacy policies that explain whether personally identifiable information is collected, how it is used if it is collected, and whether they sell or share this information to third parties. Such policies often explain how "cookies" are placed on hard drive and how they are used to track Web surfing. The privacy policies on governmental Web sites—including governmental library sites—may be covered by applicable local, state, and federal laws. However, regardless of whether such laws are in place or not, libraries of all types—not just those that are publicly funded—need policies outlining the protections in place governing the online and offline privacy and confidentiality rights of library users.
Links to selected sample library privacy policies can be found at Privacy Resources for Librarians, Library Users, and Families. In addition, Chapter 2, part V, of the Intellectual Freedom Manual (latest edition) discusses the process involved in developing a confidentiality policy. See also, "Developing a Confidentiality Policy."
What about additional records kept by libraries for the purpose of serving patrons with special needs?
If libraries create additional records for special purposes, the same responsibility to maintain the confidentiality of those records applies. However, libraries that choose to keep such information on an ongoing basis acquire a correspondingly greater responsibility to maintain the ongoing confidentiality of that information. Policies and procedures should address the collection, retention, and disclosure of records in any format that contain personally identifiable information in compliance with statutory requirements. Libraries should also apply the Fair Information Practice Principles: Notice, Consent, Access, Security and Enforcement. When complying with ALA's Library Services for People with Disabilities Policy, all attempts should be made to protect the privacy and confidentiality of library users with disabilities.
What about smart cards, or ID cards that use biometric enhancements? Won't they help protect privacy?
Smart cards are getting a lot of attention for their ability to store personal data for a variety of applications. With the best intentions, government agencies sometimes propose sharing data on people who receive government services. Library policies on confidentiality should state clearly that personally identifiable information collected by the library will not be shared with any other agency or organization unless required by a court order. If agencies are jointly issuing a smart card, library data must be partitioned with no leakage to other agencies.
The more agencies using a shared card, the greater the need for strong identification confirmation. Various biometrics, from photographs to fingerprints to iris scans, are proposed to ensure that identification cards are authentic. This raises correspondingly greater risks that tampering with the encoding of identification will affect every aspect of an individual's life. Biometrics can offer increased convenience, as in the suggestion of children checking out books by thumb print, but the risks must be carefully weighed. Libraries have a responsibility to invite public discussion on the pros and cons of identification technology proposals. The following URLs consider various aspects of new identification card technology:
American Library Association. Resolution on Privacy and Standardized Driver's Licenses and Personal Identification Cards (adopted January 19, 2005; last accessed February 2, 2005). Barnes, Bill. 2001. "The National ID Card: If They Build it, Will it Work?" Slate. (last accessed December 15, 2004).
Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility. 2002. "National Identification Schemes: Links to Resources." (last accessed December 15, 2004)
Electronic Privacy Information Center. 2002. "National ID Cards." (last accessed December 15, 2004)
Ellison, Larry. 2001. "Smart Cards: Digital IDs Can Help Prevent Terrorism," Wall Street Journal, Monday, October 8, 2001, (last accessed December 15, 2004)
Garfinkel, Simson. 2002. "Identity Card Delusions," Technology Review, April 2002, (last accessed December 15, 2004)
Glasner, Joanna. 2001. "Linking Records Raises Risks." Wired News, April 20, 2001, (last accessed December 15, 2004)
Ham, Shane and Robert D. Atkinson. 2002. "Frequently Asked Questions about Smart ID Cards." Progressive Policy Institute. (last accessed December 15, 2004)
Smart Card Basics. "A sponsored site brought to you by a number of companies in the smart card industry." (last accessed January 24, 2005)
Wylie, Margie. 2001. "Database Flaws Could Hamper Any National ID System, Experts Warn." Newhouse News Service. (last accessed December 15, 2004)
What about data encryption?
Some privacy rights advocates encourage increased use of data encryption as a method for enhancing privacy protection. Encrypted data requires others to use a pre-defined electronic "key" to decipher the contents of a message, file, or transaction. While not yet in widespread use by individuals, data encryption is commonly used in online banking and commerce. Libraries should negotiate with vendors to encourage the use of such technology in library systems (e.g., in the document deliver, saved searches, and email features now offered by many OPAC vendors). Whenever possible, libraries should consider making encryption tools available to library users who are engaging in personalized online transactions or communications.
Center for Democracy and Technology Resource Library: Encryption. (last accessed March 4, 2005)
CERT Coordination Center List of Security Tools. Revised June 2001. (last accessed March 4, 2005)
Electronic Frontier Foundation Encryption Archive. (last accessed March 4, 2005)
Electronic Privacy Information Center Cryptography Policy. Revised October 2001. (last accessed March 4, 2005)
Electronic Privacy Information Center Online Guide to Practical Privacy Tools. Updated March 2005. (last accessed March 4, 2005)
MyCrypto.net - Encryption, Privacy and Internet Security. (last accessed March 4, 2005)
Our library has been using a lot of new technologies in recent years. How can we stay on top of all the privacy concerns?
Every technology since fire can be used for both good and evil. It is the responsibility of librarians to establish policies to prevent "function creep." As much as any threat or promise to privacy posed by new technologies, it is attention and commitment to fundamental principles of data security that may best ensure that user rights to privacy and confidentiality are not threatened through their use of library services. To help define and assess your local data security practices, consider reviewing these guidelines:
Fact Sheet 12: Responsible Information-Handling. Utility Consumers' Action Network/Privacy Rights Clearinghouse. Revised May 2002. (last accessed May 27, 2005)
Infopeople Project How-To Guides: Library Computer and Network Security. Updated November 2004. (last accessed May 27, 2005)
My library is considering implementing a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system for circulation and stacks maintenance. What are the implications for patron privacy of such systems?
Some libraries have already implemented RFID; others are waiting until some of the industry technical standards and privacy implications have been better resolved. ALA has approved RFID Privacy Principles that encourage libraries to adopt and enforce privacy policies and discourage inclusion of personal information on RFID tags. When considering, selecting and implementing RFID, libraries should safeguard user privacy by consulting ALA's RFID in Libraries: Privacy and Confidentiality Guidelines in order to adopt best practices to protect privacy and confidentiality. Additional resources are also available:
ALA. Resolution on Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Technology and Privacy Principles. January 19, 2005.
ALA Library. "Fact Sheet 25 - RFID: A Brief Bibliography."
ALA Office for Intellectual Freedom. "RFID: Radio Frequency IDentification Chips and Systems."
Ayre, Lori Bowen, The Galecia Group. "Position Paper: RFID and Libraries. August 19, 2004."
Book Industry Study Group. "BISG Policy Statement #002: RFID - Radio Frequency Identification Privacy Principles. Approved : September 23, 2004."
E-list: "RFID_LIB A forum for discussion of the uses and implications of using RFID technology in libraries."
Electronic Frontier Foundation. "Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)."
Electronic Privacy Information Center. "Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Systems."
Givens, Beth, Director of the Privacy Rights Clearinghouse. "RFID Implementation in Libraries: Some Recommendations for 'Best Practices.'"
Library and Information Technology Association. "Technology and library users, an ongoing discussion. The Top Trends, Issue Two: RFID." January 11, 2004.
Molnar, David and David Wagner. "Privacy and Security in Library RFID Issues, Practices, and Architectures." (CCS'04, October 25-29, 2004, Washington, DC)
"RFID Position Statement of Consumer Privacy and Civil Liberties Organizations." November 20, 2003.
