Gujarat has sumptuary law (Bombay Prohibition Act, 1949) in force that proscribes the sale, purchase and consumption of alcoholic drinks. The legislation has been in force since 1 May 1960 when Bombay State dissolved into Maharashtra and Gujarat.Predictably, smuggling and illicit sale of alcohol are very common. Illegal drinking is continued in almost all classes of society. In July, 2009 hooch tragedy claimed 136 lives at Ahmedabad. In present study, the cases received for examination related to drunkenness were studied. The place of the study was Civil Hospital, Sola, Ahmedabad over a total period offour years from 2009 to 2012.In the year of hooch tragedy(2009), the proportion of cases related to drunkenness was relatively low (222 out of 2237 medico-legal cases forming 9.92%). However, the mortality resulting from hooch tragedy had no effect on people's mindsets and drinking is continued in as before in usual manner. The proportion of cases of drunkenness have increased in the forthcoming year 2010 (19.73%), year 2011 (15.25%) and year 2012 (22.71%).


In his famous phrase "the map is not the territory, Korzybski noted the disarming ease that human beings muddle abstractions of things for the things themselves. General semantics offers usefid tools to evaluate the contemporary contest over the territory of the prosaic public restroom--and its convenient or inconvenient booths--in the struggle fir equal rights for all people. In this paper, I demonstrate the intensional behavior exemplified by some statements by parliamentarians in debate and witnesses in testimony to committees of Canada's Parliament and Senate during the quest to amend legislation to add the phrase "gender identity" to Canada's federal Human Rights Act and the Criminal Code. Noting that public facilities are often labeled locally, nationally, and internationally with a pictographic symbol rather than written words, I seek to reveal relations between the symbol and the words purported to establish their "meaning." What happens when the symbol ,for a human becomes con fused with the map of a human? Does such a map bear similar structure to the territory represented? What extensional behaviors might assist this discussion? In 1967, the world flocked to Montreal, Canada for Expo '67, where more than two-and-a-half times Canada's population as a whole at the time attended (BIE, 1967 Montreal). One important innovation at Expo '67 was of a humble sort: public conveniences marked out in a graphical, non-lingual symbol devised by Toronto designer Paul Arthur. - Arthur designed "a series of 24 pictograms" as part of a "comprehensive Standard Sign Manual" [emphasis original] for use in the Expo '67 site (Wainwright, 1967). Arthur's outline of a humanoid figure with a floating head--the detached, floating head itself an excellent sign that this representation is symbolic, not literally representing a human--would remain recognizable today as a symbol to indicate a men's washroom; likewise, whilst Arthur's pictogram for the women's washroom was perhaps more matronly than the A-line dress we see so commonly on current symbol-signage, the shape would be recognizable as falling within the same general outlines. Today in 2013, observations suggest that we interpret these symbols with a clarity that was missing from visitors to Expo '67. According to a 1967 news article from a major Canadian daily newspaper, "Expo is having trouble with its sign language," noting that "[t]rouble soon arose over the washroom symbols. Expo officials kept encountering that worried women [sic] who trotted nervously up to a rest room door, examined the pictograph with some puzzlement, reached for a handle, then retreated in blushing confusion as men appeared from inside" (Plumptre, 1967). These days, pictogram symbols for washrooms are widely used in many nations, the pictograms themselves demonstrating near-limitless variety. And that, ladies and gents, brings us to an inconvenient booth, wherein we find people mistaking symbol for both map and territory. The territory is the human in its imperfect glory, while the map is the construction of "expectations of gender performance" (Marissa, 2010) and the battleground is, apparently, that of transsexual people and access to public conveniences (Cavanagh, 2011). Bizarre contortions of language--itself a symbol--are used to delegiti-mize trans identities to imply or even state outright that trans people do not have a right to relief Indeed, even the notion of trails as "people" is sometimes contested, "[b]ecause most people have great difficulty recognizing the humanity of another person if they cannot recognize that person's gender..." (Stryker, 2008, p.6). Even in Canada, anti-relief rhetoric relies on claims of possible abuse of claimed gender identity as a legitimate reason to pre-emptively ban any such individuals from such relief on the notion that someone, someday, might somehow do something bad and, just in case, no one should be able to use the John--or should that be Jane? …


We force over the constructible universe to obtain a model of the $\Pi^1_3$-reduction property, thus lowering the best known large cardinal strength from $\bf{\Delta^1_2}$-determinacy to just ZFC.


Historical learning has not reached optimal in the learning process. It is caused by the history teachers' learning model has not used the innovative learning models. Furthermore, it supported by the perception of students to the history subject because it does not become final exam (UN) subject so it makes less improvement and builds less critical thinking in students' daily learning. This is due to the lack of awareness of historical events and the availability of history books for students and teachers in the library are still lacking. Discovery learning with scientific approach encourages students to solve problems actively and able to improve students' critical thinking skills with scientific approach so student can build scientific thinking include observing, asking, reasoning, trying, and networking.


Firm-specific information impounded in stock prices will influence the investment decisions of investors,and then affect the assessment of firm value; meanwhile,managers can learn from the information contained in their own stock prices,and use them as management guidance to improve corporate investment decisions. Applying the 9047 observations of companies listed on SHSE between 1997 and 2011,with Tobin's Q as proxy of firm value and R2 as proxy of stock price informativeness,we find that stock price informativeness is positively related to firm value,and that firms with higher informativeness underperform that with lower informativeness. Further study shows that higher informativeness is not associated with higher investment efficiency,which indicates that investment efficiency is not improved accompanied with the information contents in stock prices.


We performed direct numerical simulation of fully developed turbulent velocity and temperature fields in a flume, for Reynolds number, based on the wall shear velocity and the height of the flume, Re=171 and Prandtl numbers Pr=1.0 and Pr=5.4. To elucidate exactly the role of the wall boundary condition for passive scalar, the system considered was the flow at constant properties of the fluid. Two types of thermal wall boundary conditions (BCs) for the dimensionless temperature equation were studied: isothermal wall boundary condition—H1, and isoflux wall boundary condition—H2. The profile of the mean temperature was not affected by the type of BC. However, the type of BC has a profound effect on the statistics of the temperature fluctuations in the near-wall region y+<10. Comparison of near-wall statistics of temperature fluctuations shows that at Pr=1 the buffer part of the turbulent boundary layer significantly influences the scalar transfer in the conductive sublayer, whereas at Pr=5.4 the near-wall te...


All activities of man result in a certain degree of strain, and consequently exertion. The resulting strain is frequently connected to man's non-ergonomic position and work that is inappropriate from a biomechanical perspective. A non-ergonomic posture of the human body is harmful, especially when it is forced. In this paper we show the contributions of ergonomic and biomechanical analyses of virtual 3D human models within digitally generated environment systems connected to modern living. We have examined the impact that living environments have on the proper posture of man in work or rest, thus reducing the amount of energy consumption and exertion to the minimum. By using a scientific visualisation, we have conducted a biomechanical analysis of the movement of virtual 3D female models in the environment, which is based on the actual spatial interaction between the human model and the environment. For the purpose of determining the dimensions of the living space, we have examined spatial plans, made working measurements and camera recordings, while the anthropometric physical proportions of man were determined by digital measuring. Regarding the use characteristics of modern living, its formation and construction have to meet the ergonomic – biomechanical functional criteria, in addition to the safety, quality, aesthetic and fashion trends, which is why, in order to enable its optimal use, furniture dimensions and the dimensions of space surrounding it have to be in line with the anthropometric measurements of man.


Cytochemical estimation of COX activity and morphometric measurement of mitochondrial ultrastructure were carried out in organelles from adult and old rats. Although no age-related difference was found in cytochemical precipitate (CPA) and mitochondrial area (MA), the ratio CPA:MA (R) decreased by 25.7% in aging. R was the same in oversized mitochondria, but in smaller organelles it was significantly decreased during aging. R reports on the functional mitochondrial surface involved in energy providing mechanisms; thus, by revealing age-related differences, these data suggest that the COX preferential cytochemistry associated with morphometry may serve as a reliable and sensitive mitochondrial morphofunctional checkup procedure.


The international exchange of publications has a long tradition in the National Museum. It is an important source of foreign scientific literature as well as a very useful way of distributing publications published by the National Museum and thus presenting its scientific results. The paper describes the situation and changes in this area in the period of 2011–2020. It summarises the main external influences and tendencies. It compares acquisitions by purchase and exchange. It describes the current goals of the international exchange of publications in the National Museum Library.


Preparing organizations and assessing their readiness to implement enterprise systems is a growing agenda in information systems research. This chapter examines the challenges that face the preparation of organizations' stakeholders in managing and supporting the implementation and using enterprise systems in an Arabian Gulf context. The chapter points out the major issues that have been identified by enterprise systems' professionals such as: lack of business and IT strategies, continuous top management support, insufficient training, inefficient communication procedures, inefficient change management and cultural barriers. To overcome these challenges, the chapter suggests that the preparation should not be limited to end users since the preparation of other stakeholders, such as top managers, project manager and project teams, is essential to successfully implement and use the enterprise system. Based on insights gained by empirical research with enterprise systems professionals, the chapter recommends a number of factors that need to be considered. These have been grouped into the categories of: organizational, managerial, technical, external, and human/social factors. DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-4153-2.ch051


Since the first tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid (THIQ), naphthyridinomycin, was found by Canadian scientist Kluepfel in 1974, nearly hundred members of this family have been reported. Such THIQ has attracted the research interest of many chemists and biologists due to its excellent biological activity and complex chemical structure. Especially, as an out-standing member of THIQ family, Ecteinascidin 743 (ET-743) has been commercialized in the European Union for the treat-ment of soft tissue tumors and ovarian cancer. Due to the extremely low content of natural products of bistetrahydroisoquinoline including ET-743 and the complexity of its chemical structure, the modification of its chemical structure has attracted more and more attention. Based on this, the recent advance in the synthesis of bistetrahydroisoquinoline analogues is reviewed.


