Radio mainstream media that the listenership drop in a years. In 2015, the listenership radio only about 14% and frequently reduce to 11% in 2016. Today, society prefer to use their gadget as their information media, internet and social media become the most important part of society. Realizing this phenomena, mainstream media industry especially radio synergize with new media. Creating radio station application on gadget, making website, radio streaming, video streaming and social media account, as a way or strategy which is known by media convergency. This research aims to know how media convergency strategy uased by radios in Ponorogo, the form of new media that is used, how the management and to know the opportunity and challenge. This research use qualitative approach. This reaearch also analyze the previous data that obtained from field observation at radios in Ponorogo, then it is reviewed using Communication Science and Media Convergence review theory. The result of this research showed that there are five radios in Ponorogo have already done radio convergency, media convergency strategy has been done using several new media form which integrated to radio broadcast activity, management of media convergency is far from good, thus it is facing several problems. It is expected the result of this research can be contribute to media science and convergency and radio bradcasting effort.


To unravel the origin of the dielectric anomaly at the antiferromagnetic ordering of magnetoelectric Bi2Fe4O9 we performed neutron powder diffraction measurements across the Néel temperature, TN. Both local structures and long-range symmetry are studied using the complementary analyses of atomic pair distribution function (PDF) and Rietveld methods at temperatures 300 K, 250 K, and 200 K. We present that PDF peaks which reflect local atomic arrangements exhibit a noticeable variation below TN without long-range symmetry change. The implication of the PDF evolution is discussed in view of a local structural distortion at the onset of the antiferromagnetic ordering.


In order to find out the stability characteristics of the units in Ertan hydraulic power plant completely,and assure its long-term stable operation,we conducted a lot of field tests.An analysis of the pressure fluctuation in the draft taper tube under different water heads and loads was made,the influence of the pressure fluctuation to the vibration and shaft run-out is also included.Base on the analysis,we can divide the operation of the units into three operating area: the small load area,the vortex operating area,and the stability operating area.It is suggested that the units should avoid running in the vortex operating area,and should run in the small load area as less as possible.


Can J Respir Ther Vol 58 This open-access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (CC BY-NC) (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits reuse, distribution and reproduction of the article, provided that the original work is properly cited and the reuse is restricted to noncommercial purposes. For commercial reuse, contact firstname.lastname@example.com Published online at https://www.cjrt.ca on 22 November 2022 COMMENTARY


This is a case series of 100 patients with deep neck spaces infections, to study its etiology, clinical course, morbidity and mortality. The study was conducted over 5 years and emphasised on the importance of early diagnosis and management of deep neck space infections. This entity is still one of the major health hazard in the field of modern otolaryngology because of their potentially devastating complications as well as the new challenges posed by AIDS epidemic and the resurgence of tuberculosis.


(57) Abstract: The image area is classified based on the relative "importance" of the various regions, as appropriate allocation processing resources by using the importance information, apparatus and method for inputting image information.


In the past twenty years, production has been increasingly unbundled and shared across different countries at different levels of development. This fragmentation was triggered by falling transport costs, a reduction in trade barriers, the ICT revolution and the 'servicification' of the economy. Trade, especially of intermediate goods, and foreign direct investments have increased substantially, with important shifts in their composition and in global patterns of specialization (Koopman et al., 2014). This expansion of global production networks has increased the opportunity for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in developing and emerging economies to enhance their competitiveness. Thanks to the division into individual tasks, SMEs do not necessarily need to develop the domestic capacity to perform all major production steps nor the expertise to export; they now have the opportunity to better exploit their comparative advantage by entering a value chain as (specialized) suppliers or as subcontractors, even several levels down from the ultimate buyer (Humphrey & Schmitz, 2002). The tasks involved can be highly complex, spanning from manufacturing to logistics and transportation (Baldwin & Venables, 2013). These developments, together with the increasing complementarities between goods and services, imply that any successful trade policy should explicitly consider the goods-services nexus, and 'think value chains,' as clearly pointed out by Hoekman (2014). Another important implication is that the evolution of global market shares, in many cases, is no longer a suitable indicator of a country's competitiveness and there is a need for new statistics to account for firms' activity at the global level. Recent studies show that shifting the focus from traditional market shares (gross exports) to shares in value added does not change the overall picture much; however, the story behind the gains or losses in market share may differ quite substantially (Benkovskis & Wörz, 2015). Against this background, Giovannetti et al. (2015), analyzing the Italian case, argue that joining international supply chains may trigger an increase in productivity and competitiveness for smaller and less productive firms, by providing incentives and opportunities to upgrade their technical capabilities. Participation in a supply chain and cooperation within a network of upstream and downstream partners can also enhance interfirm and intrafirm information flows and learning possibilities, and introduce new business practices and more advanced technology, in turn enhancing growth. Hence, to increase country and business competitiveness, the reallocation of resources from less productive activities to new and more connected ones is crucial. This note discusses some of the potential benefits of supply chain participation for SMEs. The discussion is based on new empirical evidence for North African firms, which represent a relevant but still understudied case. While there are large potential gains for the area, firms have not been able, so far, to fully integrate into international production networks. In what follows, we examine internationalization modes of North African firms and discuss certain policy implications related to the new patterns of value-added trade.


The functions of splices, connectors, and power couplers are reviewed. Parameters of interest to system designers are identified. The sources of loss in splices and connectors are summarized and typical loss values given. Specific designs of splices, connectors, and couplers for telecommunications and computer network applications are discussed.


A memory controller (100) of the inventive concepts may include a active regulator (111) is configured to operate in an active mode and Inaktivsein in a sleep mode, an active logic (120) configured to receive a drive voltage (VDD_A) a power-gating switch (114) is configured for connecting the active regulator (111) with the active logic (120) according to a transition state (TS) of the active mode, whereby the transition state (TS), an initial time period of the active mode, , and a charging circuit (113) which is configured to load the active logic (120) during the transition state (TS).


Fine control of microwave power radiation in medical and scientific applications is a challenging task. Since a commercial Continuous Wave (CW) magnetron is the most inexpensive microw ...


The metal-ferroelectric-semiconductor field effect transistor (MFSFET) was fabricated using polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) thin film as a ferroelectric layer. PVDF thin films of 4 and 6 wt% were spin-coated on Si(100) wafers. Ferroelectric hysteretic curves inducing a counterclockwise loop, which means that the deposited PVDF films were crystallized with ferroelectric β phase, was exhibited in the drain current–gate voltage (I D –V G ) characteristics of MFSFET. The memory window widths of the MFSFET were more than 1.6 V. The MFSFET that operates with the PVDF thin film used as a gate dielectric material is shown in the drain current–drain voltage (I D –V D ) characteristics. The MFSFET using PVDF as ferroelectric layer has promising potential for use in low-voltage operable one transistor (1T) type ferroelectric random access memories (FeRAM) using organic material.


The preparation technique of Chansukang oral solution was studied by orthogonal design. Selected (factors) were as follows: extraction time of volalile oil, amount of water, soaking time, decoction time and (decoction) times in the extraction and amount of ethanol for the precipitation of impurity. The optimal preparation technique was confirmed, that was to extract volalile oil for 6 hours, to soak herbs an hour, to decocte them half an hour with 12-fold of water each time for three times, to eliminate impurity with 2-fold ethanol.


The cardioprotective effect of recombinant human extracellulur-superovide dismutase type C (rh-FC-SOD C) was studied in isolated perfused rat heart subjected to left coronary artery ligation for 30 or 60 min followed by 30-min reperfusion. A comparison was made with the effect, of bovine CuZn-SOD. Reperfusion after 30-min coronary artery ligation was assocated with a release of Creatine Kinase (CK) into the coronary effluent (5.2) U 30 min. Which was markedly reduced (39 5.5) U 30 min in heart, perfused with rh-FC-SOD C (28 mg L). CuZn-SOD (4 or 2u mg) or a lower concentration of rh-EC-SOD C (5.6 rig I) did not sienificantly attenuate CK outflow during reperfusion, however. In both vehicle and SOD-treated heart,. the left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and the coronary flow recovered to 80–90% of baseline at the end of the reperfusion period. Increasing the ischemic period from 30 to 60 min caused a much more pronounced cardiac injury measured after 30-min reperfusion. In the heart, that received vehicle, recovery of LVDP (in percentage of baseline values) at the end of reperfusion was 58 ± 2% which was increased to 84 ± 3 and 83 ± 5% after treatment with rh-EC-SOD C (28 mg L) and CuZn-SOD (20 mg L), respectively. The corresponding value, for recovery in coronary flow, were 54 - 3% (vehicle). 69 – 4% (rh-EC-SOD C). and 74 - 3% (CuZn-SOD). The marked enzyme release observed during reperfusion after 60-minm regional, sichcmia was only slightly affected by rh-EC-SOD C (28 mg L) and CuZn-SOD (20 mg L). We conclude that rh-EC-SOD type C reduces cardiac damage associated with ischemia and reperfusion. The protective effect was evident both in terms of a reduction in biochemical markers of injury and as a better preservation of coronary flow and cardiac contractile function.


The triumph of Rafael Correa and the Alianza PAIS movement in 2006 is related to his leadership on different groups and Ecuadorian roots organizations who found the propositions of this political movement the rationale of the Ecuadorian State. He also managed to frame the natural leadership that has, with the discourse of reaching a national project - reivindicador popular state and national control of own resources. Therefore, in reviewing more than two decades of governments that passed by Ecuador, before the triumph of the PAIS Alliance, is pertinent to note that the Ecuadorians did not understand what his role within what Habermas called the public sphere, leaving the electoral decision in a social elites, then, the Ecuadorian electoral behavior was linked more to the provisions of the parties and political lines that existed within the country, strengthening the idea that empathy for a candidate that was more relevant for program proposals development of the country.