Weblog: "RFID in Libraries."
Can circulation or registration information be used for other library purposes, such as to generate mailing lists for fund-raising by the library or its Friends group?
The Fair Information Practice Principles of "Notice and Openness" and "Choice and Consent" should be reflected in library privacy policies. See "How to Draft a Library Privacy Policy." Some states impose restrictions on the use of personally identifiable information (PII) for any purposes other than circulation or administration. In other states it is illegal to provide library user PII to any third party except under court order. (See "State Privacy Laws Regarding Library Records"). In all states, regardless of the status of the law, library policies regarding the collection, use and dissemination of PII should be carefully formulated and administered to ensure that they do not conflict with the ALA Code of Ethics that states "we protect each user's right to privacy and confidentiality." Libraries choosing to use PII for any library-related purpose other than for which the PII was gathered should consider the following standard "opt-in" practices:
- Notice should be provided to all users of any library use of PII.
- Any use of PII beyond circulation or administration should be authorized only on an opt-in basis. At the time of registration, users should be asked to opt-in to additional and specifically enumerated uses of their PII (e.g., for fund-raising appeals). The PII of those who decline to 'opt-in' should not made available for any additional uses.
- Any time a library decides to extend use of PII in ways not already authorized, it must seek user opt-in. Libraries should presume that all non-responders wish to opt out of the new use.
What privacy rights do library employees enjoy in the workplace?
Employers have a legitimate interest in ensuring efficiency and productivity. Library management has an obvious further interest in ensuring that employee practices do not adversely effect user service or infringe on user rights, including user rights of privacy and confidentiality. But library employers who use electronic or video surveillance or engage in monitoring of computer, e-mail, or telephone use must carefully evaluate these practices in light of both legal requirements and the profession's ethical commitment to upholding rights of privacy and confidentiality.
- Legal issues: Few laws regulate employee monitoring in the private sector, although federal, state, and local government employees benefit from some degree of legal protection. However, some state public record and record retention laws may impact the degree to which employee personally identifiable information (PII) is kept confidential. Employee PII not covered by law or regulation must be kept confidential. Further, employees have a right to know what security and information management systems are in place to protect personnel records containing PII, and a right to a clear enumeration of the circumstances under which such information may be provided to third parties. Library policy should call for the release of PII to law enforcement requests only when those requests come in the form of a court order from a court of competent jurisdiction.
- Monitoring: In many libraries, employees are required to sign Internet and computing use agreements that differ from the policies extended to library users. However, if a library intends to engage in monitoring of staff workstations or work spaces, it should give notice through a written policy providing:
- notice of these practices to employees
- notice to the public if any staff-user interactions (e.g., virtual reference) are subject to monitoring or recording; and both redaction of PII from and regular purging of all such records
- notice to employees if their social security numbers are used as unique identifiers in personnel or other records
- employee access to all PII, including any collected through monitoring, and the right to dispute and delete inaccurate data
- no monitoring of areas designed for employee health or comfort
- no collection of data not specifically related to work performance
- restrictions on PII disclosure to third parties without employee consent
- Staff with access to employee PII: All staff and any others with access to employee PII must understand they are not to look at any stored information without prior authorization to do so, and in accordance with written policies; and that if they accidentally see any such data (such as electronic monitoring logs, e-mail subject lines, file names, etc.) they are bound by confidentiality guidelines.
- Staff use of library resources: All staff use of library resources or public access workstations that is conducted outside of work hours and/or is not directly job-related should be covered in the same way that any library user's privacy and confidentiality is protected.
For more information on employee privacy rights, and on policy writing to protect those rights, see:
- ACLU. Privacy in America: Electronic Monitoring. (Oct. 22, 2003).
- ACLU. Through the Keyhole. (July 26, 1998).
- EPIC. Workplace Privacy Page. (Aug. 3, 2004).
- Privacy Rights Clearinghouse. Fact Sheet 7: Workplace Privacy. (Rev. Sept. 2002).
Security Concerns
What if law enforcement requests disclosure of library records? What if laws applicable to my library require the disclosure of some or all library records or other personally identifiable information without a court order?
Library policies must not violate applicable federal, state, and local laws. However, in accordance with Article IV of the Library Bill of Rights, librarians should oppose the adoption of laws that abridge the privacy rights of any library user.
Forty-eight states have statutes that protect the confidentiality of library records. The other two have attorneys general opinions that support the confidentiality of library records. For your state statute or opinion, see State Privacy Laws regarding Library Records.
Library policy should require that law enforcement requests for any library record be issued by a court of competent jurisdiction that shows good cause and is in proper form. See ALA's documents, Suggested Procedures for Implementing Policy on Confidentiality of Library Records and Policy on Confidentiality of Library Records. The library governing authority needs to be aware that privacy, and especially the privacy of children and students may be governed by additional state and federal laws. For example, on April 21, 2000, a new Federal law, the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA), went into effect. This law, designed to protect children's privacy on the Internet, directly impacts how children access Internet content.
When creating its privacy policies, library governing authorities need to be fully aware of any such laws regarding disclosure and the rights of parents, and create policies accordingly. Faculty and school administrators do not have parental authority over students' privacy.
Chapter 2, part V, of the Intellectual Freedom Manual (latest edition) discusses the process involved in developing a confidentiality policy. See also, "Developing a Confidentiality Policy."
What about library staff's civic duty to help law enforcement?
If staff observe illegal behavior, this should be reported to law enforcement. A library should have clear, written procedures for responding to criminal behavior, in addition to behavior that violates policy. Neither libraries, their resources, nor their staff should be used in any scheme to elicit and catch criminal behavior.
In the event of a request for information from a federal or local law enforcement agency, librarians should consult with their library administration and/or legal counsel before complying with such requests. Librarians should note that requests made under the USA PATRIOT Act (http://www.ala.org/alaorg/oif/usapatriotact.html) must come from the Federal Bureau of Investigation and are not valid if coming from state agencies. If a librarian is compelled to release information, further breaches of patron confidentiality will be minimized if the librarian personally retrieves the requested information and supplies it to the law enforcement agency. Otherwise, allowing the law enforcement agency to perform its own retrieval may compromise confidential information that is not subject to the current request.
Library policies protecting patron privacy and confidentiality are grounded in the profession's ethical commitment to providing an atmosphere conducive to free intellectual inquiry. We must always remember that we have a unique and important contribution to make to society through this protection, and that as such we have a duty to make it a priority.
Are video or electronic surveillance cameras in libraries a violation of patron privacy?
Today's sophisticated high-resolution surveillance equipment is capable of recording patron reading and viewing habits in ways that are as revealing as the written circulation records libraries routinely protect. When a library considers installing surveillance equipment, the administrative necessity of doing so must be weighed against the fact that most of the activity being recorded is innocent and harmless. Any records kept may be subject to FOI requests. Since any such personal information is sensitive and has the potential to be used inappropriately in the wrong hands, gathering surveillance data has serious implications for library management.
If the library decides surveillance is necessary, it is essential for the library to develop and enforce strong policies protecting patron privacy and confidentiality appropriate to managing the equipment, including routine destruction of the tapes in the briefest amount of time possible, or as soon as permitted by law.