. The paper proposes a model for evaluating time characteristics of data processing in a ship geoinformation system, which is a local computer network with segment switching


The macroeconomic models of the 'mainstream' are hardly useful as expert support tools for policymakers. There is a need for an adequate instrument which does more realistically replicate the real-life economy and, thus, would provide better (unbiased) advise to politicians. The concept of the digital twin of the economy introduces an economic tool and platform which allows the dynamic-experimental development as well as objective-transparent evaluation of macroeconomic policies and is constructed on two consecutive methods: Firstly, the building plan of the underlying economic model is established by an economic architecture , that is an investigative approach to uncover hidden contexts for more transparency, and, secondly, the complex nature of the economy, as designed/created after that blueprint, is then dynamically as well as realistically simulated by agent-based modelling . The purpose of this tool and its respective platform, apart from the provision of reliable recommendations for political decision-making, is the promotion of interdisciplinary innovative research to enhance the state of knowledge in economics and to facilitate the transformation to a much more economically/ecologically sustainable as well as socially fairer economy/society.


Trees contribute to combating global warming by absorbing CO2, thus enhancing the quality of the environment. Sri Lanka maintains about 112,000 ha of Hevea brasiliensis (rubber) plantations, where 85.7% is in the wet zone. When rubber trees decline in latex production, after 30–33 years of planting, they are harvested to regenerate the next cycle. Rubber timber in Sri Lanka is used mainly for manufacturing interior parts of furniture, tool handles, and toys, leaving minimal chances for the emission of CO2 by combustion. Therefore, rubber is a good source of carbon sequestration, which can be used to earn additional benefits for the farmers. Estimating tree biomass helps to assess the carbon sequestration of those trees. Therefore this study aimed to build allometric models to predict the biomass using diameter at breast height (dbh) and total tree height (h). Since uprooting rubber trees is not allowed till maturity, whole‐tree, above‐ground, and stem biomass prediction models were built by uprooting ten 30‐ and 31‐year‐old trees from two rubber estates of the low country wet zone of Sri Lanka. For the rest of the ages, dbh and h prediction models were built by age using data collected from six age classes of rubber trees from the same two estates so those variables could be used as inputs to the biomass prediction models. For dbh and h models, Michaelis–Menten functions performed better than power‐law functions. Biomass was estimated for the stem and large branches by converting respective volumes to weights. Weight measurements were taken directly for biomass assessment for small branches, foliage, and roots. The quality of models was determined based on both qualitative and quantitative evaluations. The finding proved that the biomass of rubber plantations could effectively be estimated by dbh and h over time.


Abstract In November and December 1965 accumulation measurements were made at 3 km. intervals and at networks of poles at six photogrammetric arrays on an oversnow traverse from Mount Chapman to "Byrd" station. The results at the photogrammetric arrays, which yield a mean accumulation of 16.4 g. cm.−2 yr.−1 for 1963–65, are compared with values determined from stratigraphic investigations in 1958–59 and in 1962–63, which gave 12.2 g. cm.−2 yr.−1 and 13.2 g. cm.−2 yr.−1, respectively.


The presence of sorbitol in a concentration 11 mg/ml in a sample reduces by 68 percent the values of fructose glycine measured by colorimetry with thiobarbituric acid. Such sorbitol concentration has no effect on furfural production and on 5-hydroxymethylfurfural reaction with thiobarbituric acid. Measurements of glycolyzed hemoglobin have demonstrated that sorbitol in concentration 11 mg/ml completely inhibits hydrolysis. This fact should be borne in mind when measuring blood glycosylated hemoglobin by colorimetry with thiobarbituric acid and exclude sorbitol from patients' rations before measurements.


It was a quiet Tuesday afternoon at the clinic and Lance walked into the tearoom to find Wayne opening a bottle of red wine. It was one of their precious stock of Penfolds Bin 707.


The 21 st century has brought humankind face to face with the consequences of our actions over successive generations. Issues such as climate change, habitat loss, desertification and many others have awakened in us the need for greater protection and enhancement of our natural environment. Also, dialogue and research regarding the impact that philosophy, law and education have had on our goals of greater enhancement and protection of nature has been integral to our understanding of such issues. This review seeks to add to that discourse by advancing the perspective that philosophy is most critical to any efforts aimed at preserving or enhancing the natural environment. Assessing the development of environmental law and education in a historical context, it will be shown that the dominant philosophy of a culture influences attitudes to nature. This has continued to the present as with the converging of world economies under globalization, dominant world philosophies at work influence environmental legislation and education at all levels. The prospects for meaningful protection and enhancement of the natural environment within the current global context are discussed. [Researcher. 2009;x(x):xx-xx]. (ISSN: 1553-9865)


The issue of quantum barrier crossing and reflection in the time domain is addressed. We find that (1) classically forbidden barrier tunneling and above-barrier reflection are well-defined and important processes in the time domain, (2) classically forbidden processes can overshadow allowed ones when both are present, and (3) classically allowed trajectories in the time domain are not, in general, sufficient to explain tunneling amplitudes in the energy domain. We also make clear the essential distinction of barriers which flatten out at large distance and those which do not. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}


associated annual series for capital consumption in 1958 replacement prices is available for the period extending from 1950 to 1966 inclusive. The annual NIE figure for capital consumption is centred on the third quarter, scaled, and linked by linear segments to provide the quarterly series. The mean of the aggregate ratio (0.02742) of capital consumption to capital stock is taken as representative of a constant depreciation parameter, B. p, q: these price-series are implicit deflators for GNP and GDFCF. For example, q is the ratio of GDFCF, non-dwelling, in current prices to the corresponding value in 1958 prices. u: the sum of three series representing profits tax, income tax on corporate profits, and an adjustment factor which takes account of special contributions, the excess profits levy, and the post-war refunds of the excess profits tax. The first two series are based on standard rates for these taxes, as presented in the Annual Reports of HM Commissioners of Inland Revenue, whereas the final series is based on the proportion of payments to income. Corporation tax was not paid until after the end of the sample period. vi: capital allowances were based on official rates for three composite categories of investment expenditures and on the proportions of these categories in GDFCF. About three-quarters of all fixed assets were covered by investment allowances and initial allowances. Annual, or wear and tear, allowances are based on actual aggregate allowances. This rate will depend on current and earlier rates of initial allowances and on the stream of investment expenditures within the preceding period extending over the lives used for assets in tax provisions. No simple formula can be derived to represent this.


A simple method to counter the effects of gravity in articulated mechanisms is proposed. The scheme uses kinematics and linear springs to produce a nonlinear restoring force to oppose the gravitational moment. The method equilibrates a rotational mechanism for all postures. A solution for one link is obtained then general equations for n links are derived. The method is simpler than previous schemes and has applications in robotics, orthotics and a host of everyday mechanisms.


Since 1985, geothermal R & D has evolved steadily in Switzerland. Regional low-enthalphy exploratlon and resource assessment are largely complete; emphasis is now on drilling and development. Vertical earth-heat exchangers (small-scale, decentrahzed, heat pumpcoupled heating facdities) increase rapidly in number; the governmental system of risk coverage for geothermal drilling, established in 1987, gives rise to several drilling projects. Of these, a single w e l l and a doublet have been successfully completed so far. Numerical modelhg of coupled thermohydraulic processes in fracture-aominate Hot Dry Rock sys tems, including rock-mechanics aspects, is in progress. Some further efforts such as contributions to general geothermics, exploration and resource assessment activities in Switzerland, and financing of geothermal development abroad by Swiss banks are described.


Abstract: The neuropeptide WE‐14 is derived from the posttranslational processing of chromogranin A (CgA). While CgA is expressed in a preponderance of neuroendocrine cells, WE‐14 is generated in a distinct subpopulation of CgA‐immunopositive cells, most notably in the adrenal, pituitary, and parathyroid glands. Physiological and pharmacological studies have demonstrated that CgA is cleaved to generate WE‐14 in the adrenal chromaffin cell population and in the enterochromaffin‐like (ECL) cells of the oxyntic mucosa. Pathological analyses of neuroendocrine tumors have revealed a heterogeneous pattern of WE‐14 immunostaining, with variable concentrations quantified and chromatographically resolved in tissue extracts. Phylogenetic surveys have demonstrated that WE‐14 exhibits an ancient lineage, while ontogenetic examination has shown that it is generated at an early stage during fetal development. Putative WE‐14 receptor binding sites have been identified in several tissues; however, the physiological role of WE‐14 remains enigmatic.