Prevalence of Ligula intestinalis in Catostomus commersoni was followed in four lakes near Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario from 1963 to 1981. Two lakes remained in the natural state, except for regular sampling, and prevalence of the parasite fluctuated from 0.3 to 3.6% and from 1.5 to 13%. Prevalence was higher in fishes from the other two lakes. Fishes in the latter two lakes were removed with ichthyotoxin during the study. Fishes and parasite subsequently recolonized the lakes. Prevalence of the parasite peaked and then declined during recovery in each of the two lakes. Prevalence of the parasite fluctuated around levels which were unique for each of the four lakes. Differences in the level of prevalences among the lakes were probably most dependent on differences in the morphology of the lake basins.


A rapid method based on quantitative 1H NMR spectroscopy for the accurate estimation of paraffins (P), olefins (O), naphthenes (N), and aromatics (A), i.e., PONA, in extremely light to middle cut n...


Christmas is a time for giving, but people are being warned that for some unscrupulous individuals and firms it is a time for conning.


The acoustic noise generated in a belt-driven integrated starter and generator (BSG) is recent issue. By many studies, it has been known that the noise can be caused by both radial and tangential components of an electro-magnetic force. A six-phase claw pole machine is widely used for the BSG. In this case, due to its structural feature and experimental condition, additional noises at frequency can be generated. In this paper, a method to analyze the noise source of a prototype which is the claw pole type machine designed for the BSG was proposed. First, the electromagnetic force was calculated by a finite-element analysis considering the unbalanced current. The obtained force was decomposed according to the frequency and then analyzed. Through the harmonics of the force, an additional noise according to the frequency, which is generated because of the unbalanced claw shape in the axial direction and current imbalance between phases, was deduced. Finally, the experimental validation was conducted.


Abstract We develop an algorithm for computing all generators of relative power integral bases in quartic extensions K of number fields M. For this purpose we use the main ideas of our previously derived algorithm for solving index form equations in quartic fields (I. Gaal, A. Pethő, and M. Pohst, 1993, J. Symbolic Comput.16, 563–584; 1996, J. Number Theory57, 90–104). In this way we reduce the problem to the resolution of a cubic and several corresponding quartic relative Thue equations over M. These equations determine the generators of power integral bases of K over M up to translation by integers of M and multiplication by unit factors of M. The new method is based on our ability to solve relative Thue equations efficiently by the algorithm in (I. Gaal and M. Pohst, 2000, Math. Comp., to appear).  In the case K is an octic field with a quadratic subfield M we can also consider the absolute index of elements of K, having relative index 1 over M. In order to determine all generators of power integral bases of K (over Q ) we determine the corresponding translating elements and unit factors properly. This is done by solving an equation similar to an inhomogeneous Thue equation. We illustrate our algorithms with detailed examples.


The Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) is a regulatory framework adopted since 1994 in India to evaluate the impact and mitigation measures of projects, however, even after 25 years of adoption, EIAs continue to be of inferior quality with respect to biodiversity documentation and assessment of impacts and their mitigation measures.  This questions the credibility of the exercise, as deficient EIAs are habitually used as a basis for project clearances in ecologically sensitive and irreplaceable regions.  The authors reiterate this point by analysing impact assessment documents for three projects: the doubling of the National Highway-4A, doubling of the railway-line from Castlerock to Kulem, and laying of a 400-kV transmission line through the Bhagwan Mahavir Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park in the state of Goa.  Two of these projects were recently granted 'Wildlife Clearance' during a virtual meeting of the Standing Committee of the National Board of Wildlife (NBWL) without a thorough assessment of the project impacts.  Assessment reports for the road and railway expansion were found to be deficient on multiple fronts regarding biodiversity assessment and projected impacts, whereas no impact assessment report was available in the public domain for the 400-kV transmission line project.  This paper highlights the biodiversity significance of this protected area complex in the Western Ghats, and highlights the lacunae in biodiversity documentation and inadequacy of mitigation measures in assessment documents for all three diversion projects.  The EIA process needs to improve substantially if India is to protect its natural resources and adhere to environmental protection policies and regulations nationally and globally.


Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is a spice plant belonging to the Apiaceae family. In this study, the aim was to specify the effects of different nitrogen doses on the yield and quality properties of coriander. In this research; plant height, number of branches, number of umbels, thousand seed weight, seed yield, oil content, fatty acid composition, essential oil rate and essential oil composition were examined. The essential oil contents in coriander fruits was determined by Clevenger apparatus. Fatty oil was isolated by cold press. Essential oil and fatty oil compositions were determined by Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS-QP2020) device. While nitrogen doses did not positively affect fruit yield, they had a significantly positive effect on the herbal characteristics of coriander (plant height, number of umbels and thousand fruit weight). It was revealed that nitrogen doses had positive significant effect essential oil rate. Increasing nitrogen doses affected rate of linalool. Nitrogen doses had a significant effect only on butyric acid, and for fatty oil rate and other major fatty acids their effect was not significant. It has been determined that high fruit yields are obtained at 60 and 80 kg ha nitrogen applications and that the rate of essential oil and linalool is the highest at 100 kg ha nitrogen doses especially in the second year.


Amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) is known to cause a serious reaction triggered by the entry of amniotic fluid or other debris into the maternal circulation.[1] It has been recently suggested that amniotic fluid embolism is an anaphylactic syndrome of pregnancy involving the complement system, causing vasospasm, oedema, and early onset disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), which is one of the causes of sudden death in obstetrics.[1] Suspicion of (AFE) should be considered in any antepartum or postpartum collapse if no obvious cause is known. We present a case of a 35-year-old mother at 35 weeks of gestation who collapsed during her early labour with no clue about the diagnosis and died soon after the admission despite vigorous resuscitation.


Node clustering in wireless sensor networks helps in extending the network life time by reducing the nodes' communication energy and balancing their remaining energy. This paper presents a new genetic-based approach that improves the performance of the LEACH clustering protocol used in wireless sensor networks. The proposed approach utilizes the mobility feature of sensor nodes in order to reduce the communication distances between the cluster heads and the base station. In each round, new locations of the cluster heads are determined using a genetic algorithm. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms LEACH in terms of network lifetime and average remaining energy.


A video intercom station (20) with multimedia functions, usable as inside video intercom position, which foresees the function of terminal for the use of remote multimedia sources (21), utilising the connection of the terminal and the remote multimedia source (21) to a multimedia non-polarised two-wire bus (23); the inside position permits displaying video signals and reproducing audio signals, also stereo, emitted by a remote multimedia source (21) which is commonly available commercially, such as a DVD reader, a satellite decoder, a radio, a TV, a Hi-Fi stereo system, etc., and also permits interacting with the remote source (21), sending it turning on, turning off, navigation commands in the source function menu, etc.


The elastic and optical properties of organically modified silicates prepared by ultrasonics aided polycondensation of tetraethoxysilane and polidimethylsiloxane are studied by means of high resolution Brillouin spectroscopy. Nuclear magnetic resonance data evidence the microseparation of the organic and inorganic phases for the systems with high content of polymer formation. The elastic and optical properties are clearly influenced by the change in microstructure. We propose a three component mechanical model that qualitatively explains the observed variation of the elastic constant c11 versus molar fraction of dimethylsiloxane in these vitreous materials and develop a structural model that accounts for the observed dynamical behavior.


Museum tourism is a type of cultural tourism whereby tourists visit museums to get acquainted with certain values of historical and cultural heritage. Museum tourism market estimated at 20 billion US dollars in 2022. According to UNESCO, currently there are approximately 104,000 museums in the world, with the largest number of museums being located in the USA, totaling 33,082 museums. Among the best museums in the world are: Louvre, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Hermitage, Vatican Museums, Uffizi Gallery, Orsay, Prado, British Museum, and others. This paper presents the world's best museums, as well as unique museums, types of museum visitors, museum tourism development trends in the world in recent years, the main marketing tools used by museums to attract visitors. The analysis extends to the museum sector in the RA offering insights into necessary steps for the development of museum tourism.


Abstract This paper focuses on signal generation with digital modulations, especially on the possibility of using the direct digital synthesis method. The specific structure of the function generator is explained. The developed construction is designed as a laboratory device. Realization enables to operate this device in two ways, via the user interface in the PC through the USB bus or by the display and keypad located directly on the product. Furthermore, this paper deals with results of measurement digital modulation generating, signal distortion and the test measurement in frequency and time domain.


The object of the present study was to conduct a general survey of the effect of various cations upon the growth of bacteria, under somewhat widely varied conditions of concentration. Previous work, except that of Lipman (1909), Brooks (1920), Winslow and Falk (1918, 1918a), Falk (1920), and Holm,and Sherman (1921), dealt only with limiting toxicities and ignored possible stimulating effects; and the investigators cited studied only a very few salts. It was felt that it would be of real interest to undertake a more comprehensive survey of the stimulating, as well as the toxic, concentration of the various chemical elements. A series of inorganic compounds was used in which different cations were combined with the same anion. At it is presumed that materials in solution are most likely to be reactive with protoplasm, the chlorides were chosen because they form a large series of soluble compounds and because the anion is a single element. The organism which was used in these studies was the Bacterium coli strain which has been used by Winslow and FaIk (1918,1918a) and by Cohen (1922). From its cultural and morphological characteristics it may be grouped as a communis type of Bacterium coli (sucrose negative, dulcitol positive). In order that a wi'de range of chemical elements might be studied it was necessary to develop a rapid method for the determination of the number of bacteria per cubic centimeter.


