It has long been found that well-configured recommender system ensembles can achieve better effectiveness than the combined systems separately. Sophisticated approaches have been developed to automatically optimize the ensembles' configuration to maximize their performance gains. However most work in this area has targeted simplified scenarios where algorithms are tested and compared on a single non-interactive run. In this paper we consider a more realistic perspective bearing in mind the cyclic nature of the recommendation task, where a large part of the system's input is collected from the reaction of users to the recommendations they are delivered. The cyclic process provides the opportunity for ensembles to observe and learn about the effectiveness of the combined algorithms, and improve the ensemble configuration progressively. In this paper we explore the adaptation of a multi-armed bandit approach to achieve this, by representing the combined systems as arms, and the ensemble as a bandit that at each step selects an arm to produce the next round of recommendations. We report experiments showing the effectiveness of this approach compared to ensembles that lack the iterative perspective. Along the way, we find illustrative pitfall examples that can result from common, single-shot offline evaluation setups.


This article examines the utility of a novel tool for conducting offender-based research: the "eye-tracking device" (ETD), which is designed to identify what a person sees in the center of his or her vision. First, we review prior research using the ETD. Second, we detail the advantages and troubles we encountered when using it to study simulated shoplifting in retail outlets among 39 active offenders. Benefits of using the ETD include video recording what participants look at, which may serve as quantitative or qualitative data, and, when coupled with a questionnaire, the video footage may be used as a memory prompt and source of verification. Thus, using the ETD should reduce two sources of measurement bias: participants' limited recall and intentional fabrication. However, limitations of the ETD are that it may inaccurately record what participants see in their peripheral vision and its physical structure makes some participants feel more inconspicuous than usual, both of which are pertinent to criminals' attempts to avoid apprehension. The peripheral vision problem limits the quantitative output's validity, whereas the physical structure concern potentially diminishes the generalizability of results. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for theory and research.


The papers in this dialogue will help develop evaluation as a field (both in South Asia and other regions). What comes through in all of the papers is both humility of where evaluation is as a field and imagination and ambition of where we could be in the near future. Reading the papers in this forum makes us enthusiastic about being evaluators. The papers are a testament to the need for ambition about our field—it is probably time to move beyond narrow debates on projects and program evaluation to larger questions of how evaluations can contribute toward development (Carden, 2009) and perhaps more generally social betterment (Mark & Henry, 2004). The papers collectively focus on the importance of learning from prior capacity building experiments and adventures: What can the evaluation capacity building efforts in South Asia learn from prior capacity building experiments in the West? Perhaps, the most intriguing avenue these papers raise is the potential of ''co-evolutionary'' learning between the West and South Asia: What can the West learn from South Asian experiences in evaluation? How does this learning further transform the learning in South Asia? The above points are neither academic nor just of interest to future historians of evaluation field building. The really big issue that Katherine Hay raises in her paper is that without dialogue on the ''values, perspectives, and priorities'' of the South, there is a very real danger that capacity building attempts inadvertently create and reinforce inequalities in evaluation capacities.


Recent studies on the economic effects of works councils in Germany using the European Company Survey estimate a significant negative effect of works councils on establishment productivity and profitability. These results are in stark contrast to studies using the IAB Establishment Panel estimating a significant positive effect of works councils on establishment productivity and profitability. This article scrutinises these empirical approaches. While sample selection and control variables have a substantial impact on the magnitude of marginal effects, the definition of the dependent variable as an objective or subjective measure causes the opposing signs. Beyond that, similar measures in both datasets lead to comparable marginal effects highlighting the relevance of the definition of the dependent variable for inferences and interpretation of studies about the effectiveness of industrial relations institutions and raising questions about the validity of the performance measures.


The present paper is refered to the automation of parameter calculation during evaluation and design of settlers by Talmage and Fitch method. It has not been...


The development of evidence‐based ("collaborative care") mental health services in primary care for young people with anxiety, depression and alcohol or other substance misuse is a major challenge. Data from two clinical audits of selected Australian general practices (1998–1999 and 2000–2002) were analysed to explore actual experiences of care among people aged 16–25 years. Syndromal (1998–1999: 31.0% [n = 1849/5957]; 2000–2002: 37.8% [n = 148/392]) and subsyndromal (1998–1999: 27.4% [n = 1635/5957]; 2000–2002: 29.1% [114/392]) mental disorders are very common among young people presenting to general practitioners. However, a mental health diagnosis (1998–1999: 42.6% [n = 740/1736]; 2000–2002: 52.0% [n = 77/148]) or provision of formal treatment (1998–1999: 36.1% [n = 600/1661]; 2000–2002: 51.7% [n = 74/143]) occurs in only about half of the patients with syndromal conditions. While some active treatment was received by 19.4% (1998–1999 [n = 1018/5236]) and 35.9% (2000–2002 [n = 133/370]) of the young people, respectively, the most commonly reported interventions were non‐pharmacological alone (1998–1999: 13.1% [n = 687/5236]; 2000–2002: 22.4% [n = 83/370]) or non‐pharmacological and pharmacological combinations (1998–1999: 4.1% [n = 214/5236]; 2000–2002: 10.3% [n = 38/370]). Only rarely is pharmacological treatment alone provided (1998–1999: 2.2% [n = 117/5236]; 2000–2002: 3.2% [n = 12/370]). New systems of primary care for young people need to be based on proven collaborative care models and encourage presentations for care, increase detection rates, and promote access to information and effective e‐health services. Improved access to specific psychological treatments should remain a priority.


The present invention provides a composition, which is characterized mainly by a shell oligosaccharide, mannan oligosaccharide, oligopeptide, grape seed, natural astaxanthin according to a certain ratio, processed and made. Component of the formulation by weight percent: Chitooligosaccharide (Chitosan oligosaccharides, COS) 30.0% ~ 50.0%, mannose oligosaccharides (Mannose oligosaccharides, MOS) 10.0% ~ 30.0%, the protein hydrolyzate (oligopeptides) 5.0% ~ 15.0%, grape seed extract, 1.0% to 5.0% natural astaxanthin (astaxanthin, ASTA) 0.01% ~ 0.02%. The composition may promote intestinal bifidobacteria, lactobacilli and other significant proliferation of beneficial bacteria, and on the basis of the environment to improve the gut microflora, reducing blood glucose, lipid, strengthen the immune system.


It is suggested that considerable savings in high-cost fuel could be achieved if the electricity produced by a base-load plant at low power would be passed to a motor-generator acting as motor to drive a compressor to compress air to be stored in reservoirs and the compressed air is used during peak hours to drive a gas turbine connected to the motor-generator acting as generator to generate additional electricity. The equipment, storage volumes and aquifers required are discussed.


Developing strategies to securely store data across cloud is a much focused topic of research in recent days. Cloud computing focuses on maximizing the effectiveness of the shared resources. Cloud storage provides a convenient means of storing and retrieval of huge amount of data. Personal Health Records (PHRs) should remain the lifelong property of patients and should be displayable conveniently and securely to selected caregivers. My PHR Machines a patient centric system that takes a radically new architectural solution to health record interoperability. Patients Can Upload their Medical data then they access and share through remote Virtual machine. We have made a literature survey on techniques to protect PHRs and find open prototype of My PHR Machines supports the use case of a real world patient scenario.


Background: The aim of this survey was to obtain information about the current use of anticholinergic preanaesthetic medication in children. It was carried out as a follow‐up study of the previous survey amongst Finnish anaesthesiologists in 1990.


We present the identification of heat flux dissipated at pin face on newly developed pin on disc tribometer. The repartition on contact surface is obtained by inverse heat conduction algorithm in two steps. Mean heat flux is firstly calculated by function specification method in one dimensional model then heat repartition at the surface is obtained with a Levenberg‐Marquardt optimisation algorithm on three dimensional finite element analysis. Experiments are performed on steel disc against phenolic resin pin commonly used for braking applications. Results show that heat flux distribution is dependent on pressure and sliding speed conditions.


The aim of our study is to analyse competitive dynamics in an emerging sector of the wider agri-food industry, namely the fresh-cut business (fruit and vegetable products that are minimally processed and ready to eat). Our work is based on case study research. We propose an interpretive model that we term the cognitive-relational framework. Our framework explains the development dynamics of the emergent fresh -cut business and outlines structural links among resources, relationships, and innovation processes, which are basic and critical elements for the continued growth of the traditional agri-food industry.Our proposed cognitive-relational approach allowed us to understand how the studied firms radically transformed the ways they manage their business and develop new products. Using this approach, we now understand why these firms have become market leaders in this innovative sector of the food industry.


A 2D computational model, incorporating the Snowplow approximation in the mass balance, is used to simulate the acceleration of an annular current sheath along two coaxial electrodes, with the inner one having either cylindrical or conical shape. The circuit, mass and momentum equations are simultaneously solved in 2D (r, z) considering initial breakdown along the insulator surface, ideal gas mass accretion by the current sheath (snowplow model) and distributed inductance along a coaxial transmission line short-circuited by the current sheath. Plasma density and electron temperature in the current sheath are estimated using standard planar shock theory. Numerical integration of the model's equations for a given electrode geometry yields the temporal evolution of the current sheath parameters during the axial acceleration phase. In order to see the effect of the inner electrode shape on sheath parameters (i.e. transit time, kinetic energy, total mass, shape, etc.) and/or circuit properties (i.e. circuit inductance, voltage and current evolution, etc.), the portion of the inner electrode beyond the insulator was given a conical shape. By changing the cone slant in a range between ±5°, it was found that the current driven on the plasma sheath varies nonlinearly with the angle. The divergent (positive angle) electrode gives the sheath the highest kinetic energy, being twice the value corresponding to that of the straight inner electrode case, and the transit time is reduced from 1.34 to 1.20 µs. The estimates of plasma density and electron temperature indicate that the achievable ion densities are on the order of 4x10 22 m -3 , which corresponds to 30 % ionization, and typical temperatures at the end of the rundown phase are on the order of 8 eV. These values are comparable with those measured in experimental devices. The development of this tool will enable us to benchmark its results against an experimental installation currently close to being operational, and a future follow-up paper will be devoted to the comparison between the prediction of the rundown phase behavior and experimental results utilizing conical electrodes .