What about security? Shouldn't priority be given to the legitimate needs of security personnel who are responsible for protecting the physical safety of users and staff? And what about the needs of systems personnel to ensure security of computers and networks?
Those responsible for maintaining the security of the library, its users, staff, collections, computing equipment and networks all have a special obligation to recognize when they may be dealing with sensitive or private information. Like other staff whose jobs are not direct library service (custodians, guards, etc), those with access to personally identifiable information or to users' personal files need to be informed of library ethics and of job expectations that they will not abuse confidentiality.
It is the responsibility of library staff to destroy information in confidential or privacy protected records in order to protect from unauthorized disclosure. Information that should be regularly purged or shredded includes personally identifiable information on library resource use, material circulation history, and security / surveillance tapes and logs. Libraries that use surveillance cameras should have written policies stating that the cameras are not to be used for anything else to avoid "function creep." If the cameras create any records, the library must recognize its responsibility to protect their confidentiality like any other library record. This is best accomplished by purging the records as soon as their purpose is served.
Won't privacy policies create a situation that will protect illegal acts?
All libraries are advised to have in place Patron Behavior policies as well as Internet Use policies. In both instances it should be clearly stated that engaging in any illegal act will not be permitted. A possible policy statement could be:
Any activity or conduct that is in violation of federal, state, or local laws is strictly prohibited on library premises.
Clear evidence of illegal behavior is best referred to law enforcement who know the processes of investigation that protect the rights of the accused.
Should staff be instructed to monitor library use by patrons to determine inappropriate or illegal behavior?
Library Patron Behavior policies and Internet Use policies should clearly state that illegal activity is prohibited. Staff should be carefully trained to deal with any illegal patron behavior that is apparent to them or has been brought to their attention. General monitoring by staff of patron content or use of library materials and resources in any format is inappropriate in all instances with the exception of observation for the purposes of protecting library property. Patron Behavior and Internet Use policies should clearly state all of the steps to be taken by staff when illegal behavior or activity in violation of the above policies is observed. The steps in these guidelines will vary from library to library and should be determined locally. Once again, clear evidence of illegal behavior is best referred to law enforcement who know the processes of investigation that protect the rights of the accused.
Links to non-ALA sites have been provided because these sites may have information of interest. Neither the American Library Association nor the Office for Intellectual Freedom necessarily endorses the views expressed or the facts presented on these sites; and furthermore, ALA and OIF do not endorse any commercial products that may be advertised or available on these sites.
Related FilesQuestions and Answers on Privacy and Confidentiality (WORD)
Questions and Answers on Privacy and Confidentiality (PDF File)


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The political science department has a strong record of supervising internships in Baltimore, Washington, and throughout neighboring states in the Mid-Atlantic Region. Internships provide practical experience with the political or judicial processes, broadening students' knowledge in the discipline, helping them explore potential careers, and providing a special opportunity to tie the theory and practice of politics and government together.
In recent years, students have served as interns on the personal staff of members of Congress (both House and Senate), Congressional committees, the White House, lobbying firms, interest groups, judges, law firms, state legislators, state agencies, and a wide range of other positions related to the study of politics.
Students interested in "for-credit" internships should set up an appointment to meet with Dr. Kevin Hula, the departmental internship coordinator, to request approval. Dr. Hula's signature is required on all forms for the internship to receive credit. Students completing all requirements for approved internships earn 3 credits that can be used toward the political science major, minor, or as an elective. Internships may not be repeated in the Political Science department for credit.
During the spring and fall semesters there is no additional fee required beyond the normal tuition. It is possible to earn credit for an internship over the summer, but all arrangements must be completed prior to June 10. In addition to getting approval in advance from the internship coordinator, students doing summer internships for credit must enroll in the internship, pay summer school tuition, and meet all of the academic requirements (e.g. readings, paper, meetings with advisor) during summer school period. Under no circumstances can internship credit be awarded retroactively for internships for which the student did not enroll and that were not pre-approved.
Prior to beginning an internship, you must have achieved at least junior status, be in good standing (at least 2.000 QPA, though the political science department looks for interns to hold a 3.000 or higher for most internships), be accepted into the department's internship program, arrange with the department's internship coordinator to supervise your internship, and enroll through the records office.
As the Undergraduate Catalogue explains, internships require a minimum of 150 hours of work (distributed evenly throughout an entire academic semester) at an internship site, working in a professional environment under the supervision of an on-site supervisor and an academic supervisor. In practice, this generally amounts to two full days each week. Because internships earn the same credit as other upper division courses in political science, students should plan on completing a number of academic assignments during the internship. These academic requirements are agreed on in advance with the professor supervising your internship and must be completed by the last day of classes in the semester. In general, these academic requirements include:
Contrary to rumors you may have heard or imagined, students do not earn an automatic A in the internship; grades are determined by the faculty as in regular courses.
Where can I find more information about internship opportunities?
Members of the political science department would be happy to discuss past internships they have supervised. While internships are competitive and there is no guarantee that you can simply step into one of these positions, it may stimulate some ideas.
A number of books are published each year with listings of organizations and governmental offices that sponsor internships. A representative set of recent titles would include:
These titles are provided only as examples rather than as a specific endorsement. Go to a large bookstore and ask about internship-related books. Take some time to look through them. If there are specific interests you have (such as interest groups, foreign policy, etc.), compare the books to see which has more information and contacts listed. Pay attention to the copywrite date. These books go out of date quickly as addresses, phone numbers, and contact names change.
This attorney and 2007 grad founded his own law firm to provide health and business law legal services to health care professionals

subset: commoncrawl


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The Eagles are among about four teams that have inquired about trading with Cleveland for the fourth overall pick in the draft, league sources told the Cleveland Plain Dealer.
The Eagles have the 15th overall pick in Round 1 and also have two-second round picks at No. 46 and No. 51 (acquired from Arizona in the Kevin Kolb trade). The report indicates that would make them an attractive trading partner, but the Browns would have to be willing to slide all the way to No. 15.
The report also identifies the Rams, who have the sixth pick and two second-rounders. Rams coach Jeff Fisher has said he would be interested in moving up. The two other teams are not identified in the report.
The speculation is that teams are interested in Texas A&M quarterback Ryan Tannehill, who has made a meteoric rise up draft boards. That has been somewhat strange, when you consider that he spent most of his time at A&M as a wide receiver and has only started 19 games at quarterback.
He also suffered a broken foot in January, missed the Senior Bowl and was limited at the combine.
More than 20 teams attended his Pro Day. The Eagles were not among them, but did send quarterback coach Doug Pederson to Texas for a private workout. He also has done a private workout for the Chiefs and is expected to visit with the Bills next week. Tannehill has a visit scheduled with the Browns this weekend.
The Eagles and Browns have pulled off trades before, given that Brown GM Tom Heckert worked for the Eagles and team president Mike Holmgren is Andy Reid's mentor. NFL Network analsyst Mike Mayock suggested last week that the Eagles could possibly trade up for Tannehill.
Heckert said at the owners meetings that he has preliminary talks with some teams and that he would be willing to move back a few spots. According to the Plain Dealer, the Browns have brought in a number of players who seem more likely to go in the teens that in the Top 5, although that could be due diligence. The safe pick for Cleveland would seemingly be to stay close enough to the top of the draft that they could select Alabama running back Trent Richardson.
One would have to think that if Tannehill is still there at No. 8, the Dolphins would select him.