Thin foils of gold, copper, and nickel were bombarded on one surface with a beam of 100 ev argon ions at normal incidence. Glissile and Frank-sessile dislocation loops and dislocation dipoles were formed close beneath the bombarded surface, and both the type of loop and their arrangement were found to depend critically on the crystallographic orientation of the surface. The results are interpreted in terms of the stability of different dislocation arrangements near free surfaces of differing orientation. The condition for the stability of both glissile and sessile loops in gold is that their Burgers vectors should lie within approximately 5 deg of the plane of the surface. Only glissile loops were observed in copper. Sessile loops were more numerous in nickel than in gold. (auth)


Abstract In this article, we give a solution to doubly reflected backward stochastic differential equations when the barriers are right continuous with left limits, and the noise is driven by a Brownian motion and an independent Poisson random measure. We show the existence and uniqueness of solution by means of the penalization method when the coefficient is stochastic Lipschitz.


Most frontline child welfare workers are female, as are most adult clients. The authors posit that caseworkers who are themselves mothers bring valuable perspectives and expertise to their work; however, their experience and wisdom as mothers is essentially invisible within the profession or at least within the professional literature. This mixed-methods study investigated how the experience of being a mother affects caseworkers' relationships with client–mothers as well as whether they perceive the child welfare system valuing their unique perspective. Twenty-four participants from diverse positions within the child welfare field completed an interview protocol. Participants overwhelmingly responded that their parenting was informed by their work with families, that their experiences and wisdom as mothers was largely ignored by their agencies, and that their employers' practices were often not family-friendly. There was variance in participants' beliefs about whether the client–mothers experienced bias or empowerment within the system. Half of participants identified as feminist. Maternal ambivalence appeared not to be an area of shared experience between workers and clients.


The movie's online word of mouth (WOM) currently is a vital factor affecting the movie box office. To prove this relationship in empirical way, this paper selects 150 released movies in mainland China as the research sample and the movie box office, volume of WOM and valence of WOM are the main variables. Granger causality test and simultaneous equation model are applied as the main method. Combining the theory with the empirical study results, the following conclusions can be made. First, the volume significant promoted the box office Second, in the first week after the film is released, the valence of WOM, so as the box office does. Second, in the first week after the film is released, the valence of WOM will inhibit movie box office significantly. However, in the second week, this effect is no longer significant.


Abstract The study aims to understand the employment course of foreign spouses in Taiwan and foreign spouses visiting Taiwan via marriage who participate in the labor market. The study adopts qualitative research method to collect data through in-depth interview. In an attempt to depict the new immigrant women's employment and predicament in addition to understanding the labor process, this study analyzes the work experience of foreign spouses, understands and presents their employment overview through conducting in-depth interview, observation and interaction with new immigrant women. The study intends to achieve the following objectives: 1. Understand the employment motivation and labor participation of new immigrant women. 2. Understand the overview and predicament faced by new immigrant women in Taiwan's employment market and to present their labor process in Taiwan. 3. Examine whether if there is racial discrimination (domestic/foreign) for new immigrant women in employment market. Due to the literacy or language barrier, the majority of new immigrant women engage in entry-level and labor workers. It is discovered that new immigrant women working 12 hours in labor participation has now become a trend, which is another form of working overtime in the labor market. The family assistance (mother or father in law, or children) for family work and care work on children can help the new immigrant women maintain stability in their workplace. The study is hereby provided for providing different perspectives on the employment of new immigrant women, taking into consideration of the labor conditions, labor productivity, and interaction with other domestic labors in the work process with more objectivity, in order to gain insight to the predicament of employment and provide suitable services. Keywords: New Immigrant Women, Labor Force Participation Rate, Family Work, Care Work


For poor-readers and dyslexic children, reading is often a pitfall to social integration and academic progress. The school support of these children usually requires adapted texts, specialised glossaries and dedicated management tools. In this paper, we propose a method which exploits French lexical resources to automatically simplify words in order to provide adapted texts. Despite the difficulty of the task, the conducted evaluations show that the proposed methodology yields better results than the state of the art word2vec techniques for lexical simplification.


Herein, by atomic‐scale high‐angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy, the structure, symmetry, and distribution of stacking faults (SFs) and growth twins in 12H, 15R, and 18R long‐period stacking‐ordered (LPSO) structures in Mg88Co5Y7 and Mg92Co2Y6 (at%) as‐cast alloys are characterized. The SFs or growth twins in LPSO structures are denoted as the faulted arrangement of n‐Mg components, and some of them possess inversion centers or mirror symmetry. The formation of SFs or growth twins in 15R and 18R structures depends on whether the sum of Mg layers in all the n‐Mg components of the defect is an even number or an odd number, whereas only SFs form in 12H structures. Various types of SFs or SFs of the same kind can distribute locally in the LPSO structures in Mg–Co–Y alloys, and then some other LPSO structures with a longer period are detected via orderly distribution of SFs.


aggregate of the eight elements is what is not to be grasped by the visual organ in ultimate reality," which may be paraphrased as "Whatever has thc property ofbeing an aggregate of the eight elements does not in ultimate reality have the essential nature ofbcing to be grasped by the visual organ.ii To be sure, both form and sound are equally an aggregate of the eight elements. But it is empirically observed that while sound is not something to be grasped by the visual organ, fbrm is something to be grasped by the visual organ. The aim of this papcr is thus to examine the logic BhAviveka applies in the a]rgument.


1. The notion of a free topological group was introduced by A. Markoff1), and the existence of a free topological group for any completely regular topological space was established by him. Recently, further investigations were given to this problem by T. Nakayama), who among other things proved that every free topological group is maximally almost periodic. The purpose of this note is to give a simple and direct proof to the existence theorem of A. Markoff. Our method of proof is based on the use of an infinite direct product topological group, and will make it possible to obtain many other known and new results concerning free topological groups almost immediately. 2. A topological space R is a sbspac of another topological space S, if R is a subset of S and if the relative topology induced on R by that of S is equivalent with the original topology of R. It was proved


Recently, nine of 23 cases of peroxidase-negative acute leukemia, of which the cellular phenotype was considered to be Ll or L2 on the basis of FAB criteria , failed to achieve remission or had relapsed by 20 months from diagnosis. Four of 9 patients were diagnosed as unclassified ALL (Ia( +) , CALLA( )), one was common ALL, two were monocytic leukemia , and two were myelocytic leukemia as based on immunological analysis. One of the unclassified ALL and 13 of the other patients have survived in continuous first remission . Two of 4 patients with unclassified ALL were identified as the standard risk group according to age at diagnosis and initial WBC , which are generally accepted as having prognostic importance. The absence of CALLA on leukemic blasts might be an additional prognostic factor to be considered in designing therapy. 要 旨POX染 色陰性 でFAB分 類上 リンパ型の急性白血病23例 中,9例 が寛解導入不能ない しは早期 に 再発 した.9例 中4例 はunclassifid ALL,1例 はcommon ALL,他 の4例 は免疫学的検索 よりAMoL(2 例).AML(2例)と 診 断 された.Unclassified ALL 1 例を含む残 りの14例 は最初の寛解を維持 し生存中で あ る.な おunclassified ALLで 予後 の悪か った4例 中2例 は,初 診時年齢 と白血球数 よ りstandard risk group と診断 されていた.今 後,POX陰 性でFAB分 類上 リンパ型 に属す る急性 白血病で も,CALLA陰 性 であれ ば,診 断,治 療 に注意 しなければ な らないと思われた.


Compound semiconductors offer significant advantages over silicon in photovoltaics due to their direct bandgaps, ability to form multijunction solar cells, as well as superior radiation hardness. However, costs for growth and integration of these materials have been prohibitively high, thereby limiting their large-scale implementation in terrestrial photovoltaics. Here we review materials growth and fabrication strategies that were recently developed to address many of these challenges by employing device-quality, multilayer epitaxial assemblies of compound semiconductors in the manner that enables sequential release of respective functional layers as well as reuse of the growth substrate. This new approach combined with techniques of micro-transfer printing provides a practical and cost-effective route to implement high quality compound semiconductors in terrestrial photovoltaics but also opens up new application possibilities and modes of use that have not been possible with conventional technologies.


Enduring Issues in American Nursing edited by Ellen D. Baer, PhD, RN, FAAN, Patricia D Antonio, PhD, RN, Sylvia Rinker, PhD, RN, and Joan E. Lynaugh, PhD, RN, FAAN; New York: Springer Publishing, 2001; 377 pages, $49.95 What makes this historical presentation of nursing issues different from others? While speaking to the historical process, the book identifies the powerful conflicts that have been, and continue to be, at the heart of nursing - its power and authority, its level of dependence or independence, and its requirement for structured knowledge. In her preface, Ellen Baer notes that nursing has often blamed legislators, physicians, health care administrators, and others for the dilemmas that exist in practice, education, and administration, but, she points out, nurses have made many of the choices that have led to these conflicts. The previously published essays in this collection are provocative and lead to critical reflection. The introduction to each of the five sections sets the tone for the essays that follow and provides a clear articulation of the section's theme. For this reviewer, the value of the book lies in its presentation of real nursing stories enriched by analysis and evaluation. "Contemporary Issues in Historical Context," Section 1, identifies recurring themes - nurses' ideals, gender, status, and exclusion, the merging of education and practice, and prolonged apprenticeship as a framework for what follows. The first chapter places American nursing as we live it today in the context of its early beginnings in the 19th century. Lynaugh weaves a tapestry of the issues confronting us then - how care should be given and where, how it should it be paid for, and how much knowledge and skill are necessary - and leads us to the realization that while we have matured as a profession, these issues remain ours. Following this crisp discussion, Hines examines the entry of black women into nursing through an analysis of five critical concepts - race, gender, class, regionalism, and agency. She cites detailed examples of the parallel struggles of black nurses, physicians, and attorneys to achieve recognition in their respective professions. "Identity: The Meaning of Nursing," Section 2, consists of four chapters, each of which identifies the persona of nursing through a unique situation or person. I found that I could relate to the camaraderie, the struggles, and the desire to be a part of the circle that continue to exist today among our students, faculty, and nursing staff. …


Andy joined the NHS Purchasing and Supply Agency in 2000 from a private sector background. Since joining the AgencyAndy hasworked across numerous category areas and projects including transport, wheelchairs, daily living aids, assistive technology/ telecare and Walking your way to health. Over the last three years Andy has managed the decontamination category to support the delivery of off site sterilisation services for surgical instruments.


