This chapter introduces the reader into optical signal representations and the major physical layer effects causing system degradations in the WDM transport layer. Suitable modeling approaches are presented, and typical simulation results are demonstrated. Finally, the chapter focuses on performance degrading effects due to fiber propagation, optical amplification, and signal generation. 2.1 The Value of System-Level Simulation System-level simulations are now routinely used to theoretically evaluate the performance of transmission systems based on the parameters of existing optical equipment, and to define performance requirements for new equipment to ensure robust operation for all required application scenarios. In a sense, system simulation is used as a virtual prototyping tool that reduces cost by shortening the system construction cycle. Furthermore, simulations prove valuable for investigating possible upgrade scenarios, understanding the nature and sources for system-limiting effects, determining the full effect of component limitations, and developing new technological approaches. The most critical part in designing accurate and reliable system simulation scenarios is selection of the right parameters and accurate transport effect models. A. Richter (&) VPIphotonics Division, VPIsystems Berlin, Germany e-mail: email@example.com N. (Neo) Antoniades et al. (eds.), WDM Systems and Networks, Optical Networks, DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-1093-5_2, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 13 2.2 Simulation Domains and Signal Representations For computer simulation to be effective, optical signals need to be represented into the computer. Optical signal representations with different degrees of abstraction are important in providing flexibility for modeling various aspects of photonic networks. Since the initial publications of the fundamental concept as in Lowery et al. [1], many improvements have been introduced supporting the modeling requirements of the ever-evolving advances in optical technologies and network architectures [2]. Time-domain simulations that propagate individual time samples on an iterationby-iteration basis between modeling blocks have been used to investigate, for instance, the properties of integrated photonic circuits, high-speed transmitters, and receivers, where the analysis of bidirectional interactions in the picoseconds range are of key importance [3]. For optical systems and networking applications mixeddomain simulations (i.e. including both, the timeand frequency-domains) are more suitable where arrays of signal samples are passed between modeling blocks. Applications are mainly unidirectional propagation scenarios and bidirectional scenarios where time delays are longer than the array duration (e.g., optical switching scenarios in bidirectional ring networks), or where bidirectional interactions can be averaged in time (e.g., bidirectional Raman pumping of optical fiber). The simulation efficiency of mixed-domain simulations can be controlled by representing optical signals either by their complex, polarization-dependent sampled waveform (time-dynamic or spectral representation), or by time-averaged parameters only. Depending on the modeling scope of interest, the time-dynamic representation can be applied to a single frequency band (SFB), or to multiple (non-overlapping) frequency bands (MFBs) for which the appropriate propagation equations describe the evolution of individual frequency bands, while interacting terms are approximated using frequency decomposition (FD) techniques. Although waveform-dependent propagation effects are ignored when using a parameterized representation of optical signals, this approach provides significant simulation speed-up while keeping sufficient modeling accuracy when investigating, for instance, the impact of 'far-away' WDM channels or optical pumps. Parameterized Signals (PS) can also be used to track important properties along the transmission path such as power, principal states of polarization (PSP), as well as accumulated amounts of noise, chromatic dispersion (CD), self-phase modulation (SPM), differential group delay (DGD), and thus easily assess signal characteristics over topology and frequency. Additive noise that is generated by lumped or distributed optical amplifiers can be tracked separately from the optical signal, disregarding nonlinear interaction effects between noise and signal, or accounting for them at the receiver using deterministic system performance estimation algorithms. In that case, optical noise can be described by its wavelength-dependent power spectral density (PSD), which could be step-wise approximated by so-called Noise Bins (NBs) of constant PSD. Further on, the parameterized representation is useful for keeping parasitic terms resulting from optical amplification, crosstalk, 14 A. Richter


Recently emerged threat type of Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs). APTs continuously gather information and data on specific targets, using various attack techniques examine the vulnerabilities of the target and then perform the data obtained by hacking. APTs are very precise and intelligent. Perform specific attacks on specific targets, and so differs from traditional forms of hacking. APT is precisely focused on specific targets, according to the knowledge of the environment and selects appropriate types of attacks. Therefore, it is very difficult to detect APT attacks. This article describes the methods and procedures APT attacks, analysed and proposes solutions to detect these threats using honeypots system. Key-Words: APT, honeypot, computer security, attack, Advanced Persistent Threat


Photometric (uvbyfi) and spectrographic observations of the dwarf cepheid RS Gru are described. The photometry suggests that the star is slightly reddened, E(h - y) = + . Intrinsic (b - y) and C1 values are used to derive the variations in temperature and surface gravity. The mean values are (Teff = 7620 K and (log g0 ) = 3.83. With the aid of Wesselink's method, a radius of 3.1 R0 is found. The radius and effective temperature indicate M = + 1.2 which agrees well with the value M = + 1.3 derived directly from the photometry. A mass of 2.4 9f0 is found from the radius and effective gravity. The radial -velocity data indicate that y = 82 km sec-1 and 2K = 49 km sec-1. Key words: variable star - photometry - radial velocity - pulsation


Significance Human breast milk is rich in a family of structurally diverse unconjugated glycans. These human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) can shape the intestinal microbiome, serve as soluble decoys for receptors of pathogens, and have immune-modulatory properties. Virtually nothing is known about the importance of the molecular complexity of HMOs for binding and biological activity, which hampers exploitation of their biomedical potential. We have developed a synthetic approach that can provide highly complex, asymmetrical, multiantennary HMOs. These compounds have been used in the development of a glycan microarray, which makes it possible to examine the biology of individual compounds. Binding studies with the array uncovered that the complex architecture of HMOs greatly affects protein–glycan binding. Despite mammalian glycans typically having highly complex asymmetrical multiantennary architectures, chemical and chemoenzymatic synthesis has almost exclusively focused on the preparation of simpler symmetrical structures. This deficiency hampers investigations into the biology of glycan-binding proteins, which in turn complicates the biomedical use of this class of biomolecules. Herein, we describe an enzymatic strategy, using a limited number of human glycosyltransferases, to access a collection of 60 asymmetric, multiantennary human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which were used to develop a glycan microarray. Probing the array with several glycan-binding proteins uncovered that not only terminal glycoepitopes but also complex architectures of glycans can influence binding selectivity in unanticipated manners. N- and O-linked glycans express structural elements of HMOs, and thus, the reported synthetic principles will find broad applicability.


Abstract Optimization of nutrients in an aeroponic culture system is the most important factor for the quantitative and qualitative production of healthy potato seeds. This study was conducted in Ardabil agricultural center and natural resources greenhouse in an aeroponic culture system in 2019–2020. The study was based on a completely factorial randomized design. The reactions of the seedlings of three cultivars of potato (Agria, Banba, Caesar) to the combination of three bacterial inoculants (PGPRs) (Azospirillum lipoform, Pseudomonas putida, Aztobacter crococum), and two stages of chemical fertilizer nutrition were investigated. We found out that the maximum number and weight of mini-tuber per plant was obtained in cv. Banba. The maximum number of stolons, the number of days up to tuberization, and the maximum average weight of minitubers were achieved by applying the chemical fertilizer. PGPRs had a significant impact on the increase in the plant height and on the length of stolon in cv. Banba. The largest plant height and number of days up to tuberization were achieved in the cv. Caesar, and the greatest number of stolons was obtained in cv. Banba. We concluded that the application of the chemical fertilizer in aeroponic culture system promoted the potato yield.


