In 1953 Leland Haworth, the director of Brookhaven National Laboratory, sent the Atomic Energy Commission a proposal, shortly thereafter approved, for a 25 GeV, $20 million accelerator to be called the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron. The proposal was five single-spaced pages long (one of which is almost entirely a table), plus an additional five pages of supporting material. This was among the first of the ambitious postwar initiatives that have become known as Big Science, and the scale of just about everything associated with such projects—the size, cost, number of collaborators involved in its facilities and instruments, and the length of the proposals—kept soaring. Today, proposals for large-scale facilities and the experiments to take place at them contain thousands of pages, with exhaustive descriptions of every mechanical aspect, detailed outlines of the scientific projects to be undertaken in them, and listings of every budget item. The path from an idea to the concrete realization of a physics experiment has grown progressively more time-consuming and complex. Recently this process has become even more complicated. The new complexity arises not so much from the fact that today's facilities, instruments, and collaborations are getting bigger, but that the research environment in which they take place has changed. More and more fields of science may make use of a large physics facility, and more subfields within physics. The facility may have to support a wider variety of instruments, more connections between seemingly disparate research programs, and a faster turnover of programs. Research cultures at largescale facilities now resemble ecosystems, comprised of complex and evolving interactions between individuals, institutions, and the overall research environment. In this new landscape, known as the New Big Science, the marquee projects at National Laboratories do not feel pressure to grow larger than they have been in the past. Instead, incentives both from within the laboratory culture and from the surrounding funding environment encourage them to become more complex and interdisciplinary. These developments are on display in an article in this issue, Catherine Westfall's ''From Desire to Data: How JLab's Experimental Program Evolved.'' Westfall's article, the first of a trilogy whose successors will appear in future issues, describes the unusual twists and turns of the effort to build a 6 GeV accelerator at a new laboratory in Newport News, Virginia. The intellectual excitement of the Phys. Perspect. 18 (2016) 247–248 2016 Springer International Publishing 1422-6944/16/030247-2 DOI 10.1007/s00016-016-0191-2 Physics in Perspective


Although the dreams of artificial intelligence have not been realized (despite the recent success of IBM in chess), it is apparent that software control of machines is quickly permeating our lives in many ways – some seen, some hidden. NASA is clearly dependent on computers to fly the space shuttle or to run the planned space station. Many commercial and military aircraft alike require computer systems to maintain flight and navigate. Power plants that produce electricity from nuclear fuel require software to monitor and control system conditions. Robot control of manufacturing machines and assembly lines implies embedded software. These and other application area require software systems that not only work correctly, but also satisfy safety concerns. A growing number of software systems can now be labeled safety critical. Peter Neumann writes [9, p.3]: Increasingly, we depend on computer systems to behave acceptably in applications with extremely critical requirements, by which we mean that the failure of systems to meet their requirements may result in serious consequences...We explore various inherent limitations both of the technology and of the people who interact with it. Certain limitations can be overcome – albeit only with significant effort. We must strive to promote the development and systematic use of techniques that can help us to identify the intrinsic limitations, and to reduce those that are not intrinsic—for example, through better systems and better operational practices. Examples of catastrophic failures of software systems are not difficult to find. The column "Risks to the Public" [11] in Software Engineering Notes describes many specific examples of risks to the public caused by software failures. The Therac-25 accidents [7] are some of the most widely reported examples of computer system failure. In the software engineering field, there is a wide recognition of the importance of accurate requirements. This is most apparent among researchers in formal methods of specification. It is obvious that a safe system will generally not result from inaccurate, incomplete, or inconsistent specifications. The last decade has seen


A structural analysis software referred to as V-X3D, which is based on the extended finite element method (X-FEM) using the VCAD framework provided by RIKEN, was developed and applied to perform a crack propagation analysis. In the method utilized for the developed software, crack geometry is expressed with triangular patches explicitly for finite element models and elastostatic analyses are performed by X-FEM. In crack propagation analyses, crack geometry is updated for adding triangular patches after each loading cycles using Paris' law, where crack growth rate is related with range of stress intensity factor (SIF) around a crack tip. SIF is evaluated by energy release rate, which is calculated by the domain integral method. As numerical examples crack propagation analyses for a plate with a circular crack under tension loading and a round steel bar with a straight notch under four points bending loading were performed by V-X3D. The validity was examined through comparisons with numerical results by another method and experiment results.


We present results of perceptual experiments geared toward assessing the relative importance of several prosodic factors in synthetic speech, showing that naturalness, relative to a target speaking style, can be significantly improved through both symbolic label prediction and better F0 and duration generation. Our experiments utilized a novel perceptual experiment paradigm, where we supply each test subject with two reference utterances in order to obtain reliable absolute scores that indicate magnitude of improvement. The approach gives ratings that are comparable across experiments. Results also show a strong interaction between detailed F0 and duration controls.


Data on influence of psycho-emotional loadings are provided in this work on indicators cardiovascular systems and on extent of saturation of blood by oxygen. The increase in indicators of arterial krovenny pressure and frequency of warm reductions testify to the general activization of sympathetic nervous system.


This paper discusses some of the development and challenges of total quality management (TQM) theory and practices. Basically, the paper discusses on the issues of defining TQM, provide the common key TQM factors, studies on TQM and organisational performance and the failures of implementing TQM in organisations. Based on these development and challenges, the paper suggests some of the issues that
need to be considered for future research and practice on TQM so as to remain relevant in the future.


Moral harassment at work is experienced by many brazilians and consists of a form of psychological violence through abusive and intentional conduct in which a person or group is repeatedly humiliated, causing several work-related illnesses, such as ulcers, heart attacks, depression and burnout syndrome. The traditional management model of family business is an example of how management systems can favor this practice, given that it presents characteristics as the lack of professionalization, little space for workers' participation in decisions and planning, power and knowledge centralization, male-chauvinism and patriarchalism. Faced with the current regress on the labor laws in Brazil, it becomes even more evident that there is much to be achieved in the field of mental health at work. In this sense, it is necessary that psychology works together with workers and public power aiming for prevention, intervention, promotion and vigilance.


A fast-moving play across Central Mississippi has shoved its production to an all time high. Buttressed with new oil from deep-lying Jurassic formations, the state expects to climb above 170,000 bpd. Providing this additional crude are 29 new fields, most all of them found in the last 4 yr. Jurassic production accounts for nearly 30% of Mississippi's total oil output.Current activity is centered mainly in 5 counties, all lying southeast of Jackson. Wayne County presently leads with 8 discoveries, followed by 6 in Clarke County, 5 in Smith, and 4 in Jasper, with one apiece in Yazoo, Madison, Ranking, and Scott. The wells are about evenly divided between the Smackover and Cotton Valley formations. At least 2 fields have established production form the Norphlet sand below the Smackover. The Jurassic trend in Mississippi and Alabama is similar to that in E. Texas. Mississippi structures appear to be somewhat larger, with 2 fields having about 20 wells each. The play in Mississippi is generating widespread interest in sulfur.


This study aims to determine the effect of learning using the measurement method on the grammar proficiency of students' reading ability, is there a difference in the learning outcomes between students who were treated using the measurement method and students who did not use the measurement method. This research was conducted in the Islamic High School of Bibidas in the period from August 26 to September 26, 2.19. This type of research uses quasi-experimental methods. The research sample consisted of 2. students in the eleventh class 1 for the control class, and their number reached 20 students in the class in the eleventh class 2 for the experimental one. The sampling technique is purposeful sampling that is selected based on the teacher's consideration. The research instrument used was a multiple choice test that was tested for validity and reliability. Data collection techniques in the form of observation, documentation and unstructured interviews, while the data analysis used by researchers is the use of independent sample test (t_tes test).
The results showed that the measurement method applied to the experimental class can significantly affect the mastery of the language of grammar and the ability of students to read Arabic texts significantly in teaching Arabic. This can be seen by the average student learning outcomes taught using the measurement method. This is clear from the description of the data before the test, before applying the measurement method in the experimental class to get the average class 68.75, and the control class 43,... But after receiving treatment after the test, the experimental class reached a mean = 83.25, and the degree of control reached the mean = 61.50. While the results of data analysis using the t_test statistics obtained a value of t-calculation = 7.148 and t-table = 2.42.


Two benzopyrans, evodionol (1), and evodion (2) were isolated from the stem bark of Melicope latifolia. The structure of both compounds was identified based on 1D and 2D NMR, UV, and IR spectroscopy. Antifeedant activity of compounds 1-2, and ethyl acetate extract, showing inhibition value of 28.9; 31.3, and 46.8%, respectively, which were categorized as moderate.


Spatially and temporally resolved visible absorption spectroscopy is performed on sodium D-lines present as surface contaminants on an expanded dense aluminum plasma plume. An 80-ns FWHM, intense, relativistic electron beam deposits 5.4 J into a 100-μm-thick Al foil, which isochorically heats and subsequently hydrodynamically expands the material through the warm dense matter state and into a classical-like plasma state, with a coupling parameter of approximately 0.2 and a degeneracy parameter of approximately 270. The Na contamination, carried along with the expanding plume, shows saturated absorption features in the dense Al continuum for λ > 450 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy confirm Na is a surface contaminant with an atomic concentration of ∼ 0.1 % when interrogating identical foil samples. A spectroscopic-quality radiation transport model is used to post-process 2D hydrodynamic simulations to interpret the plasma conditions based on the measured Na 3p-3s doublet line profiles. A sodium number density of 3 × 10 15 cm−3 best matches the experimental spectra, which originate from a dense surface plasma with n e = 3.0 ± 0.8 × 10 18 cm−3.