This paper introduces the design of the frequency synthesizer for AT-DMB. 0.18um CMOS process with 1.8V supply voltage is used for the frequency synthesizer and the frequency range is from 110MHz to 522MHz for AT-DMB applications. This frequency synthesizer has good linearity by controlling tail current and load concurrently.


The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of religiosity, reference groups, service quality and needs on interest in students of Sharia Financial Management majors of Faculty of Economics and Business UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta to become Pegadaian Syariah customer. The type of research is quantitative research. The data that used in this study is primary data. Data collection techniques in this study is using questionnaires. The technique of data analysis using multiple regression analysis. The results show that service quality and needs have positive influence on interest in students of Sharia Financial Management majors of Faculty of Economics and Business UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta to become Pegadaian Syariah customer, while religiosity and reference groups have negative influence to the interest of students of Sharia Financial Management majors of Faculty of Economics and Business UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta to become Pegadaian Syariah customer. Religiosity, reference group, quality of service and needs simultaneously influenced the interest of student of Sharia Financial Management majors of Faculty of Economics and Business UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta to become Pegadaian Syariah customer. The result of this research showed that coefficient of determination (Adjusted R2) equal to 0,365 which means 36,5% variation of interest become customer of Pawnshops Syariah can be explained by variation from four independent variable while the 63,5% explained by other factors out of this study.


A NUMBER of agents are known to inhibit platelet function and potentially to prolong the bleeding time.1 Failure to obtain a history of ingestion of one of these agents frequently leads to misinterpretation of platelet abnormalities. In the course of studying platelet behavior in patients with coronary-artery disease we have observed that a contrast agent used in selective coronary angiography can produce profound alterations in platelet-function tests. Methods The contrast agents used for angiography (Renografin 76) and left ventricular cineangiography (Renovist II) are products of E.R. Squibb and Sons, Incorporated, and contain, respectively, meglumine diatrizoate (66 and 28.5 per cent), . . .


(a) A model Intercomparison Program established in 2003 in South America as part of the SALLJEX campaign (a joint CLIVAR/GEWEX activity) in order to test the ability of regional and global models to reproduce a particular convective mesoscale system in the northern part of Argentina; (b)The existence of about ten different model forecasts up to 5 days in addition to the products of the main global forecast centers, several running ensemble forecasting, totaling about 40 different daily forecasts; (c)The THORPEX goals to improve predictability in the prediction of weather, several research and operational institutions agreed on the initiative of the Regional Laboratory of Regional Meteorology and Applications – MASTER at the University of São Paulo in Brazil to conduct an operational model intercomparison activity aiming the construction of a super-model ensemble for South America, with emphasis in the Plata Basin. The availability of such a large set of numerical forecast products available through internet provided an unique opportunity to explore predictability is an area where weather events, particularly rain producing, are very significant for the regional economy (about 2/3 of the S. American economy is located in the Plata Basin). Predictability of the weather events (Palmer 2003) is clearly associated in this particularly complex in view of the


In light of the acceleration towards adopting the principles of sustainability as a result of climate change and the importance of preserving the environment, a group of companies emerged that tried to exploit these conditions in a bad way, which prompted them to colorize their business under the pretext of showing themselves as a sustainable company. For this reason, this study sought to evaluate one of the most prominent companies in Lebanon called "BIOMASS" which is concerned with organic products, using the typology of Dyllick & Muff that categorized the business into three levels of sustainability. The study adopted the qualitative approach in order to frame the extraction of information from the company, in addition to some desk research. In the conclusion of the research, it was found that the company bears the characteristics of sustainability in a right and striking manner.


The green synthesis of palladium oxide nanoparticles using Dictyota indica seaweed extract was investigated. Dictyotales is a large order in the brown algae (class Phaeophyceae). The color of the reaction mixture changed which indicated the formation of palladium oxide nanoparticles. UV-Visible, SEM, TEM, XRD, and FTIR analysis determined the characteristics of synthesized nanoparticles. The UV-Visible analysis showed the formation of palladium oxide nanoparticles. SEM and TEM analyses presented the palladium oxide nanoparticles have a spherical shape and based on DLS analysis with the average particle diameter of 19nm. The comparisons of the nanoparticle size with different biological synthesis were studied which revealed this methodology offer smallest size. The crystallographic parameters of the synthesized Pd nanoparticles were as follows: crystalline structure (cubic), space group (Fm-3m), and lattice parameter (a=5.6500, b=5.6500, c=5.6500, α=90, β=90, and γ=90). FTIR analysis indicated the presence of a palladium oxide group in the product. The removal efficacy of cadmium by the palladium oxide nanoparticles was investigated to optimize the pH, contact time, dose of adsorbent and concentration of cadmium. The results showed that optimum conditions for cadmium removal from water were obtained at pH 8, 500 mg/l adsorbent dose and 20 min contact time, wherein in these circumstances the removal of cadmium was 82.82%. The adsorption isotherms primacy was as follows, Langmuir R2=0.9904> Freundlich R2=0.9857> Temkin R2=0.8791.


The Datong coalmine,Huainan City,Anhui Province has a mining history of around 100 years,leading to serious ground caving geological hazard,which combined with development of karst caving in the area,has greatly damaged geological environment and confined sustainable development of local socioeconomy.Based on analysis of development features of cavings in the Datong coalmine area,this paper evaluated the caving land stability,made stability zoning,then discussed the suitability of the land for construction,bearing significance to rational planning,seeking and innovating treatment methods,making use of the land resources and quickening comprehensive treatment with regard to caving land.


In my role as head of the Australian Jewish community and representing the Asia Pacific Branch of the World Jewish Congress (WJC), I had numerous meetings with heads of state and foreign ministers in Asia and Southeast Asia. The Australian government was always helpful in arranging these. One of the most interesting meetings was with Indira Gandhi, the charismatic Indian prime minister.1 It took place at her home in New Delhi on 21 December 1981. Initially there was supposed to be a meeting with the then foreign minister P. V. Narashima Rao, whom I would encounter just under ten years later in a confrontation that preceded diplomatic relations between Israel and India.2 At the time of the meeting with Prime Minister Gandhi, India was allowing Israel to operate a consulate in Bombay. The consul could not travel in India without special approval, and the government took pains to demonstrate to the Arabs that the consulate did not reflect a serious diplomatic relationship. The Indian Foreign Office was primarily


This paper proposes a theoretical method using finite element analysis (FEA) to calculate the plastic collapse loads of pressure vessels under internal pressure, and compares the analytical methods according to three criteria stated in the ASME Boiler Pressure Vessel Code. First, a finite element technique using the arc-length algorithm and the restart analysis is developed to conduct the plastic collapse analysis of vessels, which includes the material and geometry non-linear properties of vessels. Second, as the mechanical properties of vessels are assumed to be elastic-perfectly plastic, the limit load analysis is performed by employing the Newton-Raphson algorithm, while the limit pressure of vessels is obtained by the twice-elastic-slope method and the tangent intersection method respectively to avoid excessive deformation. Finally, the elastic stress analysis under working pressure is conducted and the stress strength of vessels is checked by sorting the stress results. The results are compared with those obtained by experiments and other existing models. This work provides a reference for the selection of the failure criteria and the calculation of the plastic collapse load.


That two pairs dices are equivalent means that one pair dice has the same throwing effect with the other one,that is to say,the sum of two dices and the probability of the same sum are the same.In this paper,we continue to investigate the equivalent design of the non-standard dices.We prove that there are six types of non-standard dices equivalent to the dice,which have 3,3,10,10,10 and 6 pairs respectively.


In a restrospective case–control study on 46 metastasized and 34 non‐metastasized primary tongue carcinomas, the nuclear morphology and chromatin pattern were assessed in 3 μm thick, formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded, and Feulgen‐stained tissue sections of surgical resection specimens, by means of high‐resolution computer‐assisted image analysis. The aim of this study was to disclose differences in karyometric features, such as nuclear size‐, shape‐, and chromatin‐pattern features, between these groups, with a view to developing a discriminant function that can predict the occurrence of metastasis for the individual patient. In addition, the lymph node metastases of 31 patients and the normal tongue epithelium of 21 patients were also assessed, to study the possible differences between these two groups and primary tumours. In the metastasized tumours, the chromatin was significantly more condensed (P=0·01) and exhibited significantly less variation in chromatin condensation (P<0·001) than in the group of non‐metastasized carcinomas. Comparison of lymph node metastases with their primary tumours disclosed only minor differences in chromatin pattern. These findings suggest that only minor genetic differences exist between primary tongue carcinomas and their metastases. Tumour cells of tongue carcinomas showed highly significant differences from cells of normal tongue mucosa for most karyometric features. Logistic regression analysis resulted in a classifier, based on the circularity of the nucleus (CIRC) and the standard deviation of the chromatin condensation (SD COND), to predict the occurrence of lymph node metastases. After cross‐validation, the percentages of correct classifications in the group of metastasized and non‐metastasized tumours were 72 and 62 per cent, respectively. These results are comparable to the classification results obtained from a classifier based on the clinical T‐stage, but our karyometric classification results show a much more equal distribution between the sensitivity and specificity. Karyometric features appeared to be more appropriate to predict metastates than biomarkers such as p53, bcl‐2, and Ki‐67. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


In this paper, we shall present a general process for structure presheaves of general rings which are not necessarily left noetherian nor commutative. We shall give several necessary and sufficient conditions such that the structure presheaves are actually sheaves. These results generalize considerably Grothendieck's original one. as well as various existing corresponding results.