Background: Ethiopia is amongst the African countries that have received significant food aid. Nonetheless, the common micronutrient deficiencies among food aid beneficiaries are not well documented. Objective: To find out the common micronutrient deficiencies among food aid beneficiaries in the country based on available data. Methods: Literature search was made from the Internet, peer-reviewed journals, various agency reports, national survey data, books, handouts and Masters in Public Health (MPH) theses since the year 2000. Micronutrient status information for food aid beneficiaries came mainly from studies in refugee/emergency settings, with very few published studies found documenting the nutritional status of non-emergency situations. The information obtained from the above mentioned sources was grouped under the major common micronutrient deficiencies in tabular forms that included the site where the study was conducted, subjects included in the assessment, sample size used, indicators used (clinical, biochemical and dietary) and the findings. Results: Vitamin A and iron deficiencies were the most prevalent micronutrient deficiencies among food aid beneficiaries. Other probable deficiencies prevailing were zinc, vitamins thiamine, riboflavin, niacin folate, cyanocobalamine, ascorbic acid vitamin D and calcium because of the low intake of dairy products and meat. In some cases, food aid rations provided insufficient quantity and quality of micronutrients, particularly when food aid was a major food source. Some logistic and budgetary constraints were reported as an impediment to assess the micronutrient status of the beneficiaries in field settings. Conclusion: Although the most important deficiencies are identified, the information cannot be generalized to all beneficiaries as their conditions and the types of food donated in emergencies could vary from place to place and therefore the findings should be interpreted contextually. The logistic problem documented underlines the need for seeking collaboration with research institutes and other government agencies whose interests fall in such undertakings. Furthermore, simple dietary assessment, anthropometric measurements and examination of clinical signs need to be considered in the future to assess the major micronutrient deficiencies. [Ethiop J Health Dev. 2011;25(3):222-229] Introduction Most sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries including Ethiopia suffer from both macroand micronutrient deficiencies, caused by the interaction of poor or inadequate diets and infectious diseases. These factors stem from poverty, low agricultural production, deeply entrenched food habits, and recurrent droughts and associated famine (1–3). In nearly all SSA countries, deficiencies in vitamin A (VA), iron, iodine, and other micronutrients such as zinc and calcium are common in the general population. VA deficiency is endemic throughout Africa and is the leading cause of childhood preventable blindness, and contributory factors to child morbidity and mortality from infectious disease (4). Iron deficiency may be the most prevalent micronutrient deficiency in emergencies because organic iron is seldom part of cereal-based food aid diets and such aid foods are high in fiber content (5). Other causes of anemia commonly reported may be due to other nutrient deficiencies as well as parasitic infestations. Zinc deficiency is assumed to be widespread in areas where diets lack animal based foods (6). Less than a quarter (20.0%) of the world's population is at risk for zinc deficiency (ZnD), and most of them are from the southeast Asian countries (7). Risk for ZnD is likely in most developing countries as the staple foods often supply inadequate bio-available dietary zinc (8). In most SSA countries information on macronutrients and selected micronutrient deficiencies are available. Likewise the status of both macro and micronutrient deficiencies that include VA, ID, iodine and folic acid is available among vulnerable groups countrywide; nonetheless, there is little or hardly any information on the status of major micronutrient deficiencies status among food aid beneficiaries (i.e people in shelters reported to be receiving food aid from any source during emergencies) in Ethiopia. An understanding of the micronutrient status of food aid beneficiaries is important since a large proportion of food aid is channeled through emergency programs in which food aid is often serving as primary sources of food with frequently limited access to other source of food or essential micronutrients. Micronutrient deficiency is more likely among those beneficiaries mainly depending on food aid to meet their nutritional needs (8). According to the very recent national survey report on food aid, the proportion of household members benefiting from emergency food rations was 12.0% while that of those from a safety net program and targeted supplementary food programs (TSF) were 17.0% and 7.0% respectively, with slightly higher proportion of beneficiaries for rural areas. Almost 223 Common micronutrient deficiencies among food aid beneficiaries Ethiop J Health Dev. 2011;25(3) half (45.0%) of the rural households reported a member participating in a public works program. The proportion of households that reported a member receiving direct support was 7.0% only (9). Generally, food aid rations tend to consist primarily of some grains with a small portion of fortified food like a corn-soya blend. On the basis of the very extensive review made by Natalie and several other authors, food aid rations provide insufficient micronutrients like riboflavin, vitamin C and calcium in part due to the insufficient total quantity of food (10-12). While in nonemergency food aid programs like food for work, the food provided is a supplement to the normal diet and essentially does not fulfill all nutrient needs (11, 12). This literature review was therefore undertaken to fill the gap through literature searches and provide evidence based information on common micronutrient deficiencies among food aid beneficiaries. Methods A retrospective review was made to identify the common nutrient deficiencies among food aid beneficiaries in Ethiopia based on the search of the available literature. In this over 40 documents were reviewed during the period of January to June 2011. The documents reviewed ranged from cross-sectional surveys, Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT), observational/case studies, prevalence data for common micronutrient deficiencies from the Demographic and Health Survey reports-2005, recent national nutrition survey reports, MPH theses and articles published in peer reviewed journals and magazines. A number of agencies identified involved in food aid distribution were the World Food Program, World Vision, Catholic Relief Secretariat, Africare, Save the Children, Micronutrient Initiative (MI), UNICEF, and other nongovernmental and governmental agencies. Books, the Internet (PubMed) and handouts that have addressed the issue in both developed and developing countries were also reviewed. Journal articles were accessed using databases, references cited in reports and other published sources. The information obtained from these various sources were grouped under the major common micronutrient deficiencies in tabular forms that included the site where the study was conducted, the design employed in the assessment, the subjects enrolled during the assessment, sample size used, indicators used including the findings and presented in subsequent sections. The indicators used in the assessment of the common micronutrient status were clinical, biochemical and in some cases dietary and are summarized in the tables and discussed here after. Results The available data reviewed suggest significant deficiencies in the major micronutrients (MND) that included vitamin A, iron and other minerals but not iodine among the food aid beneficiaries/refugees. The mean serum retinol concentration status among preschool children aged 6-59 months in Fugnido and Kebribeyah camps was 0.74 (±0.2) and 0.88 (±0.2) μmol/L, respectively. Likewise the prevalence rates among Somali refugee children were also higher than the aforementioned 2 camps and exceeded the WHO cutoff points set to declare the presence of public health problems (Table 1). Anemia appears to be a severe public health problem among the food aid beneficiaries' children with prevalence rates ranging from 12.8-62.9%. Prevalence varies from camp to camp making it difficult to generalize to all food aid beneficiaries. Anemia represents a severe public health problem among children under the age of five years for the general population as well as the food aid beneficiaries. Available information on iron deficiency anemia (IDA) of reproductive age women showed a mild public health problem (Table 2). The 2001 surveys conducted among adolescent refugees in camps revealed a high median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) of 1074 μg/L in Fugnido and 254 μg/L in Kebribeya suggesting that iodine deficiency (ID) is not a public health problem. The converse was found in school children and reproductive women of the general population who had a severe public health problem in this regard (Table 3). Table 1: Vitamin A deficiency among food aid beneficiaries' children (refugees) and the general population in Ethiopia, 2000-2011 Study sites Study design Study Subjects Sample Size Indicators (SRC) Prevalence (%)


SEAL METAL OF THE INVENTION INCLUDING A BASE PLATE 4 HARD WITH A METAL PLATE HAVING ELASTICITY AND CERTAIN WHICH IS FORMED 16 BEAD CONVEX PROFILE OR GRADIN AND BY-PLATE 6 MADE BY EACH METAL PLATE UNDER HARD ON BASE PLATE THESE SUB-PLATE BEING APPLIED AGAINST THE FRONT AND REAR OF THE BASE PLATE. WHEN THE METAL SEAL HEAD IS PLACED BETWEEN 10 AND CYLINDER BLOCK 12 IN AN AREA SEALING 14 IT IS SUBJECT TO FORCE TIGHTENING THE BEAD IS TABLET WITH FLATNESS IDEAL FOR COMPENSATING flaw ANY AREA SEALING. MATERIAL SEALED 8 REMOVAL ON SUB-PLATE ALLOW FURTHER ENHANCING THE EFFECT OF SEAL SEAL. APPLICATION TO ENGINE.


This paper introduces the current NOX emission status,pollution control regulations,control technology and its applications of China's cement industry.Based on case study of NOX control technologies applications in domestic cement company,this paper sums up the main factors that affect economic costs of NOX control technologies,and estimates the total NOX control costs of cement industry during "The Twelfth Five-Year" Period.Lastly,several policy recommendations to promote NOX reduction of cement industry are provided.


Objective We were to analyse and research the clinical effectof traditional Chinese medicine combined with locking plate in the treatment of intertrochanteric fracture. Methods 40 patients with intertrochanteric fracture who got treatment in our hospital during March 2011 and April 2013 were selected as study subjects,they were divided into two groups( treatment group and control group). Patients in treatment group were given the doctor of traditional Chinese medicine combined with locking plate for clinical treatment,however,patients in the control group were treated with locking plate. Clinical cure results of the two groups were observed.Results After related clinical treatment,patients' symptoms of the two groups werechanged obviously,and the difference between treatment group and control group was statistically significant. The differences of blood loss,operative time,healing time and other indicators between treatment group and the control group were not statistically significant. The difference of incidence of postoperative complications between treatment group and control group was statistically significant. Conclusions The application of traditional Chinese medicine combined with locking plate in the treatment of intertrochanteric fracture can getremarkableclinical effect,reduce the incidence of complications and accelerate rehabilitation progress,so it worthy of clinicalpromotion.


Abstract In social science the concept of 'institution' plays a very important role. There are, however, significant differences in the way the concept is interpreted by the different schools of thought. Within economics is a divide between Original Institutional Economics and New Institutional Economics. Within sociology the Classical Sociology approaches the concept differently compared with the way Micro-Sociology is interpreting it. Serious methodological differences make a fruitful confrontation between the different approaches almost impossible. This paper shows that a methodological synthesis is possible. The method of isolated abstraction, as applied by orthodox economics has the potential to offer a synthesis by adding social and psychic logic to the analysis of economic logic. Moreover, the application of methodological institutionalism can overcome the divide between the typical micro and the typical macro methodology. Keywords : economic institutions, social institutions, logical approach, historical approach, methodological institutionalism, methodological synthesis


Line-of-sight (LoS) time-of-arrival (ToA) is one of key parameters for network-based localization techniques. Its estimation accuracy depends on the bandwidth of transmitted signals. This paper aims to investigate the LoS-ToA estimation for an interleaved OFDMA based network, where the signal bandwidth is not sufficiently wide to offer the acceptable estimation accuracy. In this situation, an over-sampling approach is proposed to improve the resolution. Moreover, the proposed scheme does not require modification of mobile communications systems. It is found that the proposed approach can significantly improve the ToA estimation performance, and offer adequate accuracy even for the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) range.


The objective of this paper is to show how the transposition of selected fuel assemblies in a homogeneous core arrangement with blanket assemblies results in a core with superior plutonium breeding characteristics and potentially improved response to hypothetical accident transients which are not terminated by the plant protection systems. To accomplish this objective, a detailed comparison is made of the physics, breeding and inventory differences of a homogeneous and a heterogeneous core arrangement for reactor power levels of approximately 1000 and 2500 MW(t). This power range was chosen to determine if the heterogeneous core concept is applicable to commercial as well as demonstration size LMFBR plants. The initial heterogeneous (bull's-eye) study was performed for the 1000 MWt size reactor. The fuel pin diameter was limited to 0.23 inches (FFTF technology). Considerable optimizations were performed which showed that the number of required fuel and control assemblies in the heterogeneous design could be reduced relative to the homogeneous concept. This study has demonstrated the feasibility of taking a homogeneous core arrangement and replacing it with a heterogeneous core without increasing the inside diameter of the reactor vessel. The resultant optimum heterogeneous core arrangement resulted in a breeding ratio which was higher bymore » 0.1 relative to the homogeneous concept with a resultant reduction in compound system doubling time from 62 to 32 years.« less


The purpose of this study was to develop a system (FPaddle system) to quantify the forces generated on each side of the kayak paddle (left and right), in the blades' plane of maximal force application and in other planes, and to gain more insights about the on-water paddling force profile and associated variables. Using the FPaddle system forces applied on the paddle by an elite female kayaker were measured. Results suggested that the use of strain gages on two different planes provides more detailed information about the forces applied on the paddle throughout the paddling stroke including the exit phase relatively to the used of strain gages only in the plane of maximal force application.