Elementary schools administer reading screeners to identify students in need of remedial instruction. However, the administration of additional assessments comes with a cost. It is unclear the extent to which multiple types of reading screeners warrant the increase in resources that could be used for instruction. This study compared cost–accuracy ratios for three types of reading screeners in Grade 3: curriculum-based measurement (Acadience), computer adaptive assessment (Star), informal reading inventory (Fountas and Pinnell Benchmark Assessment System), and the cost–accuracy of using all three in conjunction. We used classification and regression tree analysis to identify local cut-scores and identify how measures could be combined to maximize classification accuracy. Results suggested that oral reading fluency score (Acadience) yielded the best cost–accuracy ratio, but the combination of Star and oral reading fluency identified important instructional groups. Cost tables provide additional insight to schools on critical decision points for choosing and implementing reading screeners.


Percy speaks with a prophetic voice to all modern people, and not necessarily only to those who would describe themselves as 'Christians' or 'Anglicans'. Better than any other contemporary I can think of, Percy's great achievement, in my view, is to engage theologically with the social sciences thereby deepening and enriching a modern approach to spirituality, and doing this while staying faithful to Christian orthodoxy. He lays the foundations for a generous, inclusive spirituality that seeks to integrate and make sense of human experience and learning. His other great achievement is to help his readers to see how, in his view, God is at work in contemporary culture and secular learning, and that to ignore God in those contexts is to impoverish faith, worship, and understanding. Despite the pleasure of reading the critical appraisals of Percy's work in the earlier parts of the book, what I enjoyed more were the extracts of Percy's own writings in the second half. Percy comes across as pastorally wise, insightful, thoughtful, irenic but not flaccid – with all these virtues set in a winsome prose style. To my mind, he is one of the great, pastor-theologians of the Christian Church today, who has integrated faith with wide-ranging learning in disciplines sometimes regarded as implicitly hostile to faith and spirituality. As a result, his work makes spirituality, churches, and theology attractive, and sometimes exciting! Martyn Percy has not said the last word on much of what he writes about, and I suspect he would be the first to say that; rather, he has helped us to think critically, to welcome secular learning, and to re-consider carefully how we might understand faith and spirituality for and in the twenty-first century. He balances learning from the social sciences with tradition and orthodoxy, and therebyprovides a reasoned, reasonable, and radical challenge to theway inwhichwe construe ourselves, Christian spirituality, and the Church. This is no mean achievement. And if you read nothing else of this book, read Percy's Afterword, subtitled, 'ASelf-Critical Retrospect': it is visionary, prophetic, and almost poetic. It summarizes the heart of Percy's spirituality and theology.


There are kinds of logging instruments with di ff erent principles,calibrations and measuring methods which are being continuousl y improved, so, the surface logging system should be easily implanted with all k inds of downhole instruments without modifying their software. Introduced is DL L(Dynamic Link Library) technology. A new logging instrument operating library w hich is installed into well logging system dynamically has been developed accord ing to some standards and interface criteria. So the reusability and maintenance of the system is enhanced. The system meets the requirements so that the new DD L is conveniently implanted to the instruments dynamically.


DUST is present everywhere. It is continually being formed by the incessant activity of living beings in slowly grinding down the matter on which they walk. It is being produced by man in building houses, in making roads and in a large number of industries in which he is engaged. It is also formed as the result of Nature's wearing forces, the sun, the wind and the rain. Thus iron becomes corroded with a red oxide, and even copper acquires a greenish appearance, caused by a finely divided deposit on which copper, oxygen, water and carbon dioxide are chemically bound together. Then again the air is polluted with smoke, which is merely a cloud of particles of finely divided carbon, and which when they have aggregated to give sufficiently large particles settle on the walls and roofs of buildings in the form of dust. Dust particles may be so small as to be beyond the limit of microscopic vision, i.e. smaller than just over one tenthousandth part of an inch. Yet by cumulative deposition they may clog up the capillaries of the lungs and so impair life. Thus workers in mineral mines and in the cement industry run the risk of silicosis, a disease caused by the accumulation in the lungs of gritty particles of the nature of quartz. These dust clouds will also leave deposits on the clothing and in such exposed cavities as the ears, where it is retained by the wax. The dusts associated with a man's occupation have persisted in the wax for upwards of two years after the man has given up that particular calling. All matter is derived in the first place from the Earth's


3D particle diagnostic for complex plasma laboratories on the ISS

Complex plasmas are an almost ideal model system to study dynamics and kinetics of fundamental effects like phase transitions, waves, and laminar as well as turbulent flows. This studies are performed in 2D views for many years with comparatively simple camera setups. To get 3D information about the particle cloud you can either move the 2D camera and laser in the direction of sight or use much more complicated and less robust systems like rotating or swinging mirrors. This scanning methods have the disadvantage that the 3D information of the particle motion is obtained at different time steps. For a real-time optical 3D diagnostic, holographic camera systems or multi view systems (stereoscope) can be used. Some of this methods require complicated and also not very robust setups, which is no problem for lab experiments, but there gravity prevents the generation of large 3D particle systems.
So a 3D particle diagnostic small enough to integrate into a space setup and robust enough to stand a launch to the international space station (ISS) is needed for the investigation of long term experiments in good micro gravity conditions. For this goal our group is developing a robust and compact stereoscopic camera system. In addition we compare this to a light field motion picture camera system, which its build by the german company raytrix. The systems will be optimized with regard to the needs of the next generation complex plasma laboratory PlasmaLab which is to be launched within EKOPlasma mission in 2019/20.
This work and some of the authors are funded by DLR/BMWi (FKZ 50WM1441).


In the first part of the paper a novel improved fuzzy-tuned PI controller (IFPIC) is developed, which is based on the combination of the principles of conventional PI control and fuzzy logic. The IPFIC resembles a traditional type of PI controller, whose parameters are, however, tuned by using a fuzzy parameter self-tuning mechanism. This leads to an improved performance of the transient and steady-state behaviour of the closed-loop system, which involves a variable-speed DC drive. In the second part of the paper the results of a comprehensive series of digital simulations are presented for a fuzzy-controlled DC machine. It is shown that the performance of the IPFIC is superior to that of optimised PI controllers. The influence of the rule base is investigated and the effects of parameter uncertainty are also discussed. In the last part of the paper three interacting fuzzy controllers are applied in a variable-speed DC drive. It is believed that this is the first paper which gives the results of the application of three interacting fuzzy controllers. It is shown that the results are also in good agreement with those obtained by the application of other types of self-tuning controllers. >


Levels of non-sulfated and sulfated tibolone metabolites were determined in plasma, urine, and feces from 6 ovariectomized, mature female cynomolgus monkeys after a single dose and multiple oral doses (including bile) of tibolone using validated GC-MS and LC-MS/MS assays. In plasma, the predominant non-sulfated metabolite after single and multiple dosing was the estrogenic 3 α -hydroxytibolone; levels of the estrogenic 3 β -hydroxytibolone were 10-fold and of progestagenic/androgenic ∆ 4 –tibolone 5-fold lower. Tibolone was undetectable. The predominant sulfated metabolite was 3


Internal energy distributions associated with low-energy (eV) and high-energy (keV) collision-activated dissociation of Fe(CO), and Cr(CO)5have been estimated from the known thermochemistry and the measured abundances of decarbonylation products of these ions and are compared with the distributions estimated for the cation radicals Fe(C0)5+, Fe(C0)4+, Cr(C0)6+, and Cr(CO)5+. It is shown that the average amount of internal energy deposited by collisional activation is of similar magnitude for the negative and positive ions. However, the results obtained for the negative ions indicate that collision-activated electron detachment may compete with or follow collision-activated dissociation in both collision energy regimes. Further support for electron detachment in high-energy collisions is obtained from charge inversion experiments which record the positively charged fragment ions arising from Fe(CO),and Cr(CO),-.


Abstract The influence of twenty five different alcohols on the formation of warm oil-in-water (O/W) microemulsions was investigated. Selected concentrations of each alcohol were added to fixed amounts of stearic acid, Tween 20 and water at 65 ° C. Fifteen alcohols formed microemulsions, at least at one of the concentrations. A pattern recognition study was performed to elucidate the activities of the alcohols by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) was used to classify them. Two classification functions, obtained for alcohols forming / not forming microemulsions, suggest that the formation of warm O/W microemulsion is linked to the nature and the dimension/lipophilicity of the alcohol.


Diabetes and its complications are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developing and developed countries. The control of hyperglycemia, blood pressure, and lipid levels delays these complications. Diabetic macular edema (DME) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) are the most sight-threatening complications of diabetes. The established gold standard for high-risk PDR and focal DME is laser photocoagulation. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) and the Diabetic Retinopathy Study provided strong evidence for this modality. Pharmacologic interventions involving modification of mediators of the pathological angiogenesis (aptamers, steroids, macrolides, small interfering RNAs, etc.) and increased understanding of the pathway and mediators has expanded the scientific horizons. The evidence for these interventions is increasingly becoming credible. Improvement in visual acuity in addition to the decrease in retinal thickness is an added advantage derived from many of these drugs. Better laser delivery methods with pattern scanning and short pulse durations along with multi-modality treatment appear appealing. However, multi-centric, multiethnic, head-to-head comparisons of individual modalities alone or in combinations are still required to build an irrefutable body of evidence for management of diabetic retinopathy. The current article briefly reviews the emerging paradigms and current evidence available for understanding and dealing with pathological ocular angiogenesis in diabetes.