Homoscedasticity of homogeneous flat surface products is a necessary condition for a high quality product. The quality of homogeneous flat surface products, like paper sheets, steel slabs, textiles, and glasses, plays a crucial role in raising the profile of the manufacturing companies. This paper presents a new approach for defect detection using the Levene's test, which is used for testing the homogeneity of variances of samples drawn from the same population. It is assumed that the variances of samples taken from the same population are equal. Occurrence of defects results in a Levene's test measure that is higher than some critical value indicating that the null hypothesis of equal variances is rejected. Noise immunity of the proposed technique is ensured through pre-filtering the fabric image using the Wiener filter that is an edge preserving filter. The robustness to variations of the sliding window size and the structures of fabric is analyzed. The major advantages of the proposed technique are the low computational complexity and noise immunity while maintaining high accuracy.


and tended to reduce LV end-diastolic volume (−2.26 mL; 95% confidence interval, −4.59 to 0.07; P =0.06). Similar effects were noted when data were analyzed after excluding studies with discrepancies in reporting of outcomes. The benefits also persisted when cardiac catheterization was performed in control patients as well. Although imaging modalities partly influenced the outcomes, LV ejection fraction improved in BMC-treated patients when assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Early (<48 hours) BMC injection after myocardial Infarction was more effective in reducing infarct size, whereas BMC injection between 3 and 10 days proved superior toward improving systolic function. A minimum of 50 million BMCs seemed to be necessary, with limited additional benefits seen with increasing cell numbers. BMC therapy was safe and improved clinical outcomes, including all-cause mortality, recurrent myocardial Infarction, ventricular arrhythmia, and cerebrovascular accident during follow-up, albeit with differences between acute myocardial Infarction and chronic ischemic heart disease subgroups. Conclusions: Transplantation of adult BMCs improves LV ejection fraction, reduces infarct size, and ameliorates remodeling in patients with ischemic heart disease. These effects are upheld in the analyses of studies using magnetic resonance imaging and also after excluding studies with discrepant reporting of outcomes. BMC transplantation may also reduce the incidence of death, recurrent myocardial Infarction, ventricular arrhythmia, and cerebrovascular accident during follow-up. ( Circ Res . 2015;117:558-575. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.114.304792.) and results. 8 However, discrepancies in reporting of design and methods 8 may only have limited potential to influence the overall conclusions of these studies. Therefore, to delineate the effect of discrepancies on collective outcomes of cell therapy trials, we performed separate me-ta-analysis after excluding studies with discrepancies in reporting of primary outcomes, such as LVEF. Discrepancies in reporting results included incorrect calculation of effects (LVEF, infarct size, LVESV, and LVEDV) or discrepant reporting of results in different published reports in clinical trials. The results from early studies of BMC therapy as well as meta-analyses of diverse subsets of clinical trials have been discordant. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of pooled data from 48 randomized controlled trials of BMC therapy that enrolled 2602 patients with ischemic heart disease. Our results show that BMC injection in patients with ischemic heart disease is associated with modest yet significant improvements in left ventricular structure and function. This analysis also suggests significant improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction when magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess cardiac function. Importantly, the benefits of BMC therapy were also noted in meta-analysis performed after exclusion of studies with discrepancies in reporting of outcomes and when cardiac catheterization was performed in control patients. BMC-treated patients experienced substantive reduction in all-cause mortality, recurrent myocardial infarction, ventricular arrhythmia, and cerebrovascular accident, in-dicating significantly favorable clinical outcomes despite numerically small improvements in cardiac parameters. These results provide a robust basis for the conduct of large randomized controlled trials using patient-important clinical outcomes as primary end points.


The Oxford Turkish Dictionary combines for the first time in a single volume two standard works: The Oxford English-Turkish Dictionary and The Oxford Turkish-English Dictionary. English-Turkish coverage includes new English words, American and Australian vocabulary, and key scientific, financial, political, and military terms. Turkish-English coverage includes new loanwords in Turkish and a survey of modern idioms. The most up-to-date and comprehensive reference of its kind, The Oxford Turkish Dictionary is an invaluable tool for all students, scholars, and businesspeople working in Turkey.


A. Vertex Detector and EUDET The vertex detector, made of pixels, allows to measure the position of charged particles with high precision. The resolution of pixel detector therefore largely depends on the pitch size, sensor technology and ASICs. A telescope is used to determine the resolution of a new detector. It consists of several reference detecting chips whose performances are well known to reconstruct precisely the tracks. During the test beams for the CLIC vertex detector, the EUDET telescope is used which consists of 6 planes of MIMOSA 26 pixel sensors wish a tracking resolution of about 3μμμμ for 5.6 GeV electron beam. The device under test (DUT) is placed between 3rd and the 4th layers (Fig. 1).


The aim of this study was to determine whether meat and bone meal (MBM) can be used as NP fertilizer for spring barley grown for fodder. A two-factorial field experiment was conducted in Poland. Experimental factor I was MBM dose (0, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 t/ha/year) which was compared to the mineral fertilization (NPK), factor II was the year of the study (two consecutive years). MBM used in doses higher than 1.0 t/ha had a more beneficial influence on the grain yield of spring barley and grain plumpness than mineral fertilizers. The positive yield-forming effect of MBM doses 2.0 t/ha and 2.5 t/ha was statistically significant. The nitrogen (N) content of grain was similar in treatments with MBM and mineral fertilization. The two highest MBM doses contributed to a significant decrease in the phosphorus (P) content of grain, particularly in the second year of the study, in comparison with the remaining MBM doses and mineral fertilizers. Grain yield and N content were also affected by the year of the study, due to weather conditions and the residual effect of MBM. The optimal MBM dose was 1.5 t/ha, which allowed to produce 5.1 t/ha of the plumpest grain whose N and P content was consistent with the feeding standards for livestock.


Optical (or Robinson) structures are one generalization of four-dimensional shearfree congruences of null geodesics to higher dimensions. They are Lorentzian analogues of complex and CR structures. In this context, we extend the Goldberg–Sachs theorem to five dimensions. To be precise, we find a new algebraic condition on the Weyl tensor, which generalizes the Petrov type II condition, in the sense that it ensures the existence of such congruences on a five-dimensional spacetime, vacuum or under weaker assumptions on the Ricci tensor. This results in a significant simplification of the field equations. We discuss possible degenerate cases, including a five-dimensional generalization of the Petrov type D condition. We also show that the vacuum black ring solution is endowed with optical structures, yet fails to be algebraically special with respect to them. We finally explain the generalization of these ideas to higher dimensions, which has been checked in six and seven dimensions.


The mechanism of enteropathogenicity of human enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EEC) was studied by ligated gut loop tests in rabbits, keratoconjunctival tests in guinea pig eyes and feeding tests on human volunteers, and by examining for their ability to penetrate into HeLa cells. Strains of invasive EEC (Shigella-like) serotypes produced inflammatory changes and fluid accumulation in the ligated rabbit gut loop, keratoconjunctivitis in guinea pig eyes, and penetration into HeLa cells. With few exceptions, no enterotoxic activity was demonstrated with cell-free filtrates of broth cultures. It was considered that EEC strains of this group may probably cause disease in man by a mechanism similar to that of Shigella organisms, and that enterotoxin production may not be concerned with the pathogenicity of these organisms. When strains of noninvasive EEC including 27 OK group serotypes were studied, 46 of 67 cultures employed produced fluid accumulation and histopathological changes in ligated gut loop tests in rabbits, whereas none of them induced keratoconjunctivitis in guinea pig eyes nor penetration into HeLa cells. In addition, cell-free filtrates from broth cultures of 12 out of 20 strains produced alterations similar to those caused by living culture in the gut loop tests. When R-state cultures derived from three strains of noninvasive EEC serotypes were tested for their activity in rabbit gut loops, it was demonstrated that the mutants no longer had the ability to produce positive gut loop reactions, although filtrates of the R cultures were still able to cause pathological alterations in the loops. Cell cultures killed by acetone, chloroform, or heat failed to give positive gut loop reactions. Positive gut loop reactions were also induced by some strains not belonging to the recognized EEC serotypes originating from sources other than gastroenteritis patients. Nine strains consisting of four of noninvasive EEC and five enterotoxigenic strains not belonging to the recognized EEC serotypes were tested with human volunteers. All the former strains caused acute gastroenteritis in the volunteers, while the latter elicited on response. These results suggest that enterotoxin production is not concerned in the mechanism of enteropathogenicity of noninvasive EEC. On the other hand, it seemed that the ability to multiply in the intestine is essential in the enteropathogenicity of noninvasive EEC strains, although an enterotoxic substance demonstrated in cell-free filtrates may play a role in the development of gastroenteritis.


This paper presents a new system for radiological image classification. The proposed system is built on Hidden Markov Models (HMMs). In this work, the Hidden Markov Models Toolkit (HTK) is adapted to deal with image classification issue. HTK was primarily designed for speech recognition research. Features are extracted through Shape context descriptor. They are converted to HTK format by first adding headers, then, representing them in successive frames. Each frame is multiplied by a windowing function. Features are used by HTK for training and classification. Classes of the medical IRMA database are used in experiments. A comparison with a neural network based system shows the efficiency of the proposed approach.


From the Publisher:
A previous edition of this book won Delphi Informant's "Reader's Choice" award as the best Delphi book of the year. This new edition is even better! It introduces programmers to all of Delphi 5's new features, and to more than 100 real-world examples that stretch Delphi 5 to its limits. It shows readers how to use direct calls to the Windows API to add features to existing applications. Begin with basic programming topics and end with detailed examples of COM, CORBA, and advanced ActiveX implementations. New techniques for creating Internet-enabled applications are also covered in depth. This book is a MUST for every Delphi programmer!


Adherence as therapeutic citizenship: impact of the history of access to antiretroviral drugs on adherence to treatment Oakley sunglasses Low Price un article paru dans AIDS en 2007 ray ban rb3025 ecrit par  Vinh-Kim Nguyen, Cyriaque Yapo Ako, Pascal Niamba, Aliou Sylla et Issoufou Tiendrebeogo Greece Oakley sunglasses A dramatic increase in the use of antiretroviral drugs in Africa has increased focus on adherence to treatment, which has so far been equivalent if not superior to that in nort...


The NIH has published treatment guidelines for treating COVID-19 patients in the hospital. However, as of this writing, there are no established protocols for treating COVID-19 positive patients in primary care. Accordingly, this investigator has taken on the task of reviewing the medical literature to be able to propose evidence-based protocols for treating COVID-19 positive patients in primary care. The CDC is advising people to do nothing when they fi nd out they are positive for COVID-19 unless they have symptoms.