On leaving the Conway Reef (lat. 21° 44' 48" S., long. 174° 37' 45" E.), July 4, 1855, a very beautiful branched asteroid Zoophyte, belonging to the Alcyonidæ, was brought up from a depth of between 30 and 40 fathoms, on the buoy-rope of the anchor. The polypidom, from a trunk of about one inch and a half in diameter, branched off, with much irregularity, but generally in a dichotomous manner, into very minute subdivisions.


The tumours with which this communication is concerned are small limited growths not exceeding a pea in size which are found in and in relation to the cutis vera, and which are characterised by undue tenderness or by the spontaneous generation of localised or radiating pain often of extreme severity. Though it is probable that these tumours have by n? means been overlooked clinically in the past, attention ^as been redirected to them and a new light shed upon their etiology by the clinical observations and histological ^searches of Professor P. Masson of Strasbourg. Professor ^asson's first observation was made in 1916, and though the j"ecent bibliography is still limited his conclusions have been 0rne out and his observations endorsed by other workers with SUch unanimity that his original description and explanation rernain unaffected.


Recently most researcaers used one一variatle function to describe thedeoradatio-i law of p。;ticide in to。ma taem;}ical m:tW d。f tai quantitat-ive prediction of pesticide degradation. That is to take tae pesticide resi-duals in soil to be a function of time only,However,the degradation lawof pesticide is al:。in lu ^n--e3 :3,} many。tile:iact}:、,such as iniital am-punt of pesticide,time of sun s'iinina, temperature and the rainfall, Th:gut-i。rs useximation of function to given which i;practicable todescribe the de-Irad;tion law of pesticide


In this paper, we show in detail that the complementary modulation characteristic of the parallel intensity Mach-Zehnder modulators can be exploited for the cancellation of the second order harmonic distortion in the analog optical links. A suppression of 29.3 dB in the second order harmonic distortion is experimentally demonstrated. By using this proposed technique, multi-octave operation of the link is implemented. The proposed approach can be used to suppress the second order harmonic distortion which is pronounced in the low biased links. This technique shows excellent potential for future multi-octave analog optical links.


In this study, bioactive compounds were extracted by ultrasonic-assisted extraction and classical extraction processes using distilled water as solvent from artichoke leaves which are considered as agricultural wastes. Antioxidant capacity, total phenolic and total flavonoid content values of the obtained bioactive extracts were determined, and extraction yields and times were evaluated to compare the extraction processes. Also, the optimum extraction conditions of ultrasonic-assisted extraction (extraction time and ultrasonic power) which provide the highest extraction yield were determined using D-optimal design by 'desirability' function approach. According to the results, bioactive extracts having high antioxidant capacity were obtained at shorter times and higher extraction yields were achieved by ultrasonic-assisted extraction process than classical extraction. The highest extraction yield was estimated as 98.46% with an application of 20.05 minutes of extraction time and 65.02% of ultrasonic amplitude for the ultrasonic-assisted extraction process.


Acrylic acid was detected in sea water in which oysters had been maintained and was shown to be derived from unicellular algae containing dimethyl-β-propiothetin (DMPT). Anticoliform activity was noted in samples containing acrylic acid. Intensification of the effect was achieved in laboratory studies and Phaeodactylum tricornutum (DMPT present) caused a rapid decline of Escherichia coli populations in sea water and in oysters which had been fed this alga. Pavlova lutheri (DMPT absent) was ineffective against E. coli.


Old Regime political cultures made use of extraordinary anthropomorphic readings of the sun, which by the late seventeenth century had won over the earth in contemporaries' minds as the center of the solar system. In such understandings the sun constituted the center of a planetary "system," which attracted, repelled, and presumably controlled lesser bodies. Accordingly, by striving for the celestial harmony that the British imperial constitution never achieved, the Federal Constitution spawned a mode of analyzing political power, particularly federalism, as interaction among heavenly bodies. In the decades following the creation of the republic politicians and commentators continued to interpret the relationship between the American states and the national government in terms of interaction among bodies orbiting around and gravitating toward each other. This article unveils the great effect to which many contemporaries took the solar system to tackle the most acute questions of the budding American political tradition.


The present study entitled, "Relationship between the level of knowledge about Sexuality and Sexual behaviors that manifest adolescents 5th year of secondary of the School Fe y Alegria 26, San Juan de Lurigancho - 2013", which bears the same overall objective, "Relate the level of knowledge about sexuality and Sexual behaviors that manifest adolescents 5th year of secondary of the School Fe y Alegria 26, San Juan de Lurigancho - 2013", and specific objectives, "ldentify the level of knowledge about sexuality in students 5th year of secondary of the School Fe y Alegria 26, San Juan de Lurigancho - 2013, te determine the Sexual behaviors that manifest adolescents 5th year of secondary of the School Fe y Alegria 26, San Juan de Lurigancho - 2013 and to establish the relationship between the level of knowledge about sexuality and Sexual behaviors that manifest adolescents 5th year of secondary of the School Fe y Alegria 26, San Juan de Lurigancho- 2013",it is a quantitative study, correlational, prospective and cross-sectional, with a sample of 81 students from a population of 120 students who were surveyed in the period of the first semester of 2013, earning an index of 0.988 or 98.8%, with an index of freedom of 0.012 or 1.2%, which validate the alternative hypothesis what to suggest that "The level of knowledge about sexuality
relates significantly with Sexual behaviors that manifest adolescents 5th year of secondary of the School Fe y Alegria 26, San Juan de Lurigancho- 2013".


This article analyses the content of the journal Trabajos de Prehistoria (1960-1993), as a representative periodical publication of Spanish Prehistory during that period, in an endeavour to reveal some of trends of the discipline. Quantitative criteria have been employed in order to define thematic, chronological, subdisciplinary and geographical evolution. Co-authorship and institutional adscription of the author permits the evaluation of general features of the scientific community as specialities, personal contacts and external relationship. Illustration and bibliography are considered as relevant factors of the papers. And approach to "impact measure" of the journal is offered. Results obtained justify the development of bibliometric analysis in the field of Humanities, with especial reference to Prehistory and Archaeology, inexistent in Spain up to now.


The multi-armed bandit (MAB) model has been widely adopted for studying many practical optimization problems (network resource allocation, ad placement, crowdsourcing, etc.) with unknown parameters. The goal of the player (i.e., the decision maker) here is to maximize the cumulative reward in the face of uncertainty. However, the basic MAB model neglects several important factors of the system in many real-world applications, where multiple arms (i.e., actions) can be simultaneously played and an arm could sometimes be "sleeping" (i.e., unavailable). Besides reward maximization, ensuring <italic>fairness</italic> is also a key design concern in practice. To that end, we propose a new <italic>Combinatorial Sleeping MAB model with Fairness constraints</italic>, called <italic>CSMAB-F</italic>, aiming to address the aforementioned crucial modeling issues. The objective is now to maximize the reward while satisfying the fairness requirement of a minimum selection fraction for each individual arm. To tackle this new problem, we extend an online learning algorithm, called <italic>Upper Confidence Bound (UCB)</italic>, to deal with a critical tradeoff between <italic>exploitation</italic> and <italic>exploration</italic> and employ the virtual queue technique to properly handle the fairness constraints. By carefully integrating these two techniques, we develop a new algorithm, called <italic>Learning with Fairness Guarantee (LFG)</italic>, for the CSMAB-F problem. Further, we rigorously prove that not only LFG is <italic>feasibility-optimal</italic>, but it also has a time-average <italic>regret</italic> upper bounded by <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\frac{N}{2 \eta } + \frac{\beta _1 \sqrt{m N T \log {T}}+ \beta _2~N}{T}$</tex-math></inline-formula>, where <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$N$</tex-math></inline-formula> is the total number of arms, <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$m$</tex-math></inline-formula> is the maximum number of arms that can be simultaneously played, <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$T$</tex-math></inline-formula> is the time horizon, <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\beta _1$</tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\beta _2$</tex-math></inline-formula> are constants, and <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\eta$</tex-math></inline-formula> is a design parameter that we can tune. Finally, we perform extensive simulations to corroborate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Interestingly, the simulation results reveal an important tradeoff between the regret and the speed of convergence to a point satisfying the fairness constraints.


This study is the longitudinal extension of an earlier study of perceptions of conflict in the first year of marriage (Acitelli et al., 1993). In both studies, we examined the relative importance (to marital well-being) of partners' similarity and understanding of conflict styles. While the earlier study related perceptions of conflict in the first year with first year marital well-being, the present study related the same first year perceptions with third year marital well-being. Two important changes appearing in the findings for the third year compared to the first year are: (1) constructive acts appeared more important than destructive acts to third year marital well-being, whereas destructive acts were more predictive than constructive acts of first year marital well-being; and (2) the association of wives' understanding of husbands to third year marital well-being was positive for black couples and negative for white couples. This association was positive for both groups in the first year. Results are discussed in terms of the ambiguity of positive interactions as well as the dissolution of the romantic myth in the course of relationship development in early marriage.


The 2006 NSW Conference will be held at the Four Seasons Hotel, Sydney from Sunday 21st May to Wednesday 24th May 2006.