Experiment was made in a water treatment plant in south area by using its filtered water as raw water, in order to make comparison between immobilized biological activated carbon (BAC) and conventional activated carbon(AC) process for their water treatment efficiency. The result shows that immobilized BAC process can remove 40%-50% of TOC, and can increase removal rate of ammonia nitrogen by 30%; the removal rate of trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) is raised by 11%-39% as compared with conventional AC process; the process can remove ozonation byproduct (formaldehyde) for a long period.


112 The impulse of this book is to provide modern empiricism to Renaissance architectural practice, which Howard and Moretti do most skillfully with several appendices that document and analyze acoustic data. The authors also complicate how we understand ecclesiastical interiors by mapping the movement from viewing to hearing. This is a topical book as scholars now turn to the shifting and sometimes contradictory representation of the senses in early modern culture. The church remains a prime venue for such a study since sensory contact was essential to religious representation. For instance, transubstantiation of the sacred host required the sensory involvement of churchgoers. Congregants could not see physical changes to the wafer after transubstantiation, but by elevating the host, ringing bells, burning incense, and lighting candles, the Renaissance priest elicited the congregation's sensory participation. The church united spirituality with corporeality to house a world of sensation. Howard and Moretti likewise stimulate our sensory involvement in their study. In addition to the text and lavish illustrations accompanying the book, the authors have uploaded the choir performances online, permitting readers to experience the sights and sounds of Renaissance Venice. This fascinating book, which reads loud and clear, will undoubtedly stimulate new research and inquiry in the history of architecture and music as well as the evolving history of the senses.


The test ponds for culturing Chinese prawn (Penaeus chinensis ) were managed under the modl of water quality management for preventing prawn diseases. The culture periods were 87 -159 days and good economic benefits were obtained. The main physical-chemical factors were fit with prawn's requirements, such as NH3- N<1mg/L, CODMn<12mg/L, 0.005mg/L< NO2-N<0.016mg/L, O2% >100%. Gross oxygen daily productions and total oxygen consumptions of water column in each square meter of prawn ponds were about 7g/(m2·d). The lack contents of oxygen in prawn ponds were made up definciencies by aerators.


This paper presents a steganography method based on a lossy wavelet compression scheme and bit-plane complexity segmentation (BPCS) steganography. This method utilizes the embedded zerotree wavelet (EZW) compression scheme, where wavelet coefficients of an image are quantized into a bit-plane structure. The proposed steganography enables us to use lossy compressed images as dummy files in bit-plane-based steganographic algorithms. Large embedding rates of around 25% of the compressed image size were achieved with little noticeable degradation in image quality. The proposed method can be applied to other wavelet-based lossy compression schemes like SPIHT and JPEG2000, because in these compression schemes the wavelet coefficients are also quantized into a bit-plane structure.


kidney, heart, Iiver, pancreas and gastro-intestinal tract. But it is not clear whether essential hypertension is merely due to arteiriolosclerosis, er due to the invasion of kidney, wheZher arteriosclerosis is enly a phenomenon seen in the aged, or hypertension and arteriolosclerosis are mutually indifferent prpcess which, however, intensify one another at the advanced stage of their invasion. "fethod In 30 autopsied・cases, patholqgical change of arterioles in tonsil, stomach, jejunum,ileum, liver, pancreas. heart, aorta, lung, kidney, ovar'ium, testicle, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gJand, brain, spleen, lymphnode and bone marrow were studied; Their ages were 60 years old"er m6re,-7 of them were men and the other 23 were women. Arteriolar changes were studied in the submucosa of gastrointestlnal tract, in the Ieft anterior and the left posterior wall of heart together with papillary muscle$ respectively, in the nourishing vessels of thoracic and abdominal aorta, in both the glemerular afferent and interlobular arterioles of kidney, in pituitary gland chiefiy in its anterior lobe, in adrenal gland together with its capsel. in the subcortical nuclei in brain together with internal capsel, and in the cervical and mesenteric lyrnphnodes. AII specimens were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and after Mallory-Heidenhain's method. Particularly studies were done on the arterioles, whose outside diameter were below about 50 microns. The cliagnosis of arteriolosclerosis was based upon the follo,wing four featutes: 1. intirnal hyalinization 2. The Distribution of Arteriolosclerusis in the Aged and its


As widely application of ethephon in tomato production though out China caused common doubts on the quality of the fruit,this paper comprehensively reviewed indicators for the nutritional quality of tomato,including lycopene, vitamin C,organic acids,total sugar content,soluble solids et al.The affects of ethylene as ripening agent on tomato fruit nutritional quality were also illustrated in the article,so as to provide guidance of an integrated and correct recognition on effect of ethylene applied as ripening agent for tomato and scientific as well as rational use of ethylene as a reference.


It was Xihelu's set up and devlopment that proved the North Song Dynasty was achieving State Unification again during the Xining period of Songshenzong.To wipe out Xixia , the Song government engaged in Xihelu carefully. Because of many difficulties,the effect of the development was limited. Although it was very hard to achieve the unification, the action's objective positive affect must be confirmed.


OBJECTIVES Epidemiological evidence of associations between ambient particulate matter (PM) and tuberculosis (TB) risk is accumulating. Two previous studies in Korea found associations between air pollution—especially sulfur dioxide (SO2)—and TB. In this study, we conducted an annual time-series cross-sectional study to assess the effect of PM with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm (PM10) on TB risk in seven major cities of Korea from 2010 to 2016, taking into account time lag and long-term cumulative exposure. METHODS Age-standardized TB notification rates were derived using the Korea National TB Surveillance System. Annual average PM10 concentrations were obtained from annual Korean air quality reports. We applied a generalized linear mixed model with unconstrained distributed lags of exposure to PM10. We adjusted for potential confounders such as age, health behaviors, and area-level characteristics. RESULTS Both average annual PM10 concentrations and age-standardized TB notification rates decreased over time. The association between cumulative exposure to PM10 and TB incidence became stronger as a longer exposure duration was considered. An increase of one standard deviation (5.63 μg/m3) in PM10 exposure for six years was associated with a 1.20 (95% confidence interval, 1.17 to 1.22) times higher TB notification rate. The marginal association of exposure duration with the TB notification rate was highest at four and five years prior to TB notification. This association remained consistent even after adjusting it for exposure to SO2. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study suggest that cumulative exposure to PM10 may affect TB risk, with a potential lag effect.


The present status of the development and industrialization of slow,controlled released fertilizers in China were summarized and the existed problems with related research and development were analyzed.In the end,some strategies were provided for the further research and development in Chinese slow,controlled fertilizer industry.


This article assesses the landscape units in Subdistrict Butanta in order to provide better basis for planning future projects and plans. Of this study highlight the importance of using GIS to facilitate the interpretation of the data and decrease the time spent in the evaluation. Completion of the identification and assessment of landscape units highlights the importance the University City is in the subdistrict and the greater potential for protection of local landscape features that this unit. As for the potential of urbanization, the unit is "Vertical Residential - valley bottom" that acquires a higher value. Thus, these units must admit a proper management, enhance the quality of life of residents and contributing to reducing problems of rapid urban expansion and unplanned.


Using the method of trophic state-composite index ( TSI-CI ) and the 12 months of monitoring data in 2010, we carry out initial exploration of the status of ecosystem health in Wuli Lake. First, we select four indicators, Chla, SD, TP and TN, to conduct trophic state assessment using weighted index method; then after selecting physical, chemical and biological indicators to conduct nondimensionalization processing, we calculate the composite index and conduct comprehensive assessment. The results show that in 2010, the status of ecosystem health in Wuli Lake was the best in July, worst in August; when the composite trophic state indicators with Chla as the representative increase or decrease significantly and cross different nutritional grades, TSI will significantly deviate from CI, and the relationship between the two in the other time is not prominent.


In this paper we propose a distributed scheme to provide security against wormhole attack in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Some existing approaches are based on the detection and prevention schemes and other for correction of wormhole attack. In our study, we propose the scheme for distributed detection of wormhole in wireless sensor networks. Cryptographic mechanism of public key cryptosystems is used to maintain the integrity, authenticity, confidentiality and non-repudiation of message transmission. The wormhole detection methodology consists of three phases: initialization phase, neighborhood discovery with only one hop neighbors and wormhole detection process. The proposed scheme can help to find the wormhole attack in given network, if exists. The scheme does not even use any special hardware like directional antennas, or highly synchronized clocks.


Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic, metabolic disease considered as one of the five leading causes of death in the world. It affects more than 422 million people worldwide and in the next 10 years, may affect five times more people than it does now. Medical authorities such as World Health Organization encourage research works on herbal medicines to actualize alternatives for its treatment, since oral anti-diabetic agents have side effects in the long term. To date, a vast number of plants have been evaluated for their anti-diabetic potencies. Although, Nigeria has a rich flora and an approximately 4.9% prevalence of diabetes mellitus, onlyfew ethno-botanical studies have been conducted on the possibilities of herbal treatment of diabetes. The aim of this study is to re-evaluate the modern approach to the management of diabetes in Nigeria. Thus, a case study of selected, approved health centers in Ipokia LGA of Ogun State, Nigeria was embarked on as to proffer herbal alternative to treatment for diabetes mellitus.In order to achieve this, a survey was conducted between December of 2018 to February of 2019 with 98 diabetic patients who consented to participate in the study through the assistance of some medical personnelof government approved health centers. Patients who used herbal therapies as well as orthodox therapies were documented. These patients used a variety of plants combinations alongside their conventional anti-diabetic medicines to control their blood glucose levels. The results show remarkable improvement in the condition of health of those that applied the ethno-botanical treatment over the period of assessment; however, further investigations show that the deployment mechanical juice extractors increased the potency and efficacy of the herbal recipes.