The composition and property of coal liquefied jet fuel distillate made in our country were studied in this paper.The test results showed that some of the physical and chemical properties were not fit for No.3 jet fuel specification and it could not be used as jet fuel.On the other hand,it is excellent in some performance such as high-density,high-flash point and low freezing point.The results showed that naphthenic hydrocarbons and tetralin homologs as well as alkyl benzene homologs were enriched in the distillate.This distillate could be used in the process of development high-powered jet fuel.


PurposeThe extant literature provides evidence that single CEOs are less risk-averse. Building on the theory of risk aversion, the authors argue that the risk aversion trait arising from CEO's marital status partially explains capital allocation efficiency. The paper aims to examine the association between CEO marital status and capital allocation efficiency.Design/methodology/approachThe primary sample includes 9,671 observations from 1,264 US firms. The authors apply multivariate regression and a series of endogeneity tests to examine the association between CEO marital status and capital allocation efficiency.FindingsSingle-CEO firms have higher capital allocation inefficiency than those with married CEOs. The findings continue to hold after a series of endogeneity tests such as propensity score matching, change analysis and instrumental variable regression analysis and are robust to alternative proxies for capital allocation inefficiency. The capital allocation inefficiency in single-CEO firms arises from overinvestment but not underinvestment, and corporate risk-taking channels the effect.Research limitations/implicationsThe study is limited to the effect of CEO marital status, not CEO marital quality.Practical implicationsThe findings imply that besides information asymmetry and agency conflicts, CEO marital status should receive special attention for capital allocation efficiency. Also, marital status influences the CEOs' commitment to the general good of society, affecting the potential conflict of interest with different stakeholders from inefficient capital allocation.Originality/valueThis study extends corporate finance literature on CEO marital status by providing novel evidence on the effect of single CEOs on capital allocation efficiency. The authors conclude that CEOs' personality traits, such as marital status, matter in corporate policy choices.


In the process of the development of e-commerce, there have been various kinds of chaos that infringe on the rights and interests of consumers, so it needs legal supervision. The commodity traceability system based on PBFT algorithm is an important way to protect consumers' rights and interests. In order to solve the problem that the security of consumer's personal information data cannot be guaranteed due to the random selection of the main node of the traditional PBFT algorithm and the low scalability in e-commerce, research and propose strategies to improve. A VBFT algorithm is proposed based on the verifiable random function and the encryption lottery algorithm, which makes up for the problems of the random selection of the main node and the low scalability of the PBFT algorithm. The results show that the communication cost of VBFT algorithm is 85KB, the communication delay is 4.05s, and the security of VBFT algorithm is 95.00%, they are superior to several existing improved PBFT algorithms and effectively protect the privacy rights of individuals in the e-commerce industry. The above results show that the proposed method has significantly improved the performance of PBFT algorithm, and has positive significance for the protection of consumers' rights and interests and the development of legal supervision of e-commerce industry. In addition, the improvement of relevant laws in the e-commerce industry also contributes to the stable and sustainable development of the e-commerce industry, and has positive significance for the development of China's market economy.


In this paper, an online monitoring method based on wavelet decomposition is proposed for the efficient localization of power disturbance source. First, the principles of wavelet analysis are considered, including wavelet transform modulus maxima and MALLT method. Second, the application of wavelet de-noising and modulus maxima theory is further considered for disturbance detection. Third, the proposed method is outlined and it is based on the fact that the detailed structure of wavelet is very sensitive to abrupt signal change. When the disturbance appears in the power net, the voltage signal changes abnormally, and causes modulus maxima in wavelet signal. Finally, the simulation studies are carried out on several disturbance sources, including de-noising and wavelet decomposition. The experimental results show that the wavelet based method can detect and localize the common disturbance sources reliably and efficiently.


Postpartum physical activity can positively impact mental and physical health. There is a need to better understand how physical activity is related to various psychological constructs to support physical activity in postpartum women. Thus, the purpose of this exploratory, quantitative, study was to examine differences between postpartum women who were physically active and those who were physically inactive on psychological (e.g., self-compassion) and mental health constructs. Five hundred twenty-five women (Mage = 28.4) completed an online survey. Participants who reported being active following the birth of their last child had significantly higher exercise self-efficacy, self-compassion, and basic psychological needs fulfillment for exercise and significantly lower levels of perceived fatigue, anxiety, and depression compared with their inactive counterparts. However, active mothers had lower body satisfaction than inactive mothers. Women who are active after the birth of a child have improved psychological constructs that may benefit  overall well-being and mental health during this challenging transition.


INTRODUCTION
Intraperitoneal sepsis due to anastomotic leakage significantly affects the outcomes of intestinal surgery. The aim of this retrospective review is to examine retrospectively general and local factors involved in anastomotic leakage and their prognostic value.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Between April 1998 and April 2008, 367 patients underwent elective (217=59%) or emergency (150=41%) primary colonic resection for benignan (77=21%) or malignant (290=79%) disease in our department. We performed the following operations; 124 right colon resections with immediate anastomoses (primary resection), 65 (52.4%) of which were emergency and 59 (47.6%) elective procedures; 171 left colon resections, 73 (42.7%) of which were emergency and 98 (57.3%) elective procedures, and 72 primary rectal resections, 12 (16.7%) of which were emergency and 60 (83.3%) elective procedures. The considered variables were stapled or manual anastomoses, protective stomas and medical comorbidities.

RESULTS
The perioperative mortality rate was 6.6% for emergency and 3.6% for elective procedures. The leak rate was 8.7% (32/367), 13.3% for emergency and 5.5% for elective procedures. Fistula was observed in 7/124 (5.6%) ileocolic, 13/171 (7.6%) colo-colic and 12/72 (16.6%) colo-rectal anastomoses, 8 of which were fashioned during emergency surgery. Twenty-one patients with anastomotic dehiscence were treated conservatively (3 underwent reoperation), while 11, with severe dehiscence, in all cases in the left colon, underwent an emergency Hartmann's procedure, with a perioperative mortality rate of 35.7%.

CONCLUSIONS
In our experience, the site of colonic anastomosis represents the risk factor most strictly related to the anastomotic leak rate, while other technical factors seem weakly associated with leakage. A significantly high percentage of patients (65.6%) with anastomotic fistulas have medical comorbidities.


This study focuses on the distribution of time scales and its relation to integral time scales in non-Gaussian turbulence within plant canopies. We introduce the idea of persistence usually used to describe nonequilibrium systems to the analysis of time series of turbulence as a simple approach to characterize the distribution of time scales. Analysis of turbulence data within and above a cornfield shows that the integral time scale is not adequate to characterize the duration of long events in non-Gaussian turbulence. Positive and negative events have different time scales as a consequence of the skewness of the velocity fluctuations. Sweeps (u′ > 0 and w′ 0) tend to be much longer lived, and their signature (which is not clearly seen in the integral time scale) is clearly identified in the distributions of persistence time.


There is a growing interest in coupled modelling of Groundwater-Surface water Interaction (GSI) due to the increased stresses on available water resources from population growth and various developments (agricultural and industrial among others). Policies and technologies for integrated water management and conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water are attracting researchers and investigators worldwide. Here we will shed light on the possible reasons that retarded considering groundwater and surface water in tandem; and the importance of studying such interaction. Some selected fundamental analytical approaches that tackle this topic will be reviewed with comments about their inherent idealisations and oversimplification of real-world situations. Such limitations will lead to the search for numerical models that can take into account the in situ conditions of connected aquifer-stream systems in the next phase of this research.


1. Nicole E. Rogers, MD, FISHRS (nicolerogers11{at}yahoo.com)
 1. Metairie, Louisiana, USA

Puig, C., R. Reese, and M. Peters. Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial pilot study on the use of platelet-rich plasma in women with female androgenetic alopecia. Dermatol Surg. 2016; 42:1243-1247.


Gaussian process (GP) regression is widely used to find the extreme of a black-box function by iteratively approximating an objective function when new evaluation obtained. Such evaluation is usually made by optimising a given acquisition function. However, for non-parametric Bayesian optimisation, the extreme of the objective function is not a deterministic value, but a random variant with distribution. We call such distribution the maximum distribution which is generally non-analytical. To construct such maximum distribution, traditional GP regression method by optimising an acquisition function is computational cost as the GP model has a cubic computation of training data. Moreover, the introduction of acquisition function brings extra hyperparameters which made the optimisation more complicated. Recently, inspired by the idea of Sequential Monte Carlo method and its application in Bayesian optimisation, a Monte Carlo alike method is proposed to approximate the maximum distribution with weighted samples. Alternative to the method on GP model, we construct the maximum distribution within the framework of Student-t process (TP) which considers more uncertainties from the training data. Toy examples and real data experiment show the TP-based Monte Carlo maximum distribution has a competitive performance to the GP-based method.


The purpose of urban plans is to help planners and planning students make better choices when developing plans. This work attempts to explore the logic of plans for a practical purpose.


The dairy sector is one of the main economic activities in the Spanish region of Galicia, located in the northwest of the country. In dairy farms, the type of farm management has a clear effect on climate change mitigation by modifying crucial processes such as carbon storage in the soil. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the dairy farm management (extensive, intensive and organic) on carbon storage in each soil aggregate fraction in dairy farms of Galicia. A total of 21 dairy farms were selected of which 7 farms were based on intensive conventional production, 7 farms were based on extensive conventional production and 7 farms were based on organic production. In each farm, two plots were selected and for each plot, two composite soil samples were collected. In the laboratory, soil samples were fractionated in macroaggregates (250–2000 μm), microaggregates (53–250 μm) and silt + clay (< 53 μm) to estimate the carbon storage in each soil fraction. The results show that the organic farms implied a higher amount of carbon storage in the different soil fractions than the extensive and intensive farms, being the carbon storage in the smallest soil fractions very stable and maintained in the soil in the long-term.