A trade would not happen until draft day, because it is unclear what Minnesota will do at No. 3. The Vikings could also be looking to move down.
Another scenario, as the report suggests, is that teams might be interested in a player other than Tannehill such as USC offensive tackle Matt Kalil, LSU cornerback Morris Claiborne and Oklahoma State receiver Justin Blackmon.
There is still nearly 2 weeks until the draft so expect the speculation to continue.


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Black ice causes slick roads
January 30. 2013 6:55AM
Commuters are in for a slick ride this morning because of black ice.
Highway officials lowered speeds to 45 mph on state roads north of Canterbury. Signs on other state highways caution motorists to slow down and allow extra time to reach their destinations because of black ice, according to a spokesman at the state Traffic Management Center in Concord.
Highway crews were out all night sanding and salting the roads. Minor crashes with cars sliding off roads have been reported but nothing that has required a state road to shut down, the traffic official said at 6:30 a.m. Wednesday.


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Upcoming ARISS Contact Schedule as of 2007-08-29 19:00 UTC Quick list of scheduled contacts and events: Ashland Greenwood High School, Ashland, Nebraska, direct via K0ASH Successful Wed 2007-08-29 16:03 UTC 55 deg (***) Gail Borden Public Library, Elgin, Illinois, direct via N9CHA Wed 2007-09-05 18:38 UTC 54 deg Watch for simulcast on IRLP, Echolink and, videostream Total number of ARISS ISS to earth school contacts is 313. (***) Total number of ARISS supported terrestrial contacts is 1. QSL information may be found at: http://www.arrl.org/ARISS/arissfaq.html http://www.rac.ca/ariss/oindex.htm#QSL's ISS callsigns: DP0ISS, NA1SS, RS0ISS ***************************************************************************** The schedule page has been updated as of 2007-08-29 19:00 UTC. Here you will find a listing of all scheduled school contacts, and questions, other ISS related websites, IRLP and Echolink websites, and instructions for any contact that may be streamed live. http://www.amsat.org/amsat/ariss/news/arissnews.txt The successful school list has been updated as of 2007-08-29 19:00 UTC http://www.amsat.org/amsat/ariss/news/Successful_ARISS_schools.rtf Frequency chart for packet, voice, and crossband repeater modes showing Doppler correction as of 2005-07-29 04:00 UTC http://www.amsat.org/amsat/ariss/news/ISS_frequencies_and_Doppler_correction.r tf Listing of ARISS related magazine articles as of 2006-07-10 03:30 UTC: http://www.amsat.org/amsat/ariss/news/ARISS_magazine_articles.rtf ***************************************************************************** There have been rumors in the past indicating that the ISS was having direct contacts on the 40 meter band. There is no HF radio equipment on board and available yet. The HF antenna is mounted. Sometimes WA3NAN will retransmit shuttle audio. ***************************************************************************** Expedition 15 on orbit: Fyodor Yurchikhin RN3FI Dr. Oleg Kotov Clayton Anderson KD5PLA Expedition 15 future: Daniel Tani KD5DXE ***************************************************************************** 73, Charlie Sufana AJ9N One of the ARISS operation team mentors ************************************** Get a sneak peek of the all-new AOL at http://discover.aol.com/memed/aolcom30tour ---- Sent via email@example.com. Opinions expressed are those of the author. Not an AMSAT member? Join now to support the amateur satellite program! Subscription settings: http://amsat.org/mailman/listinfo/sarex
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TAMPA, Fla. (AP) — The Florida socialite who traded flirtatious emails with the top commander in Afghanistan also sent numerous emails to the mayor of Tampa, including one begging him to shoo away news reporters camped outside her waterfront mansion.
The emails were released Friday by Mayor Bob Buckhorn.
Jill Kelley has been tied to the scandal that prompted the resignation of retired Gen. David Petraeus as CIA director. Petraeus admitted having an affair with his married biographer, Paula Broadwell. Federal officials say Broadwell sent emails to Kelley, perceiving her as a romantic rival. That FBI investigation uncovered emails between Kelley and Gen. John Allen during his time as head of Central Command in Tampa.
"As you see on tv, my name (including Gen Petraeus & Allen) and home have been exploited by the media," Kelley wrote to Buckhorn in an email timestamped 6:18 a.m. Wednesday. "I wouldn't care — if they got the facts right and focus on the criminal that stalked all of us. But the truth will one day prevail," she continued, in an apparent reference to Broadwell.
Officials have not released any evidence that Broadwell stalked Kelley.
Kelley has not commented, and her attorney did not return calls. But the emails portray Kelley — a married mother of three who lives in a waterfront mansion despite being mired in debt — as charming, chatty and polite. She boasted of connections to Petraeus and other high-ranking officials, and she sought Buckhorn's presence at events ranging from hosting a group of VIPs from Afghanistan, Pakistan and Nepal to her daughter's birthday party.
However, Buckhorn declined most of Kelley's invitations because he had other commitments. He was polite, but most of his replies were brief. Some replies were sent by the mayor's staff and not Buckhorn himself.
Buckhorn's office said the emails began in March 2011, a month after he was elected. More recently, Kelley begged him to remove the media outside her home and chastised officials for releasing 911 calls she made to police.
"My family has been put through the ringer (sic) and my kids are scared," she wrote. "And to put insult to injury, your police dept gave the local 911 tapes to the press!"
In Florida, 911 tapes are public record.
After hosting a reception for Buckhorn in April 2011, Kelley frequently traded emails with him and dropped names ranging from the King of Jordan to Allen and Petraeus, whom she referred to informally as "Dave."
Among the dozens of emails were Kelley's description of her role as "ambassador to the coalition," hosting visitors to Central Command at her home for a 15-course Lebanese meal at her home. Kelley's family is originally from Lebanon.
And in March 2012, when a Tampa DJ nicknamed "Bubba The Love Sponge" said he was going to "deep fat fry" a Koran as a stunt, Kelley emailed the mayor, claiming that Petraeus and Allen asked her about "getting this dealt with." She said she considered getting her "1st Amendment lawyer" to sue the DJ.
The mayor responded that the city was "working on it."
"OK keep me in the loop," Kelley wrote. "Gen Allen will be calling me from Afghanistan at 1 p.m on this-and our next step."
Just days before the scandal broke, Kelley emailed Buckhorn, a Democrat, and gushed about visiting the White House.
"I was at the WH with my friends in the Administration this weekend — the stress was surreal!" she wrote. "But glad POTUS has been reelected!"
Follow Tamara Lush on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tamaralush


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February 24. 2013 11:01PM
DreamCatchers group goes beyond its Goffstown roots
By KATHY REMILLARD
Union Leader Correspondent
David and Erin DiBello founded a group for students with disabilities in 1995. (COURTESY)
GOFFSTOWN - In 1995, Erin Whipple and David DiBello found themselves in middle school without a lot of connections, and struggled to find a place to belong.
Both had disabilities. Whipple struggled with learning disabilities, vision issues and ADHD. DiBello had viral encephalitis at age 7 and experienced memory problems.
"Both of us had disabilities and we had no group at school," said Whipple. "We just wanted a place where we belonged."
The two decided to take matters into their own hands and start a group where they could make friends with other students facing similar situations and have everyone feel accepted.
"At the beginning, it was about expressing themselves," recalled Donna DiBello, David's mother.