Dithiothreitol was employed as a responsive agent for disulfide bond in N,N'-bis (propionyl) cystamine in N,N'-bis(propionyl) cystamine – acrylamide/CNWs composite hydrogel. This hydrogel was obtained by mixing a queous solutions of CNWs, N,N'-bis(propionyl) cystamine and acrylamide at room temperature. The internal morphology, and crystalline performance of the hydrogels were characterized by scanning electronmicroscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffraction. The scanning electronmicroscopy(SEM) showed that the hydrogel has aporous structure. X–ray diffraction patterns confirmed that N,N'-bis(propionyl) cystamine – acrylamide /CNWs composite hydrogel has amorphous structure. The water swelling ratio reaches to the highest value at 0.067g/ml CNWs concentration.


Air quality planning and management requires accurate and consistent records of the air quality parameters. Limited number of monitoring stations and inconsistent measurements of the air quality parameters is a very serious problem in many parts of India. It becomes difficult for the authorities to plan proactive measures with such a limited data. Estimation models can be developed using soft computing techniques considering the physics behind pollution dispersion as they can work very well with limited data. They are more realistic and can present the complete picture about the air quality.
In the present case study spatio-temporal models using Linear Genetic Programming (LGP) have been developed for estimation of air quality parameters. The air quality data from four monitoring stations of an Indian city has been used and LGP models have been developed to estimate pollutant concentration of the fifth station.
Three types of models are developed. In the first type, models are developed considering only the pollutant concentrations at the neighboring stations without considering the effect of distance between the stations as well the significance of the prevailing wind direction. Second type of models are distance based models based on the hypothesis that there will be atmospheric interactions between the two stations under consideration and the effect increases with decrease in the distance between the two. In third type the effect of the prevailing wind direction is also considered in choosing the input stations in wind and distance based models. Models are evaluated using Band Error and it was observed that majority of the errors are in +/-1 band.


Cloud computing is regarded as a promising computing paradigm. More and more people store their sensitive data on the cloud. While enjoying the provided convenience, users may lose control on their personal data since the ownership of the data is separated from the administration of them. So it is a great challenge for data security and accessing the sensitive data on the cloud. In this paper, we propose a novel access control scheme, termed RTBAC, which achieve role-based, time-release and secure data access in cloud. Our RTBAC simultaneously enjoys the following properties: i) time-release, the sensitive data owner may specify a time instant which means that the receiver can decrypt the ciphertext until a time instant key has been obtained, ii) fine-grained access control, any user with the higher role can access the sensitive data and revoked users cannot access the cloud after they are revoked, iii) provably secure, the proposed scheme is IND-CTCA secure under the q-BDHIP, MBDH assumptions. Thoroughly theoretical analysis and performance evaluation indicate the effectiveness and efficiency of our proposed RTBAC.


The Adult Still's Disease (ASD) is a rare systemic inflammatory disorder of unknown origin that presents with fever, rash and arthritis. Even more than a century after the first description of the disease and despite advances in it study, the diagnosis of ASD remains a challenge for medicine, configuring as pathology of exclusion among endless possibilities that occur with fever of unknown origin. This case report aims to present the clinical and laboratory findings of a patient who presented with signs of arthritis, fever, leukocytosis and hyperferritinemia since the exclusion of other diseases until define the diagnosis of Adult Still's Disease, and it response to treatment with systemic corticosteroids. It is still performed a literature review on the characterization of the disease, aspects of it diagnosis and treatment.


There is presented measurement of position and velocity using Atmel's microcontroller ATTiny2313 with 20 MHz clock and encoder with 1024 pulses per revolution. This configuration allows measuring maximum speed 48800 rpm with 1x accuracy, 20200 rpm with 2x accuracy and 9400 rpm with 4x accuracy (quadrature). Position is measured with resolution of 0.352', 0.176' and 0.088' for 1x, 2x, 4x accuracy respectively. Algorithms of position measurement for these 3 resolutions are shown with codes in assembler language.


The Cascadia subduction zone is understood to produce large, Mw 9.0, earthquakes every 300-1000 years. As a result of large ruptures along the fault, Washington, Oregon and Northern California, are susceptible large tsunamis along the coast. Recent earthquakes in Indonesia, Japan, and Chile, and resultant tsunamis, have helped constrain potential slip along large subduction zone margins, such as Cascadia. Accurate slip parameters, such as sea floor deformation and upper plate subsidence, are essential for accurate tsunami modeling. Hazard modeling and mapping along the Cascadia subduction zone has concluded that large tsunamis are able to travel through the Strait of Juan de Fuca and inundate coastal regions of the Salish Sea and Puget Sound. However, to improve modeling efforts, field validation of models is required. Tsunamis can move material from the near shore and beach and deposit in low-laying coastal marshes and ponds, acting as a proxy for past tsunami inundation. This research focuses on two locations in the northern Puget Sound, Ship Harbor marsh Anacortes, and Eliza Island. Using gouge auger cores and vibracores, subsurface features of each marsh were reconstructed to look for laterally continuous sand sheets indicative of tsunami inundation. Magnetic methods were used to correlate between cores, and look at sedimentary depositional fabrics within stratigraphic beds. Potential Cascadia tsunami origin for a deposit at Ship Harbor was confirmed with the use of C dates and magnetic paleosecular variation dates. This research has implications for validation of the L1 seismic-scenario-based tsunami models, currently being produced by the Washington Geological Survey for hazard planning, and may indicate that L1 based tsunami models are valid regarding the inundation threat along the inland coast for future Cascadia earthquakes.


In recent years, the assessment of landslide hazards has become a topic of major interest for both geoscientists and engineering professionals as well as for local communities and the administrations in many parts of the world. To satisfy the increasingly urgent demand for protection against landslides, it is necessary to assess landslide hazard. After defining landslide hazard, attention concentrates on rainfall as a trigger of landsliding. The main physical factors bearing on rainfall-induced landslides are outlined. A method is proposed by which landslide hazard can be systematically assessed within a deterministic framework. This involves combining a slope stability model with a hydrological model to define a rainfall-induced landslide initiation threshold for a particular slope as a function of its physical properties. When used in conjunction with the local rainfall intensity distribution, the spatial and temporal components of landslide hazard can be quantitatively assessed. An important result of this study is that landsliding in slopes with relatively shallow bedrock depth typically occur along the soil-bedrock interface as a result of a rising water table whereas landsliding in slopes with great bedrock depths can occur either at relatively shallow depths due to the infiltrating rainwater, or at greater depths along the soil-bedrock interface due to a rise in the water table. Thesis Supervisor: Herbert H. Einstein Title: Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering


This paper concerns studies on the shape formation of post-tensioned and shaped steel domes. The post-tensioned and shaped steel domes, assembled initially at ground level in an essentially flat condition, are shaped to a curved space form and erected into the final position by means of a post-tensioning technique. Based on previous studies on this shape formation principle, three post-tensioned and shaped steel domes have been constructed. The results of the shape formation tests and finite element analyses are reported in this paper. It is found that the first two test domes did not furnish a part-spherical shape as predicted by finite element analyses, because the movements of some mechanisms were not controlled sufficiently. With a revised post-tensioning method, the third dome obtained the theoretical prediction. The test results of the three post-tensioned and shaped domes have shown that a necessary condition to form a desired space shape from a planar layout with low joint stiffnesses is that the movements of all the existing mechanisms must be effectively controlled as indicated by the finite element analysis. The extent of the maximum elastic deformation of a post-tensioned and shaped steel structure is determined by the strength of the top chords and their joints. However, due to the semi-rigid characteristic of the top chord joints, the finite element analyses cannot give a close prediction for the maximum elastic deformations of the post-tensioned and shaped steel domes. The results of the current studies can be helpful for the design and construction of this type of structure.


As an Educational Institution at the Higher Education level, STIKes KHG has determined that the color and character of the science to be developed is based on "culture" which is packaged into "Principal Scientific Patterns" abbreviated (PIP) STIKes Karsa Husada Garut. The method used is a normative approach combined with non-normative methods as long as they are relevant in the discussion of community service materials. Both lecture methods, service participants are collected in a certain place or room, then given a lecture so that there is good learning and understanding. The three methods of discussion. Character education towards a mental revolution aims to develop the potential of students to become human beings who believe and fear God Almighty. The conclusion from community service activities is that the concept of the main scientific pattern of STIKes Karsa Husada Garut is Culture, which colors and gives character to the knowledge taught in the STIKes Karsa Husada Garut environment.


The traditional paper test is able to measure mainly individual student's understanding level of individual bits of knowledge. However, it is difficult to measure the internal connection among bits of knowledge. Previously, Takeya, et al. (2004) had presented a new testing method, called a concept mapping test for a formative evaluation tool at the 1 CMC. This is a test by using concept maps based on the prerequisite relations among concepts. However, future subjects lie in an evaluation method for a concept mapping test based on ordering relations with transitivity law, such as casual relations, inclusion relations, and so on. This paper presents new measurement and evaluation method for these kinds of structural knowledge. Secondly, giving a few examples, this paper discusses scoring method based on qualitative degree of sequencing. Thirdly, these characteristics and validities of the measurement and evaluation method are discussed.