Image classification tasks leverage CNN to yield accurate results that supersede their predecessor human-crafted algorithms. Applicable use cases include Autonomous, Face, Medical Imaging, and more. Along with the growing use of AI image classification applications, we see emerging research on the robustness of such models to adversarial attacks, which take advantage of the unique vulnerabilities of the Artificial Intelligence (AI) models to skew their classification results. While not visible to the Human Visual System (HVS), these attacks mislead the algorithms and yield wrong classification results. To be incorporated securely enough in real-world applications, AI-based image classification algorithms require protection that will increase their robustness to adversarial attacks. We propose replacing the commonly used Rectifier Linear Unit (ReLU) Activation Function (AF), which is piecewise linear, with non-linear AF to increase their robustness to adversarial attacks. This approach has been considered in recent research and is motivated by the observation that non-linear AF tends to diminish the effect of adversarial perturbations in the DNN layers. To gain credibility of the approach, we have applied Fast Sign Gradient Method (FGSM), and Hop-Skip- Jump (HSJ) attacks to a trained classification model of the MNIST dataset. We then replaced the AF of the model with non-linear AF (Sigmoid, GeLU, ELU, SeLU, and Tanh). We concluded that while attacks on the original model have a 100% success rate, the attack success rate is dropped by an average of 10% when non-linear AF is used.


Objective To evaluate the surgical treatment strategy of concomitance of cholelithiasis and bile duct varicosity.Methods The surgical treatment experience of 17 cases with concomitance of cholelithiasis and bile duct varicosity was retrospective analyzed.Results All these patients were recovered.16 cases were followed-up from 3~10 years.2 cases were died in hepatoma and upper gastrointestinal bleeding.14 cases had satisfactory curative effect by followed up for average 9 years.Conclusion To adopt the different surgical countermeasures according to the different types of the patient's conditions,it could have satisfactory results.


We have measured the reaction pd → 3 He η at a proton beam energy of 980 MeV, which is 88.5 MeV above threshold using the new "germanium wall" detector system. A missing–mass resolution of the detector system of 2.6% was achieved. The angular distribution of the meson is forward peaked. We found a total cross section of (573 ± 83 (stat.) ± 69 (syst.) ) nb. The excitation function for the present reaction is described by a Breit Wigner form with parameters from photoproduction.


Abstract Five (ethyl to n-hexyl) of each of the series of 2-n-alkyl-6-(4′-cyanophenyl)-naphthalenes and -3,4-dihydronaphthalenes, and three (ethyl, n-butyl, and n-hexyl) of the corresponding series of -1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalenes were prepared. All these compounds exhibit nematic phases (no smectic phases were found) and the nematic-isotropic transition temperatures of these compounds are compared with those of the corresponding 4- n-alkyl-4′-cyano biphenyls and 4- n-alkyl-4"-cyano- p-terphenyls. Some explanation is given for the observed nematic thermal stabilities of the titled compounds. Assessments of the viscosities of the titled compounds have been carried out, and the effects on viscosity of substituting 2- n-pentyl-6-(4′-cyanophenyl) naphthalene for 4- n-pentyl-4"-cyano- p-terphenyl in commercially available mixtures have also been investigated.


Nonacid plasma glycolipids from Lewis‐negative individuals of nonsecretor, partial‐secretor and secretor phenotypes were prepared and separated by thin‐layer chromatography and immunostained with radiolabelled Lewis antibodies. Lewis‐positive plasma and intestinal epithelial cell glycolipids from Caucasians representing the four recognized Lewis and secretor combined phenotypes were used as controls. By presenting these purified total glycolipids in a cell‐free environment to Lewis antibodies we were able to demonstrate the presence of small amounts of Lewis antigens in Lewis‐negative individuals. It is shown that lactotetraosylceramide and extended precursor glycolipids are present in all Le(a–b–) nonsecretors. Leawas detected in 1 of the 3 Le(a–b–) nonsecretor plasmas and in the intestinal sample of the same phenotype. Lactotetraosylceramide was absent but H type 1 and Lebwere both present in all group O Le(a–b–) secretors, and extended H type 1 reactive structures were also found in the partial secretor. These results clearly demonstrate that although the Lewis‐negative phenotype exists at the serological level, this phenotype is not an 'all‐or‐nothing' phenomenon at the chemical level. We also show that in the presence of reduced fucosyltransferase activity, increased elongation of the precursor chain occurs, which allows us to postulate that fucosylation of the precursor prevents or at least markedly reduces chain elongation.


Dear Sir, In the current age of commercialism in the healthcare environment, professionalism is hard to define. We are bombarded with talk of professionalism and its importance in shaping the public's perception of today's physicians. Yet it seems that few people have a concrete understanding of what professionalism means. How do we transform the current culture of medicine from one of monetary and power struggles to one of compassion and exceptional medical care? It is our goal to create a new generation of physicians who serve as professional role models for future physicians. "Professionalism is the enactment of the values and ideals of individuals who are called, as physicians, to serve individuals and populations whose care is entrusted to them, prioritizing the interests of those they serve above their own". At the same time, as ACGME and medical school curricula make professionalism training an integral part of training over the past years, medical journals and the popular press alike have commented on "an erosion of medical professionalism" and "faltering public trust in physicians". It has been shown in study after study that medical students are more cynical at the end of their clinical years than when they started school. It is easier to impart didactic lectures on professionalism and walk away than to "walk the walk and talk the talk". In the clinical years, when students and junior doctors follow and emulate the so-called role models or seniors, it is but natural that they pick up the bad habits that they see in this age of smartphone distractions—lack of empathy, sexism, hypocrisy, racism, bullying and hierarchism—that is rampant in clinical medicine. Putting patients first is far from the priorities of ego-strapped physicians, even among the very senior ones who practise with their pockets and with blinders on to criticism. Dr. Jordan Cohen, former president of the AAMC, stated that "we have tended


An interlock system can discriminate a controller in which an abnormality occurs in a control system of a semiconductor manufacturing apparatus in which a plurality of controllers are connected through a network. A processing system contains at least one processing chamber which performs a semiconductor manufacturing process. A conveyance system takes an object to be processed in and out of the processing chamber. The control system includes at least one apparatus controller, which controls the processing system and the conveyance system, and an equipment controller, which manages the apparatus controller. The apparatus controller and the equipment controller are communicably connected through a network. The apparatus controller and the equipment controller are also connected via a hard wire so as to transmit a status signal of the apparatus controller and the equipment controller to the control system so that a presence of each apparatus controller and a status of connection between the controllers can be detected without using communication through the network.


Conjunctivitis is the inflammation of the conjunctiva, a thin, translucent, relatively elastic tissue layer with bulbar, forniceal and palpebral portions (figure1). The bulbar portion lines the outer aspect of the globe, whiles the forniceal which is loose and redundant swells easily and is thrown into folds. The palpebral portion covers the inside of the eyelids firmly adherent to the tarsal plates.


Abstract: Logging is considered the most important threat to species in boreal forests. In contrast to eastern Canada, where most boreal forests remain largely untouched, in Fennoscandia it is possible to assess the cumulative, long‐term effects of intensive forestry on wildlife. But harvesting of stands is rapidly changing Canadian boreal forests, which represent an important proportion of the world's boreal forests. We show that Fennoscandia and eastern Canada present striking similarities in terms of forest‐age structure, natural‐disturbance regime, and structure of bird assemblages, and we provide an assessment of the long‐term effects of forestry on eastern Canadian birds of the boreal forest. We used life‐history traits from habitat, nesting site, and geographical range to calculate an index of sensitivity to changes induced by modern forestry for boreal species of each region. Tropical migrants commonly found in eastern Canadian boreal forests have life‐history traits that are not threat factors in relation to changes caused by modern forestry. Therefore, the general belief that tropical migrants in North America are more sensitive to landscape changes than those in Europe may not hold for species found in the boreal coniferous forests of eastern Canada. Nine Fennoscandian species present high levels of sensitivity, and at least eight eastern Canadian species are of similar concern. In both regions, most of the sensitive species are resident cavity nesters. Given the important similarities between the two regions, the northern expansion of commercial forestry in eastern Canada is likely to result in the significant decline of several resident species, as has occurred in Fennoscandia.


Methods: For this purpose, rats were injected with ICV STZ bilaterally, on days 1 and 3 (3 mg/kg). The STZ-injected rats received GEN (1 mg/kg/day, p.o.) starting one day pre-surgery for two weeks. The learning and memory performance was assessed using passive avoidance paradigm, and for spatial cognition evaluation, radial eight-arm maze (RAM) task was used. Results: It was found out that GEN-treated STZ-injected rats show higher correct choices and lower errors in RAM than vehicle-treated STZ-injected rats. In addition, GEN administration significantly attenuated learning and memory impairment in treated STZ-injected group in passive avoidance test. Discussion: These results demonstrate the effectiveness of GEN in preventing the cognitive deficits caused by ICV STZ in rats and its potential in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD).


Timothy (Phleum pratense L.) was grown in pots under controlled conditions. Solutions of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethrel) at seven concentrations were sprayed on different plants at six stages of growth. Three cuts were taken on treated plants. Ethrel treatments increased tiller number at each cut. Dry matter yield was significantly decreased by applications of Ethrel at the first cut. Total dry matter yield of the three cuts was the same for all treatments, indicating that yields of the second and third cuts made up yield losses of the first one. Ethrel applications decreased the height of plants at the first cut only. The stage of growth, at the time of Ethrel treatments, also affected results but in a less well-defined manner than did the concentrations.