The early days of DreamCatchers were supported by civic groups such as the Odd Fellows and St. Matthew's Church. A counselor, himself blind, often attended group meetings, and students began to organize outings, dances and Halloween parties.
Michele Petersen's son, Nick, was an early member of the group, and she began volunteering.
"I just thought it was the greatest thing," she said. "I saw it as a gift."
As the group grew and the children flourished, Petersen said there was talk of trying to expand the program.
"We had conversations over the years about how great it would be to take it further," she said.
Finally, in December of 2011, Petersen was able to secure a board of directors and last year the group received tax-exempt status. Goffstown is the first chapter of DreamCatchers, and Petersen is working with other school districts to set up chapters in other schools.
Fundraising has begun in earnest, with a recent art auction at UNH at Manchester bringing in about $8,000, said Petersen.
Donna DiBello said DreamCatchers has had an impact on all of the families involved.
"It not only connected the kids together, it connected us as parents," she said. "It's really been a support for me."
As for Erin and David, now 31 and 30, respectively, the two will remain with the group as mentors.
They both have jobs and live independently; Erin volunteers with the New Hampshire Food Bank.
"If I didn't have this group, I wouldn't have been able to make so many friends," said Whipple.
"It feels really good, you start helping yourself and now we can help others," DiBello added.
But perhaps the most important outcome of the involvement of the Whipples and DiBellos with DreamCatchers is that it has linked the two families together. Erin and David were married last fall in a ceremony led by Rev. William Exner of St. Matthew's, who began the couple's journey with them nearly 18 years ago.
"It was our happily ever after," Whipple said.


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HRT previews the Chinese Grand Prix
The HRT will have some small updates in China © Sutton Images
Related Links
- Drivers:
- Narain Karthikeyan
- |
- Luis Perez-Sala
- |
- Pedro de la Rosa
- Teams:
Pedro de la Rosa"After these first two Grands Prix we arrive in China much better prepared, with more mileage and having learned a lot, especially after the Malaysian GP. All the data gathered in the last race is very important for us, as we mustn't forget that we didn't have a preseason. Now we have a better insight on the areas where we must improve, but the most important thing in this initial stage is to finish races. That is the prime objective in order to learn and improve race by race. The hardest part comes now but we are better prepared. China is a circuit where I have always done well and a place I know well, both in dry and wet conditions. It's not a particularly hard track for the car or the driver, but aerodynamics are fundamental."
Narain Karthikeyan: "We took a step forward in Malaysia and our aim is definitely to carry the momentum into China and rest of the season. Although we managed to finish the race, cooling was still an issue at Sepang and once we have it sorted out completely we'll be able to unlock some more performance from the car. The back straight at the Shanghai circuit is of course one of the longest on the calendar and the tightening first corner is uniquely challenging since the corner entry is in top gear and by the time you exit you're in second. Plus there are a fair amount of technical slow-speed corners as well, and the high-speed direction change of turns 7/8. Given these mixed characteristics, it is a demanding circuit for traction, aero and braking stability in equal measures."
Luis Pérez-Sala, team principal"The start to the season was very complicated because we were behind schedule with regards to the other teams. We had to put in a colossal effort to be able to get on track in Australia and improve our performance just one week later in Malaysia. There's still plenty to do and many areas to improve on to be where we should be but at least in these two weeks we've had a bit more time to analyse data, prepare and recharge batteries, therefore I'm confident that we're arriving in China in a much better situation. We mustn't forget that the F112 is only taking its first steps and, as of today, what we must do is progress without stopping. In Shanghai we'll have some small updates to optimize cooling and aerodynamics, and the target for this weekend is to check that these adjustments work. To sum up, we have to get more out of the car but must also improve on teamwork and coordination."
© ESPN Sports Media Ltd.
ESPN Staff


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Skip to comments.RECONSTRUCTION THEOLOGY AND HOME EDUCATION [Rushdoony, HSLDA, Gary North]
Posted on 11/17/2003 8:24:55 AM PST by Chancellor Palpatine
Quote from Christian Reconstructionist, Gary North:
"The stranger in ancient Israel did not serve as a judge, although he received all the benefits of living in the land. The political question is this: By what biblical standard is the pagan to be granted the right to bring political sanctions against God's people? We recognize that unbelievers are not to vote in Church elections. Why should they be allowed to vote in civil elections in a covenanted Christian nation? Which judicial standards will they impose? By what other standard than the Bible?"
- Gary North of Institute For Christian Economics
To more clearly understand the increasing divisiveness in homeschooling and the various leaders involvement in a political religion, it is necessary to become familiar with some of the facets of Christian theology and theocracy.
"Theocracy, the direct rule of a nation by God through divinely selected spokesmen, has many exemplars in the modern world. Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Iraq are nations with obvious theocratic tendencies. Israel's political parties exhibit growing theocratic patterns. In the United States, the Christian Reconstruction movement proposes the purest form of theocracy. Reconstructionism believes that the law given for the political and legal ordering of ancient Israel is intended for all people at all times; therefore American is duty bound to install a political system based entirely on biblical law."
Reconstructionist theologian David Barton offered this definition: "The Christian goal for the world is the universal development of Biblical theocratic republics, in which every area of life is redeemed and placed under the Lordship of Jesus Christ and the rule of God's law."
The term 'dominion theology' comes from Genesis 1:26-28 of the Bible where God's purpose for man is stated: Then God said, "Let us make man in our image, after our likeness; and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the birds of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps upon the earth." So God created man in his own image And God blessed them, and God said to them, "Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth and subdue it; and have dominion over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the air and over every living thing that moves upon the earth." (RSV)
Sometimes termed 'dominion' or 'kingdom' theology, "dominionism revolves around the idea that Christians and Christians alone, are Biblically mandated to occupy all secular institutions until Christ returns. An earlier source of dominion theology was an evangelical philosopher named Francis Schaeffer Schaeffer's 1981 book, A Christian Manifesto remained one of the Christian Right's most important texts into the 1990's."
"Individuals from a wide variety of backgrounds and ecclesiastical communions are influenced by and committed to these ideals, from conservative Roman Catholics to Episcopalians to Presbyterians to Pentecostals, Arminian and Calvinist, charismatic and non-charismatic, high Church and low Church traditions are all represented in the broader umbrella of Reconstructionism, (often in the form of the 'Christian America' movement)."
Many of the leaders of the so-called hard or Christian Right are followers of the teachings of Rousas John Rushdoony. R.J. Rushdoony is the spiritual leader of Chalcedon Foundation, a California organization dedicated to Christian Reconstruction. According to the Foundation, a Christian Reconstructionist is a Calvinist, holding to the principles that God, not man, is the center of the universe and beyond; a Theonomist, believing that God's law is found in the Bible; a Presuppositionalist, believing that he holds to the Faith because the Bible says so and has no need to prove it; a Postmillennialist believing that Christ will return to earth only after the Holy Spirit has empowered the church to advance Christ's kingdom in time and history and a Dominionist taking seriously the Bible's commandment to the godly to take dominion in the earth. "The Christian Reconstructionist believes the earth and all it's fullness is the Lord's; that every area dominated by sin must be 'reconstructed' in terms of the Bible. This includes, first, the individual; second, the family; third, the church; and fourth, the wider society including the state."