Objective: To evaluate the curative effect of weasand and tummy varix massive hermorrhage with Octreotide and Pituitrin and compare it with traditional therapies.Method: 233 cases of weasand and tummy varix massive hermorrhage were divided into two groups from February 2002 to November 2006.118 patients were given 25μg/h of Octreotide and 115 patients were put in the control group of Pituitrin.Result: In the Octreotide group,24-hour hemostasis rate is 78.2%,48-hour hemostasis rate is 84.5%,and the average hemostasis time is(12.33±9.23)h;while in the control group,24-hour hemostasis rate is 31.5%,48-hour hemostasis rate is 68.7%,and the average time is(25.02±13.54)h.There are statistic differences between two groups.One naupathia occurs in the Octreotide group,and 18 abdaminalgia in control group.Blood transfusion in the Octreotide group is(247±396)ml,while the Pituitrin group is(423±565)ml.Conclusion: Octreotide is beneficial to the treatment of weasand and tummy varix massive hermorrhage.


FADES-CORE and TOUGHREACT are codes used to model the non-isothermal multiphase flow with multicomponent reactive transport in porous media. Different flow and reactive transport problems were used to compare the FADES-CORE and TOUGHREACT codes. These problems take into account the different cases of multiphase flow with and without heat transport, conservative transport, and reactive transport. Consistent results were obtained from both codes, which use different numerical methods to solve the differential equations resulting from the various physicochemical processes. Here we present the results obtained from both codes for various cases. Some results are slightly different with minor discrepancies, which have been remedied, so that both codes would be able to reproduce the same processes using the same parameters. One of the discrepancies found is related to the different calculation for thermal conductivity in heat transport, which affects the calculation of the temperatures, as well as the pH of the reaction of calcite dissolution problem modeled. Therefore it is possible to affirm that the pH is highly sensitive to temperature. Generally speaking, the comparison was concluded to be highly satisfactory, leading to the complete verification of the FADES-CORE code. However, we must keep in mind that, as there are no analytical solutions available with which to verify the codes, the TOUGHREACT code has been thoroughly corroborated, given that the only possible way to prove that the code simulation is correct, is by comparing the results obtained with both codes for the identical problems, or to validate the simulation results with actual measured data.


Smart financial decision-making practices based on the level of knowledge and literacy of an individual will enhance the ability to manage financial management practices wisely. The purpose of this study is to investigate the level of financial literacy among public sector workers from Klang Valley including Putrajaya. In addition, the study aimed to identify differences in the level of financial literacy based on gender and marital status and to identify the relationship between financial literacy level and academic achievement. The data collected were analyzed descriptively to obtain frequency, percentage and mean using software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. The reliability of the questionnaire was α = 0.878. The findings of the study show that the level of financial literacy among public sector workers is at a high level of knowledge. Public sector employees are also aware of the importance of more efficient and organized financial management. They are also able to control the flow of financial expenditures with the help of support activities such as overtime, ancillary work such as business. In addition, they are also exposed to personal financial management which will help to improve financial literacy. However, the attitude and ability and financial attitude of the respondents remain at a moderate level as it is sometimes difficult for individuals to control their spending when there is no alternative to supporting income to cover their daily expenses.


ABSTRACT The present contribution explores the diversity of Early-Middle Triassic Polycopidae in North Dobrogea, Romania. Abundant and well-preserved specimens have been obtained from samples collected from the Deşli Caira section, adding unique scientific understanding of these often overlooked taxa in the fossil record. Their taxonomy is discussed, the first Triassic record of the genus Pontopolycope is reported and five new species are described (Polycope lazarusi Forel sp. nov., P. legio Forel sp. nov., P. ludwigi Forel sp. nov., Pontopolycope jeanlouisi Forel sp. nov., Pt. papai Forel sp. nov.). Issues regarding the orientation of species previously reported from the nearby Uzum Bair section are identified and the diagnosis of Polycope baudi, P. niculae and Pontopolycope densoreticulata are emended. For the first time, we describe the ontogenetic development of six species of Polycopidae and report on the occurrence of at least two species showing precocious sexual dimorphism. The high diversity of the Polycopidae assemblages from the North Dobrogea in the Early and Middle Triassic led us to consider this area as a biodiversity hotspot for these ostracod taxa.


The last 30 years of EFL and ESL research have demonstrated an evolving scenario of an EFL/ESL classroom. Changing roles of language teachers and language learners, the appearance of communicative approach to language teaching and a few unconventional methods, which focused on learner-centeredness have encouraged language researches to devote their studies to the issue of learner autonomy. Although autonomy is an unresolved and complex issue, it is defined as "the learners' readiness, ability and willingness to plan, evaluate, negotiate and make systematic decisions about their learning process" (Holec 1981: 3; Benson 2006: 22). The aim of this paper is to present the perspective on learner autonomy in Polish schools and demonstrate the potential difficulties why autonomy is still a novelty in the classroom. In the context of Polish education, we can speak of half autonomy (Dickinson 1992; Zawadzka 2004: 223; Michońska-Stadnik 1996), which is defined as "the road to preparing learners to complete autonomy and to responsibility, codecision, participation in managing one's own learning process" or "due to numerous limitations in the process of developing autonomy in the Polish classroom context, the essence of the teacher's roles and actions in developing autonomy in learners and their active attitude towards learning" (Wilczyńska 2004: 52). This paper is supported by the empirical study on learner autonomy in a higher primary foreign language classroom, which has been carried out in two random state schools in rural Poland. The study started in September 2013 and lasted for 9 months. The work of over a hundred language learners at the age of 11, 12 and 13 and four female English teachers with varied experience in foreign language


The ability to accurately identify and quantify proteins in complexsamples is of great importance in the field of proteomics. Using massspectrometry, samples can be analysed and quantified either b ...


Introduction: In recent years, study of cardiac autonomic modulation as well as nerve conduction studies has been greatly facilitated by the development of various computer based methods. Present work was planned to study the correlation between smoking and cardiovascular autonomic functions and nerve conduction velocity among smokers. Material & Methods: 100 male subjects in the age group 25 years to 40 years comprising of 50 smokers and 50 nonsmokers as control group were selected for present study. Cardiovascular autonomic function tests were assessed by using Canwin autonomic analyser. Median nerve conduction velocities were measured by using clarity Medicare's octopus2 Channel EMG Machine. Observations & Results: After applying 'Z' test of difference between two sample means , it was observed that there is a highly significant difference between mean values of autonomic function tests in the smokers and non-smokers group. It was also found that there is highly significant difference between mean values of sensory nerve conduction velocity in the smokers as compared to non-smokers group. However no significant difference was observed in the motor nerve conduction velocity in smokers as compared to nonsmokers. Conclusion: From present study we present evidence that the relative involvement of large and small nerve fiber damage due to smoking is not uniform.


A commentary on an unpublished memoir by the calligrapher Margaret Alexander (1902-1997) drawn from the papers of Heather Child at Ditchling Museum of Art+Craft. The text was written following Johnston's death in 1944. The commentary sets the memoir in context and discusses the additional light it throws on Johnston's vellum bound notebook and the personal philosophy that guided him and the research that formed his posthumously published book Formal Penmanship (1971).


We quantize the Lie-Poisson version of the Drinfeld-Sokolov reduction by applying the homological reduction technique developed in QA.math/9805134 for arbitrary first-class constraints.
An important ingredient of the construction is an analogue of nilpotent loop algebras n((z)) and their principal characters for affine quantum groups.
As a toy example we consider the finite-dimensional case which seems to be important itself. It is well known that subalgebras spanned by simple positive root generators subject to the standard q-Serre relations do not possess any nontrivial characters. We pass to another system of generators which satisfy modified q-Serre relations. These modifications are in one to one correspondence with Coxeter elements related to the system of positive roots. To establish this correspondence we prove an interesting formula related to the Coxeter elements. A similar picture is observed in the affine case.
Using the new generators we propose another realization of quantum groups.


The structures and thermal conductivities of three types of carbon nanomaterials with higher thermal conductivity,including carbon nanotubes,graphite nanoplatelets and carbon nanofibers are introduced.The applications of three types of carbon nanomaterials in improving the thermal conductivity of polymer based composites are summarized.The effects of the categories,contents and surface modification methods of these carbon nanomaterials and the preparation methods of the composites on the thermal conductivity of the polymer based composites are analyzed emphatically.The development direction of thermal conductive polymer based composites containing carbon nanomaterials in the future is analyzed and forecasted.


In this paper a generalized kinetic model for the analysis of population dynamics is given. Starting from the classical kinetic model, we propose an integro-differential equation as suitable generalization of known models, aiming to include, as special cases, the most popular models for population dynamics such as the kinetic model for cells competition (2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9), the master equations model (17, 3, 24, 27), the allergy-immune system competition (CD8T) (25).