The structure of the spin interaction operator (SI) (the interaction that remains after space variables are integrated out) in the first order S-matrix element of the elastic scattering of a Dirac particle in a general helicity-conserving vector potential is investigated.It is shown that the conservation of helicity dictates a specific form of the SI regardless of the explicit form of the vector potential. This SI closes the SU(2) algebra with other two operators in the spin space of the particle. The directions of the momentum transfer vector and the vector bisecting the scattering angle seem to define some sort of "intrinsic" axes at this order that act as some symmetry axes for the whole spin dynamics . The conservation of helicity at this order can be formulated as the invariance of the component of the helicity of the particle along the bisector of the scattering angle in the transition.


Background: Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism is a rare endocrine disorder caused by the deficiency of parathyroid hormone. It typically has a progressive course and is characterized by accumulations of calcium deposits in the basal ganglia bilaterally. In untreated patients, the intracranial calcification may also affect the thalamus, dentate nuclei, cerebral cortex, grey-white junctions and the cerebellum. Different locations can mimic multiple neurological diseases making the diagnosis of that rare disease a challenge. Purpose: To present a clinical case with untreated idiopathic hypoparathyroidism, extensive intracranial calcifications and neurological and ophthalmological complications. Material and methods: We present a 50-year-old man with untreated idiopathic hypoparathyroidism who was diagnosed in 2015 with massive intracranial calcifications located in the basal ganglia and outside the extrapyramidal structures. The neurological examination showed involuntary choreoathetotic movements of the right arm, progressive severe cognitive decline, generalized tonic-clonic seizures, gait imbalance and visual disorders. Abnormalities in the calcium-phosphorus metabolism and renal function tests were found. CT scans demonstrated extensive brain calcifications. The ophthalmological examination showed diminished visual acuity and mature cataract. The histopathological result did not demonstrate ragged red fibres. Some differential diagnostic opportunities like Fahr's disease or Kearn Sayre's syndrome were also considered. Results: The patient was diagnosed with untreated childhood idiopathic hypoparathyroidism with extensive intracranial calcifications and neurological and ophthalmological complications – a rare clinical case. This was confirmed by his medical history, general, neurological and ophthalmological examinations, laboratory, histopathological and neuroimaging investigations. Conclusion: The CT findings demonstrating extensive intracranial calcifications in the basal ganglia and the extrapyramidal structures make the presented clinical case a diagnostic challenge.


A new algorithm is presented to compute the shortest path on a graph when the node transition costs depend on the prior history of the path to the current node. The algorithm is applied to solve path planning problems with curvature constraints.


"The Mediterranean, central to the development of human civilization and lovingly celebrated in Euro-American historiography, from the viewpoint of human oppression has been a veritable vortex of horror for all mankind, especially for the Slavic and African peoples. The relationship was in no way accidental."


This paper addresses the issue of financing the excess costs of electricity generation from currently installed renewable energy production capacity. We use a dynamic computable general equilibrium model of the Portuguese economy. We consider three issues: the effects of the excess-costs; the effects of annuitizing the costs; and, the effects of different financing mechanisms. Following the logic of the tariff deficit, we recommend the annuitizing of these excess costs. This strategy is justified on distributional grounds. We also find that financing through carbon taxation is a better alternative than passing these excess costs to electricity consumers in the form of higher future prices. This is consistent with the idea that renewable production is not an issue pertaining to the electricity market but rather a part of the national quest for decarbonization. Finally, we show that there is little reason to extend such preferential financing to future renewable capacity installation.


Software-defined networking (SDN) allows network administrators to manage network flows easily from a centralized controller. However, it also leads to new security threats to applications, controllers, OpenFlow switches, topology management and so on. In this work, we design a method to detect disobedient forwarding in the flow table by compromising a switch. To enhance detection efficiency and minimize additional network traffic, we reduce the number of detection packets necessary by aggregating the flow entries. This method selects the flow entries whose match fields can compose a valid packet from multiple switches. The switches on which the entries are form a path that allows the packet to travel through for rapid detection. We evaluate the efficiency of this detection method for various topology types in typical data center networks by Mininet simulation. The experimental results demonstrate that this method can examine the forwarding correctness of around 3 flow entries simultaneously for each detection packet in fat-tree topology. Furthermore, the scale of the network topology does not affect the efficiency of the method significantly.


This paper presents a new type of human-computer interface called Pico (Physical Intervention in Computational Optimization) based on mechanical constraints that combines some of the tactile feedback and affordances of mechanical systems with the abstract computational power of modern computers. The interface is based on a tabletop interaction surface that can sense and move small objects on top of it. The positions of these physical objects represent and control parameters inside a software application, such as a system for optimizing the configuration of radio towers in a cellular telephone network. The computer autonomously attempts to optimize the network, moving the objects on the table as it changes their corresponding parameters in software. As these objects move, the user can constrain their motion with his or her hands, or many other kinds of physical objects. The interface provides ample opportunities for improvisation by allowing the user to employ a rich variety of everyday physical objects as mechanical constraints. This approach leverages the user's mechanical intuition for how objects respond to physical forces. As well, it allows the user to balance the numerical optimization performed by the computer with other goals that are difficult to quantify. Subjects in an evaluation were more effective at solving a complex spatial layout problem using this system than with either of two alternative interfaces that did not feature actuation.


Integrated practice delivery methods and its affiliated Building Information Modeling software enrich stakeholder
collaboration. The shared knowledge resource functionalities and the real-time simultaneous collaborative attributes optimize the design interaction amongst industry experts. This may not be the case when novices collaborate on a group design project in a university setting. University novices do not have the individual intellectual capacity to communicate design ideas in the same way as industry experts. An artifact analysis on the intervention of BIM reveals that design education lacks a critical reflection and an approach that addresses how students with novice prerequisite knowledge should collaborate in the BIM domain. The hallmarks of best practices are provided to ground a collaborative design methodology.


The subject of this research is the legal nature and legal mechanisms of strategic planning of socioeconomic development in foreign countries. The goal is to examine the peculiarities of legal nature of the strategy of socioeconomic development in foreign countries. The author sets the following tasks: analyze the current state of legal regulation of the strategy of socioeconomic development in the Russian Federation; examine the peculiarities of legal nature of the strategy of socioeconomic development in certain foreign countries; use the data acquired in comparative legal aspect for outlining the prospects of using positive foreign experience in domestic practice. Analysis is conducted on the experience of strategic planning in the United States, Germany, and Japan as the representatives of different groups of countries with their own specificities. The author describes the peculiarities of various approaches towards legal regulation of strategic planning , which are substantiated by the following factors: the historical path of development of the strategic planning system; affiliation to different legal families and establishment of legislative system; degree of economic and social development; approaches towards settlement of the questions of correlation of public and private interests, and a range of other factors. The strengthening of the role of federal center as the organizing core of the mechanism of strategic planning is substantiated. The conclusion is made on the prospects for the development of legal regulation of the strategy of socioeconomic development in the Russian Federation. Recommendations are formulated on amending the legislation in the sphere of strategic planning.


Nothing makes the occupation with the great minds of the past more attractive than the fact that with the change in the whole situation of the present time, with the maturing of one's own personality, they appear in a new light and present themselves in rejuvenated shape. I had a curious experience of this kind, when it occurred to me during the investigation of some phenomenological problems, that Goethe, though ignorant of the name, had employed a definitely phenomenological method. In occupying myself now with the revealing of this fact, it will be my leading principle to understand Goethe through himself, and I shall try not to adapt his meanings to my own theories.


The present study experimentally investigates spark-ignited combustion with 87 AKI E0 gasoline in its neat form and in midlevel alcohol–gasoline blends with 24% vol/vol isobutanol–gasoline (IB24) and 30% vol/vol ethanol–gasoline (E30). A single-cylinder research engine is used with an 11.85:1 compression ratio, hydraulically actuated valves, laboratory intake air, and was capable of external exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). Experiments were conducted with all fuels to full-load conditions with λ = 1, using both 0% and 15% external-cooled EGR. Higher octane number biofuel blends exhibited increased stoichiometric torque capability at this compression ratio, where the unique properties of ethanol enabled a doubling of the stoichiometric torque capability with E30 as compared to that of 87AKI, up to 20 bar IMEPg (indicating mean effective pressure gross) at λ = 1. The results demonstrate that for all fuels, EGR is a key enabler for increasing engine efficiency but is less useful for knock mitigation with E30...


The importance of cluster policy is still very high in Germany. Especially today, when the coronavirus pandemic is putting cities and regions under economic pressure, places are having to compete with others more than ever to achieve new growth. Using an ex-post perspective of the case studies Dortmund, Dresden and the Hanover region, this book systematically highlights the modes of operation, development corridors and potential of cluster policy over about two decades. From agenda setting to policy transformation, divergent and uniform patterns in the policy cycle become apparent. In addition to theoretical classifications, the book also provides practical findings for this young, fluid policy area.


We show that the one-dimensional projection of Chern–Simons gauged nonlinear Schrodinger model is equivalent to an Abelian gauge field theory of a continuum Heisenberg spin chain. In such a theory, the matter field has geometrical meaning of coordinates in tangent plane to the spin phase space, while the U(1) gauge symmetry relates to rotation in the plane. This allows us to construct the infinite hierarchy of integrable gauge theories and related magnetic models. To each of them a U(1) invariant gauge fixing constraint of non-Abelian BF theory is derived. The corresponding moving frames hierarchy is obtained and the spectral parameter is interpreted as a constant-valued statistical gauge potential constrained by the 1-cocycle condition.