In this study, first, we numerically investigated the reflectivity of a cholesteric liquid crystal with an anisotropic defect layer inside. To model optical phenomena in the examined system, a 4 × 4 matrix method was employed. The tests were carried out for different thicknesses of the whole system, different thicknesses of the defect layer, as well as different defect layer locations inside the cell. Next, a cholesteric liquid crystal comprising a defect layer and held between two parallel electrical conductors was also considered. In this case, the optical properties of the system could also be adjusted by an external applied electric field. Some interesting simulation results of the reflection coefficient (i.e., the fraction of electromagnetic energy reflected) were obtained, illustrated, and discussed. The simulation results showed a significant influence of both the defect and the external electric field on the selective reflection phenomenon, and the possibility of controlling the shape of the reflection spectrum. Finally, some potential applications of the analyzed optical system were discussed.


This review article discusses the development of gallium arsenide (GaAs)-based resonant tunneling diodes (RTD) since the 1970s. To the best of my knowledge, this article is the first review of GaAs RTD technology which covers different epitaxial-structure design, fabrication techniques, and characterizations for various application areas. It is expected that the details presented here will help the readers to gain a perspective on the previous accomplishments, as well as have an outlook on the current trends and future developments in GaAs RTD research.


It is important to strive for the fulfillment of the human needs. The satisfaction of the human needs is the final measure of success for any product creation. The technical origin of most of the design and implementation work lures designers into a technology-only viewpoint, with the risk of ignoring the human needs. Distribution This article or presentation is written as part of the Gaudí project. The Gaudí project philosophy is to improve by obtaining frequent feedback. Frequent feedback is pursued by an open creation process. This document is published as intermediate or nearly mature version to get feedback. Further distribution is allowed as long as the document remains complete and unchanged. All Gaudí documents are available at: http://www.extra.research.philips.com/natlab/sysarch/ version: 0.2 status: planned 24th September 2001


Katie Geneva Cannon equipped generations of students with analytical tools to reckon with the past and present and to creatively construct previously unimaginable futures. Her body of work teaches us to find new paths as we critically plumb our own historically situated epistemologies and put them in conversation with a variety of traditions. As my teacher, dissertation advisor, and mentor during my graduate studies in religion at Temple University from 1993-2000, Dr. Cannon taught me to examine rigorously my own story in its larger historical and geopolitical contexts, to parse the privileges and perils of pursuing the academic study of religion as a white woman, and to engage deeply with multitudinous ways of knowing. See companion contributions to this Forum written by Edwin David Aponte, Miguel A. De La Torre, Stacey M. Floyd-Thomas, and Angela D. Sims.


The molecule of the title compound, C25H20N2OS2, has imposed twofold rotation symmetry. The dihedral angle formed by the two crystallographically independent phenyl rings is 79.23 (7)°. In the crystal packing, the molecules are linked by intermolecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming chains running parallel to [102].


In this paper I shall discuss an impact parameter representation of the scattering of two spinless distinguishable particles. Cottingham and Peierls have proposed an impact parameter formalism,1 and Adachi and Kotani have tried to explore its mathematical aspects2 and the physical meanings3,4 of the coefficients (the impact parameter amplitude) of the impact parameter expansion of the scattering amplitude.‡


Vegetation fraction, the radio of vegetation occupying unit area, is a very important parameter in developing climate and ecology model. However, to measure the vegetation fraction by fieldwork a job of wasting manpower and financial resources with low_precision work, which requires estimation of vegetation fraction from remote sensing data. This study explores the potential of deriving vegetation fraction from normalized difference vegetation index (\%NDVI)\% using the TM data. Under the assumption that the pixel of TM image is a mosaic structure, sub_pixel models for vegetation fraction estimation are introduced firstly in this paper. Then the idea of using different sub_pixel model for vegetation fraction estimation based on land cover classification is proposed. The "dense vegetation model" is used to calculate the vegetation fraction in woodland, orchard and city zone, and the "nondense vegetation model" is used to calculate the vegetation fraction in cropland and meadow area.\;As a result of case study in Haidian district, Beijing, the accuracy rate of vegetation fraction estimation by using "dense vegetation model" and "nondense vegetation model" synchronously based on land cove classification is obtained about 75.4%, which is 5.8% higher than that of using "dense vegetation model" only. The accuracy rate of vegetation fraction estimation by using this model is high.\;Despite the difference between observed and estimated values for some conditions, the Sub_pixel model seems to be a good approach for estimating vegetation fraction at a regional scale. This approach may be an important tool for solving the problems in the monitoring of regional vegetation fraction over large area.


REDUCING OFF-CHIP MEMORY ACCESSES OF WAVEFRONT PARALLEL PROGRAMS IN GRAPHICS PROCESSING UNITS The power wall is one of the major barriers that stands on the way to exascale computing. To break the power wall, overall system power/energy must be reduced, without affecting the performance. We can decrease energy consumption by designing power efficient hardware and/or software. In this thesis, we present a software approach to lower energy consumption of programs targeted for Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). The main idea is to reduce energy consumption by minimizing the amount of off-chip (global) memory accesses. Offchip memory accesses can be minimized by improving the last level (L2) cache hits. A wavefront is a set of data/tiles that can be processed concurrently. A kernel is a function that get executed in GPU. We propose a novel approach to implement wavefront parallel programs on GPUs. Instead of using one kernel call per wavefront like in the traditional implementation, we use one kernel call for the whole program and organize the order of computations in such away that L2 cache reuse is achieved. An strip of wavefronts (or a pass) is a collection of partial wavefronts. We exploit the non-preemptive behavior of the thread block scheduler to process a strip of wavefronts (i.e., a pass) instead of processing a complete wavefront at a time. The data transfered by a partial wavefront in a pass is small enough to fit in L2 cache, so that, successive partial wavefronts in the pass reuse the data in L2 cache. Hence the number of off-chip memory accesses is significantly pruned. We also introduce a technique to communicate and synchronize between two thread blocks without limiting the number of thread blocks per kernel or SM. This technique is used to maintain the order of wavefronts.


Merit Badge Counselors may not require the use of this or any similar workbooks. You still must satisfy your counselor that you can demonstrate each skill and have learned the information. You should use the work space provided for each requirement to keep track of which requirements have been completed, and to make notes for discussing the item with your counselor, not for providing full and complete answers. If a requirement says that you must take an action using words such as "discuss", "show", "tell", "explain", "demonstrate", "identify", etc, that is what you must do. No one may add or subtract from the official requirements found on Scouting.org.


Economic models for three systems of land use, applicable to semi-arid areas of Africa, are developed. The financial and economic costs and benefits of each model are compared and the foreign currency earning capacity evaluated. Conclusions are drawn as to the economic form of land use for natural regions of differing potential. The models are based on real examples of land use in Zimbabwe, but can be calibrated for other systems or regions to provide a common basis for comparison.


In view of the assignable misconceptions in the practical application of multimedia-assisted instruction,the soul and leading position of teachers in teaching needs to be further reiterated.To engage in the multimedia academic education,we must prepare coursewares with the unity of content and form based on the characteristics of humanistic quality-oriented education,create the humanistic environment with teacher-student interactions,properly handle the role positioning of audiovisual aids in the teaching of humanistic quality courses and maximize the advantages of multimedia-assisted instruction,so as to effect the best results of the academic education.


Tetrakis ((2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)porphyrinato)rhodium(II) ((TMP)Rh) and tetrakis((2,4,6-trilsopropylphenyl)-porphyrinato)rhodium(II) ((TTiPP)Rh) occur as low-spin d{sup 7} complexes with EPR parameters associated with a(d{sub xy}){sup 2}-(d{sub xz,yz}){sup 4}(d,2){sup 1} ground configuration. (por)Rh{sup II} species typically react as metalloradicals with a wide variety of substrates to give diamagnetic products; however, the use of increased porphyrin or substrate steric demands has permitted observation of paramagnetic 1:1 adducts. EPR spectra were used in examining features related to the electronic structure for a series of 1:1 five-coordinate complexes with nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, and carbon donor ligands. Each of the five-coordinate species is a low-spin d{sup 7} complex with the unpaired electron occupying a d{sub z}2 MO (d{sub xy}d{sub xz}d{sub yz}){sup 6}-(d{sub z}{sup 2}){sup 1} ground configuration. The ligands form 1:1 adducts that have effective axial symmetry with the exceptions of CO, which has as a bent Rh-CO unit, and ethene, which has a symmetrical {pi} complex structure. Donor atom spin densities are estimated from ligand hyperfine coupling. Rhodium-103 hyperfine coupling is used in evaluating the rhodium 4d{sub x}2 (0.67) and Ss (0.02) spin density in the ethene {pi} complex, which combined with the total ethene C{sub 2p} (0.278) and C{sub 2s} (0.008) spin densities, determined from the ligand hyperfine coupling,more » accounts for most of the unpaired electron. Estimates of the d{sub z}2 to d{sub xz} and d{sub yz} energy separations for the series of 1:1 complexes illustrate the elevation of d{sub z}2 by {sigma} donor ligands and the combined lowering of d{sub xz}, d{sub yz}, and d{sub z}2 elevation by ligands with {pi} acceptor ability. 26 refs., 2 figs., 2 tabs.« less


Comet 17P/Holmes underwent the largest cometary outburst in recorded history on UT 2007 October 23, releasing massive quantities of dust and gas. We used the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope to obtain wide-field images of 17P/Holmes on 15 dates over a period of three months following the outburst and employ them here to examine the subsequent activity of the nucleus and the nature of the ejecta closest to the nucleus. Through aperture photometry we observed the inner coma (within 2500 km of the nucleus) to fade from an apparent magnitude of 11.7 mag to 17.6 mag, corresponding to absolute magnitudes of 8.1 mag and 12.4 mag, between UT 2007 November 6 and 2008 February 12. A second much smaller outburst occurred on UT 2007 November 12, three weeks after the original outburst, suggesting that the nucleus remained unstable. The surface brightness profile of the inner coma was consistently shallow relative to the expected steady-state profile, and showed a persistent brightness enhancement within ∼5000 km of the nucleus. We propose that sublimating ice grains created an ice grain halo around the nucleus, while fragmenting grains were responsible for the shallow surface brightness profile.