The Obama Administration's March 2009 mandate that the federal government rebuild its organic acquisition workforce, coupled with the recent repeal of the National Security Personnel System (NSPS), opens the curtain for a fresh look at Department of Defense (DoD) human capital management practices, particularly for employees in critical acquisition positions. Common perceptions hold that the DoD, given its relatively weak ability to provide economic rewards, sacrifices much of its best talent to private-sector employers. Driven in large part by this revolving door phenomenon, the DoD's acquisition workforce now consists of a rich blend of military, civilian, and contractor personnel, who deliver many basic acquisition competencies. This study synthesizes three quantitative analyses of compensation packages available to military, civilian and contractor personnel, with qualitative research on the lesstangible incentives offered in each sector, to explore the DoD's competitive position in the recruitment and retention of high-caliber acquisition professionals. It finds that, although high-performing DoD civilians are at slight financial disadvantage, they can be motivated to stay in organizations in which a positive, mission-focused ethos prevails. Background: The Pay-for-Performance Debate Several years ago, the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for fiscal year (FY) 2004 amended Title 5 of the US Code, authorizing the Secretary of Defense to implement a new personnel system, known as National Security Personnel System (NSPS), to replace the long-standing General Schedule (GS) system. Heralded as a human capital management system that could boost organizational effectiveness by paying employees for exemplary performance, NSPS was gradually deployed throughout most of the DoD. Six years later, just as the later-adopting DoD organizations were pondering the results of their first NSPS review cycles, the FY 2010 NDAA further amended Title 5, effectively rolling back NSPS and instituting an improved version of the General Schedule (GS) system, one that 1 The National Defense Authorization Act for 2010 (US Congress, 2010, HR 2647, Sect. 1113, pp. 309-315) calls for the cessation of NSPS no later than January 1, 2012. This legislation is available at http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgibin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=111_cong_bills&docid=f:h2647enr.txt.pdf


Background In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, children's hospitals across the country postponed elective surgery beginning in March 2020. As projective curves flattened, administrators and surgeons sought to develop strategies to safely resume non-emergent surgery. This article reviews challenges and solutions specific to a children's hospital related to the resumption of elective pediatric surgeries. We present our tiered reentry approach for pediatric surgery as well as report early data for surgical volume and tracking COVID-19 cases during reentry. Methods The experience of shutdown, protocol development, and early reentry of elective pediatric surgery are reported from Levine's Children's Hospital (LCH), a free-leaning children's hospital in Charlotte, North Carolina. Data reported were obtained from de-identified hospital databases. Results Pediatric surgery experienced a dramatic decrease in case volumes at LCH during the shutdown, variable by specialty. A tiered and balanced reentry strategy was implemented with steady resumption of elective surgery following strict pre-procedural screening and testing. Early outcomes showed a steady thorough fluctuating increase in elective case volumes without evidence of a surgery-associated positive spread through periprocedural tracking. Conclusion Reentry of non-emergent pediatric surgical care requires unique considerations including the impact of COVID-19 on children, each children hospital structure and resources, and preventing undue delay in intervention for age- and disease-specific pediatric conditions. A carefully balanced strategy has been critical for safe reentry following the anticipated surge. Ongoing tracking of resource utilization, operative volumes, and testing results will remain vital as community spread continues to fluctuate across the country.


We give a uniform method for the two problems #CCC and #ICC of counting connected and irreducible components of complex algebraic varieties, respectively. Our algorithms are purely algebraic, i.e., they use only the field structure of C. They work eciently in parallel and can be implemented by algebraic circuits of polynomial depth, i.e., in parallel polynomial time. The design of our algorithms relies on the concept of algebraic dierential forms. A further important


The Annales School deeply rooted in French academic tradition,however,as the cultural and social history of the new approach,twentieth Century perhaps without an academic movement has had such a large international impact,the French cultural center in Western Europe,both founded by Kong De social science tradition,and to the nearest absorption German historiography of the essence,academic and cultural foundation is very strong,the new historiography is also particularly vigorous.The result makes today's French historiography become contemporary historiography bound has emerged,one academic masters,influence is far-reaching.


Soil moisture plays a critical role in the surface energy balance at the soil-atmosphere interface [4]. Using radar backscattering to retrieve soil moisture is a method of major concern due to its sensitivity to soil moisture [14] [15].In the past decades, many empirical, semi-empirical and physical models that relate the measured 0 to volumetric soil moisture mv have been carried out[14][15]. Integral Equation Model (IEM) [2] as an electromagnetic wave scattering and emission model is widely used to predict target's backscattering coefficients due to its larger applicable region than Kirchhoff model [3] and SPM [3]. The recently proposed Advanced Integral Equation Model (AIEM) [6] [7] is used in this paper because of its several major modifications and higher accuracy. With the increasing exploration on fully polarimetric SAR data, target polarimetric decomposition of fully polarimetric SAR data has gained much attention in respect that it can generate an average or dominant scattering mechanism for the purpose of either classification or inversion [10]. Shi, et al. [9] only certified that employing Cloude decomposition has an improvement for estimating bare surface soil moisture. However, few studies have compared the effectiveness of applying different decomposition methods to moisture retrieval. In this paper we apply two different target polarimetric decomposition methods based on filtered fully polarimetric SAR data. According to the comparison of AIEM simulation results, we have validated the effectiveness of applying target polarimetric decomposition compensation to fully polarimetric SAR data for soil moisture estimation in bare soil case. Finally we conclude that the result of Cloude decomposition matches the theoretical results better. In the first step, we simulate the radar backscattering coefficients by inputting synchronous in-situ ground parameters to AIEM. When isotropic surface is assumed, it can be reduced to general form: 0 , , qp r RMS C AIEM h L , where RMS h and C L denote the root mean square(RMS) of surface height and the * Thanks to the R&D Special Fund for Public Welfare Industry of China (Meteorology): (GYHY200806022), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (40771148), and the High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (2009AA12Z128 and 2008AA121806-04) for funding. correlation length respectively; r represents dielectric constant of bare soil which is calculated by ( , , , ) r f mv sc T freq , Where mv , sc , T and freq stand for soil moisture, characteristic and temperature and microwave frequency separately. In the second step, to reduce/restrain the speckle noise, we need to filter SAR data before any manipulation. J. S. Lee polarimetric Refined Filter [5] with 7 7 window is applied on 3 T to reduce the speckle noise and then the filtered 3 T is converted to 3 C according [5]. In the next step, Cloude decomposition [8] is performed on the filtered 3 T matrix to extract the first component that represents the dominant surface scattering. Then the decomposed 3 T is converted to 3 C to retrieve backscattering coefficients. For the Freeman decomposition [1], it is applied on filtered 3 C matrix to get the surface scattering coefficients. Finally after geometric correction, the comparison between AIEM predictions versus filtered polarimetric data, Cloude decomposed and Freeman decomposed results can be conducted respectively. For the experimental sites in this paper [11], (Fig. 1), the RMSE of 0 hh and 0 vv are 1.96 and 1.25 dB after filtering (Fig. 2(a)). After Freeman decomposition (Fig. 2(b)), the RMSE of 0 hh is reduced to 1.64 dB however the RMSE of 0 vv slightly increases to 1.35dB. On the other hand, the results of Cloude decomposition (fig. 2(c)) are significantly improved at both polarizations with the RMSE of 0 hh and 0 vv are 1.45 and 1.14 dB respectively. In summary both Freeman and Cloude decomposition methods are performed on AIRSAR L-band fully polarimetric data. The results of Freeman decomposition has an improved accuracy of 0 hh yet slightly degrades on 0 vv , but lowers overall error. The accuracy of backscattering coefficients is significantly improved by Cloude decomposition, which can link a target distributed pixel to its equivalent "pure target" that matches the single scattering of AIEM. Freeman decomposition assumes that cross-polarized returns * HV HV S S are contributed only by volume scattering V f , actually double-bounce D f and surface scatter S f components also have slight contribution. Furthermore, if * Re 0 HH VV S S , the surface scatter is considered as dominant and the parameter is fixed with 1 [5], which may lead to imprecise results in the quantitative analysis. Through comparison with AIEM predictions, Cloude decomposition demonstrates much more accuracy for quantitatively retrieving soil moisture.


The set of integrable symmetries of the nonstationary Schr\"{o}dinger equation is shown to admit a natural decomposition into subsets of mutually commuting symmetries. Hierarchies of time evolutions associated with each of these subsets ultimately lead to nonlinear (possibly, operator) equations of the Kadomtsev--Petviashvili I type or its higher analogues, thus demonstrating that the linear problem itself constructively determines the associated nonlinear integrable evolution equations and their hierarchies.


Let $N(n,r,k)$ denote the number of binary words of length $n$ that begin with $0$ and contain exactly $k$ runs (i.e., maximal subwords of identical consecutive symbols) of length $r$. We show that the generating function for the sequence $N(n,r,0)$, $n=0,1,\ldots$, is $(1-x)(1-2x + x^r-x^{r+1})^{-1}$ and that the generating function for $\{N(n,r,k)\}$ is $x^{kr}$ time the $k+1$ power of this. We extend to counts of words containing exactly $k$ runs of $1$s by using symmetries on the set of binary words.


Recent studies have suggested that physical rehabilitation performed with robotic devices can enhance arm movement recovery following stroke. In these studies, the robotic devices mechanically assisted arm movement as the patient attempted to move. Although this "robotic active assist" technique has shown promise, a key question remains unanswered: is the mechanical assistance provided by the robots necessary, or is it primarily the repetitive movement attempts by the patients that stimulate recovery? We are using a novel robotic device called the Assisted Rehabilitation and Measurement (ARM) Guide to investigate this question. To date, ten subjects have completed twenty-four therapy sessions over an eight-week period, randomized to either a robot exercise group (N = 6) or non-robotic exercise group (N = 4). For the robot exercise group, the ARM Guide mechanically assisted in reaching to a series of targets. For the non-robotic group, the subjects performed unassisted, unrestrained reaching exercises to the same targets for the same number of repetitions as the ARM Guide group. All subjects have been evaluated using a set of clinical and biomechanical measures of arm movement. The ten subjects tested so far have shown improvement in the measures after completion of both exercise programs. However, the amount of improvement has been comparable for the robot and free reaching groups. Although the subject numbers are currently insufficient to draw a definitive conclusion, these results are suggestive that the repetitive movement attempts by the patient, rather than the active assistance from the ARM Guide, are the primary stimuli to recovery.


A whole body thermal model of man has been developed to predict the changes in regional temperatures and blood flows during hyperthermia treatments with the miniannular phased array (MAPA) and annular phased array (APA) applicators. A model of the thermo-regulatory response to regional heating based on the experimental and numerical studies of others has been incorporated into this study. Experimentally obtained energy deposition patterns within a human leg exposed to the MAPA were input into the model and the results were compared to those based upon a theoretical deposition pattern. Exposure of the abdomen to the APA was modeled with and without the aberrant energy deposition that has been described previously. Results of the model reveal that therapeutic heating (42°C) of extremity soft tissue sarcomas is possible without significant systemic heating. Very high bone temperatures (50°C) were obtained when the experimental absorption pattern was used. Calculations show that systemic heating due to APA exposure is reduced via evaporative spray cooling techniques coupled with high-velocity ambient air flow.