The influence of a series of alkyl-substituted 3-cyano-2-pyridones on the kinetics of the reaction of p-nitrophenyl acetate (10) with n-butylamine (9) was studied. The reactions were monitored under pseudo-first-order conditions using an excess of n-butylamine by 1H NMR spectroscopy at 23°C in CDCl3. A non-linear dependence of the observed rate constants kobs on the pyridone concentration was observed in all cases. The results were analysed using two different kinetic models. The first model is based on the amine-catalysed background reaction in combination with a pyridone-catalysed process, whose efficiency is reduced through dimerization of the pyridone catalyst to an inactive dimer. The second model also involves the amine-catalysed background process, now in combination with a catalysed process proceeding through pre-equilibrium complexation of the substrate with a 1:1 amine–pyridone complex and a second (rate-determining) step involving C—N bond formation. In addition to these kinetic studies, the aggregation behaviour of pyridones 2 and 3 was also studied in pure deuteriochloroform solutions and mixtures of n-butylamine and deuteriochloroform. While substantial aggregation to dimers occurs for both pyridones in deuteriochloroform, no such dimerization appears to occur in deuteriochloroform solutions containing 250 × 10−3 mol l−1n-butylamine. This finding strongly supports kinetic model 2 as the more realistic choice. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Under near room temperature, by using sodium tartrate, lanthanum trichloride, lanthanum acetate, and lanthanum nitrate as reactants, we synthesize the lanthanum tartrate nanocrystals in one step under the condition that the infrared lamp is irradiated and the polyethylene glycol 400 is used as the surfactant, where the synthesis method of nanoparticles by solid phase chemical reaction is used. Deionized water after washing with ethanol washes. Tartaric acid lanthanum crystalline powder is gotten, respectively. Analyze solid products phase using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron diffraction; characterize the functional groups structure with infrared spectra, and analyzethe change of functional groups in drugs before and after reaction; observe the size, shape, and size distribution of particlesby transmission electron microscopy(TEM). Testing 3 types of tartaric acid crystal powder of lanthanum are nano-crystallization, solid products are granular and relatively uniform in size, with an average particle diameter of about 40 nm, and the yield rate is approximately 92.3%. Furthermore, during the synthesis, the solid-state reaction conditions including raw materials, matching proportion of reactants, additions of inert substance, addition of trace solvents, surfactants and porphyrization time, etc, all have some influence on the morphology, particle size and size distribution of the final products. During the synthesis of the lanthanum tartrate nanocrystallites, the solid state reaction conditions such as changing reactant, matching proportion of reactant, adding inert substance, joining a little solvent or surface active solvent and grinding at different times may influence morphology, particle size and the size distribution of final products.


Organic nonlinear optical crystals have several advantages over inorganic crystals for frequency conversion and electro-optic modulation. In the present work, the effect of 100 MeV Ag14+ ion irradiation on the electrical and optical properties of organic nonlinear crystal para-hydroxy acetophenone (HAP) is investigated. It is observed that second harmonic generation efficiency is marginally affected. However, changes in refractive index and dielectric constants (13 times higher) are noticed in the irradiated HAP.


Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn is a crucial C4 species renowned for its stress robustness and nutritional significance. Because of its adaptability traits, finger millet (ragi) is a storehouse of critical genomic resources for crop improvement. However, more knowledge about this crop's molecular responses to heat stress must be gained. Hence, in the present study, we generated RNA seq data from the leaf tissue of the finger millet to observe the physiological changes and gene expression study in heat-sensitive (KJNS-46) and heat-tolerant (PES-110) genotypes of Ragi in response to high temperatures. On average, each sample generated about 24 million reads. Nearly 684 transcripts were differentially expressed (DEGs) between the heat-stressed samples of both genotypes. Pathway analysis and functional annotation analysis revealed the activation of various genes involved in response to stress, precisely heat, oxidation-reduction process, water deprivation, heat shock protein and transcription factors, calcium, and kinase signaling. The basal regulatory genes, such as bZIP, were involved in response to heat stress, indicating that heat stress activates genes related to basal regulatory processes or housekeeping. A substantial percentage of the DEGs belonged to proteins of unknown functions (PUFs), i.e., uncharacterized. The expression pattern of a few selected DEGs genes was analyzed in both genotypes by quantitative RT-PCR. The present study found some candidate genes and pathways that may confer tolerance to heat stress in ragi. These results will provide valuable information to improve heat tolerance in heat-susceptible agronomically important varieties of ragi and other crop plants.


The aim of this essay is to establish what purpose Roman cattle had. Why did Roman farmers breed cattle? Were the animal's main purpose to be used as draught animals, or were there other roles that were more important. I also want to establish how the different roles relate to each other, were the same animals used for different purposes. To do this I have chosen to study four Roman agricultural writers, Cato, Varro, Columella and Palladius. I have also studied osteological materials, published by Michael MacKinnon. The written sources have been studied all the way through, and everything of importance has been presented and analyzed. The same has been done with the osteological source.

Overall it is clear from both the literary and osteological sources that the main purpose of cattle was to be used as draught animals. A large majority of individuals survived into adulthood, and the agricultural writers focus their writings on oxen as draught animals. Estimates of meat weights show that cattle had a large part in the Roman meat consumption. The age estimates however, show that most of the slaughtered animals were adults, which suggests that non profitable animals, such as old, weak and infertile, were sold off to butchers. The literary sources also support this, several authors write that the herds needed to be culled once a year.


In this chapter, we will consider the problem of scheduling receive graphs in the LogP model. Note that this problem is equivalent to the problem of scheduling send graphs under an independent data semantics. Like in Chapter 9, the structure of minimum-length schedules will be used to construct good schedules for receive graphs. In Section 10.1, it is shown that constructing minimum-length schedules for receive graphs on an unrestricted number of processors is a strongly NP-hard optimisation problem. This is proved using a polynomial reduction similar to the one presented in the proof of Lemma 9.1.1. In Section 10.2, two polynomial-time approximation algorithms are presented. Both algorithms assume that g does not exceed o. The first approximation algorithm constructs schedules for receive graphs on an unrestricted number of processors that are at most three times as long as a minimum-length schedule on an unrestricted number of processors. In Section 10.2.2, it is shown that a schedule on P processors that is at most 3 + 1 k+1 times as long as a minimum-length schedule on P processors can be constructed in polynomial time for all constant k ∈ Z Z +. In Section 10.3, it is shown that if all task lengths are equal, then a minimum-length schedule for a receive graph on an unrestricted number of processors can be constructed in polynomial time. This is an improvement over the result of Kort and Trystram [55] who proved that a minimum-length schedule for a receive graph on an unrestricted number of processors can be constructed in polynomial time if g does not exceed o and all sources have the same execution length. In Chapter 9, it was proved that constructing minimum-length schedules for send graphs on an unrestricted number of processors is a strongly NP-hard optimisation problem. This was proved using the polynomial reduction from 3PARTITION presented in the proof of Lemma 9.1.1. Let (G, µ, L, o, g, ∞) be the instance constructed by this reduction for an instance of 3PARTITION. The send graph G contains m + 2 large tasks that must be scheduled on different processors. These are the only tasks that are scheduled after the communication operations in a minimum-length schedule for (G, µ, L, o, g, ∞). By reversing all arcs in send graph G, we obtain a receive graph G. In a minimum-length schedule for (G , µ, L, o, g, ∞), the large …


The article proposes strategic directions for managing the bank's assets and liabilities for stable profitability of a commercial bank. For this, a study of the theoretical foundations of the interpretation of the bank's financial strategy was carried out, as well as the main stages of the process of forming the strategy of financial development of banks were summarized (setting the general period of forming the financial strategy, forming the strategic goals of financial activity, developing a financial policy for certain aspects of activity, specifying the indicators of the financial strategy, evaluating developed financial strategy). In this context, an analysis of the effectiveness of Kredobank's activities and a SWOT analysis were carried out, opportunities, weaknesses and strengths were identified. Of course, the biggest threat to the bank is the unstable situation in the country caused by the war, because in such conditions it is difficult to formulate a strategy and follow it. It was established that the Development Strategy of Kredobank: improves the operating model and the multi-channel distribution model; uses the synergy potential due to belonging to the PKO Bank Polski group to create an "ecosystem" of financial services for Polish-Ukrainian business; builds value based on long- term relationships with satisfied customers and enthusiastic employees; dynamically and, at the same time, prudently increases the scale of its business; carries out deep digital transformation in all aspects of activity; ensures diversification of activity and discipline in the field of risk management and cyber security, resistance to market shocks. However, the well-founded strategic directions of the bank's activity will allow it to work stably despite any changes in the economic situation. Therefore, the work has improved the strategy of managing assets and liabilities of a commercial bank with the definition of directions (marketing policy, fund raising policy, IT sphere, investment policy) and implementation mechanisms.


A simulation model used to analyze the energy performance of an existing building should be calibrated to measured consumption data from the building so the simulation output closely follows the measured time series energy consumption data and shows the same temperature dependence. This paper has used optimization software to show that a simple simulation program which is a coding of the ASHRAE 'Simplified Energy Analysis Procedure' can be automatically calibrated to "measured" data. The "measured data" used in this case study was simulation data to which a small amount of white noise had been added.