Fastpaths are a method of optimization which relies on treating the most commonly executed cases of certain functions in a privileged manner, such that behaviour is not modified, but execution time is reduced.Fastpaths play an important role on improving paravirtualization performance offered by an L4 microkernel.In this article we redesign two existing fastpaths in an L4 microkernel for the purpose of adding SMP support.We then put these fastpaths through a series of regression and performance tests to determine if the design is correct and what performance benefits we can expect by using them on a multiprocessor system.


The results of physical forcings on primary production, its variation and associated hydrography of the southwestern Bay of Bengal during the southwest monsoon (July) and post-cyclone period (November) of 1999 were studied as a part of Marine Research-Living Resources (MR-LR) assessment programme in the Indian EEZ. During the southwest monsoon coastal upwelling was prominent along 11°N (off Karaikal), whereas along 13°N and 15°N the signatures of upwelling were obscure. But in the post-cyclone period, the combined effects of well-mixed northwestern Bay of Bengal coastal waters and the freshwater injection from the land runoff associated with the cyclone brought nutrients to the mixed layer, which enhanced primary production along the southwestern Bay. A maximum of primary production (1229 mgC m - 2 d - 1 ), chlorophyll-a (24.4 mg m - 2 ) and particulate organic carbon (68.7 g m - 2 ) was recorded along the coastal waters off Chennai (13°N) during this period.


Aerodynamic design improved the mileage figures for U-HAUL's largest fleet truck. Rounded front corners enable the establishment of laminar air flow over the van body top and sides. These corners of 150 mm (6 inch) radius, developed six years prior and currently produced on several smaller trucks and trailers, provided a comparable mileage improvement with all designs tested. From test data analysis it was determined that, in the U-HAUL environment, aggressive streamling, to the extent of current technology, provides little practical advantage over the rounded corners.


All-epitaxial InP-based 1.3 /spl mu/m VCSELs with a record-high continuous-wave differential quantum efficiency (57%) for single active region long-wavelength devices are demonstrated. Low-loss optical mode confinement is achieved through a selectively etched undercut tunnel-junction aperture. Singlemode continuous-wave lasing was observed up to 87/spl deg/C and the room-temperature output power was 1.1 mW at a current of 4.1 mA and a wavelength of 1.305 /spl mu/m.


Background  In healthy skin, there is a molecular microenvironment that favours the survival of melanocytes and regulates their function. Keratinocytes synthesize and secrete several cytokines that have stimulatory and inhibitory effects on melanocytes.


It is customary to expect that learning systems will frequently underperform or even fail in their initial stages of maturity. In fact, heuristic systems are somewhat encouraged to "fail" in order to expose the algorithm to the entire problem space, in the belief that this turbulent, knowledge-building process is an essential precursor to better performance later. This is clearly illustrated in learning a new game, where initial, erratic play is essential if all the rules are to be learned. Good and bad "moves" must be identified and cataloged so that strategies for avoiding, or at least postponing, losses (failures) can be formulated. Intelligent systems that use game-playing paradigms pose profound questions that must be addressed before any level of confidence can be placed in their ability to perform in the real world. This paper describes a game-playing methodology that has been used to control short-duration tasks and discusses its adaptation to continuous (and possibly ill-defined) processes. The p...


A measurement of the {ital K}{sup +} total cross sections on carbon and deuterium and their ratios from 450 to 740 MeV/{ital c} has been carried out at the Brookhaven Alternating Gradient Synchrotron. The observed ratios depart significantly from those expected from conventional nuclear physics calculations. The data are compared to models of nucleon swelling,'' which ascribe the effect to quark deconfinement or, alternatively, to vector-meson exchange with density-dependent masses.


Coal is the main energy source in China. As flat and shallow coal seams are being depleted, adverse coal seams such as inclined and steeply inclined coal seams account for larger proportion of seams that are mined. For these coal seams, instability such as slip and tipping of mining equipment due to the large inclination is a significant challenge for the productive operation of intelligent or smart mines. Therefore, this paper serves to provide some insights into improving their stability. In this paper, research on the anti-tipping and anti-slip technology of shields is carried out on an intelligent working face with a large dip angle. A mechanical model of "support-surrounding rock" was established. Through the analysis of the influence of the self-weight of the support on its stability and through theoretical analysis and field practice, it was found that the critical tipping angle of the support in the free state is 27.8, the critical slip angle is 16, and the support is more prone to slip in the free state; the shields in the middle of the working face are the key area for stability control. Suitable technical measures are taken to ensure the stability of the supports, which provides the management and practical basis for safe and efficient mining in the intelligent working face with a large dip angle.


The metabolism of /sup 18/F-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose (/sup 18/FDG) in 150 subjects including normals, schizophrenics, senile dementias, and primary affective disorders was studied. Some of the data analyzed to date are discussed.


We present resolved and CO observations of three galaxies from the HIghMass sample, a sample of -massive ( ), gas-rich ( in the top 5% for their M*) galaxies identified in the ALFALFA survey. Despite their high gas fractions, these are not low-surface-brightness galaxies and have typical specific star formation rates (SFR ) for their stellar masses. The three galaxies have normal SFRs for their masses, but unusually short star formation efficiency scale lengths, indicating that the star formation bottleneck in these galaxies is in the conversion of to , not in converting to stars. In addition, their dark matter spin parameters (λ) are above average, but not exceptionally high, suggesting that their star formation has been suppressed over cosmic time but is now becoming active, in agreement with prior Hα observations.


Alkaline electrolysis has been gaining considerable attention lately as a viable method for producing green hydrogen from renewables. Researchers are currently focusing on improving electrolysers, for example, by trying to increase their dynamic performance and efficiency. New designs with improved components are introduced for this purpose. This paper proposes a simple and easy-to-manufacture electrolyser design made from readily available materials. The components are easy to disassemble and can be replaced by new or degraded components to assess their impact. Characterisation of the small single cell 10 W electrolyser gave consistent results, even after interchanging parts.


Paul Bowlby is Associate Professor and Chairperson of the Department of Religious Studies, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, NS. Kingship is a puzzle in the Hindu religious tradition. From a literary point of view the Mahabharata2 portrays kings in a very negative way. The best emperors claim to embody dharma3 and to rule according to it' but they do so surrounded by the threat of an inadequate knowledge about their role and how to govern. Yudisthira and King Nala, for example, lose in the ritual gambling match, part of the imperial consecration rite (rajasuya), because they do not possess the knowledge of the dice; neither king can govern chance. Each accepts exile from his throne as a result of a flaw for which they seem at best marginally responsible. Their empires in turn are left in the hands of men even less qualified to rule according to dharma; and worse, these replacements are men whose character portraits in the epic suggest that they will plunder the empire for all that they can gain. Kingship, as Heesterman points out, is &dquo;roundly abominated&dquo;5 even in the


The invention discloses a powder injection molding mold which comprises a movable mold insert and a fixed mold insert, wherein an inner cavity is arranged on the movable mold insert; and the fixed mold insert is matched with the inner cavity of the movable mold insert in shape. The powder injection molding mold is characterized in that a gap is formed between the movable mold insert and the fixed mold insert; a step is arranged on the inner wall of the inner cavity of the movable mold insert; and a step, which is matched with that on the inner wall of the movable mold insert, is arranged on the outer wall of the fixed mold insert. When the mold is used for preparing a product formed before degreasing and sintering in powder metallurgy, the density of the product can be greatly improved.


We consider a firm that is subject to employment protection laws that limit the firm's ability to fire labor. In particular, we suppose that though a firm which shuts down can fire all its workers, it may fire no fewer. Compared to a firm that is subject to no employment protection, a firm constrained in firing will prefer a risk-free project over a risky one, but may prefer the riskier of two risky projects.


Since Narcotics Control Law of People's Republic of China put into force,communities are getting more and more important in drug and drug-related crimes prevention.Community provides not only a favorable shelter for drug crimes,but also a market for drug dealing.This article is to explain how to create community-based drug prevention system with scientific,rational and efficient ways from the perspective of crime scene.


Objective:To study the necessity of head CT by routine repeat in patients with closed traumatic brain injury.Methods:The relation of statistics between neurosurgical medical intervention and probable predictive factors were analysed with the method of stratified and logistic regression.Result:in the group GCS≤8,statistical relation was found between medical intervention and routine repeat head CT(RRHCT),while,in the group GCS8,was not found.Conclusion:(1)RRHCT maybe benefit the patient with the score of GCS≤8.(2)if the patient with GCS8 has the ill of hypotension and/or disturbances of blood coagulation,he may be benefited from RRHCT.(3)RRHCT is not necessary for other patients else.


The use of a passive satellite for over-the-horizon communication links has been proposed by Pierce and Kompfner. To confirm the theoretical work which has been done to date, NASA is planning to launch an aluminum coated, 100-foot-diameter plastic sphere for such a communication relay. In addition to confirming the feasibility of a communication link, the NASA sphere can be instrumental in confirming theoretical work in UHF propagation characteristics. With regard to conducting propagation studies, an essential requirement is that the sphere's scattering properties be described in advance of the experiment. The scattering properties of a metallic sphere (whose radius is very large with respect to the wavelength of the incident radiation) are described in this article. It is shown that the sphere's scattered field pattern is a function of the incident radiation's polarization scheme, and that the choice of any particular polarization scheme depends upon the experiment to be performed.


The emergence of the systolic paradigm in 1978 inspired the first 2D-array parallelization of the sequential matrix multiplication algorithm. Since then, and due to its attractive and appealing features, the systolic approach has been gaining momentum to the point where all 2D-array parallelization attempts were exclusively systolic. Latency has been successively reduced a number of times (5N, 3N, 2N, 3N/2), where N is the matrix size. But as latency gets lower, further irregularities were introduced into the array, making the implementation severely compromised either at VLSI level or at system level. The best illustrative case of such irregularities are the two designs proposed by Tsay and Chang in 1995 and considered as the fastest designs (3N/2) that have been developed so far. The purpose of this paper is twofold: we first demonstrate that N+/spl radic/N/2 is the minimal latency that can be achieved using the systolic approach. Afterwards, we introduce a fully-parallel 2D-array algorithm with N latency and 2N I/O-bandwidth. This novel algorithm is not only the fastest algorithm, but is also the most regular one too.