Breaking the uncovered interest rate parity (UIP) condition is essential to accounting for the empirical behavior of exchange rates, and is a prerequisite for theoretical analysis of sterilized foreign exchange interventions. Gabaix and Maggiori (2015) account for some of the long-standing empirical exchange rate puzzles by introducing financial intermediaries that are willing to absorb international saving imbalances for a premium, thereby deviating from the UIP. In another important contribution, Fanelli and Straub (2019) lay down the principles for foreign exchange interventions. In their model, regulatory exposure limits and participation cost in the international financial markets drive a wedge in the UIP. This paper demonstrates that, to a first order approximation, these models are equivalent to a reduced-form portfolio adjustment cost model, as in Schmitt-Grohe and Uribe (2003). Therefore, to the extent that one is only concerned with first-order dynamics and second moments, there is no gain from adopting the rich microstructure of either models -- a simple portfolio adjustment cost is just as good.


By analyzing and studying the leg action rhythm of crawl stroke, to summarize the advantages and disadvantages of various leg actions of crawl stroke, so as to define the applicable scope of the leg action of crawl stroke.


It is common to assume during a statistical analysis of a multiscale assessment that the assessment is composed of several unidimensional subtests or that it has simple structure. Under this assumption, the unidimensional and multidimensional approaches can be used to estimate item parameters. These two approaches are equivalent in parameter estimation if the joint maximum likelihood method is used. However, they are different from each other if the marginal maximum likelihood method is applied. A simulation study is conducted to further compare the unidimensional and multidimensional approaches with the marginal maximum likelihood method. The simulation results indicate that when the number of items is small, the multidimensional approach provides more accurate estimates of item parameters, whereas the unidimensional approach prevails if the number of items in each subtest is large enough. Furthermore, the impact of the violation of the simple structure assumption is also investigated theoretically and numerically. The results demonstrate that when a set of response data does not have a simple structure but is specified as such in calibration, the models will be incorrectly estimated and the correlation coefficients between abilities will be overestimated.


Objective: validate method of fixation of dressings on excisional cutaneous wounds of mice. Method: preclinical study. Sample made up of animals of the C57BL/6 strain, which had two excision wounds made in the dorsal region. Different methods and products, widely accepted in clinical practice, for fixing dressings in the animal model were evaluated. The evaluated outcomes were the length of stay of the dressing and the occurrence of adverse events. Results: crepe bandage, microporous tape and self adhesive bandage had a shorter residence time when compared to polyurethane film. This, in turn, varied the time when comparing different marks (E, F, G and H) and number of turns around the animal's body. With 1 lap, the time varied from <24 to 36 hours. With 2 laps, the marks E and G remained 48 and 96 hours, respectively, and F and H time <24 hours. G-brand film, cut to size 3 cm x 15 cm, giving the mouse body 2 turns, kept the dressing for 96 hours. The skin remained intact, with no adverse event. Conclusion: a dressing fixation model for wounds in mice was created with a product available in Brazil and compatible with the animal's body structure.


The recently discovered $(\mathrm{Rb},\mathrm{Cs}){\mathrm{EuFe}}_{4}{\mathrm{As}}_{4}$ compounds exhibit an unusual combination of superconductivity (${T}_{c}\ensuremath{\sim}35\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$) and ferromagnetism (${T}_{m}\ensuremath{\sim}15\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$). We have performed a series of x-ray diffraction, ac magnetic susceptibility, dc magnetization, and electrical resistivity measurements on both ${\mathrm{RbEuFe}}_{4}{\mathrm{As}}_{4}$ and ${\mathrm{CsEuFe}}_{4}{\mathrm{As}}_{4}$ to pressures as high as $\ensuremath{\sim}30\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$. We find that the superconductivity onset is suppressed monotonically by pressure while the magnetic transition is enhanced at initial rates of $d{T}_{m}/dP\ensuremath{\sim}1.7\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}/\mathrm{GPa}$ and $1.5\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}/\mathrm{GPa}$ for ${\mathrm{RbEuFe}}_{4}{\mathrm{As}}_{4}$ and ${\mathrm{CsEuFe}}_{4}{\mathrm{As}}_{4}$, respectively. Near 7 GPa, ${T}_{c}$ onset and ${T}_{m}$ become comparable. At higher pressures, signatures of bulk superconductivity gradually disappear. Room-temperature x-ray diffraction measurements suggest the onset of a transition from tetragonal (T) to a half-collapsed-tetragonal (hcT) phase at $\ensuremath{\sim}10\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$ (${\mathrm{RbEuFe}}_{4}{\mathrm{As}}_{4}$) and $\ensuremath{\sim}12\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$ (${\mathrm{CsEuFe}}_{4}{\mathrm{As}}_{4}$). The ability to tune ${T}_{c}$ and ${T}_{m}$ into coincidence with relatively modest pressures highlights $(\mathrm{Rb},\mathrm{Cs}){\mathrm{EuFe}}_{4}{\mathrm{As}}_{4}$ compounds as ideal systems to study the interplay of superconductivity and ferromagnetism.


Ocular drug delivery provides a challenging opportunity to develop optimal formulations with proper therapeutic effects and acceptable patient compliance because there are many restricting factors involved, such as complex anatomical structures, defensive mechanisms, rapid drainage, and applicability issues. Fortunately, recent advances in the field mean that these problems can be overcome through the formulation of innovative ophthalmic products. Through the addition of solubility enhancer cyclodextrin derivatives and mucoadhesive polymers, the permeability of active ingredients is improved, and retention time is increased in the ocular surface. Therefore, preferable efficacy and bioavailability can be achieved. In this short review, the authors describe the theoretical background, technological possibilities, and the current approaches in the field of ophthalmology.


This report describes the evaluation of the prototype of the intelligent Instrumented CAr for Computer Aided Driving (ICACAD) car. The evaluation consisted of two field experiments conducted in the Netherlands. One experiment was carried out in a city environment. The other experiment was performed on open roads. The essential comparison in both experiments was made between an integrated and a non-integrated form of intelligence. The risk of an information overload to the driver is reduced in the integrated form. This is done by scheduling potential messages originating from specific support components according to their priority. The effects of both forms of intelligence on driving behaviour were compared to baseline driving performance without giving support. Subjective and physiological (heart rate)estimates of mental stress while driving were also obtained. Beneficial effects on driver behaviour were generally found as a result of both the integrated and non-integrated forms of support. In particular, reductions inboth driving speed and in the occurrence of very short following headwayswere found. Both experiments showed with respect to the drivers' estimates of mental load, that the non-integrated support caused higher mental load levels than the integrated support did.


A locally conformally K\"ahler (LCK) manifold $M$ is one which is covered by a K\"ahler manifold $\tilde M$ with the deck transform group acting conformally on $\tilde M$. If $M$ admits a holomorphic flow, acting on $\tilde M$ conformally, it is called a Vaisman manifold. Neither the class of LCK manifolds nor that of Vaisman manifolds is stable under small deformations. We define a new class of LCK-manifolds, called LCK manifolds with potential, which is closed under small deformations. All Vaisman manifolds are LCK with potential. We show that an LCK-manifold with potential admits a covering which can be compactified to a Stein variety by adding one point. This is used to show that any LCK manifold M with potential, $\dim M > 2$, can be embedded to a Hopf manifold, thus improving on similar results for Vaisman. manifolds.


Abstract : This report, which will be updated as necessary, presents a means of assessing the relative threat from terrorist-use of individual chemical, biological, and toxin agents. It focuses on small-scale, targeted chemical and biological attacks, rather than mass-casualty attacks. The framework considers the elements of access, public health impact, medical treatment, prophylaxis, and dissemination. Other factors that may affect potential use by terrorists include the range of lethality, covert employment of an agent, and the availability of dual-use technologies. The results of this framework maybe useful in addressing the threat these agents pose, for example by indicating priorities for countermeasure funding. Other uses include weighing the potential effectiveness of policy options, assessing threat reduction approaches to specific agents, and serving as a resource for developing other specialized frameworks. Defense against chemical and biological agents is high on the list of the nation 5 priorities. No clear consensus exists with respect to which agents pose the greatest threat. Previous analyses of the chemical and biological threat have largely revolved around historical and comparative treatments or been based in a military framework. Examination of the chemical and biological threat to civilians is more complicated. Agents whose characteristics make them poor military weapons may still be powerful if deployed as weapons of terror. Chemical and biological weapons used in the past have not always been chosen for the highest potential fatalities, but rather for other reasons. Some chemical and biological agents are closely regulated, both domestically and internationally. Expansion or further refinement of policies controlling these agents may lower the threat posed by terrorist use of them.


Female leadership is not simply the subject of a management consulting report supporting the worthwhile notion that women have a right to be located in leadership positions. This research develops a conceptual model linking the conditions and factors associated with female leadership in Thailand. It proposes a theoretical basis made on three levels:-Firstly, the macro-level: involving policy, economic, social and technological issues. Secondly, the meso-level: at industry levels, focusing on gender-based organisational practice in all sectors. Thirdly, the micro-level: at the level of the individual, concerning female leaders' characteristics such as their personalities and competencies. The purpose of this article is also to critically evaluate the relationship among different theories and show how they relate to this study and what variables are involved.


After a long Great Recession hangover, entrepreneurship is finally rebounding in the United States. Entrepreneurs are driving a resurgence of business activity in America—in new business creation, local small business activity, and the growth of small firms into larger businesses.
But underneath this reassuring surface, turbulent shifts are shaping the future of entrepreneurship to be dramatically different than what it is today, or was in the past. We posit that three mega trends will be defining forces shaping the future of entrepreneurship for decades to come. These three trends reflect the changing demographics, map, and nature of American entrepreneurship.