Haemonchus longistipes, known as the barber's pole worm, is a very common parasite and one of the most pathogenic nematodes of ruminants. Adult worms attach to abomasal mucosa and feed on the blood. This parasite is responsible for anemia, oedema and death of infected sheep and goats, mainly during summer in warm, humid climates. The present study introduced a morphological description for the adult male and female worms isolated from five out of ten gastrointestinal tracts of the dromedary Camelus dromedaries collected from the main slaughter house at Cairo, Egypt. By light microscopy, it was observed that the body length of the isolated male worms was 11.4-15.3 (14.9±3.0) mm with a lobbed terminal bursa supported by long, slender rays. The dorsal lobe was asymmetrical with Y-shaped dorsal ray. Spicules long with a length of 0.41–0.68 (0.52±0.04) mm, each provided with a small barb and pore near its extremity. Body of female worms measured 14.6-16.5 (15.5±0.3) mm long. The length from anterior end to the cervical papillae was 0.21-0.53 (0.45±0.05) mm. The vulva of the female had a linguiform process or flap. Tail without a spine and the anal pore at the posterior end of the body had a visible dorsal rim and a muscular ventral rim not documented before in the paste description. Also, the presence of a knob type of female worms as well as eggs morphology were not previously seen. The parasite isolated was compared morphologically with the most similar previous species of the same genus. It was concluded that Haemonchus species infecting camels in Egypt need a massive study with using molecular techniques to detect and record the exact taxonomy and type species of this genus.


Significance: Catalytic C–H functionalization through photocatalysis is often an appealing methodology (I. A. I. Mkhalid et al. Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 890) due to its mild conditions, better selectivities, and lower catalyst loadings compared with conventional transition-metal procedures. The current report describes an unprecedented Ni/Ir-catalyzed cross-coupling using C(sp3)–H bonds as radical precursors to avoid the waste generated during similar photocatalytic reactions (J. C. Tellis et al. Science 2014, 345, 433). Concurrently, a direct C(sp3)–H cross-coupling under similar photocatalytic conditions using aryl chlorides rather than aryl bromides was reported (B. J. Shields, A. B. Doyle J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 12719). Comment: The current paper describes the reaction of activated α-heteroatom-substituted or benzylic C(sp3)–H bonds of substrates 1 (generally employed as solvents), mediated by both an iridium photocatalyst and a nickel catalyst, with (hetero)aryl bromides 2 to provide 3. The rate of the transformation was effectively enhanced by KH2PO4, which neutralized the generated HBr, and a substoichiometric amount of DMBP, which served to generate the radical through a hydrogen-atom-transfer process. The method is applicable to a variety of (hetero)aryl bromides, and tolerates those bearing weak C(sp3)–H bonds, affording products such as aldehyde 3b. Initial mechanistic studies suggest that the reaction proceeds through Ni–Br homolysis promoted by an excited-state nickel complex. Ir[dFCF3ppy]2(bpy)·PF6 (2 mol%) Ni(NO3)2·6H2O (5 mol%) DMBP (25 mol%) K2HPO4 (2 equiv)


This study analyzed the varying progress of 1,306 died patients in 2000, 2005 and 2010 at K University Hospital located in Daejeon Metropolitan City. As for the causes of death, this study conducted chi-square analysis and trend analysis using frequency analysis and SPSS by deducting the top 5 diagnoses of died patients in relation to their general characteristics and hospitalization-related characteristics. Moreover, this study analyzed the trend for each item through the trend analysis method of Cochran-Armitage as to the scale that showed a significant result from the yearly progress of top 5 death causes as a result of the diagnosis. Consequently, this study aimed to utilize the results of the aforementioned analysis as preliminary data for the developing of well-dying educational program to enhance the death rate of hospitalization and the quality of life. In conclusion, the death rate among middle-aged people between 45 and 59 years old in the regions with a low degree of medical accessibility is on the rise. Thus, it is required to promote vaccination and develop educational programs for the prevention of respiratory diseases such as pneumonia and the improvement of living behaviors for education and cancer prevention as to prompt a systematic emergency treatment and delivery system. This is for the purpose of increasing the survival rate of emergency patients in relation to the development of well-dying educational programs for an improvement of quality of life for middle-aged people.


With the advent of big data, the number of web pages and information are increasing exponentially. Much of the information we retrieve is mixed and redundant, which affects the effectiveness of retrieval. Therefore, information retrieval has become an indispensable technology. Compared with ordinary retrieval, the retrieval of laws and regulations needs higher relevance and accuracy. Aiming at the poor retrieval effect and unreasonable results in terms of legal retrieval, this paper proposes a legal and regulation retrieval system, our work is establishing a high-quality database, removing the stop word, and increasing hierarchical retrieval. Experimental results show that the proposed method in terms of legal retrieval is more effective than general legal search systems and wide-area search systems. In the end, we complete the design and visual display of the whole retrieval system to ensure the accuracy of retrieval results and the conciseness of retrieval contents.


Putin's first presidential period has come to the end. In the past for years, Russia has welcome a period of resurrection under Putin. And its transformation has entered into a period of rational development. Within this four years, Putin set up a political concept of Fitting Russia's culture characteristic, built a ruling strategy of powerful politics connecting the free marketing economy, and made satisfactory progress in terms of politics, economy and foreign affair. Thus, it makes Russia going along a resurrection. But, since the process of Russia's democratization and marketization, the process of Russia's resurrection is under observation.


Lead selenide thin films were deposited onto microscope glass slides by the chemical bath deposition method at various deposition periods ranging from 20 to 150 min. Atomic force microscopy was used to study the topographic characteristics of thin films including grain size, film thickness, and surface roughness. The thickness values as well as surface roughness values were increased when the deposition time was increased from 20 to 150 min. Film thickness ranged from 156 to 1186 nm while roughness ranged from 11 to 184 nm. The AFM images confirmed that the grain size of the films increased with the increased of deposition time. The AFM images indicated that optimum properties were obtained for the films deposited for 60 min. These thin films were uniform and the substrate surface was well covered with spherical grains that were uniformly distributed over the surface. (


Starting from the BBGKY hierarchy, describing the kinetics of nonlinear particle system, we obtain the relevant entropy and stationary distribution function. Subsequently, by employing the Lorentz transformations we propose the relativistic generalization of the exponential and logarithmic functions. The related particle distribution and entropy represents the relativistic extension of the classical Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution and of the Boltzmann entropy respectively and define the statistical mechanics presented in [Phys. Rev. E {\bf 66}, 056125 (2002)] and [Phys. Rev. E {\bf 72}, 036108 (2005). The achievements of the present effort, support the idea that the experimentally observed power law tailed statistical distributions in plasma physics, are enforced by the relativistic microscopic particle dynamics.


— In medical image processing, the detection of a brain tumor is considered as one of the most difficult and time consuming activities. The foremost aim of this paper is to design an efficient algorithm for brain tumor detection and segmentation. This paper presents an improved hybrid method using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), morphological operators, K-means and Otsu's thresholding technique for detecting and segmenting the tumor in the brain. DWT is used for image denoising. Morphological operators are used for removing the skull portions from the brain images and K-means clustering and thresholding approaches are used for image segmentation and finally to detect the brain tumor. The proposed method results in low values of Mean Square Error (MSE) and Bit Error Rate (BER) and high value of Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) as compared to existing watershed and region growing segmentation methods and thus outperforms the existing methods.


a score of 7 or more, the homes were providing care for practically the same number of heavily dependent old people as were found in the geriatric wards. It therefore seemed safe to assume that the 25(,, who scored 5 or more were in need of nursing care, and this was reinforced by the statement that a quarter were incontinent during the previous week. The use of staff assessments as an indicator of need masks the severity of the problem, for an untrained staff may accept responsibility while not recognising mismanagement. For example, the nursing and medical problems are greatest with those who are immobile but they are not seen to be a problem, while wandering patients often are. ' The trend in Leicestershire to appoint trained nursing staff is welcome, but Andrews3 drew attention to the fact that it is the apparent intention of the DHSS to reduce the amount of nursing in the homes.-ED, BM7.


This study examined the effectiveness of using fibreglass reinforced polymer (FRP) spikes in rejuvenating naturally damaged and deteriorated timber railroad bridge chord members. Shear spiking involves inserting the spikes vertically into the members. They are held in place by an adhesive and serve to improve horizontal shear transfer at cracks in the members. Past research had shown that this process can be highly effective in improving the effective stiffness of bridge chord members that were intentionally damaged. This study included four specimens that were salvaged from the field with varying damage conditions. The effect of shear spiking on the effective stiffness of the members was examined by means of load testing. It was observed that the increase in the effective stiffness of the specimens was highly dependent on the initial condition of the specimens. Members with modest damage and deterioration exhibited only a modest benefit from shear spiking. The two most damaged specimens used in the study...


Summary The events and thoughts which brought Michael Faraday to the discovery of diamagnetism in the year 1845 are reviewed and commented. The contribution of Bancalari, namely the discovery of diamagnetism in flame and gases made at the University of Genoa in 1847, had a strong impact on the continuation of Faraday's brilliant researches on magnetism in matter. Diamagnetism was carefully studied by him and other authors, while paramagnetism was revealed in solid, liquid, and gaseous substances. A systematic study of the magnetic properties of matter thus had its very beginning. The great number of skilful experiments carried out by Faraday from 1849 to 1851 led him to check in detail, in the case of magnetism, his concept of lines of force. In 1852, with the new phrase 'physical lines of magnetic force', Faraday was able to introduce and extensively discuss what may be called today a 'field theory' suitable for the description of magnetic action both inside and outside matter. Faraday's suspicious attit...


Initial permit distribution is a precondition of tradable emission permit markets' working order,which is the core for realizing the total amount control of environmental pollutant and an important factor to maximize the total welfare in pollution-control district.The determination on the initial price of emission trading is the key problem to the initial permit distribution.The present study investigates the technical solution on the determination of initial price of emission trading under the analysis of the treatment and emission of COD in water and SO2 in Nanjing city.