The Dominion theology movement places Judeo-Christian biblical law above any and all constitutional law, including the U.S. Constitution. "Postmillienialists believe that righteous human beings, essentially servants of Christ, must achieve positions of influence in societies in order to prepare the world for the Messiah's return."
In his excellent 1996 book, With God on Our Side, William Martin used a sampling of the views of several noted Reconstructionists to give a sense of how a Reconstructed America would be: "The federal government would play no role in regulating business, public education, or welfare [S]ome government would be visible at the level of counties but citizens would be answerable to church authorities on most matters subject to regulation income taxes would not exceed ten percent - the biblical tithe - and social security would disappear [P]ublic schools would be abolished in favor of home-schooling arrangements, and families would operate on a strict patriarchal pattern. The only people permitted to vote would be members of 'biblically correct' churches. Most notably, a theonomic order would make homosexuality, adultery, blasphemy, propagation of false doctrine, and incorrigible behavior by disobedient children subject to the death penalty, preferably administered by stoning a reconstructed America would have little room for Jews, Buddhists, Muslims, Hindus, atheists, or even non-Reconstructionist Christians. 'The Christian', one Reconstructionist author has asserted, 'must realize that pluralism is a myth R.J. Rushdoony, also regards pluralism as a heresy, since, in the name of toleration, the believer is asked to associate on a common level of total acceptance with the atheist, the pervert, the criminal, and the adherents of other religions."
Other noted Reconstructionists include Greg Bahnson, David Barton of WallBuilders, Inc., David Chilton, Gary DeMar of American Vision and Worldview Magazine; Ted DeMoss of Christian Business Men's Committee; Kenneth Gentry, Jay Grimstead of Coalition on Revival; James Kennedy of Coral Ridge Presbyterian Church; Tim LaHaye of American Coalition for Traditional Values; Mrs. Connie Marshner of Free Congress Foundation; Rev. Joseph Morecraft; Gary North of Institute for Christian Economics; Mark Siljander of Global Strategies, Inc.; Randall Terry of Operation Rescue and Rev. Donald Wildmon of American Family Association. Dr. Kennedy, Rev. LaHaye, Mrs. Marshner, Mr. North, R.J. Rushdoony, and Rev. Wildmon are all members of the Council For National Policy.
"Whether it is acknowledged or not, Reconstructionism has profoundly influenced the Christian Right. Perhaps its most important role within the Christian Right can be traced to the formation in 1982 of the Coalition on Revival (COR) Founded and headed by Dr. Jay Grimstead, COR has sought in this way to create a transdenominational theology The COR leadership has significantly overlapped with the Christian Right, and has included: John Whitehead, Don Wildmon Tim LaHaye and D. James Kennedy, Randall Terry Steven Hotze, Rev. Glen Cole Michael Farris Robert Dugan Bill Dannemeyer Mark Siljander R.J. Rushdoony, Gary North, Joseph Moorecraft, David Chilton, Gary DeMar and Rus Walton."
It is difficult for secular homeschoolers to understand the apparent double standard when Christian homeschoolers are discriminatory against them at the local support group level, while at the same time, courting their efforts when it comes to state or national political causes. Understanding Reconstructionist Theology and Theocracy is important because it reflects understanding on the division in the homeschooling community between secular and religious members, and the theocratic motivations of politically manipulating the community.
Gary North declared, "All long-term social change comes from the successful efforts of one or another struggling organizations to capture the minds of a hard core of future leaders."
Reconstructionists believe that Christian schools and the homeschooling movement are the key to capturing those minds. Joseph Moorecraft said in 1987, that the Reconstruction movement was made up of a small number but expected a massive acceleration in 25 to 30 years 'when those kids that are now in Christian schools have graduated and taken their places in American society, and moved into places of influence and power.'
It's interesting to note that Reconstructionist Jay Rogers wrote, " A little known fact: R. J Rushdoony, aside from being the founder of Christian Reconstruction, is also the founder of the modern home schooling movement. Most people who deride the Reconstructionist movement for being 'too political' don't realize that." This declaration completely ignores the work of secular writers, such as John Holt, who promoted homeschooling as an alternative in the 1970's and '80's.
When it comes to politics, the principles are simple: "The long-term goal of Christians in politics should be to gain exclusive control over the franchise. Those who refuse to submit publicly to the eternal sanctions of God by submitting to His Church's public marks of the covenant--baptism and Holy Communion--must be denied citizenship, just as they were in ancient Israel."
"Gary North claims that 'the ideas of the Reconstructionists have penetrated into Protestant circles that for the most part are unaware of the original source of the theological ideas that are beginning to transform them.' North describes the 'three major legs of the Reconstructionist movement' as 'the Presbyterian oriented educators, the Baptist school headmasters and pastors, and the charismatic telecommunications system.' What this means is that hundreds of thousands of Pentecostals and charismatic Christians, as well as many fundamentalist Baptists, have moved out of the apolitical camp. Many have thrown themselves into political work - not merely as voters, but as ideologically driven activists, bringing a reconstructed 'Biblical world view' to bear on their area of activism."
The Home School Legal Defense Association/Foundation has many links to Reconstructionism. In his well-researched 1995 book, Home Schooling: The Right Choice, HSLDA attorney Christopher Klicka frequently quotes Reconstructionst writers, notably Rushdoony and Barton. In addition to including Rushdoony's "The Difference Between Christian Education and Humanistic Education", the book's forward was written by D. James Kennedy and many of the ideals expressed seem Reconstructionist, however, he does not state specifically that he is a Reconstructionist.
The relationship between President Michael Farris of HSLDA and Tim and Beverly LaHaye goes back to the early 1980's when Michael Farris was head of the legal department of Concerned Women for America. Tim LaHaye was attempting to start a television ministry that failed. In 1983 he started the American Coalition for Traditional Values which was similar to the now defunct Moral Majority, its goal being to mobilize Christians to register and vote. Some accounts indicate Michael Farris was deeply involved with ACTV while others do not mention his involvement. ACTV closed down shortly after the 1986 elections. Tim LaHaye withdrew from his television ministry when it was publicized that his church was funding an anti-Catholic group. In 1985 he further withdrew after it became known that CWA had accepted 'generous help' from the Rev. Sun Myung Moon's Unification Church which teaches the divinity of the Rev. Moon in direct conflict with Christian teachings. In 1987 Rev. LaHaye was forced to resign as co-chair from Jack Kemp's presidential campaign because newspapers printed divisive passages from his writings, which were anti-catholic and anti-Semetic.
The New York Times profiled Michael Farris' campaign for Lt. Governor of Virginia as part of a series of articles about Christians in politics. It is noted that Michael Farris' name appeared as a co-author of a policy paper by Jay Grimstead's "Coalition on Revival, which has called for the United States to reclaim itself as a 'Christian nation.' (Farris says that he only worked on an early draft of the document and that the organization included his name without his permission.)"
Farris's name appears among ninety-seven Christian intellectuals who signed the Coalition for Revival's 1986 'manifesto' which declares, "We believe America can be turned around and once again function as a
Christian nation as it did in it's earlier years. The document lists Farris and Virginia C. Armstrong as co-authors of the section entitled 'The Christian World View of the Law,' which states, 'We affirm that a society must inevitably choose between conflicting legal foundations and views of law and should choose Christian views and a Christian foundation because the Christian system is vastly superior to all alternatives." Farris denies ever signing the document or co-writing the section on a Christian view of the law although Armstrong recalls that she and Farris wrote different parts of the section and "he certainly seemed to be in general agreement" of the finished version.