Among the least charted waters of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) are the provisions relating to natural resources damages. While uncharted, the implementation of those provisions could result in potentially enormous liabilities for hazardous waste generators and others. To acquaint the reader preliminarily with CERCLA's natural resources provisions, this article surveys those provisions and outlines a statutory construction that integrates the natural resources damage provisions with CERCLA's other response authorities. This article is derived from a much more comprehensive work which is available from the authors on re-


In recent years the stratigraphical position of the Craighead Limestone, as assigned by Lapworth (1882) and by Peach and Home (1899), has been questioned by such competent geologists as Ulrich (1930), O. T.Jones (1935), and Cowper Reed (1935); any new evidence having a bearing on the age of the limestone is therefore worthy of being placed on record.


Adult education is an integral part of China's higher education. Man's sustainable development has become a new idea in higher education. In the process of popularizing higher education, it is important that educators analyze the characteristics of students of further education, such as mentality, knowledge and ability, and try to probe into some educational strategies for their sustainable development.


The main result of this paper states that if a Banach space X has the property that every bounded operator from an arbitrary subspace of X into an arbitrary Banach space of cotype 2 extends to a bounded operator on X, thenB(l∞,X) = Π2(l∞,X). If in addition X has the Gaussian average property, then it is of type 2. This i mplies that the same conclusion holds if X has the Gordon-Lewis property (in particular X could be a Banach lattice) or if X is isomorphic to a subspace of a Banach lattice of finite cotyp e, thus solving the Maurey extension property for these classes of spaces. The paper also contains a detailed study of the property of ex tending operators with values inlp-spaces, 1 ≤ p < ∞. Introduction In 1974 Maurey [12] proved that if X is a Banach space of type 2, then every bounded operator from an arbitrary subspace of X to an arbitrary Banach space Y of cotype 2 admits a bounded extension fromX to Y . Since then it has been an open problem whether this property known as the Maurey extension property characterizes Banach spaces of type 2. Since it follows from [14] that a Banach space with this property is of weak type 2, the an swer to the problem is clearly Supported by NSF grant DMS 970618. supported by the Danish Natural Science Research Council, g rants 9503296 and 9801867.


In combination of the reality of Xinjiang Vocational University,this paper makes a tentative discussion of the innovation of the braintraining model of comprehensive threading program,based on the characteristic of vocational education,we try to realize close connection of braintraining and employment.


Abstract First principles calculations were performed to systematically investigate structure properties, phase stability and mechanical properties of MB (M = Cr, Mo, W) monoborides in orthorhombic and tetragonal structures. The results of equilibrium structures are in good agreement with other available theoretical and experimental data. The elastic properties, including bulk modulus B, shear modulus G, Young's modulus E and Poisson's ratio ν were calculated by the Voigt-Reuss-Hill approximation. All considered monoborides are mechanically stable. The results of elastic anisotropies show that elastic anisotropy of orthorhombic structure is larger than that of tetragonal structure. Moreover, the minimum thermal conductivities were also estimated using the Cahill's model, and the results indicate that the minimum thermal conductivities show a dependence on directions.


Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Rebeka Campos-Astorkiza for her guidance throughout this entire project. From beginning to end, her unwavering support, clear dedication and genuine concern for me and my interests helped guide me successfully through the process. I would also like to thank Dr. Terrell Morgan for helping me develop the initial idea and imagine all of its possibilities and Dr. Fernando Martinez-Gil for his support on this project throughout the past two years. Finally, I would like to extend my profound gratitude to my fellow colleagues in the Spanish and Portuguese department. All of your support helped make this possible.


The clusterd buds multiplication in tissue culture of Phalaenopsis amabilis was studied.The results showed that in the process of clusterd buds multiplication,the culture medium,the growth hormone,the cell division element and the carbohydrate were the most effect factors.The culture medium of improved KC adding with organic matter was superior to the other 3 mediums in number of new leaves,plant height and multiplication coefficient.Therefore,the multiplication culture medium was:improved KC culture medium + NAA 0.5 mg·L-1+6-BA 7 mg·L-1+ edible sugar 20 g·L-1+ agar-agar 10 g·L-1+ the activated carbon 2 g·L-1,pH 5.4.


The optimal ultrasonic parameters of preparing the cubosome nanoparticles by central composite design and response surface methodology were investigated.The nanoparticles were prepared by applying high-shear homogenization and sonication with the phytantriol as the basic liquid crystal material and the poloxamer 407( F127) as the stable agent.The effect of ultrasonic parameters,namely time and power on the dispersion temperature and nanoparticles' size were carefully studied.The results turned out that the power and ultrasonic time were found to be critical for obtaining the desirable cubosome particles.The optimal sonication parameter was 50.0% ultrasonic power for 6.0 min.Optimized sonication parameters were used to investigate the effect on cubosomes size and temperature.The observed and predicted results were consistent with little difference.Central composite design and response surface method could be well used to optimize the cubosome process.


A epoxy-modified anionic waterborne polyurethane was synthesized by a"inner emulsification"method using diphenylmethane diisocyanate(MDI),poly propylene glycol,epoxy resin and hydrophilic chain extender.The influences of the types and added amount of hydrophilic chain extender,the relative amount of epoxy resin,the selection of salt forming agents and the neutralization degree on the performance of polyurethane emulsion were discussed.The application of the prepared polyurethane emulsion in surface sizing electrostatic copying paper showed that it had a good sizing effect and significantly improved the paper surface strength.


There is a large number of data which are complex and irregular in criminal investigation. A method is proposed to recognize key contacts using grey correlation degree method and to estimate criminal suspect's unusual action by analyzing phone bills with the grey prediction model. Firstly,key contacts and influencing factor are identified according to communication frequency,and then criminal suspect's action tendency is judged using the grey prediction model. The experiments show that this method is simple in calculation,and can determine the suspect's action intention rapidly and accurately.


The contribution is aimed at detecting how changes in oil prices influenced the development of assets of the oil sovereign fund s, which countries possessing sovereign funds have been most affected, and whethe r and how changes in oil prices affected the foreign direct investments made by countries with the sovereign wealth funds. Analytical apparatus use the off icially available data for oil prices, import, export, FDI and assets and investme n s of sovereign funds from SWF Institute.The causality between oil prices and nual growth of sovereign funds wealth in Kazakhstan, Norway and Russia has b een confirmed. Shock in oil prices had the greatest impact on the value of assets in Russian sovereign wealth funds, then the SWF of Kazakhstan and the le ast impact had been obsereved upon Norwegian SWF. In the case of Russia, the shock in oil prices has had a long lasting effect. Saudi Arabia does not suffer from the low oil prices and it does not affect the principles of its invest ment decisions.


The photodegradation processes of anthracene (An) in aqueous solution with or without the surfactants,such as SDS or Brij35 were studied by fluorimetry. The preliminary photodegradation mechanism of An in Brij35 solution was also investigated. The results showed that the location where An resided in micelles of surfactants remarkably influenced the photodegradation process of dissolved An in surfactant aqueous solutions. The mechanism of An decomposition started by excited triplet state of An but without radicals involved in Brij35 solution. It is quite similar to the photodegradation mechanism of An in aqueous solution.


N January 5, 1744, evangelical minister Nicholas Gilman of Durham, New Hampshire, noted in his diary that he had "read the Wonderfull Narrative of Mercy Wheeler her Miraculous recovery-Glory to God." The same day in Westborough, Massachusetts, the Reverend Ebenezer Parkman recorded in his diary that "after Meeting relating the Story of Mercy Wheeler of Plainfield her wonderful Recovery, Mrs. Whitney Scarcely Contains." The healing of invalid Mercy Wheeler of Plainfield, Connecticut, caused a great stir in the late stages of the Great Awakening and raised questions about the Holy Spirit's work in a postapostolic age. For two centuries Reformed theologians had generally agreed on the doctrine of cessationism, which held that miracles such as instant physical healings had ceased after the apostolic era. There were a few examples of dramatic healings during the Reformation, perhaps the most famous being Philip Melanchthon's deathbed healing by the prayers of Martin Luther. In the 1740s, however, leaders of the evangelical movement placed a new emphasis on the Holy Spirit's workings, and many began to believe that the Spirit's indwelling presence could have powerful bodily effects. A few even thought that the Spirit might instantly heal physical ailments. An examination of Wheeler's healing, and other cases like it, illuminates tensions within the developing evangelical belief in the Holy Spirit's power in the bodies of believers. Radical evangelicals, eager to link their experiences to the wonders of the apostolic era or the glories of the coming millennial age, embraced dramatic bodily effects, including instant healings. Moderates hesitated to call the remarkable miraculous, since to do so deviated from the orthodox Reformed position concerning God's workings in the world and smacked of Catholic superstition (Figure I).1


4,039,663 8/1977 Arcamone et al. ............... 536/17 A 4,112,076 9/1978 Arcanone et al. ............... 536/17 A Primary Examiner-Blondel Hazel Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Berger & Palmer 57 ABSTRACT Disclosed is a process for preparing the known antitu O glycosides: 4'-epidaunorubicin, 3',4'diepidaunorubicin, and their doxorubicin analogs by oxidizing the C-4 hydroxyl group of N-protected daunorubicin to form certain novel intermediates hav ing a 4'-keto configuration, followed by reduction of the keto group with NaBH4 and mild alkaline hydrolysis to remove the N-protecting acyl groups, -


The die cutting quality and cutting speed are affected by the rebounding stress of PU die cutting cushion.Based on establishing the mechanics model of rebounding of PU die cutting cushion from cardboard,the mechanics analysis on rebounding of PU die cutting cushion from cardboard was done and the formula of the rebounding stress of the die cutting cushion was deducted.These results can help packaging enterprises to choose die cutting cushion correctly.