This new Selected Poems is the third collation bringing together samples of Derek Walcott's verse. The first, Selected Poems (1964), drawn from his earliest two slim volumes, might seem presumptuous were it not for the remarkable power and felicity with which the young poet is able to play off established traditions. The second, Collected Poems: 1948–1984 (1986), is more impressive as the mature poet continues developing his own voice while expanding his thematic range. The new 2007 volume, edited by West Indian scholar and poet Edward Baugh, updates Walcott's oeuvre to include the remarkable Omeros and other works since he received the Nobel Prize for literature in 1992. Baugh's brief introduction summarizes Walcott's career and points out salient aspects of his achievement. He finds that while Walcott profited early from English and classical forms he is inventive in "stanza pattern, meter, and rhyme" (xv). Furthermore, drawing from his specific Caribbean experience, "He moves fluently from the plain and low-key to the sonorous and richly metaphorical, the courage of the larger utterance" (xv). Baugh's announced intention is "to balance variable and overlapping criteria, by choosing poems that represent the range of Derek Walcott's work, poems that are among his best and most important, and poems that I particularly like" (xvi). Naturally incorporated into the chronological arrangement are traces of Walcott's evolving preoccupations. The opening poem, "Prelude", from In a Green Night, is blatantly precocious both in its assumption of world-weary maturity and allusion to Dante's "middle of the journey through my life" (3). Others among these early verses introduce lifelong themes. "A Far Cry from Africa" exemplifies the conflict between the mulatto poet's African heritage and his admiration for Western culture:


Local industrial tomato processing in Ghana remains insignificant in the mist of perennial tomato glut in the Upper East region of Ghana. A basis for processing decision making has been provided using exploratory research techniques to review tomato consumption, market segmentation and structure, production surpluses, prices and buying process of fresh and paste tomato. Fresh tomato surplus projects at 23,000 to 118,000 t p a (2000-2007) though actual glut period is short, occurring from February to March when 92 percent of farmers harvest, and traders use hedging tactics to avoid tomato spoiling on their hand. With the short glut period, large-scale processing requires planning and investment in semi- processed or cold storage facility, integrated project with cultivation of tomato variety suitable for harsh lean season climatic conditions and production staggering to prolong harvesting. Projected paste from surplus produce exceeds catchments area market, yet access is in competition with established brands such as Salsa, La bianca, Bonito, Tomaroma and Obaapa. Processing could target a paste market of 2,000-3,000 t, requiring l6,470 t fresh tomato, at a processing capacity of 2.3 t per hour, 24 hour-day and for 300 days p a, with plans for future expansion. This study was conducted in the last quarter of 2002.


Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) constitute a significant lipid class with essential nutritional and health benefits for both animal and human health; however, their effect and interaction with the gut microbiota ecosystem are still unclear. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the effect of fish oil (FO) on ruminal fermentation and bacterial abundance under high- and low-forage diets. Thirty-six ruminal fluid samples were allocated into two experiments. The first was on high-forage diet and included three groups: the control (basal diet with 70% forage and 30% concentrate), group 2 (basal diet + 5 mL/L FO), and group 3 (basal diet + 10 mL/L). The second experiment was on low-forage diet: the control (basal diet with 30% forage and 70% concentrate), group 2 (basal diet + 5 mL/L FO), and group 3 (basal diet + 10 mL/L). The results showed that although FO supplementation did not affect the pH level among different diets, it significantly decreased methane under a high-forage diet. In addition, regarding the fatty acids profile, FO supplementation in high-forage diet significantly decreased fatty acids in both; however, under a low-forage diet, FO groups showed significantly higher fatty acid content than the control. However, FO supplementation increased the abundance of Anaerovibirio, Selenomonas, pseudobutyrivibrio, and butyrivibrio through a high-forage diet. In contrast, the abundance of Prevotella, Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group, and Saccharofermentans was depressed with FO supplementation. Whereas under low-forage diet, FO supplementation increased Ruminobacter, Anaerovibirio, Megasphaera, Pseudobutyrivibrio, Streptococcus, Butyrivibrio, unclassified_lachnospiraceae; it also decreased Prevotella and Rikenellaceae RC9 abundance similar to the high-forage diet. Based on the KEGG pathway results, FO supplementation significantly downregulated genes mainly related to folding, sorting and degradation, environmental adaptation, cell motility, transcription, membrane transport, and signal transduction. The results revealed that FO has a depressing effect on ruminal fermentation and some bacterial population; however, this negative effect can be minimized in high-concentrate diets.


In the face of the 21st century, the instruction of modern Chinese history should lay stress on introducing the latest developments in the research of the discipline, the focal points and central issues in research as well as ways for their location so as to motivate students' interest in learning and scientific research. Attention should be paid to employ and impart to students fresh ways for historical research and analysis, and multi-media teaching means should be fully used for demonstrating to students the vivid record of the historical incidents so as to reinforce the directness and liveliness of teaching. In addition, efforts must be made to utilize the interactive teaching method now popular in western countries to implement the reciprocal activities between teachers and students and to improve students' enthusiasm and initiative in learning. Moreover, the content of social history, modern theories and ideas of historical sociology should be incorporated into classroom teaching, and importance should be attached to clarifying the historical nature and the entire process of some central issues in line with the contents of instruction in an attempt to combine classroom teaching with education in patriotism.


Near-wall turbulent velocities in turbulent channel flows are decomposed into small-scale and large-scale components at $y^+<100$ by improving the predictive inner-outer model of Baars et al. [Phys. Rev. Fluids 1, 054406 (2016)], where $y^+$ is the viscous-normalized wall-normal height. The small-scale one is obtained by reducing the outer reference height (a parameter in the model) from the center of the logarithmic layer to $y^+=100$, which can fully remove outer influences. On the other hand, the large-scale one represents the near-wall footprints of outer energy-containing motions. We present plenty of evidences that demonstrate that the small-scale motions are Reynolds-number invariant with the viscous scaling, at friction Reynolds numbers between 1000 and 5200. At lower Reynolds numbers from 180 to 600, the small scales can not be scaled by the viscous units, and the vortical structures are progressively strengthened as Reynolds number increases, which is proposed as a possible mechanism responsible for the anomalous scaling behavior. Finally, it is found that a small-scale part of the outer large-scale footprint can be well scaled by the viscous units.


The effects of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor, on gastric HCO3- secretion were examined in anesthetized rats. Intravenous administration of L-NAME (1, 2.5, 5 mg/kg) increased HCO3- secretion in a dose-related manner. This effect of L-NAME was mimicked by NG-mono-methyl-L-arginine (50 mg/kg, i.v.) and was antagonized significantly by concurrent administration of L-arginine but not D-arginine (200 mg/kg, i.v.). These results indicate that gastric HCO3- secretion is stimulated by inhibition of NO biosynthesis.


The antenatal detection of fetal intra-abdominal masses poses a diagnostic dilemma for the clinician since the differential diagnosis is extensive. Approximately 15% of abdominal masses found in neonates are of gastrointestinal origin. The remaining abnormalities include ovarian cysts, renal tumors or obstructions, presacral terato-mas, and mesenteric omental cysts. We present a case of twin pregnancy where one twin was found to have an enlarging abdominal mass on a prenatal sonogram. The infant was delivered 4 weeks after the lesion was detected, and an exploratory laparotomy was performed on the second day of life. The abdominal distention in this infant was due to a perforated congenital volvulus of the ileum and secondary cystic meconium peritonitis.


Outstanding success of Convolutional Neural Net- work image classification in the last few years in- fluenced application of this technique to a vari- ety of embeddable entities. CNN image classifica- tion methods are getting high accuracies but they are based on supervised machine learning that re- quires labeling of input data and do not help to understand unknown data. In this study we in- troduce unsupervised machine learning model that categorizes entity pairs to classes of similar and non similar pairs by converting pairs of entities to mirror vectors, transforming mirror vectors to Gramian Angular Fields (GAF) images and clas- sifying images using CNN transfer learning classi- fication. Based on climate data we demonstrated several scenarios that show when this model is re- liable for time series pair classification.


Coal gasification is one of the key technologies for the high efficiency and clean use of coal resources. Circulating fluidized bed gasification is attracting considerable interest worldwide. The advantages of circulating fluidized bed gasification are that it can use bigger particle sizes, has a wider adaptability to a range of solid fuels, can operate at moderate temperatures and therefore emit lower amounts of nitrogen and sulfur compounds. However, the lower operating temperature can also result in the problem of high content of residual carbon in fly ash. Gasification fly ash is a by-product of the coal gasification process. To achieve "zero emission" from coal gasification technology, the environmentally safe utilization of fly ash by-products from gasifiers must be addressed and development. In this study, work has been carried out to investigate the structural properties and gasification reactivity of Shenmu fly ashes, which were obtained from a 5t/d circulating fluidized bed gasifier with different operating conditions. The structural properties of fly ashes were characterized with SEM, XRD and BET study. The gasification reactivity of fly ashes with CO2 was analyzed by isothermal and non-isothermal thermogravimetric technology. A comparative investigation of fly ashes and fast pyrolyzed Shenmu char was also conducted. The results proved fly ashes to be more active than Shenmu char, which could be attributed to the lower graphitization degrees, the smaller particle sizes and higher specific surface areas of fly ashes. © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Chinese Society of Particuology, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS).


Characterization of two negative-U centers in 4H SiC has been performed using various capacitance transient techniques. Each center gives rise to one acceptor level (-/0) and one donor level (0/+), where the electron ionization energy of the acceptor level is larger than that of the donor level. The two-electron emissions from the two acceptor levels give rise to the previously reported deep level transient spectroscopy peak associated with the so-called ${Z}_{1}$ center. Direct evidence for the inverted ordering and temperature dependence studies of the electron-capture cross sections of the acceptor levels will be presented.