In a Maxwell-fluid description large-amplitude electrostatic and electromagnetic oscillations in a cold plasma are analysed in situations where the spatial variations are one-dimensional and the ions form a fixed neutralizing background. In the electrostatic approximation a Lagrangian description following the electron motion is adopted, and exact solutions obtained in these variables in situations where multistream flow does not develop. The inversion to Eulerian coordinates is carried out explicitly for the particular example of an initial sinusoidal perturbation in density. A model describing the dispersive modifications of (weak) thermal effects is analysed showing the phase-mixing of (moderately) large-amplitude initial disturbances. After sufficient time, the electron fluid becomes stationary and a low level of electric field remains balancing the force due to pressure variations. In addition, for the case of nonlinear electrostatic oscillations perpendicular to a static magnetic field, the exact solution in Lagrangian variables shows that for a cold plasma coherent oscillations at the upper hybrid frequency are maintained indefinitely over the regions of initial excitation. Electromagnetic oscillations are considered as developing from small initial values on the background of the large-amplitude longitudinal oscillations already calculated. The resulting wave equation is analysed for several limiting cases. It is shown that for sufficiently short wavelengths of the transverse fields there exists an infinite number of narrow ranges of the wave number in which the transverse oscillations are unstable. The growth is ultimately limited by the magnetic force which was neglected in the description of the longitudinal motion. Finally, stationary solutions are studied. In the electrostatic approximation a very special class of periodic Bernstein-Greene-Kruskal waves without trapped particles is obtained. Again the electromagnetic solutions are unstable (in space), the growth being limited by the same effect as in the time-dependent problem. A simple class of special stationary solutions is obtained for the complete problem including all magnetic force terms.


ABSTRACT This article examines the centrality of mathematics and scientific thought in the sociocultural, human and intellectual development of a sampling of African societies. Evidence is presented which refutes the theory that Africans had no 'intelligible sense of numeracy' before contact with the West, and demonstrates that the propagation of this myth was part of the larger colonial project to marginalise and 'other-ise' African knowledge systems. Tracing Africa's early contributions to mathematics and scientific thought forces a shift from the standard Western-based approach to pedagogy in this field. It renders a subject that is perceived and presented as alien to African culture, more accessible to African learners. And ultimately, acknowledging the long history of mathematics and scientific thought in Africa is a step in foregrounding African epistemologies in knowledge production, human and social development and towards the realisation of the African Renaissance.


Of the range of preparation conditions studied here, the beef broths with the most favourable sensory characteristics (P ≤ 0.05) were those manufactured with minced meat in a 7.5 g l−1 NaCl solution in proportions of 1:2 (w/v), heated at 85 °C for 60 min (the beef broth flavour was clean, clear, without any off-flavour). Our data indicate the importance of accurately determining the heat treatment, since intermediate treatments yielded beef broths of good quality, whereas less intense treatments produced broths with raw meat and bloody and metallic flavours, and intensely heated broths had a warmed-over or sour and astringent flavour. At higher temperatures the cooking time required to obtain a good-quality broth decreased. From the analysis of variance of the sensorial data, temperature plays a more important role than cooking time in the development of the sensory properties of beef broths.

© 2000 Society of Chemical Industry


The quality and quantity of speech and language exposure during early childhood is believed to be predictive of language ability during later childhood development. However, the human auditory nervous system comes "online" in utero, at least as early as 23 weeks' gestation. It has been demonstrated that intrauterine fetal experience with extrauterine sounds during this last trimester of gestation is sufficient to impact auditory brain development and neural responses to speech. Whether fetal exposure to speech affects later childhood language development remains an open and difficult question. To begin to address this question, we collected and analyzed fetal auditory exposure data for sounds generated in the extrauterine environment using small audio recorders worn by pregnant women during the third trimester of pregnancy. Averaged across 2200 h of audio data, daily speech exposure for individual fetus subjects ranged from 2.8 to 5 h, suggesting some newborns may begin extrauterine life with less than 60...


Recognizing the benefit that one can get by exploiting the Micro-Grid (MG) concept, as an active part of the Low Voltage (LV) network comprising several micro-generation (µG) sources, controllable loads and storage devices, is a key issue towards the MG concept deployment. Furthermore, the MG concept is extended into Multi-Micro Grid (MMG) concept, identifying the benefits that can be obtained at Medium Voltage (MV) level. The main idea behind this research is to show what one gains and what one looses by setting up the MG concept. Therefore, the benefits reported, are evaluated through a cost-benefit approach by modeling the problem as a multi-attribute problem using several Decision-Aid (DA) techniques to capture different Decision Maker (DM) preference structures.


This article discusses how, as the current workforce ages, water supply professionals need to look outside traditional sources for their replacements. The data indicate that efforts are needed at the precollege level to encourage students from all ethnic groups to take the math and science courses that give them the option of pursuing technical careers. At the college level, work is needed to increase the number and the success of women and minority students in science and engineering. Specific workforce data on the water industry were not available for this article, but all employers of technical professionals should ensure that people from diverse backgrounds have the opportunity to pursue and succeed in their careers.


Should a medium-term-oriented monetary policy completely disregard fluctuations in energy and food prices? This article shows that changes in energy and food prices in the euro area are transmitted, with a delay, to the remaining items in the consumer price basket. Hence, excluding energy and food prices from the index of consumer prices may distort the timeliness and reliability of signals of future inflationary pressures. JEL Classification: E0, E3


Information and Communications Technology (ICT) is crucial to teaching and learning as it has effect on such exercises in schools. However, ICT is limited in rural based compared to urban schools. In this study, the effect of the incorporation of ICT on the academic performance of rural secondary school students was investigated. Quantitative method was adopted for the study. The sample of the study comprised 34 matric learners and 14 teachers from three selected secondary schools in the rural Cofimvaba District of the Eastern Cape Province), South Africa. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection. Excel was the software used to analyze the results. The findings showed that ICT use can indeed have a positive impact on learners' academic performance. Some teachers, however, suggested that certain measures be put in place through using ICT to encourage positive behaviour. The study recommends that all rural and urban secondary schools should have access to the relevant ICT and ICT device, as these aid teaching and learning.


Microgravity and vacuum, singly or combined, are uniquely advantageous media for the use of dielectrophoresis as a mmaterial s separation technology. In order to assess these advantages, a free-fall vacuum dielectrophoretic separator was designed and constructed for use at the earth's surface.


This paper proposes a new power conditioning system for the fuel cell power generation, which consists of a ZVS DC-DC converter and 3-phase inverter. The ZVS DC-DC converter with a digital controller boosts the fuel cell voltage of 26-50V up to 400V, and the grid-tie inverter controls the active power delivered to the grid. The operation of proposed power conditioning system was verified through simulations with PSCAD/EMTDC software. The feasibility of hardware implementation was verified through experimental works with a laboratory prototype, which was built with 1.2㎾ PEM fuel-cell stack, 1㎾ DC-DC converter, and 3㎾ PWM inverter. The proposed system can be utilized to commercialize an interconnection system for the fuel-cell power generation.


Management of ecotourism-based tourism areas can create sustainable tourism. River revitalization in Denpasar City is one of the Denpasar City government work programs that aims to provide environmental education, environmental preservation and have economic potential in empowering the community's economy. The existence of rivers in Bali is still preserved to realize the implementation of Tri Hita Karana, which is maintaining good relations with God, nature, and humans so that the presence of water in Bali must be maintained in terms of quality and quantity. This study aims to explore the potential and development strategies of ecotourism to prosper the Ayung River flow in the city of Denpasar. Alternative strategies that need to be done to improve the welfare of the community are through intensive urban agriculture development, increasing agricultural productivity, tourism attractions, preserving the environment of the river, improving the quality of managers by empowering all stakeholders, and improving the community's economy with tourism activities that are carried out continuously. The government through related agencies is expected to facilitate consistently marketing access to agricultural products, tourism promotion through various major events of the Office to be held in Tukad Bindu so that economic improvement can be achieved significantly.


This paper reviews some results from a large scale longitudinal and cross national study of nursing home regulation. The Australian system of standards monitoring was designed to be heavily outcome oriented and resident focused. The outcome orientation of the approach is critically appraised, with particular attention to the broadly defined nature of the standards, their subjectivity, and the validity and reliability of the regulation process. Copyright


: The present study explored the relationship between perceived social support from spouse and sexual satisfaction among people with obsessive compulsive disorder. It was hypothesized that; ) there is likely to be a relationship between perceived social support from spouse and sexual satisfaction among people with obsessive compulsive disorder. Correlational research design was employed and non - probability purposive sampling was used to draw a sample of 60 patients who had diagnosed for obsessive compulsive disorder and they were married. Demographic Information sheet, multi dimensional perceived Social Support Scale (MPSS) , and sexual satisfaction Scale for women (SSS-W) were used to asses perceived social support from spouse and sexual satisfaction respectively . Family support was a significant predictor of the moral aspect of self. These findings may aid in the contribution of overcome the severity of disease by increasing quality of social support in the patients by methods such as counseling spouse and providing support to patients.


This disclosure may, using the data input device to change the color of the data to be input to an electronic device effectively. To this end, the data input device, receiving for changing the color of this is input data color changing unit, an electronic apparatus and capable of communicating communication unit, and the color change section output signal, and converting the received output signal to the color identification information and it may include a control part for controlling the communication unit to transmit the converted color information to identify the electronic device.