The invention belongs to the field of drug synthesis and relates to an entecavir compound and a synthetic method of an intermediate of the entecavir compound. The novel synthetic method comprises: by taking (S)-3-hydroxyl dimethyl adipate as an initial raw material, preparing an intermediate 9 through hydroxyl TBS protection, Dieckmann condensation reaction, ketone protection to ketal, ester group reduction to hydroxyl, hydroxyl protection, deprotection, ketone to silyl enol ether and Rubottom oxidizing reaction; and preparing entecavir from the intermediate 9 through wittig reaction, Mitsunobu reaction, silicon preventing radical group removal and basic hydrolysis. The novel synthetic method provided by the invention is mild and easily controllable in reaction condition, simple to operate, high in product yield, high in purity and suitable for industrialized mass production.


A method for producing high-purity niobium involves refin ing crude niobium in an electrolyte comprising a melt of Salts containing a complex niobium and potassium fluoride and an equimolar mixture of alkaline metal chlorides, the electrolyte further containing Sodium fluoride in the amount of from 5 to 15 wt %, and subjecting the obtained cathode deposit to electron-beam melting in a vacuum free of oil vapors under a residual gas pressure of from 5*10 to 5*107 mm Hg, a melting rate of from 0.7 to 2 mm/min and a leakage into a melting chamber from 0.05 to 0.005 lum/s to produce an ingot of niobium. The method produces high-purity niobium having the total amount of impurities within the range of from 0.002 to 0.007 wt % which satisfies the requirements imposed on the materials used in micro wave technology and microelectronics, with reduced losses of niobium in both of the refining Stages and increased yield of high-purity niobium.


The aim of this paper was examining the relationship between school principal's leadership styles and teacher's motivation using Qualitative and quantitative data collected through multifactor leadership Questionnaire from 193 sample respondents. The data also collected using FGD and analyzing using descriptive, Pearson's correlation and regression coefficient. The study found that, school principals predominantly exhibited the transactional leadership style. Significant relationships between styles of principal's leadership and teacher's motivation were also found. However, transformational, transactional, and passive/avoidant leadership styles correlated with teacher's motivation at various degrees .there is significant correlations between principals' leadership styles and teacher's intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Thus, the school principal leadership styles have a potential impact on the teacher's motivation to exert more efforts, and concerned body should concentrate on leadership styles exercised in educational sectors to gain the maximum effort from teachers.


: Background : In addition to their primary indications, hypertension and congestive heart failure, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, ACE-Is, have pleiotropic effects, which are under active investigations. There is growing evidence of data stating the significant role of ACE-Is in the regulation of hemostasis. Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of ACE-Is on coagulation in hyperlipidemia. Methods: Sprague-Dawely rats animals were standard chow diet and serve as normal diet control while group 2,3 and 4 received atherogenic diet (4% cholesterol-enriched diet) for eight weeks. Animals in group 2, 3 and 4 were treated with distilled water (lipidemic control), captopril and enalapril for the next four weeks respectively. Captopril was used in a dose of 2x25 mg/kg/day P.O. Enalapril was given in a dose of 15 mg /kg/day P.O. At the end of the experiment, the animals were sacrified and blood sample was obtained from the heart for determination of prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), plasma fibrinogen, platelets count and total serum cholesterol (TSC). Results: Hyperlipidemia is associated with significant rise in plasma fibrinogen level (p<0.05). Captopril and enalapril treatment showed significant fall in elevated plasma fibrinogen levels (p<0.05). Hyperlipidemic rats treated with captopril and enalapril for 4 weeks showed significant prolongation of PT and aPTT ( p<0.05) while the platelets counts were statistically unaffected ( p>0.05). Conclusion: We conclude that captopril and enalapril possess favorable effect on coagulation in hyperlipidemia.


To assess appetite and gut hormone levels in patients following partial (PR) or total resection (TR) of the large bowel.


In this paper we present analytical expressions for the Hall coefficient and the electronic contribution to the thermoelectric power as a function of energy for a metal with a Fermi surface which is distorted by a pair of Bragg planes. Our results obtained by using an isotropic relaxation time are compared with the experimental data.


Coastal ecosystems provide tourism potential for coastal areas and the economic potential of coastal communities. Coastal ecotourism not only presents natural tourism, but also includes cultural tourism and rural tourism as well as activities aimed at conserving the environment and preserving the life and well-being of coastal communities. One of the coastal ecosystems is the coastal area located in Yeh Bakung Traditional Village, West Selemadeg District, Tabanan Regency, Bali. An area that has the potential as a tourism must have a proper and precisely designed management system, so that the success of the target can be achieved. Therefore, this study aims to determine the potential of Yeh Bakung Beach as an ecotourism area, and determine its management strategy. The management strategy that is designed involves stakeholders and local community leaders, who know the condition of the area and have a plan in the area's arrangement. The method used in this study was the SWOT Method (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threat) by determining the quadrant on the Internal-External Matrix (IE Matrix). Before developing an area management strategy, it is first necessary identify and inventory the potentials of the area contained at Yeh Bakung Beach. IFAS values obtained were 3.01 and EFAS 2.53. These values converge in IV quadrant in the IE Matrix, which shows the areas grow and build.Thus, a strategy can be formulated through a SWOT Matrix detailing strategies based on SO (Strength-Opportunity) Strategies, ST (Strength-Threat) Strategies, WO (Weakness-Opportunity) Strategies, and WT (Weakness-Threat) Strategies. The strategy of managing the ecotourism area of the Yeh Bakung Beach includes a policy strategy, a facility and tourist activity strategy, a human resource development strategy, and a marketing strategy.


A WSN is a specialized wireless network made up of a large number of sensors and at least one base station. Sensor Network are emerging as a new tool for important application in diverse fields like military surveillance, habitat monitoring, weather, home electrical appliances and others. Technically, sensor network nodes are limited in respect to energy supply, computational capacity and communication bandwidth. In order to prolong the lifetime of the sensor nodes, designing efficient routing protocol is very critical. Here, we illustrate the existing routing protocol for wireless sensor network in data centric approach. In this review article, we discuss the architecture of wireless sensor networks. Further, we categorize the routing protocols according to some key factors and summarize their mode of operation. Finally, we provide a evaluation of energy consumption graph of SPIN and comparative study on these two main protocols.


Ephedra is herbal medicine used in the treatment of many diseases, especially asthma and urticaria. The aim of this study was to formulate topical formulations as a microemulsion, a gel and an ointment containing the Ephedra extracts of (E. Intermedia), collected from Balochistan, Pakistan and to evaluate their isolation, characterization and in vitro and ex vivo permeability release using markers. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for the quantification of markers, and in vitro and ex vivo studies were done by Franz diffusion cells. The kinetics release and permeability was checked by cuprophan dialysis membrane and natural rabbit skin to justify their stability for topical use. Of the three formulations, release behavior of microemulsion and gel was almost the same, and the ointment showed slow release. The cellulose membrane showed faster release than the rabbit skin; this arrangement can be shown as microemulsion > gel > ointment. However, Korsmeyer-Peppas release kinetics for the three formulations were observed for the membranes. This study demonstrates that it is necessary to assess the impact of release and permeability patterns of different formulations. In vitro and ex vivo experiments can be utilized to develop formulations of traditional medicines.


Abstract : The purpose, the organization, the user instructions, and the source documentation of a 'computerized almanac' are delineated. The Country Threat File is a compact and consolidated package of current information featuring recent evaluation of the threat, stress, and tension conditions prevailing in each country of the world. Computerization presents quick access to wanted information.