The aim of this study was to determine organic acids and individual sugars in fruit of Younesi tangerine (Citrus reticulata) on different rootstocks.  On other hand, the purpose of this study was to identify the rootstock that could produce the highest amount of sugars. The content of individual sugars and organic acids in fruits were determined by HPLC. Total acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS) and pH value of juice was also evaluated. The results showed that, the highest of total sugars (126.94mg/ mL), pH (3.40), TSS (11.30%), TSS/TA (10.00) and juice (55.62%) were in fruit of Younesi tangerine (Citrus reticulata) grafting on the Orlando tangelo rootstock. According to results, the amount of citric acid (15.20mg/mL) of Younesi tangerine grafted on Flying Dragon was higher than those of other rootstocks. Among the sugars, sucrose was determined in the highest concentration in all investigated fruits. The results of correlation showed that there were a high positive correlation between the amount of TSS and sucrose. Results showed that Orlando tangelo rootstock had an important role in increasing of sugars, pH, TSS, as well as TSS/TA. Finally based on the obtained results it can be concluded that although the concentration of sugars and organic acids is strongly related to the genotype of fruit, it seems that rootstocks affect the amount of sugars and organic acids.


In recent years data center services have been extended to the entire market mostly due to the decrease of associated costs and the proliferation of cloud computing. This paper describes a model for improving data center efficiency and carbon footprint by using wind generated electricity and a modularized and containerized data center structure. The work proposes an architecture based on a distributed power supply for a modularized data center.


Early childhood research continues to be dominated by psychological research in the positivist paradigm. The Mosaic approach is one work that contests this dominant discourse on early childhood, using task-based, participatory inquiry to share power and involve children as co-constructors of knowledge. However, there are paradigmatic tensions underlying the use of task-based methods. In this paper I examine these tensions in the context of my own experience as an early career researcher. In particular the complex role of the researcher is discussed, and connected to issues of inclusion and exclusion regarding children's participation in the research process.


Brazil is the largest rice-producing country outside of Asia. The rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe oryzae) is a major disease of rice (Oryza sativa) in Brazil and throughout the world. Magnaporthe oryzae expresses a large number of…


The research featured value components of life strategies exhibited by graduates of secondary vocational education institutions. The research methods involved M. O. Mdivani and P. B. Kodess's method of life strategies, M. Rokeach's method of value orientations, R. Inglehart's method modified by M. S. Yanitskiy, C. Rogers and R. Dymond's method of social and psychological adaptation diagnostics, etc. The authors analyzed the hierarchy of values in graduates with different levels of social and psychological adaptation. The graduates were divided into groups on the basis of C. Rogers and R. Dymond's methodology adapted by A. K. Osnitsky. The test revealed common and variable values in the structure of the graduates' life strategies. Respondents with a high level of adaptation were purposeful and ready to take responsibility for important decisions; their scenario of the future was optimistic; socializing value type predominated; the value component included specific life values and values of professional self-actualization. Graduates with a medium level of socio-psychological adaptation adhered to conformist values; their dominant value types were socializing and adapting; they had a high level of anxiety and uncertainty about the future while showing no willingness to overcome difficulties and achieve their life goals. The values of professional self-actualization had an advantage in the long-term perspective. The authors included that graduates with low and medium adaptation levels need psychological and pedagogical support when they enter independent life.


A device (100) for automatic X-ray inspection of an at-in movement of the test object (120) having an X-ray source (110) and an area detector (130) having X-ray assembly (105) includes a manipulating means (150) for moving the test object (120) relative to the X-ray assembly (105) in a test position Y t or if the required application for the spatial resolution is lower than the effective pixel size: t with an image pickup time t


Perovskite rhodates are characterized by intermediate strengths of both electronic correlation as well as spin-orbit coupling (SOC) and usually behave as moderately correlated metals. A recent publication (Phys. Rev. B 95, 245121(2017)) on epitaxial SrRhO$_3$ thin films unexpectedly reported a bad-metallic behavior and suggested the occurrence of antiferromagnetism below 100 K. We studied this SrRhO$_3$ thin film by hard x-ray photoemission spectroscopy and found a very small density of states (DOS) at Fermi level, which is consistent with the reported bad-metallic behavior. However, this negligible DOS persists up to room temperature, which contradicts with the explanation of antiferromagnetic transition at around 100 K. We also employed electronic structure calculations within the framework of density functional theory and dynamical mean-field theory. In contrast to the experimental results, our calculations indicate metallic behavior of both bulk SrRhO$_3$ and the SrRhO$_3$ thin film. The thin film exhibits stronger correlation effects than the bulk, but the correlation effects are not sufficient to drive a transition to an insulating state. The calculated uniform magnetic susceptibility is substantially larger in the thin film than that in the bulk. The role of SOC was also investigated and only a moderate modulation of the electronic structure was observed. Hence SOC is not expected to play an important role for electronic correlation in SrRhO$_3$.


Objective: To study potential predictors of functional outcome six months after the injury in elderly patients who sustained a hip fracture and who had been able to go out alone. Design: Prospective Multi-center Cohort Study Setting: 14 Hospitals in Japan Patients and Methods: A cohort was consisted of 387 patients with a mean age of 81 who had a hip fracture, between December 2004 and January 2006. Inclusion criteria were that patients were at least sixty-five years old and who had been able to go out independently. Level of activity of daily living, medical complications, residential environment and family structure at injury was interviewed from the patient, the relatives and a nursing caretaker and recorded. Advancement of mobility was also recorded during the hospital stay. Patients were contacted or interviewed again by the investigator at six months following injury to assess functional outcomes. Primary outcome of interest was changes in mobility to go out independently at six months after injury. Results: 178 patients (46%) lost their independency to go out at six month following surgery. Logistic multivariant regression showed that age, cognitive function, hemiplegia and mobile ability at discharge were the independent predictable factors for losing independency of mobility. At hospital discharge, T-cane walk was accomplished in only 53% for looser group but 86% for maintain group. Conclusions: We believe that it would be the key factor to improve the mobility of the healthy patient with hip fracture that we lead them to T-cane walk before hospital discharge.


Abstract THE usual system of feeding poultry in North America is essentially to supply feed ad libitum. There are, of course, various methods of feeding, but the principle of supplying an unrestricted amount of feed to birds is followed by practically all commercial poultrymen on this continent. In England this so-called "American" system of feeding is looked upon with some disfavor by many experienced poultrymen. The English feeder, as a general rule, prefers to restrict the supply of mash, dry or wet, believing that the birds should be kept on the hungry side before whole grains are fed in the late afternoon or early evening. Under this system the birds are allowed to forage whenever possible on grass range. It is claimed that this system of feeding increases the hardiness of birds and their resistance to disease. In Australia many commercial poultrymen and poultry experts favor the feeding of soaked grains . . .


Birth date effects refer to an association between children's academic performance and their age within the school year. Early differences show disadvantage for the youngest in the year group. Birth date effects of the same kind which show up at the senior levels of school have been reported in the UK. The phenomenon has been attributed to biology or individual psychology. Neither can explain why in some countries the youngest continue to be disadvantaged but in other countries they perform best. Population estimates from the IEA Third International Mathematics and Science Study and a comparison of school entry and selective promotion in the UK and New Zealand suggest that the explanation lies in the characteristics of the samples from which average scores are obtained and the extent to which they represent a full range of ability.


Nowadays ultrasound phacoemulsification is the main method of vision recovery in cataract. One of central trends in modern cataract surgery is reducing surgical trauma and invasiveness. Traditional ultrasound phacoemulsification is based on forwardbackward movements of needle and causes repulsion of lens material, that decreases effectiveness, increases risk of mechanical, thermal and ultrasound injuries. In this paper methods of increasing efficiency and safety of ultrasound phacoemulsification based on non-longitudinal ultrasound oscillations are described.


The paper presents the results of the use of genofond of Holstein and Ayrshire breeds for Bestuzhev cattle improvement. It was established that milk production of mongrel cows in the first lactation, depending on the Holstein breed degree, was more by 356-868 kg of milk than the purebred Bestuzhev breed herd-mates in the same feeding and maintenance conditions (PHolstein breed bloodlines 62,5 75. For the second lactation the difference in milk yield in favour of crossbred animals was 301-743 kg of milk (12,0-29,7%; PAyrshire breed were characterized by increased fat content of milk (+0,14%, Pgenotypes, with the exception of three-bred (BxAxKPG), lost on this basis to Bestuzhev breed herd-mates by 0,04-0,12% (Pgenotypes of animals on the first fawning varied in the range of 28.9-38,8 months. It was optimal for half-bred with Ayrshire breed hybrids. All other genotypes, including pure-bred herd-mates, had higher than the optimal index. Intergroup differences in the duration of calving interval were not detected, it ranged from 11,8 to 12,1 months. Hybrids 1/2B+1/2A were characterized by good fertility, the fertility index was higher than that of Bestuzhev's herd-mates by 5.8 units (Pbreeding in agricultural production cooperative «Volga» has shown that Bestuzhev herd-mates, depending on the age, have consumed1,33... 1,52 food units per 1 kg of produced milk, and Bestuzhev -Holstein and Bestuzhev Ayrshire cows -1,09.1,32 food units, or by 15,1.22% less. Additional annual economic effect from realization of milk of Bestuzhev-Holstein hybrids per head amounted 5268...15190, and from the use of Ayrshire and three-bred hybrids 5600...10640 rubles.