Lacan's writings show how an unconscious and decentred discourse parallels conscious narration and imbues it with the voice of the Other. A decentred and tropical discourse enables Barthes to write autobiography in the guise of fiction. Barthes' work foregrounds the discourse of the Other while also deconstructing the text. 'Alabaster' embeds poetry in a Lacanian matrix at a point in time when I lost my mother tongue. The oedipal connotations of the words 'embed' and 'matrix' are obvious, as is the fact that Lacan's formulation of the Law refer to the constituting agency of the Father. What happens, then when the speaker's filiation shifts to another language and when the form she chooses is poetry rather than the straightforward prose that has the imprimatur of the Law? 'Alabaster' combines poetry and theory to scrutinise the lining of the voice at the moment of learning to speak again in another language and uncovers paler shades of white in the guise of a semblance. Halfway through 1994, I believed the worst of the year was over. We lived in a rented house in the inner suburbs of Melbourne. It was a changeable house. Sometimes it felt safe as a church, and sometimes it shivered and cracked apart. A sloping slate roof held it down, pressing heat on us in summer, blowing cold in winter. What bounded the house was skin. Walls of cream gristle called crépi. It was June 30th, an ordinary crisp winter day. Sunshine and magpies everywhere. After lunch, I took the children for a walk. His hands barely reaching the pram's handle, my firstborn insisted on pushing his baby brother. Along the Merri Creek, there were egrets and ibises and ducks. Some turtles and tiny frogs. We sang duck songs and frog songs. I made up a magpie story as we passed a whole family of them. We bought quinces on the way back and I baked an upside-down quince cake. I was almost getting serious about planting winter vegetables, cornflowers and the last bulbs of irises, jonquils and ranunculaes before nightfall when I decided against it. Nights close early in June. Everything seems to stand still, bleak, even gloomy by five. I bundled the children inside the house, drew the curtains and flicked on the lights. It felt safe despite the cold air curling at our feet. When I turned off the light well after bed-time, I looked through the window. The roses looked dead but for a few white buds on their maimed limbs.


Three-month-old Cedrella odorata seedlings were exposed to a soil-drying treatment. During this period, xylem sap was periodically collected from the plant by applying pneumatic pressure to the roots. This also allowed whole-plant water status to be measured by recording the balancing pressure applied. The concentration of ABA in xylem sap (C) was related to the whole-plant transpiration rate (V) which was measured with a sap flow gauge. The analysis of these paired measurements centred on how the reciprocal of C (R) varied with respect to V. This revealed that (1) the observed increases in C could not be explained by the reductions in V alone, (2) initially, decreases in V were associated with proportional increases in the whole-plant ABA flux (M), and (3) this relationship broke down at low values of V since zero flow was associated with a finite value for C estimated to be 41 pmol ABA mmol−1 H2O. A simple static model is developed from the observations that is able to explain the data well, and the results are discussed in terms of the effects of ABA on stomatal conductance (gsw).


Background: Fibroid is the commonest tumor of the reproductive tract and frequently encountered problem in gynecological practice. Aim and Objectives: To observe the frequency of uterine leiomyoma in relation to age, parity and clinical manifestations. Material & Methods: Over a period of two years, 1827 hysterectomy specimen sent for histopathology was studied. Uteri with fibroids were included for the study. Clinical data including age, parity, menstrual pattern, presenting symptoms, surgical treatment history of these patients with fibroid was collected and analyzed. Results: Hysterectomy specimens constituted 65.48% of the total gynecological specimen during the period of two years. Leiomyoma was diagnosed in 314 patients out of 1827 hysterectomies (17.18 %.) Greater frequency (83.45%) was found in late reproductive and perimenopausal years ie 4th and 5th decade with a mean age of 40.9 years. Most of the patients were parous (98.09%) with more than one child. Menorrhagia (46.17%) was the commonest symptom followed by dysmenorrhoea (22.09%). In 72.03% of cases uterus was between 6-12 weeks size. Conclusion: Leiomyoma is the most common benign tumor of uterus occurring during reproductive age group. Incidence of leiomyoma is increasing in parous women. Patients with abnormal uterine bleeding have to be investigated to find out the exact etiology so that anemia due to prolonged blood loss is prevented and early therapeutic intervention prevents huge growth of the mass, thus preventing secondary complications.


The pharmaceutical IP system works well in high-income countries able to afford government subsidies and social insurance. It does not work for the poor in low and middle-income countries. For global diseases (Types I and II), innovation is assured by high-income country markets alone, permitting an accommodation for the poor in low and medium-income countries such as a patent buyout or other access programs which support equitable access without damaging optimal innovation incentives.


AIM:To study the correlation of levofloxacin pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters with selection of staphylococcus aureus resistance.METHODS:Tissue cage infection model with staphylococcus aureus was established in rabbits,and the infected animals were given levofloxacin intragastrically at various doses.Changes in levofloxacin concentration,levofloxacin susceptibility of bacteria were monitored at the site of infection.RESULTS:AUC24/MIC,AUC24/MPC,Cmax/MIC,Cmax/MPC,time above MPC and Tmsw showed a statistically significant correlation with selection of staphylococcus aureus resistance,and time above MIC did not(MIC:minimal inhibitory concentration,MPC:mutant prevention concentration,MSW:mutant selection window).Loss of bacterial susceptibility occurred easily when AUC24/MIC was between 20 h and 150 h,and keeping AUC24/MPC above 25 h could restrict selection of resistance.The upper boundary of the selection window in vivo was estimated as an AUC24/MPC value of 25 h,and the lower boundary was estimated as an AUC24/MIC value of 20 h.CONCLUSION:AUC24/MPC,Cmax/MPC and time above MPC may be the parameters for predicting resistance.


Differences in the establishment and empowerment of American judicial systems should trigger variations in the ways in which cases are handled and law is practiced. Such differences are found in the sections of state constitutions dealing with the judiciary and known as judicial articles. Unfortunately, those differences are often overlooked. Perhaps the oversight is partially attributable to the widelyheld view that any variations in the constitutional foundations of judicial systems are meaningless, in that no practical consequences flow from them. In effect this view parallels the popular notion that all seemingly comparable branches of state governments actually have comparable powers, and that whatever differences exist originate chiefly from such non-constitutional sources as political ideology and community setting. A circuit court is a circuit court is a circuit court. When you've seen one intermediate appellate court, you've seen them all. Those sentiments are troubling because the differences in state judicial articles are meaningful and should result in significant consequences in judicial powers. Under current American constitutional law, all trial courts do not possess the same power to make substantive law; all high courts do not possess the same authority to regulate the practice of law; and all judges do not possess the same responsibility for checking legislative conduct. This article will first explore some of the current differences in state judicial articles, as well as some of the historical changes in the judicial article of illinois. The article will then highlight a few of the consequences that should flow from those differences. A brief discussion of a few problems in differentiating state judicial articles will conclude this article. In calling for more attention to constitutional language, this paper urges that as there has developed an


This paper examines the effects of maternal employment on the decisions of adolescents to engage in risky behavior. I attempt to control for possible endogeneity of maternal employment by implementing instrumental variables. Ultimately, except for low SES families, maternal labor is found to have no statistically significant effects on adolescent risky behavior. Though low SES adolescents are found to benefit from a working mother, this may be a result of endogeneity; possible endogeneity controls through instrumental variables are ineffective, opening the door to future research with better endogeneity controls.


A homologous series of sym-bis(4(5)-tert-butylbenzo)-16-crown-5-oxyalkylphosphonic acid monoethyl esters has been synthesized and utilized in competitive solvent extraction of alkali metal cations from water into chloroform. The change from Na/sup +/ extraction selectivity for the ionizable crown ethers with short sidearms to Li/sup +/ extraction selectivity for longer armed macrocycles is interpreted as a shift from predominant cation complexation within the polyether cavity for the former to predominant association with the carboxylate group for the latter. Compared with a closely related crown ether carboxylic acid, the extraction of alkali metal cations from acidic aqueous solutions by the crown ether phosphonic acid monoethyl esters exhibits much higher efficiency.


The method involves forming a foam support block to be adapted with an armature (6). A covering element is formed by cold shaping a foam sprayed on a face of a polypropylene substrate using a spraying tool, and attached to a side of a textile material e.g. skin or synthetic material, for defining an apparent shape of an element e.g. base (2), of a seat (1). The covering element is fixed on the support block, where the covering element has a non-uniform thickness ranging between 1 and 50 mm.


ABSTRACT 'Art for animals' intends to address the ecology of capacities for perceptions, sensation, thought and reflexivity of animals. In cultural theory, the capacity for art is part of the rather mobile boundary line that performs the task of annihilating the animal in human and in demarcating the human from animality. The purpose of this article is not so much to legislate upon the placing of this line, but rather to suggest that the sensual and cultural capacities of various kinds of being, whether ordered into species or not, can be explored and to follow a few ways in which this has been done by a number of artists working in various ecological and technical settings. Some of this work is rightfully absurdist, whimsical, self-trivializing. But all of it moves towards setting up actual, multi-scalar and imaginal relations with animals that involve a testing of shared and distinct capacities of reflexive perception