Given the practical orientation of an action or a professional program, it is natural to adopt a pedagogical approach to teaching ethics in public administration (PA) curricula that seeks to offer firmly founded and straightforward answers. Unfortunately, the serious study of ethics cannot oblige; adopting that approach lessens the real benefits that a more philosophical method can provide.To the extent that PA ethics ignores the philosophical and focuses too much on seeking foundations or anchors like core values, the method is ethically shortsighted-and we have a deficiency that we can call "anchor-myopia." It is an affliction that can be thought of as the anxious search for an anchor (or foundation) that in fact turns out to be no anchor at all. In dealing with a topic like ethics (which always admits to yet another question), it is natural in a professional program to want to demonstrate practical student relevance.The urge is probably increased the more the program sees itself as consumer-oriented. Given that many students have difficulty understanding the big picture about public administration, and given that many have been philosophically starved in their previous education, it is not surprising if the ethics coursework has a bias toward the individual student's direct or "micro" needs. Professors often find that the individual student is thrilled by recognizing that ethics can be about her own individual life. To the extent that PA ethics focuses too much on the "micro" concerns of the individual practitioner, the scope is ethically narrowand we have a deficiency we are choosing to call "macromyopia." It is an affliction because it constricts the supply of ethical attention away from where it is primarily needed.This need is at the macro level, aiming for the further liberation of the human spirit within-borrowing Max Weber's metaphorthe iron cage of bureaucracy. This paper suggests that the development and presentation of ethics courses for PA students should pay attention to these two myopic afflictions of method and scope. Neither difficulty is unrecognized. Relating to the first, we can read statements like "Many authors acknowledge that ethics should be grounded in philosophy, and they recognize the difficulties in such an approach" (Sheeran, 1993, xi). Relating to the second, John Rohr long ago warned that we focus on J-PAE 4 (1998): 1:33-38


This paper examines the jurisprudence of the Israeli High Court of Justice (hereinafter: HCJ) functional authority to grant relief in the interest of justice. Since the HCJ inauguration, the prevailing tendency of the jurisprudence was to expand the HCJ authority to review governmental actions in the interest of justice. This authority has also contributed to the development of Israel's substantive and procedural public law. However, this article argues that beginning in the 1980s, and especially after the constitutional revolution, a change has occurred in the normative foundations of this jurisdiction expansion. The direct effect of this normative change has been, mainly, the adoption of a different methodology in resolving questions regarding the HCJ jurisdictional authority. In this regard, the article identifies two contested jurisdictional models: the Kantian and the Lockean. According to the Kantian model, the HCJ functional authority is entailed by the virtues and advantages of judicial intervention. According to the Lockean model, the jurisdiction of HCJ is based on deeds and interactions that reveal the will of the people in favor of judicial intervention. Although the two models exist at any given time, the focus in the jurisprudence has been shifted from a Lockean approach to a Kantian one. The Lockean-Kantian distinction provides a better understanding of the HCJ case law and the method adopted in dealing with jurisdictional questions, and increases our understanding of the debates and difficulties surrounding the HCJ authority to grant relief in the interest of justice.


Base on the extensive application of handwritten signature in the office automation systems. The design and implementation of an online handwritten signature verification by using multi-matcher is presented in this paper.Experimenting on a signature database of 800 genuine signatures and 800 forgery signatures ,the performance evaluation in even ERR(Equal Error Rate) is 2.13%.The signature verification experiment using this method yields satiafactory results.


After more than 100 years of higher education modernization,China has formed its own higher education system and a management tradition with official control,centralized management and bureaucracy.Lack of independence,politicization and bureaucracy in the university internal management caused by Chinese traditional culture and higher education system hinder the modernization of Chinese university management.In the process of building a world-class university,innovations must be made in the ideas of university management and the cultural tradition to create a modern institution for universities,thereby promoting the reform in university management and the modernization of higher education.


TEST CUT: PERFORM A SMALL TEST USE YOUR TIME WISELY Set up your fi les before your appointment. Do test cuts to check for speed and power settings each time you use the laser cutters. The laser cutters' output varies (decreases) the longer they are used so minor adjustments from what you may have used before are often required. Materials change chipboard, cardboard, museum board, wood, and even cast acrylic are rarely the same density or thickness from one batch to the next. Make closed and continuous linework polylines it is faster!


Objective: To detect the contents of liquiritin and ammonium glycyrrhetate in GanCao(Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch) of different commercial grades by HPLC and make objective comparisons of GanCao of different commercial grades.Method: HPLC,ZORBAX Edipse XDB-C18 column(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm) chromatographic column;mobile phase: acetonitrile(A) 0.05% phosphoric acid solution(B)(Gradient elution);The detection wavelength was 237 nm.Result: The comparisons of contents of liquiritin and ammonium glycyrrhetate in GanCao of different commercial grades from Gansu showed obvious differences.The contents of index components in GanCao of A(apical diameters2.5 cm),B(1.5 cmapical diameters2.5 cm),C(1.0cmapical diameters1.5 cm),D(0.5 cmapical diameters1.0 cm) were higher than the standards set in codex,while the contents of index components in GanCao of E(apical diameters0.5 cm) were lower than the standards set in codex.Conclusion: the commercial grades of GanCao were positively associated with index components,the higher the grade was,and the better the quality was.The herbs from Jinta County of Gansu Pronvince were the best.


A method for extraction of microbial populations from wood samples was worked out which gave good recovery of both aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms in agar shake dilution and plating enumerations. This method was applied to the quantification of microbial populations in three European white firs ( Abies alba Mill.) which were afflicted with the European fir disease. Low numbers of aerobic microorganisms (102−104 colony- forming units (cfu) per g fresh tissue) were detected in sapwood irrespective of the degree of affliction. Anaerobic bacteria were usually 1–2 orders of magnitude less frequent. Wetwood of highly diseased firs contained significantly higher numbers of aerobic microorganisms (105−107), whereas the number of anaerobes was not enhanced significantly. Among the prevalent aerobic microorganisms in wetwood were Protaminobacter, Pseudomonas strains, and a yeast. In anaerobic counts from wetwood, Klebsiella and Vibrio strains predominated. The sapwood contained Bacillus, Beijerinckia, Staphylococcus , and Clostridium spp. High numbers of aerobic microorganisms were also detected in the roots and lower stem of a diseased vine plant ( Vitis vinifera L.). The importance of microbial populations in wetwood formation and disease expression is discussed.


The world population is estimated to increase from 7.96 to 10.46 billion in 2050. Population growth and urbanization will lead to an increase in the demand for livestock products by 2050, which inevitably will cause an increase in the generation of livestock waste. The production of livestock waste is much higher than human waste. One "animal unit" (1,000 lbs. of the live weight of an animal) of dairy cows produces 15.24 tons of waste per year, while one "animal unit" of humans produces 5.48 tons of waste per year. As livestock manures are rich in organic matter and nutrients, it is important to develop best available manure management techniques to recover these elements. Livestock manure is commonly disposed of by landspeading, composting and anaerobic digestion – the latter of which utilizes microorganisms to convert organic matter in manure to biogas and also produces nutrient-rich digestate as organic fertilizer. If these techniques are not available and the manure is not properly managed, manure may pollute surface water, ground water, soil and air. In China, according to the First National Survey on Water Pollution Sources issued by the Ministry of Environmental Protection, the Statistics Bureau and the Ministry of Agriculture on the 6th February 2010, the total chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) discharged to the water environment by the agricultural sector has increased to 13.25, 2.70 and 0.28 million tons annually, which is equivalent to 43.7%, 57.2% and 67.4% of the total COD, TN and TP discharged to the water environment in the whole country. The COD, TN and TP discharges from the livestock farming industry in 2007 were equal to 12.72, 1.03 and 0.16 million tonnes, corresponding to 96%, 38% and 56% of the agricultural discharges. This shows that the livestock farming industry is the largest agricultural pollution source. Pollution caused by the livestock manure occurs not only in developing countries, but also in developed countries. In USA, at present, less than 60% of total livestock manure is properly treated by land-spreading, composting, or anaerobic digestion. In the European Union, the Nitrates Directive is implemented to reduce the pollution of livestock waste land application on ground water.


Community reintegration of ex-offenders is a main issue for reducing recidivism. This article aims to explain the process of reintegration into the community based on the experiences of people who have been convicted of violent crimes in Iran. A qualitative study based on grounded theory was conducted in 2020 in Tehran/Iran. Data was collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 26 participants. An institutional review board approved the study. Results indicate that the "worry trap" is the main challenge that those convicted of violent crimes face upon reentry into society. If these individuals are provided with governmental and non-governmental services and support, they can move toward "restoring their lost social capital." The "redefinition of an independent identity" is a consequence of released individuals' struggle to restore their lost social capital. Further research exploring the causality of social capital and improved outcomes after release from prison and reentry to community is needed.


Heat exchangers for heating or cooling of mixtures of immiscible liquids are required in a diverse range of process industries such as solvent extraction petroleum reŽ ning, and biotechnology. The liquids are almost exclusively a mixture of an aqueous phase (water) and an organic (oil) phase. The design of such heat exchangers is much more complex than in the case of a single phase. The complexity evolves from the fact that the rate of heat transfer to the mixture and the pressure drop depend not only on the  ow rates, pipe geometry mixture composition, and liquid physical properties, but also on the phase distribution in the mixture, especially near the pipe wall. Different phase distributions are associated with the various  ow patterns that are encountered in two-phase systems [1]. In turbulent  ow, the  ow pattern is usually dispersed  ow. There are water-in-oil and oil-in-water dispersions. Emulsion is a stable dispersion of Ž ne droplets, which usually involves the presence of surfactants inhibiting coalescence of the dispersed droplets. The mixture may then be considered homogeneous and treated as a pseudo- uid with suitable averaged properties, and single-phase correlations can be employed for predicting the heat transfer coefŽ cient and pressure drop. The mixture density and heat capacity can be obtained by a linear mixture law using volumetric fractions and the thermal conductivity by the Maxwell equation. The main problem in applying the pseudo- uid approach is the calculation of the effective mixture viscosity. The major question to be answered while attempting to estimate the mixture effective viscosity is the identity of the liquids that form the continuous phase and are thus in contact with the pipe wall. Once this question is answered, correlations can be found in the literature for estimating the dispersion (emulsion) viscosity and the associated heat transfer coefŽ cient. Unfortunately, the answer to this question is not simple. Moreover, it is related to the phenomenon of phase inversion [2]. We know that there is a critical volume fraction for the dispersed liquid beyond which the continuous and dispersed phase invert. This means that with a rather small change of the water fraction or in some other conditions, an oil-in-water dispersion changes to a water-in-oil dispersion. This phase inversion usually occurs suddenly and sharply, with no apparent transition region. The change of the rheological characteristics of the dispersion at the phase inversion is associated with an abrupt change of the pressure drop. Pressure drop measurements reported in the literature indicate that at (or near) phase inversion, the effective mixture viscosity reaches a peak of up to one order of magnitude higher than that of the pure, more viscous liquid [1]. The switch of the liquid contacting the tube wall results in an abrupt change of the heat transfer coefŽ cient [3], as well as in the other underlying