Michael Farris, in his 1992 book, Where Do I Draw The Line?, addressed Reconstructionism. He quotes Francis Shaeffer's Christian Manifesto to explain our nation's slide into its current cultural condition but he also takes an opportunity to note that, "there are those who advocate the idea that America should enact the Old Testament law right down to the rules for conducting trials. I am not one of those people but I do believe the moral principles of God apply to every age."
However, when discussing classical education in The Future of Home Schooling, he recommends as "one of the best programs I have seen that offers a clearly Christian classical education is David Quine's World Views of the Western World World Views is a three-year program that is built largely around the works of Francis Schaeffer. Students still read Homer, Socrates and Machiavelli. But these are balanced not only by Schaeffer's works, but also by St. Augustine, Luther and Calvin."
As homeschoolers we should be very careful not to assign guilt by association. It is probable that some of the individuals involved in homeschooling and/or HSLDA are Reconstructionists, while others who associate with them are not. Prominent Reconstructionists are often given a forum to advance their cause at HSLDA conferences but it is unknown whether HSLDA itself is a Reconstructionist organization. HSLDA has ties to the Reconstructionist movement through former employees such as attorney Doug Phillips, the son of prominent Reconstructionist Howard Phillips, founder of the U.S. Taxpayers Party and HSLDA founder James Carden who was instrumental in introducing the concept of home schooling to Bill Gothard of Advanced Training Institute of America, himself a prominent Reconstructionist. Carden was among the 100 families who piloted the ATIA program in 1984/85. Board member Jeff Ethell may have been influenced by Reconstruction ideas while a student at Westminster Seminary in Philadelphia, where noted Reconstructionist Cornelius Van Til taught for nearly 50 years. In his 1959 book, R.J. Rushdoony lavishly praised Van Til's philosophy and the influence it had on him.
Christopher Klicka attended Regent University where 'longtime Dean of the Law School, Herb Titus used Rushoony's book in his introductory law course "Christopher Klicka, who has been deeply influenced by R.J. Rushdoony, writes: 'Sending our children to the public school violates nearly every Biblical principle It is tantamount to sending our children to be trained by the enemy' Klicka also advocates religious selfsegregation and advises Christians not to affiliate with non-Christian homeschoolers in any way. 'The differences I am talking about have resulted in wars and martyrdom in the not too distant past.' According to Klicka, who is an attorney with the Home School Legal Defense Association, 'as an organization, and as individuals, we are committed to promote the cause of Christ and his Kingdom."
Former HSLDA employee Inge Cannon was previously employed by Bill Gothard's Institute of Basic Life Principles where she was involved with the development of ATIA's homeschool curriculum. Several of HSLDA's interns come from or plan to attend Oak Brook College of Law and Government Policy which is part of Bill Gothard's ATIA. Also, Tim LaHaye, considered to be a prominent Reconstructionist, is associated with Michael Farris' political action committee, Madison Project Fund Inc., as well as having ties to him through Concerned Women for America. Many of the ideals, particularly exclusivism and selfsegregation as promoted by prominent Christian homeschooling leaders like Christopher Klicka and Gregg Harris, are Reconstructionist in nature. As homeschoolers we must be careful when examining the religious motivations of our fellow homeschoolers not to attach labels which may not be appropriate. However, it would be more honest of HSLDA and others to define their belief status when placing themselves in positions of moral authority over homeschoolers, who are perhaps of other, contrary, beliefs.
1 Gary North, "Westminster's Confession: The Abandonment of Van Til's Legacy", Tyler, TX: Institute for Christian Economics, 1991, p. 227.
2 Derek H. Davis, "Religious Pluralism and the Quest for Unity in American Life", Journal of Church & State, Spring 1994, Vol. 36, Issue 2, page 245.
3 Frederick Clarkson, "Theocratic Dominionism Gains Influence", The Public Eye, March and June 1994.
4 Sara Diamond, Roads to Dominion, Guilford Press, 1995, page 246.
5 J. Ligon Duncan III, Moses' Law for Modern Government: The Intellectual and Sociological Origins of the Christian Reconstructionist Movement, Atlanta Georgia, October 15, 1994.
6 Rev. Andrew Sandlin, "The Creed of Christian Reconstruction", Chalcedon Foundation, (http://www.chalcedon.edu/creed.html.)
7 Alec Foege, The Empire God Built - Inside Pat Robertson's Media Machine, (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1996), page 176.
8 William Martin, With God On Our Side, (New York: Broadway Books, 1996), page 353-354.
9 PRO-S.O.C.S. (Separation of Church and State), "The Righteous Revolution: Could there be a theocracy in America's future?", 1996.
10 Sara Diamond, "Dominion Theology: The Truth About the Christian Right's Bid for Power".
11 "Council For National Policy Membership List", Institute for First Amendment Studies.
12 Frederick Clarkson, "Theocratic Dominionism Gains Influence", The Public Eye, March and June 1994.
13 Ibid.
14 Jay Rogers, What is Theonomy?, ww.forerunner.com/theofaq.html, no date. Theonomy means "God's law".
15 Gary North, Political Polytheism: The Myth of Pluralism (Tyler, TX: Institute for Christian Economics, 1989), p. 87.
16 Frederick Clarkson, "Theocratic Dominionism Gains Influence," The Public Eye, March and June 1994.
17 Stephen Bates, Battleground, New York: Henry Holt, 1993, page 105.
18 William Martin, With God On Our Side, New York: Broadway Books, 1996, page 270.
19 Stephen Bates, op. cit.
20 Leslie Kaufman, "Life Beyond God," New York Times Magazine, October 16, 1994.
21 Michael Farris, Where Do I Draw The Line?, Minnesota: Bethany House, 1992, page 15.
22 Rozell and Wilcox Second Coming The New Christian Right in Virginia Politics, Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, page 100-101.
23 Where do I Draw The Line? Op cit, page 25.
24 Michael Farris, The Future of Home Schooling, Washington D.C.: Regnery Publishing, 1997, page 16.
25 "In Memoriam", Home School Court Report, Vol. 13, No. 3, May/June 97, page 10.
26 Bruce Barron, Heaven On Earth? The Social and Political Agenda of Dominion Theology, Grand Rapids MI: Zondervan, 1992, pages 37, 39.
27 Frederick Clarkson:, Theocratic Dominionism Gains Influence, Part 3: No Longer Without Sheep.
© 1999 Mary H. McCarthy
Home School Legal Research Alliance
Elvis says, "feed that child"
As the snow flies
On a cold and gray chicago mornin
A poor little baby child is born
In the ghetto And his mama cries
cause if theres one thing that she dont need
Its another hungry mouth to feed
In the ghetto
I thought this thread was about an article dealing with Christian Reconstruction. Whay do you refuse to address the article, but instead focus on past grudges?
This is an amazingly destructive slander, typical of the fever-pitched idiocy of those who don't know what they are talking about. Free Republic should not tolerate such insane postings.
I challenge anybody to substantiate this calumny! Please cite any references at all in the "Reconstructionist" literature than justifies such an hysterical and wicked statement.
The acrimonious spirit of Pius V and Gregpry XIII lives on in this type of spiritual malignancy and verbal abuse.
It should be in the SBR or deleted.