IN earlier studies (Duke-Elder et al., 1935; Duke-Elder and Davson, 1935) the possibility was discussed that a swelling of the vitreous body is the cause of primary chronic glaucoma. The results obtained pointed against the theory, but till now a decisive proof has been lacking. In the present work a technique for measuring the swelling pressure of the vitreous body has been developed and applied to normal and glaucomatous vitreous bodies. If a swelling of the vitreous body is responsible for the raised intraocular pressure in primary chronic glaucoma, then it would seem to be necessary that its swelling pressure in this disease must be greater than normal. The present investigation was undertaken primarily with a view to settle this point. The observation by Duke-Elder (1930) that the isolated vitreous proteins only swell to about forty times their weight in water, in conjunction with certain other facts led us to believe that the vitreous body has been formed as a clot from a sol (Duke-Elder and Davson, 1935) so that dehydration by pressure was considered as an essentially irreversible phenomenon producing states of instability; it was thus considered as incorrect to speak of a true swelling pressure in this case. Baurmann (1934), however, has shown that if the vitreous proteins are not allowed to dry during their preparation they may be made to swell back to a dilution of the same order as that in the original vitreous body from which they were derived. It thus seems that the vitreous body is formed by a process of swelling and not as a dilute clot from a sol and that a genuine swelling pressure must exist however small at all states removed from the swelling maximum. In considering the r6le of the swelling pressure of the vitreous body in glaucoma from the theoretical point of view, it would not be necessary for the abnormal swelling pressure of the gel to be equal to the difference in pressure between the normal and the glaucomatous eve. The exact amount of the increase which would be necessary is difficult to determine for any individual case, as it might depend on the vascular changes accompanying the raised intra-ocular pressure. Thus if the vitreous body were to exhibit a 520


Objective To study the peripheral neuropath y model in rats induced by n-hexane in gavage (ig). Methods SD rats were given 0、168、675、 2 700 mg/kg n-hexane for 8 weeks(5 d/w)ig. G ener al condition, body weight, 19 biochemical indexes (such as AST), main organ weig hts and relative weights (heart, liver, kidney, brain, spleen and lung) were mea sured. Mixed nerves conduction velocity(MNCV)and muscle tension tested by slid e board were carried out. The muscle branch of the posterior tibial nerve was ob served under light microscope and electronic microscope. Results In the group of 2 700 mg/kg, at the end of the test (8 weeks after the tes t started), animals (84.2%) had obvious intoxication symptoms such as hindlimb par alysis, decreasing of body weight, muscle tension and MNCV. The bioche mical indexes did not change significantly. The relative weights of kidney, hear t, liver, lung and brain increased significantly (P0.05). In the tibial ne rve, morphological changes such as axons decreased in numbers, degenerated and s wollen were observed under light microscope. In the axon, diversiform, swollen, demyelination and malaligned neruofilaments were shown under electronic microsco pe. Conclusion Peripheral neuropathy model could be successfull y duplicated in the rats exposed to 2 700 mg/kg n-hexane ig with hindli mb paralysis and axon demyelination.


The aim of this study is to analyze the antifouling properties of different timbers, and thus to identify the wood which shows the most antifouling activity. The chemical component present in that wood which is responsible for its antifouling property can be extracted and used in themanufacture of natural antifouling paints, thus saving the marine environment from the effects of heavy metal antifouling paints. Wood species used in this study were, 1)Tectona grandis 2) Prosopis juli lora 3) Strychnos nux-vomica 4) Lagerstroemia microcarpa5)Mangifera indica6)Artocarpus hirsutus7)Milicia excelsa8) Swietenia mahagoni 9) Anigre 10) Terminalia arjuna 11) Artocarpus heterophyllus 12) Albizia lebbeck 13) Acacia mangium. Four sets of panels were exposed for a period of 1 month and 20 days. The identi ication of fouling organisms obtained fromwooden panels revealed the presence of 5 species belonging to Barnacles, Tubeworms, Bivalves, Bryozoans, andHydroids. The study showed promising results, out of the thirteen species of wood used in the study, it was found that Albizia lebbeck and Lagerstroemia microcarpa showed the most biofouling resistance. The chemical extracts from these wood can be used in the preparation of environmental friendly antifouling coatings.


Optimizing the efficiency of conventional heat exchangers is critical for improving the performance of various processes. This study proposed increasing the heat dissipation buffer space of heat exchangers by filling the gap between the heat exchanger and the shell with phase‐change materials for optimizing phase‐change heat exchangers. Comparative simulation analyses were performed by investigating the difference between the internal and external diameters of the inner ring ribs of the heat exchanger, the flow rate of the cooling liquid, the spacing distance, and the number of the inner ring ribs as independent variables. The results revealed that the heat transfer efficiency of heat exchangers can be improved by adding the inner ring rib structure to the heat exchange copper tube. The difference between the inner and outer diameters of the inner ring rib considerably influences heat dissipation. Furthermore, a sensitivity coefficient of 0.2457 can be obtained. The distance and number of inner ring ribs and the flow rate of cooling liquid exhibit certain effects on the heat transfer efficiency of the heat exchanger. The sensitivity coefficients were 0.1477 and 0.0935. The heat dissipation efficiency of the coil heat exchanger was improved by 3.8% by adding inner ring ribs in the coil heat exchanger channel.


In this issue of Blood, Mansouri et al1 report on the distribution of NFKBIE aberrations in lymphoid malignancies and suggest they play an important role in lymphomagenesis. They demonstrate a high frequency of NFKBIE deletions in primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (PMBL) and report that they predict for poor outcomes in this population.


The increasing incidence of battered wives has brought a growing awareness of the need for special services and skills to use in helping these crisis clients


Ministry of Communication and Informatics Indonesia has planned to terminate analogue television service by 2018 and fully implement Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT) technology thereafter. This migration will free up a large amount of radio frequency spectrum currently occupied by analogue television in UHF band (470–806 MHz). This released spectrum called digital dividend is highly valuable so it has to be used optimally to generate maximum benefits for society, business stakeholders and government. However, there are some resistances from existing broadcasters to do such migration because of several reasons such as additional costs during simulcast period, additional multiplex investments and uncertainty about digital television viewer number. Thus, this paper aims to propose a possible strategy for policy maker in Indonesia to overcome these resistances and accelerate the switchover process then measure the feasibility of such strategy from techno-economics point of view.


The Impact of COVID-19 on Surgery and Procedures: A CommentaryFrank H Annie, PhD1; Jaineet Singh Chhabra3; Aravinda Nanjundappa, MD2;1CAMC Health Education and Research Institute3200 MacCorkle Ave. SE, Charleston, WV 25304.2CAMC Vascular Center of Excellence, Charleston Area Medical Center.3200 MacCorkle Ave SE, Charleston, WV 253043Marshall University, School of Medicine.1600 Medical Center Dr, Huntington, WV 25701


A program for analysing lattice parameter of a crystal structure has been successfully created based on Python programming language using the Google Collaboratory service, so it can be accessed through a PC or smartphone as long as internet access is available. This program can be used to calculate lattice parameter of a crystal structure with x-ray diffraction data as the input. Crystal structures that can be calculated for its lattice parameter are cubic and tetragonal. The program will ask for the type of crystal structure of the data, along with diffraction angles and miller indices. The input will be processed using the Cramer-Cohen method according to the previously entered crystal structure. By also entering the wavelength used, the output of this program is the lattice parameter in the angstrom unit. The percentage of error of this program's output is extremely low.


Allelopathy of Leonurus sibiricus L. (Lamiaceae) was examined against the germination of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli L.), garden cress (Lepidum sativum L.) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), and the seedling growth of Italian ryegrass, barnyard grass, timothy (Phleum pratense L.), hairy crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis L. scop.), garden cress, lettuce, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). A significant inhibition and/or delay of germination was found in Italian ryegrass, garden cress and lettuce at concentration of 100 mg dry weight equivalent extract/ml. Except the shoot and root growth of barnyard grass, all other test plant species were significantly inhibited by the plant extracts at concentrations ≥30 mg dry weight equivalent extract/ml. Inhibitory activities of the L. sibiricus extracts depended on the concentrations of the extract and test plant species. Considering the concentration required for 50% inhibition (IC 50 values), the shoot growth of lettuce and the root growth of timothy were most sensitive to the extracts, whereas shoot of hairy crabgrass and root of Italian ryegrass were least sensitive. Results of this study suggest that L. sibiricus have allelopathic properties and may possess allelopathic substances.


Maternal gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is known to influence fetal physiology. Phase‐rectified signal averaging (PRSA) is an innovative signal‐processing technique that can be used to investigate fetal heart signals. The PRSA‐calculated variables average acceleration capacity (AAC) and average deceleration capacity (ADC) are established indices of autonomic nervous system (ANS) function. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of GDM on the fetal cardiovascular and ANS function in human pregnancy using PRSA.


The following work consists of an analysis of the existing problems in the logistics of Dipor S.A. Both in the area of supply, storage and distribution of merchandise, designing a strategic planning in which solutions are given to the problems, thus giving greater value to the supply chain and customer satisfaction in relation to our service, and raise The sales generating a greater utility for the company, which in turn will make it sustainable and sustainable in a demanding and variable market. Logistics is a fundamental part of the sustainability of a product marketing and distribution company, as the company can find itself financially well, have an excellent infrastructure and a qualified staff, but if it does not have an adequate logistics management, it can hardly Being competitive in the market, which also entails that their costs are high, that there is a delay in the supply and distribution of products; Being thus, loses the positioning in the market generating a great loss for the company. Finally, to counteract the damages of not having a proper logistics management, control systems are implemented in the company, obtaining better results both in the supply, storage and distribution of the goods giving a greater satisfaction to our customers and obtaining a greater Positioning our brand in the market.


In August of 2007, the Food and Drug Administration (fda) approved the first chemokine (c-c motif) receptor 5 (ccr5) inhibitor, maraviroc, for treatment-experienced patients infected with r5-using virus. In an effort to better educate physicians and patients about these new drugs, this article will review the available clinical data on ccr5 antagonists and discuss implications for clinical practice. Chemokine receptor antagonists are the first antiretrovirals to bind a cellular protein of the host and, as such, engender unique safety concerns. We will review the biology of hiv chemokine usage and entry into cells that first suggested the attractiveness of ccr5 blockade as a therapeutic target. We will discuss the 2 primary means of ccr5 antagonism—small molecule inhibition and monoclonal antibody steric blockade recognizing that, in the near future, only the small molecule antagonist maraviroc is fda approved for clinical use. Based on the available clinical evidence, we provide a preliminary framework to guide the rational use of these agents in hiv-infected patients.