Complement receptors, CR1 and CR3, on neutrophils increase their cellular spontaneously at 37°Cor after mechanical stress during the cell preparation. We have established a cell preparation procedure and a cytofluorometric immunoassay method to evaluate the receptor expression in vivo in this study. The expression of CRI and CR3 was studied after haemolysis in NH4C1 at different temperatures and incubation intervals. It was shown that cell preparation and receptor analysis must be performed at 15°C or lower to avoid up‐regulation of the receptor structures. Two minutes' Incubation at 20°C was sufficient to modulate the cells in this regard. Granulocytes from healthy blood donors were analysed and the mean fluorescence intensity (MF1), which reflects the number of receptors on (he ceil surface, showed a normal distribution for the CRI (n=158) and CR3 (n=76) expression in the healthy population. The MFI of the two receptors showed a correlation (r=0.71). Granulocytes from all donors could be modulated at 37°C to a similar degree for both receptors (r=0.76), despite the fact that they are supposed to be mobilized from different intracellular pools. A group of patients with localized inflammatory processes, such as sinusitis, differed from the healthy controls. In this group, the CR1 expression was not normally distributed, but IS out of 26 patients (58%) had granulocytes with a CR1 expression exceeding the mean±SD of the normal population.


Detection and measurement of rainfall rate has always been a key ingredient when forecasting for extreme weather events, such as local storms and flash floods. Conventional radar reflectivity (Z) observations measuring backscatter from hydrometeor particles are vital for estimates of rainfall, but current methods do not always produce accurate results. Raindrop shapes found to become increasingly oblate with drop size can not be inferred from Z alone hence alternating horizontal and vertical polarization parameters are widely used which provide information on hydrometeor drop shape and concentration density, to be exploited for better rainfall estimates. This dissertation examines the previous and current use of radar polarization parameters in rainfall estimation, particularly the use of differential reflectivity ( DR Z ) on the reflectivity factor (Z) to rainfall rate (R) relationships. A retrieval algorithm is proposed using the techniques of optimal estimation theory to predict more accurate rain rates exploiting the data provided by polarization radar and known drop size distributions. Analysis of real data is performed in a block-wise manner using smoothness constraints to enforce spatial continuity. CONTENTS Page


Water replenishment,vegetation growth and wind-sand movement are the main factors that contribute to the change of vegetation coverage on sandy grassland in arid and semi-arid region.The conceptual and mathematical models of vegetation coverage are set up based on the researches on these three factors.The main models are grid water flow model,runoff model,ground water supply model,potential land productivity model.The model,combined with GIS technology,can show the spatial distribution characters of soil water supply,sand area and vegetation coverage change on sandy grassland in arid region.


most all animal tumours, and prob¬ ably many human malignant tu¬ mours, have some antigenic com¬ ponents which are not found in normal tissues. Of these the most fascinating group are the antigens which appear to be related to fetal antigens that normally should dis¬ appear before or after birth. These "embryo-specific" or "fetal antigens" are released into body fluids from malignant tumours and this finding has provoked the thought that they might be used for screening tests for still clinically-undetectable cancer or for monitoring the success of treatment. The whole subject is reviewed in detail by Laurence and Neville of the Chester Beatty Institute, London (Br J Cancer 26: 335, 1972) who note that if these antigens are to be of use in practice they must be readily estimated in body fluids, must be reasonably specific, and must tend to disappear with therapy and return with recurrence of the


Keeping balance is one of the most important tasks of a motorcycle. The steady-state manifold is proposed in this paper to explore the inherent dynamics and the balance properties of a riderless motorcycle. The dynamic and kinematic characteristics are analyzed based on the manifold and are validated by simulation. Comparing to traditional control method, the usefulness of the manifold in control is shown through the design of a novel control strategy. Furthermore, based on the analysis and the simulation, the potential applications of the manifold for control and planning are summarized.


Water is essential to support daily life, ecosystem, environment, and development. Due to rapid industrialisation, population growth, and economic development, the water demand increases worldwide. For this reason, research is being conducted to find alternative sources of water for non-potable purposes. Domestic greywater is receiving much attention worldwide as a possible alternative water supply for domestic and productive purposes. This study aims to determine the water quality index (WQI) for domestic wastewater and evaluate the effectiveness of Iron Removal Media (IRM) and Cattail Typha Angustifolia plants in treating greywater. The domestic wastewater used for treatment was wastewater from laundry activities. There are two types of models designed to obtain different data for both media. The first model design is used with Iron Removal Media and the second model is with Cattail Typha Angustifolia plants. After the greywater treatments, the efficiencies of different treatments were observed and compared to the WQI standard. It was found that the removal efficiencies were 25% for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 23% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), 12% for total suspended solids (TSS), and 9% for pH using IRM. When Cattail Typha Angustifolia media was used, the removal efficiencies of 57% for TSS, 46% for COD, 45% for BOD, and 10% for pH were achieved. This study showed that using Cattail Typha Angustifolia plants as media for the greywater treatment process could be more effective as compared to IRM.

http://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/resources/files/Pertanika PAPERS/JST Vol. 30 (2) Apr. 2022/32 JST-2922-2021


The low Curie temperature (T_C approx 28K) and small ordered moment (M_0 approx 0.17 mu_B f.u.^-1) of ZrZn2 make it one of the few examples of a weak itinerant ferromagnet. We report results of susceptibility, magnetization, resistivity and specific heat measurements made on high-quality single crystals of ZrZn2. From magnetization scaling in the vicinity of T_C (0.001<|T-T_C|/T_C<0.08), we obtain the critical exponents beta=0.52+/-0.05 and delta=3.20+/-0.08, and T_C=27.50+/-0.05K. Low-temperature magnetization measurements show that the easy axis is [111]. Resistivity measurements reveal an anomaly at T_C and a non-Fermi liquid temperature dependence rho(T)=rho_0+AT^n, where n=1.67+/-0.02, for 1<T<14K. The specific heat measurements show a mean-field-like anomaly at T_C. We compare our results to various theoretical models.


The analogy between charge carriers scattering in disordered spin structure of conductors and in polar disordered structure of dielectrics is noted and confirmed. When moving in spin-disordered structure, electrons scattering increases and becomes very large in case of opposite-spin structure of anti-ferromagnetics. On contrary, in regular parallel-spin structure of ferromagnetic resistivity decreases. By the same way, charge carriers are experiencing to strong braking in non central symmetric dielectrics, but their resistivity diminishes in case of unilateral (strongly oriented) polar structure. In some cases interaction between intrinsic polarity and charge transfer in material results in abnormal changes in its resistivity.


A large number of gas was trapped by water invasion in gas reservoir with water,resulting in 30-50% gas recovery.Based on the microscopic experiments,injecting N2 development to improve oil recovery was researched.N2 flooding gas(natural gas and water) in homogeneous pore model,skipped flowing and viscous fingering were observered in the front of gas and water.The mean displacement efficiency was 68.62%.In the fracture-pore ??model,N2 preferred a better flow channel flow,promoting the natural gas energy,forming bigger gas piston,driving water flow.The mean displacement efficiency was 64.63%.The results showed the injecting N2 development is a new efficient and reasonable method to develop of the gas reservoir with water.


Let F be a cellular automaton on the space of all sequences from a finite alphabet. From the local description of F a finite labeled digraph is constructed with a distinguished subdi graph. The surjectivity and openness of F are proved to correspond to properties of these digraphs. Similarly, another finite labeled digraph is constructed with a distin guished subset of its vert ex set . Th e injectivit y and local injectivity of F are proved to correspond to properties of this digraph and its subset . All the relevant prop erties can be checked in finitely many steps. Analogous results are also obta ined for biinfinite sequences,


How to regard the current situation of opposing corruption and promoting a clean government is a very important political issue. This paper gives some opinions in connection with "The 15th Congress of the Communist Party of China" on this issue. First, we should stress reform and opening to the outside world on the one hand, and punish corruption on the other; and we should define the guiding ideology, basic principle, leading system, operating system and work pattern of the anti - corruption struggle. Second, we should fully understand the extreme harmfulness and danger of corruption, and the great significance of combating corruption; persist in taking Marxism - Leninism, Mao Zedong thought and Deng Xiaoping theory as guidance, carry the fight against corruption through to the end. Third, leading cadres should pay attention to study, political awareness and integrity, and should stress self - discipline, self - examination, self - caution and self - motivation, set up a correct view of the world, life and values, and resolutely resist the influence of money worship, hedonism, out - and - out egoism and other decadent ideologies and cultures.


An analytical model of the sensitivity of magnetic field-effect transistors (MAGFET's) is presented. The model includes secondary and parasitic geometric effects as well as operating point dependencies. In order to get a continuous mathematical description for the sensitivity, we introduce a continuous function for the geometric correction factor G. This description of G is not limited to MAGFET's and can be used for any magnetic device.


Two of the many conditions commonly called " rheumatism" are actual joint diseases?(I) osteo-arthritis, a nuisance but not a calamity, and (2) rheumatoid arthritis, the most crippling of all. In two others there is no joint disease: (3) primary fibrositis, a periarticular or intramuscular condition producing aching and stiffness, and (4) " psychogenic rheumatism "?a psychoneurosis affecting the musculo-skeletal system and sometimes confounded with one of the others.