But some days the enemy of "good" is "even better."
Do you still believe in God? Or are you completely divorced from Christianity now?
If you still believe in God, you got some serious discussions to do with Him.
You should get off this Forum and do it.
Is the above in keeping with your Christian principles?
This article is such vicious slander and libel against the homeschool movement. It is an attempt to paint an entire movement of hundreds of thousands of Christian homeschoolers with the label of "Theocrats" and "Reconstructionist ideologues" advocating converting this country to a Christian State and history demonstrates that that always ends up with the killing of dissenters and the end to freedom of thought and action
I've pinged the admin moderator. If you have any complaints, I'll refer you to
You darn well better believe I have a complaint!!!
Why is this kind of attempt to smear all Christian homeschoolers as theocrats who always ends up with the killing of dissenters and the end to freedom of thought and action tolerated on this Forum?
Why was it moved to Religion Forum to bait the Christian believers there?
Why was it not moved to the SBR or pulled, as it should have been?
Why is this anti-Christian troll tolerated?
Thus this article and the POS who posted it should be removed. But he's your old buddy, so you'll defend this anti-Christian screed instead of defending your fellow Christian.
On relegating the religious practices of nonbelievers to second class status or banning it completely, and expecting Christians to march in lockstep
If you don't know this, you don't know anything about what you are pretending to discuss.
You really need to sharpen your tools, mate, if you want to appear to have any credibility at all.
Don't waste our time with your sophomoric scholarship. You make me laugh!
If I didn't know either of you, I'd say, from the behavior on this thread, that he's the Christian, and you are not.
Once again--and read this slowly--you don't own this forum. Jim Robinson does. When you have your own forum, you can tell people to leave. You do not have that power on this forum. You do not have the power to have threads pulled, although you're trying very hard to do so.
Personal attacks on another freeper are forbidden on this forum. To wit: Please: NO profanity, NO personal attacks, NO racism or violence in posts.
If a legal election is held under the terms of our Constitution, and the Federal Judiciary sustains the decision of the ballot by a vote of the majority of the Supreme Court....is this "imposing tyranny?"
Nowhere in any "Reconstructionist" literature does anyone advocate anything but complete legal, open-ballot, judicially sustained voting.
Are you saying you will not defend the tenets of the United States Constitution?
Then why did he sign the Manifesto that set up the COR? Other signatories include Rushdoony, Gary North, Donald Wildmon, etc.
Your mind works this way: LaHaye signed the COR Manifesto. Gary North signed the COR Manifesto. North is a "Reconstructionist"; therefore, LaHaye is a "Reconstructionist." You make me laugh!
I am neither a "Reconstructionist", nor a "Theonomist". But I am a defender of the truth. And I don't like sloppy logicians like you.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


text:
Choices, choices...but such pleasureable ones. Burr has a wonderful way with words and it's well worth following his Scent Notes at the New York Times.
Thursday, February 11, 2010
The Perfect Scent
Choices, choices...but such pleasureable ones. Burr has a wonderful way with words and it's well worth following his Scent Notes at the New York Times.
25 comments:
Miam miam... I am drooling here.. must check out that book now too...sigh...rampant sensualists the French...d'accord...and it makes total sense to me...:)ReplyDelete
Gah this makes me miss Paris!ReplyDelete
- Foodwalker11:55 AM
I love to ride in elevators in expensive hotels and just smell. Oh, all the lovely perfumes.ReplyDelete
I rarely wear them because they interfer with wine and food. But I do love them.
One that I wear occassionally: Te Verte by Bulgari. Also: Jo Malone's basil,mango, lime. Um. bothe related to my food world.
that's called "sillage" in the biz- the waft or aroma that comes after...ReplyDelete
- Jill12:07 PM
Carol , you made me remember, l love Shalimar and when l went on a tour in Paris to a perfume museum - we had long slips of paper that they put perfume on, it was fantastic.ReplyDelete
l asked for Shalimar but they had none so ended up with Fendi. If it still operates have a look your you will love it.
They make perfume for all the major brands and get everything from Grasse, don't miss it,
I wrote about that perfume museumReplyDelete
those papers are called touche-it's all in the book
- Renee1:02 PM
I loved your Perfect Scent this morning. If you like books about perfume you would probably love this novel: Perfume, The Story of a Murderer by Patrick Suskind if you have not already read it. It is a bit weird and dark but I loved it. It is the strange story of a man born in the slums of Paris in the 18th century who grows up to have an amazing sense of smell. It is an older book so I'm not sure if it is out of print but if you'd like I can loan it to you.ReplyDelete
We will be on our way to Paris for a week in March. Yes, I know a week is not very long but it is certainly better than a week here in cold Boston. To be sure, we will be sampling macarons!
Let me know about the book,
This delicious post makes me wonder how would taste a Chanel N°5 macaron?!!!ReplyDelete
Using "parfum" is very common in french to speak about something edible, ice ceam for example, I hadn't realized it before!!!
Emma (craving for macaroons now!)
Must get that book! Thanks for the info and lovely photos - sometimes the parfum bottle/packaging is as exciting as the juice inside! Un Jardin sur le Nile: it's my secret weapon!! I love it so much, and it always reminds me of a wonderful trip to NY, where my husband and I first discovered it, thanks to a kind and enthusiastic sales associate at Barneys.ReplyDelete
I have worn only 3 parfums in my time...started with Shalimar, moved on to Opium and now wear Coco (NOT Coco Mademoiselle!)...all French! You must be right!ReplyDelete
I don't know any more Linda...that's why I'm reading this bookReplyDelete
I have to go explore :)
I agree with Renee,ReplyDelete
Patrick Süskind's novel "Parfume" is definitely a must-read! I have not seen the movie (yet), but my Süskind-loving daughters have. They enjoyed the visuals, but would urge you to read the book first, if only to envision your own pictures first.
Bonne fin de semaine! :-)
I know from past experience about wearing perfume around the culinary industry as being forbidden. That's why its interesting to see "fragrances" and "menus" being intertwined.ReplyDelete
I have a friend in the fragrance industry and they call her "the nose" which makes me giggle.
But it's amazing how she can interpret every scent. Wish I had that capability.


text:
Moderators: Three Stars, dagny, pfim, netwolf
FreeCandy44 wrote:That was the most amazing thing Clay has ever done.
PensFanInDC wrote:Dumb for telling Jax?
Maybe this was Tara's plan all along...
FreeCandy44 wrote:Id like to call this meeting of the We Hate Tara club to order.
FreeCandy44 wrote:Id like to call this meeting of the We Hate Tara club to order.
the wicked child wrote:Seems like some serious **** will hit the fan next week. Anyone know how many episodes are expected this season?
PensFanInDC wrote:Okay so I dislike Tara a little now. I still don't hate her.
PensFanInDC wrote:I'm pretty sure everyone except Jax thinks his relationship with Tara is over. Juice probably thought telling her where he was would hurt her.
Here is one thing that has gone unnoticed and will probably be the season ending crap storm that we deal with next season. The woman Jax killed, the abusive mother, was "cleaned up" by Robocop (can't remember the character's name). I'm pretty sure Robocop is going to use that as leverage at some point. She was killed, he took care of it, end of story. Sutter never does anything that clean. As soon as he told Jax that he would clean it up for him I knew that was a bad idea.
And Happy is as good as dead IMO
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