Considered in the context of revisionist film history, this essay draws on Production Code Administration (PCA) documents and studio story files to look at how Dr. Ehrlich's Magic Bullet, a 1940 Warner Bros. biopic about Paul Ehrlich—German Jewish medical scientist and pioneer in treating sexually transmitted diseases—secured the approval of the PCA in the face of a prohibition on VD propaganda films.


There exists a system of probation both for adults and juveniles in Poland. Though the Polish law allowed suspension of prison sentences since the beginning of this century, and the Penal Code of 1932 gave the courts the right to place convicted offenders on probation, these constructive possibilities have not been really implemented till 1961. The general public felt that the mere suspension of prison sentences was


A rapid and accurate micro-colorimetric method for the determination of antimony in biological materials is described.A sample of whole blood,urine or animal tissue containing antimony is digested with the aid of heating in perchloric acid-nitric acid mixture,followed by the addition of concentrated sulfuric acid.Additional amounts of concentrated nitric acid are frequently added until the digestion is complete.After boiling with 1% Na_2SO_3,the ice-cold mixture of the digest is treated with an aqueous solution of NaCl and Ce(SO_4)_2,and then ex- tracted with amyl acetate.The amyl acetate layer is shaken with a solution containing 0.5 mg rhodamine B in 2.5 N HCl to give a rosy color.The color of the centrifuged extract is compared in a spectrophotometer(555 mμ)or a colorimeter(green filter).When a sample contains antimony in excess of 6 6 μg,it is advisable to shake the extract once more with twice its volume of a rhodamine B solution containing 1 mg of the dye in 2.5 N HCl,and to compare the color after the extract is diluted with amyl acetate previously shaken with 2.5 N HCl. The determination is rapid and only about one hour is required to digest 10—20 samples at the same time.As small as 0.2 μg of antimony in a sample of biological material can be deter- mined.Even with such a small quantity of antimony,the error of determination is usually 3—5% and seldom reaches 7%. The above method has been successfully applied to the estimation of antimony in the urine and blood of patients with scistosomiasis in the course of tartar emetic treatment,and also to the determination of antimony in the tissues of rabbits treated with tartar emetic.


Patients requesting an aesthetic improvement of their facial appearance range from those with minimal or minor defects to those who have need for corrections of greater magnitude. If the patient is able to explain what, in his or her view, is necessary to correct in correspondence with general aesthetic rules and surgical concepts, both the plastic surgeon and patient will easily reach preoperative conformity. This is more likely in cases of severe deviations from universally valid standards of beauty, and particular~ in patients with congenital or acquired deformities. But the majority of our patients have a vague feeling of ugliness in relation to particular parts or to the face as a whole. Listening to the patient to evaluate how detailed his or her expectations meet with our surgical goals is essential to achieve what Converse1 stated as "a satisfactory result is what satisfies the patient." The psychological condition of a patient during the first examination is of major importance. Patients want to find a surgeon who clearly understands and is able to realize their expectations. Most patients mention the competence of the surgeon to evaluate the aesthetic and surgical aspects as an integral part of a confidential relationship. The manifestation of this vulnerable psychological frankness is the frequent remark "I trust you. You are the specialist." But there is often a misunderstanding between the patient and surgeon due to insufficient preoperative communication, planning, and/or inappropriate surgical procedure. Otherwise, the experienced surgeon, who is frequently involved in secondary surgery and expert legal opinions, would not hear so often patients' claims such as "The doctor just didn't explain that to me. I had my chin done despite the fact that I didn't want it to be done." The dilemma seems to be that we as surgeons predominantly take care and act following the rules of generally accepted aesthetics and the feasibility of an elected surgical intervention, while the patient is interested in nothing more than how he or she will look. The purpose of this article is to discuss the conditions which will help to avoid such misunderstanding between patient and surgeon.


Since the late 1980s and early 1990s sleep-related breathing disorders (SRBD) have been extensively described. Many studies have been performed to understand their pathophysiological mechanisms, treatment modalities and clinical consequences. These studies have been described in many papers but also in excellent reviews and monographs, including the recently published ERS Handbook: Respiratory Medicine [1–4]. Distinction was made between sleep apnoea mainly due to upper airway collapse, obstructive apnoea (OA), and sleep apnoea caused by irregular breathing patterns, central apnoeas and Cheyne–Stokes respiration [5]. Both presentations are however also interrelated. Unstable breathing pattern, which can be seen as a starting point, can indeed lead to central apnoeas but in the case of increased upper airway collapsibility also to mixed apnoeas and obstructive apnoeas with almost no detectable central component. Today, we know that SRBD have a huge impact on society, since they can lead to many complications, including cardiovascular and metabolic ones [6–9]. Increased fatigue and daytime sleepiness are important causes of attention deficits leading to accidents at work and to car accidents [10]. Nasal CPAP (nCPAP) has been demonstrated to be highly effective …


[Purpose] It is widely known that drug-induced gingival overgrowth is caused by the administration of an antihypertensive drug Amlodipine, the antiepileptic drug Phenytoin, or the immunosuppressant Cyclosporin A (CyA). The mechanism of gingival overgrowth is thought to be fibroblast overgrowth and collagen metabolism disorders due to the drug's direct action, but the details are unknown. Metallothionein (MT) is attracting attention as a multifunctional protein that has various roles such as detoxification of heavy metals as cadmium (Cd), and its relationship with proliferation has been suggested. In this study, we experimented to investigate the relationship between MT and drug-induced gingival overgrowth. [M & M] CyA or Cd was added to mouse gingival epithelial cells, and the changes in gene expression of MT or type I collagen (Col Ia) were analyzed 1, 3, 6 hours after CyA or Cd treatment by using real-time RT-PCR. In addition, the cytotoxicity was observed using lactate dehydrogenase assay, and cell viability assay. [Results] Cell viability and cytotoxicity in CyA treatment were not significant to control. The gene expression of MT increased after Cd or CyA treatment. The CyA treatment increased Col Ia gene expression after 1 hour. There is a difference in the reactivity of MT gene expression by the type of stimulation to gingival cells. [Conclusions] The MT of gingival cells could work as a multifunctional protein induced during proliferation as well as a biological defense reaction to heavy metal, it indicates the pharmacological significate of MT in gums. Late-Breaking Session


A scattering of constexpr , principally throughout <cmath> , was proposed in [P0533] and accepted into C++23. This was subject to a constraint that the affected functions be limited to those which are, in a well-defined sense, no more complicated than the arithmetic operators + , − , × , / . It is proposed to remove this restriction, thereby allowing a richer spectrum of mathematical functions to be used in a constexpr context


With the research methods of statistics,literature study and video observation,the paper analyses sysfematically the 284 services of Boll.The reseach shows that Boll has many changes in his elbow movements in the service.The peper also discnsses about the features of Boll's service and his habbit.


The Australian National Ocean Bottom Seismograph Fleet is part of AuScope's Australian Geophysical Observing System (AGOS) -an initiative of the Australian Government funded through the Education Investment Fund. These instruments will greatly contribute to the understanding of the crust beneath oceanic basins surrounding Australia. In 2014-15 the Australian National OBS Fleet was utilised by the petroleum industry on a number of seismic surveys. High-quality data were recorded at all OBS deployment sites, often to offsets sufficiently large to detect Pn phases - refractions from the upper mantle. Analysis of earthquake data recorded during marine seismic surveys suggests strong interaction between anthropogenic signals (airgun source, vessel noise) and the natural environment, and allows arguing that in some instances earthquake energy contaminates marine reflection data in the frequency pass-band needed for petroleum exploration. Recording earthquake and airgun signals at fixed locations opens up a completely new possibility for calibration and comparison of those signal strengths and spectral compositions.


Aluminum nitride (AlN) composite particles consisting of nano-particles dispersed on the surface of spherical micro-particles are one of the materials necessary for developing solid insulating materials with high thermal conductivity. This paper describes a novel method of synthesizing AlN composite particles using transferred type DC nitrogen arc plasma. The shape of the synthesized particles, the diameter of micro-particles and the volume fraction of micro-particles in the synthesized composite particles were controlled simply by varying the travelling time of the raw AlN angular particles in the arc plasma. The travelling time was controlled by varying the plasma length and the plasma gas flow rate. The diameter of the nano-particles in the synthesized composite particles was controlled simply by varying the travelling time of the raw AlN particles in the arc plasma, and varying the temperature and the vapor density in the nano-particle synthesis space. The temperature and the vapor density were controlled by varying the flow rate of reacting/quenching ammonia gas. The AlN content in the synthesized composite particles was higher than 99%.


Background Many children with preschool wheeze and chronic cough become asymptomatic in later childhood, only for asthma to be diagnosed in adulthood (1). A previous study found in individuals with apparently outgrown childhood asthma, fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) was significantly increased (2). Whether teenagers with a history of preschool wheezing or chronic cough have elevated FeNO, and whether this differs between preschool wheeze phenotypes is unknown. Aims We compared FeNO and induced sputum inflammatory cell counts in asymptomatic teenagers from the Leicestershire Respiratory Cohort, who had persistent 'multiple trigger' wheeze (PW), transient viral wheeze (TW), persistent cough (PC), or no respiratory symptoms (controls) during the preschool years. Methods Thirty-six subjects (mean age: 16 years) participated: 7 with PW; 12 with TW; 7 with PC; and 10 controls. FeNO was measured using a portable electrochemical analyser (NIOX MINO® Asthma Inflammation Monitor, Aerocrine AB, Sweden). Sputum was induced with nebulised hypertonic saline and processed according to previously published protocol (3) with an adaptation for smaller samples. Results There was no statistically significant difference in mean logFeNO between groups (p = 0.563) (Figure 1). Median% sputum eosinophils for PW and TW groups were significantly higher than in controls. Sputum total cell counts were significantly greater in PW and PC groups than in controls. Abstract P 87 Figure 1. Fraction of nitric oxide in exhaled breath of persistent wheeze, transient wheeze, persistent cough, and control groups. Conclusions We did not find evidence that FeNO in asymptomatic adolescents is related to history of preschool wheeze and chronic cough. However, we found evidence that eosinophilic airway inflammation is increased in asymptomatic adolescents with preschool PW and TW. The relationship between FeNO and evidence of elevated inflammatory cell counts in sputum remains enigmatic. These findings have implications for the understanding of the natural history of preschool wheeze and chronic cough. References Roorda RJ. Prognostic factors for the outcome of childhood asthma in adolescence. Thorax 1996;51(S1):S7-S12. van Den Toorn LM, et al. Adolescents in clinical remission of atopic asthma have elevated exhaled nitric oxide levels and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000 Sep;162(3 Pt 1):953–957. Pin I, et al. Use of induced sputum cell counts to investigate airway inflammation in asthma. Thorax 1992;47:25–9.