This paper investigates the condition of constant line energy, that is, the ratio of laser power to scanning velocity is kept constant. Under the condition, the effects of velocity change on temperature, net energy input, strain rate and material flow stress are studied. Their collective effects on dimension, residual stress, hardness and microstructure are also presented. Numerical results are experimentally validated and used to study process transiency, and aid understanding the complex and often conflicting effects of the condition.


ABSTRACT Extinct sloths (Xenarthra, Folivora) are morphologically diverse, despite some similarities among some Pleistocene genera. Cranial and diagnostic postcranial elements (especially limb bones) are taxonomically informative but the axial postcranial skeleton can prove difficult to classify, as in cases with only vertebral remains or when closely related taxa are found together. Here, 24 linear and angular measurements of presacral axial skeletons from eight genera of Pleistocene ground sloths were analysed through multivariate methods for assigning their vertebrae to a genus and to a position along the vertebral column. Both isolated vertebrae and vertebrae associated with partial and complete skeletons of each genus were included. Principal components and linear discriminant analyses show a high percentage (over 90%) of correct taxonomic reclassification. For the position of vertebrae, the accuracy increased significantly when cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions were separately considered instead of the whole column, misclassifying the position of the vertebrae only by a few positions in most cases. Our database is useful for confidently assigning isolated vertebrae of extinct sloths to a specific genus and position, showing that beyond the apparent homogeneity in the axial postcranial skeleton of ground sloths, quantitative studies allow the evaluation of diversity and variation between groups.


Despite a wealth of research and policy initiatives on "work‐family", "work‐life balance" or what we prefer to call work‐personal life integration, societies seem stuck about how to make equitable, satisfactory and sustainable changes in the ways in which paid work can be combined with the rest of life. So what is holding back satisfactory change? And how can people move beyond this apparent deadlock in workplaces and other institutions and really go forward? This paper looks at some of the reasons why issues about work‐personal life integration have become so pressing and then reflects on implications for working towards more fundamental changes at many different levels. It highlights sticking points holding back change and argues that these could be developed into new levers for change by emphasising the need to rethink and question many deeply held – but outdated – assumptions about working practices, families, culture and personal lives.


This paper presents an algorithm to support the PCB design process by automatically extracting its parasitic components in the critical path from a common EDA tool. An algorithm reads the board file from an EDA tool and feeds the information to the open source programs FastHenry2 and FasterCap. These programs are used for the extraction of frequency-dependent resistances, self and mutual inductances of the PCB tracks as well as the capacitances between those tracks. By augmenting the extraction process by automatically finding the critical path in any given power converter, the extraction procedure can be sped-up significantly and made more user-friendly. Especially in fast-switching applications this approach helps to reduce the usually needed design iterations by knowing the effect of differently routed PCBs. The accuracy of the calculated parasitics is verified by experimental results.


This paper presents three case studies describing the use of altmetrics across three research-intensive higher education institutions in the UK and USA. We conduct interviews to learn more about how altmetrics are applied by various teams in a university, with a particular focus on the use of tools built by Altmetric, including the Altmetric for Institutions platform. We interviewed a Research Support Services Librarian, Head of Research Information and a Principal Investigator. This is an exploratory study that seeks to find out more about the general awareness, application and potential for using altmetrics across a range of university departments. We identify exemplar use cases for wider adoption in institutions and uncover future potential use cases. The findings of this study are that although use of altmetrics is at a relatively early stage when compared to traditional bibliometrics, a number of professional groups are using the tools and underlying qualitative data to enhance existing processes. This includes monitoring attention to research papers in previously difficult to track sources, reporting to funders, inclusion in grant applications and offering alongside existing bibliometrics services. Potential limitations of the study are the focus on a small sample size in three large institutions and the use of a single tool. Interviewing a range of researchers across a number of institutions in order to highlight further altmetric use cases would develop the research further. The following case studies, however, offer a detailed insight into the current applications of altmetrics and Altmetric for Institutions.


Summary. The possible effect on the infant of dopamine antagonists used to promote lactation is cause for concern. Domperidone (Motilium) may be safer than other drugs in this group as it does not cross the blood‐brain barrier. The mean serum level of prolactin 2 h after treatment with 20 mg of domperidone in the puerperium was 255 ng/ml compared with 150 ng/ml after a placebo. The mean domperidone level in all breast milk samples during treatment with 10mg, three times daily, was 2·6 ng/ml. This was significantly more than levels after a single 20 mg dose sampled at 2 h (0.24 ng/ml) and at 4 h (1·1 ng/ml), and considerably less than values available for metoclopramide and sulpiride, relative to the therapeutic dosage. The effectiveness of domperidone to augment lactation requires further study.


The paper proposes a systematic explanation as to how the Japanese automobile suppliers system generated international competitive advantages in the 1980s and thereafter. Based not only on the survey of existing literature, some of which were never introduced in English in the past, but also the author's original data and a conceptual framework for coherent interpretation of the phenomena, the paper argues that coexistence of three conditions, as a mutually complementary factors, enabled such a competitive advantage: long-term relational transactions, bundled outsourcing, and dynamic small-number competition. These three pattern of the inter-firm relations have been much discussed in existing literature as separate factors, but they were not regarded as a coherent total system. This paper proposes a hypothesis that the performance advantage of this system should be ascribed at least partly to the complementarity of the inter-firm routines.


Driven by innovations such as mass customisation, complex supply chains, smart cities and emerging cyber-physical and Internet of Things systems, Big Data is presenting a fascinating range of challenges to Analytics. New fields are emerging such as Big Data Analytics and Data Science. Modeling & Simulation (M&S) is core to Analytics. Arguably, contemporary M&S practices cannot deal with the demands of Big Data. The implication of this is that M&S may not feature in the Big Data Analytics techniques and tools of the future. Based on recent experiences from the i4MS FP7 European Cloudbased Simulation platform for Manufacturing and Engineering (CloudSME) and associated industrial projects, this talk will outline the key challenges that Big Data has to M&S and strongly argue that M&S has to get "Big" to meet these challenges. Exciting opportunities lie ahead for multi-disciplinary teams of practitioners and researchers from OR/MS, Computer Science and domain specific fields. Indeed "Big" Simulation presents its own possibilities and the talk will conclude with thoughts on the potential for "Big" Simulation Analytics to move beyond Big Data into future Dynamic Data Driven Application Systems.


The traditional theories developed by Johanson and Vahlne (1977, 1990) and other researchers ofinternationalisation have long been questioned because of the fast-changing environment and deregulati ...


Nanotechnology is utilized in various fields including agriculture, one of which is in the botanical insecticide formulation. The material used for the formulation of botanical insecticide nano emulsion was tobacco leaf, which was applied to the citrus aphids, Aphis gossypii. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of botanical insecticide from tobacco leaves in the form of nano emulsion compared to crude extracts. The test was carried out at 4 concentration levels, 0.01%, 0.1%, 1% and 10% and was accompanied by control and two synthetic insecticides in the form of formulation, imidacloprid 0.05% and dimethoate 0.1%. The results showed that nano emulsions were more effective than crude extracts. The effective concentrations were 1% and 10%. The mortality at 1% and 10% concentrations of crude extract were 58% and 100%, while the mortality of nano emulsiuons were 100% and 96% at 48 HAA, respectively. The mortality of nano emulsion was significantly different to the control and not significantly different to the two synthetic insecticides. The LD50 values of crude extract and nano emulsion were 0.73% and 0.14% and the LD90 values were 2.65% and 1.69% at 48 HAA, respectively. Thus, the tobacco botanical insecticide in nanoemulsion form was more effective than the crude extract, so that it could be used as a prospective controlling material against citrus aphids A. gossypii.


....~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.. 42 k. 5 |~~~~~~~~; i:1: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. _PO: . ,! Abstract. Two large kangaroos, the red kangaroo (Megaleia rufa) and the euro (Macropus robustus) live in the arid regions of Australia. On hot summer days they are found in entirely different microenvironments: red kangaroos in the shade of small desert trees in relatively open country and euros around rocky outcrops in caves and under rock ledges. Measurement of the temperature and radiation characteristics of these microhabitats showed that the euro avoided much of the heat load of the desert, particularly the radiation heat load. While the


The rule of the surface roughness of hemi-cylinder inner surface by high-speed milling with ball point tools was studied through orthogonal experiments,the primary and secondary factors that influence hemi-cylinder surface quality were analyzed.The results show that the roughness of machined surface is influenced greatly by row space and cutting speed,and is influenced slightly by the radius of work-piece while high-speed milling inner surface of the hemi-cylinder.


We present theoretical studies of condensation of indirect excitons in a trap. Our model quantifies the effect of
screening of the trap potential by indirect excitons on exciton condensation. The theoretical studies are applied to
a system of indirect excitons in a GaAs/AlGaAs coupled quantum well structure in a diamond-shaped electrostatic
trap where exciton condensation was studied in earlier experiments. The estimated condensation temperature of
the indirect excitons in the trap reaches hundreds of milliKelvins.