On 14 Sept. 1983, the first single-mode optical-fiber cable link in the U.S.A. was placed in live telephone service by Continental Telephone of New York. As shown in Fig. 1, the 37-km (23-mile) distance was spanned between the Norwich and Sidney exchanges, with no intermediate repeaters required. The fiber cable was supplied by Siecor Corp. The end-to-end cable loss specification was 25 dB. The original engineering calculations had predicted an end-to-end loss of 22 dB. The average measured end-to-end loss for the four single-mode fibers was 21.5 dB. The splicing was accomplished with a Siecor fusion splicer modified to handle single-mode fibers.


Objective:To summarize clinical experience of treating hot crush injury on hands retrospectively. Method:Summarized retrospectively 12 patients of hot crush injury on hands collected from authors' hospital in a period of 12 years.The main indexes included wound conditions,treating methods and results.Result:12 cases recovered in satis- fied function with look like normal appearance.Conclusion:Surgery at early stage for hot crush injury on hands can get i- deal effects.


The selection of a nutrient medium and optimization of physicochemical parameters play a crucial role in the growth enhancement and production of bioactive secondary metabolites of fungi. The current study was to evaluate the influence of cultural conditions and physicochemical parameters affecting the growth and biomass production of Aspergillus terreus. Nutrient medium ((Potato dextrose broth, Czapek's Dox broth, Sabouraud dextrose broth, Potato Carrot broth and malt extract broth) in conjunction with physicochemical parameters such as temperature, pH, nitrogen sources, carbon sources, and salinity were assessed for optimal biomass production. The growth rate of the fungus was measured by determining the mycelial dry weight, and enhancement of antioxidant activity through DPPH scavenging potency in the culture broth. The highest growth rate of the fungus was observed in potato dextrose broth (PDB) compared to the other nutrient media at a significant level (p< 0.05). The present study demonstrated that PDB supplemented with cellulose and urea as carbon and nitrogen sources with a pH of 5.5 and 4% salinity at 28°C are the suitable conditions for maximal growth and biomass production. However, the antioxidants activity was at its peak level in PDA enriched with sucrose and ammonium sulphate at pH 5.5, and 7% salinity at 28°C. Thus, culture conditions, including nutrient components and physicochemical parameters play an important role in the growth rate A. terreus, to exploit the maximum yield for various biomedical applications.


Herd behavior refers to the phenomenon of people following a crowd for a given period, sometimes "even regardless of individual information suggesting something else" (Banerjee 1992, 798). The phenomenon of herd behavior was among the first topics studied in social psychology (Van Ginneken 1992). Early economists like Thorstein Veblen (1899) and sociologists like Georg Simmel ([19041 1957) applied it to sudden shifts in consumer behavior such as fashions and fads. More recently, issues relating to herd behavior have again caught the eye of economists and management scholars. In 2003, Marlene Fiol and Edward O'Connor, for instance, maintained that the decisions of individuals to do whatever anyone else is doing can be applied to decision-making processes in organizational settings. In the economic approach, however, the concept is turned into something which differs from herd behavior in social psychology. As a result, researchers in the social sciences these days face inconsistent conceptions of herd behavior. Herd behavior, however, cannot be fully understood from a single perspective alone. What was argued by John R. Commons (1934) for economics and psychology in general could also be applied to the study of herd behavior. Although both disciplines ask what herd behavior is, the economic perspective primarily is to focus on long-term effects, to study the value of (partaking in) herd behavior and how much one can benefit from it. The motivations underlying herd behavior are viewed in terms of the choices they produce. With respect to this mainstream economics approach, Geoffrey Hodgson (1993) came to the conclusion that, in doing so, many economists have taken individual motivations and preferences as given, because "the essential aspects of human personality and motivation are conceived of as independent of the social relations with others"


The optical mode structure of a spherical microcavity has been investigated using a transfer matrix approach. Exact algebraic equations from which the frequencies of the optical eigenmodes of the two polarizations can be obtained, as well as approximate explicit algebraic expressions for those frequencies have been derived. The distribution of the electric field in the eigenmode is analysed.


Summary The present study investigated the relationship between nightmare frequency and both sleep and waking-life behavior in children aged 6 to 11 years. The prevalence rate of nightmares was 41% and 5 % experienced nightmares once a week or more often. In the present sample, girls' nightmare frequency exceeded that of boys. The results indicate that parasomnias such as nightmares, night terrors and sleepwalking often occurred together. With regard to personality, the fndings support previous studies in adolescents and adults which have shown a relationship between "thin boundaries" and nightmare frequency. As expected, the occurrence of stressors (school problems, parental divorce) affected nightmare frequency. However, correlations were small and inconsistent, so that future studies should be performed to elicit the temporal pattern of stress and nightmares.


Superdirective fixed beamformers are known to attain high directivity factors, but are extremely sensitive to uncorrelated noise and slight errors in the array elements, which are modeled by the beamformer white noise gain measure. The delay-and-sum beamformer, on the other hand, manages to maximize the white noise gain, but suffers from a very low directivity factor. In this paper, we discuss the design of a broadband beamformer which controls both the directivity factor and the white noise gain. We combine a regularized version of the superdirective beamformer together with the delay-and-sum beamformer to create a robust regularized superdirective beamformer. We derive analytic closed-form expressions of the beamformer gain responses, and extend them to derive a beamformer with full control of the desired white noise gain or the directivity factor. The proposed approach offers a simple and robust broadband beamformer with controllable characteristics, shown here through persuasive simulation results.


Experimental studies have shown that many natural and artificial systems need to maintain stable oscillations during application, but the occurrence of oscillation quenching phenomenon will destroy the oscillation activity of the system and hinder the normal operation of the system. In this paper, to solve the important problem of oscillation quenching leading to system paralysis, the weighted average function of oscillators is applied to each oscillator as an external feedback, which is an extension of the mean-field feedback [N. Zhao and Z. Sun, Int. J. Bifurcation Chaos 30, 2050094 (2020)]. Taking the Stuart–Landau oscillators with the identical and nonidentical frequencies as examples, respectively, we find that the weighted average feedback is better than the previously proposed mean-field feedback in eliminating oscillation quenching with different coupling scenarios. Especially, when the weight is 0 or 1, that is, when a single oscillator is used as the feedback, the weighted average feedback is highly efficient in reviving oscillation. Our results provide a more convenient method to overcome these quenching states of coupled systems, and broaden the practical applications with respect to revoking rhythmic oscillations via external feedback in nature and real life.


Abstract
The main objective of this chapter is to explore how the adoption of corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices is associated with firm innovativeness, utilising a rich data survey of 3,500 Greek SMEs. Furthermore, by classifying SMEs into two groups, the high-performing and low-performing in terms of CSR, we explore whether and in which way the application of CSR moderates the relationship between innovation inputs (such as R&D expenditure and R&D collaboration) and innovation output. The findings obtained from the first stage of our analysis suggest that CSR practices drive the innovation process as well as the innovation output of SMEs, supporting thus SDG9. The empirical results obtained from the second stage of analysis indicate that the wide adoption of CSR practices may stand as an alternative way to established and more expensive drivers of innovation output in adverse times when firms lack financial resources especially in crisis-hit economies such as the case of Greece.


A comprehensive epidemiological study investigating all cases of invasive and intraepithelial cervical cancer was done in Baltimore Maryland between 1950 and 1975. Data from that study and from national sources reveal a decline in mortality for squamous cervical cancer: from 9.6/100000 in 1950-51 to 5.0/100000 in 1970-71 for white females in the US and from 2.2/100000 to 6.5/100000 for white females in metropolitan Baltimore for the same period of time. The pattern is the same for nonwhite women whose rate of cervical cancer has been shown to be about twice that of white women: from 22.0/100000 in 1950-51 to 13.1/100000 in 1970-71 in the US and from 22.4/100000 to 13.6/100000 in metropolitan Baltimore during the same period of time. It appears that the cervical cancer death rate began declining first in the age group 40-49 which suggests the increasing impact of exfoliative cytological testing and of colposcopy in the detection of the disease. If the incidence of newly diagnosed invasive cervical cancer began to decline in the late 1960s the incidence of newly diagnosed in situ cervical carcinoma has risen both in white and in nonwhite women since the late 1950s. Again this increase must be related to the increased cytological screening and to the tendency of physicians to classify similar lesions as carcinoma in situ rather than as severe dysplasia. In the 1950s about 1/3 of cases of cervical neoplasia were diagnosed as State O or carcinoma in situ; 15 years later the proportion rose to 3/4 but the proportion is lower among nonwhite women which suggests that screening has been less effective among this particular group. As for the etiology of cervical cancer during the past 15 years there has been increasing evidence implicating the genital herpesvirus HSV-2 as a possible cause of squamous cervical carcinoma. The direct evidence includes: 1) HSV-2 has been isolated from the genitourinary tract of male urology patients and male venereal disease patients; 2) biopsied cervices with active herpetic infection were found to develop cervical cancer or atypia in 1/4 of cases; 3) exfoliated cervical cancer cells reveal HSV-2 antigens by immunofluorescence; and 4) HSV-2 antigens are associated with active growth of cervical tumors. The best prevention of morbidity and mortality from cervical cancer remains early detection through screening. It is apparent however that many women especially from the lower socioeconomic class fail to avail themselves of regular Pap testing and that current mass screening approaches for the prevention of cervical cancer must be changed and improved.