Ecological aesthetics is generated in the particular context,based on the ecological crisis human beings encountered,strives for digging in traditional philosophy and learning resources of thoughts,so as to search for the improvement and richness of traditional aesthetics with art as its core objective,and establishes equal symbiotic affinity relationship between human and nature. However,further development of Chinese ecological aesthetics theory is facing academic difficulties,such as no clear subject orientation,lack of operational practice,the differences between Chinese and western theories leading to thinking bias,which is the ecological"unbalanced"problem in theoretical system.


Ion-exchange membrane technology has shown a great potential to enhance the desalting efficiency. Ion-exchange membranes are placed in front of the electrodes so that the charged ions can be selectively passed through the membrane layer and captured by the oppositely charged electrode more quickly, so as to increase the efficiency of desalination. In this research, carbon electrodes have been synthesized from an activated carbon (700 – 1400 m2/g) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a binder using freezing thawing method. A solution with 180 µS/cm NaCl was pumped to the capacitive deionization (CDI) cell using a Boyu Submersible pump (model SP-601) at a flow rate of 25 mL/min and the voltage was set at 2 V. The result showed that the CDI cell with ion-exchange membrane (MCDI) has the salt removal efficiency greater than the CDI cell without ion-exchange membrane. The salt-removal percentage of MCDI was achieved at 66.36%, meanwhile the CDI cell without ion-exchange membrane resulted in 54.4%.


We study the propagation of structured optical scalar beams in a spacetime background parameterized by a second-rank symmetric tensor. An analytic expression for the Green's function in a cylindrical coordinate system is obtained for particular choices of such a tensor. This facilitates the numerical exploration of the propagation of apertured Gaussian beams in this nontrivial background. Unusual focusing properties are found along with a decrease in the Gouy phase compared to that in standard vacuum. In the case of apertured Bessel beams, the medium allows to overcome finite aperture effects so that the corresponding diffraction length is increased; besides, the central spot of a zero order Bessel concentrates an increased fraction of the energy of the beam. Multiple scenarios beyond an electromagnetic field in the presence of an anisotropic medium could support the results reported here. They include a bosonic field in a weak gravitational field or a nontrivial spacetime background arising from Lorentz symmetry breaking. In particular, our results could illustrate how optically transparent multiferroic materials offer unprecedented opportunities to tailor structured beam propagation, as well as to simulate nontrivial spacetime backgrounds.


IN his Presidential Address of 1964, C. Wilson Peck lamented the Society's lack of interest in milled coinages. Praising the work of specialists on Anglo-Saxon and other early periods, he was nonetheless 'convinced that such a preponderance of research on these early coins is not entirely good for the Society as a whole'.' This opinion no doubt reflected his own research interests: after a hint of things to come with an article in the Journal of 1 9 5 8 9 classifying the pattern farthings of Queen Anne, Peck's major catalogue of base-metal coins in the British Museum had been published in 1960, with addenda and corrigenda in later issues of the Journal? But he had a point: indexes of BNJ show little attention to modem British coins in the first half of the twentieth century and they still attract less scholarly interest than earlier coinages. As for paper money, from the pages of the BNJ and its sister publication, the Numismatic Chronicle, one would scarcely know it existed, although outside the numismatic fraternity, the study of British banking and the collecting of paper money made significant progress from the beginning of the century. Over the last few decades, however, this lack of regard for both coins and banknotes has been appreciably redressed.


Aim : To conduct a pre and post intervention analysis of  knowledge attitude and practices regarding biomedical waste management amongst doctor's nurses , technician's  of ot & icu Methodology : Study was carried on the doctors, staff nurse, technicians,  working in OT & ICU of PCMS & RC Bhopal 750 bedded Tertiary care hospital.Scientifically designed questionnaire was distributed to the doctors, nurses and technicians of  OT & ICU,  were explained about the questions  & responses were marked . Results .: The results of questionnaire analysis before intervention session shows that doctors, nurses and technicians had least knowledge about rules & regulations of biomedical waste management ie, 10%,7.5% and 5% respectively, As shown in table 3.Also knowledge about practices regarding BIO MEDICAL WASTEMANAGEMENT at institute level was  32.5%,27.5% and 30% in  doctors, nurses and technicians respectively.Knowledge about fundamentals of BIO MEDICAL WASTEM found good in doctors(64%), nurses(41%) and technicians(46%). The results of questionnaire analysis after  intervention session shows that doctors, nurses and technicians scores improved significantly in all aspects of knowledge. Conclusion: Knowledge regarding biomedical waste management plays a key role in safe disposal of biomedical waste .Proper intervention through training programmes at regular time interval has global influence on safe biomedical waste management practices.Training programmes not only increase knowledge and awareness among health care professionals but also develops sense of responsibility which reflects in their attitude and practices.


Resettlement residential areas (RRAs) are a unique product of China's urbanisation process. Their greening environment is critical to the quality of life and liveable green neighbourhood of the displaced farmers. Our study aimed to (1) interpret the species composition of the landscape trees and their contributions to urban biodiversity in RRAs, and (2) elucidate the structural changes in the tree composition in the last 20 years. Twenty selected RRAs in Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China, were divided into three categories by completion year. We assessed tree species composition, floristic diversity, tree dimensions, importance value, RRA characteristics, and greening management. The sampled sites accommodated 741 stems and 52 species belonging to 25 families. The three most abundant species were Cinnamomum camphora, Osmanthus fragrans, and Magnolia grandiflora, constituting 45.75% of all trees. The importance values revealed a changing tree planting pattern over time, with persistent domination by a few species. The oldest sites did not harbour the largest trees due to long-term mismanagement and mistreatment by residents. Compared with other housing types and cities, the tree count, importance value, and diversity in RRAs were low. The species diversity was not correlated with RRA completion time, distance from the city centre, and RRA area. The trees were in poor shape with limited trunk diameter and tree height and suffered from frequent and drastic pruning. Residents with lingering farmer mentality commonly exploited the vegetation and green spaces indiscriminately as natural resources. The greenery management could be overhauled by increasing tree number, native species, species diversity, and tree-care quality and engaging residents in a collaborative and participatory mode for a joint maintenance endeavour. The findings offer a scientific basis to improve or design RRA green spaces.


5-HT) is usedforprovocation ofcoronary spasm, 5-HTrecep¬ torsubtypes inspastic coronary arteries remain undetermined. We demonstrated thesupersensitiv¬ ity ofisolated coronary artery toergonovine, 5-HT, andsumatriptan, a 5-HT1D receptor agonist, ina patient withvariantangina. Furthermore, we de¬ tected geneexpression of5-HT1Dp and5-HT2A re¬ ceptors inspastic coronary artery using RNasepro¬ tectionassay. Thesefindings suggest thatthe leftward shift ofthedose-response curve for5-HT, whichplays an important role inthepathogenesis of coronary spasm,ismediatedbyactivation of 5-HTmp receptor.(CHEST 1998; 113:243-44)


ABSTRACT Microarc oxidation (MAO) coatings were formed on AZ91D magnesium alloy in zirconate–phosphate electrolytes with and without the addition of titanium carbide (TiC) and niobium carbide (NbC) particles. Surface morphologies, structures, compositions and corrosion resistance of the MAO coatings were investigated. The MAO coating formed in the based electrolyte was mainly composed of MgO, Mg2Zr5O12 and some amorphous phases. TiC and NbC particles in the electrolyte were incorporated and uniformly distributed in the MAO coatings. Both particles increased the thickness and compactness of the MAO coatings. Electrochemical measurements results indicated that the TiC and NbC particles in the electrolyte improved the corrosion resistance of the MAO coating, and those formed in the electrolyte with NbC particles showed the best corrosion resistance.


Nitrogen molecular ions (N2 +) in air plasma pumped by femtosecond laser pulses give rise to superradiant emission at 391.4 nm in the presence of an external seed pulse at proper wavelength. Due to the transient alignment of the nitrogen molecular ions, the superradiance signal presents a strong modulation as a function of the temporal delay between the pump and the seed pulses. Through Fourier transformation with high frequency resolution, we distinguished the contribution of the finely separated rotation levels of the upper and lower states. It was found that the population density of certain rotational levels in the upper state is higher than that in the lower one, indicating that population inversion of the rotation levels of the two involved states is a key enabling factor for this superradiant emission.


Imagination is the soup with which creativity is eaten. One cannot create without imagining. When mental pictures are formed in one's mind the release of them can be put down in word or writing. It might not be perfect at the beginning but something has been created. When children imagine and want to write, they are so involved in it that they care less about spellings, punctuation, poor phrases and how the different parts might fit together. Through the editing process something laudable and concrete will always come forth. Children's imagination at first keeps them at the world of fantasy. That is why in this book some aspects of children's imagination have been briefly looked into. As time goes by, fantasy shifts to reality. This means that children should be given the opportunity to imagine and create in their own world and this can happen perfectly when the children are part of their own culture.