We describe a model called the TRACE model of speech perception. The model is based on the principles of interactive activation. Information processing takes place through the excitatory and inhibitory interactions of a large number of simple processing units, each working continuously to update its own activation on the basis of the activations of other units to which it is connected. The model is called the TRACE model because the network of units forms a dynamic processing structure called " the Trace, " which serves at once as the perceptual processing mechanism and as the system's working memory. The model is instantiated in two simulation programs. TRACE 1. described in detail elsewhere. deals with short segments of real speech, and suggests a mechanism for coping with the fact that the cues to the identity of phonemes vary as a function of context. TRACE II, the focus of this article, simulates a large number of empirical findings on the perception of phonemes and words and on the interactions of phoneme and word perception. At the phoneme level, TRACE II simulates the influence of lexical information on the identification of phonemes and accounts for the fact that lexical effects are found under certain conditions but not others. The model also shows how knowledge of phonological constraints can be embodied in particular lexical items but can still be used to influence processing of novel, nonword utterances. The model also exhibits categorical perception and Joanne Miller for a very useful discussion which inspired us to write this article in its present form. David Pisoni was extremely helpful in making us deal more fully with several important issues, and in alerting us to a large number of useful papers in the literature. We also thank David Rumelhart for useful discussions during the development of the basic architecture of TRACE and Eileen Conway, Mark Johnson, Dave Pare, and Paul Smith for their assistance in programing and graphics. Send requests for reprints to


This report focuses attention on familial malignant melanoma and some of its clinical characteristics by documenting its occurrence in 22 kindreds, including one in which this malignant neoplasm has developed in a total of 15 individuals. The data convincingly demonstrate a genetic basis for the occurrence of this tumor in these kindreds. Furthermore, the tumor is apparently inherited through the autosomes and not the sex chromosomes. The mode of inheritance involves dominance although the pattern is not always that of a regular dominant. A change in terminology is proposed from "familial" to "hereditary malignant melanoma." Hereditary malignant melanoma is also characterized by the victims' significantly early age at first diagnosis and an increased frequency of multiple primary lesions. The findings have important bearing on early detection of this malignant neoplasm in the relatives of patients.


Grass intake by growing horses at pasture: a test of the effects of the horses' age and sward biomass. No data are currently available on the quantities of food ingested by young horses at pasture, in spite of the fact that pasture constitutes the main source of nutrients for these animals. In this study, three levels of sward mass were offered to animals (2.3; 2.9 and 3.5 T DM .ha -1 ), which correspond to grass heights of 6.6, 8.1 and 9.4 cm. Horses of the Cheval de Selle Francais breed were used (1 and 2 years old, live weight of 334 and 478 kg respectively) in a latin square design. The daily quantities of grass ingested at pasture were determined, and relationships between daily intake, and the characteristics of the pasture and animal were studied. Intake relative to metabolic live weight did not vary between yearlings and 2-year-old horses. Intake averaged 82 g OM .kg -1 LW 0.75.d -1 . Compared with yearlings, 2-year-old horses had a lower daily foraging time and a higher intake rate (9.9 vs. 7.6 g OM .min -1 ). Grass height had no effect on the food intake of growing horses for grass between 6 and 9 cm high. Compared with cattle and even sheep, horses maintain their lev- els of food intake even at low sward heights. horse / feeding / grass / intake Resume — Alors que le pâturage constitue l'alimentation principale des jeunes chevaux, il n'existe que tres peu de donnees sur les quantites d'herbe ingerees sur les prairies. Dans cette experimenta- tion, trois niveaux de biomasse relativement faibles ont ete proposes aux animaux (respectivement 2,3 ; 2,9 et 3,5 T MS.ha -1 ), ce qui correspond a des hauteurs d'herbe de 6,6 ; 8,1 et 9,4 cm respectivement. Deux categories de poulains de selle (un an et deux ans, respectivement 334 and 478 kg) ont ete integrees a l'etude. L'essai a ete conduit selon un dispositif en carre latin 3 〈 3. Les quantites d'herbe


This paper concerns the manual control of the electrically powered wheelchair (EPW) and aims to give some justification to the approaches taken in our previous works on improving maneuverability of the EPW. EPW manipulation of the human operator has been considered along with the pilot model framework and an error criterion has been proposed which describes the pilot's activity to maintain the EPW under his/her preferred control. The presented model has been constructed to coincide both with the already known pilot model results and the empirical knowledge on the strategy of the EPW manipulation of the human pilot. We presume that the poor maneuverability of the EPW implies the difficulty in maintaining this error variable to zero, and the fact would serve as a basis of the automatic controller design for EPWs. A fundamental experiment has been carried out to examine the validity of the error model partly and its result has been reported.


[Objective]To investigate the analgesia effect,the influence on rehabilitation and side effect of ropivacaine,ketorolac tromethamine,epinephrine during the total knee arthroplsaty(TKA) combined with intra-articular injection of ropivacaine and ketorolac tromethamine after TKA.[Methods]Fifty patients who underwent unilateral TKA from November 2007 to July 2008 were randomly divided into two groups.The study group received periarticular injection of ropivacaine,ketorolac tromethamine and epinephrine at operation combined with inrta-articular injection of ropivacaine and ketorolac tromethamine after TKA.The control group received the same dosage of normal saline at operation and after operation.VAS,Rameasay sedation score,the range of CPM exercises of the knee and side effect were recorded,respectively.SPSS 13.0 was used to analyze the data.[Results]At 6、12、24 hour,3 and 4 days,VAS in study group was lower than that in control group(t=3.49~2.34,P0.05),but there was no difference at 2 days between the two groups(t=1.99,P0.05).The range of CPM exercises of the knee was higher in the study group that in than in the control group at 2~6 days(t=3.030~2.112,P0.05),but no difference was noted at 7 days(t=1.997~2.020,P0.05).The incidence of side effect was not different between 2 groups(x2=1.657a,P0.05).[Conclusion]Periarticular drug injection during TKA and intra-articular drug injection after operation can relieve pain early after TKA,improve the range of motion of the knee and rehabilitation,no further side effect has been noted.


The entrance into the IV th mansions of the inner Castle corresponds for saint Teresa of Jesus to the beginning of supernatural life, to the threshold of mystical life. To clearly define the properties of this from now on qualified as "supernatural" prayer, saint Teresa resorts to the meticulous description of her own experience, to the use of specific vocabulary (natural, sobrenatural, contentos-gustos, contemplacion), to the assistance of several images (the pastor,,the two basins, the brazier). The precise study of those elements, spread between the inner Castle and the life book, will enable to clarify the terms of a definition and to better perceive the effects of a supernatural prayer in the mystical life.


The role of colour coding in the display of aircraft electronic flight information was evaluated by comparing performance with colour and monochrome forms of display for each of seven different information-processing tasks. Tasks required subjects to classify statements about the displayed information as either true or false. Processes of information search or identification or both were involved, to a degree dependent on the type of statement. Each task was characterized by a particular type of statement. Tasks also differed in the degree to which colour was relevant, and the degree of position uncertainty of relevant information. Colour was always redundant, and colours irrelevant to the task were present. Display complexity was varied systematically. Results showed that the value of colour was not simply dependent on whether the task was search or identification in nature. Colour resulted in faster responses in those tasks for which relevant information was uniquely colour coded, and in fewer errors on...


The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of corporate governance mechanisms (the proportion of the board of commissioners, institutional ownership, audit quality), the effect of corporate social responsibility, and the effect of earnings management on financial performance. The population of the research carried out was taken from company reports listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, where all samples used were financial reports, reports from 2017 to 2021. The sample was quoted using a purposive sampling technique, namely quoting samples based on certain characteristics. This study uses a quantitative method where the sample used is 70 companies with 222 data samples. Descriptive statistics, Chow test, Hausman test, R test, t test and F test are used as data analysis methods. Based on the research that has been done, it is found that there is no significant relationship between the independent board of commissioners, institutional ownership, audit quality, earnings management and corporate social responsibility, so the hypothesis in this study is rejected.


Cryptococcosis is caused by yeasts of the Cryptococcus neoformans/C. gattii complex, presenting cutaneous, respiratory and disseminated forms. A 44-year-old immunocompetent male with facial lesion and latent pneumonia was hospitalized and misdiagnosed with paracoccidioidomycosis. Computerized tomography scans showed pulmonary and neurological involvement, and cultures/China ink, cryptococcal antigen test and restriction fragment length polymorphism of urease gene ( URA5 -RFLP) confirmed C. neoformans genotype VNI. Hemoculture indicated ampicillin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (healthcare-associated infection). Fluconazole was administered, but after resistance detection, amphotericin B was chosen (cumulative dose/1500 mg). The patient was discharged with clinical remission (75 days) and amphotericin for one year (maintenance phase).


The integrated manufacturing process technology is studied in this paper,with the air cooling box with serpentine channel and deep channel taken as an example. The process selection,process flow and material selection are discussed and thus the channel and air cooling box forming process scheme is determined. The key process technology is analyzed in detail from three aspects such as the overall technology scheme,the channel forming process and air cooling box forming process scheme. Aiming at the problems in the development,the specific and effective solutions are put forward. The feasibility of the process plan is verified by the research result analysis.


Current SMT systems usually decode with single translation models and cannot benefit from the strengths of other models in decoding phase. We instead propose joint decoding, a method that combines multiple translation models in one decoder. Our joint decoder draws connections among multiple models by integrating the translation hypergraphs they produce individually. Therefore, one model can share translations and even derivations with other models. Comparable to the state-of-the-art system combination technique, joint decoding achieves an absolute improvement of 1.5 BLEU points over individual decoding.


In this paper, we consider the decoding of fountain codes where the received symbols may have errors. It is motivated by the application of fountain codes in DNA-based data storage systems where the inner code decoding, which generally has undetectable errors, is performed before the outer fountain code decoding. We propose a novel and efficient decoding algorithm, namely basis-finding algorithm (BFA), followed by three implementations. The key idea of the BFA is to find a basis of the received symbols, and then use the most reliable basis elements to recover the source symbols with the inactivation decoding. Gaussian elimination is used to find the basis and to identify the most reliable basis elements. As a result, the BFA has polynomial time complexity. For random fountain codes, we are able to derive some theoretical bounds for the frame error rate (FER) of the BFA. Extensive simulations with Luby transform (LT) codes show that, the BFA has significantly lower FER than the belief propagation (BP) algorithm except for an extremely large amount of received symbols, and the FER of the BFA generally decreases as the average weight of basis elements increases.


Information systems (IS) technology has become a strategic resource for most organizations to compete successfully in today's highly uncertain marketplace. One critical component of this strategic resource is the IS human resource. Unlike many other professions, IS professionals historically displayed a much higher rate of turnover due to rapid technological changes, job stress and emerging employment opportunities. Such excessive turnover can be very costly to the organization in terms of costs of recruiting and retraining and the loss of systems development productivity. Therefore, maintaining a qualified and stable body of IS staff has been continually ranked among the most important issues for the successful functioning of IS departments. However, this important IS human resource management issue has not received enough empirical research attention within the IS management literature. The current study attempts to fill this gap by empirically examining the relationships among a set of organizational and psychological factors (i.e., management support, degree of IS control, IS strategic significance, role stressors) and the


A vehicle height adjustment apparatus includes: a front wheel-side change unit that can change a front wheel relative position, which is a relative position between a body of a vehicle and a front wheel of the vehicle; a rear wheel-side change unit that can change a rear wheel relative position, which is a relative position between the body and a rear wheel of the vehicle; and a control unit that controls the front wheel-side change unit and the rear wheel-side change unit so as to change the front wheel and the rear wheel relative positions to adjust a vehicle height, which is a height of the body of the vehicle, and the control unit increases the vehicle height while maintaining a ratio of a displacement of the front wheel relative position to a displacement of the rear wheel relative position within a predetermined range.


Work is devoted to formation of a new technique of the solution of power problems of the theoretical electrical equipment connecting all modern methods of a computerization. Such alternative methods, as spectral and a minimization method are offered. The environment of development MathCAD is applied to realization of the presented methods. Justice of a spectral method for the solution of power tasks is confirmed by balance of power. Obvious geometrical interpretation of a method is given for evidentness. In a minimization method calculation of contour currents numeral coincided with the contour currents found a classical method. Universality of method is shown on the example of nonlinear chain with two sources E.M.F. The offered methods allow to optimize the electrical engineering system, expose physical essence of the system, are good for the synthesis of electrical electrotechnical schemes. On the basis of the considered technique problems of power industry of any complexity can be realized by consideration of electromechanical systems, besides it allows to transform the vector-matrix equations of electric chains to the scalar equations.


Two decades ago, no U.S. state had an obesity rate above 15% and the condition was barely on the nation's radar screen. Today, the majority of states are dealing with obesity rates of at least 25%, according to the Campaign to End Obesity, and a study reported in the January 2012 Journal of Health Economics concluded that obesity and obesity-related conditions account for more than 20% of the nation's health care spending. In light of these data, it's no surprise that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has declared obesity an epidemic. To address this burgeoning problem, the American Medical Association (AMA) voted at its annual meeting in June (with heavy lobbying from, among others, the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, the American College of Surgeons, and the Texas Medical Association) to "recognize obesity as a disease state with multiple pathophysiological aspects requiring a range of interventions to advance obesity treatment and prevention." In one fell swoop, the AMA declared that at least one-quarter of America's adults had a disease. And it did so despite the fact that the AMA committee that had been studying the issue for a year, the Council on Science and Public Health (CSAPH), had advised against the designation. (To read the CSAPH's arguments for and against the designation, see http://bit. ly/11Xh4Ip.) The committee wrote that it was "premature to classify obesity as a disease," arguing that, "If obesity is to be considered a disease, a better measure of obesity than [body mass index (BMI)] is needed to diagnose individuals in clinical practice." BMI isn't a measure of fat, nor can it reveal what kind of fat—visceral or subcutaneous—causes a person's overweight. A significant number of people with BMIs of 30 and above, the value typically used as the threshold for obesity, are healthy, whereas many people with lower BMIs have high levels of body fat and the metabolic problems associated with it.


Caligus dubius was first described by Scott in 1894 from material collected from the plankton of Loanda Harbour, Gulf of Guinea. Both sexes were present in Scott's material but his inadequate description was based only on the female. The single subsequent record of C. dubius is that of Leigh-Sharpe (1934) who assigned some material from the Siboga expedition to C. dubius. No host or station data are available for Leigh-Sharpe's material. The type material of C. dubius is stored in the collections of the British Museum (Natural History) and reexamination of this material has revealed several significant differences from the specimens described by Leigh-Sharpe (1934). The female of C. dubius is redescribed and the male is described for the first time. Leigh-Sharpe's material is redescribed as a new species, C. sibogae, belonging to a well defined group of species within the genus Caligus. The diagnostic features of this group, called here the macarovi-group, are described and its 28 member species are listed. A second new species, C. antennatus, is described from material sent from Kuwait by Dr I. U. Tareen. This species is also referred to the macarovi-


Most effective treatment regimens for advanced nonseminomatous testis tumors (NSTT) employ vinblastine (V), cisplatin (CDDP), and bleomycin (B) and adjunctive surgery. The toxicity of many of these multidrug programs, primarily from vinblastine‐induced myelosuppression has resulted in significant patient morbidity and even death. Since 1978, the authors of this report have used vincristine (VCR), CDDP, and B with adjunctive surgery in patients with advanced NSTT. In the first 29 patients treated with VCR, CDDP, and B and adjunctive surgery, a complete clinical remission (CR) was achieved in 27 (93%) with 3 (11%) recurrences; 24 (83%) remain in CR 18 to 46 months (mean and median of 31 months). Twenty‐six (90%) patients had either maximal abdominal tumor (Stage B3) or maximal pulmonary and/or abdominal disease (Stage C). Twenty patients had adjunctive surgery. No patient developed serious chemotoxicity. This treatment regimen is less toxic and equally effective as V, CDDP, and B combinations.


This paper introduces the calculation methods of pressure temperature rating for ASTM materials using in power station valves,and also introduces the relations between pressure and class for high pressure and high temperature power station valves


Purpose: The research assesses the interest rates-inflation association in the case of Ghana between 2007 and 2013. Monthly and quarterly data were used.
Research Methodology: The model of the vector error correction and Johansen were used to investigate the long-term and short-term association in the model estimated respectively. The vector autoregression (VAR) test was used to model the joint dynamics between the variables. GRETL software was used in these tests. Granger predictive test was done with the EViews software.
Results: The findings of the result confirm both long-run and a short-run association in the model and as well as neutral granger predictive causality.
Limitations: Though the Johansen test is more appropriate for multivariate modelling, Engle-Granger test is considered to be more robust in most cases and as such future studies should consider using the two models in a comparative study to assess whether the current conclusions can collaborate.
Contribution: The paper contributes to knowledge in the field of inflation and Interest rates association, in relation to the financial markets. Future Research models that account for structural breaks and panel works are worth doing.
Keywords: Fisher effect, Treasury bill rates long run, Johansen model


Objective To discuss the change of serum TGF-β1 and IL-10 in peripheral blood of rats with liver tumor treated by RFA.Methods Thirty experimental liver tumor model of SD rats were prepared by implantation of tumor particles.These rats were randomly divided equally into three groups including 1 week after RFA,2 week after RFA and control group.Peripheral blood of control group,group 1 week after RFA and group 2 week after RFA was taken out respectively without RFA,1 week and 2 week after RFA.The mononuclear cells of peripheral blood were separated by Ficoll density gradient centrifugation.The expression level of IL-10 in peripheral blood was analyzed with flowcytometry.Serum TGF-β1 were dectected by ELISA.Results The serum expression level of TGF-β1 of control group was(6.61±0.12)μg/L,and that of group 1 week and 2 week after RFA were respectively(5.63±0.46)μg/L and(5.53±0.56)μg/L.There was statistical significance for the difference between control group and group 1 week or group 2 week after RFA.The serum expression level of IL-10 of control gorup was 95.92±2.31,and that of group 1 week and 2 week after RFA were respectively 89.71±5.44 and 87.67±11.11.There was statistical significance for the difference between control group and group 1 week after RFA.Conclusions RFA can destroy the tumor tissues in situ and relief immune suppression by IL-10,TGF-β1 secreted by tumor tissue.RFA can improve differentiation and maturation of dendritic cell in local area of tumor and promate ability of antigen-presentation of body.

Key words:
Ultrasonography; Liver neoplasms; Catheter ablation; Dendritic cell


Indigenous rights complicate state-led planning with potentially important transformative effects. While rights may grant a particular kind of access to planning venues to create opportunities for challenging prevailing policy views about reconciliation, these opportunities may also be vulnerable to planning system changes. Drawing upon the case of Haida Gwaii, this paper tells a story about a dispute over territorial rights that have been squeezed out of institutional venues for over a century. In seeking to have this dispute heard, the Haida Nation have sought out blockades and the courts, achieving a collaborative planning arrangement with the Province of British Columbia in 2009. These events are set in contrast to a more recent environmental assessment that was initiated by the Government of Canada to consider the controversial Northern Gateway (tar sands) pipeline and tanker project. It is argued that a series of environmental planning reforms tied to this project review are likely to impinge upon the very strategies used by the Haida Nation to achieve collaboration.


Objective To study on effects of different surgical methods in acute perforation of gastric carcinoma.Methods 36 patients with acute perforation of gastric carcinoma were divided into repair gastrectomy group,palliative resection group and radical excision group.Results The duration of repair gastrectomy group was shorten than that of palliative resection group and radical excision group(P0.05).And the duration of palliative resection group was shorten than that of radical excision group(P0.05).Conclusion The surgical methods of palliative resection and radical excision can last the duration of patients with acute perforation of gastric carcinomas and improve their prognosis.


An optimal design procedure for maximally flat FIR (finite impulse response) filters, based on the Bernstein polynomial, is proposed. Using a set of recurrence relations, this method simultaneously searches for the optimum order of filter and the orders of tangency at w=0 and w= pi , in a staircase-like manner. A detailed comparison to the earlier methods establishes the superiority of this approach. Being an optimal method, it results in the minimum order of the filter required to meet the given specifications. The method is shown to be suitable for the design of this class of filters with arbitrary magnitude specifications for which no method presently exists. >